Medications Similar to Wegovy Show Effectiveness in Treating Fatty Liver Disease

Posted on May 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Fatty liver disease can lead to cirrhosis and cancer

3dmedisphere/shutterstoc k

Currently, common medications used for treating obesity and diabetes are showing promise in combating life-threatening liver diseases.

Semaglutide, marketed under names like Ozempic and Wegovi, mimics the hormone GLP-1, which aids in weight loss and regulates blood sugar levels, helps suppress appetite, and promotes insulin secretion. Researchers have now found that this drug therapy can halt or even reverse a condition known as metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH).

“This could offer a groundbreaking way to manage this condition,” says Philip Newsom from King’s College London. “It’s incredibly promising for patients.”

MASH, formerly known as NASH, is a severe version of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease marked by inflammation, fibrosis (scar tissue formation), and excessive liver fat accumulation, occasionally leading to cirrhosis and cancer. MASH is commonly linked to obesity and often coexists with type 2 diabetes.

A study conducted in 2020 involving 320 participants revealed that daily semaglutide injections led to a reduction in liver fat and inflammation in 59% of those with MASH. However, a more recent investigation involving 71 patients found no benefits from the weekly dosage.

For a broader perspective, Newsom and Arun Sanyal from Virginia Commonwealth University initiated a larger trial involving 1,195 MASH patients across 253 clinical sites in 37 countries. Participants averaged 56 years old with a body mass index of 34.6, and about 50% had type 2 diabetes.

The physician prescribed each participant a weekly semaglutide injection for four and a half years, gradually increasing the dose to 2.4 milligrams over the first four months, mirroring those used in Wegovy based on prior test findings. Participants also received lifestyle counseling to encourage a healthier diet and exercise.

While the full study is ongoing, results from biopsies taken 72 weeks later revealed that among the first 800 patients, including 266 receiving a placebo, 62.9% of those on semaglutide showed significant reductions in liver fat and inflammation, compared to 34.3% in the placebo group. Improvements in fibrosis were observed in 36.8% of the treatment group versus only 22.4% for the placebo group. About one-third of all treated patients and 16.1% of placebo patients experienced these benefits.

Weight loss alone could explain some of these improvements, as patients in the treatment cohort lost an average of 10.5% of their body weight, while those on the placebo lost only 2%. Although further research is needed to fully uncover the mechanisms behind the treatment, it may also directly target the processes driving the disease.

“It’s not yet established, but part of the efficacy of GLP-1-like drugs might be due to their effects on immune cells and reduction of inflammation,” notes Newsom.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Extraordinary Claims Demand Extraordinary Evidence

Posted on May 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Stepping into the Royal Society of London, the UK’s foremost National Academy of Sciences, you’ll encounter a three-word phrase: Nullius in Verba. This motto, held for over 350 years, translates to “I accept no one’s word.” Essentially, trust in science must be based on empirical evidence.

But what qualifies as evidence? This aspect becomes a bit more nuanced. The assertion that the sky is blue can be easily substantiated by anyone who can see it; therefore, little further proof is necessary. However, if someone claims the sky is purple, we’d need a robust explanation for our apparent oversight.

Another famous saying, attributed to astronomer Carl Sagan, encapsulates the demand for solid evidence: “Extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence.” This issue highlights several notable recent examples that fall short of that standard.

The first example resonates strongly with Sagan’s perspective. Recently, astronomers proposed they detected gases potentially indicative of extraterrestrial life in distant exoplanets, but subsequent analysis suggests they may have found nothing. There’s also a significant backlash from biotechnology firm Colossal against the International Union for Conservation of Nature, alleging it “clears” threats to the wolf population.

The work of science is, as always, to dig deeper in hopes of revealing the truth.

There is considerable excitement surrounding these claims, with many hoping they prove true, but unfortunately, they do not hold up. We are committed to accurately reporting substantial claims, as seen in our discussion about the assertion that light is not subject to wave-particle duality, but consists solely of quantum particles.

This is indeed an extraordinary claim, challenging a century of established physics. As we explore, the evidence to substantiate this notion is currently lacking, though physicists remain intrigued enough to pursue further investigation. Without clear evidence disproving the claim, the essence of scientific inquiry remains: to dig deeper in hopes of uncovering the truth or, at the very least, our best approximation.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Your Washing Machine Might Not Eliminate Harmful Bacteria from Your Clothes

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Is your washing machine providing a thorough clean?

Aquaarts Studio/Getty Images

Washing clothes in warm water at 60°C (140°F) might not effectively eliminate harmful bacteria.

Studies indicate that contaminated fabrics can remain infectious for weeks. Moreover, washing with detergent at 60°C can remove bacteria and tackle stubborn stains.

For example, NHS England advises healthcare workers to wash uniforms at 60°C for a minimum of 10 minutes to eliminate nearly all microorganisms, according to Katie Laird from De Montfort University in Leicester, UK. “However, it’s unclear what the machine is truly accomplishing.”

Laird and her team examined six models of home washing machines to evaluate how effectively they cleaned contaminated fabric samples, specifically testing for Enterococcal feces, known to cause various infections, including urinary tract infections.

Their findings revealed that half of the washing machines tested failed to adequately disinfect clothing, reducing bacteria levels by at least 90% in only the rapid cycles; one-third of machines did not achieve sufficient breakdown even in standard cycles.

“This is primarily because most machines either don’t maintain or reach the expected temperature, particularly in shorter cycles,” notes Laird. “In one instance, we found a machine operating at just 20°C (68°F), which the user was unaware of.”

After analyzing bacteria across multiple washes, Laird’s team discovered that microorganisms began developing resistance to detergents. DNA sampling indicated that these microorganisms were acquiring genes that enabled their survival.

The findings suggest that utilizing home washing machines to launder medical uniforms could inadvertently facilitate the spread of infections and antibiotic resistance within hospital settings, Laird pointed out.

To reduce bacteria and viruses in household washing machines, Laird recommends regularly using a machine sanitizer, conducting 90°C (194°F) cleaning cycles, and employing descaling solutions to prevent the build-up of scale that may impair the heating elements’ function.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Genome Sequencing by BlackBerry Researchers

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers at the University of Florida have successfully generated a chromosomal-scale genomic assembly for the spinless tetraploid blackberry BL1, which is primocanfluting. Their findings are expected to serve as crucial resources for accelerating genetic analysis in blackberries and fostering the development of new, enhanced varieties that improve horticultural and nutritional attributes.

blackberries. Image credit: Lin Animalart.

Blackberries belong to the genus Rubus, subgenus Rubus (formerly subgenus Eubatus) within the Rose family.

These fruits are noted for their rich dark purple to deep black colors, complex fruit structures, and a delightful balance of tartness and sweetness.

Blackberry fruits are a significant source of anthocyanins, antioxidants, and dietary fiber, offering numerous health benefits to consumers.

In the last two decades, a surge in consumer interest has greatly expanded the market for fresh and processed blackberries in the United States and internationally.

As the fourth most economically significant berry crop in the U.S., the nation produced 16,850 metric tons of processed blackberries and 1,360 tons of fresh blackberries in 2017.

In 2021, the U.S. imported 122,873 metric tons of fresh blackberries and 16,738 tons of frozen blackberries, valued at $519 million and $43 million, respectively.

Global blackberry production is estimated to exceed 900,000 metric tons, playing a crucial role in the international berry market.

The ongoing development and introduction of improved varieties continue to drive consumer demand and enhance blackberry production worldwide.

“This new research not only deepens our understanding of blackberry genetics but also lays the groundwork for significant advancements in blackberry breeding techniques,” says Dr. Zhanao Deng, PhD, in the journal Horticulture Research.

“The ultimate goal is to create a superior, more resilient blackberry variety that benefits both growers and consumers globally.”

Utilizing a comprehensive collection of DNA sequences from the experimental BlackBerry BL1, Dr. Deng and his team meticulously calculated and reconstructed the original sequences across the blackberry genome.

It begins with recognizing that BL1 is a tetraploid fruit, which derives from a plant possessing four copies of each chromosome within its cells.

This characteristic results in twice as many chromosomes compared to typical diploid plants such as raspberries.

“Working with tetraploids is more complex than with diploids,” Dr. Deng remarked.

“The release of the tetraploid blackberry genome can facilitate more efficient and targeted breeding, ultimately enhancing fruit quality and leading to the creation of new varieties resilient to critical diseases.”

“The reference genome derived from this study will serve as a powerful tool for researchers working with blackberries.”

The genome assembly also unlocks insights into key traits such as the cultivation of spinless blackberry plants and the processes behind anthocyanin production, which influences the color and health benefits of the fruit.

“This discovery helps us understand why blackberries attain their distinctive deep purple/black hues over time and how we might potentially improve this process for more nutritious berries,” Dr. Deng added.

The team’s research is published in the journal Horticultural Research.

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Dev Paudel et al. 2025. Chromosomal scale and haplotype-resolved genome assembly of tetraploid blackberries (Rubus L. subgenus Rubus Watson). Horticultural Research 12 (6): UHAF052; doi: 10.1093/hr/uhaf052

Source: www.sci.news

Early Monotonicity: A Semi-Quantitative Discovery by Paleontologists

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The prevailing belief regarding these egg sales has been that both species descend from land-dwelling ancestors. While the ancestors of the platymonds became semi-aquatic, Echidna remained terrestrial. However, a detailed examination of a humerus bone from Kryoryctes cadburyi, a prehistoric monotreme that lived in Victoria, Australia, during the early Cretaceous period, indicates that Echidna evolved from semi-aquatic ancestors, suggesting that the lifestyle of modern paddy field amphibians originated over 100 million years ago.

Artist’s impressions of Kryoryctes cadburyi. Image credit: Peter Schouten.

“Approximately 30 examples of mammals have evolved to live entirely or partially in water, such as whales, dolphins, dugongs, seals, otters, and beavers,” says Professor Suzanne Hand, a paleontologist from the University of New South Wales.

“However, it is exceedingly rare to observe mammals evolving in the opposite direction.”

“We are discussing semi-aquatic mammals that transitioned to a land-based existence. Such an event would be quite unusual, but I believe that’s what occurred with echidnas.”

In their recent study, Professor Hand and her team analyzed a single humerus bone of an ancient monotreme, Kryoryctes Cadbury.

Using CT scans and other techniques, they investigated the internal microstructure of the specimen.

“The external structure of bones allows for direct comparisons with similar animals to clarify relationships, while the internal structure offers insights into the beast’s lifestyle and ecology,” Professor Hand explained.

“Thus, while the internal structure might not reveal the animal’s identity, it can inform us about its environment and living conditions.”

Living in southern Victoria about 108 million years ago, Kryoryctes cadburyi and its relatives dominated the Australian mammalian fauna.

“Mesozoic mammals from Australia are uncommon and primarily known through their teeth and jaws,” states Professor Michael Archer from the University of New South Wales.

“Currently, Kryoryctes cadburyi is known solely from limb bones.”

“This humerus presents an extraordinary chance to gain insight into the lifestyles of Australian mammals, revealing a considerable story, perhaps one we weren’t initially anticipating.”

Researchers were taken aback when they discovered that the internal structure of the ancient humerus differed from that of modern Echidna bones.

“The internal structure shows that the bone wall of platymonds is quite thick with a narrow bone marrow cavity, while Echidna has a much thinner bone wall,” they noted.

“The fine structure of the Kryoryctes cadburyi humerus resembles that found in lizards, with its dense bone serving as ballast, aiding its ability to dive for food, a trait noticed in other semi-aquatic mammals.”

There are also peculiar traits in modern Echidna that might hint at an ancient semi-aquatic ancestry.

“It’s well established that the platypus bill contains numerous highly sensitive receptors that detect slight currents created by prey,” Professor Hand remarked.

“Although Echidna’s snouts have fewer receptors, it’s thought these might be remnants of their aquatic manipulative capabilities, along with traces of platypus-like features found in the embryos of echidnas.”

“Another characteristic inherited from their aquatic ancestors is the backward orientation of Echidna’s hind legs, similar to the rounded feet of the platypus when swimming.”

“In Echidnas, however, this trait is utilized for digging.”

“Our research has shown that echidnas exhibit diving reflexes when submerged in water, which assist in conserving oxygen and prolonging breath-holding capabilities. Studies on a respiratory protein called mammalian myoglobin further suggest echidna’s semi-aquatic ancestry.”

“The positive charge on myoglobin’s surface correlates with enhanced muscle capacity to retain oxygen, thereby extending the duration mammals can dive.”

“This is more prominent in platypuses, but even among burrowing mammals, echidnas show a higher than expected capacity.”

Survey results were published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Suzanne J. Hand et al. 2025. Bone microstructure supports the Mesozoic origin of monotremes’ semi-aquatic lifestyle. PNAS 122 (19): E2413569122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2413569122

Source: www.sci.news

Two Theories of Consciousness Conflict: The Referee Took a Major Hit.

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

While the nature of consciousness may remain elusive, neuroscientists have made significant strides in understanding it. The journey is far from over.

“Numerous theories exploring consciousness exist, so further theories may be superfluous,” states Oscar Ferrante, a neuroscientist at the University of Birmingham.

If you seek an explanation for how our brains create subjective experiences, you might explore adaptive resonance theory or dynamic core theory. Additionally, the theory of primary expression and semantic pointer competition should not be overlooked. A 2021 survey identified 29 distinct theories of consciousness.

Dr. Ferrante is part of a group aiming to consolidate this proliferation of theories. Yet, they face challenges due to the typical approach scientists take towards consciousness studies. They propose theories, conduct experiments, gather evidence, and often claim their theory reigns supreme.

“We are discouraged from abandoning our ideas,” remarked Lucia Meloni, a neuroscientist at the Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics in Frankfurt, Germany.

Seven years ago, Dr. Meloni and 41 other scientists launched an extensive study on consciousness to break this cycle. Their goal was to unite rival groups to design an experiment that would assess the predictive power of both theories regarding conscious experiences in the brain.

The Cogitate Consortium team recently published their findings in Nature. However, this study encountered the same contentious conflicts they aimed to avoid.

Dr. Meloni and like-minded colleagues started planning their research in 2018, adopting a strategy known as hostile collaboration—where scientists with opposing theories partner with neutral researchers. They selected two theories for examination.

The first, known as the Global Neuronal Workspace Theory, was introduced in the early 2000s by Collège de France’s Stanislas Dehaene. This theory posits that our conscious experiences arise when key brain areas distribute sensory information across the brain.

The second theory, Integrated Information Theory, developed by the University of Wisconsin’s Giulio Tononi, does not link consciousness to specific brain regions. Instead, it begins with essential characteristics of conscious experience, such as feeling unique and possessing rich, coherent details. Madeleine.

Researchers then examined which physical networks, such as the brain, could facilitate this experience. They concluded that a substantial amount of information must be processed across various networks and integrated to form a cohesive experience.

The Cogitate Consortium’s experiment aimed to potentially test both theories, garnering support from proponents of both.

“This collaboration was significant as it was the first attempt to reconcile differences rather than engage in isolated pursuits,” noted Dr. Meloni.

However, they knew that hostile collaboration would require substantial effort. They enlisted many young researchers, including Dr. Ferrante, and spent two years designing experiments and setting up lab equipment. By the latter half of 2020, they began scanning the brains of 267 volunteers across eight labs in the US, Europe, and China.

Volunteers played video games designed to gauge their conscious perception. In one game, participants were tasked with catching a colored disc when it changed to striped. Occasionally, blurred faces appeared on the screen, prompting volunteers to indicate what they had noticed.

To capture data comprehensively, researchers employed three distinct methods to measure brain activity.

Some volunteers who had undergone surgery for epilepsy consented to have electrodes temporarily placed in their brains. The second group utilized fMRI to assess blood flow in the brain, while a third group underwent magnetic EEG testing to record the brain’s magnetic field.

By 2022, the researchers shifted focus to data analysis. The three techniques produced consistent results. Both theories made accurate predictions regarding brain activity during conscious experiences, but also had incorrect predictions.

“Both theories are incomplete,” remarked Dr. Ferrante.

In June 2023, Dr. Meloni presented the findings at a New York conference, and the Cogitate Consortium submitted their results for publication, hoping to see their work in print.

Hakwan Lau, a neuroscientist at Sungkyunkwan University, was invited to review the paper but made a critical assessment. He believed the consortium failed to clearly outline where in the brain they would test predictions for each theory.

“Making a compelling case that the project tests theories meaningfully is challenging,” Dr. Lau stated in a July review.

Having developed his own consciousness theory, Dr. Lau published an evaluation online in August, and later co-authored an open letter criticizing both the Cogitate experiments and Integrated Information Theory. A total of 124 experts endorsed the letter.

The group labeled “IIT agree” directed much of its critique at integrated information theory, calling it pseudoscience in a recent analysis.

Critics highlighted that Integrated Information Theory extends beyond just a brain function theory—implying that a system capable of integrating information, even a plant, may possess some level of consciousness.

Critics contended that the Cogitate Consortium’s experiment failed to address the foundational aspects of the theory, thereby not adequately challenging its claims. “As researchers, we must safeguard the public from scientific misinformation,” Dr. Lau and his colleagues asserted.

Their letter, published online in September 2023, ignited a flurry of debate on social media. The authors later provided a commentary to elucidate their concerns, which was featured the following month in Nature Neuroscience.

In response, Dr. Tononi and his colleagues, in a published letter defended IIT, claiming that the critics’ letters were “full of enthusiasm and lacking in facts,” and asserting that the new commentary merely aimed to reshape the discussion.

Meanwhile, the Cogitate Consortium paper continued through the peer review process. Upon its release on Wednesday, it drew a spectrum of responses.

Anil Seth, a neuroscientist at the University of Sussex, expressed admiration for the study’s scale and the identification of shortcomings in both theories. “I’m pleased to see that,” he remarked. “That’s an impressive achievement.”

However, some critics of IIT continued to voice concerns. Joel Snyder, a psychologist at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, noted that the predictions from each team might have been generated by alternative theories, indicating the experiment wasn’t a true test of either.

“This is likely to cause confusion,” Dr. Snyder commented.

Dr. Lau reflected in an email that the recent research does not appear to have narrowed down the numerous theories of consciousness. “Recent discussions leave me with the impression that these issues haven’t significantly advanced any theory,” he wrote.

Nonetheless, Dr. Seth acknowledged the value of testing competing theories, even if scientists are reluctant to discard their ideas. “The best outcome of a successful hostile collaboration is that it may lead others to reconsider their views,” he stated.

Source: www.nytimes.com

A Diver Explores a Stranded Whale, Only to Discover It Has Vanished Upon His Return.

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

What happens to an 18-foot long, 2,000-pound body?

This question perplexed divers and photographers who frequently explore the waters off San Diego’s coast.

The saga began this spring when Doug Bonhouse took advantage of the mild weather to scuba dive at Scripps Canyon. As he submerged, a large mass caught his eye beneath him.

At just 115 feet below the surface, he discovered the body of a juvenile gray whale.

Whale carcasses are typically not encountered by human divers; they are usually found by remotely operated vehicles at depths exceeding 3,000 feet.

Local marine biologists speculated about the origins of the gray whale calf. The creature, which was suited to the seabed, had been sighted near La Jolla Shores, desperately searching for its mother. In its final moments, it appeared to approach a boat, as if pleading for assistance.

Other divers quickly made their way to the site, as it was the first opportunity for access during the autumn. Among them was underwater photojournalist Jules Jacobs, who documented his exploration for the New York Times.

By late January, the whale’s resting place was in a canyon valley that required careful navigation to reach. This challenge left Jacobs feeling both anxious and mentally drained.

As Jacobs navigated through the darkness with a team of five divers, the beam from his dive light suddenly illuminated the object of his search: a fragile calf with spotted skin. Its eyes had succumbed to the elements, frozen in an expression of sorrow.

“It’s humbling to swim through a whale’s carcass when only its tail is as large as your body,” Jacobs remarked.

Jacobs planned further dives to study the remains. On his second visit a week later, however, he discovered that the tail was missing, likely taken by scavenger sharks like Seven Gill and Mako.

After a series of spring storms, Jacobs descended again in late February. Gripping his camera gear so tightly that his knuckles turned white, he awaited the sight of the decaying creature.

He was met only by an empty seabed.

The calf was gone.

Adult gray whales can grow to about 45 feet and are known for their extraordinary migrations from the warm waters of Baja, California, to high-latitude feeding grounds in the Arctic Ocean. It’s likely that the calves and their mothers headed north before becoming separated. At this vulnerable point in their journey, the calves would have faced starvation after not eating for six months.

Gray whale populations experience cycles of boom and bust, recovering from significant declines, sometimes losing up to a quarter of their numbers within just a few years.

However, the population has failed to rebound for about six years, mirroring previous downturns. Scientists link this decline to climate change, which accelerates warming in the Arctic and disrupts the whales’ prey availability. Additionally, ship strikes and entanglements further exacerbate mortality rates.

“We are observing a significant increase in fatalities among gray whales,” stated Joshua Stewart, an assistant professor at the Marine Mammal Research Institute at Oregon State University. He anticipates more whale deaths along the West Coast.

Nevertheless, the death of a whale does not necessarily signify an end. Instead, it often triggers new beginnings.

Life flourishes from the remains of whales. Their meat nourishes scavengers, bones become habitats for microorganisms and insects, while the curved vertebrae provide a new foundation for flourishing coral reefs.

“Whale falls are ecological bonanzas, capable of providing sustenance for up to 200 years, as they typically reach the ocean floor,” remarked Craig Smith, professor emeritus of oceanography at the University of Hawaii. “Ironically, we understand more about deep-sea whale falls and associated communities than we do about shallow-water ecosystems.”

Whale decay occurs in three distinct ecological stages. Initially, scavengers like sharks, crabs, and hagfish consume the soft tissue. Next, worms thrive in the nutrient-rich, vibrant masses surrounding the carcass, as Dr. Smith notes; this phase can last up to seven years and is termed an enrichment stage by scientists.

Ultimately, bacteria deep within the bones produce hydrogen sulfide, fueling chemically-chemosynthetic bacteria that thrive symbiotically with the animal hosts and chemically synthesized bacteria on the bone’s surface. This final stage can endure for decades, supporting over 200 marine species within the ecosystem generated by a single whale fall.

However, the calf and its remains had vanished. Was something or someone responsible for preventing the whale fall that would support life?

Gregory Rouse, a marine biology professor at the Scripps Marine Research Institute, considers the matter less enigmatic. He explained that during the whale fall, decomposition within the body cavity can generate gas, causing the body to rise again after initially sinking.

It’s also plausible that strong winds and turbulent currents carried the body deep into the canyon. It could have descended to 1,600 feet below.

“The animal could have grown into a titan, but its life was cut short in infancy,” Jacobs reflected.

However, if it rests quietly in the depths, new life may proliferate and thrive.

Source: www.nytimes.com

What Defines a Kentucky Derby Champion? A Big Heart, Powerful Lungs, and Strong Legs

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Horses have honed their abilities, such as running, jumping, and pulling, as humans have bred and trained them for various purposes over thousands of years. The 151st Derby, the most-watched horse racing event, not only highlights the skills of these animals but also raises concerns about their treatment and well-being. Advocates have long voiced worries about injuries and fatalities, especially after twelve horses died at Churchill Downs two years ago.

There’s no doubt that the relationships between humans and horses have transformed warfare, agriculture, and society.

Timothy Winegard, a historian at Colorado Mesa University and author of the recent book, The Horse, remarked, “We’ve combined our intellect with the horse’s size, strength, stamina, and speed to create the most unstoppable animal coalition.”

Why Are Horses So Powerful?

The horse’s heart and lungs contribute significantly to its remarkable power.

Hearts typically weigh between 10-12 pounds (4.5-5.4 kg), roughly 1% of the horse’s body weight, compared to about 0.5% for a typical human heart. The famous horse Secretariat, who won the Triple Crown in 1973, was later found to have a heart weighing over 20 pounds (9.1 kg).

A horse’s heart is designed for exercise, with a resting heart rate around 34 beats per minute that can rise to 220 or 240 during a race—much faster than a human’s maximum during intense exertion.

Derma Sotogake training on the mornings of the 2023 Kentucky Derby.
Andy Lions/Getty Images

“One unique aspect of horses is their incredible capacity to circulate blood throughout their bodies. They can achieve high heart rates while remaining safe,” explained Sarah Reed, a researcher at the University of Connecticut.

Additionally, horses possess a lung capacity of 60 liters, ten times that of a human.

“This extensive lung capacity allows oxygen to efficiently transfer from the air to the blood, which is essential for sustaining aerobic energy,” noted Farmer.

Recent research published in the journal Science indicates that genetic mutations enable horses to mitigate the adverse effects associated with ultra-high energy production.

“Horses are exceptional athletes because they can deliver significantly more oxygen to their muscles than elite Olympic athletes. They have larger energy reserves and more efficient systems…and these mutations play a role in both aspects.”

What Contributes to a Horse’s Speed and Skills?

Various biological characteristics enhance a horse’s abilities.

Horses store excess red blood cells in their spleens, which are released to enhance oxygen transport during intense exertion.

“During exercise, adrenaline triggers the spleen to circulate these excess red blood cells,” said veterinarian Hillary Clayton. “Essentially, what a horse accomplishes is a form of ‘natural blood doping.’”

Honoring Marie at Churchill Downs in 2024.
Charlie Riedel / AP

Furthermore, a horse’s brain is adept at processing sensory information and reacting swiftly. Although their frontal lobe—the section associated with thinking and planning—is proportionally smaller than that of humans, horses are hardwired for play and independent running without fear, as explained by Dr. Scott Bailey, a veterinarian at Clayborne Farm. This focus is critical for athletic performance.

The bone structure and muscle makeup are also advantageous. The ligaments and tendons in their hind legs function like springs, and as Farmer noted, like other large prey animals, they possess “long, slender legs designed for running.”

What Are the Risks for Horses?

Adjustments that enhance a horse’s speed also increase the risk of injuries. Their slender legs endure the impact of each stride, and over time, repetitive stress during racing and training can lead to tendon and ligament damage, Reed stated.

In 2023, fatalities occurred not only at Churchill Downs but also at other major racecourses, affecting public perceptions of the sport and prompting changes. No specific cause of death was identified. However, in 2024, Churchill Downs improved the equipment used on its racing surfaces and added a veterinarian dedicated to horse safety and integrity.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Crafting Fashion Accessories Inspired by Real T. Rex Fossils

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Eighty million years ago, the formidable 40-foot-long Tyrannosaurus Rex ruled the earth. Now, it may soon inspire a new kind of wallet.

A team of British researchers and bioengineers is working on high-end clutches and totes made from T. rex skin, cultivated from the fossilized remains of ancient carnivorous creatures.

Their goal is to create sustainable leather by extracting collagen from this colossal dinosaur, known to have roamed North America and Asia about 68 million years ago. If they succeed, it would mark the first instance of leather derived from an extinct species.

The project’s developers assert that their lab-grown materials will be entirely biodegradable and structurally identical to conventional leather. Choi Conon, a professor of tissue engineering at Newcastle University, commented on the initiative.

Conon is also associated with a Biotechnology Company. Lab-grown leather is in collaboration with the Dutch creative agency VML and the genomic engineering firm The Organoid Company.

“This opens the door to designing leather from prehistoric origins,” stated Connon, a key leader in the project.

While Connon and his team are targeting the fashion sector, market data providers Fortune Business Insights predicts that the global leather goods market, valued at $500 billion, could reach $85.5 billion by 2032.

However, experts caution that immediate results may not be forthcoming. The commercialization of lab-grown T. rex leather could be financially prohibitive.

According to Tom Ellis, a professor of synthetic genomic engineering at Imperial College in London, the “gimmick” is still “very early.” He noted, “Our understanding of dinosaur evolution may not be sufficient to design collagen genes specifically from T. rex.”

Ellis emphasized that producing authentic T. rex leather is still a long way off, suggesting that any collagen derived from the project would likely resemble that of cows and chickens.

This means the end product may resemble other alternative leathers. “We’ll offer something unique enough to justify a significantly higher price,” he added.

In theory, scientists can extract collagen gene sequences from various animals, as collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals. Companies like Gelter and modern pastures are already crafting leather-like materials from genetically engineered collagen, producing small batches of premium products.

If achieved, sustainably crafted animal leather could have notable environmental advantages. Currently, most leather is a byproduct of the cattle industry, contributing to deforestation in regions like the Amazon. Additionally, many synthetic and vegan leathers are made from fossil-fuel-derived plastics that are not biologically sustainable. According to the World Wide Fund.

As scientists ponder the potential for dinosaur wallets, fashion enthusiasts should take a moment to consider whether they should indulge in such products.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

NASA’s Budget Cuts Endanger Wildfire Combat Program

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Hinesville, Ga. — From an elevation of 9,000 feet, NASA researchers observed extensive areas of prescribed burns at Fort Stewart Army Base this month, actively monitoring the flames and engaging with the landscape.

This burn is intentional and controlled, conducted as part of “prescription burns” to clear specific regions. The study, part of NASA’s FireSense project, aids firefighters in combating actual wildfires and may even help land managers avoid unnecessary ignitions.

However, initiatives like FireSense may face challenges as reports suggest significant budget cuts for NASA and other federal agencies under the Trump administration.

Last year, the U.S. experienced nearly 9 million acres consumed by wildfires, according to the National Interagency Fire Centre. Their annual report noted that wildfires and burned acreage in 2024 were “significantly higher than the five- and ten-year averages.”

Research indicates that climate change not only increases the frequency of wildfires but also exacerbates their destructiveness.

“The situation is deteriorating,” stated Michele Steinberg, director of the Wildfire Division at the National Fire Prevention Association. “We are witnessing fires in areas previously unaffected, burning hotter than ever.”

Severe wildfires pose substantial health, financial, and environmental threats, highlighting the importance of safeguarding lives and livelihoods through research.

NASA is not the only agency focused on wildfire issues. The U.S. Forest Service, the Department of the Interior, and the Bureau of Land Management are among the key federal entities engaged in wildfire response and prevention. What sets space agencies apart is their application of advanced technologies, including tools used in space, to bridge existing knowledge gaps.

“FireSense emerged from NASA’s recognition of wildfires as a significant issue. We are leveraging our expertise to assist the government in improving its wildfire management efforts.”

Project scientists will collaborate with local, state, and federal agencies, as well as academic partners, to enhance understanding of fire behavior, air quality concerns during and after wildfires, and ecosystem recovery post-ignition. Researchers are also exploring ways to manage vegetation in at-risk areas to minimize wildfire risks and curb rapid spread.

“Our objective is to adopt innovative technology, work closely with Wildland Fire Managers, and ensure this technology is accessible for wildfire situations,” explained Jacquelyn Shuman, a NASA Firesense project scientist.

The project employs equipment designed similarly to instruments used in low-Earth orbit on the International Space Station, providing detailed and accurate metrics to assist firefighters and land managers before, during, and after major fires.

At Fort Stewart, scientists monitored the prescribed burns, documenting the spread and mapping the flames with advanced infrared instruments known as Aviris-3 (short for Airborne Visible/Infrared Imaging Spectrometer 3). The fire ultimately consumed around 700 acres.

NASA scientists are studying prescribed burns at Fort Stewart on April 14th.
Milan P. Leikono / NASA

Researchers closely monitored fire spread, its ground position, and temperature variations.

Prescription burns are intentionally ignited to manage ecosystems that rely on regular fires for health. They also help diminish dry, combustible vegetation that could ignite uncontrollably.

These burns are meticulously planned and conducted under specific weather conditions to control their spread; they also serve as scientific experiments for wildfire researchers, according to Harrison Raine, a former elite firefighter and current project coordinator for FireSense.

“We’re aiming to integrate all aspects of the fire lifecycle and utilize scientific understanding to address ongoing issues,” said Raine, who has extensive wildfire experience across multiple states.

“This is a profoundly personal issue for me,” he shared. “Coming from Los Angeles, I’ve witnessed the devastation firsthand, and I am committed to tackling this critical challenge. It requires all available tools, and science is crucial.”

NBC News correspondent Jacob Soborov (left) visits FireSense burns with Department of Defense employees.
Milan P. Leikono / NASA

Nevertheless, the future of FireSense may be uncertain due to ongoing concerns regarding funding for NASA and other federal programs.

While the budget cuts could impact project viability, the precise effects remain unclear. Signals indicate significant reductions to NASA’s Science Mission Bureau, which includes geoscience initiatives.

“Funding decisions have not yet been finalized,” stated Rachel Courley, a spokesperson for the White House Office of Management and Budget. NASA declined to comment and referred questions about the budget to OMB.

As the administration gears up to unveil its budget proposals shortly, concerns about possible cuts intensify.

“As a former NASA leader, I take pride in the agency’s comprehensive efforts to monitor and respond to wildfires,” remarked Sen. George Whiteside (D-Calif) in a statement. “Cutting essential wildfire programs like FireSense poses a risk to rebuilding communities like mine after devastating fires in Southern California.”

Stanford University’s Wara emphasized the far-reaching consequences of NASA’s wildfire research, noting that space agencies have significantly contributed to contemporary wildfire models and fire-related data.

“There’s no doubt that FireSense has considerably enhanced our understanding of fire behavior and risk,” he commented. “Losing this initiative would be detrimental, as regaining that knowledge is exceedingly challenging.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

New Study Challenges RFK Jr.’s Assertion of Rising Severe Autism Cases

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

This month, Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. shared the government’s latest findings on autism, presenting a stark and controversial viewpoint.

The notion that severe autism symptoms are on the rise lacks scientific backing. In fact, a recent study presented at the International Association for Research on Autism in Seattle indicates that the percentage of autism cases characterized by moderate to severe symptoms remained relatively stable from 2000 to 2016.

In recent weeks, Kennedy has consistently described autism as an “explosion,” attributing it to an increase in serious cases of intellectual disability.

“This trend is unprecedented. It raises alarms about community dynamics,” he told Fox News earlier this month. “This is effectively invalidating these children for their entire lives.”

Kennedy’s claims have drawn criticism from parents, advocates, and health professionals who argue that he represents a limited data set to generalize the autism spectrum.

According to a recent report by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, one in 31 children receives an autism diagnosis by age eight, though it did not distinguish between mild and severe cases.

During the briefing on April 16, Kennedy estimated that a quarter of diagnosed children were non-verbal or required assistance with toileting. A previous CDC study indicated that nearly 27% of individuals with autism are non-verbal or have an IQ below 50. Many researchers, however, suggest that the actual rates may be lower.

Autism is a spectrum disorder, meaning it encompasses a range of symptoms, from mild to more pronounced, influencing how individuals socialize, communicate, learn, and behave.

A new study released this week highlighted that only mild cases increased between 2000 and 2016.

This study analyzed data from the CDC’s Autism and Developmental Disorder Surveillance Network, tracking autism cases across the United States. The researchers assessed adaptive test scores (evaluating children’s social, communication, and daily living skills) in contrast to IQ scores that indicate intellectual disability to determine case severity.

Co-author Maureen Durkin, a professor of population health sciences at Wisconsin-Madison, stated:

David Mandel, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania, noted that he wasn’t involved in the analysis but remarked that adaptive scores were intended to capture severe cases like those described by Kennedy. Compared to IQ scores, adaptive scores better reflect how children with autism function in real life, including their ability to interact with others, manage self-care, and use the toilet independently.

The analysis indicated that in 2016, 1.2 out of every 1,000 children were diagnosed with moderate to severe autism, while mild cases surged by 139% in the same period, from 1.5 out of 1,000 in 2000.

“The rise is primarily among children without severe disabilities, and it would be beneficial for the current HHS secretary to be aware of that,” said Marianne Burton, a clinical professor of psychological science at the University of Connecticut.

The Department of Health and Human Services did not respond to requests for comment.

One potential reason for the increase in mild cases is improved identification by healthcare professionals. Developmental screening became increasingly common during the study period, and in 2006, the American Academy of Pediatrics began recommending universal autism screenings.

Additionally, the diagnostic criteria for autism were revised in 2013 to include mild cases, such as those previously classified as Asperger’s syndrome.

“We’re witnessing a significant expansion of diagnostic criteria that now encompasses individuals who wouldn’t have qualified for an autism diagnosis 50 years ago,” Mandel explained.

Dr. Alex Collebzon, clinical director of the Seaver Autism Center at Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, mentioned the analysis relied on health and educational records, potentially including children with mild symptoms who may not have undergone direct diagnostic assessments.

“Assessing this cohort, I believe they are likely quite confident in their diagnosis, but we are not observing an increase in prevalence,” he stated.

Kennedy rejects the notion that the rise is due to improved diagnostic practices, suggesting that only a “small fraction” of the increase in cases can be attributed to this.

“The media has perpetuated myths in this industry, promoting the idea that autism is more prevalent simply because we are identifying more cases,” he told Fox News host Sean Hannity this month.

Instead, Kennedy unfoundedly claims that environmental toxins are the primary drivers behind increasing cases and has tasked CDC scientists with identifying the source by September.

Kolevzon acknowledged that environmental factors could exacerbate underlying genetic risks for autism, but existing research has yet to pinpoint any specific causative agents.

“We are unlikely to uncover widespread environmental factors that would fully explain the rising prevalence,” he concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Study Finds Younger Generations Are Less Happy Than Previous Ones

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The happiness curve is unraveling.

For many years, studies have illustrated that people’s happiness over their lifetime typically follows a U-shaped trajectory. It tends to peak in youth, dip during middle age, and then increase again in older age.

However, recent surveys indicate that young adults today are experiencing less happiness than previous generations, signaling a flattening of this U-shaped curve.

This trend is further supported by a new research published in the journal Nature Mental Health. These initial findings stem from global prosperity research conducted in collaboration with researchers from Harvard and Baylor University.

Data collected by Gallup in 2023 revealed insights from over 200,000 respondents across 20 countries. On average, individuals aged 18 to 29 report challenges not only in happiness but also in physical and mental health, self-esteem, life meaning, relationships, and financial stability. The research combines these factors to assess whether participants achieve a state of prosperity.

The study found that participants reported generally low levels of prosperity until the age of 50, a trend observable in nations like the UK, Brazil, and Australia. Notably, the disparity between younger and older adults was most pronounced in the United States.

“It’s a rather bleak situation,” commented Tyler J. Vanderwielle, the lead author and director of Harvard’s Human Prosperity Program. These findings prompt critical reflections on whether we are sufficiently investing in the well-being of our youth.

Young adulthood has traditionally been viewed as a time of freedom and opportunities, yet research suggests this ideal may not align with the reality faced by many.

According to a 2023 report from the Harvard Graduate School of Education, young adults aged 18-25 in the U.S. reported double the levels of anxiety and depression compared to teenagers. Furthermore, perfectionism has surged among college students. Participation in community organizations, clubs, and religious organizations is declining, leading to increased loneliness among young people, reminiscent of trends seen in older populations.

“Post-study findings indicate that social connections are crucial for happiness, yet young people today spend less time with friends than they did a decade ago,” explained Laurie Santos, a Yale psychology professor and host of The Happiness Lab podcast. “Additionally, like individuals of all ages, young people are contending with a myriad of global issues, from climate change to economic and political divisiveness.”

The Greater Good Science Center at Berkeley recently announced Emiliana R. Simon Thomas as its science director. “We need to cultivate happiness without limiting ourselves.”

She believes the prosperity data reflects “the long-term impacts of prioritizing status and power” in the U.S., rather than our role in the broader community.

Dr. Vanderwielle emphasized the complexity of the research, which was conducted across varied economic, political, and cultural contexts. While the study’s geographical scope is broad, current analyses do not include mainland China due to delays in data collection. Moreover, low-income nations are underrepresented.

Not all countries show increased prosperity with age. In some places, such as Poland and Tanzania, prosperity has declined with age, while others, like Japan and Kenya, display a more conventional U-shaped pattern.

Nevertheless, in the majority of Western countries, and many others, young adults do not seem to be flourishing. Global Prosperity Research plans to continue data collection until 2027 to further elucidate these issues, according to Dr. Vanderwielle.

“We recognize that young people are in distress,” said David G. Blanchflower, an economics professor at Dartmouth who was not involved in the prosperity research; his research illustrates a similar trend.

Dr. Blanchflower has collaborated with the United Nations to facilitate discussions at Dartmouth, allowing experts to share insights on addressing these concerning trends.

Numerous theories exist regarding why young individuals are facing such troubles. He suggests that the problems may not solely arise from their constant engagement with screens.

“They’re not alone at home,” he remarked, invoking the dangers of social isolation, a theme explored in a seminal book by Robert D. Putnam published 25 years ago. “In fact, they’re not engaging socially at all.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

Deepfakes Are Harder to Spot: Now They Even Have a Heartbeat

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Deepfake technology—a method for digitally altering a person’s face or body to impersonate someone else—is advancing at an alarming rate.

This development is discussed in a recent study published in the journal Frontiers of Imaging, which facilitates the creation of some of the most cutting-edge deepfake detectors. These detectors analyze a consistent pattern of blood flow across the face, which has proven to be an unreliable method, complicating the search for harmful content.

Deepfakes are typically generated from “driving videos,” which utilize real footage that artificial intelligence modifies to completely alter a person’s representation in the video.

Not all applications of this technology are harmful; for instance, smartphone apps can age your face or transform you into a cartoon character, showcasing the same underlying techniques for innocent fun.

However, at their most malicious, deepfakes can be used to create non-consensual explicit content, disseminate false information, and unjustly implicate innocent individuals.

Experts caution that deepfakes of figures like Donald Trump could spread misinformation, undermining public opinion and trust in genuine media – Photo credit: Getty

In this study, researchers utilized cutting-edge deepfake detectors based on medical imaging methods.

Remote Photoplethysmography (RPPP) measures heartbeats by detecting minute variations in the blood flow beneath the skin, similar to pulse oximeters used in healthcare settings.

The accuracy of the detector is remarkable, with only a 2-3 beats per minute variance when compared to electrocardiogram (ECG) records.

It was previously believed that deepfakes couldn’t accurately replicate these subtle indicators enough to fool RPPP-based detectors, but that assumption has proven incorrect.

“If the driving video features a real person, this information can now be transferred to deepfake videos,” stated Professor Peter Eisert, a co-author of the research, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “I think that’s the trajectory of all deepfake detectors. As deepfakes evolve, detectors that were once effective may soon become ineffective.”

During testing, the team found that the latest deepfake videos often displayed a remarkably realistic heartbeat, even when deliberately included.

Future deepfakes may convincingly depict actions or statements that individuals never made, potentially leading a large segment of the public to believe them unquestioningly – Source: Getty

Does this mean we are doomed to never trust online videos again? Not necessarily.

The Eisert team is optimistic that their new detection approach will prove effective. Rather than simply measuring overall pulse rates, future detectors may track detailed blood flow dynamics across the face.

“As the heart beats, blood circulates through the vessels and into the face,” Eisert explained. “This flow is then distributed throughout the facial region, and the movement has a slight time delay that can be detected in genuine footage.”

Ultimately, however, Eisert is skeptical about winning the battle solely with deepfake detection. Instead, he advocates for the use of “digital fingerprints” (encrypted evidence that video content remains untampered) as a more sustainable solution.

“I fear there will come a time when deepfakes are incredibly difficult to detect,” Eisert remarked. “I personally believe that focusing on technologies that verify the authenticity of footage is more vital than just distinguishing between genuine and fake content.”

About our experts

Peter Isert is the head of the Vision & Imaging Technologies Department and chair of visual computing at Humboldt University in Germany. A professor of visual computing, he has published works in over 200 conferences and journals, and also serves as an associate editor for the Journal of Image and Video Processing while sitting on the editorial committee for the Journal of Visual Communication and Image Representation.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Human wounds heal significantly slower than those of other mammals.

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Upon witnessing wild baboons in Kenya, Matsumotoda Ogawa, an evolutionary biologist and primate researcher at the University of Lycys in Japan, observed firsthand the violence among these creatures, particularly among the males.

“The frequency of injuries was striking,” she remarked.

In contrast to her experiences with Nick and Kat, the healing abilities of baboons appeared almost superhuman.

In a study published in the Royal Society B, Dr. Matsumoto and her team examined healing rates in humans, chimpanzees, monkeys, and mice. They discovered that human wounds heal more than twice as slowly as those of other mammals. This slower recovery may stem from evolutionary trade-offs dating back to when we lost our fur for naked, sweat-producing skin that helps us regulate temperature.

Researchers aimed to study healing in a more chaotic environment beyond what wild baboons provide.

To assess human healing, they enlisted 24 patients recovering from skin tumor removals at Lycys University Hospital. For chimpanzee data, considered one of our closest animal cousins, the researchers studied five captive chimpanzees at the Kumamoto Reserve of the Kyoto University Wildlife Research Center, where animals previously used in drug studies reside. Injuries in chimpanzees, akin to those of wild baboons, primarily resulted from conflicts among the animals.

Other primate subjects were housed at the Kenya Primate Research Institute. The researchers anesthetized the monkeys, induced surgical wounds, and monitored their recovery. “As an outdoor researcher, I believe invasive procedures should be minimized,” emphasized Dr. Matsumoto Oda, noting that the wounds from wild baboons are often similar in size to those inflicted surgically but deeper.

Finally, to compare distantly related mammals with humans and primates, the team anesthetized and surgically wounded mice and rats.

Drawing from her field observations, Dr. Matsumoto-Oda expected humans to exhibit slower healing than other species, noting that the 24 participants regenerated their skin at an average rate of about a quarter millimeter per day.

What astonished Dr. Matsumoto-Oda even further was the uniformity of healing rates among the animal subjects, including chimpanzees. There were no significant differences in the rapid regeneration of skin across the different primates, averaging about 0.62 mm of new skin daily, unlike humans, who were clear outliers.

Elaine Fuchs, a stem cell biologist at Rockefeller University who focuses on skin growth and repair and was not involved in the new research, expressed that the findings aligned with her expectations. This is largely because skin healing is influenced by hair.

Every hair grows from a follicle containing stem cells. Typically, these stem cells produce more hair. However, when necessary, they can facilitate new skin growth. “When the epidermis sustains damage, such as from scratches and scuffs, it’s the hair follicle stem cells that perform the repairs,” Dr. Fuchs explained.

Furry animals are covered in follicles, enabling quicker wound closure in mice and monkeys. In contrast, “human skin has a much lower density of hair follicles,” Dr. Fuchs noted. Our ancestors lost many of these follicles, replacing them with sweat glands. Although sweat glands also contain stem cells, they are significantly less effective at wound repair, according to Dr. Fuchs.

Why did we choose to evolve in this manner, sacrificing hair and its protective benefits? The glands responsible for producing watery, salty sweat that moistens our shirts on hot days are known as eccrine glands. Most furry mammals have them in limited areas, primarily on their feet. Conversely, early human ancestors were adaptations to sweating—modern humans possess millions of sweat glands, with a density ten times greater than that of chimpanzees.

“Many have enjoyed the benefits,” remarked Daniel Lieberman, an evolutionary biologist at Harvard University. Our extensive sweat glands and lack of fur enabled our ancestors to thrive in physically demanding, hot environments, aiding in cooling our larger brain functions, Dr. Lieberman stated.

The advantages of sacrificing hair for sweat appear to outweigh the downsides. Dr. Matsumoto-Oda and her colleagues theorize that social support among early humans may have helped those with injuries survive despite their slower healing process. (Or perhaps there were methods to treat wounds, akin to practices seen in orangutans and chimpanzees.)

“The drawback of evolution is that wound healing is slower,” Dr. Fuchs observed, yet humans have gained significant evolutionary advantages from losing their fur.

“If you wish, you can always wear a coat,” she added.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Our Wounds Heal More Slowly than Those of Other Primates

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Chimpanzees heal lesions more rapidly than humans

Clive Brunskill/Getty Images

SEI 249335339 — Chimpanzees heal lesions more rapidly than humans

Clive Brunskill/Getty Images

Human wounds take nearly three times longer to heal compared to those of other mammals, including chimpanzees, our closest living relatives. While the exact reason remains unclear, it may relate to an evolutionary adaptation linked to body hair reduction.

Human healing is slower in comparison to other animals. To investigate this, Matsumoto Akira, Oda from the University of Lycys in Japan, along with her colleagues, studied four other primate species: Chlorocebus pygerythrus, Sykes’ monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis), olive baboon (Papio anubis), and chimpanzees (Pantroglodytes).

The researchers anesthetized at least five individuals from each primate species, shaving a small patch of hair to create a 40 mm circular wound.

Photographs and wound measurements taken every few days showed that the healing rate averaged about 0.61 mm per day across all species.

Subsequently, Matsumoto-Oda and her team observed 24 patients at Lukyus University Hospital following skin tumor excisions.

The researchers also conducted studies on mice and rats, finding similar healing rates as those of non-human primates. This suggests that many mammals may have an evolutionary optimal healing rate, according to Matsumoto-Da.

“Crucially, we found that chimpanzees displayed the same wound healing rate as other non-human primates, indicating that the slow healing seen in humans likely evolved after our divergence from a common ancestor with chimpanzees,” she noted.

While the exact cause remains unknown, Matsumoto speculates it may relate to how humans adapted to hot environments. “The slower healing in humans might be connected to evolutionary changes, such as hair loss,” she explains. “Denser hair could correlate with higher stem cell counts, leading to faster healing.”

She also notes that social support — through food sharing, nursing, and medicinal care — may have compensated for the disadvantages of slower healing times.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Trump Administration Endangers Key Climate Change Reports

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Climate change contributes to events like the Marshall Fire in Colorado, which devastated 1,000 homes in December 2021

Jim West/Alamy

The Trump administration has dismissed nearly 400 researchers involved in the forthcoming US national climate assessment. This action may delay the completion of a critical report detailing the impacts of climate change on the nation.

“The Trump administration has carelessly undermined a vital US climate science report by prematurely discarding its authors without justification or a plan,” said Rachel Cleetus, representing the concerned coalition of scientists.

This move significantly hampers progress on the sixth National Climate Assessment, designed to inform federal and state governments about climate change risks and their implications. A law enacted by Congress in 1990 mandates that these assessments be produced every four years.

Although the next report isn’t due until 2027, extensive work has already begun, and the document may exceed 1,000 pages. The latest review, published in 2023, discussed the increasing difficulty of ensuring safe homes, healthy families, dependable public services, sustainable economies, and thriving ecosystems amidst climate challenges.

In early April, the Trump administration terminated a contract with a consulting firm responsible for coordinating research for upcoming assessments under the US Global Change Research Program. This follows numerous cuts at scientific institutions contributing to these efforts, as well as other actions restricting climate and weather research.

Despite the challenges, the report’s authors (mostly volunteers) were eager to collaborate, according to Dustin Mulvaney, who was focused on the Southwest section of the report at San Jose State University. “Many of us thought, ‘We can still do this!'”

However, with all the authors now released, completing the report appears unlikely.

A NASA spokesman, responsible for the global change research program, chose not to comment. Yet, some report authors stated to New Scientist that they received a brief notification indicating that all authors had been dismissed as agents assessed the “scope” of the evaluations.

The notification mentioned “future opportunities” for contributions. Ultimately, Congress legally requires these assessments, and the administration can still appoint new authors. Earlier reports emphasized climate risks, while new analyses will likely focus more on how the US is responding to climate change through reduced emissions and infrastructure adaptation.

Even if the report is eventually published, it may lack the rigor and reliability found in previous assessments, according to Mijin Cha, who was working on emission reductions at the University of California, Santa Cruz. “Now they’ve completely compromised it.”

“I think everyone is really disheartened by this situation,” she expressed.

Topics:

Climate change/
Donald Trump

Source: www.newscientist.com

Halting Submissions: The Impact of NIH Budget Cuts on Scientific Journals

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Environmental Health Perspective is widely regarded as the premier magazine in the field, announcing its suspension of new research submissions due to uncertainties surrounding federal funding cuts.

For over 50 years, this journal has been supported by the National Institutes of Health to evaluate research on the impacts of environmental toxins, including persistent chemicals and air pollution, publishing findings at no cost.

Joel Kaufman, the journal’s editor-in-chief, opted to halt new submissions because of the “lack of confidence” regarding the funding of critical expenses such as copyediting and updating editing software.

He refrained from providing comments on the publication’s future outlook.

“If the journal were to disappear, it would be a tremendous loss,” stated Jonathan Levy, Chair of the Department of Environmental Health at Boston University. “It diminishes access to crucial information needed for insightful decision-making.”

The NEJM editor referred to the letter as “blushy threats.” Recently, the journal Obstetrics and Gynecology, published by the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, reported receiving similar letters.

Scientific journals have been under scrutiny from leading health officials during the Trump administration.

In a book published last year, Dr. Martin A. McCurry, the newly appointed FDA commissioner, indicated that the Editorial Committee of “Gatekeeping” will only disseminate information that aligns with “groupthink narratives.”

In an interview from last year’s “Dr. Hyman Show” podcast, current HHS Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. expressed intentions to take legal action against medical journals under the Federal Anti-Corruption Act.

“If you don’t establish a plan to publish credible science now, I will find a way to sue you,” he warned.

Still, the uncertainty surrounding EHP has left researchers perplexed. They noted that funding cuts seem to conflict with the Trump administration’s declared priorities.

For instance, Kennedy has consistently highlighted the significance of investigating environmental factors in chronic diseases. The new administration has also shown interest in transparency and public access to scientific journals, a principle EHP pioneered.

EHP was among the first “open access” journals, accessible to anyone without a subscription, and unlike many other open access journals that impose substantial fees, EHP’s federal backing allowed researchers at smaller institutions to publish without financial concerns.

“There are several layers of irony in this situation,” Dr. Levy remarked.

EHP isn’t the only journal affected by funding cuts at the Department of Health and Human Services.

A draft budget obtained by The New York Times suggests that two journals published by the CDC—Emerging Infectious Diseases and Chronic Diseases—may face cuts. Both are available at no cost to authors and readers and are among the leading journals in their fields.

HHS spokesman Andrew Nixon stated that there was “no final decision” on the forthcoming budget.

Published monthly, Emerging Infectious Diseases provides state-of-the-art insights on global infectious disease threats.

Jason Kindrachuk, a virologist at the University of Manitoba, who has published studies on Marburg and MPOX in the journal, noted its importance in shaping response strategies during outbreaks.

The news is “very disheartening,” he remarked.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Kennedy Encourages New Parents to “Conduct Your Own Research” on Vaccines

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. advised new parents to “conduct their own research” prior to “conducting their own research” during a television interview regarding infant vaccinations.

In a conversation with talk show host Phil, Kennedy stated that aired on Merritt on Monday, the 100th day of the Trump administration. He reiterated his stance, saying, “To prevent the spread of measles, getting the vaccine is your best option.”

However, Kennedy maintained that the choice rests with individuals. By suggesting that the vaccine poses risks, he undermines decades of guidance from public health professionals, including officials from the CDC.

“We live in a democracy, and part of being a responsible parent is to do your own research,” he replied to questions from women in the audience regarding vaccine safety advice for new parents. “You should investigate strollers, the food they consume, and the medications they receive.”

The phrase “I did my research” has emerged as a significant cultural and political term during the COVID-19 pandemic. Pro-vaccination advocates have criticized individuals primarily from the political left who opted out of vaccination. This expression evolved into a meme and has appeared in mock gravestones at Halloween-themed cemeteries in liberal areas.

The Department of Health and Human Services did not respond promptly to requests for comments.

Kennedy’s remarks were made amidst the largest measles outbreak in the U.S. in nearly 25 years, which has resulted in the deaths of two young children and one adult.

Dr. Paul Offit, a pediatrician and vaccine authority at Philadelphia Children’s Hospital, remarked that while he often disagrees with Kennedy, “it’s perfectly reasonable to be skeptical about a vaccine.” However, parents who wish to research should be mindful of their information sources.

“When you talk about doing your own research, it’s important to consult individuals with expertise in the area, or at least seek information from credible online sources. This doesn’t mean relying solely on chat rooms or social media,” said Dr. Offit. He emphasized that while good information exists, “many poor sources can mislead you about your options, and Robert F. Kennedy Jr. exemplifies that.”

Another vaccine specialist, Dr. Peter Hotez from Baylor School of Medicine, contended that Kennedy was being misleading. “He claims people are doing their own research—what parents often download is a flood of misinformation, steering away from expert health advice toward dubious influences.”

Kennedy further suggested that measles vaccinations could lead to various illnesses without substantiation. “Would you like to stop measles?” he inquired. “Certainly, but does it cause other issues like seizures or autoimmune diseases? We don’t know. No one can answer that.”

In reality, studies indicate that with rare exceptions, vaccinated individuals are less likely than those infected to develop autoimmune illnesses, concluding that vaccines “not only shield patients from infections but also from complications, including autoimmune symptoms.”

Kennedy’s statements in the interview were generally flawed. He proclaimed, “New medications are approved by external panels, not by the FDA or CDC.”

This is inaccurate. While external expert panels advise the FDA on controversial drug approvals, only the FDA holds the authority to sanction or reject new medications, vaccines, and treatments; the CDC does not partake in this process.

“Kennedy must understand the role of the FDA in drug development and marketing decisions,” asserted Dr. Robert Califf, the FDA’s commissioner under President Joseph R. Biden Jr.

Kennedy also erroneously asserted that vaccines were not subjected to safety evaluations prior to or following approval. “There is no initial safety research, and there’s no monitoring system afterward,” he claimed. “Vaccines are the only medical products exempt from pre-licensure safety assessments.”

In fact, the FDA licenses vaccines after an extensive year-long process involving thorough lab and animal testing, followed by human trials. Rigorous research on vaccine safety and efficacy is mandated. Typically, thousands participate in large clinical trials, as emphasized by Dr. Peter Marks, head of the vaccine division, who recently announced his resignation.

“I am uncertain about the origin of this misconception,” remarked Dr. Marks, critical of Kennedy. “Vaccines undergo extensive safety evaluations. Since they are administered to healthy individuals, safety is of utmost importance.”

Upon licensing, vaccines are monitored through various databases. Vaccine Safety Data Links employ electronic health records nationwide to detect unusual side effects, including rare myocarditis cases reported in young men post-COVID-19 vaccination.

Another system, the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System, established in 1990 as the “National Early Warning System,” relies on reports from both patients and healthcare providers. Many vaccine skeptics, including Kennedy, have cited Vaers data to argue that vaccines are harmful, but it is not intended to ascertain causality regarding health issues; rather, it flags potential concerns for further investigation.

The FDA operates an additional safety monitoring program known as BEST, focusing on biologics effectiveness and safety initiatives.

Dr. Sean O’Leary, chair of the American Academy of Pediatrics’ Infectious Diseases Committee, stated that it is incorrect to assert that federal officials do not surveil vaccine safety. “I am uncertain about the source of this claim,” he noted.

He added, “We recognize various rare adverse events. If it becomes evident that the risks approach or surpass the benefits, the vaccine will be withdrawn from the market.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

Days After Trump’s Commitment to Underwater Mining, Tensions Mount Between Both Sides

Posted on April 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Shortly after President Trump issued an executive order to expedite submarine mining efforts, the US government received its first permission application. This initiative is championed by notable supporters within the metal industry.

On Tuesday, CEO Gerald Baron was present in Washington for a controversial hearing before the House Committee on Natural Resources. He likened the beginning of this process to a “starting gun” signaling a race to extract minerals like cobalt and nickel from nodules situated 2.5 miles deep on the ocean floor.

Debate erupted among committee members from both parties regarding the environmental implications of this mining practice. The Trump administration indicated it would contemplate permits for mining activities within US jurisdiction and international waters.

Other nations have accused the US of attempting to bypass international law, arguing that the waters designated for submarine mining should come under the governance of an independent international authority.

To date, no commercial submarine mining has been conducted.

California leader Jared Huffman, a ranking Democrat on the committee, criticized both the Metals Company and Trump for advancing undersea mining in “reckless cowboy fashion.” Democrats raised concerns over the financial viability of mining cobalt and nickel, citing major electric vehicle manufacturers’ shift towards alternative battery materials.

“The financial model of the industry is based on overly optimistic assumptions and does not reflect the realities and volatility of the global mineral market,” remarked Oregon Democrat Maxine E. Dexter.

The Metals Company attempted to reassure the committee, arguing that the potential harm to the seabed would outweigh the limited job creation and that accessing these minerals could reduce dependence on Chinese sources. They stated that a decade of extensive environmental studies supports their position.

Trump’s order follows years of delays by international authorities in establishing a regulatory framework for submarine mining. The authorities, established under United Nations auspices decades ago, are likely to miss another deadline this year for finalizing these regulations.

Baron informed the committee that it took him 14 years to draft the mining code, describing it as a “deliberate strategy” to slow undersea mining.

He further claimed that a polymetallic nodule extracted by his company is now on President Trump’s desk in the Oval Office.

According to the US Geological Survey, it is estimated that nodules within the Clarion Clipperton Zone in the Eastern Pacific contain more nickel, cobalt, and manganese than all terrestrial reserves combined. This proposed mining zone spans half the size of the US between Mexico and Hawaii.

Committee Chair Paul Gosar, a Republican from Arizona, insisted that subsea mining is essential for liberating the US from China’s “supply chain control.”

China has recently placed export restrictions on several rare earth elements, raising concerns that American companies may face shortages in producing advanced electronic devices.

The House Committee also considered a study discussing the impact of submarine mining on the seafloor conducted by Thomas Peacock, a mechanical engineering professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, partially funded by metal companies.

Dr. Peacock indicated that there may be countless undiscovered species in the Clarion Clipperton Zone, suggesting that certain areas should be off-limits for mining. However, he noted that the anticipated environmental impacts of nodule mining might not be as severe as speculated.

He specifically minimized the risk of mining causing plumes of sand and debris that could harm seabed life, comparing the fragments to “grains of sand in a fishbowl.”

In attendance with Mr. Baron was the CEO of Impossible Metals, a future deep-sea mining company. Unlike other companies that use vacuum-like extraction technologies along the ocean floor, Impossible Metals claims to have developed machines that can collect nodules selectively without disturbing the seabed.

“Our underwater robots hover to gather mineral-rich nodules from the seabed through AI-guided selective harvesting,” explained Oliver Gunasekara, CEO of Impossible Metals. “We avoid all visible marine life and leave 60% untouched.”

The company has reapplied for permission to conduct operations in US Samoa. Gunasekara noted that their previous applications were rejected during the Biden administration, but with new leadership in both American Samoa and Washington, he is optimistic about gaining approval.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Pfizer CEO: Tariff Uncertainty Hindering US Investment in Manufacturing and R&D

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Pfizer CEO Albert Bourla remarked on Tuesday that uncertainties surrounding President Donald Trump’s Drug Tariff are hindering the company’s ability to pursue further investments in U.S. manufacturing and R&D.

During the company’s Q1 Revenue Call, Bourla responded to inquiries about Pfizer’s expectations regarding tariff negotiations, emphasizing the need for increased investments in the U.S.

“If there’s a guarantee of no tariffs… significant investments could be made in both R&D and manufacturing here,” Bourla stated, emphasizing the company’s desire for “certainty.”

“In times of uncertainty, everyone is focused on minimizing costs, as we are, leading to frugal investment practices. We are poised to allocate funds; that’s what I hope to see,” Bourla commented.

He highlighted that the current tax climate, which previously favored overseas manufacturing, is “undergoing significant changes” with the establishment of a global minimum tax around 15%. Bourla expressed concerns that these changes alone do not necessarily make the U.S. a more appealing investment destination without added tariff incentives or clarity.

“I spoke with [Trump], and I believe he aims to modify the existing tax framework, particularly for domestically produced goods,” Bourla said, indicating that further reductions could incentivize U.S. manufacturing.

In contrast to other companies navigating shifting trade policies, Pfizer did not alter its full-year forecast on Tuesday. Nevertheless, the company noted in a revenue statement that its guidance “currently does not account for any potential impacts related to future tariffs or trade policy changes, which remain unpredictable.”

In the revenue call, Pfizer executives mentioned that the guidance reflects $150 million in expenses attributed to Trump’s existing tariffs.

“The guidance we didn’t address today includes some of the current tariffs,” stated Pfizer CFO Dave Denton over the phone.

“We believe we are still trending towards the upper end of the guidance range, even with these costs this year,” he added.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Reddit Users Participated in AI-Driven Experiments Without Their Consent

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Sure! Here’s a rewritten version of your content, preserving the HTML structure:

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                <img class="Image" alt="" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/29124741/SEI_249299022.jpg?width=2006 2006w" loading="eager" fetchpriority="high" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2478323" data-caption="The logo of the social media platform Reddit" data-credit="Artur Widak/NurPhoto via Getty Image"/>
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                    <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Logo of the Social Media Platform Reddit</p>
                    <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Artur Widak/NurPhoto via Getty Images</p>
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    <p>Users of Reddit unknowingly participated in AI-driven experiments conducted by scientists, raising concerns about ethical practices in such research.</p>
    <p>The platform is organized into various "subreddits," each catering to specific interests, moderated by volunteers. One notable subreddit, <a href="https://www.reddit.com/r/changemyview/">R/ChangeMyView</a>, encourages discussions on controversial topics. Recently, a moderator informed users about unauthorized experiments conducted by researchers from the University of Zurich, using the subreddit as a testing ground.</p>

    <p>The study involved inserting over 1,700 comments into the subreddit, all produced by different large-scale language models (LLMs). These comments mimicked individuals posing as trauma counselors who had experienced abuse. An <a href="https://osf.io/atcvn?view_only=dcf58026c0374c1885368c23763a2bad">explanation of the comment generation process</a> indicates that researchers instructed AI models to disregard ethical concerns, claiming users had provided consent to use their data.</p>
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    <p>A <a href="https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Eo4SHrKGPErTzL1t_QmQhfZGU27jKBjx/view">draft version</a> of the research findings revealed that AI-generated comments were found to be three to six times more persuasive than those authored by humans, based on how often they swayed opinions. The authors noted that users on <em>R/ChangeMyView</em> did not express concerns regarding AI involvement in the comments, suggesting a seamless integration of AI bots into the community.</p>
    <p>Following the revelation of the experiment, subreddit moderators raised complaints with the University of Zurich. Despite the project's prior approval from the Ethics Committee, moderators did not disclose researchers' identities but informed the community about the alleged manipulation.</p>
    <p>This experiment drew criticism from fellow academics. "At a time when criticism is prevalent, it is crucial for researchers to uphold higher standards and respect individuals' autonomy," stated <a href="https://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/staff/carissa-veliz">Carissa Veliz</a> from Oxford University. "In this instance, the researchers fell short."</p>

    <p>Scholars must demonstrate the ethical basis of research involving human subjects to university ethics committees before proceeding, and the study received approval from the University of Zurich. Veliz has contested this decision, stating, "The study relied on manipulation and deception involving non-consenting subjects, which seems unjust. It should have been designed to prevent such misrepresentation."</p>
    <p>"While research may allow for deceit, the reasoning behind this particular case is questionable," commented <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/matthodgkinson">Matt Hodgkinson</a>, a member of the Council of Publication Ethics Committee, albeit in a personal capacity. "It's ironic that participants need to deceive LLMs to assert their agreement. Do chatbots have higher ethical standards than universities?"</p>
    <p>When <em>New Scientist</em> reached out to the researchers through an anonymous email provided by a subreddit moderator, they declined to comment and called for a press conference at the University of Zurich.</p>
    <p>A university spokesperson stated, "The researchers are accountable for conducting the project and publishing results," adding that the ethics committee acknowledged the experiment was "very complex" and that participants should be "informed as much as possible."</p>
    <p>The University of Zurich plans to implement a stricter review process moving forward and aims to work more closely with the community on the platform before undertaking experimental research, the spokesperson reported. The investigation remains ongoing, and researchers have opted not to publish the paper formally, as confirmed by a spokesperson who declined to identify specific officials.</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Unveil the Key to the Perfect Plate of Pasta

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Italian scientists have figured out how to achieve a flawlessly creamy pasta sauce each time by delving into the physics of cooking Cacio E Pepe.

Cacio E Pepe translates to “cheese and pepper” and is a classic Italian dish made with pasta, Pecorino Romano cheese, and black pepper.

Despite its simplicity, this recipe can easily be mishandled. Combining warm pasta water with cheese can lead to a sticky clump of cheese and watery pasta instead of a smooth, creamy sauce.

Researchers from the University of Barcelona in Spain, the Max Planck Institute for Complex Systems Physics in Germany, the University of Padova in Italy, and the Institute of Science and Technology in Austria collaborated to analyze the science behind a creamy Cacio E Pepe sauce.

To achieve a completely creamy pasta sauce like Cacio E Pepe, the starch in pasta water serves as a crucial stabilizer when mixed with cheese – Photo Credit: Getty

“We are Italians living abroad,” said Dr. Ivan di Terlizzi from the Max Planck Institute. “We often gather for dinner and enjoy traditional dishes.

“While cooking Cacio E Pepe, I thought this would be an intriguing physical system to investigate and explain. Plus, it served a practical purpose to avoid wasting good Pecorino.

A recent study, published in Liquid Physics by the American Institute of Physics, revealed that the secret to a creamy, cheesy sauce lies in the water.

Typically, fats like oils and cheese should not mix with water. However, the starch in the pasta water, when added to the cheese, acts as a stabilizer to create creamy emulsions.

Research author Dr. Daniel Busiello explained to BBC Science Focus that when cheese is heated, its proteins “change composition” and stick together.

“But starch mitigates this effect by binding to cheese proteins, reducing their direct interactions and thereby limiting aggregation,” he detailed.

According to scientists, the ideal pasta water for a creamy Cacio E Pepe sauce contains about 2-3% starch, and they advise against accidentally leaving starch in your water.

“Starch is a critical ingredient, and its quantity can be precisely measured. Therefore, we recommend using accurately measured amounts of starch,” Da Terlizzi said. “This can only be achieved if you have the correct amount of powdered starch in proportion to the cheese you are using.”

As a result, the researchers suggest adding a measured amount of potato starch or corn flour to the water, rather than pouring raw pasta water directly into the pan.

They also recommend allowing the water to cool before incorporating the cheese.

For perfect creaminess, scientists advise first mixing the water and starch, then combining this starch-water mixture with the cheese, adding it all to the pan, and slowly heating it. Finally, add the black pepper and pasta.

Busiello noted that the scientists’ recipe “remains faithful to Italian traditions,” with the only alteration being the use of powdered starch to maintain control over the amount used.

“An experienced chef probably does not require our recipe,” he remarked. “However, we offer a method to ensure that traditional Cacio E Pepe can be prepared even in challenging situations, like cooking large amounts of pasta, effortlessly.”

“Of course, we tested this method with over two kilograms of pasta, and all our guests enjoyed it!”

Busiello added that measuring starch could also benefit other Italian pasta dishes, such as spaghetti Aglio e olio and Carbonara, which also rely on pasta water and cheese sauce.

Read more:

About our experts

Dr. Daniel M. Busiello is a distinguished PKS fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Dresden, Germany, and works as an independent researcher. He previously studied at the University of Salerno and Pisa before completing his PhD in Entropy Production in Non-equilibrium Systems at Padova University.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

This Massive “Zombie” Volcano Might Still Be Active After All

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Bolivian “zombie” volcanoes are displaying signs of activity; however, scientists assure that the risk of an eruption is minimal at this time.

The majestic summit of the Central Andes, Uturuncu, last erupted around 250,000 years ago.

For many years, researchers have noted unusual occurrences, including minor earthquakes and distinctive “sombrero” ground deformation patterns. The center of the volcano is gradually rising while the surrounding land sinks.

The cause of this phenomenon has yet to be determined.

A recent study published in the journal PNAS has identified pressure pockets, indicating that heated liquids and gases are still in motion beneath Uturuncu, causing surface deformations.

An international team of researchers from China, the UK, and the US has leveraged seismic data from over 1,700 earthquakes to create the most detailed three-dimensional representations of the volcano’s subsurface structure.

They discovered liquid rock rising from the Altiplano Puna Magma body, a large reservoir of partially melted rock located deep within the Andes.

GPS station with Cerro Uturuncu in the background. – Duncan Muir, Cardiff University

As these liquids ascend through narrow vertical channels, they gather just below the summit of the volcano, creating a reservoir of gas and brine. Instead of new magma being injected, this fluid movement seems to sustain Uturuncu’s ongoing activity.

“Our findings illustrate how integrated geophysical and geological methods can enhance our understanding of volcanoes and the hazards and potential resources they entail,” stated Professor Mike Kendall from Oxford University, a co-author of the study.

Notably, the researchers found that gas accumulation underground is relatively low, indicating a reduced likelihood of a significant eruption at this time.

These findings are intended to reassure the local community while highlighting the need for ongoing monitoring. Uturuncu is among numerous “zombie” volcanoes globally; these are classified as dormant yet still exhibit internal movement.

“This methodology can be applied to over 1,400 potentially active volcanoes,” remarked co-author Professor Matthew Pritchard from Cornell University. “This approach may also be relevant to other dormant volcanoes like Uturuncu that demonstrate signs of life.”

Currently, Uturuncu remains restless beneath the surface but is not prepared to awaken just yet.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Discovery of Glowing Dark Clouds and Molecules Near Earth

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Stars and planets arise from swirling clouds of cosmic gas and dust, primarily composed of hydrogen and other molecular elements. On Monday, astronomers announced the discovery of the closest known cloud to Earth, a vast, crescent-shaped region teeming with potential for star formation.

This cloud, located approximately 300 light-years from our solar system, has been named after EOS, the Greek goddess of dawn. It is the first molecular cloud identified through hydrogen fluorescence, according to Blakeley Burkhart, an astrophysicist at Rutgers University.

“If you observe these clouds in the sky, they’re enormous,” Dr. Burkhart stated. The findings were published in conjunction with a colleague in the Nature Astronomy Journal. She also remarked, “It literally glows in the darkness.”

Investigating clouds like EO, especially regarding their hydrogen content, could reshape astronomers’ understanding of the galactic material available for planet and star formation. This research also provides insights into the rates of formation and destruction of the materials that fuel these processes.

“For the first time, we are observing this hidden reservoir of hydrogen that can create stars,” explained Thavisha Dharmawardena, an astronomer at New York University and co-author of the study. Following the discovery of EOS, astronomers expressed a desire to identify more hydrogen-rich clouds.

Molecular hydrogen, which consists of two hydrogen atoms, is the universe’s most abundant substance. This stellar nursery contains it abundantly. However, detecting these molecules from the ground is challenging because they emit light at wavelengths easily absorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere.

In contrast, carbon monoxide—composed of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom—is simpler to detect. It emits light at longer wavelengths, making it accessible for observation with radio telescopes commonly used to identify star-forming clouds.

EOS eluded detection for a long time due to its unexpected nature and low carbon monoxide levels.

Dr. Burkhart identified the cloud while analyzing data from approximately 20 years earlier from the Far-Ultraviolet Imaging Spectrograph (FIMS), an instrument aboard a Korean satellite. She found molecular hydrogen signatures in areas where she believed no molecular cloud existed and collaborated with Dr. Dharmawardena for deeper investigation.

“At this stage, I was familiar with nearly every molecular cloud by name,” Dr. Dharmawardena noted. “I had no awareness of this particular structure; I couldn’t comprehend it.”

Dr. Dharmawardena confirmed the discovery against the 3D map of interstellar dust in our galaxy, which was developed using data from the now-retired Gaia Space Telescope. “EOS was distinctly outlined and visible,” she commented. “It’s a stunning structure.”

John Black, an astronomer at Sweden’s Chalmers Institute of Technology, lauded the methods used to unveil EOS, though he was not part of the research team.

“It’s remarkable to witness molecular hydrogen firsthand and trace the outline of this cloud,” Dr. Black remarked. He added that, compared to carbon monoxide, hydrogen reveals the “authentic shape and size” of EOS.

Utilizing molecular hydrogen data, astronomers estimated the mass of EO to be about 3,400 times that of our Sun, significantly exceeding the carbon monoxide-based estimate of 20 solar masses.

Dr. Burkhart suggested that similar carbon monoxide measurements may underrepresent the mass of other molecular clouds. She emphasized the significance of this finding in stellar formation, as larger clouds can spawn larger stars.

In a follow-up study, EOS, which remains unreviewed, revealed that the cloud has not produced a star previously. However, the future potential for star formation remains uncertain.

Dr. Burkhart collaborated with a team of astronomers to conceptualize a NASA spacecraft named EOS, which inspired the cloud’s name. This proposed space telescope aims to map molecular hydrogen content in clouds across the galaxy, including its namesake.

Such a mission could enhance our understanding of the potential for more concealed clouds and known stellar clouds to contribute to star and planet formation.

“I genuinely don’t know how stars and planets come into being,” Dr. Burkhart admitted. “By observing molecular hydrogen firsthand, we can gain insights into how the birthplaces of stars form and how they ultimately fade away.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

When Trump Halts the Study, the Experimental Animal is Euthanized

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On April 1, the Trump administration initiated its budget cuts, impacting Morgantown, W.Va. Federal scientists were focusing on health and safety concerns for American workers. That morning, hundreds of staff members at the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health learned they had been laid off and would lose building access.

More than 900 lab animals remained on site. The institute managed to transfer approximately two-thirds (mainly mice) to a university lab, as reported by two recently terminated employees. Unfortunately, the remaining 300 animals were euthanized last week.

In recent months, the Trump administration aimed to reformat American research, resulting in mass firings of federal scientists, withdrawal of active research grants, and proposals to fund essential laboratory operations.

These actions have disbanded various research initiatives and significantly affected lab animals, crucial for much of the nation’s biomedical research.

“Many animals will face sacrifice—they will be terminated,” remarked a researcher on the potential use of non-animal alternatives at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.

Experts indicate that predicting the total impact is challenging, as much of the administration’s actions are embroiled in legal disputes. Furthermore, animal research is often discreet, leaving no clear count of animals in U.S. laboratories.

Numerous scientists are hesitant to discuss the fate of lab animals due to fears of backlash from animal rights activists or retaliation from employers or the administration. Many requests for interviews with research facilities remain unanswered.

“It’s a terrible situation for them,” Dr. Rock stated. “Retaining animals can incur high costs, while sacrificing them can provoke public outrage.”

Some animal rights advocates welcome the uncertainty, even if it leads to euthanasia. However, many researchers feel devastated by the dual loss—many animals could perish without contributing to scientific knowledge.

“We don’t engage with animals lightly,” said pulmonary toxicologist Kyle Mandler, recently laid off from the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, part of the CDC. He was in the midst of research on harmful dust generated in certain construction materials. About 20 of his mice were euthanized last week, leaving his study incomplete and without data.

“Knowing that their lives and sacrifices were completely wasted is both depressing and infuriating,” he expressed.

The Department of Health and Human Services did not directly respond to inquiries regarding the seized Morgantown animals. However, an unnamed HHS official stated via email that changes at NIOSH are part of a “broader reorganization,” integrating multiple programs for a healthier U.S.

“Staffing and operational adjustments occur in phases,” the statement noted. “Animal care operations are ongoing, and HHS is committed to upholding all federal animal welfare standards throughout this transition.”

Sudden halt

In recent years, many countries, including the U.S., have shifted away from animal research due to its costs and ethical concerns, often poor relevance to human outcomes. This month, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration revealed plans to phase out animal testing requirements for certain drugs, favoring three-dimensional human organ models made from lab-grown cells, like organoids and “organs on a chip.”

Experts agree these emerging technologies show great promise. However, for the time being, lab animals remain vital to biomedical research, with some arguing that certain data can only be gathered through animal studies.

“We aim to exit this realm,” stated Naomi Charalanbakis, director of science policy at a nonprofit advocating for the continuation of animal use in biomedical research. “But we’re not there yet.”

Research involving lab animals requires careful planning over years, stable funding, and skilled veterinarians and technicians for daily care. The Trump administration’s actions jeopardize all of this.

At the NIOSH facility in Morgantown, initial budget cuts encompassed animal care staff. “But they resisted, insisting they couldn’t leave while animals remained on site,” said a former lab technician.

After the Trump administration froze funding at Harvard this month, researchers developing a new tuberculosis vaccine faced the grim prospect of euthanizing rhesus macaques. This study and the monkeys were saved only after private donors stepped in to provide funding.

Animals involved in halted projects might be relocated to different labs, but others may be undergoing experimental treatments or exposure to pathogens or toxins. Many are retained to illustrate specific behavioral or health vulnerabilities, and lab animals, not being wild, cannot simply be released. Experts noted that the sudden influx of surplus lab animals may overwhelm the nation’s animal sanctuaries.

Anne Linder, associate director of the Animal Law and Policy Program at Harvard Law School, expressed concern that the fate of many lab animals would hinge on the “whims and temperament” of individual researchers and lab staff.

“In the absence of oversight, some decisions may be misguided, driven by harsh needs rather than the welfare of the animals involved,” she said in an email.

Cost reduction

Many researchers have expressed concerns regarding the National Institutes of Health’s attempts to impose severe caps on “indirect costs” related to scientific research, including those tied to maintaining animal care facilities.

A federal judge halted the NIH from implementing these funding caps, but the agency has appealed. Should these policies pass, the repercussions could be disastrous for institutions utilizing non-human primates in their research.

The Washington National Center for Research on Primates, located at the University of Washington, houses over 800 non-human primates. The indirect funding cap represents a loss of around $5 million annually, forcing the colony’s size to shrink, according to director Deborah Fuller.

“This could shatter the entire infrastructure we’ve established,” she cautioned.

If that occurs, the center will strive to find new homes for the animals, yet other research facilities share similar issues, and primate sanctuaries may struggle to accommodate the influx.

As a last resort, primates may have to be euthanized. “This is the worst-case scenario,” warned Sally Thompson Iritani, assistant deputy director of the university’s research department. “Even if it’s uncomfortable to consider, it’s a possibility.”

For some animal rights advocates, the reduction of federal animal research facilities is a cause for celebration. “For many of these animals, euthanasia before experimentation may be the best scenario,” noted Justin Goodman, senior vice president of the White Coat Waste Project, a nonprofit advocating for the cessation of federally funded animal research. (He did stress that finding new homes for lab animals would be preferable.)

Deluciana Winder, director of the Institute for Animal Law and Policy at Vermont Law School, hopes that these cuts could lead to the closure of the National Primate Center. Nevertheless, she expressed concern that reductions at the USDA could weaken already lax oversight of lab animal welfare.

Dr. Locke believes the crisis could serve as a “wake-up call” for the nation to pursue alternatives to animal research, albeit in a thoughtful manner.

“I don’t find it acceptable to cull millions of animals from research,” Dr. Locke stated. “It’s not socially or scientifically acceptable. We need to acknowledge that it’s a likely outcome.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

Explore Remarkable Wildlife of the Panama Canal

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

“Come with me,” Nando instructed. “I know its location.”

It was late morning, warm, humid, and serene. As we made our way along the path filtered through the jungle’s trellis-like hue, beams of sunlight pierced through the foliage. A colossal cargo vessel, several hundred yards away, was laden with containers lining the Panama Canal. Yet, it felt like an entirely different realm.

We strolled alongside the verdant banks of the fragrant rainforest, home to countless birds. I was on a quest for something particular.

In a vibrant clearing of woodlands, it appeared just like all the others to me. Our guide paused.

“Who is, Who is, Who is,” he called softly, then listened intently.

“I can’t rely on my eyes,” he murmured. “You need to use your ears.”

When he called for the third time, I listened and responded softly. Who is, Who is, Who is.

It was incredible. Nando was communicating with birds.

A stout, small striped antpipit alighted on a branch nearby. I stood there, utterly mesmerized as the man and the bird gently exchanged calls.

“This is the same bird I’ve been calling for years,” Nando expressed with delight in his voice.

“You mean the same species?” I asked.

“No, no,” he grinned. “The very same individual. That bird has become very dear to me.”

In that brief moment, a profound connection blossomed between man and bird, creating lasting memories during our recent travels in Panama.

This past December, my family and I ventured into birdwatching in Panama. The country is rapidly developing its ecotourism sector and operates in the same time zone as Chicago, minimizing jet lag for most Americans. The Panama Canal holds a rich cosmopolitan history, serving as a habitat for both immigrant and indigenous bird species, from magnificent frigatebirds soaring through the sky to charming forest birds, skillfully highlighted by Nando.

This is also why the Panama Canal was built in the early 20th century, revolutionizing global trade and accounting for the abundance of birdlife here. It lies in the isthmus between North and South America, bordered by the world’s largest oceans, the Pacific and Atlantic. With everything from sun-soaked beaches to cool, forested mountains reaching over 10,000 feet, this area showcases dramatically varying altitudes and climates.

Before Donald Trump took office, he proposed a trip to the canal, stirring discussions about reclaiming it. This topic didn’t gain much traction among the three birdwatching sites we visited. Fellow birdwatchers were too captivated by their sightings, and the locals we met largely dismissed the issue as bold and untroubling.

And as Nando remarked, “Everyone is aware of one aspect, but there’s so much more.”

I’ve learned to appreciate the nuances.

We began our journey in Panama City, established over 500 years ago and now a bustling trading hub. The old town is undergoing a renaissance, characterized by its red-brick streets. La Compania, once a monastery, now boasts a long bar beneath slowly swirling ceiling fans, offering cocktails that evoke a warm, romantic ambiance of old tropical charm. We also enjoyed delightful jazz music at Spikey’s, while Villaana reminded me of the elegant old houses of Savannah, Georgia.

Wildlife Amidst a Cargo Ship

On our first morning, we connected with Nando, whose full name is Ismael Hernando Kiros Miranda. He started his own birdwatching operation a few years ago, following a recommendation from someone in the hotel industry. As we journeyed from the city to the canal zone, he shared pieces of his life story.

“I was one of those who never had many opportunities,” he reflected.

He described how he cultivated crops and cut trees in his village after someone assaulted his father on their family farm. The natural world became his domain, and he dedicated years to learning about birds, trees, habitats, climate change, and Panama’s ecological systems.

Shortly after arriving at the canal zone, he and his son Ismael, who assists him, guided us to a red-lored parrot sailing through the sky—followed by a toucan that resembled a frog. We admired a brilliant social flycatcher and a pipit with striking yellow feathers. Nando ambled with his head slightly tilted, always listening intently. When he located a bird, he would use a laser pointer to help us focus on its position in the trees. By sunrise, golden rays touched the water, and by 9 AM, we had already spotted over 55 bird species.

However, our experience transcended mere birdwatching. My family are avid bird enthusiasts, and I realized that birdwatching opens the door to witnessing a plethora of other wonders. As we trailed behind Nando, we encountered vibrant blue morpho butterflies, odd-looking agoutis, leaf-cutter ants bustling across the jungle floor, and even wriggling red carpets. Off in the distance, the loud howls of monkeys echoed, although they remained hidden behind a thick curtain of cedar, ficus, giant fig trees, and towering bamboo.

“Oh, look at that,” my wife Courtney exclaimed, as a dragonfly buzzed around like a miniature helicopter.

“Helicopter dance fly,” Nando remarked. “Probably a female.”

His knowledge astounded me.

Magical Valley

After a successful day with Nando, we journeyed for two hours to a charming town called El Valle de Antón. Upon arrival, we noticed the homes were larger and the gardens even more enchanting. I spotted a traveler with a lovely backpack strolling along the main road, riding a few bicycles as we passed.

El Valle resembles a picturesque fairy tale, featuring a quaint hacienda with a red roof nestled among lush green mountains. At an elevation of 2,000 feet above Panama City, it boasts cooler temperatures and lower humidity, attracting travelers and affluent locals alike. New cafes with vibrant, painted tables lined the sidewalks. We indulged in delicious empanadas, and just thinking about their perfect crust and mouthwatering fillings makes me crave more. El Valle feels reminiscent of Bali Ubud two decades ago.

I spent two days at the Canopy Lodge, a cozy retreat crafted by birdwatchers for birdwatchers. On my first morning, I woke up early, grabbed my laptop, and tiptoed into the dining room.

“Hey!” a tall man exclaimed, appearing unexpectedly. “Did you spot the Rufous Motmot?”

It was 6:30 AM, and I was about to check my emails.

“It’s a stunning bird,” he remarked.

His outfit featured an impressive 3-foot-long camera rig, complete with a camouflage hood and a lens resembling a cannon.

The email waiting for me felt trivial and regretful. So, following his suggestion, I ventured through the bushes behind the kitchen and there it was: the Rufous Motmot, radiant in its deep colors—green, yellow, and blue feathers—and sporting a delicate racket tail swaying gracefully.

The Canopy Lodge forms part of a network of eco-friendly lodges initiated by Raul Arias de Para, an economist belonging to one of Panama’s notable families. “Panama,” he explained, “is a beautiful country, vastly different from the unfortunate stereotypes surrounding tax evasion and corruption.”

Raul collaborates with the Cornell Lab of Ornithology to establish a 24/7 Bird Camera behind the dining area. While dining and discussing birds, we observed tanagers, aracaris, woodpeckers, and barbets. Following this, we ventured into the nearby jungle for more birdwatching.

One highlight was visiting a banana farm, which turned a small, lush garden into a significant bird feeder. The farmer spoke little English, and my Spanish was lacking, so we quietly sat on his porch, eagerly watching colorful birds feast on bananas. My favorite was the red-legged honeycreeper, a diminutive wonder donned in vibrant blue with striking red legs.

Coconut Ice Cream, Caiman, Owl

Our final destination was Isla Palenque, a luxury resort on the Pacific coast of Panama. We returned to Panama City and caught a brief flight to the town of David. Here, with extended family, we enjoyed leisurely poolside moments, played soccer on the beach, and savored a sumptuous dinner (beef tenderloin stuffed with pasta in a delightful coffee sauce, fresh seafood, with lemon tart and coconut ice cream for dessert).

Beyond our villas, wildlife was abundant in the surrounding forest, and several resort staff members were naturalists like Nando. We continued to explore.

One evening, a young man named Francis took us on a walk where we encountered a rainbow beetle, a scorpion, a possum, and even a 3-foot-long caiman. At dawn, he led us to a palm grove, where a group of crested oropendolas were busy gathering long strands of grapes, floating gracefully, while crafting a nest that hung from trees like socks. I spent a delightful 15 minutes engrossed in their antics.

Francis mistakenly informed my 15-year-old son, Apollo, our family’s top birder, about the elusive and magnificent owls residing in the jungle. From that moment, Apollo consistently inquired of the resort staff about their sightings. On our final day, we embarked on a last-ditch effort to locate them.

Just minutes from our villa, we felt transported to a remote part of the jungle. We could hear birds but struggled to see them, as insects swarmed around us, and sweat dripped down our faces.

Francis raised his fist firmly, signaling us to stop suddenly as we seen in the military.

We halted immediately. He gestured subtly. I caught a glimpse of it.

Perched on a sunlit branch, the owl stared back at us with its large, radiant yellow eyes.

We were face to face with one of the most extraordinary creatures of the forest, led by sounds just as Nando had shown us on our first day.

Follow the New York Times Travel Above Instagram and Sign up for Travel Dispatch Newsletter for expert tips to travel smarter and inspiration for your next getaway. Dreaming of a future vacation or planning from your armchair? Discover 52 locations to explore in 2025.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Astronomers Discover Massive Molecular Hydrogen Clouds Close to the Solar System

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recently identified by astronomers, this newly discovered molecular cloud is one of the largest structures in the sky and is among the closest to the Sun and Earth ever detected.

The EOS Cloud is situated at the boundary of your local bubble—a region populated by large gases within the solar system. Image credits: Thomas Müller, HDA & MPIA/Thavisha Dharmawardena, NYU.

Molecular clouds consist of gas and dust, primarily composed of hydrogen, the most prevalent molecule in the universe and essential for the formation of all known stars and planets.

Additionally, these structures harbor other molecules, including carbon monoxide.

Traditional detection methods for molecular clouds often involve wireless and infrared observations, which readily capture the chemical signatures of carbon monoxide.

However, Blakely Burkhart, an astrophysicist from Rutgers University in New Brunswick, and his team took a different approach.

“This is the first molecular cloud discovered by directly seeking out the distant ultraviolet radiation of molecular hydrogen,” Dr. Burkhart stated.

“Our data revealed glowing hydrogen molecules detected through fluorescence in distant ultraviolet light. This cloud truly shines in the dark.”

The new molecular cloud, named EOS, was located approximately 300 light-years from Earth and can be viewed here.

It resides at the periphery of a local bubble, a region filled with gases surrounding the solar system.

Astronomers estimate that these crescent clouds are immense, spanning about 40 months across the sky and having a mass approximately 3,400 times that of the Sun.

They are projected to dissipate within 6 million years.

According to the research team, the EOS cloud poses no threat to Earth or the solar system.

Its proximity offers a unique opportunity to explore the properties of structures within the interstellar medium.

The interstellar medium, composed of gas and dust, fills the space between stars in the galaxy and is a key source for new star formation.

“When you look through a telescope, you observe the solar system in its formative phase, but the exact process remains unclear,” Dr. Burkhart explained.

“The discovery of EOS is thrilling because it allows us to directly measure how molecular clouds form and dissolve, as well as how galaxies transform interstellar gas and dust into stars and planets.”

The EOS Cloud was identified using data from the FIMS-Spear Far-ultraviolet spectrograph aboard the Korean satellite STSAT-1.

“Utilizing distant UV fluorescence technology could redefine our understanding of the interstellar medium, uncover hidden clouds across the galaxy, and even push our exploration further back to the very edge of the universe’s inception.”

The findings are reported in a study published today in the journal Nature Astronomy.

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B. Burke Hart et al. Dark molecular clouds near local bubbles revealed via H₂ fluorescence. Nature Astronomy. Published online on April 28, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02541-7

Source: www.sci.news

Physicists Claim Gravity Arises from Our Universe’s Computational Processes

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Melvin Vopson, a physicist from the University of Portsmouth, introduces a novel perspective on gravity.

This artist’s impression illustrates the evolution of the universe, starting with the Big Bang on the left. Then, the microwave background is depicted, followed by the formation of the first stars, which ends the dark ages of the universe, and continues with the emergence of galaxies. Image credit: M. Weiss/Harvard – Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

There is a theory positing that the entire universe is intrinsically informative and operates akin to a computational process, a perspective shared by many notable thinkers.

This line of thinking emerges from the domain of information physics, suggesting that physical reality is fundamentally composed of structured information.

In his latest paper, Dr. Vopson presents findings indicating that gravity stems from a computational process inherent in the universe.

He posits that gravity may be influenced by the organization of information related to matter throughout the universe.

Employing the second law of information dynamics, he demonstrates that universal matter and its objects could be considered as the universe endeavors to organize and compress information.

“My findings support the notion that the universe might operate like a vast computer, or that our reality represents a simulated configuration,” Dr. Vopson remarked.

“In the same way that computers strive to save space and enhance efficiency, the universe may do the same.”

“This presents a new outlook on gravity—it’s about the universe’s effort to stay organized, rather than simply pulling.”

Dr. Vopson has previously posited that information is fundamental and that all elementary particles harbor self-information, similar to how cells in biological entities carry DNA.

The current paper reveals how the spatial pixelation of fundamental cells serves as a medium for data storage, and how the information contained within these cells contributes to the physical properties and coordinates of space-time simulacra.

Each cell is capable of registering information in binary format, meaning an empty cell records a digital 0, while a cell containing matter records a digital 1.

“This process mirrors the design of a digital computer game, a virtual reality application, or other advanced simulations,” Dr. Vopson explained.

“As a single cell can accommodate multiple particles, the system evolves by relocating particles in space, merging them into a singular large particle within a single cell.”

“This sets the rules established in the computing system, causing attraction, which requires minimizing informational content and potentially reducing computational demand.”

“In simple terms, tracking and calculating the position and momentum of a single object is much more computationally efficient than managing multiple objects.”

“Therefore, gravitational attraction appears as yet another optimization mechanism within the computational process aimed at compressing information.”

“This study offers a fresh insight into gravity, affirming that its appeal arises from the fundamental urge to decrease information entropy in the universe.”

“The findings reveal significant conceptual and methodological distinctions, suggesting that gravity functions as a computational optimization process where matter self-organizes to lessen the complexity of encoding within space-time.”

“The broader implications of this work encompass fundamental physics topics, including black hole thermodynamics, dark matter, dark energy considerations, and potential links between gravity and quantum information theory.”

“The question of whether the universe is fundamentally a computational structure remains unresolved.”

This paper was published in the journal on April 25th, 2025, in AIP Advances.

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Melvin M. Vopson. 2025. Is there evidence of gravity in the computational universe? AIP Advances 15, 045035; doi:10.1063/5.0264945

Source: www.sci.news

Hubble Space Telescope Observes Deformed Spiral Galaxy: NGC 1961

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Hubble team has unveiled a breathtaking new series of images showcasing the majestic Spiral Galaxy NGC 1961, featuring NASA/ESA Hubble’s cosmic insights.

This Hubble image depicts the Spiral Galaxy NGC 1961. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/J. Dalcanton/RJ Foley, UC Santa Cruz/C. Kilpatrick.

NGC 1961 is located about 190 million light-years away in the constellation Camelopardalis.

This spiral galaxy spans 240,000 light-years, making it the largest member of a small group of ten galaxies.

NGC 1961 was first discovered by German and British astronomer William Herschel on December 3, 1788.

French astronomer Guillaume Bigon observed the galaxy on December 22, 1891, and it was cataloged as IC 2133.

NGC 1961 displays a distinctive perturbation that led to its classification as ARP 184.

“The designation ARP 184 is derived from Halton Arp’s 1966 Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies,” the Hubble astronomers noted.

“The 338 galaxies listed in the Atlas often exhibit unusual shapes, lacking perfect oval or spiral forms.”

“Many of these galaxies are in interaction with others, while some show characteristics of duster galaxies without well-defined structures.”

“ARP 184 earned its spot in the catalog due to its prominent, elongated spiral arm extending towards us,” they elaborated.

“The galaxy’s far side shows clusters of gas and stars but lacks a similarly impressive spiral arm.”

The latest images of NGC 1961 include optical and near-infrared data captured by Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) and Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3).

“This Hubble image merges data from three short observation programs that fit into time gaps between other proposals,” the astronomer explained.

“One of these programs focuses on ARP 184 due to its unique structure.”

“It reviewed galaxies in the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies, compiled by Halton Arp and Barry Madore, among others, along with catalogues of singular galaxies in the southern hemisphere.”

The remaining two programs aimed to study transient astronomical events, including supernovae and tidal disruption phenomena.

“Given that ARP 184 has hosted four known supernovae in the past 30 years, it has become a prime target for supernova research.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Indicates Vesta Lacks a Metal Core

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent analysis of data from NASA’s Dawn Spacecraft indicates that Vesta, the second-largest asteroid in our solar system, has not fully differentiated into a metallic core, silicate mantle, or basaltic crust.

NASA’s Dawn Spacecraft studied Vesta from July 2011 to September 2012. The towering mountains of Antarctica, more than twice the height of Mount Everest, can be seen at the bottom of the image. A set of three craters known as ‘snowmen’ can be found in the top left. Image credits: NASA/JPL-CALTECH/UCLA/MPS/DLR/IDA.

First discovered by Heinrich Wilhelm Olbers on March 29, 1807, Vesta is the only significant asteroid visible to the naked eye.

It completes a rotation in 5.34 hours, orbits the Sun in 3.63 years, and has an elongated shape with dimensions of 286 x 279 x 223 km.

Due to its substantial size, Vesta is regarded as a differentiated body with a core and mantle, similar to our own planet.

“There has been significant effort put into this research,” noted Dr. Seth Jacobson, a researcher from Michigan State University, along with his colleagues.

“One possibility is that Vesta has undergone incomplete differentiation, meaning it initiated the necessary melting process to create distinct layers such as a core, mantle, and crust, but never completed it.”

“Another theory suggests that Vesta is a fragment of a larger body that contributed to the formation of planets in the solar system.”

“The Jet Propulsion Laboratory has played a crucial role in this research,” explained Dr. Ryan Park, a senior research scientist and principal engineer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“After nearly ten years of advancements in calibration and processing technology, we have achieved remarkable consistency between the Dawn spacecraft’s Deep Space Network data and its onboard imaging data.”

“We were eager to see the strength of the data in revealing Vesta’s deep interior.”

“Our findings suggest that Vesta’s history is far more complex than previously thought, influenced by unique processes such as interrupted planetary differentiation and late-stage collisions.”

Celestial bodies with dense cores behave differently from those without cores.

With this newfound understanding, researchers assessed Vesta’s rotation and gravitational field.

The findings indicate that Vesta’s behavior contradicts previous notions about core formation.

“To confirm whether Vesta is an ancient remnant from a planetary formation, we need to develop more models and refine our analyses,” stated Dr. Jacobson.

“Scientists can also adapt their methodologies for studying Vesta’s materials to delve deeper into both hypotheses.”

“Further research can be conducted using innovative approaches to the Dawn mission data.”

“Our publications mark the beginning of a new research direction and could fundamentally alter how scientists perceive differentiated worlds.”

Read the paper published in the journal Natural Astronomy.

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RS Park et al. Vesta’s small core is inferred from Dawn’s observations. Nature Astronomy published online on April 23, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02533-7

Source: www.sci.news

A Small Herbivorous Dinosaur Unearthed in Scotland

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Lead by a team of paleontologists from the National Museum of Scotland, this specimen is recognized as the first and most complete dinosaur skeleton discovered in Scotland to date.

The artist’s impression of Ornishkia’s dinosaurs. Image credit: Peter Trusler.

The newly identified specimen originates from the mid-Jurassic period, approximately 166 million years ago.

“Dinosaurs from the Triassic and Early Jurassic were typically small, bipedal, and carnivorous or omnivorous. However, by the late Jurassic, a remarkable diversification occurred, leading to the emergence of some of the largest terrestrial vertebrates to ever walk the Earth,” stated Dr. Elsa Pansilolli, a paleontologist and her colleagues at the National Museum of Scotland.

“This significant diversification in dinosaur species appears to have primarily occurred during the mid-Jurassic period, positioning these dinosaurs as key elements for understanding the drivers behind this rapid evolution.”

“Unfortunately, central Jurassic dinosaur fossils are exceedingly rare and underrepresented globally,” they added.

“Consequently, the early evolutionary history and major diversification of many dinosaur groups remain largely unknown.”

“Thus, new dinosaur findings from the central Jurassic are critical for unwinding the development of ecosystems dominated by dinosaurs.”

A 166 million-year-old skeleton of Ornithikian dinosaurs from the Kilmalag Formation on the Isle of Skye. Image credit: Pansilolli et al., doi: 10.1017/s1755691024000148.

Partial dinosaur skeletons were initially discovered in 1973, but the collection was only completed in 2018.

“The specimen comprises numerous bones and fragments that seem to originate from a single bedding plane within an area measuring approximately 60 cm x 40 cm,” remarked the paleontologist.

The skeleton was uncovered in the Kilmalag Formation, located north of the village of Ergol on the Isle of Skye.

This representation includes Scotland’s most comprehensive fossils, with its initial discovery preceding the earliest reported dinosaur fossils from Skye.

“The central Jurassic in Scotland is becoming more representative of fossil finds from the Kilmalag Formation, increasing its global significance in understanding this period of tetrapod evolution,” the researchers indicated.

“Despite being fragmented, it remains the most intact dinosaur specimen known from Scotland, including partial ilium, nerve arches, rib parts, and other key elements.”

The dinosaurs from the Middle Jurassic are likely Ornithischian Dinosaurs, known as Ornithopoda.

“If the specimen is confirmed to represent Ornithischian, as suggested by the partial iliac bone and histological sections, it signifies a geologically recent event in Scotland, originating from the Kilmalag Formation,” the scientist noted.

The team’s study has been published in the journal Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.

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Elsa Panchiroli et al. The first and most complete dinosaur skeleton from the central Jurassic region of Scotland. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Published online on March 6, 2025. doi:10.1017/s1755691024000148

Source: www.sci.news

How Do Cats Express Themselves? – Sciworthy

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

If you’ve ever had a pet cat, you know they are masters of communication. Cats were domesticated over 10,000 years ago, learning to mix body language with an assortment of meows, purrs, and chirps to express their needs to humans. I also have a cat colony with complex social relationships based on factors like rank, age, sexual status, and genetics. So how do they “speak” to each other?

Researchers have indicated that other mammals, including primates, communicate using facial signals. For example, gorillas often mirror each other’s facial expressions while playing; this phenomenon is known as rapid imitation of faces. Scientists correlate emotional perception with this rapid facial imitation, which may have evolved as a precursor to human empathy. Veterinarians are particularly aware of how cats exhibit different facial expressions when experiencing fear, irritation, relaxation, or pain. They often display certain behaviors when scared, and lick their noses and hiss when annoyed. However, it’s unclear whether cats in colonies and multi-cat households use imitation of facial signals.

Researchers in Israel and the United States have recently developed a new automated approach to determine if domestic cats utilize facial mimicry. Historically, researchers have compared animal facial expressions by manually recording specific movements based on standardized facial action coding systems.FACS. Other scientists tracked changes in facial shape by observing particular reference points.Landmarks on the faces of animals. Since both methods are time-intensive and subjective, the research team suggested machine learning could expedite the process and reduce bias.

The team analyzed 186 videos of 53 adult short-haired cats. Catcafe Lounge in Los Angeles, California, recorded between August 2021 and June 2022. Related to social interaction, they classified neutral or antagonistic interactions such as staring and hissing as non-intimate interactions. The hypothesis was that cats would mirror each other’s faces more frequently during interactions compared to those who are not acquainted, similar to other mammals that use facial mimicry to bond.

Initially, researchers tested whether machine learning models could accurately classify cat interactions in the videos. They utilized a model known as a tree-based pipeline optimization tool.TPOT, previously used for sorting genetic data. Starting from a manually assembled CATFACS dataset, they tracked 48 different movements involving the lips, ears, and eyes in the videos. They trained TPOT on 147 videos using the CATFACS dataset and tested its accuracy on another 37. The model successfully identified interactions based on the leaders’ facial movements in 74% of the videos.

Following that, the researchers examined how well TPOT characterized cat interactions based on facial landmarks, including 48 reference points covering the eyes, ears, nose, and mouth. They began with anautomatic landmark system that quantified cat facial signals from the video footage. The benefit of automating this approach is that it can capture rapid, subtle movements that humans might overlook. They trained TPOT with over 87,000 video frames using the automated landmark data and tested it on 22,000 frames. They found that TPOT’s ability to classify landmark-based facial signals was not more accurate than that of CATFACS-based signals, suggesting that fully automated landmarks could actually be more prone to error than manual tracking.

Finally, the researchers analyzed the comprehensive CATFACS dataset using TPOT to determine when one cat mimics some or all of another cat’s facial expressions. Supporting their hypothesis, they discovered that cats statistically mimicked each other more during social interactions than during unrelated ones. They also found that cats commonly mimic each other’s ear movements. Their results affirm previous claims that cats use their ears for communication, but they acknowledged that cats might also respond to external sounds instead of each other.

The team concluded that, much like other mammals, cats utilize rapid facial mimics to communicate. They suggested that these facial cues help cats within colonies navigate their intricate social environments and coexist peacefully. However, they also recognized that improving automated landmark-based facial tracking could involve using more cameras or conducting tests in controlled environments to minimize external influences. Regardless, they proposed that automated tracking of cat facial signals could someday enhance the success of living arrangements in shelters and among veterinarians.

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Source: sciworthy.com

The Pennsylvania Museum Presents a Sanctuary Beneath the Artist’s Glass Dome

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

This article forms part of the museum’s special feature on how artists and institutions are evolving in response to a changing world.

“Super/Natural”—an immersive, dome-shaped stained glass artwork by Judith Schaechter—truly comes to life from within.

Entering through the small portal, one is enveloped by vibrant glows of birds, stars, insects, and fantastical plants and roots in optimal lighting. Earlier this year, I had the chance to experience it firsthand in Schaechter’s home studio, and I felt a unique blend of serenity and admiration.

This evokes a thoughtful design. Such illumination profoundly affects human emotions, a truth acknowledged by medieval architects and glass artisans centuries ago.

“I’m not particularly religious, but it’s hard not to feel a sense of reverence and awe when stepping into the dome,” noted Chief Curator Laura Turner Igo. The James A. Michener Museum in Doylestown, Pennsylvania, currently features nine glass panels and two related drawings that delve into the eight-foot-tall artwork and our connection to the universe. The exhibition, Super/Natural, opened on April 12th and extends through September 14th.

“You’re enveloped by a riot of plants, insects, and birds,” Igo explained. “Skeletons and bones are present, representing both the splendor of life and the interconnectedness of death and decay. It’s beautiful yet slightly unnerving.”

Schaechter created this exquisite piece during her recent tenure as an artist-in-residence at the Penn Neurotherapy Center in Philadelphia, situated about 40 miles from Michener. The center was on her radar due to her interest in literature regarding the science of consciousness and beauty, often referred to as the “aesthetic brain.” I will oversee the center’s various activities.

When Schaechter reached out a few years back, she found that the center frequently hosts artists, and the timing coincided with the end of the current residents’ term. Excitedly, she volunteered for the next opportunity.

Upon arrival, she aimed to create an immersive experience that positions humans at the center of a “three-layer cosmos,” as she described in a video interview. The resulting structure serves as a serene and enigmatic sanctuary.

Dr. Chatterjee remarked that he wasn’t surprised by the emotional impact of Schaechter’s work. “Usually, feelings of reverence arise in the presence of vastness, making individuals feel small and connected to something greater,” he mentioned in an email interview. “The brain’s network that triggers contemplation and rewards likely gets activated. This can lead to the release of endogenous endorphins related to transcendence, as well as the pleasant emotions of oxytocin associated with connection.”

Schaechter began her BFA at the Rhode Island School of Design in 1983 and was recently honored with the 2024 Smithsonian Visionary Award. She is represented by the Claire Oliver Gallery, and her works are part of collections at both the Philadelphia Museum and the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.

“No one works in glass quite like Judith,” Igo said. She recounted her recent visit to the Met, where she viewed “Garden Landscape,” a three-part stained glass window crafted by Agnes Northrop at Louis Comfort Tiffany’s studio. “Such artworks likely share the immersive quality and technique of ‘Super/Natural,'” she noted, referencing Maxfield Parrish’s “Dream Garden.”

“Of course, Northrop’s work was produced by a larger studio, while Judith meticulously crafted every piece for ‘Super/Natural,'” she added.

Last month, Schaechter discussed her work in a video interview from a beautifully restored 19th-century row house in Philadelphia. The conversation was edited for clarity and brevity.

What artistic goals did you set during your residency at the Penn Neuroaesthetics Center?

They focus on three core themes: beauty and morality, the built environment and wellness, and the relationship with art.

I aimed to undertake a project that confronted issues of beauty and morality, yet I yearned for artistic inspiration. At the onset of my residency, I delved into natural history illustrations, particularly those created by women, which had been one of the few acceptable art forms for women in the 17th and 18th centuries. I found Maria Sibilla Merian’s work particularly inspiring. These artists aimed to render nature objectively, yet their work often appeared more artistic than scientific. I sought to explore this intersection.

What is your experience like at the center?

The atmosphere is fascinating, accommodating around 15 individuals at any time. There are undergraduate students, many of whom are pursuing dual majors in artistic disciplines like architecture and fine art. There is also a medical student focused on plastic surgery who is keen on aesthetics for evident reasons. Weekly lab meetings gather everyone to share project updates, including both Dr. Chatterjee and myself.

Reflecting on my experience in “Super/Natural,” why do you believe glass, particularly the way it interacts with light, evokes such a sense of awe?

I think it has a biological basis. We have an inherent physical response to light, particularly when it’s refracted through glass. Colored light holds a certain magic; it isn’t simply perceived as absence. Most artworks are intended to be appreciated in reflected light since, as humans, we aren’t designed to gaze directly at the sun. Thus, the role of stained glass artists is to modulate that light, rendering it visible.

It’s as though you can reach out and touch the light; glass lets you momentarily grasp something ethereal.

Indeed, people are captivated by radiant light. Just think of how someone might place an empty vodka bottle in a kitchen window to catch the light. It doesn’t always have to be extravagant to be appreciated. There lies an extraordinary resonance in that experience.

What do you hope visitors take away from their experience with your work?

I aim to spark inspiration in others. Everything crafted within the dome emanates from my imagination.

I am immensely grateful for advancing technology, which allows me to explore the craft field within the dome without negating the human touch. However, I feel that many become enamored by technology and overlook the extraordinary power of our own hands and intellect. So while working on the dome, I relied on few reference materials; at 64, my mental repository is rich with experiences and knowledge.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Trump Administration Rejects Author of the National Climate Assessment

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Trump administration has dismissed numerous scientists and experts who were working on the federal government’s key report regarding the impacts of global warming on the nation.

This decision, which is obligatory in Congress, poses significant risks to the future of the National Climate Assessment, according to experts.

Since 2000, the federal government has released an in-depth report every few years detailing how rising temperatures influence human health, agriculture, fisheries, water resources, transportation, energy generation, and various aspects of the U.S. economy. The latest climate assessment was published in 2023. This report is utilized not only by state and local authorities but also by private enterprises, assisting in preparations for extreme weather events, floods, droughts, and other climate-related challenges.

On Monday, researchers nationwide began the preparation for the sixth National Climate Assessment, scheduled for early 2028, only to receive an email indicating that the report’s scope is “currently under review” and all contributors have been dismissed.

“We are now liberating all existing assessment contributors from their roles,” the email stated. “As the evaluation plan progresses, there may be future chances for contribution or involvement. Thank you for your service.”

For some authors, this felt like a devastating setback for the next report.

“This could signal the end of the assessment,” remarked Jesse Keenan, a professor at Tulane University specializing in climate adaptation and a co-author of the previous climate assessment. “If we eliminate all involved, there will be no advancement.”

The White House has not yet responded to requests for comments.

Climate assessments are generally compiled by volunteer scientists and expert contributors from across the nation. The process involves multiple reviews by 14 federal agencies and a public comment period. Oversight is provided by the Global Change Research Program, a federal entity established by Congress in 1990, with support from NASA.

During the Trump administration, this process faced significant upheaval. Recently, NASA terminated its major partnership with ICF International, a consulting firm that supplied much of the technical support and staffing for the Global Change Research Program, which coordinates the contributions from numerous sources.

President Trump has consistently downplayed the risks associated with global warming. Russell Vert, the current head of the Office of Management and Budget, noted in a pre-election document that the next president should “reorganize” the global change research program, as scientific reports on climate change were often utilized in environmental litigation that restricted federal actions.

Vought advocated for the separation of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the agency responsible for the government’s largest climate research unit, termed the “climate warning.”

During Trump’s first term, the administration made efforts to undermine the national climate assessment. When the 2018 report was released, which found that global warming posed an imminent and catastrophic threat, the administration published it the day after Thanksgiving to lessen its impact.

In February, scientists submitted a comprehensive summary of the upcoming assessment to the White House for initial review; however, that review has been halted, and the agency’s comment period has been delayed.

It remains uncertain what will happen next with the assessment, which is still mandated by Congress. Some scientists worry that the administration may attempt to draft an entirely new report from scratch, potentially downplaying the dangers of rising temperatures and contradicting established climate science.

“These are the most effective strategies to assist us,” said Mead Crosby, a senior scientist in the Climate Impact Group at the University of Washington, who has contributed to the assessment. “The real question is whether it accurately reflects reliable science and has a tangible impact on our community in preparing for climate change.”

Scientists previously involved in climate assessments assert that the report is crucial for understanding the effects of climate change on daily life in the United States.

Catherine Hayho, a climate scientist at Texas Tech, stated this month, “we are considering that global issue and making it more relevant to us.” “If you care about food, water, transportation, insurance, or health, this is what climate change signifies for residents in the Southwest or the Great Plains. That’s the importance.”

Numerous state and local policymakers, along with private companies, depend on these assessments to comprehend how climate change impacts various regions of the United States and how they can adapt accordingly.

While the scientific understanding of climate change and its repercussions has not dramatically shifted since the last assessment in 2023, Dr. Keenan from Tulane noted that research is continuously advancing regarding what communities can do to mitigate rising sea levels and other issues exacerbated by increasing temperatures.

Scientists indicated that decision-makers responsible for the final assessment would likely rely on outdated information regarding effective adaptations and mitigation measures.

“We risk losing our fundamental report, which is intended to communicate the dangers of climate change and propose advancements,” stated Dustin Mulbany, an environmental studies professor and author at San Jose State University. “That would be quite devastating.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

EPA Plans to Address “Forever Chemicals,” but Details are Limited.

Posted on April 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Trump administration has announced an increase in initiatives aimed at addressing PFA pollution, yet it remains vague regarding its support for Biden-era regulations that demand utilities to eliminate “forever chemicals” from the drinking water of millions of Americans.

“We are excited to engage in this process of exploring the world,” stated Lee Zeldin, Environmental Protection Agency administrator. “This marks the beginning of the efforts by Americans at PFA to ensure they enjoy the cleanest air, land, and water.”

PFA, or polyfluoroalkyl substances, are a group of chemicals linked to cancer and other health issues, commonly found in products like waterproof clothing and paper straws. These persistent chemicals are contaminating drinking water across the nation. According to the latest EPA data, up to 158 million Americans are impacted by PFA in their water.

Last year, President Joseph R. Biden Jr. implemented the first PFA limits on drinking water, effectively mandating local government water systems to eliminate specific types of PFA.

However, the Water and Chemical Industry Group has initiated a lawsuit claiming that drinking water standards impose excessive costs. The Trump administration is set to determine in court whether to maintain these standards ahead of the May 12 deadline.

On Monday, the EPA unveiled measures to combat PFA contamination, including designating officials to lead the agency’s chemical efforts, crafting guidelines on permissible PFA discharge from plants, engaging Congress, and developing mechanisms to hold contaminators responsible.

The EPA further indicated it would establish a plan to manage PFAS contamination in fertilizers derived from sewage sludge. There is heightened concern regarding the extensive contamination of U.S. farmland due to biosolid fertilizers containing harmful PFA levels.

Environmental groups expressed that the EPA’s proposal lacked clarity, particularly regarding the commitment to uphold Biden-era drinking water standards. Among the few indicators of the Trump administration’s approach was a reference to the need to address “compliance challenges.”

The Trump administration also faces a court deadline next month concerning its defense of two types of PFA classifications that require polluters to clean under the nation’s Superfund Act.

“What we really want is a clear answer; they are completely dodging this issue,” commented Eric D. Olson, senior strategist for drinking water and health at the Natural Resources Defense Council, an environmental advocacy group.

Olson noted that while the EPA claims to base its actions on scientific evidence, he pointed out that the agency plans to reduce its scientific research division and cut its overall budget by 65%. “On one hand, the EPA announces new initiatives, yet on the other, it aims to reduce budgets and eliminate the scientists responsible for these efforts,” he stated. “I fail to see how this reconciles.”

EPA spokesperson Dominique Joseph stated that the agency’s new leadership is currently reviewing the Biden administration’s drinking water standards. She did not provide insights on how the EPA plans to move forward with its Superfund policy.

Industry groups, including the American Water Works Association and the National Association of Manufacturers, that are suing the EPA over PFAs did not respond immediately.

James L. Ferraro, an environmental attorney representing several water operators, remarked that the EPA announcement “shows that agencies are aware of the financial strain that PFAS regulations impose on public water systems and the industry.” However, he noted that the new measures seemed “very preliminary.” “We’ll see how this develops.”

The EPA’s announcement on addressing PFA comes as the administration pursues broader efforts to roll back national climate and environmental regulations. Yet, polling consistently reveals that Americans prioritize clean water protection over climate change policies. This remains popular across political lines.

Even the White House has pushed back against the use of paper straws, citing that “scientists and regulators have raised significant concerns about PFAS chemicals for decades.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

Cascadia Subduction Zone Earthquakes Could Be More Severe Than Previously Anticipated

Posted on April 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As an earthquake ruptures along the Cascadia subduction zone fault, much of the US West Coast will experience intense shaking for five minutes, with tsunamis potentially generating waves up to 100 feet crashing towards the shore. However, this is only the onset of anticipated devastation.

Even if coastal communities in Northern California, Oregon, and Washington withstand the initial earthquake, recent research indicates that flooding could inundate many of these susceptible regions. This is due to an expected drop of 6½ feet in the entire coastal land when the earthquake strikes, according to a new study published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNA).

Researchers examined earthquake and flood models to provide some of the most comprehensive predictions about how Cascadia earthquakes can lower or subside coastal land, potentially affecting over twice as many people, structures, and roadways as currently established. The exacerbating effects of climate change are projected to raise sea levels, compounding the issue over time.

“The repercussions of these hazards will linger for decades or even centuries following the earthquake,” stated Tina Dura, the study’s lead author. “Tsunamis will strike and have a considerable impact. Don’t misunderstand me; however, a lasting change in flood frequency… that is a critical concern.”

The team will operate the Vibracore Rig in Silets Bay, Oregon, collecting deep sediment cores in 2022 for tsunami deposits and paleoseismic analysis.
Tina Dura

Dura explained that geological fossil evidence suggests that previous Cascadia earthquakes resulted in a significant drop in land level, transforming once dry areas into tidal mud flats along the Pacific Northwest’s estuaries.

An assistant professor of geoscience at Virginia Tech, Dura noted: “This is how we have a harbor…and where we’ve established towns, yet that land will plummet by a maximum of two meters.”

The Cascadia subduction zone fault offshore of North America presents an imminent threat, capable of generating magnitude 9.0 earthquakes. Such events are expected to occur on average every 450-500 years, with the last major quake dating back to 1700.

The national seismic hazard model indicates a 15% chance of an earthquake measuring 8.0 or higher occurring along the zone within the next 50 years.

When the fault ruptures, experts assert that it could lead to the most catastrophic natural disaster in the nation’s history. Simulations from 2022 predict that the Cascadia earthquake could damage around 620,000 buildings in the Pacific Northwest, including 100 hospitals and 2,000 schools, resulting in over 100,000 injuries and approximately 14,000 fatalities.

Recent findings emphasize that coastal planners must seriously consider not only the immediate threats of strong shaking and tsunami waves but also the long-term impacts of land reshaping and rapid subsidence of the coastline itself.

“There will be the flooding itself, as well as enduring changes in land elevation along the coast, greatly affecting community planning,” remarked Harold Tobin, director of the Pacific Coast Earthquake Network and professor at the University of Washington. “Where will schools and hospitals be built? Where will transportation networks be established? A long-term perspective is vital.”

Following the earthquake, Dura’s research predicts that towns along the Pacific Northwest coastline, such as Seaside, Oregon, Westport, Washington, and Aberdeen, Washington, will likely experience frequent flooding, at least once every century.

The study also highlights that climate change-induced sea level rise will accelerate, aggravating the consequences of post-earthquake flooding in the future.

A field team across the mouth of the Salmon River in Oregon will transport coring and surveying equipment to the next sampling site in 2023.
Mike Pridy

Global average sea levels have risen by approximately 8-9 inches since 1880, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Dramatic acceleration in sea level rise is anticipated in the coming decades due to global warming, with NOAA estimating an increase of 10-12 inches.

The impact of sea level rise varies depending on location and can significantly affect the coastline.

In places like Chesapeake Bay, Virginia, land is gradually sinking, a process termed subsidence, while portions of the Pacific Northwest are experiencing uplift due to continental movements. This uplift can offset some of the sea level rise.

The uplift is attributed to the stress build-up within the plates forming the Cascadia subduction zone. In this zone, the Juan de Fuca plate is forced beneath the North American plates, causing a slight upward movement of land.

Currently, the subduction zone faults remain inactive, accumulating stress. When the fault eventually ruptures, the released plate bow leads to rapid land-level subsidence, effectively negating the uplift for centuries.

“It all transpires in a matter of minutes, resulting in meter-level drops,” stated Dura. “The land continues to shift, and as I mentioned, this has ramifications that will last for decades and centuries. Consequently, the critical areas of the floodplain are significantly impacted.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Underground Hydrogen Fuel: An Often Overlooked Potential Source from Earthquakes

Posted on April 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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                     data-image-id="2478160" data-caption="A tectonic plate crack in Iceland" 
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                    <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Crack in Iceland’s tectonic plates</p>
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    <p>Seismic activity can generate significant amounts of hydrogen deep within the Earth by breaking down rocks, leading to reactions with water. This hydrogen represents a frequently underestimated energy source, especially for those considering living underground and utilizing gas as a viable alternative fuel.</p>

    <p>Recently, interest has surged in locating substantial underground hydrogen reserves for use as clean energy. Primarily, companies are pursuing these deposits...</p>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unattainable Particles Hinting at the Universe’s Greatest Secret

Posted on April 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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    <p>For over a decade, floating cranes have been lowering unusual cargo to depths of around 3,000 meters in the Mediterranean. These objects resemble something from a different realm: large, shiny spheres filled with electronic devices. In reality, they are detectors for a project called <a href="https://www.km3net.org/">KM3Net</a>, which aims to explore one of the most enigmatic fundamental particles.</p>
    <p>The facility has been in operation for only a few years. In 2023, <a href="https://www.cppm.in2p3.fr/web/en/pratical_info/directory/Y295bGVAY3BwbS5pbjJwMy5mcg==.html">Paschal Coyle</a> was astonished to discover a significant signal in the preliminary data. While it turned out to be a neutrino, it was unlike anything previously observed. "My program crashed when I first encountered this event," recalls Coyle, a physicist from the Centre for Particle Physics in Marseille, France.</p>

    <p>KM3Net detected neutrinos with roughly 35 times the energy of any previously recorded instances. These neutrinos were thousands of times more energetic than those produced by our best particle accelerators. Neutrinos are notoriously difficult to study as they interact very weakly with matter, making their detection elusive. This challenge was a key factor in placing the detectors on the ocean floor, a decision that seemed almost improbable.</p>
    <p>Now, the scientific community is racing to understand what could have generated this phenomenon in space. Astronomers are exploring two primary theories, both of which delve into some of the universe's most profound mysteries. Unraveling the origin of this particle will enhance our understanding of neutrinos and...</p>
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Feel free to adjust any specific terms as needed!

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Keir Starmer Receiving AI Advice? The UK Government Remains Silent

Posted on April 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Keir Starmer, the British Prime Minister, aims to establish the UK as a leader in artificial intelligence.

PA Images/Alamy

Numerous civil servants within the UK government are utilizing their own AI chatbots to assist with their duties, including those supporting Prime Minister Keir Starmer, as revealed by New Scientist. Officials have not accurately recorded how the Prime Minister is receiving AI-generated advice, whether civil servants are addressing the risks of inaccurate or biased AI outputs, or how the Prime Minister utilizes these tools. Experts express concerns over this lack of transparency and its implications for the reliability of governmental information.

Following the acquisition of the world’s first ChatGPT logs under the Freedom of Information (FOI) Act, New Scientist has reached out to 20 government departments to document their interactions with Redbox. Redbox is a generative AI tool being trialed among UK government employees, enabling users to analyze government documents and generate initial drafts for briefings. According to one of the developers involved, early tests reported that a civil servant managed to consolidate 50 documents in mere seconds, a task that typically would take a day.

All contacted departments stated they do not use Redbox or declined to provide a record of interactions, which New Scientist deemed “troubling.” This is a formal term used in responses to FOI requests, as defined by the Office of Information Commissioner, which describes it as likely to cause undue distress, confusion, or irritation.

However, two departments divulged information regarding Redbox’s usage. The Cabinet Office, which assists the Prime Minister, reported that 3,000 individuals engaged in 30,000 chats with Redbox. After reviewing these exchanges, they noted that redacting sensitive information requires more than a year before any content can be released under FOI regulations. The Trade Bureau acknowledged retaining “over 13,000 prompts and responses” while also requiring review before release.

Both departments were contacted for additional inquiries about Redbox use. The Department of Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT), which oversees these tools, declined to respond to specific questions about whether the Prime Minister or other ministers received AI-generated advice.

A DSIT representative informed New Scientist that “time should not be wasted on AI which operates faster and faster.” They added that Redbox is integrated into Whitehall to help civil servants utilize AI safely and effectively, simplifying document summarization and agenda drafting.

Nonetheless, some experts raise concerns regarding the use of generative AI tools. Large language models are known to have significant challenges related to bias and accuracy, making it hard to ensure Redbox delivers trustworthy information. DSIT did not clarify how Redbox users could mitigate those risks.

“My concern is that the government exists to serve the public, and part of its mandate is providing transparency regarding decision-making processes,” asserts Catherine Flick from Staffordshire University.

Due to the “black box” nature of generative AI tools, Flick emphasizes the difficulty of evaluating or understanding how a specific output is produced, especially if certain aspects of a document are emphasized over others. When governments withhold such information, they diminish transparency further, she argues.

This lack of transparency also extends to the Treasury, the third government department. The Ministry of Finance stated, in response to the FOI request, that New Scientist staff members cannot access Redbox, indicating that “GPT tools are available within HM [His Majesty’s] Treasury without maintaining a log of interactions.” The specific GPT tool referenced remains unidentified. While ChatGPT is well-known, other large language models also bear the GPT label, suggesting that the Treasury employs AI tools but lacks a comprehensive record of their usage, as New Scientist sought clarification on.

“If prompts aren’t documented, it’s challenging to replicate the decision-making process,” Flick adds.

John Baines from Mishcon De Reya remarked that it’s unusual for a UK law firm to forego recording such information. “It’s surprising that the government claims it cannot retrieve the prompts used in the internal GPT system.” While courts have ruled that public agencies aren’t required to maintain records before archiving, “good data governance implies that retaining records is crucial, particularly when they may influence policy development or communication,” he explains.

However, data protection specialist Tim Turner believes the Treasury is justified in not retaining AI prompts under the FOI Act. “This is permissible unless specific legal or employee regulations determine otherwise,” he states.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Astronomers Discover Giant Star-Forming Clouds Unusually Near Earth

Posted on April 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

One of the most immense singular formations observed in the cosmos, these expansive hydrogen gas clouds, have been found surprisingly close to Earth.

Naming it EOS, after the Greek goddess of dawn, the cloud was discovered through the faint ultraviolet light emitted by hydrogen molecules.

Referred to as molecular clouds, these colossal structures of gas and dust serve as nurseries for new stars.

Historically, astronomers have depended on radio and infrared telescopes to locate these clouds, detecting the carbon monoxide signature. However, scientists took a distinct approach to uncover EOS.

“This marks the first molecular cloud identified through the direct search for distant ultraviolet emissions of molecular hydrogen,” stated Professor Blakesley Burkhart, the leading researcher on the project.

“The data revealed glowing hydrogen molecules detected through fluorescence in distant ultraviolet rays. This cloud truly shines in the dark.”

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/04/eos.mp4

Scientists have identified potential star-forming clouds, designated EO. It ranks among the largest single structures in the sky and is one of the nearest formations to the sun and earth ever observed.

Situated just 300 light years from Earth at the confines of a gas-rich area known as the local bubble, EOS spans a region of sky comparable to a full moon width of 40 and possesses approximately 3,400 times the sun’s mass.

Despite its size and proximity, it remained concealed due to being “co-dark,” which indicates a deficiency of carbon monoxide that traditional detection methods rely on.

“The discovery of EOS is thrilling because it allows us to directly observe the formation and dissociation of molecular clouds and how galaxies transform interstellar gases and dust into stars and planets,” Burkhart commented.

Dr. Thavisha Dharmawardena noted, “During my graduate studies, I was informed that observing molecular hydrogen wasn’t straightforward.”

The data was acquired using a Faltraviolet spectrometer installed on the Korean satellite STSAT-1. Published in 2023, Burkhart quickly unearthed a concealed structure.

“The story of the cosmos is one of billions of years of atomic transformation,” Burkhart explained.

“The hydrogen found in the EOS cloud dates back to the Big Bang and eventually fell into our galaxy, merging near the sun. Thus, these hydrogen atoms have traveled a remarkable 13.6 billion-year journey.”

The research findings were published in the journal Natural Astronomy.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com