Why Republican Tax Bills Could Undermine Rooftop Solar Growth

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Over the last two decades, more than 5 million U.S. households, stretching from California to Georgia and Maine, have installed solar panels on their rooftops, harnessing solar energy and cutting down on electricity costs.

However, this progress may be abruptly halted.

A recent domestic policy bill approved by House Republicans aims to cut tax incentives for homeowners and solar leasing companies, which have significantly contributed to the rise in rooftop solar adoption, by the end of this year. Analysts and industry experts warn that if this legislation is enacted, it would result in an immediate slowdown in installations.

Ben Airth, policy director at Freedom Forever, one of the largest residential solar installers in the country, stated, “This is setting us back.” He remembers a time when solar installations were primarily undertaken by wealthy environmentalists preparing for retirement.

According to an analysis from energy data firm Ohm Analysis, residential solar installations could decline by 50% next year if the House bill is enacted. Without tax credits, homeowners would take an average of 17 years to recoup their solar investments. A more pessimistic forecast from Morgan Stanley predicts an 85% decrease in rooftop solar demand by 2030.

Republicans also seek to limit tax breaks for other renewable energy technologies, such as wind turbines and large solar farms, but the repercussions for rooftop solar could prove to be even more drastic. Rooftop solar costs 2-3 times more per unit of power than large solar arrays installed on agricultural land and in deserts, making the residential sector more susceptible to subsidy alterations.

The Senate is currently drafting its version of the domestic policy bill, while solar industry executives are lobbying in Washington for more progressive energy credit initiatives. They emphasize that the solar sector currently employs around 300,000 workers and that rooftop systems significantly reduce homeowners’ electricity expenses.

Nonetheless, some conservative Republicans are explicitly opposed to any restoration of renewable energy tax incentives.

Texas Republican Chip Roy criticized, stating, “We’re devastating our energy infrastructure, wrecking our grid, ruining our landscapes, and compromising our freedoms.” He added, “I don’t support that.”

The existing uncertainty is jeopardizing an industry that is already grappling with high tariffs and soaring interest rates. Last week, Solar Mosaic announced it would provide loans for homeowners to install rooftop panels, following its bankruptcy declaration. Recently, Sunnova Energy, one of the largest rooftop solar providers in the U.S., followed suit.

Experts suggest that even if rooftop solar ultimately becomes unsubsidized, rising electricity prices nationwide could still make solar energy more financially appealing. Nevertheless, the transition may be challenging, likely resulting in increased bankruptcies and layoffs.

Zoe Gaston, a leading analyst for residential solar at Wood Mackenzie, mentioned, “But that market will inevitably be smaller.”

Significant Tax Revisions

For the past 20 years, Congress has provided tax credits for the installation of solar panels on rooftops. However, these subsidies faced major reductions through the 2022 Inflation Reduction Act, which allocated hundreds of billions of dollars toward technology aimed at tackling climate change.

The legislation has extended the residential solar credit, allowing homeowners to recoup 30% of their solar system costs until 2032. It has also broadened the Investment Tax Credit for businesses constructing low-emission power sources like solar and battery technologies.

These changes have led to a surge in solar leases, allowing homeowners to avoid upfront costs for rooftop systems that can exceed $30,000. Instead, the solar company owns the panels and applies for tax credits, while homeowners lease the equipment and ideally save money through lower utility bills.

Currently, over 50% of residential solar systems are financed in this manner, making rooftop solar more attainable for schools, hospitals, and small businesses.

The House Republican bill seeks to eliminate the solar tax credit for residential properties by the end of 2025, meaning immediate qualification for investment tax credits will not be permitted.

Moreover, the House bill forbids businesses from claiming tax credits if they utilize components sourced from China, which dominates the solar supply chain. Many companies have expressed that the legislation is written so broadly that it would inhibit their ability to claim credits effectively.

Gregg Felton, CEO of Altus Power, which develops solar projects for rooftops and parking lots, remarked that the House bill “adequately represents the industry’s impact.”

If Congress significantly cuts support for renewable energy, experts predict that companies will still invest in large solar arrays, as they frequently represent one of the most cost-effective methods to increase energy generation, even without subsidies. Conversely, rooftop solar remains more expensive, requires more labor, and carries greater risks.

Kenny Plannenstiel, COO of Big Dog Solar, an Idaho-based installation firm, noted that rooftop solar has gained traction in emerging markets like Montana and Idaho.

“There is substantial interest among those wanting to take control of their energy future, as well as among those concerned about grid reliability,” Pfannenstiel added. With the tax credit in place, “the financial argument for these customers installing solar and battery systems has become much stronger,” he explained.

If the credits disappear, some customers may still desire solar panels, Pfannenstiel noted, but the market will “shrink significantly.”

The repercussions could be far-reaching. If a solar leasing company goes under, there may be no one left to service the solar panels, resulting in job losses for thousands of installers and electricians.

In recent years, over 30 solar plants have commenced operations in the U.S., but a slowdown in demand could lead to their closure.

Freedom Forever, a California-based solar installer, noted that two years ago, none of their components were sourced from the U.S.; now, approximately 85% are, including inverters manufactured in Texas and Florida. This shift is driven by the Inflation Reduction Act, which provided extra credits for utilizing domestic components.

Without these credits, Airth cautioned, “the industry will revert to relying on the lowest-cost components, often produced overseas.”

Debates Over Rooftop Solar

The fight for tax credits in Congress is not the sole hurdle for rooftop solar. While the technology remains favored by homeowners, certain states are starting to retract support amidst considerable backlash.

Electric utilities and some analysts argue that rooftop solar users increase costs for everyone else, as solar households pay lower monthly utility bills but depend on the grid for backup power. This shifts the cost of grid maintenance onto other households, often those with lower incomes. (Supporters of solar disagree, claiming utilities overlook the many benefits of rooftop installations, such as avoided transmission expenses.)

The conflict has been particularly intense in California, the nation’s leading rooftop solar market. In 2022, regulators significantly decreased the compensation that new solar households could receive for the electricity they generate. As a result, rooftop installations plummeted by 85% statewide, affecting installers, manufacturers, and distributors.

Currently, some officials advocate for a reassessment of the existing solar grant program’s impact on Californians who may not afford solar panel systems, as stated by Democratic state legislator Lisa Calderon.

Rising interest rates have further complicated the affordability of rooftop solar systems, making it costlier to secure funding for new equipment. Additionally, both the Trump and Biden administrations have imposed increased tariffs on solar products from China.

Some stakeholders within the rooftop solar sector argue they have to focus on cost-cutting measures.

Not only is rooftop solar pricier than large utility-scale solar farms, but the price of a U.S. home solar installation is three times that of a similar system in Australia. Some analysts attribute the difference to the regulatory challenges.

“Eventually, our industry may function without tax credits,” stated Chris Hopper, co-founder of Aurora Solar, a software company specializing in home solar systems. “I believe we can navigate these credit phase-downs over a reasonable timeframe.

“However, sudden changes would be devastating,” Hopper emphasized. “Rapid adaptation is simply not feasible.”

Ivan Penn Contribution report

Source: www.nytimes.com

This AI Company Aims to Replace Your Job

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A few years back, when I started covering Silicon Valley’s push to replace human labor with artificial intelligence, most tech leaders had the decency to at least pretend otherwise.

“We’re not automating workers, just enhancing them,” they’d say. “Our AI tools won’t eliminate jobs; they’ll serve as helpful assistants, liberating employees from tedious tasks.”

Yet, while such claims aimed to soothe anxious employees and obscure corporate automation agendas, they reveal more about the technology’s limits than about executives’ intentions. Back then, AI lacked the capability to automate a majority of roles, particularly for degree-holding professionals in sectors like technology, consulting, and finance.

Things are beginning to shift. Modern AI systems can now develop software, generate comprehensive research reports, and tackle intricate math and science challenges. The new AI “agent” enables users to carry out lengthy task sequences and verify their own output. While many regions still face labor shortages, some experts fear that the recent uptick in unemployment among college-educated individuals is already being attributed to AI taking over certain entry-level positions.

On Thursday, I witnessed a glimpse of the future at Laborg, thanks to an event hosted by Mechanize in San Francisco. They have an ambitious mission: to automate every job—including those held by miners, doctors, lawyers, software engineers, and designers responsible for our buildings and even our children’s education.

“Our aim is total work automation,” stated Tamay Besiroglu, one of Mechanize’s 29-year-old founders. “We aspire to achieve a fully automated economy as swiftly as possible.”

The aspiration for complete automation is not new. Economist John Maynard Keynes foresaw in the 1930s that machines would take over nearly all jobs, generating material wealth and freeing individuals to pursue their passions.

Naturally, that vision never materialized. However, recent strides in AI have rekindled hopes that technology capable of large-scale labor automation is on the horizon. Dario Amody, CEO of Humanity, recently cautioned that AI could displace half of entry-level white-collar positions within the next five years.

Mechanization represents one of many startups aiming to make this possible. Founded this year by Besiroglu, Ege Erdil, and Matthew Barnett, who has a background at Epoch AI, a firm researching AI system capabilities.

They have attracted investments from prominent tech figures, including Stripe’s Patrick Collison and Google’s chief AI scientist, Jeff Dean. Currently, they operate with a team of five and collaborate with major AI companies. (They declined to disclose specifics due to a non-disclosure agreement.)

Mechanize’s strategy for job automation via AI employs a method known as reinforcement learning, the same technique utilized to train computers to play board games nearly a decade ago.

Today, top AI firms enhance their language models’ performance using reinforcement learning for additional calculations prior to generating responses. Frequently termed “thinking” or “inference” models, these are stunningly proficient at narrow tasks, like coding and solving complex math problems.

However, most roles demand handling multiple tasks, and today’s leading AI models struggle with complex workloads or navigating intricate enterprise systems.

To address this, Mechanization is designing a novel training environment for these models. Essentially, they create intricate scenarios to teach the AI what actions to take in specific contexts and assess its performance.

For instance, to automate software engineering tasks, Mechanize simulates an environment reminiscent of the one software engineers use, complete with a virtual machine encompassing an email inbox, Slack account, coding tools, and a web browser. AI systems are tasked with utilizing these tools to accomplish given objectives. Success yields rewards, while failure incurs penalties, prompting the system to try again. With sufficient iterations and well-structured simulations, AI could ultimately replicate what human engineers accomplish.

“It’s akin to designing a rather mundane video game,” Besiroglu remarked.

Mechanization starts with the field of computer programming, where reinforcement learning has already shown some potential. The hope is to extend this strategy to automate roles across various other white-collar sectors.

“We’ll know we’ve truly succeeded when we develop an AI system capable of undertaking nearly all responsibilities that can be handled by a computer,” the company articulated in a recent blog post.

There are lingering questions about the efficacy of Mechanize’s methods, particularly for non-technical jobs where success isn’t as straightforward to measure. (For instance, what does it mean for an AI to succeed as a high school teacher? Even if students achieve high standardized test scores, what if they remain dissatisfied and disengaged? Could reward hacking result in merely giving students the correct answers to boost their scores?)

The founders of Mechanize are realistic about the challenges in automating such positions. Mr. Barnett estimates that achieving full automation may take between 10 to 20 years, while Erdil and Besiroglu anticipate a timeline closer to 20 to 30 years.

These timelines are modest by Silicon Valley standards. However, I commend Mechanize for its transparency regarding its objectives, unlike many AI enterprises developing labor supply technologies behind closed doors.

Nevertheless, I noticed that their proposition seemed to lack empathy for those whose jobs are at stake and bore no consideration for whether society is ready for such monumental change.

Besiroglu maintains that AI will ultimately generate wealth that can be redistributed to displaced workers through concepts like “radical abundance” and universal basic income to help sustain their quality of life.

However, similar to many AI firms delving into labor supply technology, Mechanization has yet to propose new policies for easing the transition into an AI-driven economy, nor do they advocate for enhancing the social safety net or retraining workers for new employment.

During the Q&A, I raised the ethical question of whether it’s morally right to automate all labor.

Barnett, identifying as a libertarian, replied that he believes AI fosters economic growth, drives life-saving advancements in medicine and science, and that a society fully automated is preferable to one that still relies on human labor in a low-growth environment.

“If society as a whole becomes significantly wealthier, I believe the benefits outweigh the downsides for those losing their jobs,” Barnett noted.

Well, at least they are honest.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Public Health Agencies Urged to Develop Period Tracking Apps for Data Protection

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As public health organizations indicate that women’s personal information is vulnerable to exploitation by private entities, experts advocate for public health groups to create alternatives to for-profit period tracker applications.

A study from the University of Cambridge reveals that smartphone apps used for menstrual cycle tracking serve as a “Goldmine” for consumer profiling, collecting data on exercise, diet, medication, hormone levels, and birth control methods.

The economic worth of this information is often “greatly underestimated” by users who share intimate details in unregulated markets with profit-driven businesses, according to the report.

If mishandled, data from cycle tracking apps (CTAs) could lead to issues like employment bias, workplace monitoring, discrimination in health insurance, risks of cyberstalking, and restricted access to abortion services, research indicates.

The authors urge for improved regulation in the expanding Femtech sector to safeguard users as data is sold in large quantities, suggesting that apps should offer clear consent options regarding data collection and promote the establishment of public health agency alternatives to commercial CTAs.

“The menstrual cycle tracking app is marketed as empowering women and bridging gender health disparities,” stated Dr. Stephanie Felberger, PhD, of the Center for Technology and Democracy at Cambridge, the lead author of the report. “Nevertheless, its underlying business model relies on commercial usage, wherein user data and insights are sold to third parties for profit.

“As a consequence of the monetization of data collected by cycle tracking app companies, women face significant and alarming privacy and safety threats.”

The report indicates that most cycle tracking apps cater to women attempting to conceive, making the stored data highly commercially valuable. Other life events, aside from home purchasing, do not trigger such notable shifts in consumer behavior.

Data pertaining to pregnancy is valued at over 200 times more than information about age, gender, or location for targeted advertisements. Furthermore, tracking cycle duration can allow for targeting women at various phases of their cycles.

The three most popular apps project a quarterly download figure of 500 million yen for 2024. The digital health sector focused on women’s wellness is anticipated to surpass $60 billion (£44 billion) by 2027, as noted in the report.

In light of the considerable demand for period tracking, the authors are calling on public health entities, including the UK’s NHS, to create transparent and reliable apps as alternatives to commercial offerings.

“The UK is ideally positioned to address researchers’ challenges related to menstrual data access, as well as privacy and data concerns, by developing an NHS app dedicated to tracking menstrual cycles,” added that the parent-child relationship in the US Reproductive Medicine Plan currently utilizes its own app.

“Apps situated within public health frameworks, which are not primarily profit-driven, can significantly reduce privacy violations, gather essential data on reproductive health, and empower users regarding the utilization of their menstrual information.”

“Utilizing cycle tracking apps is beneficial. Women deserve better than having their menstrual tracking data treated merely as consumer data,” remarked Professor Gina Neff, executive director of the Mindeoo Center.

In the UK and the EU, period tracking data falls under “special categories” and enjoys greater legal protection, similar to genetics and ethnicity. In the United States, authorities collect menstrual cycle data which may hinder access to abortion services, according to the report.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Swap the Baby for a Dog: A Recipe for Joy

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

My wife and I will always cherish the day we brought home our miniature Schnauzer puppy. At just four weeks old, she fit snugly in my palm. During the ride home, I sat in the back seat with her, gazing down at her big, playful eyes as she cuddled against my knees.

In the subsequent weeks and months, we joked that it felt like a dress rehearsal for having a human baby.

Nowadays, a growing number of people embrace this sentiment, referring to themselves as “dog parents” and viewing their furry companions as stand-ins for children.

Recent research by European psychologist, Laura Gillette and Professor Enikő Kubinyi from Elte Etovas Roland University in Budapest, highlights this trend and raises important questions about its correlation with the global decline in human fertility rates.

Interestingly, my wife and I welcomed human twins a few years after we got our pup. But with rising living costs and a shift towards individualistic values, are many opting for dogs instead of children?

Rise in Puppy Ownership

In the UK, fertility rates are at a historic low: in 2023, the average was 1.44 children per woman (over 2 is needed to maintain the population), with just 591,072 births, the lowest since 1977.

In contrast, the number of pet dogs has surged by a million in the last decade, with 45% of owners being millennials. Many of us now treat our dogs like little humans, ordering Puppuccinos at local cafes and creating social media accounts for our pups.

According to Gillette and Kubinyi, our natural caregiving instincts, honed over thousands of years of domestication, push us toward nurturing our dogs. Their appealing features, such as large eyes and rounded faces reminiscent of infants, compel affection. In fact, many popular breeds exhibit “pedomorphism,” retaining baby-like traits into adulthood.

Research shows dogs have evolved to express more facial emotions than other animals, eliciting emotional responses from humans.

Studies suggest dogs could serve as alternative children. A 2014 brain imaging study found that mothers exhibited similar brain responses when viewing dogs as when seeing human children, particularly in areas linked to reward.

Another study in 2015 revealed that staring into a dog’s eyes increases levels of oxytocin, a hormone associated with bonding and crucial for mother-infant interactions.

Moreover, many owners communicate with their dogs using a high-pitched, affectionate tone often employed when addressing babies, known as motherese.

Gillette and Kubinyi draw parallels between human parenting and dog ownership. Psychologists have long noted that children develop various attachment styles that correlate with their behavior, shaped primarily by emotional consistency from their parents.

Research indicates that dogs form close attachments to their owners, akin to those seen in humans. Like people, dogs’ attachment styles are influenced by their owners’ caregiving approach.

There is also evidence that dog owners can experience something akin to postnatal depression. A 2024 study found that new puppy owners may feel “puppy blues”, characterized by emotional stress, anxiety about responsibilities, and challenges in adjusting to life with a new puppy.

If raising a puppy mimics many aspects of parenting, is opting for a dog over a baby a smart choice? It’s likely cheaper and less disruptive to your career. Personally, I’d argue that cleaning up after a puppy is easier than changing diapers, though neither option is exactly pleasant.

But does being a dog parent guarantee greater happiness than being a human parent? The answer is complex.

Early parent-child dynamics are often linked to high stress and sleep deprivation.
Photo Credit: Getty

The Weight of Responsibility

Research shows that human-parent relationships can lead to short-term happiness declines. While parents experience moments of anticipated joy, they often face a drop in happiness during the initial years of parenting, likely due to the rigorous demands of their roles.

This happiness penalty tends to diminish over time, eventually returning to pre-parenting levels. These findings surprised many who believed parenthood was the pinnacle of joy in life.

Ultimately, how one measures happiness—whether through fleeting joy or long-term life satisfaction—matters. Many parents still regard having children as the most meaningful experience in their lives.

What about dog owners? Again, the findings are intricate. In large longitudinal studies focusing on pets, the benefits of ownership aren’t always as rosy as expected.

In a comprehensive review of 54 studies, only 31% of dog and cat owners reported a clear positive effect on their quality of life, while 9% reported negative impacts.

Much like stories about parenting, mixed results concerning pet ownership likely stem from the emotional challenges of caring for dogs, including the demands of training and concerns about safety.

Additionally, factors such as financial stability and societal influences play a significant role. Parental happiness is generally higher in nations with supportive child policies.

Age also influences satisfaction for both dog and human parents. For instance, parents in their 30s tend to report higher happiness compared to those who become parents in their early 20s. Notably, older dog owners often find that their furry companions help alleviate feelings of loneliness.

Having a dog also encourages more physical activity and facilitates social interaction with other dog owners.

Comparing the joys of babies and puppies might not be the right angle. Both offer unique rewards and teach us to celebrate the better aspects of human nature that we choose to embrace.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Achieve Breakthroughs in Crystal Bit Manipulation Accuracy

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A group of physicists from Oxford University has accomplished the lowest error rate (just 0.000015%, or one error in 6.7 million operations) in quantum logic operations.

Ion trap chip rendering. Image credit: Jocchen Wolf and Tom Harty of Oxford University.

“As far as we know, this is the most accurate qubit manipulation ever reported globally,” stated Professor David Lucas from Oxford University.

“This represents a crucial milestone in constructing a practical quantum computer capable of solving real-world problems.”

To conduct meaningful calculations on quantum computers, millions of operations must engage numerous qubits.

Consequently, if the error rate is excessively high, the end result of the computation becomes useless.

Error correction techniques can address mistakes, but they require additional qubits, which come at a cost.

By minimizing errors, new methodologies decrease the number of qubits needed, leading to a reduction in both the cost and size of the quantum computer itself.

“By significantly decreasing the chances of errors, this advancement will greatly lessen the infrastructure necessary for error correction, paving the way for future quantum computers to be smaller, faster, and more efficient,” said Molly Smith, a graduate student at Oxford University.

“Kitz’s precise control is beneficial for other quantum technologies, including timepieces and quantum sensors.”

This groundbreaking accuracy was attained using trapped calcium ions as qubits.

These ions are ideal candidates for storing quantum information due to their longevity and resilience.

Researchers adopted an alternative method, using electron (microwave) signals to manage the quantum states of calcium ions instead of traditional lasers.

This technique is more stable than laser control and offers several advantages for constructing practical quantum computers.

For instance, electronic control is less expensive and more robust than lasers, facilitating easier integration into ion trap chips.

Moreover, the experiment was conducted at room temperature and without magnetic shielding, simplifying the technical necessities of operating quantum computers.

“This record-setting achievement signifies a significant milestone, but it is part of a larger challenge,” the author remarked.

“In quantum computing, both single and two-qubit gates must function together.”

“Currently, the gates of the two-qubit systems still experience a very high error rate, approximately 1 in 2,000 even in the best demonstration to date.

Their paper has been published online in the journal Physical Review Letters.

____

MC Smith et al. 2025. Single qubit gate with errors at the 10^-7 level. Phys. Rev. Lett, in press; doi: 10.1103/42w2-6ccy

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Observes the Sombrero Galaxy in Near-Infrared Light

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

With the aid of the NICAM (Near-infrared camera), astronomers aboard the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have captured new images of the Sombrero Galaxy.

The new Webb/Nircam image reveals the prominent bulge of the Sombrero Galaxy, which consists of a dense cluster of stars at the galaxy’s center, while dust on the outer rim obscures some starlight. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI.

The Sombrero Galaxy is situated approximately 28 million light years away in the Virgo constellation.

Also referred to as Messier 104, M104, or NGC 4594, this galaxy was discovered by the French astronomer Pierre Méchain on May 11, 1781.

It has a diameter of 49,000 light years, which is nearly twice that of our Milky Way galaxy.

The Sombrero Galaxy displays features typical of both spiral and elliptical galaxies.

It features a spiral arm and a prominently illuminated central bulge that resembles two hybrid forms.

Viewed edge-on, the Sombrero Galaxy sits at a six-degree angle south of its plane, with the dark dust lane creating a striking visual.

“Researching galaxies like the Sombrero through various wavelengths, including near-infrared with Webb, as well as data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, assists us in understanding the formation and evolution of this intricate system and its constituent materials,” said an astronomer.

“Unlike Hubble’s visible light images, the dust disk is not detectable in Nircam’s new near-infrared imagery.”

“This is because the longer wavelengths of infrared radiation emitted by stars penetrate dust more effectively, resulting in less obstruction of stellar light.”

“In mid-infrared images, the dust actually emits light.”

“Research indicates that the smooth surface and subtle glow of the galaxy hint at a turbulent history,” the astronomer noted.

“Anomalies discovered over the years suggest that this galaxy may have been involved in a violent merger with at least one other galaxy.”

The Sombrero galaxy is home to approximately 2,000 globular clusters, which are dense collections of hundreds of thousands of ancient stars bound together by gravity.

“Spectroscopic analyses reveal unexpected variances among the stars in these globular clusters.”

“Stars that form under similar conditions and from the same materials typically share similar chemical ‘fingerprints,’ such as the same abundance of elements like oxygen or neon.”

“However, the apparent variations among stars in this galaxy’s globular clusters are notably significant.”

“The merging of various galaxies over billions of years can explain these discrepancies.”

“Further evidence supporting the merger hypothesis is seen in the distorted look of the galaxy’s inner disk.”

“While our observations categorize it as edge-on, it actually gives the impression of being at quite an angle,” they added.

“Seen from six degrees off the galaxy’s equator, our viewpoint allows us to glimpse it slightly from above, rather than straight on.”

“From this vantage point, the inner disk appears tilted inward, resembling a funnel rather than a flat plane.”

“Nircam’s advanced resolution reveals parts of the galaxy that look red, indicating the presence of red giants—cooler stars that shine brightly due to their larger surface areas.”

“These red giants are also visible in mid-infrared, but the smaller blue stars in the near-infrared become indistinguishable at longer wavelengths.”

“Additionally, Nircam’s images capture a variety of galaxies in differing shapes and colors scattered across the backdrop of space.”

This color diversity offers astronomers insights into characteristics such as their distances from Earth.

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Uncovers Insights into Neanderthal Migration from the Caucasus Mountains

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Genetic and archaeological findings indicate a significant Neanderthal migration from the western regions to central and eastern Eurasia during the late Pleistocene. Genetic evidence points to dispersion occurring between 120,000 and 80,000 years ago, while archaeological sites in Altai date back to as early as 60,000 years ago. The specifics of the migration route and its timing have been heavily debated due to the limited number of archaeological connections between these regions. Recent studies suggest that Neanderthals likely utilized river valleys as natural pathways, enabling them to traverse approximately 3,250 km (2,000 miles) through the Urals and South Siberia in under 2,000 years.

E. Coco & R. Iovita suggest that the Neanderthals could have quickly spread from Caucasus Mountains to Altai Mountains, running along the north route between MIS 3 and MIS 5e. Image credit: Abel Grau, CSIC Communications.

“Our research indicates that despite facing natural barriers like mountains and large rivers, Neanderthals may have traversed northern Eurasia much more swiftly than previously thought,” stated Dr. Emily Coco, PhD, who initiated this investigation as a PhD student at New York University and is currently a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Algarve.

“These findings offer valuable insights from archaeological records regarding ancient migration routes that remain underexplored and highlight the potential of computer simulations to unveil new information about ancient movements that have shaped human history.”

In creating a simulation of the two Millennial Journeys of Neanderthals, Dr. Coco and her colleague Dr. Radu Iovita from New York University analyzed topographic elevations, ancient river paths, glacial barriers, and temperature variations to model individual movement decisions.

The researchers identified two potential migration routes from ancient periods – during ocean isotope stage 5E (approximately 125,000 years ago during MIS 5E) and during ocean isotope stage 3 (from MIS 3, starting around 60,000 years ago) – both characterized by warmer temperatures making them conducive for movement.

Simulations indicated that Neanderthals could reach the Siberian Altai Mountains in Eurasia within 2,000 years in either MIS 5E or MIS 3, following the same general northern route through the Urals and southern Siberia, often intersecting with known archaeological sites from the same timeframe.

The authors believe this study enhances our understanding of Neanderthal interactions with other ancient human populations.

Specifically, their route would have led them to regions already inhabited by Denisovans, which aligns with existing evidence of interbreeding between the two species.

“The Neanderthals could have traveled thousands of kilometers from the Caucasus Mountains to Siberia in just 2,000 years by navigating river corridors,” said Dr. Iovita.

“While some researchers speculate about this type of rapid, long-distance travel based on genetic evidence, demonstrating it has been challenging due to the sparse archaeological record in the region.”

“Our detailed computer simulations suggest that this transition may have been a predictable outcome of the landscape conditions during prior warm climate periods.”

Survey results published online in the journal PLOS 1.

____

E. Coco & R. Iovita. 2025. Agent-based simulations reveal the possibility of multiple rapid northern routes for the dispersion of the second Neanderthal from the West to East Eurasia. PLOS 1 20 (6): E0325693; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0325693

Source: www.sci.news

John L. Young, 89, Passes Away: We’ve Created a Collection of Categorized Online Documents

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

John L. Young, a computer-savvy architect, utilized his expertise to establish Encryption, a significant repository of sensitive documents that predates WikiLeaks and often surpasses it with an unrestricted approach to disclosing government secrets. He passed away on March 28th at a rehabilitation facility in Manhattan, at the age of 89.

His death went largely unreported at the time and was attributed to complications from large-cell non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, as confirmed by his wife, Deborah Nazzios.

Founded in 1996 by former CIA executives, Cryptome offers a collection of leaked, obscure documents in the public domain, organized in reverse chronological order, displayed in a minimalist style reminiscent of typewriter output.

Over time, the site has amassed about 70,000 documents, spanning from innocuous National Intelligence University course catalogues to sensitive disclosures, including the identities of numerous intelligence agents from the US, UK, and Japan.

“I am a steadfast opponent of all forms of government secrecy,” he stated to The Associated Press in 2013. “I’m pleased with the exposure and advocate for complete transparency.”

Young often received visits from the FBI and his internet service provider. At times, he would temporarily shut down the website to avoid legal issues, yet he was never charged with a crime, and Cryptome consistently returned online.

Around a decade ago, Cryptome had already been operating alongside WikiLeaks and other whistleblowing sites. Young initially supported WikiLeaks and even co-registered its domain, but later became critical of its leader, Julian Assange.

Unlike Assange, who considered himself a journalist, Young identified as an archivist, asserting that as long as a document was authentic, it deserved encryption. He maintained that he held vast amounts of information without being responsible for its content.

Young, who had been a leftist radical during the 1960s, retained his critical perspective of the government, often suggesting to journalists that they could be spies and accusing former associates of being double agents.

With degrees in philosophy and architecture, Young spent the 1970s leading a design nonprofit in New York.

In the 1980s, he specialized in ensuring that building systems and infrastructures complied with legal codes, a mission that would eventually parallel Cryptome’s objectives.

“As architects, we are mandated by state law to prioritize public health, safety, and welfare,” he explained to the website’s assistant in 2014. “In the interest of public welfare, we should act as architects who monitor those in authority.”

Young was an early proponent of computer-aided design, sparking discussions around digital privacy that began gaining traction in the late 1980s.

He joined the mailing list of cypherpunks, a collective of hackers and programmers advocating for internet openness and resisting government surveillance of online activity.

During a time when most government documents were only available in hard copy, Young made a scanner available for free to anyone wishing to leak secret documents online.

“Cryptome played a crucial role in demonstrating the potential for internet transparency,” he remarked, according to the Electronic Frontier Foundation, a nonprofit organization dedicated to defending civil liberties in the digital domain.

Despite having admirers, Young faced criticism, even from those who appreciated his work, for not considering national security implications while uploading documents online.

Nonetheless, he countered that his efforts were, in fact, beneficial to the government.

“Understanding your vulnerabilities and confronting them is essential; you shouldn’t conceal them,” he told The Associated Press.

John Lee Young was born on December 22, 1935, in Millersview, a small town in central Texas. His mother, Beatrice (Rhodes) Young, was a homemaker, while his father, Orby Young, worked as a patrol construction worker. They divorced when John was young, and he spent his childhood living with various relatives throughout the state.

After graduating from school at 14, he spent three years picking cotton, peddling religious icons, and selling Fuller Brush products door-to-door before enlisting in the US military in 1953.

Assigned to the German Corps of Engineers, he traveled across Europe during his downtime, absorbing the extensive architectural heritage of the continent.

In 1956, despite not having a high school diploma, Young enrolled at Texas Tech. He later transferred to Rice University in Houston, graduating in 1963 with degrees in philosophy and architecture. He subsequently worked on a historic preservation project in the city.

Young pursued further education at Columbia University in 1967, where he enrolled in the inaugural Historical Preservation Program at the School of Architecture.

A year later, he joined fellow students in occupying Avery Hall, the university’s main building, in protest against the plans for a new gym.

Despite emerging as a leader among protesters, he graduated in 1969 without facing expulsion.

Young’s first wife, Martha (Calhoun) Young, passed away in 1968, leaving him to raise four children. His second marriage to Marjorie Hoogue ended in divorce. In 1990, he met Nazzios, and they married in 1998.

Surviving him are three children and two grandchildren from his first marriage—Malcolm, Lilac, and Anina Young—as well as the memory of his deceased daughter, Dara. He resided in Manhattan.

Even after founding Cryptome, Young continued his architectural practice, collaborating with Nazzios to maintain the website in a cost-effective manner, contributing roughly $2,000 a year for upkeep.

He regarded it as a public service, a means of giving back to society.

“Individuals like John Young contributed significantly to the internet and its unique offerings during the ’90s and early 2000s,” Cohn remarked.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Studies Suggest Pigs Were Domesticated from Wild Boars in Southern China Over 8,000 Years Ago

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

China has been recognized as one of the primary locations for the domestication of Wild boar (SUSSCROFA). However, tracing back to the initial stages has proven to be complex. In a recent study, archaeologists examined pig dental calculus (mineralized deposits) from two early Neolithic sites in the lower Jotz River area of southern China: Jintushan (8,300–7,800 years ago) and Kuafukiao (8,200–7,000 years ago). Their findings indicate that pigs consumed food and waste associated with humans, including cooked starchy plants and Human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). Eggs likely originated from food preparation and feces contaminated materials.

Wild boar (SUSSCROFA). Image credit: Elşad Ibrahimov / CC BY-SA 4.0.

The domestication of certain animals, including pigs, is often linked to the Neolithic Age, when humans started moving from foraging to agricultural practices around 10,000 years ago.

Wild boars are substantial, aggressive creatures that generally live independently, foraging for food in the forest floor.

They possess larger heads, mouths, and teeth compared to domestic pigs.

“Most wild boars exhibit natural aggression, though some can be quite friendly and unafraid of humans,” stated Dr. Ziajin Wang from Dartmouth University.

“Proximity to humans provided them with easier access to food, reducing the need for a robust physique.”

“Over time, their bodies and brains shrunk by about one-third.”

To investigate the domestication of pigs and other animals, archaeologists frequently analyze skeletal structures and track morphological changes over time.

“This method can present challenges since decreases in body size typically occur later in the domestication timeline,” Dr. Wang noted.

“Behavioral changes likely preceded physical alterations, making animals more docile than aggressive.”

Thus, for this study, Dr. Wang and his team applied alternative methodologies, documenting the diet of pigs throughout their lifespan via molars from 32 pig specimens.

Through microfossil analysis of pig teeth, they examined dental calculus from the two earliest human-occupied sites in Jintushan and Kuafukiao, dating back at least 8,000 years.

The researchers identified 240 starch granules, revealing that pigs consumed pre-cooked foods (such as rice and mountain moss) alongside unidentified tubers, acorns, and wild grasses.

“These plants were present during that era and were found in human habitats,” Dr. Wang explained.

Previous studies identified rice in both locations, especially in Kuahuqiao, which benefited from intensive rice farming due to its access to freshwater compared to coastal areas.

Additional research indicated starch residues in crushed stones and ceramics from Kuahuqiao.

“Since pigs cannot cook their own food, it is likely that they were fed or scavenged human leftovers,” asserted Dr. Wang.

Parasite eggs from humans, specifically whipworms (which mature within the human digestive system), were also detected in pig dental calculus.

These tan, soccer-shaped eggs were found in 16 pig tooth specimens.

The pigs must have consumed human feces or contaminated food and water from such waste.

“Pigs have a well-known penchant for consuming human waste, further indicating that these pigs likely cohabitated with humans,” Dr. Wang remarked.

Statistical analysis of the dental structures of Kuafukiao and Jintan pig specimens revealed that their teeth are smaller and comparable to those of modern domestic groups in China.

“As humans began to settle and cultivate their own food, wild boars would have been drawn to these settlements,” Dr. Wang stated.

“These communities generated substantial waste, attracting scavengers in search of food.

This dynamic in animal domestication is termed a symbiotic pathway, where animals are drawn to human environments without the need for direct human action in adopting them.

Data also suggests that early interactions may include domesticated pigs under some level of human control, indicating a trajectory of prey pathways in the domestication process.

“Our study indicates that certain wild boars began their journey toward domestication by foraging human waste,” Dr. Wang concluded.

“This research also underscores the potential connection between pig domestication and the transmission of parasitic diseases in early settled communities.”

The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

____

Jiajing Wang et al. 2025. Early evidence of pig domestication in the lower Yangtze region of southern China (8,000 cal. bp). PNAS 122 (24): E2507123122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2507123122

Source: www.sci.news

EPA to Relax Mercury Restrictions on Power Plants

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Environmental Protection Agency is poised to roll back Biden-era regulations aimed at limiting pollutants, including mercury emissions, a neurotoxin harmful to brain development, as per internal agency documents.

EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin is set to unveil these proposed changes shortly, as informed by two individuals familiar with the agency’s intentions. He will also introduce another proposal to lift greenhouse gas restrictions on power plants, according to sources who requested anonymity due to the sensitivity of the information.

These alterations signify a rejection of the Biden administration’s initiatives to combat climate change and address the significant air pollution plaguing communities near power plants and industrial sites. Legal challenges are anticipated concerning these rules later this year.

This move aligns with a broader plan by the Trump administration to extend fossil fuel usage, which has exacerbated global warming. President Trump has recently taken multiple steps to bolster the reliance on polluting coal.

An EPA representative did not confirm specifics about the new regulations or the timeline for their release. However, Zeldin stated that he “opposes the shutdown of clean, affordable, and reliable energy for American families.”

He added, “The EPA should adopt sensible regulations to foster a great American recovery, instead of continuing the path of devastation and impoverishment of the previous administration.”

Zeldin’s proposal regarding mercury and other hazardous substances, as reported by the New York Times, speculates that in 2024, the Biden administration would “unjustly target” coal-fired power plants if contamination levels were restricted.

The documents indicate that new regulations will relax emission limits for harmful substances like lead, nickel, and arsenic by 67%. For certain coal plants, the proposed rule would decrease the mercury limit by 70%, while also dispensing with the requirement for all plants to continually monitor chimney emissions.

These amendments counter the most stringent rules set by the Biden administration, which aimed to reduce dangerous toxins and encourage a shift from coal-fired plants to renewable energy sources like solar and wind.

Burning coal emits mercury, which can contaminate land, oceans, and waterways. According to the EPA, coal-fired power plants are responsible for 44% of all mercury emissions in the United States.

In the atmosphere, mercury emissions transform into a toxic form known as methyl mercury, which accumulates in fish and other food sources. This exposure can lead to significant neurological harm in developing fetuses and children, and is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in adults.

“Children’s brains are growing rapidly, and mercury exposure can severely impact their development,” remarked Matthew Davis, a former EPA official. The initial regulations aimed at reducing mercury emissions from coal plants were established during the Obama administration.

The federal government first enacted strict controls on mercury emissions from power plants in 2011 under President Barack Obama. Following this, regulations were loosened during the initial Trump administration, but were tightened again under Biden. In October, the Supreme Court dismissed requests from 23 Republican states and some coal companies, preventing the reversal of the policy.

In April, the Trump administration granted exemptions for numerous coal-fired power plants from mercury and other air pollutant restrictions. Davis, currently the vice president for federal policy at the Conservation Voters Federation, referred to these as “get-out-of-jail-free cards” for polluters.

“This administration aims to demolish protections for our health and demonstrates indifference toward the well-being of future generations who might suffer from the harmful effects of this toxic substance,” he said.

Anticipated regulations aimed at weakening mercury standards are expected to accompany plans to eliminate all restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions from coal and gas-fired power plants.

As per the latest data available on the EPA website, the electricity sector is the second largest contributor to greenhouse gases, following transportation. Power plants are responsible for approximately 30% of the pollution driving climate change globally.

However, according to a draft rule examined by The New York Times, Zeldin plans to contend that emissions from U.S. power plants have not contributed “significantly” to climate change.

He claims that emissions from U.S. fossil fuel-burning power plants accounted for only 3% of global greenhouse gases in 2022, down from 5.5% in 2005.

Analysts, however, argue that the Trump administration is making misleading comparisons. U.S. power plants were responsible for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the country in 2022, with approximately 1.5 billion tons in emissions projected for 2023, exceeding total emissions from most countries.

Laura Kate Bender, assistant vice president of the American Lung Association, described this outdated rationale as a “setback” in combating climate change and air pollution.

“Together, these rules could lead to increased pollution that could have been avoided for communities surrounding power plants, exposing them to more harmful emissions that could have been mitigated,” she stated.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Democrats Question Cuts Leader: Who’s Making the Decisions?

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As the Trump administration winds down its recent medical research funding initiatives, there have been ongoing concerns among scientists and administrators at the National Institutes of Health regarding Dr. Jay Bhattacharya’s level of autonomy as the director of the institution.

The government’s efficiency project, championed by Elon Musk to reduce costs, has impacted decisions related to the cancellation or postponement of research grants. Some initiatives have also been adversely affected by President Trump’s confrontation with universities over anti-Semitism. However, during a Senate committee hearing on Tuesday, Dr. Bhattacharya had a chance to clarify his influence at the NIH but opted not to take ownership of the institution’s longstanding fundraising efforts.

When questioned about the freeze on grant payments to Northwestern University, Dr. Bhattacharya remarked, “That occurred before my tenure,” referring to the Senate Appropriations Committee.

He emphasized that the proposal to cut the NIH budget to $18 billion (a nearly 40% reduction) stemmed from “congress-administrator collaboration,” and he refrained from elaborating on how these cuts might impact institutions.

Further funding cuts were necessitated by rising research costs—an action integrated into the administration’s 2026 budget proposal. Dr. Bhattacharya mentioned ongoing litigation, stating, “I don’t want to delve into it.”

Several Democrats on the committee expressed confusion regarding the decision-making process at the agency.

Senator Tammy Baldwin, a Democrat from Wisconsin, asked, “Who is withholding these funds?” citing evidence that the NIH reduced grants by billions compared to the previous year. “Is it you? Is it the OMB?” she inquired, referencing the Office of Management and Budget. “Who makes these decisions?”

Dr. Bhattacharya responded, “There are many various decisions. For instance, it was his choice to pivot from what is termed ‘politicized science,’ a phrase he previously used to describe research concerning diversity and equity issues. However, he asserted that restricting research funding at Harvard and other prominent institutions was in “collaboration with the administration.”

Senator Dick Durbin from Illinois reacted sharply after Dr. Bhattacharya distanced himself from the decisions regarding funding for the halted study at Northwestern.

An email from an NIH staff member in mid-April, weeks post Dr. Bhattacharya’s confirmation, instructed employees to refrain from issuing grants to Northwestern and various other universities, without notifying them of the reasons for the funding freeze.

“The buck stops at your office,” Durbin said to Dr. Bhattacharya. “Don’t shift the blame.”

The Trump administration’s plans for significant spending cuts at the agency have drawn criticism from both parties, including Republican Senator Susan Collins from Maine.

She told Dr. Bhattacharya that the proposed cuts are “very intrusive,” warning that they could delay or halt the development of effective treatments for diseases like Alzheimer’s, cancer, and type 1 diabetes, potentially leaving the U.S. “lagging behind China.”

In response, Dr. Bhattacharya noted that the NIH is engaged in Alzheimer’s and other disease research and will collaborate with lawmakers to address “the health needs of all Americans.”

The director hinted at a possible agreement between the Trump administration and major universities regarding the restoration of medical research funding, yet he did not offer details on the prospects of such an agreement or its prerequisites. “I am very hopeful for a resolution with the universities regarding the grants that have been suspended,” he stated.

In recent years, the NIH has abruptly terminated over 1,300 grant awards and postponed funding for more than 1,000 additional projects. On Monday, numerous NIH employees signed a letter asserting that these actions were dictated by ideological biases and lacked input from scientific staff, effectively suppressing research on health disparities, COVID-19, climate change, and the impacts on sexual health.

On Tuesday, Dr. Bhattacharya stated that scientists have established a process for appealing against funding reductions, and the agency intends to file appeals within weeks.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Niede Guidon, 92, Archaeologist Renowned for Preserving Prehistoric Rock Art, Passes Away

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Nide Guin, a Brazilian archaeologist known for challenging long-held theories about early human life in the Americas, significantly influenced the transformation of the Hard Scrabble region in northeastern Brazil into Serra da Capybara National Park. She passed away on Wednesday at her home near the park in Saint-Rymande Nohto, at the age of 92.

According to park director Marian Rodriguez, the cause of death was a heart attack.

Dr. Guidon gained international recognition for her controversial assertion that humans may have arrived in the Americas over 30,000 years ago. However, there was little dispute about her accomplishments in documenting and preserving ancient rock paintings in Piau’s semi-arid, cactus-laden landscape.

In 1979, following her claims, the Brazilian government designated the area as a national park, and by 1991, it was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, largely thanks to her efforts. She also played a crucial role in establishing two nearby museums: the American Museum opened in 1996, and the Natural Museum in 2018. Moreover, she was instrumental in attracting investment to the town, leading to the creation of a new airport and a federal university campus, thereby enhancing public education in the region.

Antoine Lourdes, a French archaeologist who collaborated with Dr. Guidon from 2006 for nearly a decade, remarked in an interview, “The most effective way to safeguard the paintings was to empower people to protect their environment.” He emphasized that many archaeologists are often unaware of the social implications of their work.

Dr. Guidon was particularly adept at training and employing women in regions where domestic violence and gender inequality prevailed. Dr. Guidon’s 2023 biography captures many poignant testimonies from women who achieved financial independence and improved their situations significantly.

In addition to her work in parks and museums, many locals have become guides and custodians. Local products like honey and ceramics are sold across the nation, thanks to an initiative Dr. Guidon launched in the 1990s.

Nide Guidon was born on March 12, 1933, in Hau, a small city in São Paulo. While “Nade” is a common Brazilian name, “Nide” is not. She was named after the River Need, which flows through France and Germany, reflecting her father’s French heritage.

After obtaining a degree in natural history from the University of São Paulo in 1958, Guidon began her career as a teacher in a small Roman Catholic community in Itápolis. However, following her exposure of corruption within the school system in early 1959, she faced backlash from the town’s administrators.

As a single woman who drove cars, publicly taught evolution, and challenged conservative norms, she became a target in the traditional town of Itápolis. Following intense protests, she and two colleagues were forced to flee with police protection.

“All that was missing to complete the medieval scene was a bonfire to burn witches,” she recounted to reporters at that time. A 2024 podcast delves into her life.

Later that year, she secured a position at the Paulista Museum in São Paulo, where her interest in archaeology blossomed, particularly during an exhibition showcasing rock paintings from northeastern Brazil.

However, her initial attempts to see the paintings in 1963 were thwarted by a bridge collapse that blocked access. Following a brief exile in Paris, she was arrested by the military dictatorship that had taken power in Brazil.

While studying archaeology in France, she earned her PhD from the University of Paris in 1975, returning to Brazil frequently for fieldwork. By 1970, Dr. Guidon finally visited the rock paintings in Piau, intrigued by their complexity, and began organizing teams for extensive cataloging of hundreds of archaeological sites.

She settled in San Raimundo Nonato in 1986, where she became known affectionately as “the doctor.”

In the 1990s, excavations near the painting sites uncovered carbon-dated materials suggesting human presence 30,000 years ago — a finding that astonished Dr. Guidon. Yet, other scientists, particularly those adhering to the Clovis model, were highly skeptical, proposing that humans arrived in the Americas much later, around 13,000 years ago.

While the consensus today acknowledges ancient human settlement in North America, Dr. Guidon’s findings continue to spark debate, as questions linger regarding the origins of the materials uncovered near the painted area.

Nevertheless, her work has drawn attention, funding, and resources to Piau, with even some of her academic critics recognizing her contributions.

Andre Strauss, an archaeologist at the University of São Paulo, expressed his doubts about some of Dr. Guidon’s findings but acknowledged her charisma. He likened her to Churchill, noting her ability to engage people dramatically. Despite the scholarly debates, she never abandoned the vibrant life she carved out in Paris.

On the morning of June 5th, she was laid to rest in the garden of her home in San Raimundo Nonato.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Will You Face a Cyber Attack? 7 Essential Protection Tips | Consumer Concerns

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Keep an eye on your inbox

Cyberattack notifications flood our inboxes weekly, sparking concern over the personal data that may have been compromised.

Recently, Adidas disclosed that some personal information of customers was breached, including passwords and credit card details, although their payment data was secure.

Another incident involved unauthorized access to personal data of thousands of legal aid applicants from England and Wales, dating back to 2010, which followed significant disruptions caused by a cyberattack on Marks & Spencer.

If you see news about a cybersecurity incident affecting a company you’ve interacted with, stay vigilant regarding your email. Companies typically reach out to affected customers with details on what occurred and suggested actions.

Sometimes, only specific customer segments or users from particular regions may be impacted.

In Adidas’ case, it appears that those who contacted customer service recently are primarily affected, which may exclude many others. Occasionally, communication will confirm that you are unaffected.

If your information could be compromised, you’ll usually receive guidance on corrective measures or a link to a FAQs page. In some instances, firms may offer free access to support services from cybersecurity experts or credit monitoring.

In Adidas’ case, it seems to affect customers who contacted the service desk previously. Photo: Odd Andersen/AFP/Getty Images

Change Your Password

If you’ve conducted transactions with an organization that faced a cyber incident, change your password for that account immediately.

Ensure your password is robust and not used across multiple accounts.

Experts recommend creating passwords that are at least 12 characters long, including a mix of numbers, capital and lowercase letters, and symbols. Avoid easily guessed information like pet names, birthdays, or favorite teams.

“A great strategy to enhance password security is to combine three random words into one.” says the National Cybersecurity Centre in the UK. For example, consider something like Hippo! PizzaRocket1.

“Consider using a password manager to generate and securely store unique, strong passwords,” advises online security firm Nordvpn.

Utilize Two-Step Authentication

Two-step verification adds an extra security layer to your email and other key online accounts.

This generally involves receiving a code via the Authenticator app or sent to your registered mobile number to grant access.

Enable two-step verification on all services that provide this feature.

The second factor may include codes sent via SMS. Photo: Prostock-Studio/Alamy

Beware of Unsolicited Emails

Phishing emails often cite recent cyber events to lure unsuspecting targets who may be customers of the affected company.

Scammers might leverage personal information they’ve acquired to appear credible.

Avoid clicking on any link or attachment in emails, text messages, or social media posts unless you’re entirely certain of their legitimacy. These links can lead to phishing sites or include malware designed to steal your identity.

M&S advises potentially impacted customers that they “may receive emails, calls, or texts that appear to be from us.” “We will never reach out for your personal account details, such as your username or password.”

If an email claims to be from a business you interact with and you’re uncertain of its authenticity, ignore it or verify it through official contact channels.

Be cautious about links or attachments in emails unless you are completely sure they are legitimate. Photo: Tero Vesalainen/Alamy

Monitor Your Credit Record

If your personal data has been compromised, keep an eye on your credit report, which details your financial history and is used by lenders to judge your creditworthiness, in case someone attempts to open accounts in your name.

For instance, if a financial entity endures a cyber breach, the accessed data could include sensitive information such as your name, address, national insurance number, date of birth, bank account details, salary, and potentially your passport.

This information can be misused for identity fraud.

In the UK, the main credit reference agencies are Equifax, Experian, and Transunion, all providing various options to check your credit report for free or via subscription.

Credit Karma and Clear Score offer free lifetime access to your credit reports.

Experian provides an ID monitoring service, which checks your personal, financial, and credit information for suspicious activity. It’s a paid service, but if your data becomes compromised, they may cover the costs.

Be cautious if you suddenly find your applications for credit cards or loans being denied, or if you cease receiving bank statements for no clear reason despite a healthy credit score, as it may indicate identity theft.

More significantly, you may start receiving letters regarding debts that are not yours, or seeing transactions on your bank statements for items you didn’t purchase.

Many instances of financial fraud begin on social media and tech platforms, so remain vigilant, as scammers may possess details about you that can lend credibility to their deception.

The so-called “High Mama” scams have risen in recent years, where scammers impersonate relatives on platforms like WhatsApp, often pleading for urgent money transfers upon claiming to be locked out of their online banking.

Even with a sense of urgency, take the necessary time to verify the identity of anyone requesting funds.

Opt Out of Registration

When shopping online, retailers frequently prompt you to save payment card details for quicker checkout, but this may store your information with third-party services rather than just the retailer.

If you can avoid storing payment details across multiple sites, you reduce the risk of unauthorized access to your card information.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Ready for Launch: SpaceX Preparations

Posted on June 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A four-member team is set to launch on Wednesday for a privately funded mission to the International Space Station.

The flight, organized by Houston’s Axiom Space, will take off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 8 am. The crew will travel into orbit aboard SpaceX Crew Dragon capsules positioned above a Falcon 9 rocket.

NASA will provide live coverage of the launch, beginning at 7:05 am ET NASA+.

Originally set for Tuesday, the launch was postponed by a day due to strong winds along the Florida coastline. This mission, named AX-4, is anticipated to last approximately two weeks at the International Space Station.

Retired NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who has spent a total of 675 days in space, is leading the mission. Joining her are Pilot Shuvanshu Shukra, an astronaut from the Indian Space Research Institute, Mission Specialist Sworsis Uznaviywiyyewsky, a Polish scientist with the European Space Agency, and Tibor Kapu, a mechanical engineer from Hungary.

From left: Tibor Kapu, Hungarian AX-4 crew member, Shuvansh Shukla, Indian Space Research Agency astronaut, Peggy Whitson, former NASA astronaut, and Swaus Uznash Wy Winni Nievski, astronaut from the European Space Agency.
SpaceX

Shukla, Uznaskiwinievsky, and Kapu are making history as the first individuals from their respective countries to live and work on the International Space Station.

During their two-week tenure at the Orbital Lab, the AX-4 crew will conduct various scientific experiments. According to NASA, this includes muscle regeneration studies, examining how Brussels sprouts and edible microalgae grow in microgravity, and how small aquatic organisms thrive on the ISS.

If the launch proceeds as planned, the four astronauts are expected to dock with the space station around 12:30 pm on Thursday.

This upcoming flight marks the fourth crew mission for Axiom Space and will be pivotal for the International Space Station. The company’s inaugural private expedition to the ISS occurred in 2022, featuring an entirely civilian crew.

While the financial details for the AX-4 mission remain undisclosed, it has been reported that space tourists paid approximately $55 million per seat on previous Axiom missions.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Los Angeles: A Movement Amplified by Influencers and Digital Creators

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As protests in Los Angeles against the Trump administration reached their fifth day on Tuesday, social media influencers have significantly outshined traditional media at the rallies, taking on a unique role in disseminating information about the events unfolding on the streets.

Many of these influencers, often sporting distinctive press helmets and vests, lean conservative and are active on platforms like X, along with streaming services such as Twitch and YouTube. During some of the week’s most intense episodes, figures like Trump officials Stephen Miller and billionaire Elon Musk have amplified content shared by these creators, leading to viral posts that paint a picture of escalating violence.

President Trump criticized California Governor Gavin Newsom and others for their handling of the protests, urging the National Guard to step in. In response, Newsom argued that military intervention was unnecessary and had filed a motion to prevent the Trump administration from deploying troops. Officials reported that at least 150 protesters have been arrested since Friday.

Among those documenting the protests was 25-year-old Cam Higby, a conservative journalist and political commentator for Today is America. He traveled from his home in Washington to Los Angeles last Friday to capture the demonstration on video.

On Monday night, Higby participated in a live stream alongside fellow online creator and friend Aldo Butazoni, 25, reporting from the protest’s front lines. Their content predominantly counters narratives from Democratic officials like Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass and Newsom.

Higby’s posts have racked up millions of views recently, blurring the lines between journalism and advocacy. He frequently shares updates on police movements, while also echoing Trump’s sentiment that “LA needs the National Guard“; he strives to channel his anger into his reporting.

“I refer to it as duality. I provide live updates while discussing the issues,” Higby explained.

With a scarcity of reporters in Los Angeles, Fox News brought Higby and Butazoni on for unpaid segments over the weekend, featuring them for live updates.

Liberal protesters recognized Higby and Butazoni and publicly condemned them, which prompted Butazoni to remove identification badges from his attire. Higby reported receiving numerous “trust threats” through social media, which led him to spend $3,000 to hire two bodyguards for protection.

Conversely, left-leaning creators like Twitch streamer Hasan Piker (33) have also reported from the Los Angeles rallies, though their presence appears limited. Piker’s Twitch stream on Monday spanned eight hours from the same Los Angeles protest attended by Higby, garnering 1.4 million views.

Andrew Callahan, a journalist based in Los Angeles and the creator of Media Company Channel 5 News, observed that the demand for protest and riot videos surged during the 2020 Black Lives Matter demonstrations.

“These creators operate independently without bosses, but they are still motivated by the same incentives as conservative media outlets,” Callahan commented in an interview. “They focus on content that doesn’t accurately portray the situation, striving to attract viewers in the same way Fox News does.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

Journey of Ancient Human Achievement in South America

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Ancient Migration: A Journey Through a Colder Climate to the Americas

Getty Images/iStockphoto

This excerpt comes from our Human Stories newsletter, which explores the archaeological revolution. Subscribe to receive it monthly in your inbox.

The main theme of Human Stories revolves around the global migration of our species. From their origins in Africa, our ancestors traveled to Europe, Asia, Australia, and eventually reached the Americas. South America was the last continent they settled, with Antarctica being the notable exception.

This chapter of our history remains somewhat enigmatic. While ample research has focused on human migration into Europe, Asia, and North America, far less attention has been directed toward their entrance into South America.

Reflecting on this, I discovered that my previous detailed analysis of South America appeared in June 2023.

However, this narrative is beginning to evolve. On May 15th, a significant genetic study was published in Science, unveiling crucial insights into early inhabitants of South America. This extensive research indicates a diverse population across different regions, revealing a fourfold division of early groups. These findings align with newer stories of remarkable journeys and the extraordinary risks taken in the quest for new lands.

A Complex Journey

If you consider how Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, the task of reaching South America becomes apparent. The vast Atlantic Ocean acted as a major barrier between continents, complicating the path for humans.

This migration was not premeditated; at that time, people had no knowledge of South America’s existence. They journeyed as far as they could see, moving from Africa to Southwest Asia, and eventually to various parts of Eurasia. Some even ventured as far as the easternmost regions of Asia, now known as Chukotka in the Russian Far East.

From there, it was a relatively short journey to present-day Alaska in northwest North America. Evidence suggests humans arrived at least 16,000 years ago. Today, the Bering Strait—a mere 82 kilometers across—seems a significant barrier. However, thousands of years ago, colder climates meant lower sea levels, creating land connections between Asia and North America, notably Beringia. People may have unknowingly traversed what would become a monumental migration.

Supporting this theory, a study released in May highlighted that horses traveled regularly between North America and Asia via Beringia between 50,000 and 13,000 years ago, suggesting humans could have followed suit.

Additionally, recent findings indicate that the bacteria responsible for leprosy originated in America, with studies revealing Mycobacterium repromatosis has been present in the Americas for approximately 10,000 years.

For unknown reasons, the earliest groups of Americans moved southward. Some utilized boats along the Pacific coast, while others ventured inland, ultimately reaching the southernmost tip of South America.

The archaeological record of these groups is rich. A study published in February analyzed a large collection of artifacts dating back 10,000 to 11,000 years in the Takualembo region of Uruguay.

Who were these early South Americans? That’s where new genetic research comes into play.

Continuing the Journey

Led by Hie Lim Kim from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, researchers compiled genomic data from 1,537 individuals across 139 ethnic groups. This included individuals with ties to northern Eurasian populations, as well as groups from the Americas, particularly South America.

“Our study showcases the history of this vast migration,” Kim states.

Between 13,900 and 10,000 years ago, the initial settlers of South America divided into four genetically distinct groups. Signs of these genetic patterns persist in modern South Americans.

Kim highlights the challenge of providing a comprehensive account of these findings. While the study identifies genetic differences among populations, they don’t necessarily align with cultural traits. “We didn’t categorize them by culture or language,” she explains, “but solely based on ancestry.”

With this caveat, Kim’s team identified four groups: Amazonians, Andeans, Chaco Amerindians, and Patagonians, named for regions where contemporary genetic signals are strongest. For instance, Amazon ancestry aligns with current populations in the Amazon rainforest, Andean ancestry with those in the Andes mountains, and Patagonian ancestry with people from southern Argentina. The Chaco Amerindian lineage is traced to the Dry Chaco, spanning parts of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. “They are predominantly hunter-gatherers in arid regions,” says Kim.

Once these groups branched out, signs of significant gene flow between them became scarce. “They have never intermingled again,” says Kim, suggesting geographic barriers like the Andes may have fostered this separation.

However, Kim asserts this is likely not the entire narrative, as additional groups may exist. “Our sample from Brazil is limited,” she notes. “Many ethnic groups in the Amazon remain unexplored.”

Recent research further enriches this narrative. In March, archaeological evidence pointed to a location known as Southern Corn, situated near the 22nd parallel south encompassing northern Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay.

Another study from March detailed the journey of the Guarani, who traversed over 2,500 kilometers across South America, ultimately reaching the mouth of the Rio de la Plata estuary, now Buenos Aires and Montevideo.

Late May research uncovered the risks associated with migration; ancient Colombian DNA indicated an unknown hunter-gatherer population that inhabited the Bogotá Altiplano around 6,000 years ago. By 2,000 years ago, they were replaced by Central American populations, leaving no trace in today’s genetic pool.

South America is vast, and we have merely scratched the surface of its complex history. Numerous untold stories lie waiting to be uncovered.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Google Addresses Fox’s Incursion on the Roof of Its £1 Billion London Office

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Aiming to be a cutting-edge office in central London for Google over the coming decades, the new £1 billion headquarters faces challenges with local foxes, one of the oldest known nuisances to humans.

Valpin assumed control of the rooftop garden at the so-called “Craper of Land” in Kings Cross, which influenced the construction, though the company reported that the impact was “minimal.”

The initial report of fox activity Newsletter London Centric was verified by a source with knowledge of the construction. They relayed to the Guardian that the situation had been observed for three years, starting when foxes began to dig dens on well-maintained grounds.

“There are small holes in the garden,” they mentioned. “We’ve seen her around the building, even from the fifth floor.”

Others reported finding fox droppings on the property of the structure designed by Thomas Heatherwick.

The rooftop garden is estimated to hold 40,000 tonnes of soil and 250 trees. Photo: Tim Robberts/Getty Images

Mosh Latifi, co-founder of Ecocare, a pest control firm based in London, noted they can’t stay away from rodent populations.

“Foxes thrive off rodents. We don’t live more than three meters from the nearest rat,” he remarked, explaining that they have spotted the fox in a building where workers seek out leftover food.

Leaky pipes or plentiful food from local establishments might be sustaining the foxes, suggested another London pest control expert who requested anonymity. “London is a vast playground for foxes; they’ll go just about anywhere,” he stated.

Do you have any information about this story? Email investigations.contact@theguardian.com or use Signal or WhatsApp to message (UK) +44 7721 857 348.

A spokesperson for Google mentioned: “Sightings of foxes at construction sites are quite common, and our King’s Cross project is no exception. Foxes have occasionally been seen on-site, though their presence has been limited and had little effect on the construction progress.”

According to searches using the company’s own search engine, effective ways to deter foxes include removing food sources, installing secure fencing, and sealing any gaps.

This isn’t the first time a costly London construction has faced such an issue. In 2011, a fox named Romeo was discovered at a site. He was found living in the shard, surviving on leftover scraps from construction workers.

Romeo was captured and, after a health check, was released back into the wild.

Facebook also had to deal with a fox family at their Menlo Park headquarters, which gained popularity on social media with a series of stickers introduced for the Messenger app.

Plans for the new Google building were unveiled in 2013, marking it as the first fully owned and designed site by the company outside the United States. The 11-story structure will host up to 7,000 employees.

The 300-meter-long rooftop garden extends along the building, wrapping around the seventh to eleventh floors. It is estimated to contain 40,000 tonnes of soil to support 250 trees, all strategically placed. The garden aims to attract bees, bats, birds, and butterflies, with areas designated for dining, lounge chairs, a fitness zone, and even an indoor pool.

Currently under construction since 2018, the nearly 1 million square foot building is expected to be completed later this year.

In 2022, a topping-off ceremony featuring non-alcoholic pims and exquisite canapés was attended by London Mayor Sadiq Khan and Keir Starmer, representing the Holborn and St Pancras constituencies.

“This project signifies a robust confidence in London, our community, and our flourishing tech sector,” Khan commented at the event.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Meta’s AI Memorable Book Verbatim – Can Cost Billions

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In April, authors and publishers protested utilizing copyrighted books for AI training

Vuk Valcic/Alamy Live News

Amid legal battles, billions are at stake as courts in the US and UK deliberate on whether technology firms can legitimately train AI models using copyrighted literature. Numerous lawsuits have been filed by authors and publishers, revealing that at least one AI model has not only utilized popular texts for training but has also memorized portions of these works verbatim.

The crux of the dispute lies in whether AI developers hold the legal authority to employ copyrighted materials without obtaining prior permission. Previous research highlighted that many large language models (LLMs) powering popular AI chatbots were trained on the “Books3” dataset. Developers of these models argued they were not infringing copyright, claiming they were generating new combinations of words rather than directly reproducing the copyrighted content.

However, recent investigations have examined various AI models to determine the extent of verbatim recall from their training datasets. While most models did not retain exact texts, one particular model from Meta remembered nearly the entire text of a specific book. Should the ruling be unfavorable to the company, researchers predict damages could exceed $1 billion.

“AI models are not merely ‘plagiarism machines’ as some suggest; they do not just capture general relationships among words,” explained Mark Remley from Stanford University. “The diversity in responses among different models complicates the establishment of universal legal standards.”

Previously, Lemley defended Meta in a copyright case involving generative AI known as Kadrey V Meta Platforms. The plaintiff, whose works were used to train Meta’s AI models, filed a class-action lawsuit against the tech giant for copyright infringement. The case is currently under consideration in Northern California.

In January 2025, Remley announced he had parted ways with Meta as a client, yet he remains convinced of the company’s favorable chances in the lawsuit. Emile Vasquez, a Meta spokesperson, stated, “Fair use of copyrighted materials is crucial. We challenge the plaintiff’s claims, and the full record presents a different narrative.”

In this new study, Lemley and his team evaluated the memory capabilities of the AI by dividing excerpts from a small book into prefix and suffix segments, checking if a model prompted with the prefix could recall the suffix. For instance, one excerpt from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby was divided into a prefix that read, “They were careless people, Tom and Daisy—they broke things and creatures and then retreated,” and a suffix that concluded with, “We went back to money and their vast carelessness, which kept them together and allowed them to clean up any mess that other people had made.”

Researchers calculated the probability of each AI model completing the excerpt accurately and compared these probabilities against random chance.

The tested excerpts included selections from 36 copyrighted works, featuring popular titles by authors like George RR Martin’s Games and Cheryl Sandberg’s Lean In. Additionally, excerpts from books authored by plaintiffs in the Kadrey V Meta Platforms case were also examined.

The experiments involved 13 open-source AI models, including those created by Meta, Google, DeepMind, EleutherAI, and Microsoft. Most companies outside of Meta did not provide comments, with Microsoft opting not to comment.

The analysis revealed that Meta’s Llama 3.1 70b model had a significant recall of texts from JK Rowling’s first Harry Potter tome, as well as from The Great Gatsby and George Orwell’s 1984. Other models, however, showed minimal recall of the texts, including those penned by the plaintiffs. Meta declined to comment on these findings.

Researchers estimate that an AI model found to have infringed on merely 3% of the Books3 dataset could incur almost $1 billion in damages.

This technique has potential as a “forensic tool” for gauging the extent of AI memory, as noted by Randy McCarthy from Hallestill Law Office in Oklahoma. Yet, it does not address whether companies are legally permitted to train AI models on copyrighted works under US “fair use” provisions.

McCarthy points out that AI firms generally utilize copyrighted material for training. “The real question is whether they had the right to do so,” he remarked.

Meanwhile, in the UK, memory assessment is crucial from a copyright perspective, according to Robert Lands from Howard Kennedy Law Office in London. UK copyright legislation adheres to “fair dealing,” which presents much narrower allowances for copyright infringement compared to US fair use doctrine. Therefore, he posits that AI models retaining pirated content would not satisfy this exception.

Topics:

artificial intelligence/
Law

Source: www.newscientist.com

Apple Unveils Software Enhancements and New Apps, AI Takes a Back Seat

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Apple’s latest Worldwide Developers Conference saw the company’s artificial intelligence features take a back seat. While new functionalities were announced for the Apple Watch and Vision Pro, alongside enhanced software designs known as Liquid Glass, and new phone and camera applications, Apple’s AI-related announcements were limited to minor upgrades amidst pressure to keep pace with competitors heavily invested in AI.

One anticipated feature is Live Translation, offering real-time language translation across messaging, FaceTime, and phone apps, incorporating multiple capabilities powered by Apple Intelligence. It’s noteworthy that similar features have been available on the Android platform for some time. Additionally, a new Fitness app has been introduced, utilizing AI-generated voices to assist users during workouts.

Consumers may soon experience enhancements in AI for applications beyond mobile. The company revealed that it enables app developers to utilize Apple’s large-scale, on-device language model, enhancing AI experiences in third-party applications. Users will have the choice to opt in or out of sharing their data or information off-device with developers.

At last year’s WWDC, Apple announced a suite of upgrades for Siri, aiming to make the virtual assistant more engaging and dynamic. However, many of these features remain unreleased despite Apple’s assurances.

Craig Federighi, Apple’s VP of Software Engineering, previously mentioned that “this task required more time to reach a quality standard,” referring to the delay.

Forrester VP principal analyst Dipanjan Chatterjee noted that Siri’s muted presence was “deafening.”

Chatterjee stated, “This subject was quickly brushed aside, leaving next year shrouded in uncertainty. While Apple continues to refine the features of Apple Intelligence, superficial updates like text corrections and whimsical emojis cannot satisfy the demand for an intuitive, interactive AI experience. The timeline for Siri’s evolution is rapidly approaching, and Apple needs significant advancements.”

Additionally, Apple has formed a partnership with ChatGPT, a strategic move to help the iPhone maker compete with AI giants such as OpenAI, Microsoft, and Google. Dan Ives, an analyst at Wedbush Securities, suggested that Apple may need to forge more partnerships to stay competitive.

Ives concluded, “Overall, WWDC articulated the developers’ vision, but following last year’s setbacks, there was no remarkable progress in Apple Intelligence as Cupertino remains cautious.”

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“We understand the strategy, but this is a significant year for Apple to capitalize on the AI front, possibly compelling us to pursue larger AI acquisitions to advance this strategy.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Gene Editing Offers Hope for “Irreversible” Kidney Disease Damage Treatment

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Kidney disease can result in hypertension and infections

Mohammed Haneefa Nizamudeen/Getty Images

Recent animal research suggests that damage caused by the most prevalent hereditary kidney disease may not be as irreversible as previously thought. Researchers are using CRISPR gene editing to potentially reverse certain mutations responsible for the condition.

Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) gradually alters kidney function, leading to debilitating effects. “It was generally believed that correcting the mutations would not change the outcome,” says Michael Kaminski from Berlin University of Medicine.

PKD results in the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys and liver, leading to organ failure and necessitating dialysis or transplants. Besides organ failure, damage and swelling can lead to other severe issues, including high blood pressure and infections.

The disease typically affects adults, with approximately 12 million individuals globally estimated to be affected. Symptoms may not manifest until the cysts reach significant size in one’s 30s, by which point there may already be extensive damage to the kidneys and liver.

Kaminski’s team has utilized a CRISPR method known as base editing to correct mutations in the PKD1 gene in mice models.

This technique successfully corrected mutations primarily in the liver, resulting in a reduction in both the size and number of cysts post-treatment. Kaminski noted potential improvements in the kidneys as well.

Specifically, Xiaogang Li’s team at Mayo Clinic conducted a similar study using more precise methods targeting the kidneys, indicating a reduction in cyst size and quantity, according to Li.

Both teams employed viral vectors to deliver gene-editing tools, which poses challenges with repeated doses due to immune responses might hinder treatment. “This is a legitimate concern,” Li notes. “However, we’ve observed limited immune responses in our animal models so far.”

Utilizing lipid nanoparticles instead of viral vectors, as seen in mRNA vaccines, could mitigate immune-related issues, but Kaminski warns that these particles may struggle to penetrate deeply into the kidneys through the bloodstream. “I believe that the delivery method using [lipid nanoparticles] might become more feasible through urinary pathways,” he says.

Another limitation is that base editing primarily addresses single-character mutations, rendering it ineffective for individuals with longer mutation sequences. However, Li reports successful outcomes using a technique known as Prime editing.

These findings are poised to be published shortly in scientific journals, with plans for human trials to follow. “After our publication, I aim to organize a small clinical trial,” he states.

The broader implications of this research suggest that if PKD can indeed be reversed, it could ignite more research into this potential therapeutic avenue. Currently, the only approved treatment is tolvaptan, which only slightly slows disease progression and requires significant fluid intake.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Astronomers May Have Detected a Gas Giant Still Forming Around RIK 113

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT) have captured stunning images of a highly structured planetary formation disc surrounding the star Rik 113.

This image, captured with a very large telescope at ESO in Chile, illustrates the RIK113 system. Image credits: ESO/Ginski et al.

RIK 113 is located approximately 431 light-years away in the constellation Scorpio.

Also referred to as 2MASSJ16120668-3010270, this star hosts a structured protoplanetary disc.

“In a study published last year, the intricate nature of this protoplanetary disc was first unveiled by the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA),” remarked Galway astronomer Christian Ginsky and colleagues.

“These findings indicated the presence of gaps, suggestive of planet-like objects within them.”

“This prompted the team to conduct follow-up observations using ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT).”

Employing VLT’s Sphere Instrument, Dr. Ginski and co-authors obtained a new image of the system, revealing an appealing spiral feature in the inner ring.

“Our team is currently examining nearly 100 planet-forming discs around nearby stars, and these images are exceptional,” Dr. Ginsky noted.

“It is rare to find a system exhibiting both rings and spiral arms. This aligns almost perfectly with predictions regarding how planets form from the parent disk, according to theoretical models.”

“Such detections bring us a step closer to comprehending how planets, in general, formed and the origins of our solar system in the far past.”

A detailed analysis of the VLT/Sphere data hinted at two potential signals, as well as two possible signals from a protoplanet orbiting Rik 113, close to the original detection by ALMA.

At this stage, these signals serve more as proposals than definitive confirmations.

Nonetheless, these results are highly promising for future explorations, with both ALMA and VLT studies indicating the presence of at least one planet.

“We identified an inner disc (up to 40 AU) with two spiral arms, which are separated by a gap from the outer ring extending to 115 AU,” the astronomer stated.

“Comparing with unique and hydrodynamic models from the literature, we found that these structures are consistent with the existence of embedded gas giants, with masses ranging from 0.1 to 5 Jupiter masses depending on the model and its underlying assumptions.”

“The RIK 113 system is one of the few that displays this remarkable form of spiral arms amidst the scattered gaps of light and the ring,” they added.

“We hypothesize that this could be linked to higher disk viscosity compared to other systems, such as PDS 70.”

“If a planet in the disk is confirmed, RIK 113 will become a focal point for studying planetary disk interactions.”

Study published online in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.

____

C. Ginsky et al. 2025. Disk evolution studies with imaging of nearby young stars (Destinys): 2MassJ16120668-3010270 Evidence of planetary disk interaction in the system. A&A in press; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451647

Source: www.sci.news

Unstoppable Forces Yield to Motionless Objects: Elon Bows to Trump | Technology Insights

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Elon Musk and Donald Trump have ended their friendship. Tensions flared between them mid-week, with both exchanging sharp criticisms. Four days after their public clash, I declare Musk the loser of this battle; the seemingly unstoppable force has met its match with the immovable object.

According to colleagues Hugo Lowell and Andrew Ross: On Thursday, Elon Musk mocked Donald Trump’s bounce by commenting on his connection with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. The US president threatened to revoke federal contracts and tax incentives for Musk’s companies during this extraordinary social media spat that erupted among his former allies. This latest jab at Trump highlights Musk’s criticism of a Republican spending bill.

“Without me, Trump would lose the election, the Democrats would gain control of the House, and Republicans would be 51-49 in the Senate,” Musk tweeted on X.

The repercussions were swift. Tesla’s stock, already grappling with difficulties, plunged 15%, wiping approximately $150 billion off the market. The implications for Trump and the Republican Party could take longer to unfold, as the midterm elections for the US Congress won’t occur until later next year.

When Trump and Musk were allies, many liberals predicted a tumultuous public fallout. I didn’t anticipate such an outcome. Musk appeared robust and allied with the formidable Trump. The Republican campaign needed a substantial cash influx, which Musk could provide.

However, Trump revealed last week that several of his closest advisers have left dramatically, victims of what he termed “Trump craziness.” Musk seems to follow a similar pattern. A notable example is Steve Bannon, once a top strategist for Trump, who was ousted from the White House but is now hosting a podcast scrutinizing Trump’s actions. Bannon spent last week calling for Musk’s ousting. Trump, not realizing he is often the common denominator in these fiery departures, appears similar to Musk; by Sunday, he had tweeted about the Los Angeles riots, retweeting Vice President JD Vance with patriotic emojis while targeting California Governor Gavin Newsom.

The conflict between Musk and Trump underlined America’s dependency on a single company for its space capabilities. During his outburst, Musk threatened to dismantle SpaceX’s Dragon Rocket. What would the nation do without him? In a pinch, perhaps another billionaire with a rocket could suffice, even with a pop star on board.

Trump and Musk will shake hands at the NCAA Division I Wrestling Championship in Philadelphia on March 22nd. Photo: Kayla Bartkowski/Getty Images

This spat has also brought to light Musk’s relative vulnerabilities. Musk threatened to dismantle the Dragon Rocket and quickly backed down from his ultimatum regarding requests on X. Meanwhile, Trump has remained silent online, not retaliating against Musk. This indicates the overarching theme of his second administration; Musk often targets those with less power and wealth, but when faced with significant challenges, he retreats. Recall his enthusiastic challenge to Mark Zuckerberg about arranging a cage fight in 2023. Zuckerberg responded, both intrigued and more robust, while Musk seemed outmatched. He eventually backed down. As for Trump, he claims he could save money by canceling government contracts with Musk. Musk replied, “Make my day,” but subsequently scaled back his threats.

In the long term, what does this tragic unraveling of alliances mean for Trump and Musk? To date, Musk has reportedly lost about $90 billion in net worth, an astounding figure according to the Bloomberg Billionaire Index. He remains the world’s wealthiest individual with nearly $100 billion.

Perhaps the bigger loser is democracy itself. Recently, he polled his followers about establishing a centrist political party he wants to call the “American Party.” He possesses the resources to make it a reality but has not indicated any centrist political inclinations over the past two years. His presence in political gatherings has proven more repulsive than magnetic, significantly affecting key elections like the Wisconsin Supreme Court contest earlier this year.

Read more about how the Trump-Musk feud reveals the perils of concentrating power in one individual here.

Read more about the mutual damage inflicted by Trump and Musk here.

Discover more about the economic consequences of their feud concerning Tesla here.

AI isn’t as capable of making movies as executives claim

Director John Wick and Chad Stahelsky. Photo: David Lee/Thunder Road Pictures/Allstar

Last Thursday, I attended a showcase featuring eight short films generated using the Runway Artificial Intelligence tool. In a pre-screening discussion, Runway’s co-founder and chief design officer Alejandro Matamala-Ortiz stated that the two-hour AI-generated film was “close.” Lionsgate executives explained to New York Magazine that there are many invisible production processes beyond just the final footage shown in theaters. Lionsgate has entered a contract with Runway, using some of its archives to train AI for cutting-edge projects.

The film I observed had a quality that echoed the executives’ comments on AI. Six of the eight shorts evoked little emotion. They lacked character and depth, resembling placeholders. While AI can create any imaginable image, the film lacked true creativity. The smooth, composite textures from multiple AI-generated images rendered them as intriguing and stylish as a basic first draft. If directors don’t take the time to elevate their work beyond a typical mid-journey output, why would anyone want to watch them? One film, an anime revenge story centered around cherry blossom trees, made me chuckle. Another claimed to document the sporadic emergence of cicadas but primarily featured lens flares. It felt reminiscent of a mid-tier student film; most entries were muddled, and the cinematography lacked distinct perspectives. Runway claimed to have received 6,000 submissions from 300 creators in 2022. I shiver at the thought of a Clockwork Orange-style scenario where someone had to view all those entries.

After viewing these shorts, I believed they resembled student films, potentially due to the early stages of production techniques that filmmakers are grappling with. Since its submission to the IT Film Festival in April, Runway has introduced new features to its tools, with Google recently releasing its own video generation tool, Veo 3. The output is more refined compared to what I viewed last week.

The remaining two films ventured into compelling territories. One was a video essay titled Total Pixel Space, which proved to be thought-provoking. This meditation on the nature of AI-generated images emphasized how few images we encounter in realistic situations versus those that never happened, offering unfortunate insights into our visual culture.

“Total Pixel Space represents both ultimate determinism and ultimate freedom, laden with possibilities that await consciousness to shape meaning through choices,” the film’s narration stated. I noted that it highlights AI-rendered images confined to pixel parameters on screens but unable to exist physically. Considering our mortality, the film poses a poignant question: how will you utilize your time and choices? What do you choose to imbue with meaning?

“Total Pixel Space” won the Grand Prize in the contest. While it was a triumph, the film poses a specific challenge to Matamala-Ortiz’s viewpoint. If one extrapolates from the film festival output, will you really witness a two-hour video essay delineating the trajectory AI films will take? It’s rather rare for such a film to maintain interest for that long.

Another editor developed a character and her inner life—a fundamental requirement for live-action films—yet this seems an insurmountable hurdle in AI-produced cinema. AI struggles to recreate consistent facial expressions across various scenarios. Despite these limitations, I still advocate for short films. Occasionally, a surge of creativity produces stunning montages, capable of suggesting interdimensional travel. AI can produce hundreds of diverse backgrounds in seconds, achieving scenes that would otherwise require significant budgets. Editing can utilize these capabilities for impactful effects. Perhaps that’s the ultimate goal of AI: serving as an enhancer rather than a sole creator. Lionsgate’s VP remarked on similar ideas, indicating that AI tools can make a $100 million film appear even larger and more cinematic. “We amplify elements, ensuring a more significant, filmic experience,” he told New York.

This week’s AI News

Photo: Guardian

The Guardian has introduced a new feature within its app, developed in collaboration with computer scientists from Cambridge University.

The secure messaging function allows you to send messages to Guardian staff directly through the app, presenting a potential channel for news stories. To utilize this feature, tap on the three bars located at the bottom right of the Guardian app, scroll down to “More From the Guardian,” and select “Secure Messaging.” By saving a passphrase—consisting of randomly generated words—you can then create a secure channel for your messages. Sending a message to the Guardian operates similarly to ordinary app traffic, providing a layer of anonymity not found in traditional texting. Unlike conventional messages, secure messaging masks your activity on your device, making it appear as though you’re simply browsing the news.

For more detailed information about secure messaging, click here.

Wider technology

Source: www.theguardian.com

Uber to Launch Self-Driving Taxis in London Courts Next Spring

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The autonomous Uber is set to hit the roads of London next year, following the government’s announcement that a trial for fully self-driving vehicles will commence in spring 2026.

For the first time in Europe, companies will be allowed to operate publicly, with human safety drivers permitted to oversee “bus-like” service pilots from the driver’s seat or onboard.

Uber is teaming up with UK tech company Wayve to trial taxis that can be booked through the app in the capital, marking a significant step in the largest European market.

A broader rollout of self-driving taxis, or Robotaxis, is anticipated after the full implementation of automated vehicle laws in late 2027.

The UK is accelerating its efforts, as unmanned taxis have already been established in numerous cities across San Francisco, USA, and China. Earlier this year, Uber launched its first unmanned taxi in Austin, Texas, in collaboration with Waymo. Meanwhile, Tesla also plans to introduce autonomous services for its competitors this month.

The Department of Transport (DfT) has stated that if the technology enhances road safety, it could generate 38,000 jobs and create a £42 billion industry by 2035.

Transport Secretary Heidi Alexander remarked: “The future of transportation is on the horizon. Self-driving cars can create jobs, attract investments, and provide opportunities for the UK to become a leader in new technology.”

“With road safety at the core of the pilot and the legislation, we are committed to taking bold steps to foster job creation, advance innovation, and facilitate transformative plans in the UK industry.”

The DfT emphasized that autonomous vehicles could enhance transport options for millions, especially by offering new public transport solutions in rural areas to those unable to drive.

Thanks to technology from Wayve and fellow UK company Oxa (formerly Oxbotica), self-driving vehicles have been under development for over a decade. However, during all road tests for cars and buses, safety drivers have been present to assume control if necessary.

The Automated Vehicle Act mandates that self-driving vehicles must be approved following thorough testing.

Our earlier commitment to launching Robotaxis in London has yet to realize. The unmanned bus service started in Edinburgh in 2023 has been halted due to a lack of ridership.

Nonetheless, automated taxi services in the U.S. are currently conducting hundreds of thousands of paid rides, although progress has not been without challenges. General Motors has abandoned its autonomous service plans after several incidents, including ones that led to severe injuries for pedestrians. Early indications, however, suggest that self-driving taxis are safer, and some users, particularly women, prefer to use unmanned services.

Wayve co-founder and CEO Alex Kendall stated that accelerated testing will position the UK as a leader in fully autonomous vehicles, adding, “These initial pilots will help establish public confidence and unlock new job opportunities, services, and markets.”

“We are excited about what the future holds,” said Gavin Jackson, CEO of Oxa. “Clear regulations will open up the market and encourage transport companies to embrace the advantages of self-driving cars across the nation. Today’s announcement signifies that the UK is prepared for this technology.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

IBM Plans to Develop a Functional Quantum Supercomputer by 2029

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Rendering of IBM’s proposed quantum supercomputer

IBM

In less than five years, you’ll have access to a Quantum SuperComputer without errors, according to IBM. The company has unveiled a roadmap for a machine named Starling, set to be available for academic and industrial researchers by 2029.

“These are scientific dreams that have been transformed into engineering achievements,” says Jay Gambetta at IBM. He mentions that he and his team have developed all the required components to make Starling a reality, giving them confidence in their ambitious timeline. The new systems will be based in a New York data center and are expected to aid in manufacturing novel chemicals and materials.

IBM has already constructed a fleet of quantum computers, yet the path to truly user-friendly devices remains challenging, with little competition in the field. Errors continue to thwart many efforts to utilize quantum effects for solving problems that typical supercomputers struggle with.

This underscores the necessity for a fault-tolerant quantum computer that can autonomously correct its mistakes. Such capabilities lead to larger, more powerful devices. There is no universal agreement on the optimal strategy to tackle these challenges, prompting the research team to explore various approaches.

All quantum computers depend on qubits, yet different groups create these essential units from light particles, extremely cold atoms, and in Starling’s case, superconducting qubits. IBM is banking on two innovations to enhance its robustness against significant errors.

First, Starling establishes new connections among its qubits, including those that are quite distant from one another. Each qubit is embedded within a chip, and researchers have innovated new hardware to link these components within a single chip and connect multiple chips together. This advancement enables Starling to be larger than its forerunners while allowing it to execute more complex programs.

According to Gambetta, Starling will employ tens of thousands of qubits, permitting 100 million quantum manipulations. Currently, the largest quantum computers house around 1,000 physical qubits, grouped into roughly 200 “logical qubits.” Within each logical qubit, several qubits function together as a single computational unit resilient to errors. The current record for logical qubits belongs to the Quantum Computing Company Quantinuum with a count of 50.

IBM is implementing a novel method for merging physical qubits into logical qubits via LDPC codes. This marks a significant shift from previous methods employed in other superconducting quantum computers. Gambetta notes that utilizing LDPC codes was once seen as a “pipe dream,” but his team has now realized crucial details to make it feasible.

The benefit of this somewhat unconventional technique is that each logical qubit created with an LDPC approach requires fewer physical qubits compared to competing strategies. Consequently, they are smaller and faster error correction becomes achievable.

“IBM has consistently set ambitious goals and accomplished significant milestones over the years,” states Stephen Bartlett from the University of Sydney. “They have achieved notable innovations and improvements in the last five years, and this represents a genuine breakthrough.” He points out that both the distant qubits and the new hardware for connecting the logical qubit codes deviate from the well-performing devices IBM previously developed, necessitating extensive testing. “It looks promising, but it also requires a leap of faith,” Bartlett adds.

Matthew Otten from the University of Wisconsin-Madison mentions that LDPC codes have only been seriously explored in recent years, and IBM’s roadmap clarifies how it functions. He emphasizes its importance as it helps researchers pinpoint potential bottlenecks and trade-offs. For example, he notes that Starling may operate slower than current superconducting quantum computers.

At its intended scale, the device could address challenges relevant to sectors such as pharmaceuticals. Here, simulations of small molecules or proteins on quantum computers like Starling could replace costly and cumbersome experimental steps in drug development, Otten explains.

IBM isn’t the only contender in the quantum computing sector planning significant advancements. For instance, Quantinuum and Psiquantum have also announced their intentions to develop fault-tolerant utility-scale machines by 2029 and 2027, respectively.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Nintendo Switch 2 Review: Excellent, But Is It Enough?

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The designers behind Switch 2 contemplated naming the new console the Super Nintendo Switch. However, they decided against it, recalling that while one could play original Switch games, there was no backwards compatibility between the 1990s Super NES and the 1983 NES. After testing it over the weekend, the more fitting name seems to be Switch Pro, as it represents an evolution rather than a completely new generation—it’s a highly refined version of the original console.

The enhancements are most notable in the larger screen and more robust processor, but every component of the console boasts improved specifications. The larger Joy-Cons feel sturdier and more user-friendly, while the magnetic clip feature to attach them to the console adds a delightful touch. The user interface has also been upgraded, featuring subtle tactile feedback along with enjoyable sound effects.

The wait is over… Gamers are in line to purchase the Nintendo Switch 2 console this Thursday in New York City. Photo: Shaun Chen/AP

Transitioning back from the stunning Switch OLED model to a standard LCD screen takes some adjustment, yet the quality remains decent, and the larger display area makes a significant impact. I tried it with cinematic titles such as IO Interactive’s engaging assassination game: Signature Edition and Director’s Cuts for Yakuza 0—both delivered an epic experience in handheld mode, enhanced by the console’s impressive virtual surround sound. Keep in mind, however, that 4K at 60fps is not the standard.

In handheld mode, games typically run at resolutions ranging from 720 to 1080p, with 4K reserved for docked play; currently, only a handful of titles support 4K. For instance, Cyberpunk 2077 caps at 1080p with a 30fps performance mode. In short, visuals won’t compete with top-tier PS5 Pro or PC graphics—it’s more comparable to a PS4 than a PS5.

The setup is straightforward: power on the console, connect to the internet (via WiFi or the ethernet port on the dock), and download the necessary updates. If you own a Switch, you’ll have the option to place it nearby to transfer your user data and games. The entire process was smooth and took about an hour, but be cautious; skipping the transfer will prevent you from transferring games later on. Game sharing is possible with compatible games between Switch and Switch 2 users, and it’s also user-friendly for two households without their own copies. I tested the local multiplayer feature with Sega’s delightful Puyo Puyo Tetris—just select the Gameshare option from the game menu, and your friend picks the same on their Switch to connect and start playing seamlessly.

I’m curious to see how this feature holds up with more complex games and additional players. For example, Survival Kids allows game sharing across up to two other consoles. This could increase processing demands on the Switch 2, potentially affecting performance. However, as of now, I was impressed with how well it handled the party game Super Mario Party Jamboree.

Get ready… Mario Kart World is set for the Nintendo Switch 2. Photo: Nintendo

On another note, GameChat is a somewhat outdated option for in-game video chat, requiring you to connect through your smartphone for identity verification. You can purchase a Switch 2 camera (£50) or use an existing USB webcam. This feature could be a fun addition for close friends and family passionate about gaming together, though it remains to be seen if any upcoming titles will utilize it in innovative ways.

Additional costs should also be considered—if you want to play with more than two players, you may need another set of Joy-Cons. Replacement Pro Controllers are priced at £75. (I tested the Powera Advantage Pad, an officially licensed product that lacks rumble and only functions in docked mode, but it’s a robust alternative for £30 during Mario Kart sessions.) A subscription to Nintendo Switch Online is necessary for online play, currently £17.49, with the Nintendo Switch Online Expansion Pack costing £34.99/£59.99 annually. This provides access to both retro Nintendo titles and contemporary games, representing decent value compared to other gaming subscriptions, but it is another expense to factor in. Lastly, if you’re running low on space with the built-in 256GB, you might need a MicroSD Express card, which costs around £50, adding more to your total.

As for battery life, Nintendo promises between 2 to 6.5 hours. I played Mario Kart World and downloaded Hitman, testing features like GameShare and GameChat for approximately 3.5 hours, which felt satisfactory.

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Should you consider purchasing? If you missed out on the original Switch, then the answer is a resounding yes—it’s the culmination of Nintendo’s efforts to create versatile hybrid handheld/home consoles with a diverse array of launch titles (currently, Mario Kart World stands as the lone must-have exclusive). For existing Switch owners, an upgrade is worthwhile, especially for the larger display, improved controller, and social features—if you have the available budget. Multiplayer gaming has been reinvigorated at home, with my sons enjoying Mario Kart sessions together in the living room.

One undeniable fact remains: you can’t play Nintendo titles anywhere else. No smartphones, PCs, Xbox, or PlayStation offer the experience of fully immersive games like Mario, Animal Crossing, Pokémon, and Zelda. It’s exciting to envision how these beloved experiences will evolve on a beautifully crafted machine equipped with innovative features. Perhaps the Nintendo design team was right to suggest it be called the Super Switch, but for the time being, the label Switch Pro seems fitting.

The Nintendo Switch 2 is now available for £395.99 in the UK, $699.95 in Australia, and $449.95 in the US.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Are We Aliens? A New Question for Exploration

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Journey with Dinosaurs

Take a look behind the scenes of the BBC’s remarkable new series and discover a wealth of dinosaurs that will reshape our understanding of the prehistoric era.

Canine Companionship

We all wish for more quality time with our dogs. Biotech firms are currently exploring ways to enhance the healthy lifespan of our beloved pets… and possibly uncovering secrets to human longevity.

Building Self-Confidence

Confidence is all about self-assurance. Psychologists believe this is a skill we can cultivate, often simpler than we think. Neuroscience suggests various methods to enhance your self-belief.

Cholesterol Reduction

Is it possible to lower cholesterol without statins? Research indicates that we can improve our cholesterol levels with some straightforward dietary adjustments.

Additionally

Life at the World’s End:The challenges faced by scientists working in Antarctica extend beyond harsh conditions and extreme isolation; they must also navigate the potential hazards they pose to one another. We provide a glimpse into life at one of the globe’s most remote research facilities.
AI as Therapist:While people utilize AI chatbots as mental health supporters, how dependable is the assistance offered by artificial intelligence? We consulted a licensed therapist for insights.
Q&A:Your queries addressed! This month: Why do emotions manifest in various body parts? Are receipts truly coated with chemicals? What scent does a mummy emit? How does background radiation impact particle detectors? What is the average weight of a human body? Are negative calorie foods a reality? Do different ocean tides influence one another? And much more…

Issue 420 Available for Purchase on Tuesday, June 10th, 2025

Remember, BBC Science Focus is accessible on all major digital platforms. You can find versions for Android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-book readers, as well as an iOS app for iPad and iPhone.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Mario Kart World Review – Riot Road Trip: A Fun Adventure for Everyone on Nintendo Switch 2

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

I When my sons rushed over to me a few hours after the game, I recognized that there might be challenges with the Mario Kart universe in our home. Slightly concerned, I examined my thumb and noticed it had indeed been battered by the chaotic fun of the tournament. Playing Mario Kart online is now an option—even during video chats—but it doesn’t replicate the experience of playing alongside friends on the couch. This game has the potential to revive living room multiplayer for countless families.

It’s been a long time since 1992 when Mario and his friends started racing around the whimsical Wonder Circuit. This series has been a consistent companion throughout my life, one that everyone enjoys playing with me. I found myself embroiled in a multi-month match battle with my brother and a gamer friend. I witnessed a stranger joyfully playing it endlessly during the gaming night at the pub I managed. I raced in and out of the game over the long evening with a large group of friends. I’ve played it with nearly every person I’ve dated. Mario Kart World accommodates all these play styles and more. Highly competitive.

The Mario Kart world is vibrant with split-screen multiplayer as per usual, and the online features are extensive. Photo: Nintendo

The course offerings resemble a true Disneyland, featuring ice palaces, jungle safaris, dinosaur parks, ski slopes, and a spaceport themed after the 1983 arcade version of Donkey Kong. Some courses feel like classic Mario Kart tracks with clever turns and shortcuts designed for power sliding and boosting in the traditional style. Others take you on broader, more scenic journeys. All tracks link to additional courses, allowing you to traverse hotspots on a vast, interconnected map—from the seaside to Bowser Castle and up volcanic mountains.

Outside of racing, you can freely roam off-road or along the water, searching for hidden coins and challenges. You’ll encounter tricky courses across lava fields, unconventional routes through the air with seaplane wings, and timed coin-collecting adventures. This world might not be as densely populated and visually stunning as Forza Horizon, but it’s a delightful space to explore with friends, discovering quaint, picturesque spots together. The visual elements evoke the essence of group excursions—think Polaroid snapshots, local shop stickers, and favorite foods. It’s unfortunate that Free-Roam is limited to online play; two or more players using the same console can race together but cannot explore as a group.

Speaking of exploration, you can make your Mario Kart session feel like a tournament. If desired, you can time your laps and compete to identify the optimal lines on specific courses. However, it seems developers aim for an exploratory experience instead. The Grand Prix Competition ties together courses, allowing you to create routes across this little continent and witness all its sights. Racing with 24 players along an expansive route feels less like a race and more like a chaotic road trip. This atmosphere is reminiscent of a knockout tournament—a Fortnite-style elimination race where you can go from 1st to 14th place in seconds, getting knocked out frequently.

Yet, the most significant shift isn’t the setting but the movement mechanics. You can charge boost jumps, grind along rails across more intricate courses, ride on walls, and discover chain shortcuts. This required me to rewire my muscle memory built over years of drifting and boosting. In my initial days with Mario Kart World, I faced the humbling reality that I might actually be bad after all these years. However, once you master it, the gameplay feels revitalized, adding a hint of Tony Hawk-level skill, even for those of us who have been karting for ages.

The new visuals of Mario Kart World revitalize Donkey Kong for a new generation. Photo: Nintendo

The character roster is extensive and whimsical. Cows, dolphins, and a freshly designed Donkey Kong can race on the Hilaring Wheel in the Hilaring Rally. (Nintendo’s iconic apes now look as though they’ve been inspired by a recent Mario movie.) Every time I perform my tricks, I lightly bounce in the air. Now I realize he’s not irritated; he’s just older. It’s hard not to chuckle at Bowser donning full biker leather, echoing his copycat Harley persona.

With a variety of motion-controlled steering and auto-acceleration options, the game offers multiple assist settings for newer players. My 8-year-old could play without assistance, while my 5-year-old managed with some help. It truly feels like an exemplary welcoming title, embodying a blend of diverse philosophies of fun that coexist harmoniously. The Switch 2 itself seems more like a suave upgrade than a completely new console, showcasing Nintendo’s talent for reinvention.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Samsung Galaxy S25 Edge Review: Unmatched Slimness at Its Finest

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

hSamsung aims for a sleeker, lighter design with the specialized edge version of the premium Galaxy S25 Android.

The S25 edge measures 5.8mm in thickness, making it remarkably thin—if you disregard the camera bump, it is a whole 1.5mm slimmer than its S25+ counterparts, equating to roughly the thickness of a stack of seven credit cards. Its weight of just 168g adds to the illusion of slimness, making it feel lighter than the specifications may imply.

The ultra-thin model sits between the £999 S25+ and the £1,249 S25 Ultra, being around £100 pricier compared to other 6.7-inch models from Samsung.

Despite its ultra-slim build, the S25 edge maintains a similar appearance to other prominent Samsung models on the screen side. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The expansive, high-quality 6.7-inch OLED display is vibrant, sharp, and fluid, featuring a quick fingerprint scanner integrated into the screen. The lightweight design allows for comfortable handling, though using it typically requires both hands. Adding a case can eliminate the slimness advantage, making it advisable to use it without one.

The device shares many traits with the other Samsung models, powered by Qualcomm’s top-tier Snapdragon 8 Elite chipset, ample RAM, and a minimum of 256GB storage. It swiftly navigates through apps and games, thanks to Samsung’s Android 15 (One UI 7), which offers numerous customization options, though some default settings mirror Apple’s iOS more closely than one might expect.

Packed with advanced AI tools from Google and Samsung, some features, like image editing, shine, while others can be overlooked. The notification bar and live notifications displaying ongoing tasks, such as playing music via Spotify, prove to be extremely handy, appearing prominently on lock and home screens.

Samsung will extend software updates for the Edge until May 31, 2032, ranking it among the longest-supported mobile devices on the market.

The camera array protrudes from the back of the S25 edge, increasing the overall thickness of the device. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Specifications

Screen: 6.7-inch QHD+ Dynamic AMOLED 2X 120Hz
Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Galaxy Elite
RAM: 12GB
Storage: 256 or 512GB
Operating System: One UI 7 (Android 15)
Camera: 200MP + 12MP 0.6x; 12MP front
Connectivity: 5G, USB-C, WiFi 7, NFC, Bluetooth 5.4, UWB, GNSS
Water Resistance: IP68 (1.5m for 30 minutes)
Size: 158.2 x 75.6 x 5.8mm
Weight: 163g

Charging the S25 Edge to full takes about 80 minutes, reaching 50% in just 26 minutes with a USB-C power adapter of 25W or more (not included). Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The Edge’s remarkably thin form comes with certain compromises, the most notable being its smaller battery, which has a capacity slightly less than that of the regular S25. Consequently, the Edge’s battery life is somewhat short for a large device. It can last about a day and a half with light usage, meaning daily monitoring is advisable, though it falls behind the S25 Ultra by approximately a day.

Additionally, it may run warmer than other Samsung devices during gaming sessions, potentially affecting battery performance when playing demanding titles like Fortnite.

Camera

The Samsung Camera App is user-friendly, and the lightweight S25 edge facilitates one-handed photography. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Another significant trade-off for the slim design is in the camera setup. The rear features only two cameras, lacking the telephoto sensor found in the other S25 series models.

The primary camera is a stellar 200 megapixel unit closely resembling the one on the S25 Ultra. It offers superior performance compared to the 50MP main sensors of the S25 and S25+, capturing excellent images across various conditions, and compensating for the absence of a dedicated telephoto sensor with its capable digital zoom. The 12MP Ultra Wide Camera is robust and suitable for close-up shots, complemented by a commendable selfie camera.

The camera app features the same extensive mode array as other S25 variants, delivering impressive video quality and ease of use. Overall, the main camera stands out excellently; if you don’t require true zoom capabilities, it may well suffice for your imaging needs.

Sustainability

The titanium chassis and hardened glass exude sturdiness despite the phone’s considerable dimensions. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

While Samsung does not specify the battery’s expected lifespan, it is designed to endure more than 500 full charge cycles while retaining at least 80% of its original capacity.

The device is generally repairable; screen replacement at an authorized service center costs £259 and includes battery replacement. Samsung also offers a self-healing program.

The phone integrates recycled materials, and Samsung runs a trade-in, recycling scheme for older devices. The company publishes annual sustainability reports and impact assessments for select products.

Price

The Samsung Galaxy S25 Edge is priced from £1,099 (€1,259/$1,099/A$1,849).

In comparison, the Galaxy S25 Ultra is £1,249, the S25+ is £999, and the S25 is £799. Google’s Pixel 9 Pro XL is priced at £799, OnePlus 13 at £899, while Apple’s iPhone 16 Plus is also £899.

Despite its lightweight and design, the S25 Edge remains a large device, challenging to maneuver with one hand without grips or handles. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Verdict

The S25 Edge represents a fascinating direction for Samsung. Many users might wish for slimmer, longer-lasting devices with better cameras. Most tend to use cases, quickly negating slight differences in thickness that premium models boast.

However, using the Edge brought attention to just how bulky modern large phones can feel. It offers a remarkably light experience, whether cradled in hand or stashed in a pocket, all while featuring a substantial high-resolution display. The battery life isn’t stellar, but it isn’t a complete dealbreaker for extended days of typical use.

While the main camera performs admirably, the absence of a versatile telephoto lens may disappoint some users. I felt its lack. Additionally, while the titanium frame seems robust, subjecting it to stress tests is something I wouldn’t recommend if it’s placed in my back pocket.

The S25 Edge boasts high-quality hardware. If you’re seeking a lighter, thinner phone with a larger display, this could be your pick. However, for those who prioritize other features, better alternatives from Samsung and competitors abound at this price point.

Pros: Stunning large display, ultra-lightweight design, exceptionally thin, outstanding main camera, quick fingerprint reader, superb software with 7 years of support, high-end Android chipset, and advanced AI features.

Cons: Lacks telephoto lens, relatively short battery life, premium price, and its benefits diminish with a case.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Can Your Brain Communicate with Others While You Sleep? This Experiment Says Yes.

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Modern machine learning technology has demonstrated the ability to visualize our dreams. But what if you wish to take it a step further and share your dreams?

At present, we are capable of interpreting brain signals to obtain a vague understanding of imaginary scenes and overarching concepts, yet there is no method for transferring these ideas from one brain to another. Perhaps this is for the best. Many might feel uneasy at the thought of a computer implanting ideas into our minds while we sleep.

Our current means of communication rely on our sensory capabilities. Words that are whispered into your ears during sleep could serve as a method to convey information between two sleeping individuals. However, how can people communicate while asleep? The answer is more complicated than it seems.

Individuals who talk in their sleep (referred to as Somniloquists) often do so as a result of stress, and their peculiar utterances are not within their conscious control. Moreover, our capacity to hear while asleep is limited; sounds during sleep can disrupt it, causing both stress and dreams to the sleeper.

Yet, there is a particular dream that may be beneficial: the Akaid Dream. This unique type of dream allows the dreamer to recognize that they are still asleep. With some practice and various techniques, this can be guided.

In this state, could two dreamers actually communicate?

The company Rem Space claims not only that this is possible but also that they have achieved it.

They employed external stimuli to aid one sleeper in transitioning to a lucid dreaming state. The sleeper then conveyed a message through earphones, which was recorded by a computer as the lucid dreamer repeated the words in their sleep.

Eight minutes later, the message was played back to the second lucid dreamer, who confirmed hearing the words upon waking. While this may not serve a practical purpose in our current state, it did represent a form of communication within a dream.

There is, however, another type of shared thought that might prove more useful.

Researchers are currently demonstrating that individuals who work closely together begin to synchronize their brain waves. This phenomenon can occur in situations where musicians are tightly synchronized or in social groups where a strong connection is felt.

Inter-brain synchronization is observable through precise “hypersensitivity” with an electroencephalography (EEG) scanner that tracks brain waves. These can originate from theta waves (produced when we are deeply relaxed), alpha waves (when we are calm), or beta waves (when we are focused and active).

When these brain waves, particularly beta waves, synchronize among two or more individuals, they often collaborate more effectively, show enhanced empathy, and even display a reduced sensitivity to pain. Teams with synchronized neural activity typically perform better overall.

The best part is that no artificial intelligence or brain scanners are required!

To cultivate neural synchronization among those who wish to share experiences: engage in activities like listening to music together, dancing, collaborating, solving problems, or simply conversing. This sort of spiritual connection is available to us for free and brings substantial benefits.

This article responds to the question posed by Idris Wise via email: “Can you communicate in a dream?”

Feel free to email us your questions at Question @sciencefocus.com or send a message through Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

This Magnetic Safe Offers Rapid Storage for the World’s Most Dangerous Substances

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Antimatter particles are fundamentally similar to their normal matter counterparts, differing primarily in their opposite charges and momentum.

Although extremely rare, physicists routinely generate antiparticles using particle accelerators. Additionally, anti-Dutters occur naturally in high-energy processes near the event horizons of black holes.

The question of how and why the universe is predominantly made up of normal matter remains unresolved.

Creating antimatter is a complex and costly endeavor. The European Institute of Particle Physics (CERN) plays a crucial role in this process. Using an anti-proton decelerator, a proton beam strikes a metal target, resulting in the generation of anti-protons.

However, this process only yields tens of thousands of particles.

One of the significant challenges with antimatter is that when it interacts with normal matter, it vanishes instantly, releasing energy. Therefore, the task of preventing its annihilation and storing it long-term poses a substantial technical hurdle.

Nonetheless, CERN engineers are working on methods to store and transport small amounts of anti-protons.

The challenge with antimatter is that it completely disappears upon contact with normal matter, releasing energy. – Image credits: Getty Images

To achieve this, researchers cool anti-protons to approximately -269ºC (-452.2°F) to nearly halt their motion. They then contain them in a high-vacuum enclosure to avoid contact with normal matter, using superconducting magnets to trap them.

This process must be managed while maintaining the capability to extract particles and introduce new ones into the enclosure.

Despite these challenges, CERN aims to develop “traps” capable of storing billions of anti-protons simultaneously. Recent techniques have been validated by transporting regular matter across the Swiss CERN facility.

With advancements in vacuum systems, antimatter storage and transport may soon become routine activities in the upcoming year.

This article addresses the question posed by Leighton Haas of Hamburg: “How is antimatter preserved?”

We welcome your inquiries! You can email us at Question @sciencefocus.com or reach us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Please include your name and location.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Hubble Captures the Breathtaking Barred Spiral Galaxy: IC 758

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured a stunning new image of IC 758, a spiral galaxy located within the constellation Ursa Major.

This Hubble image depicts IC 758, a barred spiral galaxy located roughly 60 million light years from Earth in the Ursa Major constellation. The colorful image is based on observations from Hubble’s advanced cameras used for the Investigation of the Near-Infrared and Optical Parts (ACS). Two filters were utilized to capture different wavelengths, with colors assigned by applying distinct hues to each monochromatic image linked to an individual filter. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/C. Kilpatrick.

IC 758, located about 60 million light years from our planet in the constellation Ursa Major, is also known as Leda 38173 or UGC 7056.

This galaxy was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis Swift on April 17, 1888.

IC 758 is a member of the NGC 4036 Galaxy Group (also referred to as LGG 266), which encompasses more than 10 galaxies.

“In this captivating Hubble image taken in 2023, IC 758 appears serene, with its gentle blue spiral arm gracefully curving around its prominent Barred Center,” remarked a Hubble astronomer.

“However, in 1999, astronomers detected a significant event in this galaxy: the supernova SN 1999bg.”

“SN 1999BG marked the explosive conclusion of a star much larger than our sun.”

“We are still uncertain about the mass of this star before its explosion,” they added.

“Utilizing these Hubble observations, we can determine the mass of the nearby stars in SN 1999BG, aiding in the estimation of the supernova’s progenitor.”

“Hubble’s data might also provide insights into whether the precursor star of SN 1999BG has a companion.”

“A supernova signifies more than just the end of a single star; it is a formidable force that can influence its surroundings,” the astronomer noted.

“When a massive star collapses and triggers a supernova, its outer layers rebound from the diminishing core.”

“This explosion disrupts the interstellar medium of gases and dust from which new stars are born.”

“This upheaval may lead to the formation of new stars by scattering and heating adjacent gas clouds or compressing them to generate new stars.”

“The expelled outer layers also contribute to the materials needed for new star formation.”

Source: www.sci.news

Paleontologists Discover Fossilized Intestinal Contents from Sauropod Dinosaurs

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Diamantinasaurus Mathilde, which existed approximately 94 million years ago during the mid-Cretaceous period, primarily consumed conifers, ferns, flowering plants, and utilized intestinal microorganisms for digestion almost entirely. You can learn more about it at the Winton Formation in Queensland, Australia.

Artist’s impression of Diamantinasaurus Mathilde (Judy). Image credit: Travis Tischler.

Understanding dinosaur diets is essential for grasping their paleontology and their roles in Mesozoic ecosystems.

Nevertheless, while many non-avian dinosaurs are interpreted as herbivores based on their anatomy, only a few fossils provide tangible evidence in the form of coprolites (fossilized intestinal contents).

Out of the thousands of herbivorous non-avian dinosaur specimens identified globally, only three have shown likely or atypical gut contents, all of which belong to armored theropod dinosaurs preserved in marine layers.

Other herbivorous non-avian dinosaur specimens with fossilized gut contents include hadrosaurid ornithopods found in river environments.

Thus, the intestinal contents of sauropod dinosaurs—arguably the most ecologically significant large terrestrial herbivores during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods—remain largely unexplored due to their immense size.

“Since the 19th century, paleontologists have universally classified sauropods as herbivores,” stated Dr. Stephen Polopat, deputy director of the Western Australian Centre for Organic and Isotope Geochemistry at Curtin University.

“However, the specific plants they consumed and the heights from which they fed remained largely unknown until now.”

Dr. Polopat and his team examined the fossilized intestines of a specimen of Diamantinasaurus Mathilde informally referred to as Judy.

This fossil was discovered at a site near Winton and excavated in 2017 by museum staff and citizen scientists at the Australian Dinosaurs’ Museum of Natural History.

Among Judy’s stomach contents, paleontologists identified pinus and bracts from tall coniferous trees, as well as leaves and fruits originating from small seeds and flowering plants.

Diamantinasaurus Matildae skeleton with intestinal content. Image credits: Poropat et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.053.” width=”580″ height=”470″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2025/06/image_13971_2-Diamantinasaurus-matildae.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2025/06/image_13971_2-Diamantinasaurus-matildae-300×243.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2025/06/image_13971_2-Diamantinasaurus-matildae-60×49.jpg 60w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Diamantinasaurus Mathilde skeleton with intestinal contents. Image credits: Polopat et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.053.

“The findings indicated that sauropods consumed a variety of plants from different levels above the ground, contributing to their long-term survival and adaptability,” Dr. Polopat remarked.

“The stomach contents we analyzed belonged to a 12-meter-long sub-adult sauropod.”

“Our research shows that several types of sub-adult sauropods could feed at varying heights and adapt to diverse climatic, environmental, and vegetation changes during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.”

“We also verified that sauropods exhibited bulk-feeding, similar to methods utilized by herbivorous reptiles and birds today.”

“This implies they did not chew their food but swallowed it whole, allowing their digestive systems to process it completely.”

“Any meal would have lingered in their gastrointestinal tracts for as long as two weeks before being excreted.”

“Finally, the ability to observe sauropod stomach contents for the first time corroborated prior hypotheses regarding their dietary behavior.”

“Sauropods were remarkable creatures that roamed the planet for over 130 million years. Understanding their dietary patterns is crucial for comprehending their impact on the Earth’s ecosystem, particularly concerning plants and other herbivorous species.”

“Further research is necessary, and ideally, we aim to discover additional sauropod fossils containing stomach contents to ascertain whether their feeding habits evolved as they matured, especially regarding their consumption of growing plants.”

Professor Kliti Grice, founder of Curtin University’s Western Australian Centre for Organic and Isotope Geochemistry, expressed:

“Utilizing advanced organic geochemical methods, we confirmed the existence of both angiosperms and growth structures within the diet of this sauropod.”

The team’s research paper is published in the journal Current Biology.

____

Stephen F. Polopat et al. 2025. The contents of the fossilized intestine reveal the feeding habits of sauropod dinosaurs. Current Biology 35 (11): 2597-2613; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.053

Source: www.sci.news

Chinese Tech Firms Halt AI Tools Amid Exam Cheating Crackdown

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

It seems that major tech companies in China have disabled certain AI functionalities to combat fraud during the intense university entrance exams.

More than 13.3 million students are participating in the four-day Gakao exam, which kicked off on Saturday and plays a crucial role in determining students’ opportunities for university admission.

This year, students seeking assistance from advanced AI tools are facing obstacles.

Parents photographing students as they enter the exam venue. Photo: Adek Berry/AFP/Getty Images

In a shared screenshot, a Chinese user uploaded a photo of the exam questions on Doubao, an app owned by Bytedance, the parent company of TikTok. The app replied that “the use of questions will be suspended during university entrance exams as per related requirements.”

When a user attempted to clarify that “this is not a university entrance exam,” the app repeated the same response.

Another screenshot showed that Deepseek, a newly introduced generative AI tool in China this year, informed users that its service is unavailable during specific hours “to ensure fairness in university entrance exams.”

Yuanbao, developed by the tech giant Tencent, along with Alibaba’s Qwen and Moonshot’s Kimi, also disabled the photo recognition feature throughout the exam period. As reported by Bloomberg.

Students participating in the Pep Rally countdown for 100 days to the Gakao test. Photo: VCG/Getty Images

The Guardian reached out to the affiliated companies for comments, but none provided a public statement regarding the disablement of features. The suspension seems to have been primarily noted by university students who were denied access to tools that facilitate research and problem-solving.

“Choosing for the university entrance exam, you’re all failures,” expressed one exasperated user on Weibo. “You cannot upload photos using DeepSeek. You’ll have to reinstall ChatGPT. I hope all of you end up at Community College.”

The AI suspension is not the only measure taken to prevent fraud during the Gakao exam week, which can significantly influence students’ futures. Several regions have previously communicated their intentions to implement AI monitoring tools to track “abnormal behavior.” Reports of whispers and furtive glances reveal that students are currently under scrutiny during exams.

High school students from Handan in Hebei Province working through their exam papers. Photo: AFP/Getty Images

For instance, Jiangxi province has stated that they will review footage after the exams, and any violations or misconduct will be “treated strictly in accordance with relevant regulations,” as reported by Global Times.

Recently, Chinese authorities announced enhanced measures at test centers, including biometric identification, increased scrutiny of digital devices, and stricter entry checks using signal blockers.

This highlights the seriousness of the Gakao exams in Chinese society, as several cities have even postponed public events, deferred work start times, and created special traffic lanes to ensure students reach their exam locations promptly.

Additional reporting by Jason Tzu Kuan Lu

Source: www.theguardian.com

Newly Discovered Pterosaur Unearthed in Germany

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have identified a new genus and species of Gnathosaurine Pterosaur named Spathagnathus roeperi from a fossilized specimen discovered in the Solnhofen limestone of southern Germany.

Artistic reconstruction of Spathagnathus roeperi. Image credit: Alessio Ciaffi.

Spathagnathus roeperi lived in the Solnhofen Archipelago during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 150 million years ago.

“The Solnhofen limestone in southern Germany is renowned as one of the most productive fossil sites ever discovered,” states Dr. Alexandra Fernandez, a museum colleague and co-researcher at the Associate Historians Museum at the Statzmurung für Paläontologie und Geologie in Bayern.

“The regions and layers found between Solnhofen and Regensburg have been explored for over 200 years and have produced exceptional specimens, offering unique insights into the paleoenvironment of the subtropical shallow seas.”

“The rich paleobiotic diversity of fauna in the Solnhofen area is attributed to its original sedimentary environment, located in a depression within a shallow marine reef on the north coast of the Thetis Sea, which has been referred to in recent literature as the Solnhofen Archipelago fossil community.”

Fragments of Spathagnathus roeperi were uncovered during a systematic excavation at the Blanc Quarry near Regensburg, Germany.

“The Blanc area represents the oldest section of the Solnhofen complex, and only one Pterosaur has ever been documented from this region,” the paleontologist noted.

Based on their phylogenetic analysis, Spathagnathus roeperi is categorized within Gnathosaurinae, a small subgroup of the Pterosaur family Ctenochasmatidae.

This newly identified flying reptile is also a sister species to the ctenochasmatid pterosaur Tacuadactylus luciae from Uruguay.

“The limestone of Solnhofen is rich in late Jurassic fossil vertebrates, and Pterosaurs are no exception,” the researchers concluded.

“Within this extensive collection, while Ctenochasmatid remains are relatively abundant, Gnathosaurines are quite rare.”

Spathagnathus roeperi marks the earliest representation of Gnathosaurine and extends the paleoenvironmental stratigraphic range of Gnathosaurinae within the broader fossil community of the Solnhofen Islands.

“Additionally, this new species contributes to the known diversity of ctenochasmatids from the late Jurassic, emphasizing the significance of this early radiation within the pterosaur lineage during this period,” the scientists concluded.

Their paper was published this month in the journal Palz.

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AE Fernandez et al. A new species and early appearance of Gnathosaurinae (Pterosauria) from the late Kimmeridgian of Brun, Germany. Palz, published online on June 6th, 2025. doi:10.1007/s12542-025-00725-0

Source: www.sci.news

British Campaigners Warn Against Meta’s Plans to Use Automation in Risk Assessment

Posted on June 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Campaigners for internet safety are calling on the UK Communications Regulator to restrict the application of artificial intelligence in essential risk assessments, following reports that Meta, founded by Mark Zuckerberg, intends to automate these checks.

Ofcom stated that it would “consider the concerns” outlined in the letters from campaigners, as highlighted in last month’s report, which indicated that up to 90% of all risk assessments for the owners of Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp would be conducted by AI.

Social media platforms are crucial in assessing how harm manifests on their services and how they can alleviate potential dangers, particularly regarding the protection of child users and the prevention of illegal content, in accordance with the UK’s online safety legislation. The risk assessment process is deemed a vital element of this law.

In correspondence addressed to Ofcom’s CEO, Melanie Dawes, organizations like the Molly Rose Foundation, NSPCC, and Internet Watch Foundation criticized the prospect of AI-led risk assessments as “a backward and bewildering move.”

They urged, “We recommend advocating publicly that risk assessments are rarely seen as ‘appropriate and sufficient.’

The letter also called on the watchdog to “confront the belief that the platform can opt to bypass the risk assessment process.”

A spokesperson from Ofcom remarked, “Who has completed, reviewed, or approved the risk assessment? We are taking the concerns raised in this letter into account and will respond in due course.”

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Mehta commented that the letter misrepresented the company’s safety strategies, which focus on high standards and adherence to regulations.

A Meta spokesperson stated, “We have not relied on AI for making decisions regarding risk. Our specialists have developed tools that assist teams in determining when legal and policy obligations pertain to a specific product. We have enhanced our capability to manage harmful content with human-supervised technology, leading to significantly better safety outcomes.”

The Molly Rose Foundation initiated the letter after a report by US broadcaster NPR last month indicated that Meta’s algorithms and updated safety features had been predominantly approved by AI systems, bypassing human oversight.

An unnamed former Meta executive told NPR that this shift would enable companies to roll out app updates and features more rapidly on Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp; however, it raises concerns regarding the prevention of potential issues prior to the launch of new products, resulting in “increased risks” for users.

NPR also noted that Meta is exploring the possibility of automating reviews in sensitive areas, particularly concerning risks to young users and addressing the spread of misinformation.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Once Unimaginable: Xbox’s Bold Venture into Handheld Consoles | Games

Posted on June 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

jA few days after Nintendo launched its long-awaited Switch successor, Microsoft introduced its own long-term handheld console, the Xbox Ally. This announcement is significant not only due to Xbox’s collaboration with gamers from the High-end PC Specialist Republic for branding, but also because it boasts top-tier hardware. It’s apparent that the Xbox Ally X, one of two models slated for release before Christmas, was revealed just hours prior at the Xbox Showcase on June 8th, positioning itself as a serious competitor to both the Switch 2 and Valve’s Steam Decks.

The Xbox Ally emerges from the collaboration of four major tech companies—Windows, Xbox, AMD, and Asus—marking it as their flagship product. Both the Xbox Ally and Ally X models feature a 7-inch 1080p touchscreen, with the Ally X equipped with 16GB of RAM and the Ally featuring 24GB of RAM, each model offering options of 512GB or 1TB SSD storage. Powered by a Ryzen Z2 chip, the Ally X includes an AI Z2 chip that integrates the AI processor directly into silicon. According to Roanne Sones, head of gaming devices at Microsoft, this integration allows players to “utilize the AI experience without compromising GPU performance.” Although both devices run Windows, the interface has been optimized for gaming.

“I’m not running a Windows desktop,” stated Jason Beaumont, Xbox’s VP of experience. “It’s not about simply playing video games; it’s not bogged down by icons, taskbars, or unnecessary components. It conserves resources and allocates them to enhance performance for gaming.”

Players can access their game library using a dedicated Library button on the device, along with a new Xbox button that functions similarly to the one on the console controller. This library encompasses PC games from Xbox and other platforms, allowing seamless streaming from existing Xbox consoles if owned. With an Xbox Game Pass subscription, hundreds of games become instantly playable on the Ally devices.

ROG Xbox Ally X. Photo: rog

During a Microsoft presentation in Los Angeles, I held the Xbox Ally X with my right hand. Although my hands are small, I found it to be sizable (and heavier than the Switch 2), yet still manageable. As someone who favors the ergonomics of Xbox controllers over the PlayStation DualSense, I appreciated the asymmetrical joysticks and the layout that mirrors the Xbox pad.

Upon launching the Xbox Ally X, it immediately presents a homepage reflecting your recently played Xbox games, similar to the console interface. I was prompted to play Gears of War: Reloaded. As a huge Gears fan, experiencing remastered versions of games I hadn’t played in nearly 20 years while holding the console in my hands was surreal.

Muscle memory kicked in right away: I pressed A to move Marcus towards the wall and reload the weapon quickly by timing my R1 button press. Gears of War: Reloaded was selected somewhat unexpectedly, revealing a brief overview video featuring insights from Microsoft, Windows, Asus, and AMD executives. One noted that the Xbox Ally X’s power and capabilities were unimaginable just three years ago.

Perhaps influenced by external economic factors, Microsoft may have hesitated to disclose its full potential during this timeframe. Nevertheless, the design, functionality, and features of the ROG Xbox Ally position it as an excellent choice for anyone seeking access to both Xbox and third-party games in a portable format.

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Pricing is a significant consideration. Even budget-friendly handheld consoles may surpass the cost of Nintendo’s new Switch 2. However, for someone who hasn’t invested in Nintendo titles and has previously gifted Steam Decks, the ROG Xbox Ally offers a tempting opportunity to regularly pick up and play.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Sauropod Dinosaur’s Last Meal Shows He Wasn’t Concerned With Chewing

Posted on June 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Artistic depiction of Diamantinasaurus matildae, a 94 million-year-old sauropod dinosaur

Travis Tischler

The study of fossilized intestinal contents belonging to sauropod dinosaurs marks the first significant finding that confirms the largest terrestrial animals were high-fiber herbivores with minimal chewing behavior.

The specimen, known as Judy of the Diamantinasaurus matildae, was discovered in May 2017 in Winton, Queensland, Australia.

Shortly after Judy’s death around 94 to 100 million years ago, scavengers disturbed her remains; however, most of her body remained intact, including a calcified patch of skin. Notably, her preserved intestinal contents revealed a diverse range of plant matter.

Previously, paleontologists inferred the vegetarian diet of sauropods mainly from their skull and jaw structures, but lacked direct evidence regarding their dietary habits.

“It’s impressive to see Judy, as she may not conform to the typical characteristics we expect of other sauropods,” stated Stephen Polopat, part of the excavation and analysis team from Curtin University in Perth, Australia.

Measuring approximately 11 meters long with a 4-meter neck and a 3.3-meter tail, Judy was likely still a juvenile when she died. Her skin and intestinal samples will be displayed at the Australian-era Dinosaur Museum in Winton starting June 9.

“This gives us a clearer understanding of Judy’s overall size and form, aspects that previous Australian sauropod fossils have not illustrated,” he pointed out.

Polopat noted that her belly was “full” of plant material, emphasizing that it appeared the plants were simply ingested without much processing. “It’s not a matter of bloating in the mouth; it’s a case of cut and swallow.”

He suggested that the substantial plant matter present in Judy’s digestive tract likely facilitated the release of significant methane by the massive creature.

“Uncovering tangible evidence of extinct species like giant dinosaurs is always thrilling,” remarked John Long, who was not affiliated with the study, from Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia. “If all we had was a panda bear skull, we might assume their diet is similar to other bears’ — not solely bamboo.”

“Speculation has been common regarding these titanic beings’ plant-based diets. Now we know they consumed a variety of vegetation from various levels, including both ground and tree branches,” Long concluded.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

All Civil Servants in England and Wales to Undergo AI Training

Posted on June 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

This fall, all civil servants in England and Wales will undergo practical training focused on utilizing artificial intelligence to enhance efficiency, according to reports from the Guardian.

More than 400,000 civil servants will be briefed on this training initiative on Monday afternoon, as part of a commitment by Prime Minister Pat McFadden of the Principality of Lancaster to assess civil service operations and boost productivity.

Concurrently, the civil service workforce will decrease by tens of thousands through voluntary redundancies and a decision not to fill retiree vacancies. Officials will be encouraged to leverage AI technology wherever feasible to optimize their tasks.

Staff are currently testing a suite of AI tools known as Humphrey, a nod to the senior official from the 1980s TV sitcom.

In March, it was proclaimed that officials should follow the principle that “Digital or AI must not invest significant time in tasks that can be performed with improved speed and quality.”

The forthcoming practical training this fall aims to equip civil servants with AI knowledge to minimize the time spent on routine activities.

A recent AI trial by the Scottish government employed Humphrey tools to analyze consultations on cosmetic surgery adjustments, yielding results comparable to human output but at a faster pace.

While broader developments remain undecided, the government has indicated that over 500 annual consultations using this tool could save staff around 75,000 days of analysis each year.

The Ministry of Labor and Pensions is also utilizing AI to process extensive communications, which previously took weeks. This will assist in identifying recipients of merit or pension who may be vulnerable and require immediate support.

In a communication to all employees, Cabinet Secretary Chris Wormaldo expressed pride in civil servants’ continual adaptability to new challenges.

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He stated: “The Prime Minister has issued a significant challenge in fostering a productive and agile state.”

He added: “We must seize the opportunities presented by artificial intelligence and other technological advancements, continuously modernizing our processes.”

The training is orchestrated via the One Big Thing initiative, which emphasizes various crucial skills each year.

The government is swiftly adopting AI in Whitehall; however, some have raised concerns regarding the potential introduction or exacerbation of errors and biases in the absence of proper human oversight. The Guardian highlighted in December that the AI system utilized by the UK government to identify welfare fraud exhibited bias based on age, disability, marital status, and nationality.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Starlink Satellites Emitting Radio Signals That May Disrupt Astronomy

Posted on June 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A new batch of Starlink satellites deployed via Falcon 9 Rocket

SpaceX

Astronomers have raised concerns that SpaceX’s Starlink satellites emit radio waves that may jeopardize their ability to observe and comprehend the early universe.

With thousands of Starlink satellites in orbit offering worldwide internet coverage, astronomers worry that radio emissions from these satellites could interfere with sensitive telescopes monitoring distant and faint radio waves. Although SpaceX has collaborated with astronomers to minimize this disruption by disabling transmission beams while passing over significant telescopes, these measures seem insufficient.

Steven Tingay from Curtin University, Australia, along with his team, is currently tracking signals from nearly 2,000 Starlink satellites using prototype telescopes at the Square Kilometer Array-low Observatory (SKA-low). This future network of over 100,000 interconnected telescopes is designed to investigate the early universe, but researchers have found that Starlink signals could jeopardize their goals by affecting a third of the data gathered at numerous frequencies.

Additionally, they found that the satellites transmit signals in two frequency bands protected for radio astronomy by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), which should not be utilized for Starlink transmissions. Yet, these satellite emissions are deemed unintentional. The leaked signals are 10,000 times stronger than the faint radio emissions from the neutral hydrogen clouds that existed when the first stars began to form, and which astronomers wish to study to decode the early universe.

“The signal strength from these unintended emissions can rival some of the brightest natural radio sources in the sky,” Tingay explains. “It’s akin to taking the strongest sauces in the sky, adding even more artificial ones, and causing significant interference, especially in experiments that target super sensitivity.”

Tingay suggests that the emissions likely arise from onboard electronics inadvertently transmitting signals through satellite antennas. He notes that while such leaks are not technically illegal, as ITU regulations only cover intentional emissions, the discourse about how to regulate these types of emissions is starting at the ITU, which has withheld comment.

Dylan Grigg, another researcher from Curtin University, emphasizes, “The optimal approach to mitigate these unintended emissions is for satellites to either reduce or eliminate them. From the operator’s perspective, it’s beneficial that there are existing mitigation strategies in satellites, which SpaceX has already implemented for optical astronomy.” Starlink has adjusted its satellites to minimize light reflection to reduce visual interference.

A spokesperson for SKA-LOW remarked, “These findings align with our previous studies, but additional research is necessary to fully grasp the impact on low-frequency observations.”

Grigg and Tingay have shared their findings with SpaceX, stating that the company is open to discussions on strategies to decrease emissions. SpaceX has not commented on the matter.

If SpaceX cannot devise a solution, researchers may need to introduce algorithmic strategies to filter out contaminated radio waves. However, Tingay pointed out that such methods are still in their early development phases and might require more computational resources than are currently needed for basic processing of the astronomical signals of interest.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Creativity at Risk: AI Job Concerns in the Advertising Industry

Posted on June 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Featuring motion capture technology, Indian cricket legend Rahul Dravid provides custom coaching advice for children. Shakespeare’s original manuscripts can now be rewritten by a trained AI algorithm through a robotic arm. Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming the worldwide advertising landscape.

The AI-generated advertisements from Cadbury’s drink brand Bournvita and pen manufacturer BIC were crafted by WPP, an agency group investing £300 million annually in data, technology, and machine learning to maintain its edge.

Mark Reid, CEO of the London-based Marketing Services Group, has stated that AI is “essential” for the future of the business and recognizes that it will lead to significant changes in the workforce of the advertising sector.

Recently, Reid announced his resignation as CEO of WPP after nearly seven years, amidst a team of more than 30 members.

Advertising agencies face challenges from familiar adversaries. Over the past decade, tech giants like Google and Meta (the parent company of Facebook) have built sophisticated tools for publishers and ad buyers, solidifying their dominance online. This year, Big Tech has captured nearly two-thirds of the £45 billion that UK advertisers are spending.

WPP’s subsidiary VML has harnessed AI for a “one BIC, one book, two classics” campaign targeting Brazilian audiences. Photo: WPP

Meta is preparing to launch AI tools that enable the complete creation and targeting of advertising campaigns on social media, raising concerns about “creative extinction” and potential job cuts across agencies.

These tools are set to be introduced by the end of next year. In a recent interview, Zuckerberg described them as “redefining advertising categories.”

https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/VWVRp82iYRE?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" title="#DForDreams – Train Your Child With Rahul Dravid And AI" height="480" width="854" allowfullscreen="

Rahul Dravid in the Cadbury Bournvita campaign featuring AI.

Agencies of all sizes, particularly large international networks like WPP, Publicis, and Omnicom, are developing their own AI resources while investing in partnerships with tech giants like Meta and Google, striving to retain clients.

“I’m confident AI will disrupt a significant number of jobs,” stated the CEO of a major advertising firm. “That said, many institutions maintain differing client portfolios, allowing them to perform a broad range of tasks. Staffing remains secure in areas like strategy, consumer insights, and certain conceptual roles, yet production roles are where the impact is most felt.”

Tech executives endorsed the advantages of AI at last week’s Enders Deloitte conference, which focused on the media and telecommunications sector.

Speaking at the conference, Stephen Pretorius, referred to as the “AI guy at WPP,” emphasized, “True creativity is an inherently human skill.”

https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/CKh2qcz1K4M?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" title="How AI could change the advertising business | Stephan Pretorius in Bloomberg’s Quantum Marketing" height="480" width="854" allowfullscreen="

Stephan Pretorius from WPP discussing AI’s role in advertising.

He argued that while AI isn’t a direct substitute for recruitment, institutions must adapt and prioritize client relationships.

“AI replaces tasks rather than jobs,” he stated. “Many responsibilities we were compensated for are now automated, necessitating a shift in our business models. Team structures and client incentives will also evolve. This is merely a transitional phase.”

Recently, WPP reported several layoffs across its media division, previously known as GroupM.

“We live in a scenario where a major holding company is facing a conundrum,” remarked another agency CEO. “Clients expect to invest millions in AI, cutting budgets while speeding up and reducing costs. Many clients are seeking to decrease their fees.”

Currently, the AI revolution hasn’t made a significant dent in the UK advertising sector.

Meta, the parent company of Facebook and Instagram, plans to introduce AI tools enabling advertisers to fully create and target campaigns on social media. Photo: Anadoll/Getty Images

Last year, the IPA reported a record employment figure of 26,787 individuals in media, creative, and digital agencies, representing 85% of the UK’s advertising expenditure.

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The IPA has tracked market size since 1960 when it recorded 199,000 employees, dipping to just under 12,000 in the early 1990s.

Advertising expenditure surged dramatically, fueled by the rise of the Internet, from a mere £60 million noted in the pre-television era of 1938.

By 1982, the UK advertising market was valued at £3.1 billion, and this year it is expected to surpass £45 billion, according to the Advertising Association/WARC that has published annual reports since 1980.

Agency executives believe that major advertisers face too much brand risk to allow AI to handle the entire creative process.

“I can often identify a piece of AI-generated work from a mile away—it’s polished, overly idealistic, and somewhat artificial,” observed one creative agency head. “But that’s evolving. I’ve been told creatives could never improve upon the iconic gorilla ad for Cadbury, yet I’m uncertain. AI can ultimately refine enough to respond to highly intuitive concepts.”

Cadbury’s Dairy Milk ad featuring gorillas playing drums became a viral sensation. Photo: Rex Features

As the industry speculates about Meta’s plans to replace conventional agencies, Zuckerberg has sought to clarify that AI technologies are primarily aimed at small and medium enterprises.

“In future collaborations with creative agencies, we’ll likely ensure their involvement,” he remarked at the Stripes Conference, emphasizing this position shortly after his initial comments about Meta’s AI advertising trajectory. “If agencies don’t adapt, they might find themselves throwing together ad compositions only to flood the Meta platform with thousands of variations to see which performs best.”

Meta and Google maintain they’ve “democratized” advertising by enabling countless small and mid-sized companies to run campaigns without the financial burden of traditional advertising channels.

“That’s the mask they wear constantly,” stated a head of an advertising agency. “When they emerged decades ago as a novel ad platform, the focus was on small businesses, yet now they are capturing almost two-thirds of the UK’s advertising budget.”

In the 2000s, big tech firms grew immensely, propelling WPP to become the largest advertising group worldwide, while the CEO of S4 Capital has been dubbed Meta and Google’s ‘Frenemy.’

Two decades later, the rise of AI within advertising marks the latest technological upheaval that the industry must adapt to in order to thrive.

Meta’s bold commitment to “automatically generate ads in seconds” signals a transformative shift towards total mechanization of production processes,” asserts Patrick Garvey, co-founder of the independent agency PI. “This isn’t the demise of an agency; rather, it signals the end of outdated institutional paradigms.”

He champions the small businesses reshaping the landscape but questions whether Meta’s approach to AI resembles “advertising fast food.” For traditional ad firms, it could prove to be a bitter pill.

Source: www.theguardian.com

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