Recent images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope highlight NGC 1786, a spherical cluster located in the constellation of Dorado.
This Hubble image depicts NGC 1786, a spherical cluster approximately 163,000 light-years away in the Dorado constellation. The color images were created from various exposures captured in visible and near-infrared regions of the spectrum using Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). Three filters sampled different wavelengths. Colors were assigned by applying distinct hues to each monochromatic image related to individual filters. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/M. Monelli/M Hözsaraç.
Spherical clusters are ancient star systems, bound together by gravity, typically spanning around 100-200 light-years.
These clusters host hundreds of thousands, or even millions, of stars. The significant masses at the cluster’s core attract stars inward, forming a spherical configuration.
Considered among the universe’s oldest known objects, spherical clusters are remnants from the early Galactic era. It’s believed that all galaxies harbor a population of these structures.
The Large Magellanic Cloud, a neighboring dwarf galaxy located about 163,000 light-years away, possesses roughly 60 spherical clusters, including NGC 1786.
This spherical cluster, also referred to as ESO 56-39, was discovered on December 20, 1835, by the British astronomer John Herschel.
“Data from the new image is derived from spherical clusters within Milky Way galaxies, including the Large and Small Magellanic Clouds, as well as Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxies,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“Our galaxy contains over 150 of these extensively studied ancient spherical formations.
“Due to its stability and longevity, it acts as a galactic time capsule, preserving stars from the galaxy’s formative stages.”
“While it was once believed that all stars in spherical clusters formed nearly simultaneously, our research on ancient clusters within our galaxy has revealed multiple populations of stars of varying ages,” they further explained.
“To utilize spherical clusters as historical markers, it’s essential to comprehend their formation and the origins of stars from different ages.”
“This observational program analyzed older spherical clusters like NGC 1786 in external galaxies to determine whether they contained multiple star populations.”
“Such studies can provide insights into the original formation mechanisms of the Large Magellanic Cloud as well as the Milky Way galaxy.”
The innovative battery storage solution, utilizing SuperCapacitor Technology, may “jump” traditional lithium-ion batteries, transforming the landscape for renewable energy storage and use, according to its creator.
On July 8th, British firm SuperDielectrics unveiled its new prototype storage system, dubbed the Faraday 2, at an event in central London. Incorporating a polymer designed for contact lenses, this system boasts a lower energy density than lithium-ion batteries but claims numerous advantages, such as quicker charging, enhanced safety, reduced costs, and a recyclable framework.
“The current energy storage market at home is reminiscent of the computer market around 1980,” said SuperDielectrics’ Marcus Scott while addressing journalists and investors. “Access to clean, reliable, and affordable electricity isn’t a future goal; it’s now a practical reality, and we believe we are creating the technology to support it.”
Energy storage is pivotal for the global transition to green energy, crucial for providing stable electricity despite the intermittent nature of wind and solar power. While lithium-ion batteries dominate the storage technology market, they present challenges, including high costs, limited resources, complex recycling processes, and safety risks like overheating explosions.
With its aqueous battery design grounded in supercapacitor technology, SuperDielectrics aims to address these challenges. Supercapacitors store energy on material surfaces, facilitating extremely rapid charge and discharge cycles, albeit with lower energy density.
The company’s design employs a zinc electrolyte, separated from the carbon electrode by a polymer membrane. SuperDielectrics asserts that this membrane technology is cost-effective, utilizing abundant raw materials, thus unlocking a new generation of supercapacitors with significant energy storage capabilities.
During the event, the company’s CEO Jim Heathcote mentioned that the technology could outperform lithium-ion systems in renewable energy storage.
The Faraday 2 builds on the earlier Faraday 1 prototype launched last year, claiming to double the energy density. The Faraday 2 operates at 1-40 Wh/kg, allowing for faster charging times, which will harness fleeting spikes in renewable energy production, as noted by Heathcote.
However, Gareth Hinds from the UK National Physical Laboratory points out that the technology still lags behind lithium-ion batteries, which can achieve around 300 Wh/kg at the cell level. Andrew Abbott of the University of Leicester adds that the energy density now offered by SuperDielectrics is akin to that of lead-acid batteries commonly used in automobiles and backup power systems. “There are no immediate plans among leading manufacturers to transition,” he states.
Marcus Newborough, scientific advisor at SuperDielectrics, acknowledges that they are still “on a journey” to enhance the system’s energy density. “We are aware of our high theoretical energy density,” he mentioned, noting the company’s commitment to realizing this potential in the coming years, aiming for a commercial energy storage solution ready for launch by the end of 2027.
Despite the optimism, Hinds remains skeptical about the technology competing with lithium-ion batteries regarding energy density. “Clearly, it’s an early-stage development, and while they continue to push for higher energy density, achieving lithium-ion levels is a significant challenge due to strict limitations,” he comments.
Nonetheless, he suggests that there could be a market for larger storage solutions that provide lower energy density but at a much more affordable price than lithium-ion batteries and with a longer lifespan.
Sam Cooper from Imperial College, London, concurs: “If we can develop a system offering equal energy storage capacity to the Tesla Powerwall, regardless of size or weight, and at a cost of 95% less, that would represent a groundbreaking achievement.”
Astronomers are focused on discovering planets that closely resemble Earth in size, composition, and temperature.Earth-like planets face numerous challenges in this quest. These planets are small and rocky, making them hard to detect. The current methods of planet hunting tend to favor gas giants, complicating matters. For a planet to have temperatures similar to Earth, it must orbit its host star at a similar distance, similar to Earth’s orbit around the Sun. This means it takes about a year to complete its orbit around the star. This raises an additional challenge for astronomers: locating Earth-like planets around a star requires telescopes to be dedicated to monitoring them for more than a year.
To maximize efficiency and reduce time spent on monitoring, scientists are seeking alternative methods to identify promising stars for in-depth searches before committing resources. A team of astronomers explored whether observable characteristics of planetary systems could indicate the presence of Earth-like planets. They found that the arrangement of known planets, along with their mass, radius, and proximity to their nearest star, could help predict the likelihood of Earth-like planets existing in those systems.
How effectively did the team test their approach using Machine Learning? They initiated their study by compiling a sample of planetary systems, some with Earth-like planets and some without. Since astronomers have only discovered about 5,000 stars that host orbiting planets, this sample size was too small for training machine learning models effectively. Consequently, the team generated three sets of planetary systems using a computational framework that simulates how planets form, based on the Bern model.
The Bern model initiates with 20 dust clumps, measuring around 600 meters, which is approximately 2,000 feet. These clumps help kickstart the accumulation of gas and dust into full-sized planets over a timespan of 20 million years. The planetary system evolves to a stable state over more than 10 billion years, leading to a Synthetic Planetary System that astronomers can utilize in their datasets. Using this model, they created 24,365 systems with sun-sized stars, 14,559 systems with similar stars, and 14,958 systems with different types of stars. Each group was further subdivided into those containing Earth-like planets and those without.
With these larger datasets in hand, the team utilized machine learning techniques known as Random Forest Models to categorize planetary systems based on their potential to host Earth-like planets. In a random forest setup, outputs are determined as either true or false through various components called trees that outline subsections of the entire training dataset. The team concluded that if a planetary system could host one or more Earth-like planets, the Random Forest algorithm should categorize it as “true.” They evaluated the algorithm’s accuracy using a metric known as the Precision Score.
The random forests made decisions based on specific characteristics within each synthetic planetary system. These factors included the number of planets, the presence of similar systems observed by astronomers, the system’s total planet count, and the mass and distance of planets over 100 times that of Earth, as well as the characteristics of the stars involved. The team allocated 80% of the synthetic planetary systems for training data, reserving the remaining 20% for initial testing of the completed algorithm.
The findings revealed that the random forest models accurately predicted where Earth-like planets are likely to exist with an impressive precision score of 0.99. Building on this success, they tested the model against data from 1,567 stars of similar sizes, each with at least one known orbiting planet. Out of these, 44 met the algorithm’s threshold for having Earth-like planets, suggesting that the majority of systems in this subset are stable enough to host such planets.
The team concluded that their models can effectively identify candidate stars for hosting Earth-like planets; however, they issued a caution. One concern is that the synthesis of planetary systems is time-consuming and resource-intensive, limiting the availability of training data. A more significant caution is rooted in the assumption that the Bern model accurately simulates the layered structure of planets. They urged researchers to rigorously validate their models for future theoretical work.
Coal Power Plants Contribute to Cooling via Sulphate Pollution
Frank Hermann/Getty Images
The presence of sulfate air pollution causes clouds to darken and reduces sunlight. This factor could contribute to recent temperature increases beyond just greenhouse gas effects.
“Two-thirds of the global warming observed since 2001 is attributed not to rising CO2 levels, but to decreasing SO2 levels,” says Peter Cox from the University of Exeter, UK.
While some sunlight is reflected and some is absorbed before being released as heat, increased carbon dioxide levels enhance the retention of this heat. This greenhouse effect is a primary driver of global warming, but the albedo, or reflectivity of the planet, significantly influences temperature.
Since 2001, satellite instruments like Ceres have measured sunlight reflection and absorption. These observations reveal a decline in sunlight reflectivity, indicating a darker planet with diminishing albedo, leading to more intense warming.
Factors contributing to this reduced albedo include diminished snow and sea ice as well as fewer clouds. However, Cox and Margaux Marchant’s analysis of Ceres data spanning 2001 to 2019 suggests that the most significant contributor is the darkening of clouds.
Industrial and maritime sulfate emissions are known to enhance the density of cloud droplets, improving their reflectivity. This principle underpins a proposed geoengineering technique called Marine Cloud Brightening. However, recent shifts away from high-sulfur fuels like coal have led to reductions in these emissions.
Thus, Merchant and Cox explored whether the observed loss of cloud brightness is linked to reduced SO2 levels and found correlations. They presented initial findings at the Exeter Climate Forum recently.
These findings are promising, as the accelerated warming trends indicate that some researchers fear the global climate sensitivity (the temperature rise associated with increased atmospheric CO2) could be at the upper range of estimates. While the short-term effects of reduced pollution contribute to warming, this suggests greater warming potential as CO2 emissions rise if cloud darkening results from increased CO2.
“If this darkening signifies a genuine shift in cloud feedback indicating greater sensitivity than previously thought, rather than a mere result of decreased SO2 emissions, it is promising news,” stated Laura Wilcox from the University of Reading, UK, who was not involved in the research.
Wilcox notes limitations in the datasets utilized by Marchant and Cox; for instance, the SO2 contamination data may have changed since their analysis.
Furthermore, two recent studies suggest dimming is largely due toreduced cloud cover, not darker clouds. “The factors behind these recent darkening trends are currently being intensely debated,” she says.
Overall, Wilcox adds that her research supports the view that the recent acceleration of global warming is chiefly driven by reduced air pollution, and this effect is likely to be temporary.
“Isometric movements like planks can help alleviate pain.”
Sutulastock/Shutterstock
In my previous article, I discussed how isometric exercises, which involve holding muscles in a fixed position, can effectively lower blood pressure. Since then, I’ve started integrating them into my workouts. This leads me to ask: Do these exercises provide additional benefits?
The answer is yes—and some benefits were surprising. Isometric exercises, such as planks (as shown) and wall squats, can alleviate pain, prevent injuries, and significantly enhance fitness in an efficient manner. In fact, most individuals will likely gain from incorporating these into their workout regimes.
One of the most notable advantages of isometric exercises is their ability to build strength with minimal movement, making them less physically demanding compared to more dynamic workouts. They are indeed effective: a review revealed that isometric training over 42-100 days could boost muscle strength by as much as 92%.
These strength gains can be highly targeted. Athletes frequently employ isometric exercises to strengthen the challenging aspects of their movements, like the lowest point in a squat. This focused training may enhance overall performance, as researchers have discovered that isometric training could surpass jump-based training in terms of durability.
Moreover, these exercises are gentle on the body, making them easy to include at the beginning or end of a standard workout, providing extra benefits. They serve as excellent warm-ups and research has shown they can reduce muscle soreness post-exercise without hindering running performance. This contrasts with static stretching, which doesn’t alleviate muscle pain and can actually decrease performance.
Incorporating some isometric movements into your warm-up routine can also help in preventing injuries. Slow, controlled training that targets less active stages during workouts is commonly used to guard against hamstring injuries in soccer players; however, isometric exercise is found to be more effective, according to a study.
While the exact mechanism remains unclear, it appears that isometric exercises can activate the signaling pathways between nerves and muscles, enhancing muscle responsiveness during workouts. This could help in correcting muscle imbalances, which are often a source of injuries.
These advantages are not limited to athletes. A review published this year demonstrated that isometric training significantly reduces pain and strengthens muscles in individuals with osteoarthritis. Because they are low-impact, these exercises are perfect for beginners and those with limited mobility due to injuries.
Considering their myriad benefits, isometric exercises have become a consistent part of my training routine. Furthermore, because they require no equipment and minimal space, I can perform them almost anywhere at any time.
Grace Wade is a health reporter for New Scientist, based in the US.
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Mel Brooks and Carl Reiner had a nightly movie ritual, often indulging in cheesy films where phrases like “ensure you have boundaries!” get thrown around. So, why bring this up in relation to Foundation? This adaptation of Isaac Asimov’s work started with provocative ideas but has since become a formulaic experience—something like a ticking clock.
It’s been two years since the last season of Foundation, so if you’re a bit hazy about the plot, here’s a quick recap: the empire has long been governed by genetic dynasties. Three clone emperors—representing dawn, day, and dusk—come to rule, under the watchful eye of Demerzel (Laura Birn), the last existing robot. Approximately 150 years after Season 2, the first Foundation, conceived to replace the empire, now governs the outer planets.
Hari Seldon (Jared Harris), with the ability to foresee the empire’s fall through the mathematical theory of psychohistory, has uploaded his consciousness to a secure location just before the impending “Seldon Crisis.” These crises signify pivotal moments that can plunge the galaxy into epochs of darkness. Meanwhile, the second Foundation—a secretive colony with telepathic prowess—operates covertly, aiming to prevent the third Seldon crisis, led by a version of Seldon and his protégé, Dornik (Rurbell).
Visually stunning—an array of exquisitely rendered planets render the cosmos seemingly infinite.
That’s the essential backdrop as we venture into Foundation‘s third season. There’s much to unpack, especially with new characters joining the narrative. There’s Quento (Cherry Jones), the inaugural ambassador of the Foundation, navigating a complicated rapport with the Empire; Han Pritcher (Brandon P. Bell), a spy operating between the two Foundations; and Toran Marrow (Cody Fern), a descendant of Wily Hober Marrow from Season 2.
This ensemble is designed to create a rich and intricate universe filled with well-crafted characters. The show skillfully merges drama with grand concepts, particularly involving DeMerselle, giving it a visually spectacular quality as numerous planets are rendered beautifully.
However, herein lies the paradox: while Foundation strives for intellectual stimulation through its lore and epic scope, many of its plotlines come off as ridiculous and superficial. The most captivating elements—the two Seldons, the potential alliance between the Foundation and the Empire, and the intrigues among the three emperors—remain largely unexplored. The narrative often feels intellectually shallow at times. And don’t get me started on the awkward dialogue; phrases like “we have a partnership” made me cringe, not to mention the repeated insistence to “ensure you have boundaries!”
It’s disheartening to watch a promising show decline while retaining traces of its former brilliance. After viewing nine episodes, I’m hopeful the tenth episode will tie everything together, much like Seldon’s Vault, with its buried secrets finally unearthed. Until then, whether you can overlook its shortcomings may determine your enjoyment of Foundation, which feels a step removed from the television gems it once resembled, at least offering some form of unsatisfactory entertainment.
Recommendations for Further Viewing…
Andor Disney+ Foundation caters to historical enthusiasts intrigued by civilization’s cycles. For a similar experience, check out this Star Wars series that chronicles key figures in a very different empire’s downfall—something quite rare.
The Rise and Fall of the Galactic Empire Chris Kempshall While still rooted in Star Wars, this narrative of Emperor Palpatine’s 24-year reign, depicted from an in-universe historian’s viewpoint, makes for an engaging read.
The Art and Science of Writing Science Fiction
Engage in the craft of science fiction writing this weekend by creating new worlds and artistic creations.
New records for black holes have transformed our understanding of the universe’s most extreme entities.
The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) began its groundbreaking detection of gravitational waves—ripples in the fabric of spacetime—ten years ago, unveiling nearly 100 black hole collisions. On November 23, 2023, Rigo announced receiving a signal described as “an extraordinary interpretation that defies explanation.” According to Sophie Binnie from the California Institute of Technology, her team ultimately concluded that it corresponded to the largest black hole merger ever recorded.
One of the merging black holes was approximately 100 times the mass of the sun, while the other neared 140 solar masses. Previous records featured black holes that were almost half as massive, primarily due to earlier mergers. Team member Mark Hannam from Cardiff University, UK, emphasized that these black holes were not only immense but also spinning at such high speeds that they challenged mathematical models of the universe regarding their formation.
According to Hannam, the masses of these black holes exceed those typically formed from the collapse of aging stars, suggesting they likely resulted from earlier mergers between smaller black holes. “It’s possible that multiple mergers have occurred,” he notes.
“A decade ago, we were astonished to find black holes around 30 solar masses. Now, we observe black holes over 100 solar masses,” adds Davide Gerosa from the University of Bicocca in Milan, Italy. He mentions that gravitational wave signals from these large, quickly rotating black holes are shorter and consequently more challenging to detect. Binnie presented her findings at the Edoardo Amaldi Conference on Gravitational Waves in Glasgow, England, on July 14.
Both Hannam and Binnie emphasize that future observations of similarly remarkable mergers are essential to further decipher these new signals, including unraveling the origins of black holes. As upgrades progress, LIGO is expected to detect more cosmic record-breakers. Yet, in May, the Trump administration proposed halving resources at the facility, which, in Hannam’s opinion, could render capturing new signals exceedingly difficult.
A closer look at the internet reveals numerous charming videos of dogs seemingly learning to “speak” with their owners by using electronic buttons pre-programmed to produce specific words, often referred to as soundboards.
Take, for instance, Labrador Copper. These Labradors press the “copper” and “eat” buttons when they’re craving cheese and tap “Where” and “Dad” when their owner is gone.
While it may seem impressive, the question arises: are these dogs truly communicating, or are they merely reacting to cues from their owners?
I was fascinated by Federico Rossano from the Department of Cognitive Sciences in San Diego, California, who enlisted the help of 59 dogs trained by their owners to utilize these soundboards.
While working from their homes, owners and researchers randomly pressed select buttons and recorded whether the dogs responded appropriately. For example, if the word “outside” was heard, dogs would likely approach the door after hearing a food bowl or another sound.
At least for some words, the answer was indeed “yes.” Dogs were significantly more likely to exhibit play-related behaviors upon hearing the word “play” and looked towards the door when they heard “outside.”
Are these dogs genuinely communicating, or are they simply reacting to their owners’ cues? – Photo credit: Aramie
Importantly, these responses were true regardless of whether the button was pressed by the owner or researcher; it didn’t matter who initiated the button press or verbalized the word.
This suggests that the dog isn’t merely reading body language from the owner but is actually processing the words themselves, according to Rossano.
So, is the debate settled? Not quite. The study indicates that dogs can recognize and respond to verbal cues (which we already knew), but critics argue that this doesn’t clarify what the words convey for dogs.
So when Bunny asks, “Where’s Dad?” and her owner replies, “He’s on a climbing trip now,” does she truly understand? For now, Bunny is the only one who knows.
This article answers the question posed by Hatty Kingston from Bristol: “Do dogs truly understand the words associated with soundboard buttons?”
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This deficiency is crucial for energy production, brain development, and maintaining a robust immune system.
According to the World Health Organization, anemia affects 31% of women of reproductive age, 36% of pregnant women, and 40% of children under 5.
Inflammation can interfere with iron absorption, stemming from acute diseases or chronic conditions such as obesity. With rising global obesity and chronic disease rates, this creates additional challenges in tackling iron deficiency worldwide.
Iron Deficiency
Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, as iron is vital for red blood cell production. Anemia is characterized by low hemoglobin levels, the protein that gives blood its red color and transports oxygen.
The World Health Organization reports that anemia affects 31% of adult women of reproductive age, 36% of pregnant women, and 40% of children under 5 years old. Approximately half of all global anemia cases result from iron deficiency. Common symptoms include pale skin, fatigue, shortness of breath, and irregular heartbeat (known as palpitations).
Iron deficiency poses serious health risks, especially when it causes anemia, including a weakened immune system, complications during pregnancy and childbirth, maternal and infant mortality, and delayed growth and brain development in children.
Diet can influence iron absorption. – Photo credit: Getty
The repercussions of iron deficiency are particularly severe for women and children, who are the most susceptible.
Menstruating women have a heightened need for iron due to monthly blood loss. Pregnant women require extra iron for the placenta, fetus, and increased blood volume. Children need iron for rapid growth and brain development, making adolescent girls—who are both growing and menstruating—especially vulnerable.
In their study, Benson and Law convened a panel of 26 experts alongside four patient representatives. Their collective recommendations advocate for a more positive and inclusive strategy for managing iron deficiency, particularly for at-risk populations.
The panel stressed the importance of regular screening during pregnancy and early childhood. They emphasized utilizing ferritin, a blood protein indicating liver iron storage, as a reliable marker for diagnosing iron deficiency and determining intervention timing.
If treatment is necessary, oral iron supplements are the first recommendation. They are effective, widely accessible, and cost-effective. For those experiencing side effects like nausea and constipation, the panel suggested taking supplements on alternate days to enhance tolerability. In more severe instances, or if oral iron proves ineffective, intravenous iron may be needed.
Lastly, the panel asserted that iron deficiency should not be viewed as an isolated issue, but rather part of the routine care for mothers and children, including pregnancy tests, child health visits, and nutrition programs.
Iron Advice
While some individuals may need treatments for iron deficiency, many cases can be prevented through daily dietary choices.
Begin by adding more iron-rich foods to your meals, such as pulses, legumes, green leafy vegetables, nuts, and iron-fortified cereals (opt for lower sugar options for kids and adolescents).
For those consuming animal products, limit intake to moderate amounts of lean meat—about 70g (2.5oz) per day, as recommended by the UK Eatwell Guide—which can provide easily absorbable iron.
If you primarily follow a plant-based diet, consider pairing iron-rich foods with vitamin C sources like lemon juice, tomatoes, and strawberries to enhance iron absorption.
Avoid drinking tea or coffee during meals as polyphenols can hinder iron absorption; this applies to taking iron supplements as well. Consuming them with a vitamin C source, such as orange juice, can significantly improve absorption.
If you belong to a higher-risk group—such as menstruating individuals or caregivers of young children—or if you experience excessive fatigue, consult your doctor. A simple blood test can evaluate your iron levels. In children, iron deficiency may also manifest as unusual cravings, such as for ice or non-food items.
Iron deficiency is prevalent but manageable and often preventable. With awareness and mindful choices, maintaining healthy iron levels can be as straightforward as selecting what goes on your plate.
Atrophy can affect nearly every part of our body, but the knees bear a particularly heavy burden as they age. Why? Because they are intricate anatomical structures with numerous components that undergo constant wear and tear.
As we grow older, the muscles supporting our knees weaken, and bone density declines. The cartilage that cushions our bones may wear thin, and the ligaments connecting them also lose elasticity.
This leads to stiffness, pain, reduced mobility, and those involuntary sounds we all make when we rise from the sofa.
Fortunately, like any machine, our knees can thrive with proper care. Understanding the risk factors for knee injuries and osteoarthritis is a crucial first step.
The main threats to healthy knees include excess weight and footwear lacking adequate support for multiple joints.
For instance, in 2021, French researchers found that Parkour athletes experienced an average of 1.7 knee or ankle injuries per 1,000 hours of training.
While this might not sound alarming, it can lead to long-term damage—affecting more than just those jumping off risky buildings.
A study focused on elite dancers revealed that knee injuries, such as meniscus tears, are among the most prevalent injuries.
Activities that involve impact on the legs or require rapid direction changes can strain the knees significantly. A severe ACL injury can sideline football players for up to a year.
Moreover, research suggests that ten to twenty years post-injury, about half of those affected may develop osteoarthritis linked to their original injury.
There’s also an ongoing debate about whether running is beneficial or detrimental to knee health. For example, some claim running on pavement can be as punishing as hitting the soles of your feet with a hammer for an hour.
As you age, the muscles that stabilize your knees become weaker and bone density decreases – Illustration credit: Daniel Bright
However, a 2017 study found no significant differences in the risk of knee osteoarthritis between runners and non-runners.
In fact, exercise is believed to strengthen joints. A 2023 study indicated that individuals engaged in strength training are up to 20% less likely to experience osteoarthritis than those who do not.
Additionally, strengthening surrounding muscles, such as the quadriceps, appears beneficial. If you invest in properly fitting shoes and maintain a regular exercise routine, another key practice for knee care is recognizing mild discomfort.
Minor injuries can easily escalate into more serious, long-lasting conditions. If experiencing pain, consider using knee supports or opting for swimming.
Some research suggests that non-weight bearing activities, like swimming, can facilitate recovery from minor knee injuries and lessen the risk of long-term complications.
This article addresses the question posed by Thomas McPherson from Wakefield: “How do I take care of my knees as I age?”
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From hot dogs to crispy bacon, by 2026, many food staples in the US will utilize gene-edited meat. Indeed, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently given the green light to the agricultural use of certain genetically enhanced pigs. Other global regulators may soon follow suit.
But should we be concerned? Is this modified pork safe? And what about the ethics of creating these pigs?
Firstly, it’s important to note that not all gene-edited animals are produced in a laboratory setting. Instead, these livestock come from animals whose DNA has been modified early in their development, often conferring advantageous traits starting from a single cell or fertilized egg.
This gene editing isn’t focused on enhancing pork flavor; it’s primarily aimed at safeguarding the pigs from diseases.
For instance, a UK company is currently developing genetic modifications in pigs that render them resistant to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS), a virus that significantly weakens the immune system of pigs. PRRS poses a serious threat, leading to the deaths of piglets, miscarriages in pregnant sows, and increased vulnerability to other infections.
Pork is the third most consumed meat in the United States after chicken and beef.
The stakes are high, with efforts to manage PRRS costing the US pork industry about $1.2 billion (£878 million) each year.
When the virus does break through, the implications can be dire. In 2006, a pandemic in China infected over 2 million pigs, resulting in 400,000 deaths.
CRISPR Bacon
How much have these pigs really changed? That’s a valid concern. However, the actual modifications are surprisingly minor.
To combat the PRRS virus, scientists have edited out a portion of the CD163 protein in the pig’s DNA, which the virus uses to invade pig cells.
Pigs with this genetic modification show resistance to nearly all known strains of PRRS, but they are otherwise similar to conventional pigs. Despite initial fears that viruses could evolve to bypass edited proteins, this hasn’t occurred.
Dr. Christine Tait-Burkard, a researcher at the University of Edinburgh’s Roslin Institute, describes the original CD163 protein as “like nine beads on a string,” with only one bead—the fifth one—removed during editing.
Interestingly, the gene rearrangement could also occur naturally in some pigs. “It’s possible there is a pig somewhere in the world resistant to this virus,” Tait-Burkard states. “However, we don’t have the luxury of time for natural breeding, so we must utilize biotechnology to introduce it into our breeding programs.”
The editing employs a toolkit known as CRISPR, a Nobel Prize-winning technology that has gained popularity in scientific research for its efficiency, precision, and affordability. The CRISPR tool uses a “guide” sequence to target DNA, employing protein “scissors”—naturally occurring proteins found in bacteria—to make necessary cuts. Minor adjustments, such as those seen in PRRS-resistant pigs, disable particular genes.
A New Norm?
Once they hit grocery store shelves, PRRS-resistant pigs are expected to become the first widely consumed gene-edited animals. However, they are not the first genetically modified products available to consumers.
Hypoallergenic “Gal Safe” Pork, designed for consumers with meat allergies, received approval in 2020. In 2022, the FDA also approved a type of cow known as Smooth cow—a breed enhanced with traits from naturally occurring genetic variants in tropical cows for shorter hair and better heat recovery. Additionally, genetically modified “Aquadvantage” Salmon is available in the US, albeit primarily sold in restaurants.
The situation is more complex across the Atlantic. As it stands, gene-edited foods cannot be marketed in the EU, and legislation for Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) in the UK lays groundwork for breeding gene-edited crops, but it has not yet been extended to animals.
Even if regulations evolve globally, will consumers be eager to purchase gene-edited sausages and bacon?
The labeling for this new gene-edited pork remains undecided, but Dr. Katie Sanders, a communications specialist at North Carolina State University, suggests that there is greater potential for consumer acceptance compared to traditional genetically modified (GM) foods. This perception stems from the belief that gene-edited products appear more natural.
In the past, genetically modified (GM) crops stirred up fears and headlines focused on “frankenfood.” However, many of these crops were ultimately approved, with most scientists considering them safe for consumption. These GM crops often incorporate foreign genes—like “Bt” corn, which carries genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis to repel insect pests.
In contrast, the current wave of CRISPR-edited foods only features modifications that could naturally occur within the species. Scientists have not created an entirely new variety of pigs.
Sanders and her colleagues, along with associate professor Jean Parera at Texas A&M University, conducted a national survey of more than 2,000 Americans to gauge attitudes towards CRISPR-edited pork. While results await publication, Sanders notes that respondents generally indicated a likelihood to purchase CRISPR-edited pork.
This trend was especially noted in urban populations (compared to rural ones) and among those with lower educational attainment (as opposed to individuals with degrees).
In 2006, PRRS outbreaks in China affected over 2 million pigs, leading to 400,000 deaths.
When asked how producers can persuade more consumers to adopt gene-edited meat, Parrella emphasized the importance of “responsible use and ethical considerations surrounding CRISPR applications.”
Initial marketing of PRRS-resistant pigs highlights these ethical considerations, demonstrating they have been addressed. A division of the industry, known as The Pig Improvement Company—yes, that’s its actual name—underscores benefits like enhanced animal welfare, reduced antibiotic reliance, and positive environmental effects.
If their messaging resonates, could more gene-edited animals find their way to our dinner tables? Perhaps. Scientists at the Roslin Institute are currently researching edits to combat other livestock diseases, including the bovine diarrhea virus.
However, Tait-Burkard cautions that engineering resistance to specific viruses, like avian influenza, may pose more significant challenges or require edits harmful to animal cells. The proteins they edited for pig PRR resistance are “excellent targets,” but they are challenging to identify.
For traits linked to productivity, such as improved breeding and meat quality, the agricultural sector is already refining efficient breeding techniques to achieve these objectives. As such, it’s unlikely that costly gene editing will be utilized to create “super” meat anytime soon.
Nonetheless, if gene editing can enhance animal protection, minimize antibiotics, and alleviate environmental burdens, it could swiftly transition from novelty to normalcy—provided animal welfare remains uncompromised.
Research conducted by astronomer Matthew Hopkins and his team at Oxford University suggests that 3i/Atlas, the second interstellar comet discovered near our solar system, may have been on its trajectory over 3 billion years ago.
Top view of the Milky Way displaying the predicted orbits of our Sun and 3i/Atlas. Comets are represented by dashed red lines, while the sun is indicated by a dashed yellow line. The comet’s route to the outer thick disc is mostly clear, whereas the sun remains close to the nucleus of the galaxy. Image credit: M. Hopkins / Otautahi Oxford Team / ESA / Gaia / DPAC / Stefan Payne-Wardenaar / CC-SA 4.0.
“All comets formed alongside our solar system, like Halley’s comets, are up to 4.5 billion years old,” Dr. Hopkins explained.
“In contrast, interstellar visitors can be significantly older. Our statistical analyses indicate that 3i/Atlas is very likely to be the oldest comet we’ve observed thus far.”
Unlike 1i/Oumuamua and 2i/Borisov, the two previous interstellar objects that passed through our solar system, 3i/Atlas appears to be on a more inclined path through the Milky Way.
A recent study forecasts that 3i/Atlas is likely to be rich in water ice, as it probably formed around the star of the ancient, thick disc.
“This is an aspect of the galaxy that we’ve never encountered before,” said Chris Lintot, a professor at Oxford University and host of The Sky at Night.
“I believe there is a two-thirds chance that this comet predates the solar system and has been drifting through interstellar space ever since.”
As it nears the Sun, the heat from sunlight activates 3i/Atlas, generating a coma and tail composed of steam and dust.
Initial observations indicate that the comet is already active and may even be larger than any of its interstellar predecessors.
If this is validated, it could influence the detection of similar objects by future telescopes, such as the upcoming Vera C. Rubin Observatory.
Furthermore, it could offer insights into the role that ancient interstellar comets play in the formation of stars and planets throughout the galaxy.
“We’re in an exciting phase. 3i/Atlas is already displaying signs of activity,” remarked Dr. Michele Bannister, an astronomer at the University of Canterbury.
“The gases we might observe in the future, as 3i/Atlas is heated by the Sun, will help us evaluate our models.”
“Some of the world’s largest telescopes are currently monitoring this new interstellar entity. One of them may make a significant discovery!”
To celebrate the remarkable advancements in science during the third year, astronomers have utilized the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to capture images of the Cat’s Paw Nebula.
This web image depicts the Cat’s Paw Nebula, a significant star-forming region located 5,500 light years from the constellation Scorpio. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI.
The Cat’s Paw Nebula resides in the southern constellation of Scorpio and is approximately 5,500 light years from Earth.
First identified in 1837 by British astronomer John Herschel, this dynamic star-forming region spans an estimated 80 to 90 light years.
Also known as NGC 6334 or the Bear Claw Nebula, it is one of the most vibrant stellar nurseries in the night sky, producing thousands of young, hot stars that emit light not visible from our perspective.
Recent images captured by Webb’s NIRCam instrument reveal structural details and functionalities previously unseen.
“Massive young stars are actively interacting with nearby gas and dust, and their bright stellar light produces a luminous, hazy glow, represented in blue,” Webb astronomers stated.
“This scenario illustrates a transient period where a destructive young star plays a significant role in the broader narrative of the region, characterized by relatively short lifespans and high luminosity.”
“Due to the dynamic activities of these massive stars, the local star formation process will eventually come to a halt.”
“We begin with a central area identified as the ‘opera house’ because of its hierarchical circulatory structure,” they noted.
“The principal sources of the blue glow in this area are likely positioned towards the bottom, obscured by dense brown dust, interspersed with light from bright, yellowish stars or nearby sources.”
“Beneath the orange-brown dust lies a bright yellow star displaying distinct diffraction spikes.”
“This giant star is sculpting its surrounding environment but has not managed to push gas and dust away sufficiently nor create a compact shell of surrounding material.”
“Take note of smaller regions, such as the tuning fork-shaped area adjacent to the opera house, which contains fewer stars.”
“These seemingly vacant zones are still in the process of forming stars, indicating the presence of dense filaments of dust that obscure the light of background stars.”
At the center of the image, small, fiery red masses can be seen scattered within the brown dust.
“These glowing red sources highlight areas where large-scale star formation is occurring, albeit in a less visible manner,” the researchers explained.
“Some of the blue-white stars, particularly in the lower left area, appear more sharply resolved than others.”
“This sharper appearance is attributed to the material between the star and the telescope being diffused by the star’s radiation.”
Near the bottom of this area is a compact dust filament.
“These small dust aggregates have managed to survive the intense radiation, indicating they are dense enough to give rise to protostars.”
The small yellow section on the right marks the location of a massive star still in its formative stages, managing to shine through the intervening material.
Numerous small yellow stars are scattered across the scene, displaying distinct diffraction spikes.
“The bright blue-white stars prominently feature in the foreground of this web image, with some possibly being part of the larger Cat’s Paw Nebula region.”
A particularly striking feature of this web image is the bright red-orange oval shape located in the top right corner.
The low concentration of background stars indicates it is a dense area where the star-forming process has only recently commenced.
Several visible stars are distributed throughout the region, contributing to the illumination of central materials.
Some of the developing stars have left behind traces of their existence, such as the shock wave visible in the lower left area.
Chinese paleontologists have uncovered the fossilized skeleton of the colossal Mamenchisaurus dinosaurs, heralding a remarkable new genus from the late Jurassic epoch.
Fossil remains of Tongnanlong Zhimingi. Image credit: Wei et al., doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-09796-0.
The newly identified species inhabited southwestern China approximately 147 million years ago (late Jurassic epoch).
Scientifically designated as Tongnanlong Zhimingi, this sauropod dinosaur measured around 23-28 m (75.5-92 feet) in length.
“Sauropods are enormous, herbivorous quadrupeds and represent the largest terrestrial dinosaurs that ever existed,” remarked Dr. Xuefang Wei, a researcher from the Western Center for China Geological Survey.
“They first appeared in the late Triassic period, spread globally by the Middle Jurassic, and ultimately went extinct at the end of the late Cretaceous period.”
More than 150 genera have been documented, including over 20 genera from the Jurassic period within China.
“Southwest China is a significant area for Jurassic sauropod discoveries, particularly in the Sichuan Basin,” they added.
The sauropod fauna found in the Jurassic Sichuan Basin was once considered an endemic population distinct from the terrestrial fauna of Pangaea.
This distribution was often explained by the East Asian seclusion hypothesis, suggested to have occurred between the Jurassic and early Cretaceous periods.
However, this hypothesis faces challenges from recent phylogenetic analyses conducted in China, as well as the discovery of Neosaurupod dinosaurs, including a Mamenchisaur dinosaur found in Africa.
The holotype specimen of Tongnanlong Zhimingi was excavated from a construction site in the Dongnan district of the Chonging region within the Sichuan Basin.
This includes three dorsal vertebrae, six caudal vertebrae, scapulae, coracoids, and hind limb bones.
“Our fieldwork indicates that the fossil site belongs to the upper part of the Jurassic. The Monitor formations are situated above Quaternary sediments,” noted the paleontologist.
“The Sorning Formation is composed of purple-red mudstone and sandstone.”
“The layer is rich in invertebrate fossils, including various freshwater Conchostracans, particularly ostracods and stone trails.”
Several vertebrates are identified from this layer, such as fish Ceratodus szechuanensis, turtle Plesiochelys Tatsuensis, and dinosaurs like Mamenchisaurus anyuensis.
Anatomical and phylogenetic studies affirmed that Tongnanlong Zhimingi is part of the sauropod dinosaur family Mamenchisauridae.
“Mamenchisauridae was not a fauna confined to East Asia, but rather had a global distribution during the late Jurassic period,” the researchers concluded.
“Tongnanlong Zhimingi enhances the diversity of Eusauraupods and offers new insights into sauropod diversity and evolutionary developments from the mid-Jurassic to the Late Jurassic as they increased in size.”
Their study was published in the journal Scientific Reports on July 10th.
____
X. Wei et al. 2025. New Mamenchisaurus discoveries monitoring the Upper Jurassic formations in the Sichuan Basin, China and their implications for sauropod gigantism. Sci Rep 15, 24808; doi:10.1038/s41598-025-09796-0
The catastrophic flood in Texas, claiming nearly 120 lives, marked the first major crisis encountered by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the current Trump administration. Despite the tragic loss of life, both former and current FEMA officials have expressed to NBC News that the effects on smaller geographic regions don’t adequately challenge the capabilities of the agency, especially as staffing has been reduced significantly.
They argue that the true tests may arise later this summer, when the threat of hurricanes looms over several states.
As discussions about the agency’s future unfold—with President Donald Trump hinting at the possibility of “dismantling it”—Homeland Security Secretary Christy Noem, who oversees FEMA, has tightened her control.
Current and former officials have mentioned that Noem now mandates that all agents personally authorize expenditures exceeding $100,000. To expedite the approval process, FEMA established a task force on Monday aimed at streamlining Noem’s approval, according to sources familiar with the initiative.
While Noem has taken a more direct approach to managing the agency, many FEMA leadership positions remain unfilled due to voluntary departures. In May, the agency disclosed in an internal email that 16 senior officials had left, collectively bringing over 200 years of disaster response experience with them.
“DHS and its components are fully engaged in addressing recovery efforts in Carville,” a spokesperson from DHS remarked in a statement to NBC News.
“Under Chief Noem and Deputy Manager David Richardson, FEMA has transformed from an unwieldy DC-centric organization into a streamlined disaster response force that empowers local entities to assist their residents. Outdated processes have been replaced due to their failure to serve Americans effectively in real emergencies… Secretary Noem ensures accountability to U.S. taxpayers, a concern often overlooked by Washington for decades.”
Civilians assist with recovery efforts near the Guadalupe River on Sunday.Giulio Cortez / AP
On Wednesday afternoon, the FEMA Review Council convened for its second meeting, set up to outline the agency’s future direction. “Our goal is to pivot FEMA’s responsibilities to the state level,” Trump told the press in early June.
At this moment, FEMA continues to manage over 700 active disaster situations, as stated by Chris Currie, who monitors governmental accountability.
“They’re operating no differently. They’re merely doing more with fewer personnel,” he noted in an interview.
While some advocates push for a more proactive role for the agency, certain Republicans in Congress emphasize the need to preserve FEMA in response to the significant flooding.
“FEMA plays a crucial role,” said Senator Ted Cruz of Texas during a Capitol Hill briefing this week. “There’s a consensus on enhancing FEMA’s efficiency and responsiveness to disasters. These reforms can be advantageous, but the agency’s core functions remain vital, regardless of any structural adjustments.”
Bureaucratic Hurdles
A key discussion point in the first FEMA Review Council meeting was how the federal government can alleviate financial constraints. However, current and former FEMA officials argue that Noem’s insistence on personal approvals for expenditures introduces bureaucratic layers that could hinder timely assistance during the Texas crisis and potential future hurricanes.
Current officials voiced that the new requirements contradict the aim of reducing expenses. “They’re adding bureaucracy…and increasing costs,” one official commented.
A former senior FEMA official remarked that agents need to procure supplies and services within disaster zones, routinely requiring their authorization for contracts over $100,000 to facilitate these actions.
“FEMA rarely makes expenditures below that threshold,” disclosed an unnamed former employee currently involved in the industry to NBC News.
In addition to the stipulation that Noem must approve certain expenditures, current and former staff members revealed confusion regarding who holds authority—Noem or Richardson, who has been acting as administrator since early May. One former official noted a cultural shift within the agency from proactive measures to a more cautious stance, as employees fear job loss.
DHS spokesperson Tricia McLaughlin referred to questions regarding who is in charge as “absurd.”
Further changes are underway. Last week, agents officially ceased their practice of sending personnel into disaster areas to engage with victims about available services. This decision followed complaints regarding interactions that had been criticized last fall. Acting managers previously labeled this conduct by FEMA staff as “unacceptable.” Distancing from the scrutiny, the dismissed personnel claimed to have acted under their supervisor’s instructions to avoid “unpleasant encounters.”
Although many individuals access FEMA services through various channels like the agency’s website and hotline, two former officials emphasized that in-person outreach remains essential for connecting disaster victims with available resources. It remains uncertain if the agency plans to send personnel into Texas for door-to-door outreach.
This week, Democratic senators expressed frustration that Noem has yet to present the 2025 hurricane plans she mentioned in May, after they were promised to be shared.
New Jersey Senator Andy Kim, leading Democrat on the Disaster Management Subcommittee, plans to send another letter to Noem on Wednesday to solicit these plans.
“The delay in FEMA’s 2025 hurricane season plan report at the start of hurricane season highlights the ongoing slowness of DHS in providing essential information to this committee,” Kim asserted in his letter.
FEMA’s Future
Critical questions remain regarding FEMA’s role in disaster recovery: What responsibilities will it retain, and which will be delegated to states to manage independently?
Experts consulting with NBC News concur that while federal agencies should maintain responsibility for large-scale disasters, the question persists as to whether states could be empowered to handle smaller ones rather than deferring to federal assistance.
“Disaster prevention is paramount,” remarked Jeff Schlegermilch, director of Columbia University’s National Center for Disaster Response.
Natalie Simpson, a disaster response expert at the University of Buffalo, added that larger states could assume greater risk during disasters.
“I believe we could establish a local FEMA due to economies of scale in larger states like California, New York, and Florida, but I doubt their efficacy in smaller states,” she stated during an interview.
Current and former FEMA officials, including Texas Governor Greg Abbott, have criticized FEMA as “inefficient and slow,” asserting the need for a more responsive approach. They highlighted that the governor called for a FEMA disaster declaration within days of the flood.
On Sunday, the president sidestepped inquiries about potential agency restructuring, stating:
White House spokesperson Karoline Leavitt commented that ongoing discussions are taking place regarding the agency’s broader objectives. “The President aims to ensure that American citizens have the resources they need, whether that assistance is provided at the state or federal level; it’s a matter of continuous policy discourse,” Leavitt remarked.
Denver – The Denver Museum, famous for its dinosaur exhibits, has unearthed fossil bones right beneath its parking lot, bringing paleontological discoveries closer to home than many anticipated.
This find originated from a drilling operation that reached over 750 feet (230 meters) deep to explore geothermal heating options at the Denver Museum of Natural Sciences.
The museum is a favorite among dinosaur lovers of all ages, where full-sized dinosaur skeletons astonish children who can barely reach their parents’ knees, especially the mighty Tyrannosaurus.
Ornithopod vertebrae discovered at a depth of 763 feet in the core excavation at City Park, located within the parking lot of the Denver Museum of Natural Sciences. Richard M Wicker/Video Denver Natural Museum AP
While this latest find may not be visually striking, the likelihood of discovering a fossil sample shaped like a hockey puck is notably low.
Museum representatives highlighted the rarity of encountering dinosaur remains, even in localized areas with a modest width of just a few inches (5 cm).
“Finding dinosaur bones in the core is akin to drilling into one of the moons. It’s like winning the Willy Wonka Factory. It’s extraordinarily uncommon,” noted James Hagerdorn, the museum’s geology curator.
Geologist James Haggadawn closing a box of core sample locks at the Denver Museum of Natural Sciences on July 9th. Thomas Paypert / AP
Museum officials mentioned that only two similar discoveries have been documented in borehole samples globally, let alone on the grounds of a dinosaur museum.
These vertebrae are believed to come from small, herbivorous dinosaurs that thrived during the late Cretaceous period, approximately 67.5 million years ago, shortly before the asteroid impacts that led to their extinction.
Fossilized plant materials were also uncovered in the vicinity of the bone.
“The animal inhabited a wetland ecosystem that was likely lush with vegetation at that time,” explained Patrick O’Connor, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Denver Museum of Natural Sciences.
The region has long been recognized for its dinosaur discoveries, including fossils resembling Tyrannosaurus rex and Triceratops. This recent find is noted to be Denver’s deepest and oldest, according to O’Connor.
While other experts validate the findings, reactions to the discoveries have been varied.
“It’s impressive. However, it might not be scientifically groundbreaking,” commented Thomas Williamson, curator of paleontology at the Museum of Natural History in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
Williamson remarked that it’s challenging to accurately determine the species of dinosaur from the evidence found.
Yet, Erin Rack Count, the educational program director for Dinosaur Ridge, located just west of Denver, exclaimed in an email that the discovery is “absolutely legitimate and utterly fascinating!”
The fossil’s shape suggests it may belong to a duck-billed dinosaur or perhaps a tecosaurus.
Currently, the borehole fossils are on display at the Denver Museum of Natural Sciences, but there are no plans to search for additional finds beneath the parking lot.
“I wish I could dig a 763-foot (233 meters) hole in the parking lot and unearth more dinosaurs, but I don’t think it will happen because of parking constraints,” said a museum official.
AI can streamline government paperwork, yet significant risks exist
Brett Hondow / Alamy
A number of nations are exploring how artificial intelligence might assist with various tasks, ranging from tax processing to decisions about welfare benefits. Nonetheless, research indicates that citizens are not as optimistic as their governments, potentially jeopardizing democratic integrity.
“Focusing exclusively on immediate efficiency and appealing technologies could provoke public backlash and lead to a long-term erosion of trust and legitimacy in democratic systems,” states Alexander Utzke, at Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich, Germany.
Utzke and his team surveyed around 1,200 individuals in the UK to gauge their perceptions regarding whether human or AI management was preferable for government functions. These scenarios included handling tax returns, making welfare application decisions, and assessing whether a defendant should be granted bail.
Participants were divided; some learned only about AI’s potential to enhance governmental efficiency, while others were informed about both the advantages and the associated risks. The risks highlighted included the challenges in discerning how AI makes decisions, an increasing governmental reliance on AI that may be detrimental in the long run, and the absence of a straightforward method for citizens to challenge or modify AI determinations.
When participants became aware of these AI-related risks, there was a marked decline in their trust towards the government and an increased feeling of losing control. For instance, the percentage of those who felt government democratic control was diminishing rose from 45% to over 81% when scenarios depicted increasing governmental dependence on AI for specific functions.
After learning about the risks, the percentage of individuals expressing skepticism regarding government use of AI surged significantly. It jumped from under 20% in the baseline scenario to over 65% when participants were informed of both the benefits and risks of AI in the public sector.
Regardless of these findings, democratic governments assert that AI can be utilized responsibly to uphold public trust, according to Hannah Key de la Vallee from the Center for Democracy and Technology in Washington, DC. However, she notes that there have been few successful applications of AI in governance to date, with several instances of failures already observed, which can have serious consequences.
For instance, attempts by various US states to automate public interest claim processing have resulted in tens of thousands of individuals being incorrectly charged with fraud. Some affected individuals faced bankruptcy or lost their homes. “Mistakes made by the government can have significant, long-lasting repercussions,” warns Quay de la Vallee.
As Texans look for solutions to flooding issues in the hill country, prominent meteorologists and policymakers are advocating for the creation of a disaster review board similar to the National Traffic Safety Commission, which investigates all civil aviation incidents and significant traffic occurrences.
The proposal for an independent committee to evaluate weather-related disasters is not a recent idea; however, it seems to have gained renewed momentum following floods in Texas that have claimed over 120 lives and left another 170 unaccounted for.
During a Senate confirmation hearing on Wednesday for the head of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Neil Jacobs expressed his support for the initiative when Sen. Ted Cruz (R-Texas) inquired about how he would enhance public response to emergency weather notifications.
“We also need more data and need to conduct post-storm evaluations,” Jacobs stated. “I have been involved with some aviation incidents at the NTSB, and we’re looking at something similar here, requiring data to identify what went wrong, whether proper warnings were issued, and how to respond to weather-related disasters.”
Neil Jacobs in 2019. Get McNamee/Getty Images files
Lawmakers from both parties have taken the initiative.
In 2022, the House of Representatives passed legislation that included provisions for creating a Natural Disaster Safety Committee; however, it failed in the Senate.
Cassidy and Schatz did not respond immediately when asked whether they feel there is renewed momentum in Congress for establishing a disaster review panel. Notably, Porter is no longer serving in Congress.
In a communication to NBC News, the only meteorologist in Congress, Rep. Eric Sorensen (D-Ill.), indicated he is collaborating with colleagues to initiate an NTSB-style program to investigate severe weather events.
A flooded home in New Orleans following Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Michael Appleton / New York Daily News / Getty Image File
“It would be incredible if meteorologists had access to research reports that could inform their future actions, regardless of past mistakes,” Sorensen remarked.
Illinois also faced significant flooding this week, with around five inches of rain descending in just 90 minutes at Garfield Park on Chicago’s west side, leading to multiple rescue operations.
The floods in Chicago and Texas were among four extreme rainfall events occurring within a week, events researchers describe as once-in-a-thousand-years occurrences.
The notion of an independent disaster review board has circulated within meteorological and disaster management circles for years. Mike Smith, a meteorologist and former senior vice president at Accuweather, has championed this concept since the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 2012.
Artistic rendering inspired by actual images of the IceCube neutrino detectors in Antarctica.
icecube/nsf
Our focus lies in understanding the true nature of the rarest and most energetic cosmic rays, which aids in deciphering their elusive origins.
The universe continuously showers us with bursts of particles. Brian Clark, from the University of Maryland, explains that the most energetic particles are termed ultra-high energy cosmic rays, possessing more energy than particles accelerated in labs. However, they are quite rare. Researchers are still investigating their sources and the constituent particles remain largely unidentified. Clark and his team are now analyzing the composition using data from the IceCube Neutrino detector situated in Antarctica.
Previous detections of ultra-high energy cosmic rays by the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina and a telescope array in Utah have led to disagreements. Clark posits that it remains uncertain whether these rays are mainly composed of protons or if they consist of a mix of other particles. The IceCube data sheds light on this, indicating that protons account for about 70% of these rays, with the remainder composed of heavier ions like iron.
Team member Maximilian Meyer from Chiba University in Japan notes that while IceCube data complements other measurements, it primarily detects neutrinos—by-products resulting from collisions between ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and residual photons from the Big Bang. Detecting and simulating neutrinos is inherently challenging.
The characteristics of cosmic ray particles influence how the magnetic fields generated in space affect their trajectories. Thus, comprehending their structure is crucial for the challenging endeavor of tracing their origins, according to Toshihiro Fujii from Osaka Metropolitan University in Japan.
These mysterious origins have given rise to numerous astonishing enigmas, such as the Amaterasu particle cosmic rays. Interestingly, it seems to have originated from a region in space near the Milky Way that lacks clear astronomical candidates for its source.
Clark expresses optimism about solving many of these mysteries within the next decade, as new observational tools, including an upgrade to IceCube, will soon be operational. “This domain has a clear roadmap for how we can address some of these questions,” he states.
In directing this play, which commemorates the centenary of the trial, Buck emphasizes that leaders in Dayton are pursuing the same mission as their predecessors a hundred years ago.
“I’ve generated interest in this town, and I’m thrilled about the people here, positioning Dayton on the map,” Buck stated. “Perhaps we’re utilizing this narrative and trial to shine a spotlight on this unique location.”
Descendants
Jacob Smith, 23, only realized his connection to the iconic trials after delving into history. His great-great-grandmother’s brother was Walter White, the county’s school chief and a pivotal figure who brought the trial to Dayton.
Smith portrays Dudley Field Malone, Scope’s defense attorney, who delivered equally passionate and memorable speeches during the trial, in a manner reminiscent of Brian and Darrow. One of Smith’s favorite lines references the contentious nature of the courtroom battle.
“He essentially states, ‘There’s never a duel with the truth,’” Smith explained. “He argues, ‘It always prevails. It doesn’t conspire or require suspension of laws, governments, or ‘Mr. Brian’.”
Now a county archivist, Smith is eager to see visitors discover the original courthouse in Dayton, with its creaky, polished wooden floors, lofty windows, and impressive staircase leading up to the expansive courtroom on the second level.
“Like the lawyers before them, they could ascend to that circuit court and grip the railing, and back in 1925, the entire audience would have turned their gaze,” Smith noted.
“The Great General”
Larry Jones, who has been acting in community and local theatres since childhood, thought he knew the story of the Scope Trial following his performance in “The Wind Inheritance.”
He soon realized that renowned plays often embraced creative liberties, transforming into a commentary on something else that had captivated the nation at the time, such as McCarthyism.
Jones portrays Brian, a notable Christian orator and populist politician. He mentions that the most challenging aspect wasn’t memorizing Brian’s lengthy speeches, but rather responding to Darrow’s unexpected challenges that demand a defense of the literal truth of the Bible.
“I have to react instinctively and appear spontaneous each time,” Jones remarked. “Part of me thinks, ‘Oh, is that the right cue? Will I say the correct thing?’
Jones asserts that the audience will connect to the trial’s enduring narrative as it echoes into the next century. The discourse continues.
“Discussions about the same themes persist,” Jones explained. “What role should federal or state governments play in public education? What should or shouldn’t be allowed? How should parents guide their children’s education? Whether concerning evolution, literature, or numerous contemporary political issues, the debate remains alive.”
There Is No Conclusion
The trial’s outcome came as little surprise, with the jury swiftly deeming the scope guilty after mere minutes of deliberation. Nonetheless, the defense’s aim has always focused on establishing legal precedents in higher courts.
Today, Dayton embraces its historical significance during the annual trial celebration. Businesses promote “Monkey Trials,” and locals have adopted the phrase “Dayton has evolved.”
“We’re discarding very old tales, yet they feel refreshingly new,” Buck expressed. “It’s so, so very relevant now.”
Social Media and Short-Form Video Platforms Drive Language Innovation
lisa5201/getty images
Algospeak Adam Aleksic (Every (UK, July 17th) Knopf (USA, July 15th))
You won’t age, just as slang is wrapped in bamboo. In Adam Aleksic’s chapter Algospeak: How Social Media Will Change the Future of Language, this phenomenon is discussed. Phrases like “Pierce Your Gyat for Rizzler” and “WordPilled Slangmaxxing” remind me that as a millennial, I’m just as distant from boomers as today’s Alphas are.
Linguist and content creator (@etymologynerd), Aleksic has ignited a new wave of linguistic innovation fueled by social media, particularly short video platforms like TikTok. The term “Algospeak” has been traditionally linked to euphemisms used to avoid online censorship, with recent examples including “anxiety” (in reference to death) or “segg” (for sex).
However, the author insists on broadening the definition to encompass all language aspects affected by the “algorithm.” This term refers to the various, often opaque processes social media platforms use to curate content for users.
In his case, Aleksic draws on his experience of earning a living through educational videos about language. Like other creators, he is motivated to appeal to the algorithm, which requires careful word selection. A video he created dissecting the etymology of the word “pen” (tracing back to the Latin “penis”) breached sexual content rules, while a discussion on the phrase “from river to sea” remained within acceptable limits.
Meanwhile, videos that explore Gen Alpha terms like “Skibidi” (a largely nonsensical term rooted in scat singing) and “Gyat” (“Goddamn” or “Ass”) have performed particularly well. His findings illustrate how creators modify their language for algorithmic advantage, with some words transitioning online and offline to achieve notable success. When Aleksic examined educators, he found many of these terms had entered regular classroom slang, with some students learning the term “anxiety” before understanding “suicide.”
A standout aspect of his study lies in etymology, investigating how algorithms propel words from online subcultures into mainstream lexicon. He notes that the misogynistic incel community is a significant contributor to contemporary slang, evidenced by its radical nature that can outpace linguistic evolution within a group.
Aleksic approaches language trends with a non-judgmental perspective. He notes that the term “anxiety” parallels earlier euphemisms like “deceased,” while “Skibidi” is reminiscent of “Scooby-Doo.” He frequently mischaracterizes slang within arbitrarily defined generations, which claim to infuse toxic narratives into the evolution of normal languages.
The situation becomes more intricate when slang enters mainstream usage through cultural appropriation. Many contemporary slang terms, like “cool” before them, trace back to the Black community (“Thicc,” “bruh”) or originate from the LGBTQ ballroom scenes (“Slay,” “Yas,” “Queen”). Such wide-ranging adoptions can sever these terms from their historical contexts, often linked to social struggles and further entrenching negative stereotypes about the communities that birthed them.
Preventing this disruption of context is challenging. Successful slang’s fate is often to be stripped of its original nuances. Social media has drastically accelerated the timeline for language innovation. Algospeak is a necessary update, yet it can become quickly outdated. However, as long as algorithms exist, fundamental insights into how technology influences language will remain important.
Victoria Turk is a London-based author
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Coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef off the coast of Queensland, Australia
Nature Picture Library/Alamy
Researchers stress the urgent need for strategies to artificially provide shade from rising temperatures affecting Australia. This alerts us following recent findings that link changes in transport fuels to an increased risk of coral bleaching.
In recent years, significant sections of barrier reefs have experienced severe bleaching due to rising sea temperatures attributed to climate change.
Adjustments made in 2020 to regulations governing fuel composition have led to additional detriment, according to Robert Ryan from the University of Melbourne. These changes have decreased sulfur dioxide emissions, which are protective pollutants for health, but have also eliminated aerosols that contribute to the cooling of marine clouds over the reefs.
In February 2022, Ryan and his team leveraged computer models to analyze the impacts of cloud cover and solar radiation in relation to fuel emissions over a span of 10 days.
They discovered that emissions at the pre-2020 levels would enhance the local cooling effect of clouds and noted that regulations aimed at reducing sulfate aerosol pollution diminished this cooling effect. Consequently, the new transport fuel regulations led to a rise in sea surface temperatures equivalent to 0.25°C, which created coral bleaching conditions that ranged from 21-40% during the studied period.
“There’s been an 80% reduction in sulfate aerosol transport, likely contributing to conditions that favor coral bleaching in the Great Barrier Reef,” states Ryan.
Bjørn Samset from the International Climate Research Centre in Oslo, Norway, asserts that this study will help address critical inquiries regarding the effects of reduced aerosol pollution on the surrounding environment. “The local aerosol influences may be more significant than previously considered, and we still have limited understanding of their impacts on ocean heat waves,” he remarks.
However, he cautions that the findings illustrate evident links between air quality and the conditions of clouds around notable reef systems, though they only represent a brief timeframe and are complex compared to other related research.
Ryan is also involved in efforts to devise methods to artificially cool coral reefs using Marine Cloud Brightening (MCB), a climate intervention technology that involves dispersing ocean salt particles into the atmosphere to amplify the cooling effects of marine clouds.
Researchers suggest that given their recent findings, such artificial cooling measures for large barrier reefs may be more crucial than ever. “If changes in sulfate emissions have diminished the brightening effects of ocean clouds, it could be worth reconsidering their reimplementation in targeted programs,” Ryan explains.
Daniel Harrison from Southern Cross University in Australia emphasizes that their findings indicate that MCBs can effectively cool the reef, mirroring the cooling effects seen with past shipping emissions. “This study highlights the real-world implications of ongoing changes,” he adds. “It confirms that it was indeed effective.”
Harrison has secured funding from the UK’s Advanced Research and Innovation Agency for a five-year initiative to test the MCB in the Great Barrier Reef, asserting that MCB “aims to harmonize our efforts to lower emissions.”
On the other hand, some experts remain skeptical, arguing that there is insufficient evidence to confirm the safety and efficacy of intentional MCBs. Terry Hughes from James Cook University in Queensland, Australia, has stated that previous trials of MCB were “not successful” and produced no compelling evidence that it can reduce the local sea temperatures of the reef.
This captivating and intimate image offers a unique view of the Caribbean reef octopus (Octopus Briareus), showcasing the mother and her potential offspring in the Blue Heron Bridge diving area near West Palm Beach, Florida.
Following mating, these solitary creatures retreat to seclude themselves while safeguarding their developing eggs. However, for Octopus Briareus and several other octopus species, this tale takes a tragic turn.
Once her mother octopus lays a batch of hundreds of eggs, she ceases to feed and dies shortly after the eggs hatch. Research conducted in 2022 illuminated this phenomenon. The optic nerve gland, the primary neuroendocrine hub of the octopus, regulates lifespan and reproduction in invertebrates, akin to the pituitary gland in vertebrates.
Octopus mothers can dramatically boost cholesterol production post-mating, leading to self-destructive spirals, although the reason behind this cycle remains elusive. One theory suggests that the octopus stops eating for her young.
The mother of the octopus by freelance nature photographer Kat Zhou triumphed in the Aquatic Life category at the Bigpicture Natural World Photography Competition, which invites both professional and amateur photographers to capture, narrate, and advocate for the conservation of Earth’s diverse life forms.
The overall grand prize went to photographer and conservationist Zhou Donglin for Lemur’s Tough Life, a breathtaking capture (shown below) taken at the Tsingy de Bemaraha Strict Nature Reserve in Madagascar. After a challenging trek through rugged terrain, Donglin documented a common brown lemur (Eulemur Fulvus) making a daring leap from one cliff to another—with her baby clinging on.
Lemur’s tough life Zhou Donglin
Zhou Donglin
Next is Mud Skip by Georgina Steytler (shown below), depicting a fascinating reminder of life’s ancient past as a beautiful amphibian emerges from the mud. Steytler, a finalist in the Aquatic Life section of the competition, spent days at Goode Beach in Bloom, Western Australia to capture the precise moment when a Boleophthalmus pectinirostris leaped into the air.
Mud Skip By Georgina Steytler
Georgina Steytler
The final image (shown below) appears reminiscent of a scene from another planet. In reality, Remaining in the Snow by plant photographer Ellen Woods, a finalist in the awards for landscapes, waterscapes, and flora, was captured near her home in Connecticut, in the northeastern USA.
Remaining in the snow By Ellen Woods
Ellen Woods
It features skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus foetidus), often among the first plants to bloom at winter’s end. Notably, it can create its own microclimate, generating warmth of up to 23°C even when ambient temperatures remain below freezing.
This unique capability of thermal regulation protects the plant from frost damage and attracts beetles and fly pollinators drawn to its warmth and scent of carrion.
However, it’s not particularly pleasant; the name arises from its odor, likened to a skunk’s scent when the leaves are disturbed.
The winning photograph will be displayed at the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco later this year.
Urban trees exhibit greater drought resilience than those in parks due to their access to leaking pipes, providing a unique water source.
During prolonged dry spells, trees in park settings experience greater decreases in water levels and sap flow compared to those on streets, although the underlying reasons were previously not well understood.
To delve deeper, Andre Poilier from the University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada, and his team studied trunk samples from both Norwegian and silver maple trees (Acer Platanoides and Acer Saccharinum) located in nearby parks and city streets. They analyzed various lead isotopes to establish a connection between isotopic levels and the trees’ recent history by examining the unique isotopic variations found in their trunk rings.
While park trees commonly showed lead isotopes linked to air pollution, those on the street displayed isotopic variations corresponding to lead from water pipes made of metals sourced from ancient local sediments.
Typically, a maple tree requires approximately 50 liters of water each day. Since street trees cannot rely on the rainwater that collects on concrete and drains into city sewer systems, Poilier suggests that the most plausible explanation lies in Montreal’s leaky pipes, which lose an estimated 500 million liters of water daily.
“The bright side is that planting trees along city streets can continue, as they thrive better than those in parks,” Poilier noted while presenting his findings at the Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on July 8th.
“The sheer volume of water utilized by these urban trees is astonishing and contradicts conventional wisdom. I believe this will enhance the health of park trees as well,” commented Gabriel Filipeli from Indiana University.
Reducing emissions and capturing carbon is essential to limit warming
Richard Saker/Alamy
The planet must eliminate hundreds of billions of tons of carbon dioxide to keep global temperature rise under 1.5°C this century. Even the less ambitious 2°C targets seem increasingly unattainable without substantial carbon capture and removal (CDR) technologies and urgent emission reductions.
The contentious role of carbon management technologies in meeting climate objectives has been debated for some time. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a degree of carbon management is “inevitable” for reaching zero emissions required to stabilize global temperatures. However, it stresses that the necessary technologies have yet to be validated at the needed scale and emphasizes the risk of providing justifications for continued emissions.
“There’s an ongoing debate among scientists about whether CDR is essential or fundamentally unfeasible,” says Candelaria Bergero from the University of California, Irvine. “Some argue that CDR is unavoidable,” she adds.
To assess what is at stake, Bergero and her research team simulated the potential for global temperature increases to stay below 2°C while analyzing CO2 management across various emission scenarios aligned with the Paris Agreement targets. These scenarios incorporated both technological CDR methods like direct air capture and nature-based solutions such as tree planting, alongside varying carbon capture applications for emissions from power plants and industrial sources.
They determined that failing to capture or remove CO2 could lead to an additional 0.5°C rise in global average temperature by century’s end. Moreover, half of the carbon management predicted in the scenarios could induce about 0.28°C of warming, making it nearly impossible to restrict temperature increases to 1.5°C, even within frameworks that consider violations of that threshold.
While achieving 2°C warming targets might still be feasible without carbon management, researchers found that drastic emission reductions of 16% annually since 2015 are necessary. Such a rapid decrease appears unlikely given the increasing global emissions over the last decade, according to Bergero.
Furthermore, initiatives for scaling up carbon management aren’t progressing swiftly enough. According to Steve Smith at Oxford University, only 40 million tonnes of CO2 are currently captured and stored globally, and only about 1 million tonnes are removed directly each year.
“Like with other emissions reductions, countries frequently discuss ambitious long-term goals, yet lack immediate measures to implement the billions of tons of reductions necessary for these pathways to succeed,” he states.
Paleontologists have unearthed fossilized teeth from a newly identified genus and species of plagioclase polyuria in the lower Cretaceous Luluworth Formation within the Purbeck Group in Dorset, England.
Artist’s depiction of Nova Cradon Mirabilis. Image credit: Hamzah Imran.
Multi-liquids represent a highly successful and diverse group of Mesozoic mammals.
Over 200 species have been documented, ranging in size from that of a mouse to a beaver.
These mammals thrived during the Central Jurassic throughout the Mesozoic Era, even surviving the mass extinction at the end of the Cretaceous, which led to the early, sparsely populated neural period.
They adapted to various ecological niches, from living in dens to climbing like squirrels.
The newly identified species existed during the Beliasia period in the pre-Cretaceous Epoch, around 143 million years ago.
Dubbing it Nova Cradon Mirabilis, this mammal was omnivorous, likely consuming small invertebrates like worms and insects.
Its sharp incisors and distinct, blade-like premolars demonstrate feeding strategies that differ from those of modern rodents such as squirrels and rats.
“This study illustrates how early mammals established their ecological roles while dinosaurs dominated the Earth,” remarked Professor David Martill from the University of Portsmouth and his colleagues.
The 1.65 cm jaw of Nova Cradon Mirabilis was discovered in 2024 by undergraduate Benjamin Weston at the University of Portsmouth.
“The fossil showcases long, pointed incisors at the front, followed by a gap and then four sharp premolars,” the paleontologist stated.
“While it superficially resembles a rabbit’s jaw, the pointed incisors and unique premolars clearly link it to the multi-iron group.”
The specimens were found at the upper beach area of Dalston Bay, Dorset, England.
This location is part of the Luluworth Formation from the Lower Cretaceous period of the Purbeck group.
“The new specimen is the most complete multi-iron structure found in the Purbeck group,” the researchers noted.
“The fossils were extracted from a distinctive layer in the so-called freshwater bed, specifically the flint bed, which scientists believe indicates deposition within freshwater lagoons.”
“Nova Cradon Mirabilis is also the first mammal recovered from the flint bed,” they added.
The discovery of Nova Cradon Mirabilis is detailed in a paper published in the Proceedings of the Geologists Association.
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Benjamin T. Weston et al. A new polyiron tube (mammal, Arosaria) from the Luluworth Formation (Cretaceous, Beliasian) in Dorset, England. Proceedings of the Geologists Association Published online on July 9, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.pgeola.2025.101128
Sneezing and coughing are prevalent symptoms of hay fever
Mohammad Hosein Safaei/Unsplash
Individuals suffering from hay fever may find relief with a novel “molecular shield” designed to stop pollen from penetrating the nasal lining, likely with fewer side effects than traditional treatments.
Hay fever is an allergic response triggered by pollen interacting with IgE antibodies found in the nose, mouth, and eyes, leading to inflammation and symptoms like sneezing and itching. Common treatments, such as antihistamines and steroids, help reduce inflammation but often come with side effects, including drowsiness.
Seeking alternatives, Kaissar Tabynov from Kazakh National University of Agricultural Research and his team first collected blood samples from mice. They then isolated antibodies that did not participate in the allergic response but could bind to major mugwort pollen allergens, the primary trigger for hay fever. This binding action inhibited allergens from connecting with IgE antibodies in laboratory tests. “It acts as a molecular shield,” Tabynov explains.
To evaluate the shield’s effectiveness, the researchers induced mugwort pollen allergies in 10 mice by injecting them with allergens and chemicals to stimulate an immune response.
After a week, they administered small amounts of liquid containing the pollen-blocking antibodies into the noses of half the mice, gradually increasing the dosage over five days. The other group received saline solutions. An hour following each droplet, the mice were exposed to mugwort pollen at concentrations similar to those encountered during peak pollen seasons, according to Tabynov.
Following the final injection, the mice receiving the antibody treatment showed an average of 12 nose rubs over five minutes, in stark contrast to 92 in the saline group.
The researchers aimed to diminish inflammation and confirmed their success by imaging the nasal tissues collected from the mice at the study’s conclusion. This imaging revealed that the treatment not only had localized effects but also systemic ones. “Our research is the first to show that allergen-specific monoclonal antibodies can be administered intranasally to achieve both local and systemic protection against plant pollen allergies,” states Tabynov.
While the researchers did not assess potential side effects, they do not anticipate the adverse reactions associated with oral hay fever treatments, since the antibodies act at the site of allergen entry.
“This study represents a significant breakthrough and underscores the promise of intranasal therapies for allergic rhinitis. [hay fever] It lays the groundwork for early clinical trials exploring this method in humans,” remarks Sayantani Sindher from Stanford University in California.
Nonetheless, translating success in mice to human applications may prove challenging, and the antibodies will need to be modified to ensure they do not provoke an unexpected immune response in humans, Tabynov notes. If all goes well, the team hopes to advance this method to a nasal spray for human use within the next two to three years, he adds.
Such sprays could also address additional pollen types responsible for hay fever. “We envision a future where tailored antibody sprays can be made for individuals with sensitivities to different pollen varieties,” muses Tabynov.
Paleontologists have extracted ancient enamel protein sequences from fossilized teeth of epiacaratherium sp., a nasal bacteria that thrived in the High Arctic of Canada between 240 and 21 million years ago (early Miocene). This recovered sequence enabled researchers to ascertain that this ancient rhino diverged from other syoxidants during the mid-Eocene Oligocene period, approximately 410-250,000 years ago. Additionally, the findings illuminate the distinctions between two principal subfamilies of rhinocerotinae and Rhinocerotinae, indicating a more recent division of bone development around 340-22 million years ago.
Reconstruction of three extinct rhinoceros species: foreground features a Siberian unicorn (Elasmotherium sibiricum), accompanied by two Merck rhinos (Stephanorhinus kirchbergensis); In the distant background is a wooly rhino (Coelodonta antiquitatis). Image credit: Beth Zaiken.
Dr. Mark Dickinson and his team from York University investigated the teeth of epiacaratherium sp. They utilized a method known as chiral amino acid analysis, which aids in understanding how these proteins were preserved over time.
By assessing the degree of proteolysis and comparing it with previously studied rhino material, they confirmed that the amino acids originated from the teeth themselves, not from subsequent contamination.
“It’s astounding that these techniques allow us to revisit the past and delve deeper,” Dr. Dickinson remarked.
“Armed with our understanding of ancient proteins, we can now pose intriguing new questions regarding the evolution of ancient life on Earth.”
The rhinoceros holds particular significance as it is currently categorized as an endangered species. Exploring its extensive evolutionary history offers vital insights into how past environmental shifts and extinctions have influenced present biodiversity.
Historically, scientists have depended on the morphology of fossils or, more recently, ancient DNA (aDNA) to reconstruct the evolutionary narratives of long-extinct species.
Nonetheless, aDNA typically does not last more than a million years, constraining its utility in unraveling deep evolutionary history.
Although ancient proteins have been detected in Miocene fossils, previous samples extending back over 4 million years had been constrained to roughly the last 10 million years—full sequences were necessary for robust reconstructions of evolutionary lineages.
The latest research significantly broadens this temporal scope, indicating that proteins may endure across extensive geological timescales under optimal conditions.
“Success in analyzing ancient proteins from such old specimens provides fresh perspectives for scientists globally, who possess remarkable fossils in their collections,” stated Dr. Fazeera Munier of York University.
“This crucial fossil aids our understanding of the distant past.”
The results were published in the journal Nature this week.
____
RS Patterson et al. Phylogenetically significant proteins from the early Miocene era. Nature Published online on July 9, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09231-4
A spokesman for Greene stated that lawmakers have been “discussing this matter for quite some time” and asserted that the bill is unrelated to the floods in Texas.
In a follow-up email, Greene communicated with Zeldin and expressed encouragement over his actions.
“This is an uncontrolled experiment conducted in the atmosphere without consent. It’s reckless, dangerous, and must be halted,” she stated in an email.
Burchett’s office did not immediately respond to inquiries for comment.
Following Milton and Helen, NOAA issued a factsheet in October 2024, aiming to debunk “weather modification claims” that emerged after two storms impacted Florida and North Carolina. The agency declared it would not “fund or engage in cloud seeding or any weather modification projects.”
Zeldin’s reference to more fringe theories regarding extreme weather coincides with the Trump administration’s reduction in climate change research funding and the removal of a website hosting the government’s climate assessment. President Donald Trump referred to climate change as a hoax, despite scientists uncovering stronger evidence linking the intensity and frequency of extreme weather to global warming.
Decades of research on weather modification have often fueled conspiracy theories.
From 1962 to 1982, NOAA participated in a project called Storm Fury, which aimed to investigate whether hurricane intensity could be altered. This study did not achieve its goals and was ultimately discontinued. NOAA has not undertaken similar research since. According to the factsheet.
Cloud seeding is a weather modification technology currently utilized. This practice has existed since the 1950s and typically involves dispersing silver iodide into clouds to extract moisture from the atmosphere, resulting in additional precipitation. Presently, cloud seeding programs are mainly focused on enhancing water supplies in western states. Companies are required to notify authorities before implementing such measures.
“Cloud seeding doesn’t generate water; it aids surrounding clouds in releasing 5-15% of their moisture. However, Texas was already experiencing 100% humidity, extreme moisture, and storms. The clouds didn’t require assistance,” Cappucci stated.
The proliferation of these claims coincides with escalating threats directed at meteorologists.
Geoengineering is a legitimate scientific field; however, assertions regarding its capability to control significant weather patterns and generate adverse weather are unfounded. Most geoengineering techniques remain theoretical and untested, with federal researchers making only tentative steps to evaluate their viability. Atmospheric scientists report no evidence of any large-scale programs.
Last year, in Alameda, California, a small test project in geoengineering, referred to as Marine Cloud Brightening, was disrupted by community protestors, despite researchers demonstrating its safety.
Psychotherapist Jonathan Alpert described how conspiracy theories tend to surge, particularly during moments of weather events that leave individuals feeling powerless.
“Conspiracy theories offer emotionally gratifying narratives. They restore a sense of control by framing phenomena as intentional actions by powerful entities rather than unpredictable chaotic events,” Alpert told NBC News. “In this context, believing ‘someone is doing this to us’ is more bearable than facing the idea that ‘no one is in charge.'”
While some interpret the EPA’s actions as a sign of transparency, others view it merely as a recent political maneuver to sidestep critical environmental issues.
“Some individuals question whether the bird is real or not. Will that become your next focus?” Congressman Don Beyer D-Va remarked in response to Zeldin’s comments on Thursday morning. He went on to comment on X regarding the EPA guidelines, “How much taxpayer money will be expended on this?”
The flooding began in Texas before rains hit North Carolina, New Mexico, and Illinois.
In just one week, at least four events classified as 1,000-year rainfalls occurred across the United States, a phenomenon expected to take place only about 0.1% of the time each year.
“It’s rare for these intense rainfall events to occur in any given year,” stated Kristina Dahl, vice president of science at Climate Central.
Some experts noted that this is a significant statistical observation, likely linked to climate change, and may become more frequent.
Last week, heavy rains led to catastrophic flash floods in central Texas, claiming at least 120 lives across six counties. The Guadalupe River near Carville rose over 20 feet within just 90 minutes, causing widespread destruction.
Days later, Tropical Storm Chantal brought heavy rain to North Carolina, with reports of severe flooding in the central region, where some locations received nearly 12 inches of rain within a mere 24 hours. Local officials are still assessing the death toll from the Thursday floods amidst ongoing monitoring.
In New Mexico, three individuals lost their lives on Tuesday due to a devastating flash flood that swept through a remote village in Ruidoso, situated approximately 180 miles south of Albuquerque.
On the same day in Chicago, 5 inches of rain fell in merely 90 minutes around Garfield Park, necessitating multiple rescue operations in the west side of the city.
While experts acknowledge that 1,000-year floods are statistically rare, they also highlight that significant rain events happen every year in the U.S.
“The probability for any specific location is only 0.1% annually, meaning it’s highly unlikely to experience such an event in your area, yet they do occur somewhere in the country each year,” explained Rus Schumacher, director of the Colorado Climate Center at Colorado State University.
He emphasized that climate change is likely to increase the frequency of these extreme flood incidents.
While pinpointing the exact impact of climate change on specific weather events can be challenging, scientists concur that a warmer atmosphere leads to more intense rainfall and severe storms.
“This area demonstrates a strong correlation because the underlying physics is relatively straightforward,” Schumacher noted.
A warmer environment can retain more water, leading to storms that can unleash vast amounts of rain. Research suggests that for every degree Fahrenheit that the planet warms, the atmosphere can hold about 3% to 4% more moisture.
“It’s mathematically certain that as the atmosphere retains more water, it can release more during storms,” stated Dave Gouchs, a hydrologist who directs forecast services for a company based in Mammoth Lake, California, focusing on snow and water resource measurements.
However, terrain also plays a critical role during heavy rainfall events, Gouchs added.
In Texas, the hills and canyons are particularly prone to flash flooding, as the thin soil above the bedrock limits water absorption, according to Gouchs.
In New Mexico, the village of Ruidoso was severely affected by last year’s wildfires, leaving burn scars that exacerbate runoff and heighten the risk of flash floods.
The recent events highlight the devastating consequences of climate change on extreme weather, as well as the urgent need for community protection measures both before and after such incidents, remarked Dahl from Climate Central.
She emphasized that recovery efforts could take years, with ongoing public health implications that may last even longer.
“These events come and go in the news cycle. We move on to the next story before fully grasping the impact,” Dahl pointed out. “For those affected, it’s easy to forget that healing from such events is a prolonged process.”
Approximately 500,000 stars illuminate this section of the Milky Way galaxy
NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, and S. Crowe (University of Virginia).
One significant challenge in discussing space and spacetime is the difficulty in grasping the vastness of the universe. It can be a struggle just to comprehend the scale of our solar system. For instance, if we model the Earth as being 1 centimeter in diameter, Pluto would need to be positioned 42 meters away! This distance is far greater than most homes can accommodate.
However, our solar system is quite small when compared to the scale of the Milky Way. Beyond the fact that our galaxy resides within an unseen halo of dark matter that extends far beyond what we can see, the Milky Way itself is immense; it would take about 100,000 years to traverse its entirety. In contrast, light travels from the Sun to Pluto in only 5.5 hours.
Notably, I’ve transitioned from daily distance measures to units related to the speed of light—they represent about 100,000 light-years, equivalent to 9.46 x 1020 meters. How can one visualize such vastness? It might be akin to comparing it to the scale of a ballroom. And the Milky Way is diminutive compared to the entire universe; it’s not even considered a particularly large galaxy, especially with our neighboring Andromeda being twice its width.
Moreover, spacetime is continuously expanding. This expansion doesn’t influence distance measurements within gravity-bound regions like our solar system or the Milky Way, nor does it impact the distances between galaxies. The Milky Way and Andromeda are actually moving towards one another, but the eventual collision will resemble a gentle dance rather than a catastrophic crash—at least 4.5 billion years are still required before this occurs!
However, on a grander scale, spacetime extends, causing clusters of galaxies to drift apart. This phenomenon is known as the Hubble expansion and implies that many measurements of spatial distance are subject to change. Billions of years down the line, future observers will have different calculations due to the expanding gap between us and the Virgo galaxy cluster.
Typically, these figures inspire awe, but they inevitably invite skepticism. A common question is how we ascertain these measurements. The answer lies in a “ladder” of measurements that astronomers use. Often, distances can be determined through objects with known brightness, such as certain types of stars.
Why don’t distant galaxies appear blurry, considering the expansion of space-time?
The simplest method employs Cepheid variable stars, which pulsate periodically, to calculate distances. These stars are effective over a specific range, after which another method is needed. Over the past three decades, astronomers have relied on specific types of supernovae, as they understand how their light behaves during the expansion of space-time. Other techniques also exist, like measuring the properties of bright red giant stars.
We possess a high level of confidence in our ability to measure long distances. However, we recognize why some readers raise questions about this process. One inquiry pertains to what happens to light as the universe expands. The standard view in cosmology is that, as space-time expands, light waves stretch, leading to a redshift much like how the frequency of a siren decreases. As previously noted, measuring this redshift is crucial for using supernovas to calculate distances.
Redshift indicates that light has lower energy than it did previously. However, there’s no apparent place for this “lost” energy to go, raising doubts. In Newtonian physics, energy must be accounted for, but this isn’t necessary in general relativity. In essence, the mechanisms that enable us to measure vast distances contradict our everyday understanding of how energy behaves in the universe.
Another related question from readers involves images of distant galaxies, like the first photo from the new Vera C. Rubin Observatory. Shouldn’t galaxies appear blurry due to the expansion of space-time?
It’s important to clarify that “observing” the expansion of space-time isn’t like watching an F1 race. It’s more akin to viewing an F1 race that unfolds over billions of years; the vast distances make the galaxies appear practically stationary. The only indicators we have of their separation are measurements like redshift, which simply track how light stretches over distances—not real-time observations of a galaxy’s motion.
I genuinely enjoy these types of questions as they delve into the nuances of how science communicators engage with their audiences. I appreciate that New Scientist readers challenge these metaphors to their limits!
Chanda’s Week
What I’m reading
A lot about the reasons behind its popularity—The Adventures of Alice in Wonderland.
What I’m seeing
I finally enjoyed viewing Station Eleven.
What I’m working on
I’ve been pondering a lot about the true nature of quantum fields. Curious!
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an associate professor of physics and astronomy as well as a core faculty member within women’s studies at the University of New Hampshire. Her latest book is titled “The Disturbed Cosmos: A Journey to Dark Matter, Space, and Dreams.”
Concept illustration for the US DARPA Liberty Lifter initiative
Aurora Flight Science
This isn’t a boat or an airplane; it’s an advanced marine cleaning vehicle known as the Ecranoplan.
Echoing Cold War-era Soviet technology, these substantial craft are resurfacing as both China and the US explore modern adaptations amid rising military tensions in the Pacific Ocean.
The large sea skimmer resembles an aircraft, but as Malcolm Davis from the Australian Institute for Strategic Policy explains, “it operates similarly to a fast naval vessel, gliding just above the water’s surface.” These vehicles leverage the “ground effect,” utilizing cushions of air between the low-flying craft and the ocean to enhance lift and decrease drag.
Ocean skimmers typically outpace conventional ships (approaching aircraft speeds) and can potentially evade surface and aerial radar, Davis notes. This capability allows for covert and expeditious transport of goods or troops over substantial oceanic distances typical of the Indo-Pacific area, or for surprising enemy naval forces with missile strikes.
This technology became notorious during the Cold War when the Soviet Union developed the Ecranoplan, notably featuring a prototype dubbed the “Caspian Sea Monster.” However, due to funding issues and limited practical utility, these designs were never fully realized, according to Davis. Renewed interest in sea skimmers aligns with China’s military ambitions to assert its influence over Taiwan and the South China Sea.
Since the early 2000s, China has been working on prototypes of ocean skimmers, states Ben Lewis, an Independent Defense Analyst based in Washington, DC. A recent June 2025 photograph circulating online showcases a large waterborne craft with four jet engines mounted on its wing, as reported by Navy News. China is also seeking expertise from Russian technologists involved in Ecranoplan designs during the Soviet era, as highlighted by the New York Times.
Similarly, the US Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) had been funding the Liberty Lifter project since 2022, aimed at developing analogous seaplanes. However, this program concluded in June 2025 without yielding a successful craft; instead, DARPA intends to leverage lessons from Liberty Lifter to encourage private sector involvement and broaden military applications.
On a different note, US company Regent Craft is currently testing an all-electric sea glider variant of this technology for commercial potential, which has piqued the interest of the US Marines.
As manufacturing and technological advancements continue, these ocean skimmers “may present a cost-effective alternative to more expensive traditional aircraft,” according to Brendan Mulbany from the U.S. Air Force China Aerospace Research Institute in Alabama. However, he cautions that “they won’t be the backbone of any military force and are unlikely to survive in high-intensity engagements.” Conditions in regions like the Taiwan Straits can complicate their operation, notes Lewis.
Nevertheless, these sea skimmers could contribute to a broader Chinese military strategy to counter the US-allied navy projected to support Taiwan, argues Davis. The US is responding by fostering military partnerships with regional allies such as South Korea, Japan, and the Philippines, while also bolstering military presence on Pacific Islands as bases. Lewis points out that the possibility of conflict has escalated the need for innovative capabilities to gain an “additional edge.”
Feedback delivers the latest updates in science and technology from New Scientist, covering trending topics in the field. If you have stories that might captivate our readers, feel free to email Feedback@newscientist.com.
The Dream of Electricity
Recently, Feedback was intrigued by a plethora of intriguing conference invitations we’ve received. Many come from organizers who operate under the pretense of contributing to science journalism, often resulting in underwhelming proposals about advancing G protein signaling, new discoveries related to mollusk biology, and so forth. However, one invitation stood out among the rest—an event taking place in Shaoxing, China.
Its opening line reads: “Love and Sex with a Robot”. This is the 12th International Edition of Landmarks slated for June 2026.
Before you conjure visions of a cybernetic utopia or dystopia, remember this is an academic conference, albeit one with TED Talk-level hype. They profess to be “preparing for an extraordinary convergence of visionary scientists, renowned researchers, and innovative thinkers who are redefining human intimacy with pioneering robotics and AI.” Participants can expect “incredible revelations, ground-breaking demonstrations, and provocative discussions exploring the future of love, relationships, and technology.”
While researching the conference online, I discovered that there is a “Supreme Council” guiding its vision and direction, composed entirely of male members. The “Supreme Leader”—and no, we did not make this title up—is David Levy, who might be recognizable to New Scientist readers as the author of the 2007 book Love and Sex with a Robot. Our reviewer pointed out that Levy’s tendency to focus on physical aspects of robotics sometimes leads him to ludicrous conclusions, making his arguments hard to take seriously.
Regardless, the organizers know what they’re doing. The invitation confidently states, “This is a meeting that the entire world is buzzing about,” and indeed, Feedback is discussing it.
Drone Defense
Recently, New Scientist contributor David Hambling posed an interesting question (June 21st, p. 8). He examined ways to combat drones by utilizing “movement measurements that can neutralize drones,” building physical barriers like nets, and employing electronic measures to disable threats. Ultimately, he found the situation somewhat complex.
While this approach could be effective, reader Robert Bull highlighted that the source and solution had already been mentioned by Robert Bunker, an expert in security and counter-terrorism.
The press release encouraged exploration into the journal Frontiers of Psychology, featuring a study titled: More Dreams of the Rarebit Devil: The Correlation of Food Sensitivity and Sleep and Dreams. If you’re puzzled over the mention of rarebit, you might not be familiar with Welsh cuisine, as the PhD candidate describes it as “spicy melted cheese on toast.”
The authors were interested in whether specific foods genuinely impact sleep, as folklore suggests. They surveyed 1,082 individuals online and found that around one in five participants believed certain foods influenced their sleep quality, with some claiming they affected dreams as well. At this juncture, Feedback was less than impressed, finding it hard to emphasize the value of self-reported beliefs.
However, the paper dives deeper—perhaps too deep. Researchers found a notable link between reports of vivid nightmares and instances of lactose intolerance, suggesting that individuals with lactose intolerance may experience more nightmares due to aftereffects of consuming cheese.
This revelation certainly caught Feedback’s interest. Of course, lactose is the sugar inherent in milk, which until relatively recently could only be digested by infants. Over centuries, certain populations developed the ability to digest lactose as adults. Those lacking this trait tend to suffer from lactose intolerance when consuming dairy.
Interestingly, most cheeses have minimal lactose content, as the cheese-making process effectively removes it—this could have contributed to its early popularity among livestock communities. Thus, it’s doubtful that lactose-intolerant individuals would suffer greatly from cheese-induced nocturnal troubles.
What a twist this journey took! I initially thought this would be a whimsical tale about cheese, but instead, we’ve uncovered a nuanced discussion around dietary impacts on sleep. Feedback will continue to keep an eye on these small yet significant concerns that tender our passions. Be warned!
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Jupiter’s surrounding space is among the most unique in our solar system, and the plasma present is equally remarkable, exhibiting unprecedented wave patterns.
Robert Lysak, from the University of Minnesota, explores Aurora phenomena. These captivating displays of green and blue light on Earth are accompanied by nearly undetectable ultraviolet rays near Jupiter’s poles.
To comprehend the auroras on this distant planet, it’s vital to grasp the intricacies of the plasma that generates these lights—a mix of charged particles and atomic components that envelopes the planet. Insights gathered from NASA’s Juno spacecraft have led Lysak and his team to identify that Jupiter’s Auroral Plasma resonates with a novel type of wave.
This newly identified wave is a combination of two well-characterized types of plasma waves: the Alfven wave, which arises from the motion of charged particles, and the Langmuir wave, which corresponds to electron movement. Lysak points out that since electrons are much lighter than charged particles, these two kinds of waves typically oscillate at vastly different frequencies.
However, the environment near Jupiter’s poles possesses conditions ideal for both waves to oscillate together. This is enabled by the low density of the plasma in that region and the strong magnetic field exerted by the planet.
“The plasma characteristics observed are truly unique when compared to those in other parts of our solar system,” states John Leif Jorgensen at the Institute of Technology Denmark. With Juno’s data uncovering new wave patterns, he believes we can learn more about the magnetic attributes of distant exoplanets by looking for similar signals.
Juno is currently in orbit around Jupiter, with Lysak noting that if its mission is extended, it could provide unparalleled insights into the giant planet and its complexities. This mission, however, is one among several that may face cuts due to proposed NASA budget reductions.
“Discontinuing missions while they are yielding valuable data would be a significant setback for our field,” concludes Lysak.
Inhaled insulin, specifically Afrezza, effectively manages blood glucose levels in children with type 1 diabetes, similar to injected insulin. Afrezza is already approved for use in adults with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the US, and the manufacturer is looking to gain approval for pediatric use.
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce insulin, the hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar. Individuals with this condition typically require daily insulin injections. However, managing blood sugar levels can be challenging, particularly after meals or following exercise.
Dr. Michael Haller from the University of Florida, who has worked on Afrezza’s advisory board, explored the potential of inhaled insulin to enhance glycemic control in adults. Preliminary findings suggest it could be more effective for children than traditional injections. A study was conducted with 230 participants aged 4 to 17, including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients requiring insulin.
All participants were on a basal insulin regimen, administered once or twice daily to maintain baseline levels. Additional rapid-acting insulin was generally required before meals. In the 26-week trial, some children utilized Afrezza as their rapid-acting insulin, while others continued with injectable insulin.
Results indicated that both insulin types achieved comparable blood glucose control. These findings were presented at the American Diabetes Association Conference in Chicago in June. More details can be found here.
“This suggests that Afrezza could be a preferable option for patients due to the delivery method, particularly for those with needle anxiety,” Dr. Haller states. “More importantly, it provides patients with additional strategies for managing a complex condition.”
While some users experienced coughing with the inhaled version, it resolved once they acclimated. However, Afrezza is not recommended for individuals with chronic lung issues like asthma.
Dr. Kathryn Sumpter from the University of Tennessee Health Science Center suggests that inhaled insulin may benefit certain diabetes patients, particularly children who often forget to take their medication before meals. Nonetheless, she believes that many would prefer the injected form, especially for younger children needing precise dosing.
MannKind Corporation intends to seek regulatory approval for pediatric usage of Afrezza in the United States, as noted by Dr. Haller.
Microglia are specialized immune cells in the brain
Science Photo Library/Alamy
The process of replacing immune cells in the brain halts the advancement of a rare and terminal brain disorder known as ALSP. This also paves the way for future clinical trials targeting other neurological ailments.
Extensive research indicates that impaired microglia—specialized immune cells within the brain—play a role in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. The term ALSP stands for adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia, characterized by mutations in genes responsible for the survival of these cells, resulting in a reduced number of microglia and leading to progressive cognitive decline. Currently, no effective treatment exists for this fatal illness.
To address this, Bo Peng from Fudan University in China and his team employed a novel treatment called microglia replacement therapy. Prior experiments in rodents have shown that implanted stem cells—capable of developing into different cell types—can effectively replace microglia. However, it is necessary to first eliminate existing microglia in the brain to facilitate this. This can be achieved using drugs that target protein microglia.
Pursuing this avenue, Peng and his colleagues conducted initial tests on five mice with genetic mutations analogous to those associated with ALSP. As the mutations already impacted protein microglia, the researchers did not need to deplete these proteins with medication. Subsequently, they transplanted stem cells from healthy mice into the affected mice. Fourteen months later, treated mice exhibited approximately 85% more microglia in their brains compared to six untreated mice harboring the same mutation. Notably, these treated mice also demonstrated improvements in motor function and memory.
Encouraged by these promising findings, the researchers extended the treatment to eight individuals diagnosed with ALSP, using donor stem cells without preconditions. One year post-treatment, brain scans revealed minimal changes in participants compared to scans taken before the procedure. In contrast, four untreated individuals displayed significant brain deterioration and lesions over the same period. This implies that microglial replacement therapy effectively halted the progression of the disease.
At the study’s outset, all participants underwent cognitive assessments using a 30-point scale, where a decrease in score indicated cognitive decline. Reassessments a year later showed that, on average, scores remained stable for those who received the microglia replacements.
These results point to microglial replacement therapy being a potentially effective solution for ALSP. However, since this represents the inaugural human trial, “we remain unaware of any potential side effects,” comments Peng. “Given the rapidly progressive and lethal nature of this disease, prioritizing benefits over possible side effects might be crucial.”
Chris Bennett from the University of Pennsylvania cites the historical use of stem cell transplants for treating neurological disorders. “It has demonstrated effectiveness, particularly through microglia replacement,” he states. Recent FDA approvals for two similar therapies addressing other rare brain conditions further support this. “While prior studies may not have used this exact terminology, they effectively addressed similar conditions,” Bennett elaborates. “I’d describe this as a smart and innovative application of stem cell transplants. Nonetheless, microglia replacement therapy has been evolving for decades.”
Despite this, the results underscore the broader implications of microglial replacement therapy. Experts believe this strategy could one day address more prevalent brain disorders. For example, certain genetic mutations significantly heighten Alzheimer’s disease risk and affect microglial function. Replacing these malfunctioning cells with healthy human equivalents could offer a promising avenue for treatment.
Rare diseases often elude early diagnosis, remaining undetected until significant organ damage occurs. Recently, UK Health Secretary Wes Streeting announced a 10-year initiative to integrate genetic testing for specific rare conditions into the standard neonatal screening process across the UK. This approach aims to ensure early intervention before symptoms manifest, aligning with ongoing global viability programs in places like the US and Australia. Yet, questions arise about the scientific validity of such measures.
The genome, akin to a book written in a novel language, is only partially understood. Decades of research on high-risk families have shed light on some genetic mutations, but there remains limited knowledge about the implications of population-level genetic testing for those at low risk. While this screening may prove advantageous for certain children and families, it might also lead to unnecessary tests and treatments for others.
Many genetic conditions involve more than just a single genetic mutation. For example, individuals with a variant of the hnf4a gene and a strong family history of rare diabetes have a 75% risk of developing the condition; conversely, those with the same variant but without a family history face only a 10% risk. It is misleading to assume genetic variants behave uniformly across all populations. Perhaps families carrying the hnf4a variant lack other unrecognized protective genes, or specific environmental factors might interplay with genetic risks to lead to diabetes.
The proposed neonatal screening program presupposes that genetic variants linked to diseases signify equally high risks for all, which is rarely the case. The exploration of disease-related variations in healthy populations is just starting. Until this research is thorough, we will not know how many individuals carry a variant that does not result in illness, possibly due to other protective factors. Should we really subject newborns to genetic hypotheses?
Furthermore, ethical concerns emerge from this initiative. How do we secure informed consent from parents when testing for hundreds of conditions simultaneously? In the near future, a genetic database encompassing all living individuals could become a reality—what safeguards will exist for its use and protection?
Screening newborns is not new, but the scope of conditions included in this initiative, the complexity of interpreting results, and the sensitivity of the information gathered pose unique challenges. I worry that parents may feel compelled to accept the test, yet not all uncertainties will be appropriately managed. I fear that important early life stages could become burdened with unnecessary hospital visits. Additionally, the pressure on parents and pediatricians to decide on potentially invasive testing for healthy infants is concerning.
A prudent step would be to gather more data on the prevalence and behavior of genetic mutations in the wider population before utilizing genetic testing as a speculative screening tool for children. The potential benefits may be overshadowed by significant risks.
Dean Spears and Michael Geruso (Bodley Head (UK); Simon & Schuster (US))
Current estimates suggest that four-fifths of all humans who will ever be born have already come into existence. The global number of births peaked at 146 million in 2012 and has been on a decline ever since, indicating that the world population is set to peak and decrease by the 2080s.
This decrease won’t be gradual. Fertility rates are already below replacement level in several nations, including China and India, leading to a rapid decline in population as quickly as it rose. This new controversial book argues that the planet could hold fewer than two billion people in the coming centuries.
“There’s no scenario where individuals worldwide are likely to opt for fewer children than required to replace themselves, leading to a drastic population reduction,” assert economists Dean Spears and Michael Geruso in After the Spike: Risks of Global Depopulation and Cases for People.
You might consider this a positive development. Could it help alleviate pressing environmental challenges? Not according to the authors. They assert that while population size does hold significance, adjusting other factors, such as the speed of global warming, is even more critical. The chance to lessen our carbon footprint through population reduction has mostly passed.
Spears and Geruso highlight numerous advantages of a large population. More individuals can lead to greater innovation and economies of scale, making technologies like smartphones feasible. “The abundance of neighbors enhances our potential,” they state.
Thus, their perspective is not about reducing the global population but rather stabilizing it. The challenge lies in the fact that even with the right political determination, the path to achieve this is unclear.
As we become more affluent, we are increasingly hesitant to give up career and leisure opportunities for parenthood.
The authors contend that while some government strategies may yield short-term results, no country has sustainably altered long-term demographic trends. Consider China’s one-child policy—it is often credited with curtailing population growth but did it genuinely do so? Spears and Geruso present ambiguous data on China’s population in relation to its neighbors before, during, and after these policies were enacted, raising the question of discernible differences based on their observations.
Efforts to reverse the declining fertility rates have also faced failure, they argue. In Romania, after the ban on abortion in 1966, birth rates surged but soon declined again. Sweden’s approach has been to incentivize through subsidies for childcare, yet its fertility rates remain below replacement level.
Attempts to boost fertility with financial incentives are likely doomed to fail, according to Spears and Geruso. While some claim that they would have more children if financial means allowed, the reality is that as people gain wealth, the tendency to have fewer children increases.
The focus should be on addressing what individuals need to balance rather than simply financial capability, according to the authors. As affluence grows, there is a reluctance to sacrifice careers and leisure for childbearing. Even technological advancements are not expected to change this trajectory, they conclude.
This book presents an unwaveringly optimistic viewpoint regarding many issues, but it acknowledges the complexity of stabilizing population levels. It effectively demonstrates that dire predictions of widespread famine with population growth have proven incorrect and suggests long-term trends toward healthier, longer lives remain possible. “Fears of a depleted, overpopulated future are outdated,” they argue.
But is that truly the case? Spears and Geruso also emphasize that food prices play a key role in determining hunger levels, yet it’s worth noting that food prices are presently rising as a consequence of escalating climate change. For a substantial portion of the population, uncertainty persists regarding whether conditions will continue to improve.
This book is undoubtedly provocative and may not provide an easy read, as Spears and Geruso delve into their primary assertions. However, if you believe that understanding the impact of a declining population is simple, and if you consider it a positive trend, this book is essential reading.
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Paths of interstellar comet 3I/Atlas through the solar system
NASA/JPL-Caltech
The interstellar entities currently traversing our solar system may include one of the oldest comets ever observed.
Comet 3I/Atlas was identified earlier this month near Jupiter’s orbit, moving at approximately 60 km per second and estimated to be about 20 km in size. It is the third recognized interstellar object in our solar system, having passed near Mars in October before entering the solar orbit.
Matthew Hopkins from Oxford University and his team utilized data from the ESA Gaia spacecraft, which cataloged billions of stars in our galaxy, to simulate the comet’s speed and trajectory, revealing its point of origin. It seems to have emerged from an area close to our galaxy, which is about 13 billion years old, specifically from what is referred to as a thick disk.
“Objects from the thicker disk tend to be quicker,” explains Hopkins, noting that the previous two identified interstellar objects (Oumuamua in 2017 and Comet Borisov in 2019) exhibited a decline in speed. “Their velocities aligned with expectations for thin disk objects.”
Modeling by the team indicates that 3I/Atlas may have originated from a star nearly 8 billion years old, potentially twice the age of our sun, hinting at it being one of the oldest comets ever witnessed. “This might be the oldest comet I’ve encountered,” Hopkins states. Interstellar objects are typically ejected early during a star’s lifecycle and are often propelled by interactions with massive planets.
Hopkins mentioned that ancient stars are likely to possess lower metallicity compared to our sun, implying that these comets might have a higher water content. If this hypothesis holds, we may witness significant water activity from the comet as it nears the sun in the upcoming months.
This could be our first interaction with another star, providing insights into pristine materials that have existed for billions of years, unaltered since before Earth’s formation. “I believe many interstellar objects we’ve encountered are our first meetings with stars, even those that are 8 billion years old,” Hopkins asserts. “They have likely traversed vast distances through empty space before approaching us.”
The peculiar plants that existed since the dawn of terrestrial animals can process water to remarkable extremes, resembling water from metstones more than typical groundwater. Not only do they play a crucial role in today’s ecosystems, but their fossilized remnants also provide insights into Earth’s ancient climate and hydrological systems during the age of dinosaurs.
Almost every oxygen atom in water contains eight neutrons, though some rare heavy isotopes possess nine or ten neutrons. When water evaporates, lighter isotopes do so more readily than their heavier counterparts, leading to predictable shifts in their ratios. Researchers can utilize this information to trace the origin of a specific water sample, determining whether it originated from groundwater, fog, or the rate at which it traversed through plants and the humidity levels experienced by those plants in the past.
Nevertheless, due to the minimal presence of heavier isotopes, acquiring reliable data on how these ratios fluctuate can be quite challenging, making it hard for scientists to draw definitive conclusions.
During examinations of water samples from desert flora and fauna, Zachary Sharp from the University of New Mexico and his colleagues discovered discrepancies between the observed data and the anticipated outcomes based on laboratory models.
Sharp and his team believe they have addressed the issue through a remarkable plant known as horsetail, which has been on Earth since the Devonian period approximately 400 million years ago and features segmented, hollow stems. “It’s a tall cylinder with countless holes, evenly spaced, a marvel of engineering,” states Sharp. “We couldn’t replicate this design in our lab.”
As water flows through each segment of the horsetail stem, it undergoes a process of repeated distillation. Sharp and his colleagues collected water samples at various points along the smooth idiot stem (Equisetum) cultivated near the Rio Grande in New Mexico.
By the time the water reaches the top of the stem, its isotopic composition markedly differs from other terrestrial waters. “If you encounter this sample, I suspect it originates from metstone, as it doesn’t come from Earth. [The oxygen isotope ratios],” Sharp remarked during a presentation at the Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on July 7.
These horsetail analyses enable Sharp and his team to ascertain the variations in the water’s isotopic ratios under near-ideal conditions, allowing them to enhance model accuracy with these values.
By reassessing desert plant data with these refined models, previously inexplicable observations suddenly made sense. Sharp posits that these findings could illuminate other challenging observations, especially in arid regions.
Reaching heights of 30 meters, far surpassing today’s descendants, ancient horsetails provide even more extreme isotopic ratios and could serve as a key to understanding ancient water systems and climates, according to Sharp. Small, sand-like grains known as plant stone threads within horsetail stems can endure to the present day and may feature unique isotopic signatures influenced by atmospheric humidity. This factor affects the evaporation rate. “This could serve as a paleofat meter [humidity indicator]—how fascinating,” Sharp concludes.
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