V is for Vengeance

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Murderous Talent: Agatha Christie stands among the world’s top-selling authors

ShutterStock/Doodiez

V is for Venom
Kathryn Harkup (Bloomsbury Sigma)

In her five-year writing journey, Agatha Christie masterfully introduced a range of poison-related narratives, showcasing varied lethal substances and toxins often derived from living creatures or administered through injections.

Chemist Kathryn Harkup previously explored similar themes in her 2015 work A is for Arsenic. The follow-up, V is for Venom, delves deeper into the chemicals that played significant roles in Christie’s narratives, reinforcing her status as the quintessential “Queen of Crime.”

Christie’s murder scenarios gain credibility thanks to her scientific background. Before her writing fame, she worked as a pharmacist and further honed her knowledge of toxicology while serving as a nurse during World War I. Harkup offers a thorough yet accessible exploration of the substances central to her stories, many of which were not simply labeled “dangerous.”

Spoiler alert: In 1939’s Murder is Easy, the perpetrator used contaminated bandages originally applied for cat ear infections, while the antagonist in Sparkling Cyanide employed carbon monoxide from gas. Harkup elucidates the science behind each murder, carefully avoiding significant spoilers, such as the potential for “poison darts concealed in a modified cigarette” or the implications of ingesting toxic hat paint (both plausible yet perilous).

Harkup also examines fictional poisons crafted by Christie, like Benvo, introduced in the 1970s in Passengers to Frankfurt, which causes the victim to become fatally benevolent: “clearly, this is not ideal.”

The author outlines antidotes and their implications—CPR might have saved the lives of guests unknowingly consuming opioids in 1962’s The Mirror Cracked from Side to Side. Meanwhile, real-life cases that likely inspired Christie’s plots are discussed.

Drug-laced beverages emerge as a recurring murder technique in several of Christie’s works. Harkup references a dishonorable Scottish chemist who, in the 1870s, worked in a San Francisco bar and was notorious for slipping “knockout drops” into customers’ drinks, inadvertently giving rise to the term “Mickey Finn.”

Harkup emphasizes that many substances from Christie’s narratives remain widely accessible today. Barbiturates, as featured in the 1933 novel Edgware Lord Dies, are currently prescribed for epilepsy, such as Secondal. However, she cautions against using Christie’s methods as inspiration for murder, noting that toxicology has evolved since Christie’s writing era; any current attempts to replicate her fictional crimes are likely to be swiftly uncovered or could result in disaster.

Harkup’s analyses are scientifically rich yet engaging, intertwining real murder accounts that may have inspired Christie’s imagination. Discover tales of a wealthy individual who perished in 2011 after consuming a cat meat stew laced with Gelsemium, the same plant featured in the 1927 work The Big Four. Harkup also dissects a 1936 hydrochloric acid murder from Murders in Mesopotamia, drawing parallels to today’s corrosive attacks.

Christie’s innovative murders secured her legacy as a timeless bestseller. It is fitting that one of her favored quotes is highlighted, as Harkup notes in the Pharmaceutical Journal: her debut novel, responding to the 1920s Mysterious Events of Style, was recognized for its remarkable authenticity.

George Bass is a writer based in Kent, UK.

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Fish Rescue Secures New Scientist Editor Award at EarthPhoto 2025

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Yurok Tribal member and biologist working with engineers to set up a fish trap on a tributary of the Klamath River in California

Vivian Wan

The essence of this image lies in restoring the traditional way of life, captured by Vivienne Wang, whose work is part of the series that earned the New Scientist Editor’s Award at the Earth Photo 2025 Competition.

The photograph illustrates the Yurok community collaborating with biologists and engineers to install a rotary screw trap on the Trinity River, a key tributary of the Klamath River in Willow Creek, California. The team employs fish traps to assess the health of the salmon and examine their migration behaviors.

The Klamath Basin is central to Yurok existence, holding significant cultural and spiritual importance through its rich waters that support Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). However, 19th-century colonization displaced the Yurok tribe and depleted local resources through mining, logging, and damming efforts.

Climate change and diverted river flows have severely affected salmon populations. A new irrigation policy in 2002 resulted in the deaths of tens of thousands of Chinook salmon in the Klamath River, adding urgency to the decades-long initiative to remove river dams. Notably, the last dam on this river was demolished last year.

For Wang, the mission was to illuminate how Indigenous communities could lead the charge for environmental justice. “We aspire for viewers to gain respect for the resilience, culture, and ongoing struggle of the Yurok people as they work to safeguard the Klamath Basin,” she remarks.

In the image below, Yurok Fisheries technician Hunter Mattz examines monitors that reveal enlarged salmon scales, gathering valuable insights into mortality factors sourced from fishing and natural causes. This information is crucial for determining sustainable catch limits and spawning goals, as well as assessing run sizes, which indicate the number of salmon entering a river or stream within a specific timeframe.

Mattz, a third-year Yurok fishery technician, inspects a monitor showing a magnified salmon scale

Vivian Wan

In this scene, Mattz holds a slender tag on a needle, contributing critical data to the fish monitoring research program.

Mattz displays a small fish tag providing essential data to fish monitoring initiatives

Vivian Wan

Mattz also manages the Net Harvest Project, which entails traversing over 70km from the Pacific Ocean to the estuary’s mouth and into the heart of the Klamath Basin, including stretches beyond Blue Creeks in California. Collecting data on fish species caught by local residents through nets has been pivotal in securing funding for conservation efforts in the Klamath region.

Hunter Mattz’ portrait, who is also collecting data on fish species caught by local residents

Vivian Wan

All winners of the Earth Photography Competition were chosen by a panel including New Scientist photo editor Tim Bodhuis and David Stock, director of editorial videos. Before touring the UK, make sure to visit the Earth Photo 2025 exhibition at London’s Royal Geographical Society until August 20th.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding Sunburn: The Role of UV Rays in Triggering Inflammation

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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Taking refuge in the shade is a simple way to steer clear of harmful UV rays from the sun.

Paul Biggins/Alamy

Since ancient Egyptian times, individuals have sought ways to shield their skin from the sun, as over a century ago, we recognized the link between ultraviolet (UV) light and skin injuries, including burns and cancers. Yet, there remains some uncertainty regarding the most effective methods to evade sunburn, how to remedy it, and whether each occurrence escalates the chances of developing cancer. It’s beneficial to grasp the cellular dynamics of tanning.

“Sunburn is an inflammatory response,” explains Leslie Rhodes from the University of Manchester, UK. UV rays inflict damage to proteins, fats, and DNA in skin cells located in the epidermis, triggering a cascade of inflammatory reactions resulting in redness, swelling, pain, and peeling.

Though UVB radiation is chiefly responsible for this damage, UVA rays, which have longer wavelengths, penetrate the skin more deeply. “Typically, UVB is approximately 1,000 times more effective than UVA for sunburning,” states Antony Young from King’s College London.

In reaction to UV injury, skin cells emit inflammatory molecules that enlarge blood vessels in the dermis, the layer of skin beneath the epidermis. Within hours, this increased blood circulation facilitates the influx of immune cells from the bloodstream into the skin, heightening inflammation.

For individuals with lighter skin tones, this augmented blood flow may cause sun-damaged skin to appear pink or red, while those with darker skin might notice skin changes in various shades including red, gray, brown, and black. The enhanced blood supply also results in greater fluid leakage from blood vessels to the skin, leading to swelling. Both swelling and inflammatory molecules activate the nerves, rendering the tanned skin hot and painful.

In extreme cases, blisters may form if patches of epidermal cells become severely damaged and begin self-destructing. As these dead patches detach from the underlying layer, the resulting spaces fill with liquid, creating a foamy structure within the skin.

How does tanned skin heal?

According to Rhodes, “A mild tan will diminish more rapidly than a severe burn if the effects persist beyond 72 hours.”

Healing initiates when skin immune cells start generating anti-inflammatory molecules a few days post UV exposure. “It’s a self-resolving inflammation,” Rhodes notes. “The various molecules and cells transition over time from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory states.” Consequently, blood vessels cease to dilate, and the redness, swelling, and pain gradually subside.

Stem cells situated at the base of the epidermis accelerate healing by producing new skin cells at an increased rate. These cells replace the damaged ones, often shedding or peeling off in large sheets to facilitate growth. “You always shed skin, but UV damage accelerates the conversion of those cells,” says Young.

Regrettably, there is insufficient evidence to suggest that applying after-sun or aloe vera gels can hasten healing of tanned skin, according to Rhodes. Most of these lotions aim to alleviate pain by providing a cooling sensation. Cold showers, cool compresses, and over-the-counter pain relievers like paracetamol (acetaminophen) and ibuprofen may also be beneficial.

What are the long-term effects?

The sunburn subsides as inflammation lessens and damaged surface cells slough off. However, DNA damage to deeper stem cells in the epidermis may leave a lasting legacy.

“DNA damage occurs, and while cells attempt to repair it, their efforts are not flawless,” notes Young. This leads to genetic mutations that accumulate over time in genes governing cell growth and division, resulting in uncontrolled skin cell proliferation, heightening cancer risks.

Numerous studies indicate that experiencing five sunburns within a decade more than doubles the risk of melanoma, a type of skin cancer. However, these findings often rely on individuals’ recollections of their sunburn occurrences, which may not be precise, complicating the accurate assessment of how a single sunburn contributes to skin cancer risk.

What is the best method to prevent sunburn?

The skin pigment melanin encircles skin cell DNA, offering some level of protection from UV damage. Consequently, individuals with darker skin tones face a significantly lower risk of skin cancer compared to those with lighter complexions, though they are not immune to sunburn or DNA damage.

To assess the risk of burning on any given day, monitor the UV index, which measures ultraviolet radiation levels. Rachel Abbott from the University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, advises applying sunscreen if the index reaches 3 or higher. Typically, UV indexes seldom exceed 3 early in the morning, evening, or between October and March in the UK. Nonetheless, UV rays are more intense near the equator and may necessitate sunscreen application at any time. Fortunately, free apps provide local UV index information. “I use one daily,” Abbott shares.

Most individuals don’t apply sunscreen with the thickness utilized in testing—2 milligrams per square centimeter—making an SPF 50 sunscreen a wise default choice, according to Young.

Nevertheless, one of the most effective strategies to prevent sunburn is to avoid direct sunlight when it is highest in the sky. In the UK, this window is between 11 a.m. and 3 p.m., while in the US, it generally extends from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. During this time, sunlight takes a shorter route through the atmosphere, allowing more UVB radiation to reach the skin. When outdoors, donning a hat and long-sleeved clothing can further diminish the risk.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Your Password May Have Been Compromised and Sold on the Dark Web

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Hackers Targeting Your Personal Data for Profit

Ethanfet/Arami

Ensure your passwords feature a diverse mix of characters. Avoid using your pet’s name and, crucially, never recycle your passwords. While we’re all aware of the guidelines for keeping our digital credentials safe, it’s easy to forget them.

The trade of stolen personal data is booming on the dark web, lying beyond the regular internet and accessible only through specific software. Tor was initially developed by the US Intelligence Agency for confidential communications. Not everything there is sinister; for instance, BBC News maintains dark web platforms for individuals facing oppressive surveillance.

To delve deeper, I consulted Rory Hattin, an ethical hacker from a firm dedicated to legally infiltrating companies to test security measures. He expressed a “remarkably slim” chance that my personal data hasn’t been compromised. Having reported on technology for years, I understand how prevalent data breaches are, but realizing I could be affected was a sobering wake-up call.

Hattin introduced me to a website called Have I Been Pwned, which consolidates usernames and passwords that have been leaked across the dark web into a searchable database. Upon entering my email address, I was alarmed to discover that I had been involved in 29 data breaches.

The most recent breach occurred in 2024 during an attack on internet archives, where my email and password were exposed. My information was also part of 122 gigabytes of user data scraped from various Telegram channels, including a database known as NAZ.API originally shared on hacker forums. Other breaches involved sensitive information such as email addresses, job titles, phone numbers, IP addresses, password hints, and birthdates from major platforms like Adobe, Dropbox, and LinkedIn.

In theory, these leaks might seem limited in value. For instance, if LinkedIn is hacked, and your username and password are compromised, your Facebook account remains unaffected—unless, of course, you’re among the over 60% who reuse the same password repeatedly. In such cases, hackers can exploit your credentials across various sites. Hattin warns, “You’re in serious trouble.”

This includes online shopping accounts with saved payment methods, PayPal accounts, or cryptocurrency wallets. Gaining access to one account could allow intruders to infiltrate others, with email accounts acting as a treasure trove. Once they access an email account, they can reset passwords on multiple platforms, jeopardizing everything from your utility accounts to online banking. Additionally, hackers can misuse access to social media and email to launch scams against friends and family, presenting believable emergencies that require money transfers. The fact that these messages come from real accounts lends them an unsettling credibility, often leading to unfortunate outcomes.

Compounding the problem, businesses that experience data breaches are sometimes slow to inform customers, leaving them exposed for extended periods. Hattin noted that in his previous role with a client, he observed ransomware incidents being treated as mere inconveniences. Companies often encrypt victim data and demand ransom, viewing such attacks as merely part of doing business.

“These companies face breaches two or three times a year,” Hattin stated. “They set aside funds for when things go awry. They pay the ransom and carry on with their operations. This cycle persists globally.”

As I grappled with the exposure of my personal data, I was struck by its resemblance to the mechanically processed meat found in chicken nuggets. Hattin explained that premium personal data is acquired when sophisticated hackers breach a website and collect fresh data to sell. Once the initial buyers extract what they need, the data can be resold multiple times. The most valuable data gets distributed, while the remainder may be offered for free on hacker forums, Telegram groups, or other obscure parts of the internet.

Hattin introduced me to a paid service named Dehashed, illustrating how the data supply chain operates. This service is named after a common security measure that “hashes” passwords to obscure them; dehashing reverses this process. My worst fears were confirmed when I discovered that at least one of the passwords associated with my email address was current. In theory, nothing was preventing a hacker from accessing at least one of my online accounts.

Dehashed costs $219.99 per year and claims to cater to “law enforcement agencies and Fortune 500 firms.” I reached out to the company to inquire whether they were concerned that tools designed to match leaked data might also aid hackers and cybersecurity professionals, but received no response.

I felt compelled to explore the dark web further. I spoke with Anish Chauhan from Equilibrium Security Services, who showcased findings from his team’s tailored software. They identified 24 passwords connected to my online accounts.

“Users might think, ‘I have a 200-character password; no one will crack it,'” Chauhan explained. “But if they’re using it across multiple sites, it could eventually be exploited, making it irrelevant. Unfortunately, as humans, we often choose the path of least resistance.”

Chauhan suggested a straightforward solution you’ve likely heard before: use unique passwords for each account. Given how widely my information has been circulated, the importance of this advice is painfully clear.

Fortunately, numerous tools exist to simplify this process. Most modern devices and internet browsers include password managers that generate strong, random passwords and remember them for you. If you’re concerned about your passwords already being compromised, it may be worth checking services like Have I Been Pwned or investing in more comprehensive tools that monitor the darker regions of the internet for leaks.

In recent years, I’ve relied on a password manager to create robust passwords and keep them organized. However, I noticed that some long-standing accounts have been neglected, housing old and breached logins. In light of this revelation, I plan to update my credentials before this article goes live.

That said, changing passwords isn’t something I do frequently. It’s understandable why many take shortcuts, overwhelmed by constant demands to create new login information. I’m certainly not the only one.

“I’m quite tech-savvy, yet I hardly change my passwords,” Hattin disclosed. “For work, I do, but in my personal life, I tend to be a bit lazy.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Inactive NASA Satellites Emit Surprisingly Strong Radio Pulses

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of NASA’s Relay 1 satellite, in front of Relay 2

NASA

A long-dormant satellite unexpectedly emitted a powerful radio pulse, momentarily surpassing all other celestial signals. Astronomers speculate that this flash may have resulted from a rare micrometeoroid impact or a spontaneous discharge.

NASA’s Relay 2 satellite was among the earliest operational satellites, launched as an experimental communications tool in 1964. Its use was discontinued the following year, and by 1967, the satellite’s electronic components had ceased functioning, leaving its metal frame orbiting indefinitely.

So Clancy James from Curtin University in Australia and his team were puzzled nearly 60 years later when they detected a burst of short, intense radio waves emanating from the satellite’s suspected location.

Utilizing the Australian Square Kilometer Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), an array of 36 telescopes in Western Australia, James and his colleagues were searching the sky for signs of a mysterious radiation pulse from other galaxies.

On June 13th, they received a signal that seemed to originate from within our galaxy. “If it’s in close proximity, studying it through an optical telescope becomes quite feasible, so I was thrilled at the prospect of discovering a new pulsar or some other object,” Clancy remarks.

However, upon closer examination, the signal appeared to be quite close to Earth, which meant that ASKAP couldn’t focus on everything simultaneously. This indicated the source was likely within 20,000 kilometers of our planet, according to Clancy. The signal was notably short-lived, lasting less than 30 nanoseconds. “It was an exceptionally potent radio pulse that briefly outshone everything else in the sky,” Clancy explains.

When they traced the signal back to its source and compared it to known satellite positions, they concluded the only plausible explanation was Relay 2. Since that satellite is inoperative, Clancy and his team suspect that the signals may result from external events such as electrostatic discharges or micrometeoroids striking the satellite, creating clouds of charged plasma.

“It’s quite challenging to differentiate between these two scenarios,” says Karen Aplin from the University of Bristol in the UK. This difficulty arises because the radio emissions from both phenomena appear comparable. Yet, monitoring future electrostatic discharges from satellites could prove beneficial, she adds. “In an environment filled with space debris and numerous smaller, cost-effective satellites that lack sufficient protection from electrostatic discharges, this radio detection could ultimately lead to innovative technologies for assessing such discharges in space,” she concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Your Rectum Isn’t Made for Coffee: Insights from Dr. Probeticoc on the Latest Gut Health Trends

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

When TikTok declares it’s run out of bizarre ideas, enter the world of coffee enemas.

Indeed, people are brewing fresh coffee pots and introducing them into the colon via the rectum to stimulate bowel movements. This trend claims to “detox” the body, enhance energy levels, and improve digestion.

This isn’t a new phenomenon: coffee enemas have long been associated with the Gerson Therapy diet and energy-based cancer treatments since the 1950s.

Despite its TikTok resurgence, there’s scant credible evidence supporting its effectiveness, while reports of unpleasant and potentially harmful side effects abound.

Firstly, the rectum is not meant to handle coffee. Caffeine and acids can irritate delicate tissues, leading to inflammation, pain, and possible burns if the coffee is cold enough. Over time, frequent use can damage the mucosal lining, heightening the risk of chronic issues.

Although this trend touts “detoxification,” you don’t need to resort to such risky methods, as your liver and kidneys are already efficient at eliminating toxins.

Moreover, there are significant risks associated with DIY procedures. Engaging in invasive actions can result in injuries like infections and rectal tears. Severe infections can lead to sepsis, posing life-threatening consequences.

There is no credible evidence supporting the efficacy of coffee enemas – Illustration by Jessley

Thus, if you’re seeking to feel lighter or healthier, it’s best to rely on the basics: consume more fiber, stay hydrated, and stay active. If digestion troubles persist, consult a healthcare professional rather than an influencer.

Despite its newfound popularity, reliable evidence supporting the benefits of coffee enemas is lacking, and the associated risks are significant. “Bottom” line? Enjoy your coffee in a mug, not through a colon.

This article responds to the question (I emailed Sarasolomon) “Should I try a coffee enema?”

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A Study of 10,000 Individuals Reveals Strategies for Safeguarding Memory in Middle Age

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A favorable perspective on life may safeguard against memory loss during middle age, as indicated by a recent 16-year study conducted by researchers from the UK, the US, and Spain.

Published in Aging and Mental Health, this study posits that a sense of happiness—which encompasses joy, confidence, purpose, and control over one’s life—is closely linked to improved memory recall.

Participants who rated their happiness levels higher tended to excel in memory assessments, regardless of whether they reported experiencing symptoms of depression.

“This study marks a vital advance in comprehending the relationship between happiness and memory over time,” stated the co-authors. Professor Joshua Stott, a Professor of Aging and Clinical Psychology at University College London, added, “It sheds new light on how self-reported happiness correlates with memory and vice versa.”

Researchers monitored 10,760 men and women over the age of 50 in the UK. Beginning in 2002, participants convened with the research team every two years to undergo memory evaluations.

During each session, they also completed a well-being survey, responding to prompts such as “I can do what I want to do” and “I feel that life is filled with opportunities.”

After 16 years, this data was examined by a team of 15 specialists to establish connections between cognition and memory.

“In light of an aging population, it’s vital to understand the factors that may protect and sustain healthy cognitive functions for the betterment of public health and policy development,” said Dr. Amber John, a lecturer in psychology at the University of Liverpool.

She noted that the study implies that overall well-being is more beneficial than merely better memory. If future research can demonstrate that improved health leads to Enhanced Memory, then prioritizing health could shield the brain from future deterioration.

Dementia and anxiety are commonly considered to accelerate cognitive decline in individuals with dementia. – Credit: J Studio via Getty

This study received partial funding from Alzheimer’s Disease Research UK. “We’ve observed significant financial support,” stated Emma Taylor, information services manager for the charity.

“It’s never too late to take measures to maintain our brain health throughout our lives and mitigate the devastating impacts of dementia.”

The authors of the study suggested that a decrease in psychological well-being could serve as an early indicator of potential cognitive decline, recommending strategies such as mindfulness as interventions to avert this trajectory.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The Most Ineffective ChatGPT Prompts for Environmental Research, According to Studies

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Each time I interact with ChatGPT, I consume energy—what does that really mean? A new study has highlighted the environmental costs of using large-scale language models (LLMs) and provided insights on how users can minimize their carbon footprints.

German researchers evaluated 14 open-source LLMs, ranging from 14 to 72 billion parameters, administering 1,000 benchmark questions to assess the CO2 emissions generated in response to each.

They discovered that utilizing internal reasoning to formulate answers can result in emissions up to 50 times greater than those generated by a brief response.

Conversely, models with a higher number of parameters—typically more accurate—also emit more carbon.

Nonetheless, the model isn’t the only factor; user interaction plays a significant role as well.

“When people use friendly phrases like ‘please’ and ‘thank you,’ LLMs tend to generate longer answers,” explained Maximilian Dorner, a researcher from Hochschule München Applied Sciences University and the lead author of the study, to BBC Science Focus.

“This results in the production of more words, which leads to longer processing times for the model.

The extra words don’t enhance the utility of the answer, yet they significantly increase the environmental impact.

“Whether the model generates 10,000 words of highly useful content or 10,000 words of gibberish, the emissions remain the same,” said Dorner.

Being polite to an AI platform uses more power – Getty

This indicates that users can help reduce emissions by encouraging succinct responses from AI models, such as asking for bullet points instead of detailed paragraphs. Casual requests for images, jokes, or essays when unnecessary can also contribute to climate costs.

The study revealed that questions demanding more in-depth reasoning—like topics in philosophy or abstract algebra—yield significantly higher emissions compared to simpler subjects like history.

Researchers tested smaller models that could operate locally, yet Dorner noted that larger models like ChatGPT, which possess more than 10 times the parameters, likely exhibit even worse patterns of energy consumption.

“The primary difference between the models I evaluated and those powering Microsoft Copilot or ChatGPT is the parameter count,” Dorner stated. These commonly used models have nearly tenfold the parameters, which equates to a tenfold rise in CO2 emissions.

Dorner encourages not only individual users to be mindful but also highlights that organizations behind LLMs have a role to play. For instance, he suggests that they could mitigate unnecessary emissions by creating systems that select the smallest model necessary for accurately answering each question.

“I’m a big supporter of these tools,” he remarked. “I utilize them daily. The key is to engage with them concisely and understand the implications.”

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About our experts

Maximilian Dorner, PhD candidate at Hochschule München Applied Sciences University.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Reveal How Bogon Moths Navigate Using the Starry Night Sky as a Compass

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Every spring, billions of Bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) migrate from their breeding grounds in southeastern Australia, covering distances of up to 1,000 km to reach previously unvisited locations.

The Bogong Moth utilizes stellar cues and Earth’s magnetic fields to develop a precise navigation system for long-distance night travel. Image credits: Lucinda Gibson & Ken Walker, Museum Victoria / CC by 3.0.

“While we already knew that certain birds and humans can navigate by stars, this is the first evidence showing that insects can do the same,” noted Professor Eric Warrant from the Australian National University and the University of South Australia.

“Bogong moths are remarkably precise navigators. They use stellar patterns as compasses, adjusting their course according to seasonal changes and the time of night.”

“Each spring, billions of Bogong moths emerge from their breeding sites in southeastern Australia, traveling up to 1,000 km to specific caves and rocky outcrops in the Australian Alps.”

“The moths remain dormant in cool, dark shelters throughout the summer and then return in autumn to breed and die.”

Researchers utilized advanced flight simulators and recorded brain activity in a controlled, magnetically neutral environment to study the moths’ navigation under various conditions.

Even without the natural starry sky or magnetic fields, the moths consistently flew in the correct seasonal direction.

They reversed their flight path when the night sky was rotated by 180 degrees, but became disoriented when the stars were jumbled.

“This demonstrates they aren’t merely flying toward the brightest light or relying on simple visual indicators,” Professor Warrant remarked.

“They interpret specific patterns in the night sky to establish their geographical bearings, similar to migratory birds.”

Remarkably, when the stars were obscured by clouds, the moths relied solely on Earth’s magnetic field for navigation.

This dual navigational system guarantees reliable orientation in diverse conditions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aqig_xbufe0

Professor Warrant and his team explored the neurological basis of this behavior and discovered specialized neurons in the moths’ brains that respond to star patterns.

These neurons, located in regions responsible for navigation and steering, are most active when the moth faces south.

“This directional tuning indicates that the Bogong moth’s brain encodes celestial information in an exceptionally sophisticated manner,” added Professor Warrant.

“This discovery exemplifies the complex navigational capabilities inherent in the brains of small insects.”

The findings could have implications for robotics, drone navigation, and conservation strategies for species threatened by habitat destruction or climate change.

Bogong moth populations have dramatically declined in recent years, prompting their listing as vulnerable.

This research underscores the necessity of protecting their migratory paths and the dark skies they depend on.

“This insight isn’t merely academic; it illustrates how animals perceive their surroundings,” Professor Warrant stated.

“The night sky has guided human explorers for millennia, and now we understand it also guides moths.”

This study was published this week in the journal Nature.

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D. Drayer et al. Bogong Moths utilize a star compass for long-distance navigation at night. Nature Published online on June 18th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09135-3

Source: www.sci.news

Evacuating Early Complex Life to Meltwater Ponds: Insights from a Snowman Earth Episode

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

New findings from MIT indicate that early eukaryotes (complex life forms that eventually evolved into the diverse multicellular organisms we see today) may have thrived in meltwater ponds between 72 and 635 million years ago during a period referred to as Snowman Earth.

Impressions of the artist “Snowman Earth.” Image credit: NASA.

Snowman Earth is a colloquial term for a period in Earth’s history characterized by extensive ice coverage across the planet.

This term often refers to two consecutive glacial events that occurred during the Cleogen era, a timeframe geologists define as lasting from 635 million to 72,000 years ago.

The debate remains whether the Earth was akin to a solid snowball or a softer “slash ball.”

What is certain is that much of the planet experienced deep freeze conditions, with an average temperature of about 50 degrees Celsius.

The pressing question is how and where life managed to survive during this time.

“We aim to comprehend the essentials of complex life on Earth,” stated Fatima Hussain, a graduate student at MIT.

“We examine eukaryotic evidence before and after the Crazians in the Fossil Record, yet there’s limited direct evidence regarding their habitats.”

“The main mystery lies in how life persisted. We are working to uncover the specifics of how and where.”

Numerous theories suggest potential refuges for life during Snowman Earth, such as isolated areas of open ocean (if they existed), around deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and underneath ice sheets.

By examining meltwater ponds, Hussain and her team explored the idea that surface meltwater could have supported eukaryotic life during the planet’s early years.

“There are various hypotheses regarding potential survival habitats for life during the Crazians, but we lack comprehensive analogs,” Hussain remarked.

“Meltwater ponds are currently found on Earth, easily accessible, and provide a unique opportunity to focus on the eukaryotes inhabiting these environments.”

For their study, the researchers analyzed samples from meltwater ponds in Antarctica.

In 2018, scientists visited the McMurdo Ice Shelf region of East Antarctica, which is known for its small meltwater ponds.

In this area, water freezes all the way to the seabed, encompassing dark sediments and marine life.

The loss of wind-driven ice from the surface creates a conveyor belt effect, gradually bringing trapped debris to the surface, which absorbs solar warmth, melting surrounding ice and leading to the creation of shallow meltwater ponds.

Each pond is adorned with mats of microorganisms that have accumulated over time, forming sticky communities.

“These mats can be several centimeters thick and are vibrant, clearly demonstrating distinct layers,” Hussain explained.

These microbial mats consist of single-celled, photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, which are prokaryotic and lack nuclei or other organelles.

While these ancient microorganisms are known to withstand extreme environments like meltwater ponds, researchers sought to determine if complex eukaryotic organisms—characterized by cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles—could also survive in such harsh conditions.

To address this question, the researchers required more than just a microscope, as the defining traits of microscopic eukaryotes within microbial mats are often too subtle to discern visually.

The study involved analyzing specific lipids called sterols and a genetic component known as ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). Both serve as identifiers for various organisms.

This dual analytical approach provided complementary fingerprints for distinct eukaryotic groups.

In their lipid analysis, the researchers uncovered numerous sterols and rRNA genes in microbial mats that align closely with certain types of algae, protists, and microscopic animals.

They were able to assess the diversity and relative abundance of lipid and rRNA genes across different ponds, suggesting that these ponds are home to a remarkable variety of eukaryotes.

“The two ponds exhibit differences. There’s a recurrent cast of organisms, but they manifest uniquely in different environments,” Hussain noted.

“We identified a diverse array of eukaryotic organisms spanning all major groups in every pond we studied.”

“These eukaryotes are descendants of those that managed to survive Snowman Earth.”

“This underscores how meltwater ponds during the Snowman period globally could have nurtured eukaryotic life, enabling the diversification and emergence of complex organisms, including ourselves, in later epochs.”

Study published in the journal Nature Communications.

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F. Hussain et al. 2025. Diverse eukaryotic biosignatures from the Earth-analogous environment of Antarctic Snowman. Nat Commun 16, 5315; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60713-5

Source: www.sci.news

The Evolution of Our Large Brains: The Role of Placental Sex Hormones

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Influence of Uterine Hormones on Human Brain Development

Peter Dazeley/Getty Images

The human brain stands as one of the universe’s most intricate structures, potentially shaped by the surge of hormones released by the placenta during pregnancy.

Numerous theories have emerged regarding the evolution of the human brain, yet it remains one of science’s greatest enigmas. The social brain hypothesis posits that our expansive brains evolved to navigate complicated social interactions. This suggests that managing dynamics in larger groups necessitates enhanced cognitive abilities, and that species with strong social inclinations require increased brain development. Comparable highly social animals, like dolphins and elephants, possess significant brain sizes too; however, the biological mechanisms linking these features are still unclear.

Recently, Alex Tsompanidis from Cambridge University and his team propose that a placental sex hormone might be the key. The placenta, a temporary organ bridging the fetus and the mother, releases hormones crucial for fetal development, including sex hormones like estrogens and androgens.

“It may sound like a stretch, linking human evolution to the placenta,” notes Tsompanidis. “However, we’ve observed fluctuations in these hormone levels in utero and predicted outcomes regarding language and social development, among other areas.”

Recent studies indicate these hormones significantly impact brain development. For instance, a 2022 study revealed that administering androgens like testosterone to brain organoids—a simplified brain model derived from human stem cells—during crucial developmental stages led to an increased number of cortical cells and expansion in regions vital for memory and cognition. Other investigations involving brain organoids have highlighted the importance of estrogens in forming and solidifying neural connections.

Limited evidence suggests that humans experience greater exposure to these hormones during pregnancy compared to non-human primates. A 1983 study indicated that gorillas and chimpanzees excrete 4-5 times less estrogen than pregnant humans. Additionally, human placentas exhibit greater gene activity associated with aromatase—an enzyme converting androgens to estrogens—compared to macaques.

“These hormones appear crucial for brain development. Evidence indicates significantly elevated levels in humans, especially during pregnancy,” asserts Tsompanidis.

This influx of hormones may also clarify why humans form larger social networks. Some evolutionary biologists theorize that differences between sexes are subtler in humans than in other primates, fostering broader social connections. For instance, men and women exhibit greater size similarity in comparison to male and female Neanderthals, suggests Tsompanidis, likely a result of elevated estrogen levels in utero.

“High estrogen levels not only reduce masculinization but may also foster a more interconnected brain,” Tsompanidis explains. “Thus, the drive to elevate estrogen levels promotes social cohesion and interconnectedness, integral to human brain development.”

David Geary from the University of Missouri agrees that placental genes influence human brain development and its evolutionary path. However, he believes the significance of male-male competition in brain and cognitive evolution is often underestimated.

He notes that human males within the same groups tend to exhibit more coordination and less aggression compared to other primates—a trait that may have evolved due to intergroup conflicts. Enhanced teamwork and coordination could significantly benefit survival during life-threatening confrontations.

Our understanding of placental differences among primates remains limited. Many non-human primates, such as chimpanzees, consume their placenta post-birth, complicating research efforts, as Tsompanidis highlights.

Unraveling the factors that influenced human brain evolution is not merely an academic endeavor; it also brings insights into human nature.

“Not every human possesses extensive social or linguistic skills, and that’s perfectly acceptable—these traits don’t define humanity,” Tsompanidis remarks. Understanding the brain’s evolutionary journey can illuminate whether certain cognitive attributes come with trade-offs.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Incredible Upside to the Recent Surge in Invertebrate Pets

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Mexican Red Neatula (Brachypelma Smithi)

Shutterstock/Milan Zygmunt

At the age of seven or eight, my father, an expert in biology, brought home what I initially assumed was just a jar full of sticks. To my surprise, when they began to move, he informed me they were actually stick insects. I found them fascinating; they may not have been cute, but they had a unique charm. They were undeniably cool.

It seems I was ahead of my time. Recently, two Belgian teenagers were released from a Kenyan prison after paying fines related to wildlife copyright violations. They admitted to trying to smuggle 5,000 ants out of the country. Such actions are part of the growing global trade in exotic pets, often reported as “booming”. Their catch included the giant African harvester ants (Messor cephalotes), which can sell for around £170 in the UK.

Ants are just one type of invertebrate being traded and kept as pets. Other creatures in this menagerie include spiders, scorpions, various beetles, cockroaches, grasshoppers, snails, slugs, and stick insects.

Recent research has identified that almost 1,000 invertebrate species are involved in the exotic pet market. Some are traded legally, while others are illegal. The giant African harvester ant is a protected species in Kenya.

Keeping invertebrates as pets might seem like an innocent hobby, but it can have serious implications for biodiversity. Estimates suggest that two-thirds of the arachnids sold are poached from the wild. In Mexico, the population of Brachypelma tarantulas has significantly declined due to overharvesting. Additionally, poachers targeting troglobionts—species adapted to living in caves—in the limestone karsts of southeastern Europe have pushed some insect populations towards extinction.

Unsustainable harvesting further disrupts ecosystems. Invertebrates serve as crucial food sources for many vertebrates and play significant roles in vital ecosystem functions like decomposition and nutrient cycling.

Poaching destroys habitats, harming not only the target animals but also the ecosystems where they reside. Many tarantulas inhabit bromeliads, which also provide shelter for frogs and other creatures. According to Caroline Sayari Fukushima from Tarantupedia, poachers damage these plants, killing them along with the animals relying on them. In some regions, pitfall traps set by poachers are responsible for the deaths of thousands of non-target species.

In Mexico, overharvesting of tarantulas has led to significant population declines.

Exotic invertebrates are also a threat to their new environments. Of the ant species currently being traded, 57 have been classified as invasive by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), with 13 identified as some of the worst invaders.

Halting this trade is exceedingly challenging. A Kenyan judge sentenced a Belgian national to a fine of 1 million Kenyan Shillings (£5,700) to signal that wildlife trafficking is intolerable. Nevertheless, smuggling persists. I have discovered numerous websites promoting the giant African harvester ant, which is native only to East Africa.

A Belgian teenager was caught attempting to smuggle invertebrates; as noted in a 2022 study on the global arachnid trade, smuggling these pets is relatively easier than trafficking other animals. They are small, easily concealed, and can evade detection by airport x-ray machines or thermal cameras. Customs officials often lack the necessary taxonomic expertise, allowing protected species to be misidentified as legal imports.

This situation exemplifies the age-old issues of greed, exploitation, and environmental destruction. However, it doesn’t have to remain this way. Biologists suggest that the invertebrate trade can be sustainable. By responsibly harvesting wild species, we can support the livelihoods of some of the world’s poorest communities while minimizing harmful practices like illegal logging. Increased awareness of the trade has spurred much-needed research on the conservation status of various species, bringing attention to those historically overlooked by organizations such as the IUCN.

Collectors often share a genuine interest in the incredible diversity of our planet and can play a role in conservation efforts. They should be encouraged to pursue their hobby within a well-regulated framework that ensures non-invasive and sustainably sourced invertebrates. While I won’t be acquiring any more stick insects, they certainly ignited my interest in nature.

Graham’s Week

What I’m reading

Many Things Under the Rock: The Mystery of the Octopus by David Scheel.

What I’m watching

Survivors on Netflix.

What I’m working on

The York Festival of Ideas is happening this week, so I’m exploring stories and events for inspiration… uh… ideas.

Graham Lawton is a staff writer for New Scientist and author of Must Not Grumble: The Surprising Science of Everyday Ailments. You can follow him @grahamlawton

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can Underground Natural Hydrogen Assist the UK in Achieving Net Zero?

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall has rocks capable of producing hydrogen gas

PIO3/SHUTTERSTOCK

Recent discoveries of small amounts of underground hydrogen gas have sparked a global search for a potential zero carbon fuel source, yet the UK has largely been overlooked by prospectors.

According to a Briefing from the Royal Society on natural hydrogen production, the lack of exploration is not due to geological factors. “There are rocks that could produce hydrogen, but no research has been conducted,” states Barbara Sherwood Lollar, who contributed to a report at the University of Toronto.

The UK also doesn’t lack interest in gas. The latest Hydrogen Strategy highlights its crucial role in achieving the ambition of becoming a clean energy superpower through low-carbon production methods for heavy industry and transportation, yet natural hydrogen is not mentioned as a potential source.

Novelty plays a role in this oversight, according to Philip Ball, who contributed to the report and invests in natural hydrogen firms at Keele University. “Essentially no one is paying attention. There’s no regulation for this emerging sector, and there’s a lack of understanding.”

However, the situation may be changing. Ball notes that several companies have obtained rights to explore hydrogen in parts of the UK, including Devon in the southwest, while multiple universities conduct related research. The UK Geological Survey is also delving into the country’s potential for natural hydrogen, drawing on a wealth of existing geological data.

There is reason to believe that natural hydrogen exists beneath the surface. A report by the Royal Society notes that certain types of rocks, particularly iron-rich super-solid rocks, can generate hydrogen when interacting with water. Such formations are found in locations like the Lizard Peninsula in Cornwall and Scotland’s Shetland Islands. Geoplasms in areas like the North Pennines could also yield hydrogen through the breakdown of water molecules via natural radioactivity.

“It will definitely be found in the UK,” Ball asserts. “The question remains whether it will be economically viable.”

If hydrogen is discovered in the UK, expectations should be tempered; Sherwood Lollar emphasizes that one of the report’s goals was to correct some exaggerated claims about natural hydrogen, such as the concept of massive quantities of gas continually rising from the Earth’s mantle and core.

Nonetheless, it is critical to consider conservative estimates of the hydrogen production within the Earth’s crust. The report indicates that around 1 million tonnes of hydrogen permeates the crust annually. “Even capturing a fraction of this could significantly contribute to the hydrogen economy,” Sherwood Lollar states.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Tree Planting Alone Can’t Compensate for Global Fossil Fuel Emissions

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Afforestation Initiative in British Columbia, Canada

James McDonald/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Achieving sufficient tree planting to counterbalance the climate effects of fossil fuel combustion is nearly unfeasible. The land required to offset around 182 billion tonnes of carbon contained in the reserves of the world’s leading fossil fuel companies exceeds the available area of North and Central America combined.

In a study, Alain Naef from France’s Essec Business School, along with his team, assessed the economic viability of offsetting the carbon emissions originating from the oil, gas, and coal reserves owned by the top 200 fossil fuel firms.

The research indicates that newly planted trees must cover an area greater than 24.75 million square kilometers, equivalent to all land in North, Central, and South America, to mitigate the effects of burning these fossil fuel reserves.

Such a scale of afforestation is impractical, necessitating significant relocations of communities, agricultural lands, and other existing ecosystems.

“There isn’t enough available land to accommodate the requisite planting needed to offset emissions tied to fossil fuels,” states Rich Collet White, a British energy analyst at Carbon Tracker. “Attempting to achieve such extensive planting could drive food prices up due to farmland being converted to forest, or lead to deforestation elsewhere.”

Simultaneously, the financial implications of implementing such widespread planting initiatives are staggering. The cost to plant trees is approximately $16 per tonne equivalent of carbon offset. At this rate, it was calculated that offsetting emissions from fossil fuel reserves using trees could negate the entire market value of 64% of the largest fossil fuel corporations, excluding the costs associated with land acquisition.

If higher carbon prices highlight the adverse social and economic effects of burning fossil fuels, the results indicate that many companies might face bankruptcy.

Naef and his associates recognize the slim probability of fossil fuel companies opting to voluntarily offset reserve emissions. They assert that their study is more of a thought experiment aimed at indicating why offsets shouldn’t be leveraged to allow the fossil fuel industry to persist. “The crucial takeaway from this paper is that oil and gas should remain untapped underground,” Naef emphasized during a press briefing on June 18th.

Tim Leyden, representing Trillion Trees, a UK-based tree planting initiative, concurs. “Tree planting should not serve as a substitute for the urgent cessation of fossil fuel use nor as a strategy for decarbonizing our economy,” he asserts.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

CAR T-Cell Therapy Can Be Administered to Cancer Patients

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of CAR T-cell therapy targeting multiple myeloma, a type of blood cancer

Nemes Laszlo/Alamy

CAR T-cell therapy has the potential to transform cancer treatment. This innovative treatment genetically alters immune cells to combat diseases but is both complex and costly. Researchers have recently achieved the ability to develop personalized therapies within the bodies of non-human animals.

This form of treatment is primarily accessible in the UK and the US for select patients with various blood cancers, such as certain leukemias, where B cells—crucial immune components—grow uncontrollably. The process entails extracting T cells from a patient’s blood, genetically modifying them to target and destroy B cells, then duplicating and reintroducing these modified cells back into the patient’s body.

Nonetheless, this method is time-intensive. “You need to take the blood and send it to the Central Manufacturing Institute before it can be returned,” explains Carl June from the University of Pennsylvania. “This makes scaling the process challenging.” Additionally, the treatment comes at a steep price: over $500,000 per patient.

In search of a more efficient method, June and his team focused on gene molecules that deliver instructions to produce proteins that target B cells. They encapsulated these molecules in fat droplets, allowing entry into T cells, where they can identify and eliminate B cells. However, this effect is temporary, as the RNA code degrades within a week.

The researchers injected cancerous human B cells and healthy T cells into mice lacking an immune system. After a week, they administered five fat droplets to these mice over a span of two weeks, with some receiving higher doses.

Three weeks later, the mice that received the highest dose displayed no detectable tumor cells and no side effects. “The level of tumor cells was as minimal as we could measure,” remarks June.

The team also administered fat droplets to 22 healthy monkeys, resulting in the production of CAR T cells within their bodies and completely eradicating all B cells within just one day. Although B cells are essential for antibody production, the treatment was well tolerated by all but one monkey, which experienced a severe inflammatory response.

“This is truly remarkable,” says Karin Straathof from University College London. This could represent a significantly easier and more affordable method for implementing CAR T-cell therapy, she asserts.

However, one downside of standard CAR T-cell therapies is their ability to provide long-lasting protection, notes Straathof. The newly developed technique temporarily produces these cells; if cancer returns, additional treatments will be necessary. Furthermore, the effectiveness and safety of this approach in humans remain unverified, pending clinical trials.

June confirms that the team is currently testing the method in healthy humans. “The first patient was treated in the past few weeks,” he states.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Your Brain Monitors Your Sleep Debt—And We Might Finally Understand How

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

How does the brain encourage us to make up for our sleep loss?

Connect Images/Getty images

Researchers have identified mouse neurons that assist the brain in managing and recovering from sleep debt. Similar pathways exist in humans and could enhance treatments for conditions associated with sleep disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease.

Everyone knows the struggle of sleep debt — the difference between the sleep one needs and what one gets. However, the mechanisms through which the brain tracks sleep loss have remained largely unclear.

Mark Woo from Johns Hopkins University and his team investigated the brain pathways of mice associated with sleep by injecting tracers into 11 brain regions known to promote sleep. The tracers revealed connections to 22 regions linked to four sleep-promoting areas.

Previous studies concentrated on a limited number of unidentified regions. A method known as chemogenetics was utilized, administering specialized drugs to the mice that activated particular areas of the brain. The mice were divided into 11 groups of 3-4 and different regions were stimulated in each group.

Interestingly, an area called the thalamic nuclear reuniens proved to be significant. Stimulation of neurons in this region resulted in a substantial increase in REM sleep for the mice — about twice as much as non-stimulated counterparts. However, it took a few hours for the stimulated mice to fall asleep, during which they exhibited signs of readiness to rest.

“When you go to sleep, you likely engage in routines like brushing your teeth, washing your face, or fluffing your pillow. Mice do something similar; they groom themselves and prepare their nests,” says Wu. This suggests that these neurons are not simple on/off switches for sleep but rather promote drowsiness.

Support for this theory came from another experiment where deactivating thalamic nuclear cells in six sleep-deprived mice resulted in decreased drowsiness. These mice were more active and nested less than the control group, averaging 10% less non-REM sleep.

Additional tests have indicated that these neurons activate during sleep deprivation and become silent when sleep begins.

Collectively, these findings indicate that this brain region not only triggers sleepiness but also facilitates recovery sleep following sleep loss, according to Wu. Targeting these neurons could lead to new therapies for sleep disorders characterized by excessive drowsiness after rest, as well as conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, where individuals struggle with sleep.

However, it’s uncertain if equivalent brain circuits exist in humans. William Gialdino from Stanford University expresses caution, stating that while the immediate effects of sleep deprivation are being studied, the long-term consequences may differ significantly from those observed in humans experiencing chronic sleep loss.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Research Indicates Harbin Fossils Are Linked to Denisovan Population

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The renowned “Harbinclanium” dates back at least 146,000 years, previously classified as a distinct species: Homo Longhi.

Reconstruction of Harbin’s individuals in his habitat. Image credit: Chuang Zhao.

The skull of Harbin was unearthed in 1933 during the construction of a bridge over the Songhua River in Harbin city, Jiangxi Province, China.

Due to systematic recovery processes over extensive periods, precise locations and data pertaining to the fossil layers were unfortunately lost.

The fossils are notably large, surpassing all other archaic humans, exhibiting a low and elongated shape that lacks the rounded contours typical of modern human crania.

Features include a large, nearly square eye socket, a pronounced brow ridge, a wide mouth, and prominent teeth.

The cranial capacity is estimated at 1,420 mL, aligning within the ranges of Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and surpassing earlier Homo species.

This specimen, often referred to as the “Dragon Man” fossil, likely represents individuals under the age of 50.

In a recent study, Dr. Qiaomiei Fu from the Chinese Academy of Sciences and his colleague from the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleontology performed a detailed analysis of the fossils and their dental calculus.

They identified over 308,000 peptides, around 20,000 proteins, and confirmed the presence of 95 endogenous proteins.

Additionally, they found 122 single amino acid polymorphisms (SAPs) unique to humanity, reaffirming the classification of the Harbin specimens within the Homo genus.

Significantly, three variants unique to Denisovans were identified, establishing a phylogenetic connection between the Harbin fossil and Denisova 3, small fragments from Denisova Cave.

“Prior to this discovery, Denisovan fossils were sparse and fragmented, complicating our understanding of their morphology and evolutionary background,” the researchers stated.

“The Harbin Fossils, identified as a new species Homo Longhi, exhibit crucial morphological similarities to Denisovan remains found elsewhere.”

Harbin’s personal portrait. Image credit: Cicero Moraes, doi: 10.6084/m9.figshare.24648591.

The researchers also successfully extracted mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from the dental calculus of the fossil.

The findings confirmed that Harbin individuals belonged to the early mtDNA lineage of Denisovans.

“The mtDNA aligns with the variability observed in Denisovan mtDNA and is associated with the lineage carried by early Denisovan individuals in southern Siberia, previously identified in Denisova Caves,” the authors mentioned.

“This indicates that Denisovans occupied a broad geographical range across Asia during the mid-Pleistocene.”

The detection of Denisovan mtDNA in Harbin’s skull aids in linking Denisovans with distinct morphological traits and recognizing other specimens as Denisovan, particularly when ancient DNA is either poorly preserved or challenging to procure.

For instance, fossils from Dali, Jinniushan, and Hualongdong display comparable morphological features to the Harbin skull, suggesting they may represent the Denisovan population.

“The connection between Denisovan mtDNA and Harbin skull morphology enhances our understanding of the morphological relationships between Denisovans and other central Pleistocene fossils in East Asia,” the researchers concluded.

“Moreover, exploring host DNA from dental calculus opens new avenues for genetic research related to the mid-Pleistocene.”

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Qiaomei Fu et al. Harbin’s personal proteome from the late Pleistocene. Science published online on June 18th, 2025. doi:10.1126/science.adu9677

Qiaomei Fu et al. Denisovan mitochondrial DNA from the dental calculus of the Harbin skull, over 146,000 years old. Cell published online on June 18th, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.040

Source: www.sci.news

The Year’s Most Impactful Science Experiment: 14 Captivating Images

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The finest science is not just intelligent—it’s extraordinary. Don’t take our word for it! For 28 years, Wellcome has hosted its annual photography competition, showcasing impactful images that highlight health, science, and medicine.

The Wellcome Photography Prize delves into various topics, including mental health care and the everyday experiences of living with disabilities. This year, we’re thrilled to reintroduce the biomedical imaging category, offering a chance to appreciate the beauty of science alongside intricate medical visuals. Additional categories include “Solo Photography” and “Storytelling Series.”

Among the highlights is the first non-invasive image of microplastics buried within human skin and a poignant journey to the Peruvian Andes, where Indigenous farmers combine traditional wisdom with innovative science to combat water pollution.

The winners will be unveiled on July 16th, 2025, followed by a free public exhibition at the Francis Crick Institute in London from July 17th to October 18th.

A total of 25 images have secured the prestigious top prize this year. And here’s our favorite.

Blooming Barrier by Lucy Holland

Tissue samples taken from infants affected by Hirschsprung’s disease, a condition impacting goblet cell development and leading to long-term digestive issues. – Photo Credit: Lucy Holland/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

From Butterflies to Humans by Amaia Alcalde Anton

This image captures the brain of a metamorphosing butterfly, where new neurons are generated through neurogenesis—a process observed in various species during growth and maturity. – Photo Credit: Amaia Alcalde Anton/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

I Have You Under My Skin: Microplastics in Mammalian Tissues by P Stephen Patrick and Olumide Ogunlade

This groundbreaking non-invasive image reveals the presence of turquoise plastic particles deep within a living mouse. Biomedical researchers Patrick and Ogunlade have pioneered photoacoustic imaging techniques that utilize laser interactions with samples to visualize microplastics. – Photo Credit: P. Stephen Patrick and Olumide Ogunlade/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

Liver Cholesterol by Steve Gschmeissner

This depiction by Steve Gschmeissner illustrates blue cholesterol crystals in a human liver, with lipid cell structures. The lipid droplet measures approximately 12 micrometers wide. – Photo Credit: Steve Gschmeissner/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

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Submarine Heat by Jander Matos and Joaquim Nascimento

Captured by researchers Jander Matos and Joaquim Nascimento at the Bioimaging Lab in Brazil, this image reveals the egg (0.56 mm wide) of the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a known carrier of diseases such as dengue and Zika. The yellow details in the egg indicate nodules that provide nutrients for survival in water. – Photo Credit: Jander Matos and Joaquim Nascimento/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

Organoids by Oliver Mex and Nicole Ottawa

Photographed by Oliver Mex alongside biologist Nicole Ottawa, this organoid mimics the uterine lining and is colored for realistic representation. The organoid measures 0.2 mm in width. – Photo Credit: Oliver Mex and Nicole Ottawa/Welcome Photography Award 2025

Brixton Road, Lambeth in Southern London by Marina Vitaglione

Created by Marina Vitaglione in collaboration with Joseph Levermore and scientists from the Imperial College Environmental Research Group, this image visualizes contaminating particles (less than 0.01 mm) magnified from Brixton Road, London. It highlights these “invisible killers.” – Photo Credit: Marina Vitaglione/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

Ice and Fire Record by Ingrid Augusto, Kildare Rocha de Miranda, and Vania Da Silva Vieira

This image illustrates the internal structure of *Trypanosoma cruzi*, the parasite responsible for Chagas disease, which is transmitted through contaminated food or bites from certain insects. Untreated, it can lead to serious cardiac and digestive conditions. – Photo Credit: Ingrid Augusto, Kildare Rocha de Miranda, Vania Da Silva Vieira/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

Nemo’s Garden by Giacomo D’Orlando

Nemo’s Garden is the pioneering underwater greenhouse system located in Liguria, Italy, designed to explore agricultural solutions for regions facing challenges in plant cultivation. The findings showcase how submerged plants possess higher antioxidant levels than their land-grown counterparts, aiding in drug development. – Photo Credit: Giacomo D’Orlando/Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

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Ciril Jazbec’s Dream of Curing Water

This series by Slovenian documentary photographer Ciril Jazbec investigates the health impacts of rapidly melting glaciers in the Cordillera Blanca Mountain Range, threatening water supplies with heavy metals accumulated over centuries. Peru houses most of the world’s tropical glaciers, vital for mountain farming communities. Climate change has led to a 40% reduction in glacier surface area since the 1970s. – Photo Credit: Ciril Jazbec / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

Stereo EEG Self-Portrait by Muir Vidler

This self-portrait by UK photographer Muir Vidler captures his experience after electrode implantation into the brain for epilepsy treatment—a procedure used when medication fails. He documented this photo on the first day following electrode insertion, which he had to keep for a week. – Photo Credit: Muir Vidler / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

Find a Life by Sandipani Chattopadhyay

This poignant image shows locals gathering water from the riverbed in Purulia, West Bengal, India. Climate change has disrupted the monsoon patterns, leading to dry rivers and forcing many communities to search for drinkable water. – Photo Credit: Sandipani Chattopadhyay / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

This Is Endometriosis – 2014 – 2022: Five Years by Georgie Wilman

This self-portrait by UK photographer Georgie Wilman notes the dates of her scars resulting from endometriosis surgery. Affecting one in ten women and females assigned at birth, endometriosis is often downplayed as “painful periods,” a phrase that fails to encapsulate its severity, which causes internal bleeding and damage to organs. Wilman’s imagery powerfully conveys the struggles and impacts of living with endometriosis. – Photo Credit: Georgie Wileman / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

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Beautiful Disasters by Alexandru Popescu

This aerial view depicts a former village in the Loopa area, Transylvania, Romania. In 1977, Nicolae Ceaușescu forcibly relocated its 1,000 residents to create a toxic waste lake linked to Roșia Poieni copper mine. The lake grows approximately 100 cm annually, jeopardizing local groundwater quality. – Photo Credit: Alexandru Popescu / Wellcome Photography Prize 2025

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Warm and Humid Climate Creates Ideal Conditions for Pterosaurs to Soar 220 Million Years Ago

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study by paleontologists integrated data on the ancient climate of a specific region with fossil distribution information regarding Triassic eye pteraurauromorphs (pterosaurs + lagerpetids).

Foffa et al. Lagerpetids, alongside overall pterygoid morphospace, likely thrived in southwestern Pangaea (i.e. modern-day South America), indicating that pterosaurs may have originated at lower latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. Image credit: James Kuether.

“Pterosaurs were the first vertebrates to evolve powered flight more than 60 million years ago—the oldest known birds,” stated Davide Foffa, a paleontologist from the University of Birmingham.

“Nevertheless, our comprehension of early pterosaur evolution is constrained by significant temporal and anatomical gaps separating these highly adapted flying reptiles from their closest terrestrial relatives.”

“The fossil records for pterosaurs and their related species remain incomplete, and fundamental aspects of early evolution, including timing, domains of existence, initial radiation, and the ecological context of paleontology, are not well understood compared to other contemporary groups such as dinosaurs.”

The researchers concentrated on the distribution of two closely related groups: Pterosaurs and Lagerpetids.

“Lagerpetids existed roughly 240 million years ago as a group of agile reptiles that lived in smaller land areas and among trees,” they noted.

“These small terrestrial reptiles are now recognized as the closest relatives to pterosaurs, and this study shows they endured a wider range of climatic conditions than their aerial counterparts, including the arid landscapes of ancient Pangaea.”

“This adaptability resulted in a broader distribution of this group.”

“Conversely, pterosaurs seemed to be restricted to humid environments found in limited regions of the ancient world, as evidenced by fossils discovered in modern-day Italy, Austria, and the southwestern United States.

During the late Triassic period, global climatic conditions began to change, with an increase in warm and humid environments outside the equatorial region.

This shift provided an opportunity for flying reptiles to expand across the globe, including present-day high-latitude areas such as Greenland and South America.

“While dinosaurs roamed the Earth, I find it fascinating to envision that these formidable reptiles ruled the skies during that era,” remarked Dr. Foffa.

“However, the origins of pterosaurs remain cloaked in mystery. Our research contributes new insights into this puzzle, proposing that early evolution among groups was likely influenced by shifting climates and environments during the Triassic.”

“Climate change significantly affects biodiversity, both today and throughout geological history,” stated Dr. Emma Dunn, a paleontologist at Friedrich Alexander Universitat Erlangen Nurnberg.

“Recent advancements in modeling techniques have enabled paleontologists to better understand how climate change has shaped the biodiversity of significant fossil groups like pterosaurs in just the past few years.”

“The combination of ecological models and fossil data is emphasized by Dr. Alessandro Chiarenza, paleontologist at University College London, who noted:

“Lagerpetids flourished as generalists, while pterosaurs, initially constrained to a humid tropical niche with possibly limited flight capabilities, occupied equatorial territories.”

“As the climate transformed and forest corridors emerged, their wings propelled them to every corner of the planet, ultimately allowing them to survive one of Earth’s greatest extinctions.”

“What started as a tale of lost fossils is evolving into a paradigmatic example of how paleoclimate, past climate, and evolutionary innovations intertwine, illuminating the complex history that has fascinated paleontologists for over two centuries.”

Study published in the journal Natural Ecology and Evolution.

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D. Foffa et al. Paleobiogeography of climate drivers and lagerpetids and early pterosaurs. Nat Ecol Evol published online on June 18th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41559-025-02767-8

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers Create the First 2D Computer Without Silicon

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

While silicon has propelled advancements in semiconductor technology through miniaturization, the need for new materials is essential due to scaling challenges. Two-dimensional (2D) materials, characterized by their atomic thickness and high carrier mobility, offer an exciting alternative. A leading researcher in Pennsylvania has successfully created a basic computer utilizing 2D materials.

This conceptual diagram of a 2D molecule-based computer features an actual scanning electron microscope image of a computer developed by Ghosh et al. Image credit: Krishnendu Mukhopadhyay/Penn State.

“Silicon has been at the forefront of significant electronic advancements for decades by enabling the ongoing miniaturization of field effect transistors (FETs),” states Professor Saptalcidas of Pennsylvania.

“FETs utilize an electric field to manage current flow, activated by applied voltage.”

“Nevertheless, as silicon devices shrink, their performance tends to decline.”

“In contrast, two-dimensional materials retain outstanding electronic characteristics at atomic thickness, making them a promising avenue forward.”

In the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) architecture, Professor Das and his team have engineered transistors from two different 2D materials to manage current flow effectively.

“In CMOS technology, coordination between N-type and P-type semiconductors is critical for achieving high performance with low energy consumption. This challenge has posed significant obstacles in surpassing silicon,” remarked Professor Das.

“Previous investigations have showcased small circuits using 2D materials, yet scaling these findings into complex, functional computers has proven challenging.”

“This marks a significant achievement in our research. We are the first to create a CMOS computer entirely constructed from 2D materials.”

Researchers have synthesized extensive sheets of disulfide and tungsten diselenide through metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD). This manufacturing technique involves evaporating materials, initiating chemical reactions, and depositing them onto a substrate to fabricate each type of transistor.

Meticulous adjustments in device fabrication and post-processing steps enabled us to fine-tune the threshold voltages for both the N and P transistors, which facilitated the creation of fully operational CMOS logic circuits.

“Our 2D CMOS computers function at low supply voltages with minimal power usage and can execute basic logic operations at frequencies reaching 25 kilohertz.”

“Although the operating frequency is lower than that of traditional silicon CMOS circuits, a computer known as a single instruction set computer can perform fundamental logic operations.”

“We have also devised computational models calibrated with experimental data, accounting for inter-device variations and predicting the performance of 2D CMOS computers in comparison to top-notch silicon technology.”

“While there remains room for further optimization, this work represents a crucial milestone in harnessing 2D materials to propel advancements in electronics.”

The team’s research was published this month in the journal Nature.

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S. Ghosh et al. 2025. One instruction set computer based on complementary two-dimensional material. Nature 642, 327-335; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08963-7

Source: www.sci.news

Home to Large-Horned Lizards and Armored Cretaceous Dinosaurs in North America.

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recently discovered fossil specimens of the Monsters include new genera and species, Borguamondor, found in southern Utah’s magnificent Kaiparowitz Formation at Escalante National Monument. These specimens highlight the remarkable diversity of these large lizards during the late North American period.

Reconstruction of Borguamondor‘s life. Image credit: Cullen Townsend.

Borguamondor existed in North America during the Cretaceous Campania period, approximately 72 million years ago.

These ancient reptiles represent a portion of the evolution of large-bodied lizards known as the Monsters. One of the most notable examples is the Gira monster, which still inhabits deserts where new species have been rediscovered.

“According to Monster Aurus Hank Wooley, a paleontologist at the Dinosaur Institute:

“They have a lineage spanning about 100 million years, but their fossil records remain largely incomplete. Discoveries like Borguamondor are significant in understanding these remarkable lizards, which would have appeared monstrous to us.”

“With an estimated length of about 1 m (3 feet), depending on the size of the tail and body, it may have been even larger.”

“In comparison to modern lizards, it was a large creature, akin to a monitor lizard inhabiting the savanna.

Related skeletal remains of Borguamondor, including skulls, vertebrae, girdles, limbs, and osteoderm fragments, were discovered starting in 2005 at the Kaiparowits Formation in Utah.

“Dr. Randy Ilmith, a paleontologist at the University of Utah, commented on Borguamondor:

Other fossils retrieved by the team include heavily armored skull bones, suggesting that ancient, seasonally tropical forests in southern Utah were home to at least three distinct types of large predatory lizards.

“Despite their size, the skeletal remains of these lizards are incredibly rare; most fossil records are based on isolated bones and teeth,” noted Dr. Joe Celtic, a paleontologist at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute and Colorado State University.

“The exceptional fossil record of large lizards from the Grand Stair Escalante National Monument may indicate that they were a typical part of the dinosaur-dominated ecosystem in North America, playing a vital role as small predators hunting for eggs and smaller animals in Lalamidia forests.”

“The identification of this new species within the Monsters category suggests the potential for undiscovered large lizards from the late Cretaceous period,” the researchers remarked.

“Moreover, this discovery underscores that there remains untapped diversity yet to be uncovered both in the field and within paleontological collections.”

“The closest known relatives of Borguamondor are found across the planet in the Asian Gobi Desert.”

“It has been widely recognized that these creatures traversed the former Cretaceous continents, which were once interconnected. The discovery of Borguamondor suggests that smaller animals also migrated, indicating a broader biogeographical pattern among terrestrial vertebrates during this era.”

Survey results will be published in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

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C. Henrik Woolley et al. 2025. New specimens of Monstaurus from the Kaiparowitz Formation in Utah reveal the unexpected diversity of ancient large lizards in late North America. R. Soc. Open SCI 12(6): 250435; doi: 10.1098/rsos.250435

Source: www.sci.news

The Science of Revenge: A New Book Argues That Revenge is Addictive, Yet Fails to Persuade

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Did the UK’s iconic Sycamore Gap Tree fall as an act of revenge?

vaughan/epa-fe/shutterstock

The Science of Revenge
James Kimmel Jr. (Harmony Books)

Few can easily embrace the desire for revenge, yet it’s undeniable that some of us are drawn to it.

From President Donald Trump’s advocacy against what he perceives as the “cancel culture” in social media, to the potential motivation behind the cutting down of the iconic British Sycamore Gap Tree, the concept of revenge certainly appears to be more influential than love as a force for change in the world. One might even ponder if it borders on an addiction.

James Kimmel Jr. is passionate about uncovering solutions. Convinced that if our world cannot become more compassionate, we must take action. His new book, The Science of Revenge: Understanding the World’s Most Fatal Addiction – and How to Overcome It, represents a culmination of his efforts over the past decade to delve deep into the neuroscience of revenge and its devastating costs.

One cannot overlook Kimmel’s impressive credentials as a psychiatry instructor at Yale University, where he leads research on motivation and behavioral control. As a former civil litigator who dealt with non-criminal disputes, he witnessed firsthand how the legal system can be manipulated to settle personal scores and punish perceived adversaries, particularly by those in positions of wealth and influence.

Kimmel gained insight into these impulses through his experiences. Growing up in rural Pennsylvania during the early 1980s, he faced bullying and had his family extorted. Their dogs were killed, and after an explosion involving their mailbox, a teenage Kimmel found himself grappling with these pressures, though he refrained from acting violently.

Nevertheless, he admits that his unresolved grievances led him to pursue a career in law—a “professional revenge business.” Following a mental breakdown, he began to study what he refers to as “revenge addiction,” ultimately shifting his focus toward psychiatric treatment.

Today, Kimmel identifies as a “recovering revenge addict” and a determined researcher aiming to present a case for viewing “obsessive revenge” as both an addiction and a neurological disorder.

Kimmel posits that the desire for revenge is experienced in some brains similarly to the effects of drugs.

He argues that such cravings activate the brain’s reward pathways, blunting impulse control and acting as a biological response akin to pain relief and pleasure. This notion not only clarifies the “urge to retaliate” but also implies a possible method to mitigate violence. By identifying individuals who often feel victimized, professionals may preemptively address grievances, potentially curbing mass shootings and other tragic acts of violence.

To substantiate his assertions, Kimmel references numerous studies on reward, revenge, and forgiveness. He takes an insightful approach toward their limitations and addresses skepticism from experts.

However, his interpretation of revenge as a catalyst for “all wars, murders, and assaults throughout human history” could polarize readers and spark debate.

Kimmel acknowledges the role of “genetic predispositions, early traumas, or psychosocial factors,” asserting that revenge addiction shouldn’t excuse violent behaviors. Yet, this notion can mistakenly arise, particularly when he compares a potentially lethal “yearning for revenge” to the seriousness of heart attacks.

This perspective may be perplexing and insensitive. Kimmel is most compelling when recounting stories of individuals who have freed themselves from lives dominated by hatred. Yet, his fixation on revenge as the sole origin of evil tends to overlook the complexities of other contributing factors, such as misogyny and childhood abuse.

His analysis of the motivations behind the actions of mass murderers and historical figures like Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin, and Mao Zedong feels overly simplistic when framed solely through the lens of revenge addiction. While revenge has undoubtedly appeared as a motivating force throughout history, Kimmel might be too close to his central theme to fully appreciate its multifaceted nature.

Elle Hunt is a writer based in Norwich, UK

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What Are You Sacrificing by Immersing Yourself in an Experience?

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

What are your plans for later? Will you explore the Van Gogh landscapes, embark on a journey through ancient Egypt, or attend posthumous performances of your favorite musicians? These “immersive” experiences are increasingly prevalent, offering the tantalizing promise of placing us at the center of their narratives. The global immersive entertainment market is expected to be around $114 billion by 2024, and it could nearly quadruple to approximately $442 billion by 2030.

As both a journalist and a devoted fan of pop culture, I am captivated yet apprehensive about immersive entertainment. My most unforgettable experiences have been deeply personal and emotionally charged, leading to exhilaration, tears, and even moments of “cybersickness.” When immersed in these stories, particularly those conveyed through headsets, we find ourselves escaping the constraints of real time, a significant part of their allure.

However, my concern lies not just in escapism—great culture liberates us from the confines of daily life—but in the sense of isolation it can foster. Immersive events can often heighten individual experiences while diminishing the communal energy that nurtures a sociable atmosphere. As a result, even crowded immersive shows can feel like solitary pursuits, with fellow attendees resembling non-playable characters (NPCs) from video games.

Cultural scholar Kellen Zionz coined the term “narcissistic spectatorship”, which sharply critiques how we consume immersive entertainment. A study found that 83.9% of VR users experienced dissociative symptoms. While the long-term effects remain unclear, research highlights the recurring theme of experiencing and relying on isolation, as seen in a study focused on VR tourists.

One new immersive exhibition at the Barbican Centre in London, Feel the Sound, features imaginative and personalized installations. The “Your Inner Symphony” Sensing Stations generate unique visuals based on your physical responses to music. Luke Kemp, head of Barbican’s immersive programming, notes that these experiences fulfill the need for a “playful” cultural space accessible to everyone, regardless of prior knowledge.

Robyn Landau, co-developer from Kinta Studios of “Your Inner Symphony,” emphasizes a connection to our perception and inner senses. “These transformative experiences that link us to our individual selves fundamentally alter how we view the world and connect with others,” she explains.

Psychologist Sophie Janik Bowles suggests that immersive experiences challenge our processing capabilities, making them engaging. This can have profound restorative effects on our minds, allowing us to detach from everyday worries and become immersed in something cognitively, emotionally, and even physiologically different.

Inspired by the club scene, I was particularly struck by an immersive experience that captured the essence of the dance floor. An exhilarating Pursuing a Repeat Beat event, a multiplayer VR tribute to the UK rave scene, facilitates real-time interaction among groups of participants.

Yet, I sense a paradox within immersive entertainment; the rapidly evolving landscapes raise questions about their ultimate direction. While they offer opportunities for self-tuning, I question whether they enhance our connections with those around us. If we remain entrenched in self-reflection, we risk missing the broader perspective. Immersive entertainment may create a personal VIP experience, but culture ideally should unite us.

Arwa Haider is a London-based cultural journalist

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Source: www.newscientist.com

A Silent Virus Rapidly Alters Our Genome and Enhances Its Growth

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Human DNA within cells in its natural state (left) contrasted with its state eight hours after cold sore virus infection (right)

Esther Gonzalez Almera and Alvaro Castells Garcia

Viruses that typically cause herpes can reform their genome within an hour following infection, potentially allowing scientists to address severe cases more effectively.

Billions globally are infected by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1), often without their knowledge. Transmission occurs via contact with infected saliva or skin around the mouth.

Upon invading a host cell, the virus replicates within the nucleus, where genetic material is preserved among the strands of DNA. These strands surround proteins, with some sections tightly coiling to deactivate genes while others form looser loops where genes remain active. In these less dense areas, proteins can transcribe DNA into messenger RNA, encoding for a protein essential for cellular function.

Prior research has indicated that the human genome becomes more tightly coiled following HSV-1 infection, possibly disrupting cellular functions, although the cause of this coiling was previously uncertain.

For further details, consult Alvaro Castells-Garcia at the genome regulatory center in Barcelona, Spain, whose team employs advanced microscopy to investigate HSV-1, infecting human lung cells and observing structures that are 3,500 times thinner than a hair. “This offers a higher resolution than most prior studies,” notes Castells-Garcia.

They discovered that within an hour post-infection, transcription factors were already pilfered from the human genome, corroborating previous findings.

Moreover, this thievery is what appears to cause the host’s DNA to coil more tightly, compressing it to 30% of its volume within 8 hours of infection.

The virus also interacts with specific areas of the host genome that encode the stolen transcription factors, inhibiting activity in those regions and enhancing the expression of genes that facilitate its own growth.

“Previously, I thought the virus made random contacts with the genome,” comments team member Esther Gonzalez Almera at the genome regulation center. “However, it’s clear that viruses specifically target certain regions of their genome, which often contain genes critical to sustaining the infection and producing viral RNA and proteins.”

In another segment of the study, researchers found that utilizing experimental cancer treatments to obstruct one of the transcription factors taken by HSV-1 inhibited its replication in human lung cells in the laboratory. This suggests that such medications could assist in treating HSV-1 in individuals suffering from severe herpes outbreaks and those at higher risk for complications, as González-Almela explains. Mild cases typically resolve without intervention.

This treatment may also be effective against other pathogens, such as adenoviruses that lead to colds, and noroviruses associated with gastroenteritis. “Other viruses similar to HSV-1 may employ analogous strategies,” states Benjamin Krishna from Cambridge University. “These could represent [potential types of experimental drugs] for addressing such cases as well,” he adds.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

VLT Unveils the Most Detailed Image of NGC 253 to Date

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the Multi-unit Spectroscopic Explorer (Muse) on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) captured an active starburst galaxy, NGC 253, in thousands of colors simultaneously.

This VLT/Muse image displays a detailed multi-colored view of NGC 253. Image credit: ESO/Congiu et al.

NGC 253 lies approximately 11.5 million light-years away in the Sculptor constellation.

Commonly referred to as the Silver Coin, Silver Dollar Galaxy, or Sculptor Galaxy, this galaxy was discovered on September 23, 1783, by Caroline Herschel, the sister of William Herschel.

It is one of the brightest members of the Sculptor group of galaxies.

Characterized as a starburst galaxy, it experiences unusually rapid star formation and stellar explosions.

“NGC 253 is one of the largest star-forming galaxies near the Milky Way,” noted ESO astronomer Enrico Kong and his team.

“It also ranks among the largest galaxies in the sky, with apparent dimensions of 42 x 12 arcminutes².

“With its distinct stellar bars, well-defined spiral arms, and widespread star formation, NGC 253 exemplifies a classic spiral galaxy near the main sequence.”

To create a new image of the galaxy, astronomers dedicated over 50 hours observing it with the VLT’s Muse Instrument.

They needed to stitch together more than 100 exposures to encapsulate an area of approximately 65,000 light-years.

“You can focus on individual regions where stars form at a scale of individual stars, or you can zoom out to view the entire galaxy,” explained Dr. Kathryn Kreckel, an astronomer at the University of Heidelberg.

In their initial data analysis, researchers identified 500 planetary nebulae and regions of gas and dust within NGC 253.

“In areas outside our galaxy, we typically find fewer than 100 detections per galaxy,” remarked Fabian Schuerman, a doctoral student at Heidelberg University.

“Due to the properties of planetary nebulae, they serve as distance markers for host galaxies.”

“By locating the planetary nebulae, we can confirm the distance to the galaxy, which is crucial for other galaxy research.”

“Future projects utilizing maps will investigate gas flows and how their composition influences star formation across this galaxy.”

“It remains a mystery why such a minor process can significantly influence galaxies that are thousands of times larger,” stated Dr. Kong.

The results will be published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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E. Congiu et al. 2025. Sculptor’s Muse View of the Galaxy: Overview of the Survey and the Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function. A&A in print;

Source: www.sci.news

The Remarkable Journey of American Dogs Through Ancient DNA Research

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Pre-contact Central and South American dogs (Canis Familiaris) – These are all dogs that existed prior to the arrival of European settlers, originating from a single maternal lineage that spread into North America. A recent study led by researchers at Oxford University indicates that the divergence times of dog breeds in North, Central, and South America align with the agricultural expansion occurring between 7,000 and 5,000 years ago, particularly highlighting the adoption of corn in South America.

Manin et al. Illustrating the gradual southward spread of dogs alongside early agricultural societies. Artwork by John James Audubon and John Bachman.

“Dogs traveled with the initial waves of people entering North America at least 15,000-16,000 years ago,” stated Oxford University researcher Aurely Mannin and colleagues.

“They were the only type of livestock brought to America from Eurasia before the arrival of European settlers.”

“Archaeological and physical evidence suggests that Arctic dogs were utilized for sledding, aiding groups of humans traversing the frigid tundra of Siberia.”

“Analysis of ancient DNA indicates that all dogs before contact with European settlers possess mitochondrial DNA from a lineage unique to the Americas.”

“Dogs from this lineage disseminated throughout the Americas, with the exception of the Amazon Basin, suggesting they became known only following the arrival of Europeans in the 16th century.”

In this latest study, the authors sequenced 70 complete mitochondrial genomes from both archaeological and modern dogs collected from Central Mexico to Central Chile and Argentina.

The findings indicate that all pre-contact dogs in Central and South America descended from a singular maternal lineage that diverged from North American dogs when humans initially settled the continent.

Instead of a rapid spread, dogs exhibited a slower pattern known as “segregation by distance,” gradually adapting to new environments and migrating with people between 7,000 to 5,000 years ago, coinciding with the rise of corn cultivation in early agricultural communities.

The influx of Europeans brought new dog breeds that predominantly replaced indigenous strains; however, researchers discovered that modern Chihuahuas still retain maternal DNA from pre-contact Mesoamerican ancestors.

These rare genetic traces underscore the enduring legacy of the first American dogs and the deep roots of this iconic breed.

“This research emphasizes the significant role that early agricultural communities played in the dispersal of dogs worldwide,” Dr. Manin remarked.

“In the Americas, it reveals that dogs were able to adapt slowly enough to develop genetic distinctions between North, Central, and South America.”

“This is quite unusual for livestock and unveils new avenues for research into the relationships between dogs and early agricultural societies.”

“This study contributes a new chapter to the extensive shared history of dogs and humans, influenced by migration across continents, survival, and lasting relationships,” the scientists concluded.

Survey results are set to appear in Proceedings of the Royal Society b.

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Aurely Manin et al. 2025. Ancient dog mitogenomes support the double dispersion of dogs and agriculture into South America. Proc. R. Soc. b 292 (2049): 20242443; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2024.2443

Source: www.sci.news

High Temperatures Above 90 Degrees Reported Northeast of New England

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

LAS VEGAS – The severe heatwave plaguing the Southwest is anticipated to move eastward in the coming days, with temperatures surpassing 90 degrees Fahrenheit expected in the northeast, particularly in parts of New England later this week.

Around 15 million individuals are currently facing extreme heat advisories in eastern California, Nevada, Arizona, and western Texas. Triple-digit temperatures are projected to become widespread throughout the area by Wednesday.

In southern Nevada, temperatures this week may rise up to 12°F above the seasonal average, as reported by the National Weather Service. Nearby Arizona is predicted to see highs reaching 115°F across its southern and central regions.

As the week progresses, this heat will extend into the Midwest and Great Lakes, leading to the region’s first significant heat wave this weekend.

The Weather Service has indicated that record high temperatures are possible from Northern and Eastern Colorado to Nebraska and South Dakota on Thursday, affecting parts of the Great Basin and western South Dakota.

Research indicates that climate change may contribute to more frequent, intense, and prolonged heat waves.

Warm temperatures combined with high humidity will affect the East Coast this weekend and into next week. In major cities like New York City, Boston, and Washington, DC, the thermal index (the combined effect of temperature and humidity on how hot it feels) is expected to reach the mid-90s or higher.

“Starting early next week, we will see a stretch of prolonged hot and humid weather beginning Sunday and lasting through at least mid-week,” according to the New York branch of the Weather Bureau, as noted in a post on X.

Meanwhile, extreme heat is forecasted to persist across southwestern desert regions, including Death Valley, for the remainder of the week, as per the weather services.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Honda Announces Successful Test of Its Reusable Rocket

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Honda’s newest initiative is literally reaching new heights.

On Wednesday, the Japanese automaker revealed that it has successfully developed its own “experimental reusable rocket,” which has completed a landing. According to company representatives, the roughly 21-foot tall booster achieved an altitude of 890 feet before landing vertically.

These test flights indicate that the global landscape of space operations is expanding towards the commercial sector, moving beyond a handful of government agencies.

While Honda has not yet shared specific plans on how it aims to commercialize its rocket technology or the intended applications of its boosters, the initiative is part of Honda’s commitment to “sustainable transport.”

“We view rocket research as a substantial endeavor that leverages Honda’s technological capabilities,” stated Toshihiro Mibe, Honda’s global CEO in a statement.

The test launch and landing occurred on Tuesday at a Honda facility located in Taika Town, Hokkaido Prefecture. The flight duration was 56.6 seconds, with the rocket landing within approximately 15 inches of the designated target area.

Honda aims to achieve a suborbital launch by 2029. This type of flight does not achieve a complete orbit around Earth, but reaches the edge of space at altitudes exceeding 65 miles.

Although Honda initially announced its foray into the space industry in 2021, details about ongoing projects or potential applications remain scarce. The company indicated that this endeavor builds on other Honda initiatives, including efforts related to automated driving systems.

“We are witnessing an exponential increase in data consumption, and the proliferation of satellites has raised expectations for utilizing data systems in space,” noted a company representative in a news release. “Considering this trend, the demand for satellite launch rockets is anticipated to rise significantly in the coming years.”

Reusable rockets are increasingly viewed as a method to enhance the sustainability and cost-efficiency of space launches. US company SpaceX continues to lead the industry with its reusable Falcon 9 rocket, while also developing a next-generation booster known as Starship, which is expected to be fully reusable.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Australian Moths Navigate 1000 km Journeys Using the Stars as Their Compass

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Bogong moths seek refuge in cooler caves during the summer

Ajay Narendra/Macquarie University, Australia

Traveling distances exceeding 1,000 kilometers to escape the summer heat, Australia’s moths have been identified as the first invertebrates to utilize stars for navigation on long migrations.

Every spring, billions of bogong moths (Agrotis infusa) embark from various regions of southern Australia, surviving the winter as caterpillars by feeding on vegetation before retreating to the cool caves of Australia’s Alpine regions. Once in the caves, they enter a state of dormancy known as estivation until they return to breeding grounds.

The recent decline of these moth populations has led to inquiries about their navigation methods in reaching high-altitude caves, as noted by Andrea Aden from the Francis Crick Institute in London.

Previous studies have demonstrated their ability to use Earth’s electromagnetic fields but only in conjunction with visible landmarks. Aden and her team sought to explore other potential cues that moths might use for navigation.

“When you venture into the Australian bush at night, one of the most striking visual markers is the Milky Way,” she explains. “We know that diurnal migratory birds rely on the sun, so testing whether moths use the starry sky seemed like a logical step.”

To investigate, the team employed light traps to capture moths during migration and transported them to a laboratory. There, they were placed in a Perspex arena with images of a night sky projected overhead. Moths were free to choose their flight direction based on the sky images while the Earth’s magnetic field was neutralized using a Helmholtz coil.

Experiments revealed that moths did utilize a stellar compass, according to team member Eric Warrant from Lund University, Sweden. “When the tethered moths were placed under a realistic starry sky, they oriented themselves towards their migratory direction,” he states. “They achieved this solely with the assistance of these stars, independent of other visual cues and the magnetic field.”

Caption: Aestivating moths in alpine caves during summer (roughly 17,000 per square meter, with millions in each cave) Copyright: Eric Warrant

Eric Warrant

When the simulated starry sky was rotated 180 degrees, the moth flew in the opposite direction. Randomizing the star placements in the image left them disoriented.

In a subsequent experiment, very thin electrodes were implanted in the moth’s brain, revealing changes in neural activity as the projected starfield was rotated.

While dung beetles are known to maintain a consistent bearing using the Milky Way, no other insect species has previously demonstrated this level of celestial navigation.

“The bogong moth is the first invertebrate documented with the ability to navigate long distances using stars as a compass—a phenomenon previously recognized only in certain birds and humans,” Warrant states. “This capability is truly remarkable.”

Another insect recognized for its extensive migrations, the Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus), primarily relies on the sun supplemented by the environment.

Cody Freas from Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, emphasized the incredible efficiency of insect navigation, stating, “Stellar navigation showcases the remarkable visual acuity found in nocturnal insects, enabling them to utilize various cues (Sun, Moon, Stars) even in low-light conditions,” adds Freas.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Rapamycin May Boost Lifespan More Significantly with Reduced Caloric Intake

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

An illustration depicting the drug rapamycin (red) inhibiting the protein complex MTORC1, influencing cell functionality

Science Photo Library/Getty Images

The drug rapamycin shows effects on life extension that are nearly comparable to calorie restriction, based on the largest study exploring the lifespan of various vertebrate species.

Researchers are probing if lifestyle changes like diet and exercise can enhance longevity while mitigating aging-related health issues. For instance, calorie restriction, when balanced with nutritional needs, has demonstrated extensions of lifespan in non-human animals of up to 40%.

“In our field, we have long recognized that calorie restriction often yields positive results,” says Matt Kaeberlein, who was not involved in the recent research from Washington University in Seattle.

Another area of interest lies with potential anti-aging medications, such as rapamycin, initially developed as an immunosuppressant. The combination of rapamycin with the cancer treatment trametinib has shown a 30% increase in mouse lifespan earlier this year.

Currently, Zahida Sultanova from the University of East Anglia, along with her collaborators, is reviewing data from 167 studies on lifespan interventions across eight vertebrate species, such as fish, mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys, though not in humans.

The findings indicated that dietary restrictions, regardless of whether they primarily involve calorie reduction or intermittent fasting, extend the lifespan of all eight species, regardless of sex. Rapamycin appears to produce effects similar to these. They also examined the type 2 diabetes medication metformin, which has been suggested as a potential longevity stimulant, but found no benefits regarding lifespan.

However, Sultanova advises against individuals self-prescribing rapamycin based on these findings. “High doses of rapamycin can have side effects, as it is designed to suppress the immune system,” she states, noting that studies in mice have indicated it might affect reproduction. Nonetheless, early data from a recent trial suggest low-dose rapamycin is relatively safe for healthy elderly individuals.

Kaeberlein also warns against using medication or limiting calories solely to combat aging, as this could be linked to physical debilitation and mental health issues. “We must better understand the ratio of risks to rewards in humans before making such decisions,” he states. “Rapamycin might be beneficial for certain individuals, and ongoing research aims to clarify who those individuals are.”

Other medications similar to rapamycin, termed Rapalogs, might offer even more promising options with fewer adverse effects for lifespan extension, claims Sultanova.

Kaeberlein adds that while these results align with existing literature, “the effect sizes observed in shorter lifespans typically surpass those in longer ones, so caution is warranted when comparing across species.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

We’ve Unveiled the Appearance of Denisovans!

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The human skull from Harbin, China, is currently identified as Denisovan

Hebei Geo University

Denisovans, an enigmatic group of ancient humans, were initially recognized solely through their DNA, but now they have a distinct appearance.

With molecular data, Qiaomei Fu and her team at the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology have validated long-held suspicions among researchers.

This aligns with additional evidence that Denisovans were robust and heavyset. “I believe we observe individuals weighing around 100 kg of lean body mass: a truly massive individual,” stated Bens Viola, who was not part of the research team from the University of Toronto, Canada.

Denisovans were first discovered in 2010 in the Denisova Cave in Siberia’s Altai Mountains, where researchers found fragments of an unknown ancient hominin’s finger bone. The preserved DNA concluded that it was neither modern humans (Homo sapiens) nor Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis), but rather an entirely new species.

Moreover, genetic findings indicated that Denisovans interbred with contemporary humans. Today, populations in Southeast Asia and Melanesia carry up to 5% of Denisovan DNA, signifying their earlier presence in Asia.

Following these revelations, researchers commenced their quest for Denisovan fossils in both fieldwork and museum collections. Several fossils have since been discovered, with a notable mandible found in the Baishaya Karst Cave on the Tibetan Plateau, confirmed through fossil and DNA protein analysis from surrounding sediments. Recently, a jawbone recovered from the Peng Channel off Taiwan’s coast was also confirmed as Denisovan through preserved proteins.

Nevertheless, there remained frustrating gaps, as all confirmed Denisovan fossils obtained via molecular evidence were small, leading to limited insight. Conversely, more complete fossils from Asia were considered candidate Denisovan remains, yet none yielded molecular evidence.

Fu and her team aimed to extract preserved DNA or proteins from the human skull discovered in Harbin, northeastern China. This skull, kept under wraps for decades, was first described in 2021 and is notably large and robust, characterized by prominent brow ridges and brain size similar to modern humans. It has been dubbed Homo longi—or Dragon Man—by its discoverer.

“My impression is that this specimen is representative of what we would expect Denisovan to be, in both size and context,” Viola remarked.

Fu noted that recovering preserved molecules from the Harbin skull was an arduous task. While her team struggled to obtain DNA from the bones, they successfully retrieved 95 proteins, including three variants unique to Denisovans.

Seeking further evidence, Fu turned to dental calculus, a hardened plaque that forms on teeth, which yielded mitochondrial DNA inherited from its maternal lineage. Although she described the quantity as “small,” it was sufficient to confirm the specimen as Denisovan.

“It’s an astonishing outcome, and the efforts made were commendable,” said Saman Subroun from the National Research Centre in Burgos, Spain. “I believe many researchers tend to overlook dental calculus in genetic studies.”

With the identification of the robust Harbin skull as Denisovan, the long-suspected notion of their substantial size is now validated.

“There was a clue,” Brown noted.

The reason for their size remains unclear. Neanderthals’ robust build is linked to the cold climates of Europe and West Asia where they thrived. While Denisovan sites, including Denisova Cave and the Tibetan Plateau, were also cold, others were tropical. “We need to contemplate the implications of this,” Viola stated.

It’s possible that Denisovans varied over time. The fragments from Denisova Cave suggest two distinct groups existed: one from 217,000 to 106,000 years ago and another from 84,000 to 52,000 years ago. The Harbin skull dates back at least 146,000 years, with Fu discovering that its proteins and mitochondrial DNA align with the older group. Nevertheless, we’ve yet to locate any large Denisovan fossils in contemporary times, leaving their full appearance uncertain.

“Numerous different groups inhabited the landscape independently, often isolated from each other for tens of thousands of years,” Viola remarked. We should not presume they all bore a similar appearance.

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Denisovan/
Ancient humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

Farmers Worldwide Struggle to Adapt to Climate Change

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Climate change will lessen the availability of most staple crops, including corn

Jon Rehg/Shutterstock

Despite farmers’ best efforts to adapt, increasing global temperatures have the potential to significantly impact the world’s essential crops. Comprehensive analysis indicates that by the century’s end, for every degree of warming, global food supply may drop by nearly 121 kcal per person per day.

In a 3°C warming scenario—aligned with current trends—”It might mean skipping breakfast for everyone,” notes Andrew Hartgren from the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign.

Hartgren and his team gathered data on the yields of six major staple crops globally, which account for over two-thirds of the world’s calories. “This represents one of the largest datasets currently available for high-resolution crop yields,” he states. They also incorporated local weather information from 54 different countries.

The researchers utilized this data to forecast how various crops would respond to climate changes and how farmers might adapt. “We examined historical data on how farmers have reacted to weather fluctuations,” Hartgren explains. This approach enabled the team to assess how different agricultural strategies might mitigate losses, like crop variety adjustments, enhancing irrigation, or increasing fertilizer use.

Except for rice, which thrives under warmer nighttime conditions, higher temperatures generally lead to considerable yield reductions. For instance, global corn yields are anticipated to decline by about 12% to 28% by the century’s end, contingent upon whether greenhouse gas emissions are moderate or extremely high compared to projections without climate change.

These statistics illustrate how farmers adjust to rising temperatures and the implications of potentially beneficial effects of climate change, like elevated carbon dioxide levels fertilizing crops. Both factors are significant. Without adjustments, for example, crop losses could reach a third by the century’s end under extreme warming scenarios, yet this won’t mitigate the majority of losses. “In a warmer future, the corn belt will still be relevant,” Hartgren asserts.

Wolfram Schlenker of Harvard University emphasizes that agricultural adaptations seldom completely offset crop losses due to climate change, with previous studies from specific regions suggesting similar conclusions. “The major strength of their research is its global perspective, compiling data from numerous countries,” he remarks.

The global approach reveals some fascinating patterns. For example, researchers observed that the most significant projected crop losses are not concentrated in low-income nations but rather in comparatively affluent agricultural hubs like the Midwest and Europe. “They aren’t inherently better suited than poorer countries,” Schlenker notes.

Michael Roberts from the University of Hawaii Manoa states that these findings align with the conclusions of a smaller study. However, he highlights considerable uncertainties, such as the extent of future climate change and the complexities of global food systems’ responses.

“What’s alarming is our lack of knowledge,” Roberts adds. “There’s significant uncertainty, much of which is negative. Losses could range from non-existent to catastrophic, potentially causing massive famines. It’s a sobering thought for many.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Morse Code Messages Encased in Ice Bubbles

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

ICE can provide a method for long-term message storage in cold climates

Anton Petrus/Getty Images

Messages can be preserved in ice for millennia simply by altering the shape and positioning of the internal bubbles present.

Mengjie Song and his team at China’s Beijing University of Technology were exploring ice formation when they discovered that it influences the size and shape of bubbles encapsulated within. For instance, they found that freezing a layer of water between plastic sheets resulted in either oval or needle-shaped foam, depending on the freezing rate.

The researchers assigned specific bubble sizes, shapes, and positions to represent characters in Morse and binary code. By controlling the freezing rate of water, they created ice that conveyed messages through the embedded bubbles.

Transforming this ice image to grayscale revealed that white areas indicated the presence of bubbles, while black areas indicated the absence of them. This allowed computers to identify the size and location of bubbles for message decoding.

Currently, the amount of information that can be stored in conventional ice cubes is minimal with existing technology. However, Song suggests that by manipulating foam in materials like plastic, greater capacities could be achieved.

He mentions that beyond the novelty of reading messages embedded in ice cubes used in beverages, this research has diverse potential applications. “The strength of this study lies in its capability to sustain information over extended periods in frigid environments like the Arctic and Antarctic,” Song notes.

He envisions a future where bubbles could safely contain ozone for food preservation or act as carriers for slow-release medications. He is particularly intrigued by how bubbles can inhibit ice formation on airplane wings and how this knowledge could inform behavior in lunar environments.

However, Qiang Tang from the University of Sydney is more skeptical about the practical implications of this research, asserting that significant information can be long-term stored on hard drives and paper.

He comments, “This represents a novel method for conveying messages, but from a security and encryption standpoint, I see little value in it—unless, of course, a polar bear has something to communicate,” he adds.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

28 Years Later: Danny Boyle’s Long-Awaited Zombie Sequel Triumphs

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Infection after 28 years

Miya Mizuno/Sony

28 Years Later

Written by Danny Boyle and Alex Garland

In theaters from June 20th

Here’s a piece of scriptwriting advice: simplify the plot while adding complexity to the characters.

The narrative of 28 Years Later can be summarized in a few sentences. This long-awaited third chapter of the series that began in 2002 with 28 Days Later revolves around a neurotoxic virus that has spread uncontrollably across Europe, turning people into an army of infected (which some might call zombies, though the term isn’t explicitly used). The infection ultimately becomes contained within the UK, safeguarded by the International Fleet to prevent anyone from escaping the island.

A young boy named Spike (played by newcomer Alfie Williams) resides in the relative safety of a small northern island linked to the mainland by a causeway that is passable only at low tide. At 12 years old—an age his father thinks makes him ready—Spike ventures onto the mainland in search of adventure. He navigates through the possibly long-abandoned woods. While there may not be much tracking after 28 years, the film showcases Spike skillfully battling slow-moving zombies and avoiding the much quicker ones, all while providing some context for these encounters.

Upon his return, despite his mother (Jodie Comer) being bedridden with an unknown illness, Spike is hailed as a hero, while his father, Jamie (Aaron Taylor-Johnson), seeks comfort with another woman. Determined, Spike sneaks out to find the only doctor he knows about to help his mother.

Let’s throw in a twist. However, introducing a twist often implies that there isn’t one. Author Alex Garland, who set the rules of the world in 28 Days Later, stays true to his vision. The world is thriving yet shadowed by the remnants of an earlier outbreak, where some zombies have mutated, growing larger and posing new challenges. These are not just recycled dangers but add complexity within Spike’s idyllic yet troubled village.

Visually, the film offers a unique experience. Boyle incorporates elements reminiscent of Laurence Olivier’s Henry V wartime newsreels and original footage of the 28 Weeks Later outbreak, providing a contemplative layer to the community’s defenses. It evokes a sense of folk horror, nodding to films like Apocalypse Now and Alien 3. Yet, despite its depth, the film remains accessible, conveying themes of loss, disillusionment, and personal growth through the relatable actions of its characters.

The budget is reasonable (estimated between $60 million and $75 million), with a keen eye for casting (like Christopher Fulford as Spike’s grandfather, who brings depth to a tragic backstory). Don’t be mistaken: 28 Years Later is filled with clever nods and callbacks that will engage fans. However, there is no unnecessary complexity. No contrived MacGuffins, pointless quests, or mystical items. Spike’s journey, portrayed expertly by Alfie Williams, is a relatable and poignant evolution, where he learns that to grow into manhood, he must let go.

The acclaim for 28 Days Later back in 2002 still resonates, as does its 2007 sequel 28 Weeks Later, which was equally impressive. The crown for this genre, at least for now, belongs to 28 Years Later.

Boyle and Garland have triumphantly revisited the territory they first explored over two decades ago.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Forget Super Intelligence – Let’s Address “Silly” AI First

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Should politicians prioritize AI to aid in galaxy colonization, or should they safeguard individuals from the excessive influence of powerful tech? While the former seems more appealing, it’s not the primary concern.

Among the Silicon Valley elite, the emergence of super-intelligent AI is viewed as an imminent reality, with tech CEOs enthusiastically anticipating a golden age of progress in the 2030s. This perspective has permeated both Westminster and Washington, as think tanks encourage politicians to prepare to leverage the approaching AI capabilities. The Trump administration even backed a $500 billion initiative for a super AI data center.

While this sounds thrilling, the so-called “silly intelligence” is already creating issues, akin to the lofty aspirations of super intelligence. A pressing question in the AI sector revolves around whether the vast array of online content essential for training AI constitutes copyright infringement.

Arguments exist on both sides. Proponents assert that AI is not infringing when learning from existing content. New Scientist highlights that simply reading these words should enable AI to learn in the same fashion. Conversely, industry giants like Disney and Universal are opposing this view. They are suing AI company Midjourney for generating replicas of copyrighted images, from Darth Vader to his minions. Ultimately, only the law can reconcile this issue.

We are approaching a world where machines can cause death with minimal human oversight.

The ongoing conflict in Ukraine presents another pressing AI-related dilemma. Sam Altman from OpenAI warns about the potential dangers of advanced AI, noting that fatal, unintelligent AI already exists. The war has progressed towards a scenario where machines could effectively cause harm with minimal human oversight.

Politicians seem to have underestimated this threat. The United Nations convened its first meeting in 2014 to discuss the regulation of “killer robots.” If leaders expect time to resolve their challenges, they may be gravely mistaken.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Top Non-Pharmacological Therapies for Alleviating Knee Osteoarthritis Pain

Posted on June 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Knee braces appear to effectively alleviate the symptoms of osteoarthritis impacting the joints

Tom Werner/Getty Images

Knee braces and water-based exercises are among the most effective techniques for alleviating pain and stiffness associated with knee osteoarthritis. High-quality evidence is necessary before these methods can be universally recommended in clinical practice, as indicated by reviews of 12 non-pharmacological therapies.

This condition arises from the deterioration of cartilage, which cushions the edges of bones, leading to inflammation, discomfort, and stiffness. Pain relief medications and anti-inflammatory drugs can ease these symptoms, but side effects may occur, so healthcare providers often recommend physical therapy, such as shoe inserts to reduce knee pressure, tape for joint support, or laser therapy aimed at encouraging cartilage repair.

However, it remains uncertain how these treatments compare to one another. “Many reviews of treatments focus solely on the efficacy of individual therapies,” states Sarah Kingsbury, who was not part of the recent research conducted at the University of Leeds in the UK.

To address this gap, Yuan Luo from China’s First People’s Hospital and colleagues evaluated data from 139 randomized controlled trials examining 12 approved or experimental physiotherapy approaches for knee osteoarthritis. These trials included over 9,600 adults suffering from this condition.

Some studies compared two or three physical therapies, while others investigated one therapy against either a placebo or no treatment at all. Participants typically underwent treatment for several weeks before completing a symptom assessment.

Based on their findings, researchers concluded that knee braces effectively diminish pain and stiffness, emerging as the top method for enhancing mobility, followed by water-based exercise. “When you’re walking in a pool, you engage your muscles without stressing the joints in the same way walking in a park would,” says Kingsbury.

The ranking of efficacy for the other tested treatments is as follows: high-energy laser therapy, which delivers high-energy sound waves into the knee; low-energy laser therapy, which applies electrical stimulation to knee nerves; taping the knee; electromagnetic stimulation; ultrasound treatment; and wearing insoles.

Due to various factors, the findings are insufficiently robust to change clinical practices, Kingsbury notes. Many studies involved fewer than 50 participants, resulting in a limited sample size that can undermine confidence in the results. Additionally, treatment durations varied widely, from one week to less than a few months, which may skew perceptions of effectiveness.

Another limitation is that these studies did not juxtapose physical therapy with drug treatments or evaluate the efficacy of combining pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions, Kingsbury points out.

Despite these limitations, the reviews offer valuable insights regarding the most effective approaches, she suggests. “Establishing this ranking is useful and crucial. It allows us to possibly exclude the least effective 6 to 10 therapies, enabling us to focus on strengthening the evidence surrounding a few selected treatments.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Research Reveals How This Easy Snack Habit Can Lower Your Cholesterol

Posted on June 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Consuming 50g of almonds (approximately 45 nuts) each day can boost your cholesterol levels and provides numerous metabolic advantages.

This information comes from a recent study conducted by Oregon State University (OSU). The findings were published in Nutritional research.

Researchers engaged 77 adults aged 35-60 in a 12-week clinical trial, where participants snacked daily on either 320 calories of almonds or crackers.

All subjects had metabolic syndrome, characterized by various risk factors for chronic illnesses such as heart disease and type 2 diabetes. This includes conditions like excess abdominal fat, elevated blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, low “good” cholesterol, and high triglyceride levels.

Professor Emily Ho, a co-author of the study and director of the Linus Pauling Institute at OSU, noted in BBC Science Focus that almond consumption reduces cholesterol levels, particularly LDL cholesterol (“bad” cholesterol), enhances gut health, decreases inflammation, and improves gut microbiota.

“The control group that consumed crackers didn’t show the same positive outcomes,” she stated. “Eating almonds did not lead to weight gain; in fact, there was a minor reduction in waist circumference and an improvement in vitamin E levels among participants, which is vital for the population.”

Vitamin E is an essential nutrient crucial for the proper functioning of various organs, nerves, and muscles, as well as for reducing blood clotting; however, many individuals in the UK and the US fail to consume sufficient amounts of vitamin E in their diets.

Participants who consumed almonds daily experienced numerous benefits for their metabolic health – Credit: Limpido via Getty

“Almonds are packed with various bioactive compounds, including essential vitamins and minerals like vitamin E and magnesium, along with fiber and numerous polyphenols that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. They are truly nutritious snacks.”

She emphasized that substituting your usual snack with a handful of almonds can yield substantial health benefits, especially when included in a balanced and varied diet.

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About our experts

Emily Ho is a prominent professor at Oregon State University and director of the Linus Pauling Institute. Her research focuses on antioxidants, gene expression, and dietary chemoprevention strategies, particularly investigating the role of antioxidant nutrients such as zinc in maintaining DNA integrity and the development of cancer.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Bogong Moths May Be Using Stars to Navigate Their 600-Mile Journey

Posted on June 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

“To our knowledge, Bogon Moss is the first species identified to navigate using stars,” said Andrea Aden, a postdoctoral researcher at the Francis Crick Institute in London, who contributed to this research.

The researchers uncovered the stellar navigation abilities of moths by capturing wild bogon moths and suspending them with fine tungsten rods inside a small cylindrical “flight simulator.”

With its back affixed to the rod, the moth flapped its wings within the simulator, allowing it to turn as if it were flying in a natural environment.

“It can rotate freely,” noted David Dreyer, a researcher at Lund University and a co-author of the study. “You can choose the direction you wish to fly.”

The researchers created a magnetic vacuum to neutralize the moth’s internal magnetic compass, allowing them to focus on other sensory inputs.

Images of the night sky were projected onto the top of the flight simulator.

During trials, researchers manipulated the rotation of the sky, noting that the moth adjusted its flight patterns to adapt and establish new headings. However, the moths became disoriented when presented with randomized, fragmented sky images within the simulator.

“The moths were entirely confused,” Dreyer explained. “For us, this served as compelling evidence that they indeed utilize stars for navigation.”

In additional experiments, researchers drilled a small opening in the moths’ brains, inserted a glass tube into a neuron, and recorded the electrical impulses triggered by star projections. They discovered that electrical activity peaked when a specific angle of the sky was depicted. Conversely, there was little response to randomly generated patterns.

According to the findings, Bogon Moss possesses limited vision and likely perceives only a select few of the brightest stars. The researchers suspect that these moths navigate by the Milky Way.

“They probably perceive the Milky Way much more vividly and luminously than we do,” stated Warrant.

Furthermore, Warrant proposes that moths likely utilize olfactory cues as they approach alpine caves.

“They are probably detecting compounds emitted from the cave—odorous markers that act as olfactory beacons leading them there,” he mentioned, adding that these smells resemble the scent of decaying meat.

These moths have a lifespan of about a year, spending a dormant summer in the cave before returning to their original location.

Ken Rohman, a professor at the University of North Carolina’s Department of Biology, noted that although he did not participate in the research, he found the study compelling, with experiments that were both thoughtful and rigorously controlled.

“One of the remarkable aspects of this study is how moths manage such extensive navigation with a relatively small brain,” said Roman, who studies animal migrations. “This highlights the ingenuity driven by natural selection.”

Bogon Moss is currently at risk and was listed by the United Nations for the Conservation of Nature in 2021. The authors assert that these new insights could assist in preventing the decline of the species.

“Moth populations have dramatically decreased in recent years, particularly due to the droughts and wildfires experienced in Australia in 2020,” added Aden. “Understanding that they rely on vision as part of their navigational toolkit can inform conservation strategies, especially concerning light pollution in urban settings.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Asteroid 2024 YR4: On a Collision Course with the Moon, Possible Effects on Earth

Posted on June 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Asteroid 2024 YR4 may create the largest lunar impact in the past 5,000 years

Mark Garlic/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Originally believed to be on a collision path with Earth, asteroid 2024 YR4 still poses some level of threat to our planet. There remains a chance that such celestial bodies could impact the moon, potentially resulting in a catastrophic explosion that could flood Earth with debris capable of damaging satellites.

Astronomers have been monitoring this building-sized asteroid since its detection in December 2024. Initial forecasts heightened the risk of a collision with Earth in 2032, suggesting the impact could unleash enough energy to obliterate a city; fortunately, it now appears 2024 YR4 will likely miss us.

Nonetheless, the likelihood of a lunar impact is gradually increasing, currently estimated at 4.3% based on observations made before the asteroid moved out of our telescopes’ view until 2028. Paul Wiegelt from the University of Western Ontario and his team suggest that such a collision could inflict significant damage on Earth’s satellites.

“We were somewhat taken aback by the amount of debris that could potentially reach Earth,” Wiegert remarked. “In reality, Earth is a surprisingly small target from the moon’s vantage point. Thus, while impacts on Earth are infrequent, gravitational forces can draw in that material under certain conditions.”

Wiegert and his colleagues calculated that 2024 YR4 could create a crater over a kilometer wide on the moon, marking the largest lunar impact in at least the last 5,000 years, albeit still small compared to typical craters. By ejecting debris into space and simulating their trajectories tens of thousands of times, they concluded that this event could lead to collision rates for Earth’s satellites comparable to those observed over years or even days.

While these collisions may not entirely disable a satellite, they could cause significant anomalies due to electrical disruptions. Accurately modeling their potential damage proves challenging, Wiegert noted.

If luck is not on our side, the impact of fragmented materials could be particularly severe, according to Mark Burchell at the University of Kent in the UK. “If they impact a spacecraft’s coolant pipe or an exposed sensor, the loss of critical functions occurs suddenly,” he explained. “Once damaged, satellites cannot be repaired. Even minor issues can lead to serious problems.”

Wiegert emphasized that this scenario should provoke global space agencies to consider deflecting asteroids on a collision course with the moon, similar to efforts aimed at protecting Earth. A NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Agency representative stated that while it is crucial to identify Near-Earth Objects (NEOs) posing potential risks, it is “premature to speculate on possible response options” for a potential 2024 collision.

Depending on how events unfold, swift action could be necessary. When 2024 YR4 reappears in Earth’s telescopic view in 2028, we should be able to refine the precision of its orbital path, Wiegert commented. As chances for a lunar impact rise, it offers a four-year window for decision-making on any necessary actions.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the First Image from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory: Why You Can’t Miss the Clock Party!

Posted on June 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Vera C. Rubin Observatory

Rubin Observatory/NSF/AURA/A. Pizzaro D

I’ve never attended a watch party, unless you include a gathering with my two friends for the Taylor Swift: ERAS Tour (which featured themed snacks). But now, it seems watch parties are evolving beyond just movie releases. In fact, I’m gearing up to join a watch party for my new telescope in just a few days.

I was fortunate enough to be part of one of the first public groups to tour the Bella C. Rubin Observatory in Chile, a visit organized by New Scientist. Now, just two years later, I’m eagerly anticipating the first image that will be captured by this colossal telescope, scheduled for release on June 23rd.

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory stands as a marvel of engineering. It’s set to perform sky scans across the Southern Hemisphere within merely three nights. Over a decade, the observatory will conduct scans for ten nights as part of its legacy survey of space-time known as the LSST. This project promises to revolutionize our understanding of astronomy, unraveling longstanding mysteries, including those related to dark matter, and revealing new enigmas.

Clearly, the images and videos produced by the telescope will be breathtaking. To fully appreciate their detail, watching on a phone screen won’t suffice. Even a desktop display falls short. To capture the full glory of a single image, one would need to utilize 400 Ultra HD TVs, as per the LSST UK consortium. Consequently, the team is encouraging partner institutions worldwide to organize watch parties for a more immersive viewing experience.

The specifics of each watch party vary depending on the hosting institution, which may include planetariums, museums, or universities. For instance, events will take place at the Perth Observatory in Australia and at City University in Hong Kong. Numerous locations across the United States, including the Detroit Observatory in Michigan, will host watch parties where attendees can enjoy science demos and hear from local experts. A common thread across all these events is the live release of the first images and videos captured by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory at 11 AM EDT (11 PM GMT), with everyone tuning in to the live stream.

Processing the intricate details of each image can be a time-consuming endeavor. Not only is there the requirement to zoom out and appreciate the telescope’s expansive field of view, but also to zoom in on galaxies in unprecedented detail. Images produced by Rubin will offer greater resolution than those from the James Webb Space Telescope, covering similar sky areas with 45 moon-like objects while JWST operates with roughly three years of data. Additionally, a time-lapse video capturing how the sky evolves over time has been recorded by Rubin.

You’ll indeed be able to view the images online, as well as in issues of New Scientist once they’re published or shared on social media. However, if you want to celebrate this moment in a community setting, consider visiting this interactive map to discover a watch party near you—or, why not host one yourself? While you may miss the full definition on your home screen, you can still experience some of the thrill of witnessing the unveiling of these images and videos alongside others.

I’m excited to attend a local event, hoping to capture the sense of wonder I felt when I first stood inside the observatory and marveled at its grandeur. It’s a scale that helps us better understand our place in the cosmos, even when contrasted with the vastness of the universe.

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Source: www.newscientist.com