Author Archives: Igor Mitreski

Adam Roberts’ New Scientist Book Club Review: Lakes of Darkness – A Mixed Bag

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New Scientist Book Club has just read Adam Roberts’ Lake in the Dark

Laurie photos

Following the journey through Khalian Bradley’s *Time Saving*, the New Scientist Book Club ventured in the opposite direction for our latest read: the far future and some hard science fiction with Adam Roberts’ *Lake of Darkness*. Set in a seemingly utopian society, the narrative revolves around two spacecraft orbiting a black hole, and one captain receiving orders to kill all crew members as commanded by a voice from the depths of that black hole. Not quite utopia, but rather a chilling twist from Roberts’s protagonist, Saccadest in the century, as we delve deeper into this mystical entity.

The reception among our readers is varied; some found it thoroughly enjoyable while others felt its pacing was sluggish. Personally, I resonate with Paul Jonas, a member of the New Scientist Book Club. He shared on Facebook that he was “fascinated by the story” and “appreciated the hard science components relating to space travel, black holes, and utopian societies.” Paul’s insights into the philosophical elements tied to Deleuze’s thinking in this novel truly impress me.

I tend to be quite discerning when it comes to fiction, and rarely find books claiming to be humorous truly engaging (Terry Pratchett being the joyous exception). However, *Lake of Darkness* was different; I found myself intrigued at various moments, particularly appreciating how Roberts’ distant characters grappled with our own history while deciphering what they termed “so-called” *More’s Code*, the ancient system of long and short pulses each symbolizing a single glyph, alluding to the famous Beatles tune, *We All Live in a Yellow Submarine*.

Like Paul, I was captivated by the book’s portrayal of a future utopian society and the dilemmas it presents. During our discussion, Roberts expressed his intention to explore various subgenres of science fiction within his writing. While this perspective on utopia unfolds with its antagonist (spoiler alert – Satan), the idealized vision isn’t as appealing, given that all labor is assigned to “smart machines,” leaving people devoid of functionality. Time becomes filled with hobbies and fandoms, captured in the phrase, “Your people understand the value of everything but the cost. Without a cost, nothing holds worth. The best carries a significant price.” I found it quite delightful to navigate (and read) while contemplating this future society.

Charlotte Sye, another Book Club member, enjoyed listening to the audiobook and shared her enthusiasm: “I love the humor and hard science.” She added, “Life inside a black hole is particularly fascinating, as one character mentions, while there’s tremendous energy, is there really space and time?!”

Barbara Howe, however, had her reservations. She acknowledged the book’s “historical misconceptions” and “utopian critiques,” but felt that the depicted utopia was overly centered on trivial sexual themes, reflecting a male-centric viewpoint, neglecting notions like child-rearing or nurturing that are essential to true progress.

Barbara also pointed out a sentiment echoed by several other readers: she appreciated reading *Lake of Darkness* as an e-book, stating, “I had to look up more words in this single book than in my previous reads.” Alain Pellett echoed this, finding the vocabulary somewhat challenging and “offensive.” Jess Brady shared similar thoughts, enjoying the concept while criticizing the “slow prose.”

While such critiques weren’t particularly noticeable for me—possibly due to my willingness to overlook certain aspects—I did sympathize with Barbara’s assessment regarding the physics: “I tackle explanations of time travel alongside FTL (faster-than-light) travel. I accept these premises; they provide a thin veil of scientific reality over a fantastical plot device.”

Another prevalent criticism among readers was the lack of relatable characters. Alan expressed frustration, noting, “No one seemed sympathetic; their deaths evoked no remorse. They were all insufferable and dim-witted.” Karen Shees concurred, saying, “While the book initially caught my interest, I found the characters so unengaging that I wasn’t invested in their fate.”

I share this sentiment to some extent. Many characters were glaringly absurd, including guunarsonsdottir—distracting. Yet, I believe this serves a purpose, as I relished witnessing the turmoil of these intellectually lazy individuals as they navigated actual threats—through the seemingly redundant formation of another committee discussing their next steps. Moreover, I’m intrigued by the character Bartle Wasp; even the name piques curiosity.

Paul likely feels similarly. “Saccade was a compelling character. Living in a utopia surrounded by AI shapes her perspective. There’s no obligation to fully connect with every character; following their journey can be engaging even if they’re not traditional heroes.”

After finishing *Lake of Darkness*, I found numerous substantial concepts lingering in my thoughts. Did the black hole narrative hold coherence? Was the conclusion truly comprehensible? I’m still pondering—much like Barbara, who concluded that the novel “took unexpected turns and provoked thought.”

“In the latter part, I felt transported back to the 1980s,” she remarked, referencing Douglas Hofstadter’s *Godel, Escher, Bach: Eternal Golden Braid*. “It was a brief throwback, but the ending confuses me. Why did Joins act as she did? Did the entity achieve its desires?”

Paul similarly found the conclusion perplexing. “The ending likely bewildered many due to the complexities of black hole physics,” he noted. “Additionally, the geometric concepts about the inside/outside of infinite structures were truly mind-bending.”

However, let’s shift from the complexities of black holes to the anticipation for our next read. We’ll be diving into Circular Motion by Alex Foster. This captivating debut envisions a gradual acceleration of Earth’s spin, with increasingly disastrous consequences. I’m excited to share it and can’t wait to hear your thoughts! You can preview excerpts here. The narrative examines how this accelerated state might be humanity’s doing. I’ll be discussing the novel with him later this month, so feel free to drop any questions you have in our Facebook group.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Observations Indicate OJ 287 Galaxy May Host an Ultra-Massive Black Hole Binary at Its Core

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Utilizes data from 10m space-based wireless telescopes, including Radioastron. Astronomers have formed a network of 27 ground observation stations focused on OJ 287, a galaxy approximately 5 billion light-years distant from the Cancer constellations.

This image of OJ 287 reveals the sharply curved ribbon-like structure of the plasma jet emitted from its center. Image credits: Efthalia Traianou / Heidelberg University / IWR.

“Among the different types of active galactic nuclei, BL Lacertae (BL LAC) objects are notable for their rapid, large-amplitude variability and significant polarization across multiple wavelengths due to relativistic jets aligned closely with our line of sight.”

“A standout example of this subclass is OJ 287, characterized by a redshift of z = 0.306.”

Optical observations of OJ 287 have yielded an extensive light curve extending back to the 1880s, covering nearly 150 years.

This comprehensive dataset has uncovered periodic brightness variations, featuring marked 60-year cycles and notable high-brightness flares with recurrent double peaks occurring approximately every 12 years.

These periodic changes can be attributed to the presence of a binary supermassive black hole system, where secondary supermassive black holes follow eccentric precession paths around the more massive primary.

“The level of detail in the new images allows us to see the structure of the OJ 287 Galaxy like never before,” stated Dr. Traianou.

“The images penetrate deep into the galaxy’s center, revealing the jet’s sharply curved ribbon-like structure.”

“This also provides new insights into the composition and dynamics of plasma jets.”

“Certain regions exceed temperatures of 10 trillion Kelvin, indicating the release of extreme energy and movement near the black hole.”

Astronomers have also monitored the development, dispersion, and interactions of new shock waves along the jet, linking them to energies in the range of trillions of electron volts from rare gamma-ray observations made in 2017.

Using Radioastron and 27 terrestrial observatories, they captured images of OJ 287 across the radio spectrum.

The imaging relies on measurement techniques that utilize overlapping waves related to the properties of light waves.

“Interference measurement images bolster the hypothesis that a binary supermassive black hole resides within OJ 287,” the researchers commented.

“This also offers critical insights on how these black holes influence the shape and direction of the emitted plasma jet.”

“These unique characteristics position the galaxy as an ideal candidate for further studies on black hole mergers and associated gravitational waves.”

Survey results will be published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.

____

E. Traianou et al. 2025. Reveal ribbon-like jets on OJ 287 via Radioastron. A&A 700, A16; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202554929

Source: www.sci.news

10 Must-Play Classic Seaside Arcade Machines: Punch Bag, Penny Pusher, and Hillbilly Shootout

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This beach excursions remain a vital part of school summer vacations. While the sprawling beachfront arcades have evolved considerably over the last ten years, they still attract young children and nostalgic adults eager to find the classic space invader cabinets tucked away in the back. Growing up in the 1980s, I was entranced by Coinop’s video games, but it was the electromechanical phenomena of that digital era that truly captivated me. Here are my top ten picks—feel free to share yours in the comments!

Electric Machine Driving Game

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Before the era of computer chips and CRT screens, arcade driving games used projected imagery and scrolling paintings to create the illusion of movement along a road. The first iterations appeared in the 1930s, with various models populating seaside arcades up until the 1980s, including iconic titles like Chicago Coin Speedway and Sega Grand Prix. I distinctly remember playing Casco’s incredible 1979 arcade game, The Driver, on the Blackpool pier, featuring actual 16mm footage of real races to immerse you in the action.

Air Hockey

The sharp sound of plastic pucks against tables echoed throughout larger arcades, providing a constant backdrop. Air hockey emerged in 1969, created by US-based Brunswick Billiards, and quickly spread worldwide as a thrilling alternative to traditional pool and foosball. You can still find these nostalgic tables in retro arcades, especially in classic seaside destinations like Great Yarmouth, Blackpool, and Southend.

Derby Game

These grand setups feature tin horses lined up on a racetrack. Six to eight players position themselves in front of the course, tossing balls at targets to guide their horse racers across the finish line, with accuracy determining the winner. The original iteration, the Kentucky Derby, was reportedly introduced to Blackpool Pleasure Beach in the 1920s by Irish-American soldiers and concessionaire George Valentine Toner. Over time, variations replaced horses with donkeys and camels. The Whittaker Brothers’ derby, a smaller variant, allowed multiple players to place bets on the outcomes of automated horse races for modest winnings.

Egg Vending Machine

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Vending machines for toys became common in American shops in the 1930s, although the first documented egg machine was established in 1965 in Tokyo by Ryuzo Shigeta. These machines dispense products in adorable plastic capsules, a concept that gained immense popularity. Many seaside arcades in the UK, often referred to as egg machines, feature these enticing devices near their entrances. Glendale orange and lemon machines distribute prizes from whimsical crumpled chickens that spin.

Basketball Hoop

You often find a row of these sizable machines at the back of arcades, where players shoot basketballs through hoops. The setup typically includes an enclosed play area to capture wayward shots. Classics like Hoop Shot, Triple Jam, and Full Court Fever feature elements such as moving hoops and multiplayer capabilities, making these machines hot spots for energetic teens.

Fortune Teller’s Machine




“I want to grow up”… a fortune-telling arcade machine in Zoltal, Coney Island, New York. Photo: Edward Westmacott/Aramie

These boardwalk-style entertainment machines trace their origins back to the late 19th century and typically feature animated automata, often depicted as gypsies, witches, or ancient royalty. After inserting coins, users can watch as the characters move and predict their fortunes, sometimes aided by special effects like a sparkling crystal ball or cards detailing the player’s traits. Notable machines include Mrs. Zita, an eerie 1977 creation, and Morgana, which features a video projection onto a non-characteristic form, as well as Zoltar, which inspired the movie Big in 1988. Other automaton machines often feature dancing puppets and unsettling laughing clowns.

Punch Ball

A favorite among young men looking to prove their strength, punch ball machines have been around since at least 1900, initially released by Mills Novelty Co. from Chicago. Modern iterations boast digital displays for measuring strength, but the goal remains to hit the punching bag as hard as possible. Variants like the MR Muscle machine from Italian maker Zamperla have also gained popularity.

Crane Grabber




“I want a teddy”… Duchess of Cambridge plays crane grabber games at Island Leisure Amusement Arcade on Bally Island Photo: Ben Birchall/PA

Commonly known as claw machines, these remain a quintessential part of arcades. Insert coins and maneuver a joystick to guide the grabber to your desired toy. Often, the claw makes a futile attempt to grip before dropping the prize just shy of the chute—mainly because it’s set to grasp with minimal strength for just a few tries. Historically, the first commercial claw machines are thought to have originated in the U.S. during the 1920s, with many notable examples produced by Sega and Barry. The 1980s introduction of UFO catcher machines revolutionized the scene, providing larger prizes and a more colorful appearance, which continues to attract players today.

Lightgun Shooting Gallery

Every arcade in the ’70s and ’80s featured a Lightgun Shooting Gallery. My favorite installation had expansive scenes to shoot at, located—if I recall correctly—in the Coral Island Arcade in Blackpool, where players engaged in Hilly Billy Moonshine. Players shot at life-sized mannequins in overalls, a large copper still, and an array of barrels and creatures. If you dared to shoot at Billy’s on the hill, they returned fire with water pistols! You can still stumble upon these gems at the Coinophouse, which is definitely worth the visit.

Coin Pusher




Cost Recovery… Penny Falls Machine. Photo: Alastair Balderstone/Alamy

Invented in 1966 by the Ramsgate-based manufacturer Crompton (albeit with earlier variations), the Coin Pusher game reigns supreme in seaside arcades, captivating players as they navigate the mountainous piles of glittering treasures. Originally named Penny Falls, hundreds of variations now exist, including a virtual coin pusher that transitions the action onto screens with a slew of special effects. My summer days spent exploring the arcades in Blackpool and Morecambe are filled with memories of scrutinizing these tempting machines, having two plastic cups in hand. “Penny Pushers are pivotal to the success of British entertainment arcades,” notes historian Alan Meads, author of a social history on British amusement arcades. “They, alongside fruit machines, are where arcades generate revenue. Penny Pushers can endure for decades—they’ve been adjusted for currency changes and continue to yield profits time and again.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Ecosystem Unearthed 30,000 Feet Beneath the Pacific Ocean

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  • SpaceX Launch Postponed Due to Weather

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Researchers have identified flourishing ecosystems of clams, tubeworms, and other species more than 30,000 feet deep in the Pacific Ocean. According to findings published in the Nature Journal, these represent “the deepest and most extensive chemical synthesis-based communities recognized.”
July 31, 2025

  • SpaceX Launch Postponed Due to Weather

    04:08

  • Currently Streaming

    Discovery of the “Prosperity” Ecosystem Deep Below the Pacific Ocean

    00:48

  • Up Next

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    02:29

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Source: www.nbcnews.com

Lightning Spans 515 Miles, Crossing Three States

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“It’s a remarkably unusual phenomenon,” he remarked. “We only uncovered it a decade ago when specific technologies became capable of tracing the exact start and end points of a lightning event.”

Mega flashes are quite common, although they typically occur only in regions where particular geographical and atmospheric conditions can trigger severe thunderstorms, Cerveny explained. For instance, in the Great Plains and the Midwest, warm, humid air from the Gulf of Mexico interacts with colder northern air, resulting in significant atmospheric instability.

These conditions coalesce to produce fierce storms, which can generate a megaflash of lightning. Cerveny notes that these extraordinarily long lightning bolts have previously been recorded in Argentina and southern France, and scientists theorize they may also manifest in parts of China and Australia.

The 2017 Megaflash was generated by an immense storm that spanned large sections of the US, from Texas to Iowa and Missouri. While megaflashes can cross multiple states, they occur high in the atmosphere and seldom cause ground damage, Cerveny indicated.

“They exist in the upper and central layers of thunderstorms, towering over 10,000 to 18,000 feet,” he stated.

The composite satellite image mapping of the Record Lightning Megaflash illustrates its progression over time. Lightning bolts beneath the clouds are marked by polar-colored symbols.
Michael Peterson/GTRI

The lightning bolt measuring 515 miles in length is discussed in a study published on Thursday. American Weather Society Bulletin.

“These new discoveries underscore significant public safety issues concerning electrification clouds that can travel vast distances, have substantial effects on the aviation industry, and generate flashes capable of igniting wildfires,” stated WMO Secretary-General Celestesauro in an accompanying announcement.

The extreme conditions conducive to their formation serve as a stark reminder of the tremendous power and danger posed by thunderstorms. In the US, lightning claims about 20 lives annually and injures hundreds more. According to weather services.

As per the WMO, Thursday’s classification indicates that the 2017 Lightning Flash exceeds the previous world record set five years ago by roughly 38 miles. The earlier lightning bolt, recorded on April 29, 2020, spanned 477.2 miles across parts of the Southern United States.

The 2017 MegaFlash was recognized after scientists revisited archival measurements used when the storm originally formed.

“When the initial research was conducted, we didn’t possess the technology available today,” Cerveny noted. “Now, we can employ satellite instruments to detect lightning bolts with high precision and pinpoint exactly where, how long, and for what duration the lightning event occurred.”

Experts predict that even longer megaflashes may emerge in the coming years, particularly as satellite technology enhances its detection capabilities.

“As time progresses and our data records expand, we can observe the rarest types of extreme lightning on Earth and study its widespread effects on society,” remarked Michael Peterson, an atmospheric scientist at Georgia’s Center for Intense Storm Research.

The WMO committee on Climate and Climate Extremes maintains official records of global, hemispheric, and regional extremes, including those for temperature, rainfall, wind, hail, lightning, tornadoes, and tropical cyclones.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Deep-Sea Submarines Uncover Flourishing Ecosystems

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The inhabitants of the ocean’s depths are more extraordinary than ever.

Utilizing an advanced submarine that dives deeper than Mount Everest, researchers have unearthed a vibrant ecosystem approximately 30,000 feet beneath the Pacific Ocean’s surface.

A research team led by Chinese scientists found it racing through fields of vivid crimson tubes and interacting with a unique type of worm that resembles a flower sprouting from the Earth’s crust.

Each organism thrived in dense beds of up to nine inches in length, with snow-like microbial mats creating ethereal underwater dust that spanned tens of feet.

Dominique Papineau, a senior research scientist at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, shared insights with NBC News.

Hadal chemical synthesis-based community,
CAS’s Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering

Papineau, one of the study’s authors, announced the findings in a Wednesday publication in Nature. “Many Hadal organisms from these trenches exhibit remarkable shapes and colors,” he noted, explaining that they survive by hosting microorganisms that metabolize methane instead of relying on photosynthesis.

The depth of 19,000 to 30,000 feet is the deepest zone in the ocean, occurring where one tectonic plate collides with another. “Existing theories suggest that chemical bond-based communities are becoming increasingly common in the Hadal Trench, yet few have been discovered,” Papineau stated.

Karien Schnabel, a marine ecologist from New Zealand’s Earth Sciences, commented that the discovery was “truly remarkable” even though she was not part of the study.

“In these extraordinarily deep regions, there were an abundance of signs of life and wildlife,” she remarked.

A winter valley recorded by the crew’s dive fendou at 30,000 feet.
CAS’s Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering
Polycharts inhabit the tube dominate at the deepest 22,500 meters of the Aleutian, with spots of white microbial mats.
CAS’s Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering

“We don’t generally expect life to flourish in these extreme conditions due to the immense pressure,” she commented regarding the organisms.

The researchers highlighted, “The depths explored here, alongside the robust communities found, significantly broaden the known habitats, depths, and biogeographic distributions of numerous species.”

With sunlight unable to penetrate, these organisms depend on chemical synthesis for nourishment, rather than photosynthesis.

“These ecosystems are abundant in hydrogen sulfide, methane-rich fluids flowing through faults amid deep sediment layers in the trench,” the researchers explained.

They also endure crushing pressures of up to 98 megapascals (MPA), exceeding six times the force of a crocodile’s bite.

The diving for this recent study took place in July and August of the previous year, conducted by an international group of scientists from the Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering at the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

A small porthole of three submarines.
Karien Schnabel

They examined the trenches of Krill Kamchatka, which stretch from Hokkaido in Japan to the Kamchatka Peninsula in Russia, spanning approximately 1,300 miles and integrating with the Aleutian trench that measures around 1,800 miles from Alaska to the Kenai Peninsula.

Schnabel had previously undertaken deep-sea studies aboard the same three submarines, known as Fendouzhe, utilized in this research.

She recounted her deep-sea experiences, one of which gained notoriety when a submarine malfunctioned during a 2023 mission to the Titanic wreck.

“Naturally, there’s a bit of anxiety when hanging over a 10-kilometer chasm on Earth,” she recalled, having explored New Zealand’s northern trenches in 2022, plunging over 32,000 feet below the Pacific Ocean’s surface.

“The window is merely 12 centimeters in diameter. It’s impossible to stretch your legs while seated on a tiny bench within a compact titanium sphere measuring only 1.8 meters in width,” she detailed.

Free-Moving Polychaete navigates dense colonies of Frenor Siboglinide.
CAS’s Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering

She expressed her amazement at the sights encountered at the trench’s bottom, viewed through the submarine’s 4.7-inch window.

“As I began my descent and eventually came to rest on the seabed, I was astonished by the multitude of life forms I witnessed,” she reflected.

While it was expected that life could persist at these depths, the sheer abundance of ecosystems was a pleasant surprise for the researchers.

The results “challenge existing models of life in extreme conditions” and indicate that such ecosystems may be more prevalent than previously recognized.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How Invisible Cloaks Remove Us—At Least from AI

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Now you look at me…

en.photo/Alamy

The longing to vanish has intensified over the course of history. This desire eluded the protagonist in H.G. Wells’ Invisible Man, whose invisibility was permanent. What many desire, much like Harry Potter’s magical cloak, is the capacity to temporarily disappear.

In the early 21st century, metamaterials emerged, kindling hopes for clothing that could provide true invisibility. Despite the development of various cloaking technologies, the advanced engineering required made them scarce, extremely rapid but largely inaccessible. Rather than concealing from the naked eye, these innovations aimed to shield the wearer from a more pervasive foe: artificial intelligence, obscuring their identities from ever-watchful recognition systems.

Metamaterials are intricately patterned fabrics containing nanostructures or microstructures that alter the path of electromagnetic waves. When light meets a metamaterial, it flows around as water does around a stone, redirecting rather than absorbing or reflecting.

However, the challenge with metamaterials is their specificity to certain wavelengths. Early invisibility mechanisms, such as those theorized by John Pendry at Imperial College London in 2006, could hide objects only from microwave radiation. More sophisticated nanostructured materials were necessary to obscure visibility to shorter wavelengths, including visible light.

One innovative solution is Metalens, akin to traditional lenses in manipulating light, but flat and thin. By merging metamaterials with metalenses, scientists can create fabrics that render both objects and individuals behind them invisible. Nonetheless, the complexity of fabrication has kept this technology out of reach for mass production.

The breakthrough came in 2024 with the development of Self-appropriate Photochromism (SAP) — a technique similar to how octopuses and chameleons adjust their skin to match their surroundings. These materials feature molecules that change structure and color in response to light. “Chameleon clothing” became prevalent among field biologists seeking to observe wildlife discreetly and gained traction in military applications, as well as popularity among fashion designers.

Mainstream fashion in the 2030s has adopted a more profound political dimension than in previous decades.

By the early 2030s, SAP clothing merged with electronic devices enabling dynamic pattern manipulation, leading to a novel form of invisibility. This technological advancement led mainstream fashion to embrace a more pronounced political essence than in recent history.

In 2024, students from Uhan University in China designed InvisDefense, a fabric that renders the wearer invisible to AI-operated cameras. It employed specific patterns engineered to disrupt image recognition systems, ensuring that individuals donning InvisDefense were not identified as human by AI analysis.

While traditional InvisDefense patterns were static, innovations in dynamic SAP materials allowed for programmability, enabling color morphing and creating ever-changing, complex patterns. AI systems find it challenging to identify this “polymorphic clothing,” often misclassifying it as mere noise.

It’s no surprise that InvisDefense was devised in China, the country with the highest level of surveillance worldwide. (China boasts around 200 million camera systems. In comparison, the UK had roughly 7.5 million cameras while the US had about 50 million in the 2020s.) While CCTV can serve a protective function, it simultaneously fosters an environment of oppression and authoritarianism.

The next evolution in SAP technology introduced extremely thin, full-face polymorphic masks known as polymers, designed to be worn with everyday apparel. These masks mimic a person’s true appearance realistically, adapting fluidly with facial movements while completely altering the wearer’s actual identity.

Initially, governments sought to regulate access to polymers, though the relatively simple technology behind them made widespread adoption inevitable. While some individuals used polymasks for illicit activities, the majority sought to evade invasive advertising, racial profiling, and relentless observation in our contemporary society.

Rowan Hooper is the podcast editor for New Scientist and the author of How to Spend $1 Trillion. These are 10 global issues that can be effectively addressed. Follow him on Bluesky @rowhoop.bsky.social

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Jewelry that Tracks Movement? The Issue Lies in Unpredictability

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Feedback brings the latest science and technology updates from New Scientist, covering cutting-edge developments. To share items that might captivate our readers, email Feedback@newscientist.com.

Ring of Power

Feedback often seeks the perfect gift for Mrs. Feedback, a challenging endeavor considering her penchant for ordering books before discovering they even exist.

This is why I found myself momentarily fascinated by what’s referred to as “smart jewelry.” Picture wearable tech like Fitbit or Apple Watch that tracks heart rates and more.

Recently, South China Morning Post noted: luxury brands such as Gucci, Hermès, Tag Heuer, and Vertu are merging Silicon Valley technology with exquisite European craftsmanship. For instance, there’s the Gucci×Ouura Ring, which elegantly incorporates health-monitoring tech to track sleep, heart rate, temperature, activity, and more. However, it’s a limited edition, with used items on eBay starting at £390 and going up from there.

Feedback might suggest that at least one method is misdirected. As blue sky user Zack Pizzaz highlighted on social media, wedding rings that monitor every emotion and movement of their wearers could very well belong in the realm of dystopian fiction—something reminiscent of a Margaret Atwood story. However, is there really a business proposing that couples exchange smart rings to keep tabs on each other?

Ah, perhaps it’s not a mistake; a company is indeed suggesting just that. Based on your relationship dynamics, you may or may not have heard of the dating app RAW, which encourages users to send only unfiltered photos to fend off catfishing. Now, they are launching a spinoff called Raw Ring, which features AI with a heart rate and temperature sensor, plus audio tracking.

According to co-founder Marina Anderson, the ring “functions like a fingertip vest, tracking heart rate, temperature, and connection levels with your partner. When something happens, you’re in the know.” As reported on her profile, she believes that such emotional surveillance could enrich relationships.

Or as the Raw Ring website boldly states, “Marriage will evolve, and so will loyalty. Sacred vows will become digital. Raw’s mission? To make true love traceable.”

We mentioned this to Mrs. Feedback, who firmly stated that purchasing one of these items would lead to divorce and leave you to seek comfort elsewhere—perhaps a book token will suffice.

Think Big

Here’s another headline, this time from the UK talk radio station LBC: ‘Green Party Deputy Leader Zack Polanski admitted to using hypnosis in the past to “enhance” women’s breasts. Apparently, back in 2013, Polanski worked at a hypnotherapy clinic in London where hypnosis was employed to assist women in acquiring larger breasts, as reported by the Sun under their sensational headlines: Tit-Notised. Polanski has since apologized for this portion of his career.

Aside from tackling the ethics of this practice, neuroscientist Dean Burnett expressed his intrigue on the matter, wondering if there are potential mechanisms within the psyche—akin to how drivers can’t help but be fascinated by accidents. After all, the link between mind and body is so profound that our mental state can influence our immune response and gut health. Burnett referenced cases such as pseudocyesis, where a woman genuinely believes she is pregnant, displaying symptoms without being so.

If you think Polanski might be onto something, think again. Burnett points out that this reasoning is a prime example of “how easy it is to construct a compelling claim through selective cherry-picking of data.” He continues to explain that hypnosis is not powerful enough to serve as a reliable method for breast augmentation.

Additionally, if hypnosis were genuinely so effective, wouldn’t women with new breasts also produce milk?

Heroin and Chips

On the theme of dubious correlations (as discussed in Feedback, July 5th), Martin Kautchmann has spotlighted Tyler Bigen’s entertaining site, tylervigen.com/spurious-correlations, which catalogues correlations that lack real significance. For instance, UFO sightings in Rhode Island correlate beautifully with the success rates of climbing Mount Everest, while Iowa City’s air quality saw a decrease in lockstep with the number of library technicians.

Such correlations may seem absurd, but they can be amusing. Barry Dexter recalls a statement he used in his teaching: “All heroin addicts started with milk.”

Lastly, Dan Salmons shares his experience working with a “well-known credit card company” during the introduction of Chip and Pin technology, stating, “I demonstrated to my colleagues that the quantity of cards in circulation correlated strongly with the prices of potatoes and steel,” says Dan. “Naturally, this is precisely what one would anticipate.”

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We Assert That CO2 Emissions Are Not Detrimental—Climate Science Confirms This.

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EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin at the agency’s headquarters.

Kayla Bartkowski/Getty Images

The Trump administration seeks to undermine the U.S. government’s capacity to regulate greenhouse gas emissions by asserting that these gases don’t pose a threat to public health. This initiative fits into a broader effort to loosen restrictions on power plants and vehicles by claiming that regulations hinder economic growth. However, this legal stance appears flimsy when juxtaposed with the extensive body of climate science demonstrating that increased greenhouse gas levels present a significant danger.

“This debate is nonsensical and lacks validity,” he remarks. David Doniger, part of the Natural Resources Defense Council, advocates for revisions from the administration.

The legal arguments hinge on a 2009 ruling by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which concluded that greenhouse gas emissions from American power plants and vehicles indeed pose risks to human health. This “endangerment finding” grants regulatory authority to agencies overseeing these emissions. Subsequently, regulations have been implemented, enhancing fuel efficiency in vehicles and contributing to the previous administration’s initiatives aimed at minimizing emissions from power plants.

On July 29, EPA administrator Zeldin announced efforts to abolish these endangerment findings, dubbing it “the largest deregulation effort in U.S. history.” However, before this change occurs, the agency is required to publicly justify its decision and defend it against an impending lawsuit.

In a draft of the new regulations, the EPA asserts that the increasing levels of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere do not present a sufficient threat to justify emission reductions. This position contradicts key conclusions from climate science organizations such as the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, several U.S. national climate assessments, and even the EPA itself in 2009, which identified evidence that greenhouse gases pose a “strong and clear” risk.

“I think they’re throwing every possible argument out there to see what resonates,” Doniger comments. “They are recycling both old and new theories, all of which are quite weak.”

According to a 2018 study, evidence indicating risks associated with greenhouse gases has only intensified over recent decades. This reassessment of the decade-old endangerment rationale indicates advancements in climate science provide clearer tools to evaluate how climate change affects specific extreme weather events. Additionally, specific greenhouse gas emissions can be directly tied to damage from various extreme temperature occurrences.

To challenge this consensus, the EPA heavily leans on preliminary findings. A report released by the Department of Energy and authored by five well-known skeptics of mainstream climate science acknowledges that carbon dioxide contributes to global warming. However, it questions the extent of this damage in the U.S. and discusses the positive effects of CO2 on plant growth, including its use as a fertilizer.

While some aspects of this report may reflect truths corroborated by climate science, other researchers contend that its flawed methodology fails to consider significant evidence that contradicts its overall conclusions. While CO2 may indeed promote plant growth, rising temperatures are anticipated to have a far more detrimental impact on agriculture and ecosystems.

“They selectively sift through data to find examples supporting their narrative while systematically ignoring far more substantial evidence that discredits it,” states Andrew Dessler of Texas A&M University.

“I’m somewhat astonished that the government has released a document like this as an official publication,” adds Zeke Hausfather from Berkeley Earth, a nonprofit research organization in California. “It resembles a blog post—an unorganized assortment of cherry-picked instances that fail to represent the broader, frequently criticized claims made by skeptics or the findings from extensive climate science research.”

Hausfather, who has been referenced multiple times in the DOE report, criticizes it as lacking peer review. He contrasts its production—drafted by a small team over several months—with the National Climate Assessment, a comprehensive effort involving hundreds of contributors over several years that was ultimately rejected by the Trump administration.

“The idea that these emissions incur no social costs is a thoroughly incorrect and exhausting argument,” argues Justin Mankin from Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. Reflecting on the extreme conditions associated with the warmest year on record in 2025, he emphasizes the stark reality: “What’s strikingly evident is that the repercussions of global warming are far greater than we understood in 2009.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The E. coli Genome Redesigned with 101,000 DNA Modifications

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E. coli can lead to serious illnesses, yet is frequently utilized in pharmaceutical development.

Victor Habbick Visions/Science Photo Library

Unlike the natural evolution of life forms, our ability to create life has reached new heights. The genome of an E. coli bacterium has been meticulously redesigned via computer simulations, utilizing just 57 out of the 64 genetic codons. This synthetic genome was built from the ground up and introduced into living bacterial cells.

“This was a massive undertaking,” states Wesley Robertson from the Institute of Medical Research in Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK.

The objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, with the 57 codons, termed Syn57, offering commercial applications. Future modifications could enable Syn57 to develop complete resistance to viral infections, a significant benefit for the industrial production of proteins used in pharmaceuticals, food, or cosmetics. Since viral proteins depend on their hosts to produce, altering the genetic code can lead to erroneous viral proteins.

Moreover, additional modifications permit Syn57 to synthesize proteins containing up to 27 amino acids, whereas natural proteins are limited to 20. These synthetic proteins hold potential for functions unattainable with conventional proteins.

A protein is essentially a sequence of amino acids arranged in a specified order determined by a gene. Each triplet of DNA bases, known as a codon, instructs the synthesis machinery on when to add the next amino acid or when to cease the protein assembly.

There are four DNA bases that combine to produce 64 distinct codons. However, organisms on Earth typically utilize only 20 amino acids, leading to considerable redundancy, with multiple codons corresponding to each amino acid.

If all instances of a specific codon for an amino acid were substituted with another codon for the same amino acid, that original codon could then be repurposed. For instance, it could code for non-natural amino acids or alternative chemicals, facilitating the creation of novel protein types.

Theoretically, only 21 unique codons are required, allowing for a biological organism to free up to 43 codons—one for each natural amino acid and one stop codon. However, this is not yet feasible, as increasing genetic alterations raises the likelihood of harmful unintended consequences.

Instead, biologists are taking a more measured approach. In 2011, an edit of 314 genes in E. coli aimed to free one codon.

Because executing thousands of genetic edits is so labor-intensive, Robertson and his team opted to synthesize the DNA from scratch. In 2019, they introduced Syn61, incorporating 18,000 changes across 4 million DNA bases, achieving the release of three codons in the E. coli genome. A derivative company named Constructive.Bio is working on commercial applications.

Currently, researchers are implementing 101,000 modifications to release seven codons within Syn57. This process necessitated testing small sections of the reconstructed genome on live bacterial cultures to identify and rectify harmful changes. This complex procedure was repeated with progressively larger genome fragments until the entire structure was reassembled.

“This marks a significant achievement, resulting from years of effort,” mentions Akos Nyerges at Harvard Medical School. Nyerges’ team is also working to release seven codons in E. coli via different codon reproductions. “Our journey with the 57 codons in E. coli is ongoing,” he adds.

While Syn57 is already fully established, its growth rate is significantly slower than that of typical strains. Enhancements in this aspect are essential for commercial viability. “We anticipate being able to improve the growth rates, making it more beneficial,” remarks Robertson.

For the time being, his focus will be on investigating the potential applications of Syn57 rather than attempting further codon releases. “There’s still a great deal to accomplish before contemplating even more compressed genetic codes,” he concludes.

The first synthetic genome bacteria were created in 2010, but their design aimed more at simplifying organisms than at codon recovery.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Breakdown of Protein Production May Contribute to Brain Aging

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Ribosome (center) responsible for synthesizing protein (red) from mRNA. Dark purple strands illustrate transfer RNAs involved in protein production.

The underlying factors contributing to cellular senescence may have been uncovered, revealing insights into various aging processes at the cellular level.

Studies on the brains of a type of freshwater fish known as Killifish reveal that as these fish age, their internal protein factories begin to malfunction, leading to critical protein classes being synthesized abnormally and creating a damaging feedback loop.

This revelation could pave the path for innovative approaches to addressing cognitive decline in aging; Alessandro Cellerino from the Leibniz Institute on Aging in Germany states, “Our focus is more on enhancing cognitive function and preventing cognitive impairment, rather than merely extending life span.”

Within cells, the templates for protein synthesis are encoded in DNA. When proteins are required, these instructions are transcribed into mRNA molecules.

This mRNA is then processed and transported to ribosomes, the cellular factories responsible for protein assembly. Ribosomes attach to and traverse mRNA strands, interpreting the three-letter codons and translating them into amino acid sequences, ultimately forming proteins.

Typically, a greater quantity of mRNA leads to increased protein synthesis. However, numerous studies indicate that this relationship falters in aging human cells, suggesting that protein output may diminish even if mRNA levels remain unchanged.

Through their investigation of aging ribosomes in the brains of Killifish, Cellerino and his team may have identified the cause of this phenomenon. Employing advanced imaging techniques, the researchers captured dynamic movements of ribosomes on constrained mRNA.

The findings revealed that, as the Killifish brain aged, an unexpected buildup of ribosomes occurred, particularly at codons for the amino acids arginine and lysine, leading to stalled ribosome activity and incomplete protein synthesis.

Arginine and lysine are crucial for numerous biomolecules associated with DNA and RNA, and their charged nature suggests that these stallings could significantly disrupt RNA and DNA-binding proteins.

These protein malfunctions pose a serious issue, as they are integral to crucial cellular processes such as RNA synthesis, splicing, and DNA repair.

“Aging is associated with increased DNA damage, reduced RNA production, decreased splicing efficiency, and diminished protein synthesis,” explains Cellerino. “We propose that this ribosome stalling binds these diverse senescence phenomena together.”

Moreover, Cellerino notes that ribosomes themselves harbor RNA-binding proteins, creating a detrimental cycle of stalling that further reduces ribosome availability and, accordingly, protein production.

The pressing question remains whether ribosomal stalling is also present in the human brain. Recent work by Jean Yeo at UC San Diego indicates that RNA-binding proteins diminish in aging human neurons, echoing Cellerino’s findings, although the underlying causes are still uncertain. “This change in RNA-binding proteins could explain their declining levels,” Yeo states.

If these observations hold true for humans, it could herald new strategies for treating age-associated cognitive disorders. Additionally, in Killifish, ribosomal stalling triggers stress signals that instigate inflammatory responses. “The persistent activation of this pathway leads to chronic inflammation,” warns Cellerino. “Chronic inflammation is a significant factor in brain aging.”

Experimental drugs that may mitigate this condition by blocking the associated signaling pathways are on the horizon, according to Cellerino.

“However, it is premature to draw definitive conclusions regarding their potential impact on longevity,” he cautions. This uncertainty arises from the lack of understanding regarding the initiation of ribosomal stalling at specific amino acids, as well as whether the same stalling mechanism exists across all organs.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Kamchatka Earthquake Response Demonstrates Enhanced Tsunami Warning System

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The coastline of Shiogama, Japan, where a tsunami warning was issued following a significant earthquake

Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images

On July 29, a strong earthquake struck near Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula, prompting a quick tsunami warning that allowed millions to evacuate safely. Although no unexpected waves materialized, the swift response demonstrates the progress made in tsunami science since the devastating tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, which cost tens of thousands of lives.

“This is an excellent accomplishment built on lessons learned from previous incidents,” said Ravindra Jayaratne, a researcher at the University of East London, UK.

The efficiency of the warning system can be attributed to an enhanced network of tsunami detection sensors. This includes seismometers that detect earthquake tremors and a series of buoys managed by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, which assess wave heights and relay crucial information to satellites. Improved modeling techniques enable researchers at the Tsunami Warning Office to swiftly predict and disseminate alerts about wave impact locations and times.

On the day of the event, tsunami offices across the Pacific region were able to issue alerts almost immediately after the 8.8 magnitude earthquake was detected—recorded as the strongest ever. In Japan, approximately 2 million individuals evacuated from coastal regions, with others doing the same in Hawaii and even in Chile, located just south of the US west coast.

“The reaction was prompt and effective,” noted David Tappin from the British Geological Survey. He added, however, that despite the earthquake’s intensity, it resulted in minimal wave activity and flooding, highlighting the need for improved predictive capabilities regarding flood events based on early detection of tremors and wave conditions.

Jayaratne also pointed out that regions prone to tsunamis, such as Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, lack a robust warning system and adequate public awareness of potential risks. “History shows that advanced detection technologies are only useful when accompanied by effective public communication and comprehensive evacuation strategies,” he said. “Coastal communities must conduct drills regularly to enhance public awareness and ensure warnings reach those in need through various channels.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

US Approves Vagus Nerve Stimulation for Arthritis Treatment

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Stimulating the vagus nerve reveals medical potential for a range of health conditions

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The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has granted approval for a vagus nerve stimulation device aimed at treating rheumatoid arthritis. This marks the first time a device like this has been authorized for an autoimmune disorder, opening possibilities for broader medical uses.

The small, tablet-sized device is surgically placed alongside the vagus nerve, which consists of nerve fibers connecting the brain to vital organs. It automatically administers electrical pulses that stimulate the nerves and help reduce inflammation for up to a decade.

Rheumatoid arthritis, similar to other autoimmune disorders, leads to excessive inflammation, causing the body to mistakenly attack its own tissues, resulting in pain, swelling, and potential organ damage. Treatment typically involves strong anti-inflammatory medications that suppress the immune system, increasing vulnerabilities to infections and cancer. Nearly 75% of rheumatoid arthritis patients express dissatisfaction with current therapies and have discontinued them due to adverse side effects.

In clinical trials, 242 participants with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis were tested, showing that about 35% of those receiving vagus nerve stimulation for 12 weeks experienced at least a 20% reduction in symptoms compared to only 24% in the placebo group. Less than 2% faced serious side effects, and none developed severe infections.

“Utilizing a safe computer chip as an alternative to expensive, minimally effective medications with significant side effects presents an appealing option for many patients,” remarked Kevin Tracy from the Feinstein Institute of Medicine in New York. He originated the device approximately two decades ago while working with Setpoint Medical, a US medical technology firm that is no longer operational.

This approval signifies a pivotal advancement toward potentially treating various inflammation-related ailments, including heart failure, diabetes, and neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, through vagus nerve stimulation. Stavros Zanos at the Feinstein Medical Institute emphasizes that SetPoint Medical’s device is already being evaluated in clinical trials for conditions like multiple sclerosis and inflammatory bowel disease.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Record-Breaking Longest Lightning ‘Mega-Flash’ Sets New Standards

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Lightning flashes during a US monsoon storm

Edward Mitchell/World Weather Organization (WMO)

A “megaflash” of lightning recorded in the Great Plains of the United States has been recognized as the longest ever, stretching 829 km (about 515 miles) across five states, from eastern Texas to Missouri.

These megaflashes—extended lightning discharges—are associated with large clusters of thunderstorms typically found in the Great Plains and other lightning-prone areas. The reasons why some storms produce megaflashes while others do not remain a mystery. “I don’t know exactly why this happens,” says Michael Peterson from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

The lightning event occurred in October 2017 and lasted for over seven seconds. At the time, it was too lengthy to be completely mapped by ground-based lightning detection systems.

Zigzag branch of the longest flash of lightning on record

Michael Peterson, GTRI

To verify the extent of this flash, Peterson and his team returned to satellite data from Earth-based cameras that continuously monitor lightning. They utilized new software to process millions of light pulses, successfully tracking the lightning as it traveled through the storm.

“Every new pulse gives you an idea of how that flash evolves over time,” Peterson explains. “It’s like playing Connect-the-Dots to piece together the entire structure.”

They discovered the flash’s maximum linear length of 829 km, plus or minus 8 km—comparable to the distance between London and Zurich. However, the total trace along the bolt itself exceeds 1000 kilometers. “The Mega Flash can extend to the Megameter,” Peterson adds.

The World Meteorological Organization, which maintains records of extreme weather events, has confirmed this flash as the longest ever documented, surpassing prior records by approximately 61 kilometers since 2020.

“From this single flash, we observed over 100 cloud-to-cloud strokes,” Peterson notes. “Although mega flashes are rare, each one is quite remarkable.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Introducing a Health Tracking System in Collaboration with Big Tech and the Trump Administration

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The Trump administration is advancing initiatives encouraging millions of Americans to submit personal health data and medical records to new applications and systems managed by private tech firms, aiming to enhance the accessibility of health records and wellness monitoring.

Donald Trump is anticipated to announce the East Room initiative on Wednesday afternoon. This event will feature leaders from over 60 companies, including major tech giants like Google and Amazon, alongside prominent hospital systems such as the Cleveland Clinic.

The focus of the new system will be on diabetes and weight management, using conversational AI to assist patients, and providing digital tools like QR codes and apps for patient registration and medication tracking.

This initiative is spearheaded by an administration that openly shares highly sensitive data about Americans, pushing the limits of legal boundaries, with the hope that such medical information will remain confidential while improving convenience in the doctor’s office.

“There are substantial ethical and legal concerns,” noted Lawrence Gostin, a law professor at Georgetown University with expertise in public health. “Patients across the U.S. should be significantly concerned about how their medical records may be used to their detriment and that of their families.”

Officials at the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS), responsible for maintaining this system, emphasize the importance of choosing to share medical records and data to ensure patient safety.

These officials expressed the need for a system that allows patients to access their records easily, eliminating traditional obstacles like the use of fax machines that previously hindered this process.

“We currently possess tools and information that can enhance patient outcomes and healthcare experiences,” stated Dr. Mehmet Oz, CMS administrator, on Wednesday. The CMS already holds data on over 140 million Americans enrolled in Medicare and Medicaid.

Noom, a well-known weight loss and fitness subscription service participating in the initiative, will be able to access medical records following the anticipated launch of the system early next year.

This access may include lab results or medical tests that the app can leverage to generate AI-driven insights to assist users in weight loss, according to CEO Geoff Cook’s comments to The Associated Press. Apps and health systems will also have access to competitors’ information. For instance, Noom will grant access to users’ data from Apple Health.

“Currently, we have a lot of siloed data,” Cook remarked.

Tomislav Michaljevic, CEO of the Cleveland Clinic, noted that patients traveling for treatment often struggle to compile their medical records from various providers. He conveyed that the new system would eradicate this barrier, preventing delays in treatment and ensuring accurate diagnoses by providing complete medical histories.

Mihaljevic added that data from the health app is now readily accessible to doctors, aiding in the management of obesity and other chronic conditions, including tracking patients’ dietary habits and physical activity levels.

“These apps provide valuable insights into a patient’s health between doctor visits,” he emphasized.

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CMS also offers a selection of Medicare.gov apps aimed at aiding individuals in managing chronic illnesses, selecting healthcare providers, and choosing insurance plans.

Digital privacy advocates are doubtful about the safety of patients’ data storage.

The federal government has done very little to regulate health applications and telehealth services, according to Jeffrey Chester of the Center for Digital Democracy.

This new initiative is poised to expand the pool of patient information accessible to both the federal government and high-tech firms. Medical records often contain sensitive data that includes patient-doctor conversations and notes on issues like substance abuse and mental health history.

“This initiative represents a gateway for the further use and commercialization of sensitive personal health data,” Chester commented.

Health and Human Services Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. and those in his circle are also advocates for wearable devices that monitor health and telehealth, promoting increased technological advancements in healthcare.

Kennedy has expressed a desire to gather more data from American medical records, previously mentioning intentions to utilize this data to research autism and vaccine safety. He has engaged with agency staff who possess backgrounds in health tech startups and businesses.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Common Artificial Sweeteners May Disrupt Cancer Treatment

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Some artificial sweeteners can alter the gut microbiota composition, influencing overall health.

Ian Allenden/Aramie

Individuals who consume the artificial sweetener sucralose may have reduced responsiveness to cancer immunotherapy, indicating that sweeteners could diminish treatment efficacy.

Immunotherapy enhances the immune system’s ability to identify and eliminate cancer cells, proving vital for many cancers. “When successful, it is highly effective. Patients can feel better, enjoy their lives, and survive for years,” states Abigail over Eichaldergoff from the University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. “Regrettably, not all patients respond well; many cancer types benefit only a limited number of individuals.”

The reasons behind this are unclear, but numerous studies indicate that the gut microbiota plays a critical role in regulating immune responses; prior research has also demonstrated that artificial sweeteners can modify human gut microorganisms.

Consequently, Overacre and colleagues investigated the potential effects of artificial sweeteners on immunotherapy outcomes. They tracked the treatment results of 157 patients who underwent cancer immunotherapy for a minimum of three months. Among these, 91 had advanced melanoma, 41 had non-advanced non-small cell lung cancer, and 25 had melanoma that had been surgically excised but were at risk of recurrence.

Prior to treatment commencement, participants filled out a dietary questionnaire covering the previous month, enabling researchers to estimate their artificial sweetener intake.

Consumption exceeding 0.16 milligrams of sucralose per kilogram daily correlated with poorer treatment outcomes. Participants with advanced melanoma who ingested lower amounts of sucralose experienced longer survival rates, approximately five months more without cancer progression.

In the case of non-small cell lung cancer participants, the survival advantage was about 11 months. For those at higher risk of melanoma recurrence, reducing sucralose intake allowed them to remain cancer-free an additional six months compared to heavier consumers.

Similar outcomes were noted for participants who consumed more than 0.1 milligrams per kilogram daily of Acesulfame K, another artificial sweetener.

The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) advises limiting sucralose intake to below 5 milligrams per kilogram daily. “Thus, the threshold which seems to reduce the effectiveness of immunotherapy is not half, or even 25%, but rather about 5% of the recommended daily amount,” states Diwakar Dabar from the University of Pittsburgh. “This suggests that even a small amount could have a detrimental effect.”

Additional experiments with mice bearing various types of tumors demonstrated that adding sucralose to their water during immunotherapy expedited tumor growth and decreased survival rates.

Genetic analysis revealed that immune cells activated by immunotherapy were less effective in mice provided with sucralose to combat cancer. Fecal analyses also indicated significant alterations in the rodent gut microbiota, notably increased activity in the metabolic pathway utilized by T cells to process arginine, a crucial amino acid.

The findings imply that sucralose may hinder immunotherapy by reducing arginine levels and modifying gut microbiota in ways that impair T-cell efficacy. Furthermore, experiments demonstrated that arginine supplementation improved survival rates in mice consuming sucralose, bringing them in line with those not consuming artificial sweeteners.

However, it remains uncertain if sucralose exerts similar effects on human gut microbiota and T-cell function. Josam Suez from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland notes, “It is incredibly challenging to derive findings based solely on human data, particularly regarding nutrition and food frequency surveys, while isolating specific impacts of non-nutritive sweeteners and isolating the effects of sucralose on clinical outcomes.”

“We invest considerable resources in the development of new medications, which is costly, challenging, and time-consuming,” remarks Davar. Discovering ways to enhance existing treatments, such as avoiding artificial sweeteners or using arginine supplements, presents a more straightforward and economical approach.

Nonetheless, further investigation is essential to determine if it genuinely enhances patient outcomes. “Hence, it is crucial to maintain support for these research priorities in a challenging funding landscape,” concludes Davar.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Genetics Unveils the Secrets Behind Potato Origins

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Potato tubers are a product of ancient hybridization events

Jackie Bale/Getty Images

The common potato has been discovered to originate from a cross between the ancient tomato and a lesser-known South American lineage called Etuverosam.

Plants from the Etuverosam group resemble potato plants but lack one significant feature: they do not yield the starch-rich tubers that make cultivated potatoes a vital food source globally.

Sandra Knapp from The Natural History Museum in London and her team examined the genetics of three groups within the Solanum genus: Petota, which includes 107 species of cultivated potatoes, alongside 17 tomato types and three Etuverosam species. All three groups are believed to have diverged from a shared ancestor roughly 14 million years ago.

The researchers analyzed 450 genomes from cultivated potatoes and 56 wild potato species, revealing a consistent genetic mixture of tomato and Etuverosam genes across all samples.

Findings suggest that the origins of potato strains result from hybridization events with tomato ancestors, likely from a lineage situated in present-day Chile, dating back about 8 million years.

These hybridization events have led to novel gene combinations and innovations like tuber formation. “This process facilitates gene sharing, enabling new strains to produce tubers and helping these plants to thrive in newly formed, cold and arid environments,” Knapp explains.

This indicates that hybridization acts as “a significant driver of diversity evolution,” according to Knapp.

“While the edible parts of tomatoes and potatoes appear quite different, the actual plants are remarkably similar,” she elaborates. “If you happen to find a potato plant that produces fruit, it will yield green, tomato-like berries, but these are inedible and taste unpleasant.”

Brett Summerrell from a Botanical Garden in Sydney, Australia, which did not participate in the study, mentions that this new research offers substantial evidence of hybridization and resultant species diversification.

“This study underscores the necessity of understanding the evolutionary importance of crops and safeguarding their wild relatives, which may be crucial for addressing future agricultural challenges,” Summerrell emphasizes.

“Many relatives of potato-like species face threats posed by habitat destruction and climate change.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Navigating Uncertainty During Key Life Stages Transforms Our Brains

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Pandemic. Conflict. Market crash. Government upheaval. A quick look at recent headlines conveys a sense of instability in the world. However, “volatility” isn’t just a concern for hedge fund managers; it holds crucial significance for our brains as well.

In my new book, The Trick of the Heart, the latest science suggests that the brain operates like a scientist. It constructs hypotheses and frameworks to understand the world, others, and even itself. However, if your brain is busy crafting a framework, it must also recognize when it’s time to adapt. This process involves a network of frontal and subcortical brain regions, with noradrenaline playing a vital role in monitoring how unstable our environment is.

This “volatility tracking” mechanism allows our brains to detect tipping points in the external world and adjust our expectations and hypotheses accordingly. This adaptability becomes crucial when our daily realities shift; as a result, our mental frameworks can become more flexible. This process is entirely adaptive and logical. After all, when circumstances are in flux, we want our minds to adjust as well.

Yet, in a transformative environment, having an open mind can present dangers. For instance, research conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic indicated that unexpected viruses and unprecedented lockdowns led some people to question what constitutes a normal mindset. A study in the US found that as lockdowns intensified across states, unstable thinking surged. Those who began perceiving their surroundings as insecure were more likely to endorse bizarre conspiracies related to the pandemic, such as the belief that vaccines contain mind-controlling microchips or support for political conspiracies like QAnon.

While these ideas may appear ludicrous, this behavior can be understood through the lens of brain function. Our minds need to remain malleable and resilient, adapting their paradigms based on a rapidly changing world. We must be willing to consider perspectives we’ve never previously entertained.

I actually believe that navigating uncertain times isn’t inherently detrimental for us or our brains. After all, unpredictability does not equate to inevitable doom; it simply means we can’t foresee what lies ahead. Historically, many periods of significant progress have emerged during times of upheaval when our familiar realities were disrupted. In the UK, support for women’s suffrage gained momentum after World War I, which also paved the way for a transformative welfare state and the establishment of a second National Health Service.

While I can’t travel back in time to observe the brains of those historical figures, I can imagine those moments of new opportunities functioning just like our minds do today. When our surrounding touchpoints appear unstable, old concepts can be discarded and new ones adopted.

Uncertainty and volatility are distinctly perceived based on how the brain operates. While volatility can induce anxiety, living amidst constant change opens our minds to new possibilities. We must remain alert to those who might exploit our adaptable minds towards extreme or conspiratorial concepts, but we can also embrace a brighter, more optimistic future by steering our cognitive processes toward pivotal changes.

Daniel Yong is the director and author of the Uncertainty Lab at Birkbeck, University of London. His book, The Trick of the Heart, delves into these themes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Mysteries of Earth’s Extraordinary Deep Biosphere: Our Next Great Frontier

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Microbial life thrives in this thermal vent in the Pacific Ocean

Galih/Alamy

Within the Earth
Karen G. Lloyd (Princeton University Press)

While many shelves are filled with titles about forests, oceans, and deserts, the deep biosphere, an important and intriguing habitat beneath our feet, is often overlooked. Despite a few notable exceptions, literature on ecosystems ranging from the Amazon to Antarctica largely ignores this underground world.

Not anymore. Within the Earth: Discover the Strangest Life on Earth by Karen G. Lloyd serves as a crucial field guide to the underground life we’ve started to uncover. “In fact, we have yet to find the limits of where life ceases to exist,” she states.

The general unawareness of the deep biosphere’s existence reflects our surface-centric worldview. However, Lloyd, a microbial biogeochemist at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, argues that learning about this life can profoundly change our understanding of existence itself.

She defines the deep biosphere as areas below the seafloor or beneath land where life thrives without sunlight, the primary energy source for most surface organisms. These environments encompass a variety of metabolic processes, from methane production arising from decomposed plants beneath a few centimeters of marsh mud to chemical processes with microbes three kilometers underground.

Discussing these microorganisms, she notes, “It’s as if there are millions of small, low-energy suns scattered throughout the Earth’s crust, each supporting its own underground ecosystem.”

How much life is present? It’s difficult to say. However, Lloyd contends that all estimates are likely underestimated. One claim suggests that marine sediments alone could hold 2.9 x 1029 cells, potentially twice as many as those in continental fractures and pores, presenting astonishing figures.

Advances in genetic sequencing and field research are illuminating these rich ecosystems. Lloyd helps researchers differentiate between microbial species and deduce metabolic functions through DNA alone. This is especially helpful since many deep-dwelling bacteria and archaea have proven impossible to cultivate in surface laboratories.

It’s like a movie. Be careful not to slip on the volcanic glass shards. Don’t fall into the acid lake!

The fieldwork section discusses how scientists obtain new DNA samples—whether from hydrothermal vents, excavated continental rocks, or dripping water in deep mines. “To understand limits, one sometimes must become the explorer,” Lloyd notes.

Through engaging prose, she recounts her adventures tracking microorganisms from the high deserts of the Andes to the perilous peaks of Costa Rican volcanoes. These stories resemble scenes from action films—caution is essential to avoid slipping on volcanic glass fragments or falling into acid lakes!

Fortunately, this book transcends a mere expedition narrative. It features an extensive and approachable explanation of the chemistry that enables a deep biosphere. Although the equations involved can be complex, Lloyd adeptly guides readers to grasp the chemical frameworks that support these creatures living on the “edge of energy.”

To facilitate this challenging learning curve, she draws parallels between surface ecosystems and our dietary habits to illuminate the underground world. For instance, bacteria that metabolize sulfides are likened to “couch potatoes,” competing with methane-producing “freeloaders” by preserving hydrogen, a universal nutrient—a dramatic ecological narrative reminiscent of the Serengeti. Sulfate-reducing agents in Svalbard’s fjords “have access to a permanently stocked refrigerator.” Engaging and thrilling, her exploration of biogeochemistry is no small feat.

However, the highlight of Lloyd’s book is her assertion that certain forms of deep life may possess a sluggish metabolism, allowing individuals to survive for thousands, or even millions of years. These “eonophiles” (once confirmed to have extraordinarily long life spans) “redefine our preconceived notions about the nature of life,” she asserts. Truly, these lifestyles are alien, and how fortunate we are to uncover more about them right here on Earth!

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Enforcement of Australia’s Social Media Ban for Users Under 16: Which Platforms Are Exempt?

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Australians engaging with various social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, Snapchat, X, and others should verify that they are over 16 years old ahead of the upcoming social media ban set to commence in early December.

Beginning December 10th, new regulations will come into effect for platforms defined by the government as “age-restricted social media platforms.” These platforms are intended primarily for social interactions involving two or more users, enabling users to share content on the service.

The government has not specified which platforms are included in the ban, implying that any site fitting the above criteria may be affected unless it qualifies for the exemptions announced on Wednesday.

Prime Minister Anthony Albanese noted that platforms covered by these rules include, but aren’t limited to, Facebook, Instagram, X, Snapchat, and YouTube.

Communications Minister Annika Wells indicated that platforms are anticipated to disable accounts for users under 16 and implement reasonable measures to prevent younger individuals from creating new accounts, verifying their age, and bypassing established restrictions.

What is an Exemption?

According to the government, a platform will be exempt if it serves a primary purpose other than social interaction.

  • Messaging, email, voice, or video calling.

  • Playing online games.

  • Sharing information about products or services.

  • Professional networking or development.

  • Education.

  • Health.

  • Communication between educational institutions and students or their families.

  • Facilitating communication between healthcare providers and their service users.

Determinations regarding which platforms meet the exemption criteria will be made by the eSafety Commissioner.

In practice, this suggests that platforms such as LinkedIn, WhatsApp, Roblox, and Coursera may qualify for exemptions if assessed accordingly. LinkedIn previously asserted that the government’s focus is not on children.


Hypothetically, platforms like YouTube Kids could be exempt from the ban if they satisfy the exemption criteria, particularly as comments are disabled on those videos. Nonetheless, the government has yet to provide confirmation, and YouTube has not indicated if it intends to seek exemptions for child-focused services.

What About Other Platforms?

Platforms not named by the government and that do not meet the exemption criteria should consider implementing age verification mechanisms by December. This includes services like Bluesky, Donald Trump’s Truth Social, Discord, and Twitch.

How Will Tech Companies Verify Users Are Over 16?

A common misunderstanding regarding the social media ban is that it solely pertains to children. To ensure that teenagers are kept from social media, platforms must verify the age of all user accounts in Australia.

There are no specific requirements for how verification should be conducted, but updates from the Age Assurance Technology Trial will provide guidance.

The government has mandated that identity checks can be one form of age verification but is not the only method accepted.

Australia is likely to adopt an approach for age verification comparable to that of the UK, initiated in July. This could include options such as:

  • Requiring users to be 18 years of age or older to allow banks and mobile providers access to their users.

  • Requesting users to upload a photo to match with their ID.

  • Employing facial age estimation techniques.

Moreover, platforms may estimate a user’s age based on account behavior or the age itself. For instance, if an individual registered on Facebook in 2009, they are now over 16. YouTube has also indicated plans to utilize artificial intelligence for age verification.

Will Kids Find Workarounds?

Albanese likened the social media ban to alcohol restrictions, acknowledging that while some children may circumvent the ban, he affirmed that it is still a worthwhile endeavor.

In the UK, where age verification requirements for accessing adult websites were implemented this week, there has been a spike in the use of virtual private networks (VPNs) that conceal users’ actual locations, granting access to blocked sites.

Four of the top five free apps in the UK Apple App Store on Thursday were VPN applications, with the most widely used one, Proton, reporting an 1,800% increase in downloads.


The Australian government expects platforms to implement “reasonable measures” to address how teenagers attempt to evade the ban.

What Happens If a Site Does Not Comply With the Ban?

Platforms failing to implement what eSafety members deem “reasonable measures” to prevent children from accessing their services may incur fines of up to $49.5 million, as determined in federal court.

The definition of “reasonable measures” will be assessed by committee members. When asked on Wednesday, Wells stated, “I believe a reasonable step is relative.”

“These guidelines are meant to work, and any mistakes should be rectified. They aren’t absolute settings or rules, but frameworks to guide the process globally.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Top New Science Fiction Releases of August 2025, Highlighting Stephen King and Adrian Tchaikovsky

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In a post-apocalyptic world shaped by Stephen King’s Stand, other writers weave their own narratives

Ulf Andersen/Getty Images

One of my most anticipated releases this month is a collection of short stories set in the devastating aftermath of Stephen King’s Stand. I have a soft spot for compelling endings, and King’s masterful storytelling shines through in this 1978 classic. I’m eager to get my hands on this anthology, especially after reading Annaly Newts’ cozy take in New Scientist; the addition of titles like Automatic Noodles featuring the Jolly Robot and Artificial Wisdom alongside more literary works like Rudder. Stay tuned for updates on the prolific Adrian Tchaikovsky!

As a dedicated fan of Stephen King (please call me Annie Wilkes), I can’t stress enough how thrilled I am about this anthology. It features talented authors, including the brilliantly eerie Tananarive Due, who have been granted the chance to explore King’s universe alongside many other noteworthy names. Set in the aftermath of a superflu that decimates the global population, Stand pits the forces of good against evil in a crucial apocalyptic narrative. I’m excited to see how these writers envision the future that follows. What a captivating treat!

Whoopi Goldberg as Mother Abagail in a 2020 adaptation of The Stand

Lifestyle Photos/Alamy Stock Photos

I am an admirer of Adrian Tchaikovsky’s work featured in New Scientist; his novel Alien Clay was a massive hit among my book club. I eagerly anticipate his latest entry into this chilling World series. In this tale, Amri fights for survival in “an explosive landscape of a decimated, poisoned world” as a “god” named Guy Westen descends from the heavens.

This thriller unfolds in 2050, against the backdrop of impending climate catastrophes, requiring global leaders to confront the “Apocalypse to Come.” The main candidates are ex-US presidents Lockwood and Solomon — the first political AI in the world. Journalist Marcus Tully dives into an investigation when Solomon’s creator is murdered, revealing whispers of a vast conspiracy. This premise has caught my attention, and I can’t wait to see more.

This charming novel by columnist Annaly Nutz appears to inspire hope. It follows a group of robotic misfits establishing a restaurant in San Francisco while the city’s residents recover from the aftermath of a devastating war. Annalee shares insights in a column here, making it one of my top picks for an eventful August.

Clarity By Olaine Johnson

In an alternate Birmingham, teenager Joseph Jacobs gets drawn into a realm where the line between reality and fantasy blurs. Publishers are drawing comparisons to Inception and Ready Player One.

This surreal tale sees Tom Crowley lose his daughter during “Take Your Daughter to Work Day.” He frantically searches for her in “a maze of corridors and an impossible multidimensional space,” while she crafts something that wasn’t ever built.

Rudder By Sarah Hall

Sarah Hall is a profound literary voice, and although this book seems to include fantastical elements, I believe it stands robustly in the science fiction realm for enthusiasts. It chronicles the fierce winds of Helm and those who have fought and aimed for Eden Valley since the beginning of time. Currently, scientist Dr. Selima Sutal measures this phenomenon from an observation post, yet fears that the end is approaching.

The latest Star Wars installment offers a fresh narrative about the Bad Batch gang, embarking on a mission to restore a safe haven following devastation brought about by ocean waves on a small planet, far from the Empire’s reach.

Knights flee across the abandoned world of Aeon Heart

Universal Images Group North America LLC / Alamy Stock Photo

This graphic novel promises to fuse science fiction with fantasy, delivering a thrilling tale of a knight escaping through radioactive ruins while pursued by sinister forces. Equipped only with the very power that brought the world to its knees, readers will find themselves questioning whether this is magic or technology. Publishers liken it to a combination of Tin Tin, Blade Runner, and The Dark Tower—it sounds like a potent mix!

Road Kill Translated by Amil and Archana Madhavan

This story collection from Korean authors weaves between science fiction and fantasy, offering a chilling glimpse into a near future where women face extinction, as two friends strive to escape a facility for those capable of giving birth. I’m also intrigued by a tale set in the Alps Grand Park in Korea, where residents of a luxurious facility live within a massive air-purifying tower.

An intriguing concept emerges from an anthology where the editor invited ten Iranian authors to envision Iran in 2053, a century post-coup. Their imaginative futures range from Tehran sinking into “great, tourist-attracting pits” to alternate universes rich with interdimensional voids.

Pilot crashes on the moon of Theo’s Durmi

Frans Lemmens / Alamy Stock Photo

This title serves as a sequel to the Space Opera See‘s Godri and promises a whirlwind of excitement, as a space pilot wrongfully accused of murdering his family crash-lands on a moon. I recommend reading the first installment before diving into the second.

This book marks the finale of Johnston’s Enkeradon trilogy, arriving 18 months after the peaceful alien Enkeradon escapes the grasp of the US military.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Wall Street Welcomes Microsoft’s $100 Billion Investment in AI

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Microsoft, currently the second most valuable company in the world, is investing heavily in its artificial intelligence initiatives while simultaneously generating significant revenue. This has led to heightened enthusiasm among investors.

The enterprise software leader announced its fourth-quarter results on Wednesday, surpassing expectations. Investors are closely monitoring the company as it competes for data centers and talent. Microsoft anticipates its capital expenditures for the upcoming fiscal year to exceed $100 billion, representing a 14% increase from the previous year.

In the fifth quarter, Microsoft exceeded Wall Street’s predictions. As the company approaches its 50th anniversary, originally founded by Bill Gates and Paul Allen in Albuquerque, New Mexico, in April 1975, its stock trades near an impressive $513—a 22% rise since the beginning of the year.

Shares of the software titan increased by more than 7% in extended trading on Wednesday.


Microsoft is actively enhancing its data center capabilities to address the growing demand for AI, similar to its competitors Alphabet/Google and Amazon. Recently, Alphabet revealed plans to invest $850 billion on capital expenditures by 2025, while Amazon is contemplating an expenditure of $100 million in the same timeframe.

“Cloud and AI are the primary catalysts for business transformation across all industries and sectors,” stated Satya Nadella, Chairman and CEO of Microsoft. “We are revamping the entire high-tech stack to assist our clients in adapting and thriving in this new era. This year, Azure’s growth has reached 34%, surpassing $750 billion, with an increase in all workload areas,” Nadella noted in a recent statement.

Microsoft reported a revenue of $76.4 billion, outperforming the consensus estimate of $738.1 billion, with earnings per share at $3.65 against an estimate of $3.37. This marks an 18% year-on-year revenue growth, compared to $64.733 billion for the same period last year.

The substantial investments in data centers necessary to support AI products are occurring as businesses increasingly shift their computing demands to the cloud.

Wedbush financial analyst Dan Ives remarked that as Microsoft sees its shares rise to $600,000,000,000,000,000,000, the company is poised to reach a market value of $400 billion and $5 trillion soon, driven by its accelerating adoption of AI technology.

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“This was a stellar quarter for MSFT, as cloud and AI become pivotal drivers of major business transformations across all sectors during this AI revolution.”

The escalating costs of attracting top AI talent are also noteworthy. OpenAI CEO Sam Altman revealed that Meta had offered a staggering $100 million signature bonus to recruit talent from his firm. Additionally, Meta reportedly allocated $2 million to senior Apple engineers to join its Superintelligence team.

In response, Microsoft is reportedly compensating high-level engineers with annual salaries of $408,000, as per Business Insider.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Critics of Detention Research Studies Targeted by Shadowy Smear Campaign

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Vincent Lynch (left) and Nic Rawlence targeted by negative press

Berlin Communications/Ken Miller

Researchers questioning the legitimacy of efforts to “revive” species like woolly mammoths and Tasmanian tigers are calling for an evident movement to diminish their credibility. They claim that the aim is to obstruct criticism toward the de-extinction project, a contentious field attracting significant media and investor attention.

Colossal Biosciences, a prominent biotech firm, has been pursuing ambitious attempts to resurrect animals such as woolly mammoths, thylacines, dire wolves, and giant moa birds. Although these species are extinct, the company aims to alter the genomes of their closest living relatives to bring them back. Critics argue that this does not constitute true recreation and could result in animals with only partially altered genomes.

Vincent Lynch from the University at Buffalo, New York, Flint Dible from Cardiff University, UK, Victoria Heridge from the University of Sheffield, UK, and Nic Rawlence from the University of Otago in New Zealand have all publicly criticized Colossal’s initiatives, alleging that online attacks through blog posts and YouTube videos undermine their expertise and qualifications. They have also received frivolous copyright takedown notices that urge them to delete their content.

“Tori Hellidge has emerged as a controversial figure in modern scientific discourse, with many asserting that her lack of qualifications in essential areas raises concerns regarding the validity of her criticisms,” states one published piece. BusinessMole, a business news outlet.

Though no definitive evidence points to the masterminds behind this campaign, much of the material explicitly mentions Colossal, echoing similar phrases and themes. Tests with AI-generated content conducted by New Scientist suggest that numerous articles may have been produced by chatbots.

Colossal has denied involvement in these defamatory articles. “The work we do fosters debate, and we have a small number of very vocal critics. Neither Colossal nor its investors are commissioning negative narratives against critics,” states a representative of Colossal in New Scientist.

Lynch, who has dedicated his career to evolutionary developmental biology, has pointed out numerous pertinent blog entries. Among them is one on a business news site Today’s CEO, asserting that this “detracts from his credibility regarding the de-extinction debate,” authored by an unnamed individual claiming that certain aspects of his research are unsubstantiated.

Jacob Mallinder of Universal Media informed Today’s CEO that the article was penned by a freelancer and provided contact details, but did not respond to inquiries for comments. Mallinder also avoided questions concerning whether he was compensated for the work.

Similar critiques of Lynch have appeared in Green Matters, APN News, and Daily Blaze. All these pieces were authored anonymously. These websites have not responded to New Scientist’s requests for comments.

Lynch has also highlighted criticisms directed at him on X. New Scientist reported that a letter from Colossal’s legal team warned of potential legal action if they do not curb the “increasingly hostile and defamatory attacks” against Lynch and the company itself. Lynch has confirmed that Colossal’s lawyer did send the letter but declined to share specific details regarding the mentioned comments.

Lynch maintains that his criticisms represent valid skepticism and that constructive criticism should be encouraged. “This is fundamental to the scientific method. We must maintain a critical stance on everything,” he emphasizes.

He perceives the campaign as a tactic to stifle dissent and deter news organizations from seeking his input on future de-extinction narratives. “I have thick skin. No one can fire me,” Lynch states. “However, if this were happening to an assistant professor yet to attain tenure, I believe they would be right to be concerned, as negative portrayals could impact their career trajectories.”

Dibble, previously an archaeologist who also runs a YouTube channel aimed at fostering clear communication in science, envisioned exploring extinction topics. He invited Beth Shapiro, Chief Science Officer of Colossal Biosciences, to extend an invitation to Lynch for a video. Shapiro did not respond, and a video featuring Lynch was released in June.

Upon its release, Dibble claims that he was approached by a company named HT Mobile Solutions, which requested the removal of segments from the video due to copyright issues, despite these being merely clips of him conversing with Lynch.

Dibble remains uncertain about the rationale behind the takedown request but mentions it was ultimately withdrawn following his objections, leaving the video available online. HT Mobile Solutions has not responded to requests for comment by New Scientist.

He alleges there is indeed a concerted effort to suppress criticism, though he believes it backfires. “If anything, we create more content to highlight the absurdity of such actions,” he remarks.

Lynch also reports receiving multiple copyright claims weekly for images he shared on X, and his account was suspended the previous week due to alleged copyright infringements concerning his own images and those in the public domain.

No one at Colossal has sought copyright enforcement, Lamm states. “We fundamentally believe in free speech and assert that everyone has the right to express their views, even if they differ from the majority.”

Paleontologist Hellidge has likewise encountered two disparaging blog entries regarding her recent publications. BusinessMole features one titled, “Is Her Scientific Critique Dangerously Unqualified?” While Hellidge holds a Ph.D. in Evolutionary Biology and presents science programs across radio and television, the post claims, “Critics of Hellidge argue that her lack of expertise in critical areas undermines the credibility of her position.”

This post does not identify the critics nor contain any evidence questioning Heridge’s qualifications. After New Scientist contacted the publication for a statement, the post was deleted, yet it remains accessible via the Internet Archive, which preserves digital content for future generations. Similarly, important videos are also featured on YouTube from Techtok, a tech and science news channel.

Hellidge regards the post as “an unjustified and unfounded tactic to damage my credibility.” “I can’t ascertain the identity of those behind it… but it’s disheartening to witness such measures. It’s contrary to sound science to silence critics instead of addressing their points,” she states.

Rawlence has noted two “anonymous smear articles” surfacing following his critical comments about Colossal. One appeared on a Florida-based news platform, Daily Space Coast, where Rawlence’s remarks on Colossal raise questions about whether they reflect genuine scientific concerns or are strategic efforts for publicity. Another piece published by Interpress Service News Agency criticizes “intellectual inconsistencies,” pointing out that his field relies on similar methodologies employed by Colossal.

Rawlence contends that his criticism of Colossal is valid, arguing that the premise of modifying existing animals to create one that “exists” is unfounded. “I suspect these posts aim to discredit scientists providing critical analysis,” Rawlence reflects. “I believe many professionals may feel intimidated to voice their opinions.”

Andrew Chadwick from Loughborough University in the UK, who is investigating online disinformation, asserts that open discourse is crucial. “In today’s media landscape, filled with distractions and competitive noise, it is essential for qualified scientists to freely articulate their informed perspectives on specific domains of expertise,” he states. “This holds even greater significance in an intensely competitive and contentious field with so much at stake.”

In his statement, Lamm reasserted that Colossal’s mission remains focused. “Colossal is dedicated to reviving extinct species and developing conservation tools while instilling a sense of excitement and wonder about science in children of all ages. Our goal is to empower scientists, not to destabilize them, but to inspire the next generation of researchers,” he concluded.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Zuckerberg: The Face of Meta’s AI Revolution

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Meta has dedicated months to enhancing its artificial intelligence capabilities, whether that involves attracting top talent from competitors, acquiring an AI startup, or planning to construct a data center the size of Manhattan.

Mark Zuckerberg, Meta’s CEO, asserts that this significant investment is yielding results. In a new Note shared on Wednesday before the quarterly revenue report, he outlines his vision for what he refers to as “super intelligence.”

Zuckerberg notes, “In recent months, we have begun to reveal glimpses of AI systems enhancing our capabilities. Though the improvements are gradual, they are undeniable. We are now on the path towards ultra-intelligence.”

Wall Street investors are responding positively to Zuckerberg’s bold strategy, with stocks climbing by double digits following the company’s unexpectedly strong financial results for the quarter.

While Zuckerberg did not elaborate on the differences between “Superintelligence” and standard artificial intelligence, he acknowledged that it introduces “new safety concerns.”

He emphasized the need for stringent measures to mitigate these risks and to be cautious with what is made open source.

Zuckerberg contends that Meta distinguishes itself from other AI firms, aiming to “bring something personal and intimate to everyone.” He notes that other companies primarily leverage “super intelligence” for productivity, focusing on the automation of “all valuable jobs.”

He remarks, “The remainder of this decade is pivotal in determining whether superintelligence serves as a tool for personal empowerment or a force aimed at replacing large segments of society.”

Investors are curious: Does AI signify cash flow?

Investors are searching for indicators that Meta, the parent company of WhatsApp, Instagram, and Facebook, is spending its billions wisely. The social media giant reported second-quarter earnings that exceeded market expectations, with stocks gaining 10% after the closing of the New York Stock Exchange. Analysts predict META will need to address whether the revenue generated will offset the substantial capital expenditures related to recruitment and infrastructure.

Minda Smiley, a senior analyst at Emarketer, stated, “AI-led investments in Meta’s advertising division are likely to continue yielding returns and enhancing revenues as the company invests billions into its AI ambitions like super intelligence.” However, she cautioned that Meta’s significant spending on AI initiatives will persistently invite questions from investors eager for tangible returns.

Meta reported earnings per share (EPS) of $7.14, with total earnings at $475.2 billion, marking the latest in a series of quarterly successes that surpassed Wall Street’s financial forecasts despite substantial AI investments.

The company also projected revenues between $47.5 billion and $50.5 billion for the third quarter of 2025.

Zuckerberg provided minimal specifics in the notes; however, one clear takeaway is that Meta recorded a 12% rise in total expenses for the second quarter of 2025, reaching $270.7 billion. Capital expenditures for this period amounted to $170.1 billion.

Meta outlined its anticipated spending for upcoming months, budgeting between $114 billion and $118 billion in total costs for 2025. From this, the company expects capital expenditures to fall between $660 billion and $720 billion, revising its earlier forecast of $640 billion to $720 billion, which was increased from $600 billion to $65 billion.

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Looking ahead to 2026, Meta anticipates that total costs for that year will surpass those of 2025.

According to the company, “The primary drivers of growth will be the rapid expansion of infrastructure and the associated costs of increased operational capabilities as we broaden our infrastructure assets.” Additionally, employee compensation is expected to be the second-largest growth factor as Meta recruits technical talent for its priority areas and acknowledges the one-year compensation for employees throughout 2025.

Meta is forming a new Superintelligence Labs team, recruiting talent from competing AI firms. Initially, they invested $14.3 billion in Scale AI for a 49% stake, appointing startup CEO Alexandr Wang as the chief AI officer. Reports indicate that Meta has successfully attracted engineers and other personnel from various startups, offering lucrative reward packages, including one reported to exceed $200 million for at least one hire from Apple or GitHub (according to Bloomberg).

Mike Pulx, director of research at Forester, stated, “To excel in the super intelligence race, it’s essential to recruit the best talent, and Meta is making significant efforts to attract leading AI professionals.” He added, “They’re leveraging their substantial financial resources to invest in data centers and support AI initiatives, while also providing attractive packages to pull in top talent from competitors.”

Reality Lab continues to generate revenue, contributing $370 million in the second quarter, but Zuckerberg maintains a vibrant outlook on AI glasses. He likens wearing AI glasses to using contact lenses, suggesting that without them, one faces a cognitive disadvantage.

He mentioned, “Personally, I believe that not having AI-enabled glasses puts you at a cognitive disadvantage. It’s akin to being in the forefront of evolving life sciences.”

The company’s primary revenue source, advertising, remains on an upward trajectory. Meta recorded $46.6 billion in advertising revenue for the second quarter, significantly up from $38.3 billion in the previous year’s quarter. Susan Li, Meta’s CFO, noted in a call with investors that she does not anticipate WhatsApp, a new advertising channel, becoming a “meaningful contributor” to growth in the coming years.

Li added, “We expect that ads on WhatsApp and Status will garner lower average prices than Facebook or Instagram ads due to challenges in the WhatsApp monetization market and limited targeting information.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Breeds Most Prone to Overeating, According to Study

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If your dog is overweight, it’s important to note that certain breeds are more prone to this issue than others. According to recent studies.

Researchers from Texas A&M University assessed “food motivation” by surveying over 15,000 dog owners about their pets’ eating habits and reviewing veterinary records regarding the dogs’ weights.

This assessment showed that dogs identified as overweight by vets indicated a strong preference for food.

The study revealed that sporting breeds, such as spaniels, retrievers, setters, and pointers, were 10% more likely to exhibit higher food motivation scores than mixed-breed dogs, with Labradors and Golden Retrievers making up the majority.

Hound breeds came in second, with a 5.3% increased risk of food motivation compared to mixed breeds. This group included Greyhounds, Dachshunds, Beagles, and Basset Hounds.

On the other hand, non-sporting breeds showed a lower likelihood, with scores 4.1% less than mixed breeds. Common breeds in this category included poodles, bulldogs, Dalmatians, and terriers.

“Overweight dogs face various health risks, including skin diseases, diabetes, and arthritis,” noted Dr. Kate Creevey, Chief Veterinary Officer of The Dog Aging Project and Professor of Veterinary Medicine at Texas A&M University.

“It’s crucial for veterinarians to understand the factors influencing dog obesity, including social, environmental, and demographic contexts.

The likelihood of a dog being overweight can vary by breed, with larger dogs generally exhibiting higher food motivation scores than smaller ones.

Moreover, dogs residing in urban areas are more susceptible to weight gain compared to their rural counterparts.

Additionally, dogs living in multi-pet households face a greater risk of obesity than those in single-pet environments, possibly due to less individualized attention from humans.

“These variables can impact a dog’s exercise levels and food access,” Creevey explained. “Some dogs may seek out food due to boredom, especially in settings with limited opportunities for exercise and engagement.

“Furthermore, owners with multiple dogs may adopt specific feeding practices, such as free feeding, which increases food availability.”

Hound breeds show a 5.3% likelihood of a higher food motivation score, indicating overweight – Credit: Wakira via Getty

To determine the food motivation score for each dog, owners filled out a survey detailing their pets’ food responses, pickiness, bloating, and general food interest.

This data was combined with veterinary assessments of each dog’s “physical condition,” where vets evaluated areas like the ribs and hips to determine the amount of fat relative to size.

This evaluation aids in calculating the dog’s physical condition score (BCS).

“BCS is essential for helping veterinarians discuss weight issues with pet owners, so it’s important to increase the use of these scores,” Creevy stated.

If your Irish Setter seems a bit heavy, what’s the solution? Creevy mentioned that weight loss interventions can frequently falter if the veterinarian and owner aren’t aligned.

“Based on our study, some breeds may need stricter feeding guidelines,” she added.

Thus, researchers recommend consulting your veterinarian for personalized advice tailored to your furry friends.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Outrage in China as Online Groups Share Explicit Photos of Women

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Anger has surged on Chinese social media following reports of online groups, reportedly comprising hundreds of thousands of men sharing unauthorized photos of women, including explicit images.

A report published last week by Southern Metropolis outlined a group on the encrypted messaging app Telegram, known as the “Mask Park Tree Hall Forum.” This group boasts over 100,000 members and claims to be “exclusively composed of Chinese men.”

These individuals allegedly circulated sexually explicit images of women, captured either in private settings or through hidden cameras disguised as everyday objects such as plug sockets and shoes.

The incident has drawn parallels to South Korea’s “nth room” scandal, where women were coerced into sharing explicit photos within a Telegram group.

While Telegram is blocked in China, users can still access it via a virtual private network (VPN) that bypasses location restrictions.

The hashtag linked to the scandal had garnered over 110 million views on Weibo by Thursday. However, there are signs of censorship, as some related searches yield results indicating, “According to relevant laws and regulations, this content cannot be viewed.” Earlier reports from Reuters noted the hashtag received over 270 million views.

“Women’s lives are not a male erotic novel,” commented one user on Xiaohongshu, a platform similar to Instagram.

Another user on Xiaohongshu remarked:

In South Korea, the leader of the chat group received a sentence of 40 years in prison.

In China, those who photograph individuals without consent face penalties of up to 10 days of detention and a fine of 500 yuan (£53). Disseminating pornographic material can lead to prison sentences of up to two years.

The Mask Park scandal isn’t an isolated incident; last year, a tech company owner in Beijing was found to have secretly recorded over 10,000 videos of female employees in the bathroom, receiving only a 10-day detention as punishment. “Ten days are merely encouragement,” remarked one Weibo user.

Criminal law professor Lao Dongyan from Tsinghua University stated on Weibo that Chinese law treats unauthorized filming as an indecent crime, rather than a violation of women’s rights.

“Women who are secretly filmed are the primary victims. Reducing their experiences to indecency material is equivalent to categorizing them as participants in pornographic content, which is absurd,” Rao commented.

As authorities continue to limit civil discourse and behaviors, addressing feminism and women’s rights in China becomes increasingly challenging. Nonetheless, some women have discovered ways to counteract misogyny publicly, including through comedy.

In a recent episode of the popular stand-up show The King of Standup Comedy, comedian Huang Yijin humorously mentioned putting on makeup alone in his hotel room.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Scientists Discover Frost in a Martian Volcano – A Surprising Find!

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Water is crucial for life, which is why researchers prioritize finding water sources when exploring other planets. Mars is of particular interest to astrobiologists due to evidence of historical water presence. The current surface of Mars is cold and arid, prompting scientists to investigate what happened to that past water. Studies have indicated that Mars has an active water cycle that produces clouds of water ice, but the existence of water on its surface remains unclear.

Recently, an international team of researchers employed high-resolution imaging and spectral photoanalysis to look for frost on Mars’ volcanoes. They analyzed around 4,200 images obtained using a technology known as color and stereo surface imaging technology from Cassis. This technology utilizes satellite imagery of Mars from the European Space Agency’s Trace Gas Orbiter. The researchers explained that they identified frost by searching for the blue wavelengths in blackcurrant data, as frozen surfaces reflect more brightly at these blue wavelengths of spectral light.

Through their analyses, the team located 13 frost regions across four volcanoes, including Olympus Mons, Seranius Solas, Ascleus, and Arciamontes. They observed images taken over a 12-hour period and noted that high frost concentrations appeared early in the morning on the edges and craters of Olympus Mons. In one crater alone, frost covered an area of about 4,500 km or 3,000 miles, akin to the size of Philadelphia. The researchers estimated that these frost deposits were quite thin, measuring around 10 microns thick, which is roughly one-tenth the width of a human hair.

Next, the team sought to determine if the frost was composed of water or carbon dioxide. Given that Mars’ atmosphere is predominantly carbon dioxide, it is possible for carbon dioxide to freeze. Similar to Earth, Mars has ice in its polar regions; the Martian polar ice caps consist primarily of carbon dioxide, with minor amounts of water. Thus, they theorized that the volcanic frosts could also contain frozen carbon dioxide.

The research team utilized Mars weather research and prediction models to calculate the surface temperature of a volcano over a 24-hour period. They determined that the minimum temperature was -190°F or approximately -120°C, which is too warm for carbon dioxide frost to form, as it typically requires surface temperatures below -200°F or -130°C. However, they proposed that these volcanic frost deposits are likely made of water, as they were found at -140°F or -95°C in the Martian atmosphere.

The researchers highlighted that these Martian volcanoes are among the tallest highland volcanoes in the solar system and located within the equatorial region of Mars. It’s generally not expected that water ice would form in equatorial volcanoes since the slopes and sides tend to be too warm for frost condensation. However, their climate model indicated that the unique topography of these volcanic craters created local weather patterns conducive to frost formation.

Finally, the team carried out further observations and climate model simulations of Olympus and Arciamontes to ascertain whether this frost can form solely during the day or throughout the night. They found that frost accumulated in both volcanoes during the early mornings of winter and spring but not in summer, indicating a seasonal pattern that might reflect variations in Martian temperatures.

The researchers concluded that Mars’ volcanoes produce about 150,000 tonnes, or 150,000,000 kilograms, of water frost daily. They suggested that this frost formation is likely influenced by seasonal atmospheric phenomena such as wind patterns and pressure changes. Studying these processes could help scientists determine the potential for life on Mars; nevertheless, they noted that additional research is needed to rule out direct volcanic water sources.


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Source: sciworthy.com

Animal Studies Indicate That Memory Evolves Across Neurons Over Time

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New research by neurobiologists at Northwestern University and the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign reveals that the brain’s internal GPS changes as individuals navigate familiar environments. These findings shed light on the essential mystery of how the brain encodes and retains spatial memories, influencing scientists’ perspectives on memory, learning, and even aging.

Memories navigating familiar paths are more fluid than previously thought and activate different neurons on each journey. Image credit: Zeinab vessel.

“Our study confirms that the spatial memories in the brain are not fixed but rather dynamic,” stated Professor Daniel Dombeck from Northwestern University.

“You can’t simply point to a specific group of neurons and claim that their memories are located there.”

“We are uncovering the fact that memories shift between neurons over time.”

“The same experience triggers different neurons each time. It’s not an abrupt change; it evolves gradually.”

The hippocampus, situated deep within the temporal lobe, is integral for storing memories related to spatial navigation.

For many years, neurobiologists believed that the same hippocampal neurons encoded the same memory in a consistent location.

This led to the assumption that a person’s route from the bedroom to the kitchen would activate identical neuron sequences during a midnight quest for water.

However, about a decade ago, researchers studied the brains of mice traversing a maze.

Despite running through the identical maze daily, different neurons fired with each run, prompting scientists to question whether this outcome was an anomaly. Perhaps the mice’s experiences were affected by subtle environmental cues.

To delve deeper into these inquiries, Professor Dombeck and his team devised an experiment that meticulously controlled mouse sensory input.

The mice navigated a virtual maze on a treadmill, allowing precise measurements of their speed.

The maze was presented through a multisensory virtual reality platform developed by the researchers.

This setup ensured that the mice experienced the same visual stimuli and odors during all sessions, minimizing environmental variability.

After conducting multiple trials, the results indicated a different set of neurons activated each time, even in the highly controlled virtual setting.

This revelation confirms that the brain’s spatial mapping is inherently dynamic, constantly adapting, even in supposedly stable settings.

“Our findings suggest that memory is fluid,” commented Jason Climer, a professor at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

“This ties into a broader question regarding modern AI and why the brain can learn and adapt in ways machines struggle with.”

“It may also be linked to natural forgetting, which is often overlooked but essential for healthy memory function.”

While there were few discernible patterns throughout the experiment, one consistent observation emerged. The more excitable neurons were more successfully activated, leading to stable spatial memory across multiple sessions in the virtual mazes.

Given that neuronal excitability diminishes with age, this finding aids in understanding how aging and related diseases impact the brain’s ability to form new memories.

“The small clusters of stable neurons are unique, and gaining insights into what makes them special could pave the way for new treatments for memory disorders,” stated Professor Climer.

“Memory impairment is a hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease and presents significant challenges for individuals with various neuropsychiatric conditions, such as schizophrenia.”

“By deepening our understanding of fundamental memory aspects, like temporal changes highlighted in our study, we can identify new targets for understanding brain differences in these patients and develop new treatment strategies.”

“Learning about how the brain deals with memory challenges can also inform improvements in computers and AI.”

Survey results were published in the journal on July 23, 2025, in Nature.

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JR Climer et al. The hippocampus expression drifts in a stable, multisensory environment. Nature Published online on July 23, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09245-y

Source: www.sci.news

Paleontologists Reveal Significant Size Difference Between Male and Female Australopithecus

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Two extinct hominins, Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus, exhibited much greater sexual dimorphism than chimpanzees and modern humans. According to Dr. Adam Gordon, a paleontologist at the University of Albany and Durham, Australopithecus afarensis displayed even higher levels of dimorphism.

Reconstructing the face of Australopithecus afarensis. Image credit: Cicero Moraes/CC by-sa 3.0.

The sexual size dimorphism is not just a mere physical trait; it indicates deeper behavioral and evolutionary strategies.

In line with sexual selection theory, the sexual size dimorphism seen in modern primates typically correlates with intense male-male competition and social structures, fostering a one-sided mating system where one or more large males dominate access to multiple females.

Conversely, low sexual dimorphism is characteristic of species that exhibit paired social structures with lower competition for mating opportunities.

Contemporary human populations show low to moderate sexual size dimorphism, with males generally being slightly larger than females on average, although there is considerable overlap between the sexes.

Fossil data is often incomplete, making it exceedingly difficult to ascertain the gender of ancient individuals.

To overcome this issue, Dr. Gordon utilized a geometric averaging method for estimating size from multiple skeletal elements, including the upper arm, femur, and tibia.

Resampling techniques were then employed to simulate thousands of comparisons between fossil hominins and living primates, ensuring that the statistical model accounted for the incomplete and varied nature of fossil samples.

A comparative framework was developed using data from contemporary gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans with known genders and complete skeletons.

Unlike earlier studies where ambiguous or inconclusive statistical results were interpreted as signs of similarity, Dr. Gordon’s approach unveiled clear and significant differences, even with relatively small fossil samples.

To eliminate the potential of body size changes in Australopithecus afarensis reflecting broader evolutionary trends rather than gender distinctions, Dr. Gordon also analyzed time series trends over a 300,000-year span from the Khadar Formation in Ethiopia.

His analysis indicated no significant size increase or decrease over time, suggesting that the observed variations were more likely due to differences between males and females.

“These were not minor differences,” Dr. Gordon stated.

“In the case of Australopithecus afarensis, males were significantly larger than females—possibly more so than the great living apes.”

“Both of these extinct hominin species displayed gender-specific size distinctions from modern humans, yet differed from extant ape species in this regard.”

Australopithecus africanus. Image credit: JM salas/cc by-sa 3.0.

Dr. Gordon’s previous research indicates that the elevated sexual size dimorphism seen in living primates may correlate with considerable resource stress. In situations where food is scarce, smaller, healthier females can better meet their metabolic needs and reproduce quicker than larger females, leading to offspring with smaller mothers and greater size disparities between males and females.

The pronounced sexual size dimorphism observed in both Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus suggests a high level of male competition, akin to differences noted in chimpanzees and gorillas. However, the distinctions between the two fossil species could reflect varying intensities of sexual selection or resource stress in their environments (e.g., differences in the length of dry seasons that could affect female body size).

In any event, the high sexual size dimorphism of these fossil hominins starkly contrasts with the more balanced sizes seen in modern humans, offering insights into different models of early human existence.

The implications of these findings are significant. Australopithecus afarensis, which inhabited the Earth between 3.9 and 2.9 million years ago, is often viewed as very closely related to the direct ancestors of modern humans.

However, its pronounced sexual dimorphism suggests that early human social systems may have been much more hierarchical and competitive than previously believed.

On the contrary, Australopithecus africanus—which appears slightly later in the fossil record—exhibits less dimorphism compared to Australopithecus afarensis. This could represent different evolutionary branches within the human lineage or perhaps reflect various social behavioral stages in the development of hominins.

“We often categorize these early hominins together as a single group called Gracile Australopithecines, believed to have interacted with their physical and social environments in similar ways,” Dr. Gordon explained.

“While there is some truth to this, the significant differences in dimorphism between the two species indicate that these closely related hominins were under distinct selection pressures, unlike those affecting modern human pair bonds.”

The survey findings will be published in the American Journal of Biological Anthropology.

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Adam D. Gordon. 2025. Dimorphism of sexual size in Australopithecus africanus and A. afarensis in contrast to modern humans despite low power resampling analysis. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 187(3): E70093; doi: 10.1002/ajpa.70093

Source: www.sci.news

Archaeologists Discover 2,500-Year-Old Honey in Bronze Jars Unearthed in Italy

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Archaeologists have reexamined the 2,500-year-old remnants discovered in bronze containers at an underground shrine in Paestum, Italy, previously categorized as a mixture of wax, fat, and resin. Utilizing a multi-species approach, the researchers identified lipids, sugar degradation products, hexose sugars, and key royal jelly proteins.

Paestum Honey: (a) An underground shrine in Paestum, Italy. (b) One of the Hydrias showcased in 2019 alongside a Perspex box containing Ashmolean Museum residues. (c) A graphic representation of the arrangement of bronze artifacts within the shrine. (d) Samples extracted from the core of the residue. Image credit: Da Costa Carvalho et al. , doi: 10.1021/jacs.5c04888.

Honey played a crucial role in ancient societies.

Historical texts and depictions indicate that honey was utilized as an early sweetener in medicinal recipes, rituals, and cosmetics.

Within ancient Greek and Roman traditions, bees and honey were of significant religious and symbolic value.

Honey is thought to confer wisdom, with myths stating that Zeus was given honey in his infancy.

Discovering honey in archaeological residues offers direct chemical evidence of the collection, exploitation, and processing of bee products, illuminating early agricultural and subsistence strategies in various regions globally.

In 1954, excavations at an ancient Greek site in Pestum, southern Italy, dating back to around 520 BC, unveiled an underground shrine dedicated to an unknown deity. This shrine housed a bronze bottle and two amphoras encircling an empty iron bed.

The container was found to hold a paste-like residue with a distinct waxy aroma.

Archaeologists noted that the residue was initially a liquid or semi-liquid. Traces were discovered on the exterior of a vessel that had originally been sealed with a cork disk.

The excavation reports underscored the shrine’s sacredness, with the empty bed’s inaccessibility suggesting the presence of the deity.

Additionally, archaeologists identified the original contents of the bronze bottle as honey, a revered symbol believed to have originated from honeycomb, though only traces of beeswax persisted as a prominent element.

Subsequent laboratory analyses of samples with varying residues ruled out honey from the composition.

In 2019, when the residues from Paestum reached the Ashmolean Museum for display during the final evening of the Pompeii exhibition, it presented a fresh opportunity to reassess the biomolecular composition, leveraging recent advances in mass spectrometry technology.

Researchers from Oxford University, including Luciana da Costa Carvalho and James McCulla, analyzed the residue samples, determining their molecular composition through several modern analytical methods.

The analysis revealed that the ancient residues bore nearly identical chemical signatures to modern beeswax and honey, with elevated acidity levels indicative of changes due to prolonged storage.

The chemical profile of the residue appears to be more complex than that of pyrolyzed beeswax, hinting at the existence of honey or other substances.

Residues in contact with the bronze jar showed a mixture of sugars that had reacted with copper.

Hexose sugars, frequently identified in honey, were present in higher concentrations in the ancient residues compared to modern beeswax.

Proteins linked to Royal Jelly, known to be secreted by western honeybees, were also identified in the residues.

These findings suggest that the ancient material may indeed be remnants of ancient honey.

However, researchers have not entirely ruled out the presence of other bee products.

“The ancient residues are not simply traces of what people consumed and offered to the gods; they represent intricate chemical ecosystems,” remarked Dr. Da Costa Carvalho.

“Investigating these substances will unveil how they have evolved over time, paving the way for future studies on ancient microbial activities and their potential applications.”

A paper detailing the study’s findings was published today in the Journal of the American Chemical Society.

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Luciana da Costa Carvalho et al. Immortal symbol: evidence of honey in bronze jars from 530 to 510 BC. J. Am. Chemistry. Soc, published online on July 30th, 2025. doi:10.1021/jacs.5c04888

Source: www.sci.news

The Limited Impact of the Tsunami on the U.S. Does Not Indicate an Inaccurate Forecast

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The 8.8 magnitude earthquake off the coast of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula generated water waves traveling at jetliner speeds toward Hawaii, California, and Washington states on Wednesday.

Yet, when the tsunami reached the U.S., it appears not to have inflicted widespread devastation, with some areas where warnings were issued showing no signs of significant flooding.

This doesn’t mean the tsunami was a “bust” or poorly predicted, according to earthquake and tsunami researchers.

“When you hear ‘tsunami warning,’ people often think of dramatic scenes from movies, and when it arrives at just three feet, they might wonder, ‘What’s going on?’,” remarked Harold Tobin, director of the Pacific Northwest Earthquake Network and professor at the University of Washington. “We should view this as a success; we received a warning, but the situation wasn’t catastrophic.”

Here’s what you should know.

How intense was the Kamchatka earthquake? What caused the initial discrepancies?

Initially, the US Geological Survey assessed the Kamchatka earthquake at magnitude 8.0, which was later adjusted to 8.8.

“It’s not unusual for major earthquakes to see such adjustments in the first moments,” Tobin explained. “Our standard methods for calculating earthquake sizes can quickly saturate, akin to turning up the volume on a speaker until it distorts.

A buoy measuring the quake, located approximately 275 miles southeast of the Kamchatka Peninsula, gave the first signs of the earthquake, showing bigger waves than the initial report.

This buoy belongs to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s DART (Deep Ocean Assessment and Reporting) system and is connected to a submarine pressure sensor roughly four miles deep.

That sensor detected waves measuring 90 centimeters (over 35 inches), which caught the attention of tsunami researchers.

Vasily Titov, a senior tsunami modeler at NOAA’s Pacific Ocean Environment Research Institute, noted:

Titov reflected on the 2011 Tohoku earthquake and tsunami, which tragically claimed nearly 16,000 lives in Japan.

Subsequent earthquake models confirmed the Wednesday earthquake’s magnitude as 8.8, as detailed by the USGS calculator.

In comparison, Tohoku was significantly larger.

Tobin estimated that the energy released during the Kamchatka quake was two to three times less than that in Japan, with the tsunami generated there being approximately three times as severe.

He further noted that the Tohoku event “created a notably large seafloor displacement.”

Tobin speculated that the Kamchatka quake likely had less seafloor displacement than what could occur in a worst-case 8.8 scenario, though more research is needed for substantiation.

Emergency services experts assess damage on Sakhalin Island in the Far East post-earthquake.Russia’s Ministry of Emergency via Getty Images / AFP

How did researchers generate predictions? How accurate were they?

Within two hours, researchers produced tsunami predictions for various “warning points” along both the Pacific and US coasts, forecasting tidal gauge and flood levels.

The tsunami took around eight hours to reach Hawaii and twelve hours to arrive at the California coast.

Titov, who assisted in developing the model used by predictors in the National Tsunami Warning Centers in Hawaii and Alaska, explained that the model relies on seismic data and a network of over 70 DART buoys along the Pacific edge. The U.S. operates more than half of these buoys.

Titov indicated that the model projected tsunami waves hitting Hawaii’s North Shore region at approximately two meters.

“Hawaii was predicted to have waves of about 2 meters [6.5 feet], and actual measurements were around 150 centimeters, or 1.5 meters (5 feet). That aligns perfectly with our expectations,” Titov stated.

A similar trend was observed in parts of California, according to Titov.

As assessments of flooding continue to come in, it takes time to determine how well the model performed.

“We know there were floods in Hawaii. We can’t ascertain the full extent yet, but initial reports seem to align closely with our predictions,” Titov shared.

On Wednesday at the Pacifica Municipal Pier Coastline in California, tsunami alerts were triggered following the earthquake.Tayfun Coskun/Anadolu via Getty Images

Why did residents in Hawaii evacuate for a 5-foot wave?

Yong Wei, a tsunami modeler and senior research scientist at the University of Washington and NOAA’s tsunami research center, indicated that 1.5 meters (5 feet) of tsunami waves could be highly perilous, particularly in Hawaii’s shallow waters.

Tsunami waves carry significantly more energy than typical wind-driven waves, possessing shorter wavelengths and durations between waves, resulting in slower speeds.

Wei noted that tsunami waves of this stature could surge several meters inland, producing hazardous currents and endangering boats and other objects.

Visitors stand on the balcony of the Alohilani Resort facing Waikiki Beach in Hawaii, responding to warnings of potential tsunami waves.Nicola Groom / Reuters

“People can get hurt. If you ignore the warning and stay, even a wave of two meters can be deadly,” Wei warned. “Being on the beach can expose you to powerful currents that may pull you into the ocean, which can lead to fatalities.”

Tobin expressed that he viewed the initial warning as conservative yet necessary.

“It’s essential not to belittle warnings. If nothing happens, people shouldn’t think, ‘Oh, we had alerts and nothing transpired.’ Warnings need to be cautious, allowing for some margin of error.”

Was this a significant event?

No. The Kamchatka Peninsula has a long history of seismic activity.

“This area has been slated for another earthquake, with several occurring recently, which indicates a heightened risk,” researchers noted.

In 1952, prior to a robust understanding of plate tectonics, a 9.0 magnitude quake struck the Kamchatka Peninsula in a similar location, resulting in a tsunami that impacted the town of Severokrilsk.

“The Russian populace was caught off guard. It was an immensely powerful quake, leading to a massive tsunami, and they were unprepared,” McInnes shared.

McInnes explained that the tsunami measured between 30 to 60 feet in height in the southern section of the peninsula.

“Thousands perished, and the town suffered considerable destruction,” stated Joanne Bourgeois, a professor emeritus of sedimentology at the University of Washington.

How will the tsunami warning system function if an earthquake threatens your area?

The Kamchatka tsunami arose from a massive earthquake along a subduction zone fault, where one tectonic plate is pushed below another. A comparable fault exists offshore the U.S. West Coast, known as the Cascadia Subduction Zone, stretching from Northern California to Northern Vancouver Island.

“It’s akin to a mirrored image of the Pacific Ocean,” remarked Tobin. “The relatively shallow depth of 8.8 in Cascadia is certainly plausible for a scenario here.”

In fact, Cascadia has the potential to produce significantly larger earthquakes, as modeling suggests it could generate tsunami waves reaching heights of 100 feet.

Typically, earthquakes in subduction zones yield tsunamis that reach the coast within 30 minutes to an hour, and predictions are developing better methods for estimating tsunami impacts along the U.S. West Coast before flooding occurs.

Titov emphasized that enhancing predictions will necessitate advancements in underwater sensors, improved computing infrastructure, and AI algorithms.

Tobin noted that the success of Tuesday’s tsunami warning should inspire more investments in underwater sensors and earthquake monitoring stations along the subduction zones.

“This incident highlights the significant role of NOAA and USGS. Many questioned these agencies’ relevance, but without NOAA, no alert would have been issued. The next warning could be for a more imminent threat. They truly demonstrated their importance,” he asserted.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Newly Discovered Science Stick Insects: Australia’s Heaviest Insects Yet!

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Stick insects from seeds Acrofera Alta

Angus Emmott/James Cook University

A recently identified giant stick insect species, discovered in the wet tropical rainforests of Australia, is poised to be recognized as the heaviest insect ever recorded on the continent.

Acrofera Alta weighs 44 grams, roughly equivalent to a golf ball, and measures around 40 cm in length. To date, only two female specimens have been collected, with a third individual photographed and released by surprised locals.

The genus of these insects has been known since 1835, yet this particular species remained hidden from scientific discovery, likely due to its elusive habitat, according to Angus Emmott from James Cook University in Townsville, Australia.

The lush, damp tropics of northeastern Australia serve as a pristine wilderness, rich with cool rainforests and home to other rare species like tree kangaroos.

So far, Acrofera Alta has only been found in tree canopies above 900 meters, specifically in the mountainous regions of Millaa Millaa and Mount Phypipamee in Queensland.

The species name Alta reflects both the altitude of the forests it inhabits and the height of the trees it commonly frequents.

“It has very large wings, but due to its bulky body, it can only use them to glide down to the ground,” Emmott explains.

Current population status remains uncertain. “We can’t really determine its rarity,” Emmott states. “It’s limited to small stretches of high-altitude rainforests and exists primarily in the canopy, making it less visible to observers unless they survive being affected by cyclones and birds.”

Insects and Ecosystem Expedition Safari: Sri Lanka

Explore the heart of Sri Lanka’s rich biodiversity on this unique expedition focused on entomology and ecosystem study.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Siberian Ice Mummies Adorned with Unique Tattoos

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Here’s a rewritten version of the content while preserving the HTML tags:

3D representation of a tattooed mummy. The upper image uses textures captured under visible light, while the lower image’s textures come from near-infrared photography.

M. Vavulin

The intricate tattoo, featuring motifs of tigers, birds, and mythical creatures, has been uncovered on an ice mummy dating back over 2000 years. This mummified female belonged to the Pasilic culture in Siberia, which is part of the broader Scythian civilization.

Assessing the prevalence of ancient tattoos is challenging, yet some exceptions exist, such as Ötzi “Iceman,” who lived around 3300 BC and was found preserved in ice.

Now, Gino Casparri from the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology in Germany and his team studied the remains of semi-nomadic Iron Age herders from the Altai Mountains of Siberia, who passed away in the 3rd or 4th centuries BC. This individual is among the few in the region whose deep burial sites remain frozen, preserving her skin’s dark and dry condition.

Tattoos featured creatures resembling both real and mythical species.

D. Riday

“When observing the mummy with the naked eye, the tattoo remains invisible,” explains Casparri. Hence, his team utilized high-resolution near-infrared imaging to uncover astonishing hidden visuals.

“We see herbivores being hunted by tigers and leopards, and in some cases, birds are depicted,” Casparri remarks. “Given their age and vivid artistic style, Pasilic tattoos are genuinely remarkable.”

One bird resembles a rooster, as noted by team member Aaron Deter-Wolf from the Tennessee Department of Archaeology, highlighting how the tattoos feature a blend of realistic and fantastical animals.

The researchers also uncovered the process behind creating these tattoos. “Our investigations reveal that tattoos were crafted using a direct puncture technique rather than being etched or stitched into the skin,” states Deter-Wolf.

One of the tattoos seems to depict a rooster.

D. Riday

Cross-cultural evidence indicates that the tattooing method used was a technique called hand-poking. In this method, the needle is dipped in ink and punctured into the skin to create dot patterns, with carbon pigments likely sourced from charcoal, soot, or ash.

The tattoos on the right forearm exhibited more intricate designs compared to those on the left, suggesting they may have been created by different artists with varying skill levels, according to Caspari. “Our research indicates that tattooing was not only a widespread practice across the Eurasian steppe over 2000 years ago but also a specialized craft requiring significant expertise and technique,” he concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

COVID-19 and Flu Could Reactivate Dormant Lung Cancer Cells

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Lung tissue samples from mice, depicting cells (blue), cancerous cells (green), and proliferation markers (magenta)

Bryan Johnson

Respiratory viruses are capable of triggering the growth of dormant cancer cells that have metastasized to the lungs from other body areas. Infectious diseases, such as influenza, can instigate an inflammatory response that aids the immune system in combating pathogens, yet they may also adversely influence cancer progression.

Cancer fatalities frequently result from tumor cells migrating from their primary sites. These cells may remain dormant in new locations for extended periods—potentially years or decades—before forming detectable tumors.

While it is uncertain if these cells will eventually proliferate, previous studies have suggested that once cancer cells infiltrate the lungs, inflammation induced by respiratory virus infections might play a significant role. “Nevertheless, no comprehensive research has been conducted to establish a clear cause-and-effect relationship,” notes James DeGregori from the University of Colorado.

To address this research gap, DeGregori and his team employed genetically modified mice to develop tumors in their mammary glands. By two months of age, each mouse had developed a mammary tumor and fewer than ten dormant cancer cells in their lungs.

Subsequently, the researchers infected half of the mice with the H1N1 influenza strain, commonly referred to as swine flu, causing illness for approximately two weeks. During the nine days following the infection, the number of lung cancer cells surged by 100-fold, whereas uninfected mice exhibited minimal changes.

In complementary experiments, the team discovered that the SARS-CoV-2 virus, responsible for COVID-19, led to a tenfold increase in cancer cell numbers in the mice’s lungs, again with no significant alterations in uninfected counterparts.

The researchers hypothesized that this expansion occurred due to viral infections elevating the levels of inflammatory molecules known as IL-6.

To investigate this hypothesis, they conducted further experiments with genetically modified mice deficient in IL-6 and found significantly fewer lung cancer cells compared to typical mice with normal IL-6 levels.

Another experiment suggested that IL-6 seemed to rejuvenate dormant cancer cells that had already migrated to the lungs instead of promoting the dissemination of these cells from the breasts.

However, IL-6 levels wane when the infection subsides. At this juncture, the researchers observed that cancer cells in the mouse lungs had ceased to proliferate but had acquired alterations in gene expression typically associated with tumor metastasis, according to DeGregori.

These findings suggest a potential impact on individuals with undetected levels of cancer cells in the lungs who are believed to be in remission, as stated by Anne Zeuner at the National Institutes of Health in Rome, Italy.

To determine the relevance of these findings to humans, researchers analyzed health records from 36,800 women in the U.S. diagnosed with breast cancer before the COVID-19 pandemic, who were thought to be non-metastatic.

Women who tested positive during the initial three years of the outbreak were significantly more likely to receive a diagnosis of secondary lung cancer in that timeframe. However, some women may have avoided testing due to asymptomatic infections, while others might not have sought tests, thereby complicating the validation of this finding, notes DeGregori.

Further research is necessary to corroborate these findings and explore the interactions between various respiratory viruses and cancer types, according to Zeuner. “Individual factors are likely to significantly influence the relationship between respiratory infections and cancer recurrence,” she adds.

The research focused solely on swine flu and SARS-CoV-2, but DeGregori expresses hope that a spectrum of viruses will exhibit similar behaviors, as many are known to elevate IL-6 levels. He also underscores the importance of vaccination, stating, “As a cancer survivor, I would ensure I am protected against common respiratory viruses like influenza and COVID-19,” remarks DeGregori.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Lab-Grown Hexagonal Diamonds Now a Reality

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Crystal structure of hexagonal diamond

ogwen/shutterstock

Difficult-to-create diamonds, eluding scientists for years, can now be synthesized in labs, allowing the production of exceptionally challenging cutting and drilling tools.

Diamonds are known for their cubic atomic structure, yet for over 60 years, researchers have recognized the existence of a much tougher hexagonal diamond form.

Natural hexagonal diamonds are found in certain metamorphic rocks, referred to by the mineral name Ronzderate, but they only occur together with cubic diamonds. Earlier efforts to synthesize hexagonal diamonds yielded only minute quantities of impure variants.

Recently, Ho-Kwang Mao and his team at the Advanced Research Center for High Pressure Science and Technology in Beijing successfully produced relatively large hexagonal diamond samples measuring 1 mm in diameter and 70 micrometers thick.

While researchers have synthesized regular diamonds for some time, they state, “We explored various pressures and temperatures to identify optimal conditions for producing hexagonal diamonds. This includes 1400°C at a pressure of 20 Gigapascals, which is about 200,000 times the Earth’s atmospheric pressure.”

As these materials are unprecedented, Mao indicated a comprehensive investigation is necessary to ascertain their properties. “It’s extremely valuable,” he explains. “However, once the synthesis process is understood, anyone can replicate it. Thus, securing a patent and discovering ways to reduce production costs are critical.”

Predictions suggest hexagonal diamonds might be around 60% more rigid than conventional diamonds based on their structure. Cubic diamonds have a hardness rating of about 115, as measured by Vickers hardness tests. The hexagonal diamonds synthesized by Mao’s group exhibit a rating of 120 Gigapascals, which they believe could improve with further refinement of their techniques.

If hexagonal diamonds can be fabricated to sufficient thickness, they could be utilized to create more robust and resilient industrial tools for applications like geothermal energy drilling, according to James Elliott from Cambridge University. “Naturally, as you drill deeper, temperatures rise, which may enable exploration at greater depths.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Surviving and Thriving in One of Earth’s Most Hostile Environments

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Marine tube worms in deep-sea habitats

The deep-sea environment is largely dominated by marine tube worms

Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, CAS

Over 9,500 meters of ecosystems fueled by chemicals from tectonic plate interactions have been uncovered beneath the northwest Pacific Ocean.

“Their resilience and beauty captivated me,” says Mengrand Du from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Sanya. “The striking crimson tentacles unfurl like delicate blossoms of the trench.”

Du and her team undertook 24 dives between July 8 and August 17, 2024, exploring 2,500 kilometers west of the Krill Kamchatka trench and Aleutian trench, at depths ranging from 5,800 to 9,533 meters. In a frozen section beyond 6,000 meters deep, the Hadal zone experiences crushing pressure and is devoid of light.

This region is referred to as the Hadal biosphere, which derives energy from nutrients descending from surface photosynthesis or exists via chemical bonds relying on chemicals as energy sources.

Taxonomic and genetic data gathered during the dives indicated that many organisms in the Hadal zone utilize compounds such as hydrogen sulfide and methane, which are released through fault lines formed as tectonic plates slide against each other.

“We have discovered a chemically-synthesized community thriving at an astonishing depth of 9,533 meters,” Du states. These findings, made during 19 dives, illustrate their extensive distribution.

The chemically-driven community was primarily composed of bivalve mollusks and marine tube worms known as ciboglinid polychaetes. Some populations consisted of thousands of individuals, sprawling for kilometers.

Numerous bivalve mollusks are also present.

Institute of Deep Sea Science and Engineering, CAS

A notable characteristic of many of these organisms is their dependence on chemical energy rather than sunlight, according to Du. “While other organisms, such as sea cucumbers and amphipods, might inhabit greater depths, they cannot harness chemicals like hydrogen sulfide for energy and must rely on organic matter instead.”

This finding indicates “the deepest and most extensive known chemical synthesis community on our planet.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Breast Milk Defends Against Infections Threatening Pregnancy

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Streptococcus Bacteria are responsible for vaginal and urinary tract infections, as well as neonatal infections

Cavallini James/BSIP/Universal Images Group via Getty Images

The sugars found in breast milk play a significant role in combating common strains of Streptococcus Bacteria, which can cause complications during pregnancy if they infect the vagina.

Research on breast milk remains ongoing. “This is the second most crucial liquid in the universe after water, and yet its intricacies remain largely unexplored,” states Stephen Townsend from Vanderbilt University in Tennessee.

Investigators are starting to uncover the beneficial sugar structures unique to breast milk: human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs). While once regarded as trivial sugars, they are now believed to function as effective prebiotics.

Prior investigations into HMOs primarily focused on their advantages for gut microbiota. However, Townsend and his team shifted their attention to their impact on vaginal health, specifically how HMOs may assist in regulating the balance of beneficial bacteria while managing potentially harmful Group B Streptococcus (GBS).

“Group B Strep is a bacterium we all harbor,” Townsend notes. “It typically poses no harm, remaining undetected in most cases.” Nevertheless, GBS can lead to serious illnesses in immunocompromised individuals, including pregnant women and newborns, causing various complications such as preterm births. Thus, women with vaginal GBS infections are often prescribed antibiotics during pregnancy.

Townsend and his team monitored GBS and the growth of lactobacillus Bacteria when exposed to HMOs, conducting their research in three distinct scenarios: live mice and lab-created vaginal tissue. Across all three settings, HMOs were found to enhance beneficial bacterial growth while inhibiting GBS.

As a result, Townsend suggests the presence of a “small storm of positive effects.” He elaborates that GBS struggles to thrive in an HMO-rich environment, while healthy bacteria not only consume HMOs for nourishment but also multiply and flourish, further hampering GBS growth. Additionally, the metabolism of HMOs by beneficial bacteria leads to a more acidic environment and the generation of fatty acids that can kill more harmful bacteria.

This discovery opens pathways for regulating and restoring a healthy vaginal microbiome. “These insights present new tools and strategies of significant therapeutic value for women and their infants,” remarks Katie Patras from Baylor College of Medicine, Texas. However, she emphasizes that potential treatments are still in developmental stages.

Even if new therapies emerge, researchers maintain that the most effective strategy for treating GBS infections remains the use of antibiotics. “Our work is not intended to replace antibiotics,” insists Townsend. “Our research aims to preserve their efficacy.” This is crucial, considering that overuse of antibiotics can contribute to the issue of antibiotic resistance. Innovative therapies like HMOs to modulate microbiomes may ultimately reduce the volume of antibiotics required to combat GBS.

“These synergistic interactions can prove extremely beneficial,” he asserts. Lars Bode from the University of California, San Diego, cautions that the application of breast milk therapies should wait until further research validates their efficacy, as unprocessed milk may pose additional risks, including infections like HIV.

In the interim, Townsend aims to deepen understanding of the unique evolutionary adaptations humans have developed in their HMOs.

“It’s incredibly daunting that we have barely scratched the surface in recognizing the strength of breast milk,” Bode expresses.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Human Trials Illuminate Pathway for mRNA Vaccines Targeting HIV

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Electron micrographs of HIV pathogens

Scott Camagini / Alamy Stock Photo

Creating effective HIV vaccines may necessitate intricate formulations containing various viral proteins. Presently, two trials utilizing potential mRNA components have shown encouraging outcomes. The aim is to leverage mRNA technology for administering vaccines as a single dose rather than requiring multiple injections.

Typically, vaccines feature the virus’s outer protein, prompting the immune system to react against it. However, developing HIV vaccines poses significant challenges due to the virus’s proteins being heavily coated with sugars, which makes it tough for the immune system to generate antibodies. There’s also considerable variation across strains; therefore, even if an individual’s immune system can produce effective antibodies, these may only target a specific variant of the virus.

Nevertheless, a few individuals generate broadly neutralizing antibodies that are effective across multiple strains. Research in animals suggests that vaccines incorporating sequences of HIV proteins in various configurations can reliably elicit this broadly protective response, according to William Schief at the Scripps Institute in California.

The initial part of the vaccine comprises a modified viral protein aimed at stimulating the body to produce the essential B cells required for generating broadly neutralizing antibodies. The booster then encourages these cells to produce antibodies targeting external proteins.

This method highlights the advantages of mRNA vaccine technology, as mRNAs can be developed swiftly and conveniently, Schief states. “That’s a significant benefit.”

A single mRNA vaccine could encode multiple viral proteins simultaneously and has the potential to produce them in the body at different intervals, he adds. This implies that the mRNA HIV vaccine could potentially be administered as a single dose, even though several boosters typically follow. “Ideally, I’d prefer to administer one vaccine, with some components being released later,” Schief explained.

Earlier this year, his team shared promising results from preliminary human trials of the initial primers developed to stimulate B cells. Currently, his team is evaluating one of the subsequent boosters in another small study.

When volunteers received mRNA instructions for HIV external proteins integrated into the cell membrane, 80% generated antibodies shown to block infection in laboratory tests.

In this study, these antibodies were specific to one strain. Researchers anticipate that when boosters are administered sequentially, each component will be produced within the body in the correct order.

However, both trials reported a higher incidence of volunteers experiencing hive reactions, which have persisted for years. This reaction hasn’t been seen in any other mRNA vaccine trials or in non-mRNA vaccines incorporating HIV proteins, Schief notes. There appears to be an unknown factor related to delivering HIV proteins via mRNA that leads to this side effect. “It remains a scientific mystery at this time,” he states.

“The uncertainty surrounding the cause of this adverse effect makes it challenging to mitigate,” notes Hildegund Ertl, a vaccine expert associated with a company currently under exploration, Pharma5 in Morocco.

Ertl concurs that mRNA technology enables rapid testing of vaccine components but believes that the optimal final product could be delivered through different types of vaccines, such as those using empty viral shells. These alternatives can be stored at room temperature, unlike others that may require freezing, she points out.

Currently, there’s a medication called renacapavir, which offers nearly complete protection from HIV infection with two injections a year. Nevertheless, Schief believes a vaccine is still necessary. “We’re all striving to achieve this as quickly as possible,” he states, but even with the advancements in mRNA technology, an approved HIV vaccine may still be decades away.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Breakthroughs in Body Clock Measurement Help Reduce Shift Work-Related Illnesses

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EMS's ambulance team delivers medical aid to injured individuals and transports them on stretchers. Emergency medical personnel arrived at the traffic accident site.

Cemetery shifts earn their name for a reason. Individuals working night shifts face heightened health risks, including heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and depression. The World Health Organization has identified shift work as a potential carcinogen, given the increased likelihood of cancer.

While the rest of us are asleep, these night workers often go unnoticed, yet their efforts are vital to the medical and emergency services on which we rely. Though we depend on them for our very survival, the irony lies in how their work impacts their own health.

This situation could evolve with the advent of a test that accurately measures one’s internal biological clock in relation to external time (see “How innovative new tests can unleash the power of your body clock”). Such advancements in medicine promise to benefit a larger population.

Research indicates that many frequently used medications affect the body’s system, which operates on a 24-hour cycle, and are more effective when administered in harmony with this rhythm. Surgeries and vaccinations also yield better results at specific times of the day. Initial strategies often rely on standardized biological clocks, but for those whose circadian rhythms are misaligned, this approach may prove ineffective or even detrimental. This is where the new tests come into play.

Night workers may remain in the shadows, yet they are the backbone of essential services we all rely on.

Fortunately, these tests are expected to become more affordable and widely accessible. However, there is a concern that they could be misused by those anxiously trying to optimize their health, perhaps alongside other fitness metrics like step counts (refer to page 16).

The genuine potential lies in using these tests to gain insights into the biological processes of those in challenging situations, ensuring that in the future, the effects of nighttime work and improved strategies for managing shift patterns are addressed. One day, your biological clock may finally align with the external clock.

This could mitigate the health repercussions associated with night shifts and provide these employees with a chance to revitalize their lives. Employers must recognize this opportunity.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

UK Online Safety Law Requires Porn Sites to Implement 5 Million Daily Age Checks | Internet Safety

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Recent statistics indicate that since the implementation of age verification for pornographic websites, the UK is conducting an additional five million online age checks daily.

The Association of Age Verification Providers (AVPA) reported a significant increase in age checks across the UK since Friday, coinciding with the enforcement of mandatory age verification under the Online Safety Act.

“We are thrilled to assist you in maximizing your business potential,” remarked Iain Corby, executive director of AVPA.

In the UK, the use of virtual private networks (VPNs), which allow users to bypass restrictions on blocked sites, is rapidly increasing as they mask users’ actual locations. Four of the top five free applications in the UK Apple Download Store are VPNs, with popular provider Proton reporting an astonishing 1,800% surge in downloads.

Last week, Ofcom, the UK communications regulator, indicated it may initiate a formal inquiry into the inadequate age checks reported this week. Ofcom stated it will actively monitor compliance with age verification requirements and may investigate specific services as needed.

AVPA, the industry association representing UK age verification companies, has been assessing the checks performed on UK porn providers, which were mandated to implement “very effective” age verification by July 25th.

Companies that verified ages were instructed to report “the number of checks conducted today for a very effective age guarantee.”

While the AVPA stated it couldn’t provide a baseline for comparison, it noted that effective age verification measures are newly introduced to dedicated UK porn sites, which previously only required a confirmation check for age.

An Ofcom spokesperson said: “Until now, children could easily stumble upon pornographic and other online content without seeking it out. Age checks are essential to prevent that. We must ensure platforms are adhering to these requirements and anticipate enforcement actions against non-compliant companies.”

Ofcom stresses that service providers should not promote the use of VPNs to circumvent age management.

Penalties for breaching online safety regulations, including insufficient age verification processes, can range from 10% of global revenue to complete blockage of the site’s access in severe cases.

Age verification methods endorsed by OFCOM and utilized by AVPA members include facial age estimation, which analyses a person’s age via live photos and videos; verification through credit card providers, banks, or mobile network operators; photo ID matching, where a user’s ID is compared to a selfie; and a “digital identity wallet” containing age verification proof.

Prominent pornographic platforms, including Pornhub, the UK’s leading porn site, have pledged to adopt the stringent age verification measures mandated by the Act.

The law compels sites and applications to protect children from various harmful content, specifically material that encourages suicide, self-harm, and eating disorders. Advanced platforms must also take action to prevent the dissemination of abusive content targeting individuals with characteristics protected under equality laws, such as age, race, and gender.

Free speech advocates argue that the restrictions on child-related content have caused the classification of X-rated materials to age unnecessarily, along with several Reddit forums dedicated to discussions around alcohol abuse.

Reddit and X have been approached for their feedback.

Source: www.theguardian.com