China has been recognized as one of the primary locations for the domestication of Wild boar (SUSSCROFA). However, tracing back to the initial stages has proven to be complex. In a recent study, archaeologists examined pig dental calculus (mineralized deposits) from two early Neolithic sites in the lower Jotz River area of southern China: Jintushan (8,300–7,800 years ago) and Kuafukiao (8,200–7,000 years ago). Their findings indicate that pigs consumed food and waste associated with humans, including cooked starchy plants and Human whipworm (Trichuris trichiura). Eggs likely originated from food preparation and feces contaminated materials.
The domestication of certain animals, including pigs, is often linked to the Neolithic Age, when humans started moving from foraging to agricultural practices around 10,000 years ago.
Wild boars are substantial, aggressive creatures that generally live independently, foraging for food in the forest floor.
They possess larger heads, mouths, and teeth compared to domestic pigs.
“Most wild boars exhibit natural aggression, though some can be quite friendly and unafraid of humans,” stated Dr. Ziajin Wang from Dartmouth University.
“Proximity to humans provided them with easier access to food, reducing the need for a robust physique.”
“Over time, their bodies and brains shrunk by about one-third.”
To investigate the domestication of pigs and other animals, archaeologists frequently analyze skeletal structures and track morphological changes over time.
“This method can present challenges since decreases in body size typically occur later in the domestication timeline,” Dr. Wang noted.
“Behavioral changes likely preceded physical alterations, making animals more docile than aggressive.”
Thus, for this study, Dr. Wang and his team applied alternative methodologies, documenting the diet of pigs throughout their lifespan via molars from 32 pig specimens.
Through microfossil analysis of pig teeth, they examined dental calculus from the two earliest human-occupied sites in Jintushan and Kuafukiao, dating back at least 8,000 years.
The researchers identified 240 starch granules, revealing that pigs consumed pre-cooked foods (such as rice and mountain moss) alongside unidentified tubers, acorns, and wild grasses.
“These plants were present during that era and were found in human habitats,” Dr. Wang explained.
Previous studies identified rice in both locations, especially in Kuahuqiao, which benefited from intensive rice farming due to its access to freshwater compared to coastal areas.
Additional research indicated starch residues in crushed stones and ceramics from Kuahuqiao.
“Since pigs cannot cook their own food, it is likely that they were fed or scavenged human leftovers,” asserted Dr. Wang.
Parasite eggs from humans, specifically whipworms (which mature within the human digestive system), were also detected in pig dental calculus.
These tan, soccer-shaped eggs were found in 16 pig tooth specimens.
The pigs must have consumed human feces or contaminated food and water from such waste.
“Pigs have a well-known penchant for consuming human waste, further indicating that these pigs likely cohabitated with humans,” Dr. Wang remarked.
Statistical analysis of the dental structures of Kuafukiao and Jintan pig specimens revealed that their teeth are smaller and comparable to those of modern domestic groups in China.
“As humans began to settle and cultivate their own food, wild boars would have been drawn to these settlements,” Dr. Wang stated.
“These communities generated substantial waste, attracting scavengers in search of food.
This dynamic in animal domestication is termed a symbiotic pathway, where animals are drawn to human environments without the need for direct human action in adopting them.
Data also suggests that early interactions may include domesticated pigs under some level of human control, indicating a trajectory of prey pathways in the domestication process.
“Our study indicates that certain wild boars began their journey toward domestication by foraging human waste,” Dr. Wang concluded.
“This research also underscores the potential connection between pig domestication and the transmission of parasitic diseases in early settled communities.”
The study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Jiajing Wang et al. 2025. Early evidence of pig domestication in the lower Yangtze region of southern China (8,000 cal. bp). PNAS 122 (24): E2507123122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2507123122
The Environmental Protection Agency is poised to roll back Biden-era regulations aimed at limiting pollutants, including mercury emissions, a neurotoxin harmful to brain development, as per internal agency documents.
EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin is set to unveil these proposed changes shortly, as informed by two individuals familiar with the agency’s intentions. He will also introduce another proposal to lift greenhouse gas restrictions on power plants, according to sources who requested anonymity due to the sensitivity of the information.
These alterations signify a rejection of the Biden administration’s initiatives to combat climate change and address the significant air pollution plaguing communities near power plants and industrial sites. Legal challenges are anticipated concerning these rules later this year.
This move aligns with a broader plan by the Trump administration to extend fossil fuel usage, which has exacerbated global warming. President Trump has recently taken multiple steps to bolster the reliance on polluting coal.
An EPA representative did not confirm specifics about the new regulations or the timeline for their release. However, Zeldin stated that he “opposes the shutdown of clean, affordable, and reliable energy for American families.”
He added, “The EPA should adopt sensible regulations to foster a great American recovery, instead of continuing the path of devastation and impoverishment of the previous administration.”
Zeldin’s proposal regarding mercury and other hazardous substances, as reported by the New York Times, speculates that in 2024, the Biden administration would “unjustly target” coal-fired power plants if contamination levels were restricted.
The documents indicate that new regulations will relax emission limits for harmful substances like lead, nickel, and arsenic by 67%. For certain coal plants, the proposed rule would decrease the mercury limit by 70%, while also dispensing with the requirement for all plants to continually monitor chimney emissions.
These amendments counter the most stringent rules set by the Biden administration, which aimed to reduce dangerous toxins and encourage a shift from coal-fired plants to renewable energy sources like solar and wind.
Burning coal emits mercury, which can contaminate land, oceans, and waterways. According to the EPA, coal-fired power plants are responsible for 44% of all mercury emissions in the United States.
In the atmosphere, mercury emissions transform into a toxic form known as methyl mercury, which accumulates in fish and other food sources. This exposure can lead to significant neurological harm in developing fetuses and children, and is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases in adults.
The federal government first enacted strict controls on mercury emissions from power plants in 2011 under President Barack Obama. Following this, regulations were loosened during the initial Trump administration, but were tightened again under Biden. In October, the Supreme Court dismissed requests from 23 Republican states and some coal companies, preventing the reversal of the policy.
In April, the Trump administration granted exemptions for numerous coal-fired power plants from mercury and other air pollutant restrictions. Davis, currently the vice president for federal policy at the Conservation Voters Federation, referred to these as “get-out-of-jail-free cards” for polluters.
“This administration aims to demolish protections for our health and demonstrates indifference toward the well-being of future generations who might suffer from the harmful effects of this toxic substance,” he said.
Anticipated regulations aimed at weakening mercury standards are expected to accompany plans to eliminate all restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions from coal and gas-fired power plants.
As per the latest data available on the EPA website, the electricity sector is the second largest contributor to greenhouse gases, following transportation. Power plants are responsible for approximately 30% of the pollution driving climate change globally.
However, according to a draft rule examined by The New York Times, Zeldin plans to contend that emissions from U.S. power plants have not contributed “significantly” to climate change.
He claims that emissions from U.S. fossil fuel-burning power plants accounted for only 3% of global greenhouse gases in 2022, down from 5.5% in 2005.
Analysts, however, argue that the Trump administration is making misleading comparisons. U.S. power plants were responsible for about 25% of greenhouse gas emissions produced in the country in 2022, with approximately 1.5 billion tons in emissions projected for 2023, exceeding total emissions from most countries.
Laura Kate Bender, assistant vice president of the American Lung Association, described this outdated rationale as a “setback” in combating climate change and air pollution.
“Together, these rules could lead to increased pollution that could have been avoided for communities surrounding power plants, exposing them to more harmful emissions that could have been mitigated,” she stated.
As the Trump administration winds down its recent medical research funding initiatives, there have been ongoing concerns among scientists and administrators at the National Institutes of Health regarding Dr. Jay Bhattacharya’s level of autonomy as the director of the institution.
The government’s efficiency project, championed by Elon Musk to reduce costs, has impacted decisions related to the cancellation or postponement of research grants. Some initiatives have also been adversely affected by President Trump’s confrontation with universities over anti-Semitism. However, during a Senate committee hearing on Tuesday, Dr. Bhattacharya had a chance to clarify his influence at the NIH but opted not to take ownership of the institution’s longstanding fundraising efforts.
When questioned about the freeze on grant payments to Northwestern University, Dr. Bhattacharya remarked, “That occurred before my tenure,” referring to the Senate Appropriations Committee.
He emphasized that the proposal to cut the NIH budget to $18 billion (a nearly 40% reduction) stemmed from “congress-administrator collaboration,” and he refrained from elaborating on how these cuts might impact institutions.
Further funding cuts were necessitated by rising research costs—an action integrated into the administration’s 2026 budget proposal. Dr. Bhattacharya mentioned ongoing litigation, stating, “I don’t want to delve into it.”
Several Democrats on the committee expressed confusion regarding the decision-making process at the agency.
Senator Tammy Baldwin, a Democrat from Wisconsin, asked, “Who is withholding these funds?” citing evidence that the NIH reduced grants by billions compared to the previous year. “Is it you? Is it the OMB?” she inquired, referencing the Office of Management and Budget. “Who makes these decisions?”
Dr. Bhattacharya responded, “There are many various decisions. For instance, it was his choice to pivot from what is termed ‘politicized science,’ a phrase he previously used to describe research concerning diversity and equity issues. However, he asserted that restricting research funding at Harvard and other prominent institutions was in “collaboration with the administration.”
Senator Dick Durbin from Illinois reacted sharply after Dr. Bhattacharya distanced himself from the decisions regarding funding for the halted study at Northwestern.
An email from an NIH staff member in mid-April, weeks post Dr. Bhattacharya’s confirmation, instructed employees to refrain from issuing grants to Northwestern and various other universities, without notifying them of the reasons for the funding freeze.
“The buck stops at your office,” Durbin said to Dr. Bhattacharya. “Don’t shift the blame.”
The Trump administration’s plans for significant spending cuts at the agency have drawn criticism from both parties, including Republican Senator Susan Collins from Maine.
She told Dr. Bhattacharya that the proposed cuts are “very intrusive,” warning that they could delay or halt the development of effective treatments for diseases like Alzheimer’s, cancer, and type 1 diabetes, potentially leaving the U.S. “lagging behind China.”
In response, Dr. Bhattacharya noted that the NIH is engaged in Alzheimer’s and other disease research and will collaborate with lawmakers to address “the health needs of all Americans.”
The director hinted at a possible agreement between the Trump administration and major universities regarding the restoration of medical research funding, yet he did not offer details on the prospects of such an agreement or its prerequisites. “I am very hopeful for a resolution with the universities regarding the grants that have been suspended,” he stated.
In recent years, the NIH has abruptly terminated over 1,300 grant awards and postponed funding for more than 1,000 additional projects. On Monday, numerous NIH employees signed a letter asserting that these actions were dictated by ideological biases and lacked input from scientific staff, effectively suppressing research on health disparities, COVID-19, climate change, and the impacts on sexual health.
On Tuesday, Dr. Bhattacharya stated that scientists have established a process for appealing against funding reductions, and the agency intends to file appeals within weeks.
Nide Guin, a Brazilian archaeologist known for challenging long-held theories about early human life in the Americas, significantly influenced the transformation of the Hard Scrabble region in northeastern Brazil into Serra da Capybara National Park. She passed away on Wednesday at her home near the park in Saint-Rymande Nohto, at the age of 92.
According to park director Marian Rodriguez, the cause of death was a heart attack.
Dr. Guidon gained international recognition for her controversial assertion that humans may have arrived in the Americas over 30,000 years ago. However, there was little dispute about her accomplishments in documenting and preserving ancient rock paintings in Piau’s semi-arid, cactus-laden landscape.
In 1979, following her claims, the Brazilian government designated the area as a national park, and by 1991, it was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site, largely thanks to her efforts. She also played a crucial role in establishing two nearby museums: the American Museum opened in 1996, and the Natural Museum in 2018. Moreover, she was instrumental in attracting investment to the town, leading to the creation of a new airport and a federal university campus, thereby enhancing public education in the region.
Antoine Lourdes, a French archaeologist who collaborated with Dr. Guidon from 2006 for nearly a decade, remarked in an interview, “The most effective way to safeguard the paintings was to empower people to protect their environment.” He emphasized that many archaeologists are often unaware of the social implications of their work.
Dr. Guidon was particularly adept at training and employing women in regions where domestic violence and gender inequality prevailed. Dr. Guidon’s 2023 biography captures many poignant testimonies from women who achieved financial independence and improved their situations significantly.
In addition to her work in parks and museums, many locals have become guides and custodians. Local products like honey and ceramics are sold across the nation, thanks to an initiative Dr. Guidon launched in the 1990s.
Nide Guidon was born on March 12, 1933, in Hau, a small city in São Paulo. While “Nade” is a common Brazilian name, “Nide” is not. She was named after the River Need, which flows through France and Germany, reflecting her father’s French heritage.
After obtaining a degree in natural history from the University of São Paulo in 1958, Guidon began her career as a teacher in a small Roman Catholic community in Itápolis. However, following her exposure of corruption within the school system in early 1959, she faced backlash from the town’s administrators.
As a single woman who drove cars, publicly taught evolution, and challenged conservative norms, she became a target in the traditional town of Itápolis. Following intense protests, she and two colleagues were forced to flee with police protection.
“All that was missing to complete the medieval scene was a bonfire to burn witches,” she recounted to reporters at that time. A 2024 podcast delves into her life.
Later that year, she secured a position at the Paulista Museum in São Paulo, where her interest in archaeology blossomed, particularly during an exhibition showcasing rock paintings from northeastern Brazil.
However, her initial attempts to see the paintings in 1963 were thwarted by a bridge collapse that blocked access. Following a brief exile in Paris, she was arrested by the military dictatorship that had taken power in Brazil.
While studying archaeology in France, she earned her PhD from the University of Paris in 1975, returning to Brazil frequently for fieldwork. By 1970, Dr. Guidon finally visited the rock paintings in Piau, intrigued by their complexity, and began organizing teams for extensive cataloging of hundreds of archaeological sites.
She settled in San Raimundo Nonato in 1986, where she became known affectionately as “the doctor.”
In the 1990s, excavations near the painting sites uncovered carbon-dated materials suggesting human presence 30,000 years ago — a finding that astonished Dr. Guidon. Yet, other scientists, particularly those adhering to the Clovis model, were highly skeptical, proposing that humans arrived in the Americas much later, around 13,000 years ago.
While the consensus today acknowledges ancient human settlement in North America, Dr. Guidon’s findings continue to spark debate, as questions linger regarding the origins of the materials uncovered near the painted area.
Nevertheless, her work has drawn attention, funding, and resources to Piau, with even some of her academic critics recognizing her contributions.
Andre Strauss, an archaeologist at the University of São Paulo, expressed his doubts about some of Dr. Guidon’s findings but acknowledged her charisma. He likened her to Churchill, noting her ability to engage people dramatically. Despite the scholarly debates, she never abandoned the vibrant life she carved out in Paris.
On the morning of June 5th, she was laid to rest in the garden of her home in San Raimundo Nonato.
Another incident involved unauthorized access to personal data of thousands of legal aid applicants from England and Wales, dating back to 2010, which followed significant disruptions caused by a cyberattack on Marks & Spencer.
If you see news about a cybersecurity incident affecting a company you’ve interacted with, stay vigilant regarding your email. Companies typically reach out to affected customers with details on what occurred and suggested actions.
Sometimes, only specific customer segments or users from particular regions may be impacted.
In Adidas’ case, it appears that those who contacted customer service recently are primarily affected, which may exclude many others. Occasionally, communication will confirm that you are unaffected.
If your information could be compromised, you’ll usually receive guidance on corrective measures or a link to a FAQs page. In some instances, firms may offer free access to support services from cybersecurity experts or credit monitoring.
In Adidas’ case, it seems to affect customers who contacted the service desk previously. Photo: Odd Andersen/AFP/Getty Images
Change Your Password
If you’ve conducted transactions with an organization that faced a cyber incident, change your password for that account immediately.
Ensure your password is robust and not used across multiple accounts.
Experts recommend creating passwords that are at least 12 characters long, including a mix of numbers, capital and lowercase letters, and symbols. Avoid easily guessed information like pet names, birthdays, or favorite teams.
“A great strategy to enhance password security is to combine three random words into one.” says the National Cybersecurity Centre in the UK. For example, consider something like Hippo! PizzaRocket1.
“Consider using a password manager to generate and securely store unique, strong passwords,” advises online security firm Nordvpn.
Utilize Two-Step Authentication
Two-step verification adds an extra security layer to your email and other key online accounts.
This generally involves receiving a code via the Authenticator app or sent to your registered mobile number to grant access.
Enable two-step verification on all services that provide this feature.
The second factor may include codes sent via SMS. Photo: Prostock-Studio/Alamy
Beware of Unsolicited Emails
Phishing emails often cite recent cyber events to lure unsuspecting targets who may be customers of the affected company.
Scammers might leverage personal information they’ve acquired to appear credible.
Avoid clicking on any link or attachment in emails, text messages, or social media posts unless you’re entirely certain of their legitimacy. These links can lead to phishing sites or include malware designed to steal your identity.
M&S advises potentially impacted customers that they “may receive emails, calls, or texts that appear to be from us.” “We will never reach out for your personal account details, such as your username or password.”
If an email claims to be from a business you interact with and you’re uncertain of its authenticity, ignore it or verify it through official contact channels.
Be cautious about links or attachments in emails unless you are completely sure they are legitimate. Photo: Tero Vesalainen/Alamy
Monitor Your Credit Record
If your personal data has been compromised, keep an eye on your credit report, which details your financial history and is used by lenders to judge your creditworthiness, in case someone attempts to open accounts in your name.
For instance, if a financial entity endures a cyber breach, the accessed data could include sensitive information such as your name, address, national insurance number, date of birth, bank account details, salary, and potentially your passport.
This information can be misused for identity fraud.
In the UK, the main credit reference agencies are Equifax, Experian, and Transunion, all providing various options to check your credit report for free or via subscription.
Experian provides an ID monitoring service, which checks your personal, financial, and credit information for suspicious activity. It’s a paid service, but if your data becomes compromised, they may cover the costs.
Be cautious if you suddenly find your applications for credit cards or loans being denied, or if you cease receiving bank statements for no clear reason despite a healthy credit score, as it may indicate identity theft.
More significantly, you may start receiving letters regarding debts that are not yours, or seeing transactions on your bank statements for items you didn’t purchase.
Many instances of financial fraud begin on social media and tech platforms, so remain vigilant, as scammers may possess details about you that can lend credibility to their deception.
The so-called “High Mama” scams have risen in recent years, where scammers impersonate relatives on platforms like WhatsApp, often pleading for urgent money transfers upon claiming to be locked out of their online banking.
Even with a sense of urgency, take the necessary time to verify the identity of anyone requesting funds.
Opt Out of Registration
When shopping online, retailers frequently prompt you to save payment card details for quicker checkout, but this may store your information with third-party services rather than just the retailer.
If you can avoid storing payment details across multiple sites, you reduce the risk of unauthorized access to your card information.
A four-member team is set to launch on Wednesday for a privately funded mission to the International Space Station.
The flight, organized by Houston’s Axiom Space, will take off from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 8 am. The crew will travel into orbit aboard SpaceX Crew Dragon capsules positioned above a Falcon 9 rocket.
NASA will provide live coverage of the launch, beginning at 7:05 am ET NASA+.
Originally set for Tuesday, the launch was postponed by a day due to strong winds along the Florida coastline. This mission, named AX-4, is anticipated to last approximately two weeks at the International Space Station.
Retired NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson, who has spent a total of 675 days in space, is leading the mission. Joining her are Pilot Shuvanshu Shukra, an astronaut from the Indian Space Research Institute, Mission Specialist Sworsis Uznaviywiyyewsky, a Polish scientist with the European Space Agency, and Tibor Kapu, a mechanical engineer from Hungary.
From left: Tibor Kapu, Hungarian AX-4 crew member, Shuvansh Shukla, Indian Space Research Agency astronaut, Peggy Whitson, former NASA astronaut, and Swaus Uznash Wy Winni Nievski, astronaut from the European Space Agency. SpaceX
Shukla, Uznaskiwinievsky, and Kapu are making history as the first individuals from their respective countries to live and work on the International Space Station.
During their two-week tenure at the Orbital Lab, the AX-4 crew will conduct various scientific experiments. According to NASA, this includes muscle regeneration studies, examining how Brussels sprouts and edible microalgae grow in microgravity, and how small aquatic organisms thrive on the ISS.
If the launch proceeds as planned, the four astronauts are expected to dock with the space station around 12:30 pm on Thursday.
This upcoming flight marks the fourth crew mission for Axiom Space and will be pivotal for the International Space Station. The company’s inaugural private expedition to the ISS occurred in 2022, featuring an entirely civilian crew.
While the financial details for the AX-4 mission remain undisclosed, it has been reported that space tourists paid approximately $55 million per seat on previous Axiom missions.
As protests in Los Angeles against the Trump administration reached their fifth day on Tuesday, social media influencers have significantly outshined traditional media at the rallies, taking on a unique role in disseminating information about the events unfolding on the streets.
Many of these influencers, often sporting distinctive press helmets and vests, lean conservative and are active on platforms like X, along with streaming services such as Twitch and YouTube. During some of the week’s most intense episodes, figures like Trump officials Stephen Miller and billionaire Elon Musk have amplifiedcontent shared by these creators, leading to viral posts that paint a picture of escalating violence.
President Trump criticized California Governor Gavin Newsom and others for their handling of the protests, urging the National Guard to step in. In response, Newsom argued that military intervention was unnecessary and had filed a motion to prevent the Trump administration from deploying troops. Officials reported that at least 150 protesters have been arrested since Friday.
Among those documenting the protests was 25-year-old Cam Higby, a conservative journalist and political commentator for Today is America. He traveled from his home in Washington to Los Angeles last Friday to capture the demonstration on video.
On Monday night, Higby participated in a live stream alongside fellow online creator and friend Aldo Butazoni, 25, reporting from the protest’s front lines. Their content predominantly counters narratives from Democratic officials like Los Angeles Mayor Karen Bass and Newsom.
Higby’s posts have racked up millions of views recently, blurring the lines between journalism and advocacy. He frequently shares updates on police movements, while also echoing Trump’s sentiment that “LA needs the National Guard“; he strives to channel his anger into his reporting.
“I refer to it as duality. I provide live updates while discussing the issues,” Higby explained.
With a scarcity of reporters in Los Angeles, Fox News brought Higby and Butazoni on for unpaid segments over the weekend, featuring them for live updates.
Liberal protesters recognized Higby and Butazoni and publicly condemned them, which prompted Butazoni to remove identification badges from his attire. Higby reported receiving numerous “trust threats” through social media, which led him to spend $3,000 to hire two bodyguards for protection.
Conversely, left-leaning creators like Twitch streamer Hasan Piker (33) have also reported from the Los Angeles rallies, though their presence appears limited. Piker’s Twitch stream on Monday spanned eight hours from the same Los Angeles protest attended by Higby, garnering 1.4 million views.
Andrew Callahan, a journalist based in Los Angeles and the creator of Media Company Channel 5 News, observed that the demand for protest and riot videos surged during the 2020 Black Lives Matter demonstrations.
“These creators operate independently without bosses, but they are still motivated by the same incentives as conservative media outlets,” Callahan commented in an interview. “They focus on content that doesn’t accurately portray the situation, striving to attract viewers in the same way Fox News does.”
Ancient Migration: A Journey Through a Colder Climate to the Americas
Getty Images/iStockphoto
This excerpt comes from our Human Stories newsletter, which explores the archaeological revolution. Subscribe to receive it monthly in your inbox.
The main theme of Human Stories revolves around the global migration of our species. From their origins in Africa, our ancestors traveled to Europe, Asia, Australia, and eventually reached the Americas. South America was the last continent they settled, with Antarctica being the notable exception.
This chapter of our history remains somewhat enigmatic. While ample research has focused on human migration into Europe, Asia, and North America, far less attention has been directed toward their entrance into South America.
Reflecting on this, I discovered that my previous detailed analysis of South America appeared in June 2023.
However, this narrative is beginning to evolve. On May 15th, a significant genetic study was published in Science, unveiling crucial insights into early inhabitants of South America. This extensive research indicates a diverse population across different regions, revealing a fourfold division of early groups. These findings align with newer stories of remarkable journeys and the extraordinary risks taken in the quest for new lands.
A Complex Journey
If you consider how Homo sapiens evolved in Africa, the task of reaching South America becomes apparent. The vast Atlantic Ocean acted as a major barrier between continents, complicating the path for humans.
This migration was not premeditated; at that time, people had no knowledge of South America’s existence. They journeyed as far as they could see, moving from Africa to Southwest Asia, and eventually to various parts of Eurasia. Some even ventured as far as the easternmost regions of Asia, now known as Chukotka in the Russian Far East.
From there, it was a relatively short journey to present-day Alaska in northwest North America. Evidence suggests humans arrived at least 16,000 years ago. Today, the Bering Strait—a mere 82 kilometers across—seems a significant barrier. However, thousands of years ago, colder climates meant lower sea levels, creating land connections between Asia and North America, notably Beringia. People may have unknowingly traversed what would become a monumental migration.
Supporting this theory, a study released in May highlighted that horses traveled regularly between North America and Asia via Beringia between 50,000 and 13,000 years ago, suggesting humans could have followed suit.
For unknown reasons, the earliest groups of Americans moved southward. Some utilized boats along the Pacific coast, while others ventured inland, ultimately reaching the southernmost tip of South America.
The archaeological record of these groups is rich. A study published in February analyzed a large collection of artifacts dating back 10,000 to 11,000 years in the Takualembo region of Uruguay.
Who were these early South Americans? That’s where new genetic research comes into play.
Continuing the Journey
Led by Hie Lim Kim from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore, researchers compiled genomic data from 1,537 individuals across 139 ethnic groups. This included individuals with ties to northern Eurasian populations, as well as groups from the Americas, particularly South America.
“Our study showcases the history of this vast migration,” Kim states.
Between 13,900 and 10,000 years ago, the initial settlers of South America divided into four genetically distinct groups. Signs of these genetic patterns persist in modern South Americans.
Kim highlights the challenge of providing a comprehensive account of these findings. While the study identifies genetic differences among populations, they don’t necessarily align with cultural traits. “We didn’t categorize them by culture or language,” she explains, “but solely based on ancestry.”
With this caveat, Kim’s team identified four groups: Amazonians, Andeans, Chaco Amerindians, and Patagonians, named for regions where contemporary genetic signals are strongest. For instance, Amazon ancestry aligns with current populations in the Amazon rainforest, Andean ancestry with those in the Andes mountains, and Patagonian ancestry with people from southern Argentina. The Chaco Amerindian lineage is traced to the Dry Chaco, spanning parts of Argentina, Bolivia, and Paraguay. “They are predominantly hunter-gatherers in arid regions,” says Kim.
Once these groups branched out, signs of significant gene flow between them became scarce. “They have never intermingled again,” says Kim, suggesting geographic barriers like the Andes may have fostered this separation.
However, Kim asserts this is likely not the entire narrative, as additional groups may exist. “Our sample from Brazil is limited,” she notes. “Many ethnic groups in the Amazon remain unexplored.”
Recent research further enriches this narrative. In March, archaeological evidence pointed to a location known as Southern Corn, situated near the 22nd parallel south encompassing northern Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay.
Another study from March detailed the journey of the Guarani, who traversed over 2,500 kilometers across South America, ultimately reaching the mouth of the Rio de la Plata estuary, now Buenos Aires and Montevideo.
Late May research uncovered the risks associated with migration; ancient Colombian DNA indicated an unknown hunter-gatherer population that inhabited the Bogotá Altiplano around 6,000 years ago. By 2,000 years ago, they were replaced by Central American populations, leaving no trace in today’s genetic pool.
South America is vast, and we have merely scratched the surface of its complex history. Numerous untold stories lie waiting to be uncovered.
Aiming to be a cutting-edge office in central London for Google over the coming decades, the new £1 billion headquarters faces challenges with local foxes, one of the oldest known nuisances to humans.
Valpin assumed control of the rooftop garden at the so-called “Craper of Land” in Kings Cross, which influenced the construction, though the company reported that the impact was “minimal.”
The initial report of fox activity Newsletter London Centric was verified by a source with knowledge of the construction. They relayed to the Guardian that the situation had been observed for three years, starting when foxes began to dig dens on well-maintained grounds.
“There are small holes in the garden,” they mentioned. “We’ve seen her around the building, even from the fifth floor.”
Others reported finding fox droppings on the property of the structure designed by Thomas Heatherwick.
The rooftop garden is estimated to hold 40,000 tonnes of soil and 250 trees. Photo: Tim Robberts/Getty Images
Mosh Latifi, co-founder of Ecocare, a pest control firm based in London, noted they can’t stay away from rodent populations.
“Foxes thrive off rodents. We don’t live more than three meters from the nearest rat,” he remarked, explaining that they have spotted the fox in a building where workers seek out leftover food.
Leaky pipes or plentiful food from local establishments might be sustaining the foxes, suggested another London pest control expert who requested anonymity. “London is a vast playground for foxes; they’ll go just about anywhere,” he stated.
Do you have any information about this story? Email investigations.contact@theguardian.com or use Signal or WhatsApp to message (UK) +44 7721 857 348.
A spokesperson for Google mentioned: “Sightings of foxes at construction sites are quite common, and our King’s Cross project is no exception. Foxes have occasionally been seen on-site, though their presence has been limited and had little effect on the construction progress.”
According to searches using the company’s own search engine, effective ways to deter foxes include removing food sources, installing secure fencing, and sealing any gaps.
This isn’t the first time a costly London construction has faced such an issue. In 2011, a fox named Romeo was discovered at a site. He was found living in the shard, surviving on leftover scraps from construction workers.
Romeo was captured and, after a health check, was released back into the wild.
Facebook also had to deal with a fox family at their Menlo Park headquarters, which gained popularity on social media with a series of stickers introduced for the Messenger app.
Plans for the new Google building were unveiled in 2013, marking it as the first fully owned and designed site by the company outside the United States. The 11-story structure will host up to 7,000 employees.
The 300-meter-long rooftop garden extends along the building, wrapping around the seventh to eleventh floors. It is estimated to contain 40,000 tonnes of soil to support 250 trees, all strategically placed. The garden aims to attract bees, bats, birds, and butterflies, with areas designated for dining, lounge chairs, a fitness zone, and even an indoor pool.
Currently under construction since 2018, the nearly 1 million square foot building is expected to be completed later this year.
In 2022, a topping-off ceremony featuring non-alcoholic pims and exquisite canapés was attended by London Mayor Sadiq Khan and Keir Starmer, representing the Holborn and St Pancras constituencies.
“This project signifies a robust confidence in London, our community, and our flourishing tech sector,” Khan commented at the event.
In April, authors and publishers protested utilizing copyrighted books for AI training
Vuk Valcic/Alamy Live News
Amid legal battles, billions are at stake as courts in the US and UK deliberate on whether technology firms can legitimately train AI models using copyrighted literature. Numerous lawsuits have been filed by authors and publishers, revealing that at least one AI model has not only utilized popular texts for training but has also memorized portions of these works verbatim.
The crux of the dispute lies in whether AI developers hold the legal authority to employ copyrighted materials without obtaining prior permission. Previous research highlighted that many large language models (LLMs) powering popular AI chatbots were trained on the “Books3” dataset. Developers of these models argued they were not infringing copyright, claiming they were generating new combinations of words rather than directly reproducing the copyrighted content.
However, recent investigations have examined various AI models to determine the extent of verbatim recall from their training datasets. While most models did not retain exact texts, one particular model from Meta remembered nearly the entire text of a specific book. Should the ruling be unfavorable to the company, researchers predict damages could exceed $1 billion.
“AI models are not merely ‘plagiarism machines’ as some suggest; they do not just capture general relationships among words,” explained Mark Remley from Stanford University. “The diversity in responses among different models complicates the establishment of universal legal standards.”
Previously, Lemley defended Meta in a copyright case involving generative AI known as Kadrey V Meta Platforms. The plaintiff, whose works were used to train Meta’s AI models, filed a class-action lawsuit against the tech giant for copyright infringement. The case is currently under consideration in Northern California.
In January 2025, Remley announced he had parted ways with Meta as a client, yet he remains convinced of the company’s favorable chances in the lawsuit. Emile Vasquez, a Meta spokesperson, stated, “Fair use of copyrighted materials is crucial. We challenge the plaintiff’s claims, and the full record presents a different narrative.”
In this new study, Lemley and his team evaluated the memory capabilities of the AI by dividing excerpts from a small book into prefix and suffix segments, checking if a model prompted with the prefix could recall the suffix. For instance, one excerpt from F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby was divided into a prefix that read, “They were careless people, Tom and Daisy—they broke things and creatures and then retreated,” and a suffix that concluded with, “We went back to money and their vast carelessness, which kept them together and allowed them to clean up any mess that other people had made.”
Researchers calculated the probability of each AI model completing the excerpt accurately and compared these probabilities against random chance.
The tested excerpts included selections from 36 copyrighted works, featuring popular titles by authors like George RR Martin’s Games and Cheryl Sandberg’s Lean In. Additionally, excerpts from books authored by plaintiffs in the Kadrey V Meta Platforms case were also examined.
The experiments involved 13 open-source AI models, including those created by Meta, Google, DeepMind, EleutherAI, and Microsoft. Most companies outside of Meta did not provide comments, with Microsoft opting not to comment.
The analysis revealed that Meta’s Llama 3.1 70b model had a significant recall of texts from JK Rowling’s first Harry Potter tome, as well as from The Great Gatsby and George Orwell’s 1984. Other models, however, showed minimal recall of the texts, including those penned by the plaintiffs. Meta declined to comment on these findings.
Researchers estimate that an AI model found to have infringed on merely 3% of the Books3 dataset could incur almost $1 billion in damages.
This technique has potential as a “forensic tool” for gauging the extent of AI memory, as noted by Randy McCarthy from Hallestill Law Office in Oklahoma. Yet, it does not address whether companies are legally permitted to train AI models on copyrighted works under US “fair use” provisions.
McCarthy points out that AI firms generally utilize copyrighted material for training. “The real question is whether they had the right to do so,” he remarked.
Meanwhile, in the UK, memory assessment is crucial from a copyright perspective, according to Robert Lands from Howard Kennedy Law Office in London. UK copyright legislation adheres to “fair dealing,” which presents much narrower allowances for copyright infringement compared to US fair use doctrine. Therefore, he posits that AI models retaining pirated content would not satisfy this exception.
Apple’s latest Worldwide Developers Conference saw the company’s artificial intelligence features take a back seat. While new functionalities were announced for the Apple Watch and Vision Pro, alongside enhanced software designs known as Liquid Glass, and new phone and camera applications, Apple’s AI-related announcements were limited to minor upgrades amidst pressure to keep pace with competitors heavily invested in AI.
One anticipated feature is Live Translation, offering real-time language translation across messaging, FaceTime, and phone apps, incorporating multiple capabilities powered by Apple Intelligence. It’s noteworthy that similar features have been available on the Android platform for some time. Additionally, a new Fitness app has been introduced, utilizing AI-generated voices to assist users during workouts.
Consumers may soon experience enhancements in AI for applications beyond mobile. The company revealed that it enables app developers to utilize Apple’s large-scale, on-device language model, enhancing AI experiences in third-party applications. Users will have the choice to opt in or out of sharing their data or information off-device with developers.
At last year’s WWDC, Apple announced a suite of upgrades for Siri, aiming to make the virtual assistant more engaging and dynamic. However, many of these features remain unreleased despite Apple’s assurances.
Craig Federighi, Apple’s VP of Software Engineering, previously mentioned that “this task required more time to reach a quality standard,” referring to the delay.
Forrester VP principal analyst Dipanjan Chatterjee noted that Siri’s muted presence was “deafening.”
Chatterjee stated, “This subject was quickly brushed aside, leaving next year shrouded in uncertainty. While Apple continues to refine the features of Apple Intelligence, superficial updates like text corrections and whimsical emojis cannot satisfy the demand for an intuitive, interactive AI experience. The timeline for Siri’s evolution is rapidly approaching, and Apple needs significant advancements.”
Additionally, Apple has formed a partnership with ChatGPT, a strategic move to help the iPhone maker compete with AI giants such as OpenAI, Microsoft, and Google. Dan Ives, an analyst at Wedbush Securities, suggested that Apple may need to forge more partnerships to stay competitive.
Ives concluded, “Overall, WWDC articulated the developers’ vision, but following last year’s setbacks, there was no remarkable progress in Apple Intelligence as Cupertino remains cautious.”
“We understand the strategy, but this is a significant year for Apple to capitalize on the AI front, possibly compelling us to pursue larger AI acquisitions to advance this strategy.”
Kidney disease can result in hypertension and infections
Mohammed Haneefa Nizamudeen/Getty Images
Recent animal research suggests that damage caused by the most prevalent hereditary kidney disease may not be as irreversible as previously thought. Researchers are using CRISPR gene editing to potentially reverse certain mutations responsible for the condition.
Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) gradually alters kidney function, leading to debilitating effects. “It was generally believed that correcting the mutations would not change the outcome,” says Michael Kaminski from Berlin University of Medicine.
PKD results in the formation of fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys and liver, leading to organ failure and necessitating dialysis or transplants. Besides organ failure, damage and swelling can lead to other severe issues, including high blood pressure and infections.
The disease typically affects adults, with approximately 12 million individuals globally estimated to be affected. Symptoms may not manifest until the cysts reach significant size in one’s 30s, by which point there may already be extensive damage to the kidneys and liver.
Kaminski’s team has utilized a CRISPR method known as base editing to correct mutations in the PKD1 gene in mice models.
This technique successfully corrected mutations primarily in the liver, resulting in a reduction in both the size and number of cysts post-treatment. Kaminski noted potential improvements in the kidneys as well.
Specifically, Xiaogang Li’s team at Mayo Clinic conducted a similar study using more precise methods targeting the kidneys, indicating a reduction in cyst size and quantity, according to Li.
Both teams employed viral vectors to deliver gene-editing tools, which poses challenges with repeated doses due to immune responses might hinder treatment. “This is a legitimate concern,” Li notes. “However, we’ve observed limited immune responses in our animal models so far.”
Utilizing lipid nanoparticles instead of viral vectors, as seen in mRNA vaccines, could mitigate immune-related issues, but Kaminski warns that these particles may struggle to penetrate deeply into the kidneys through the bloodstream. “I believe that the delivery method using [lipid nanoparticles] might become more feasible through urinary pathways,” he says.
Another limitation is that base editing primarily addresses single-character mutations, rendering it ineffective for individuals with longer mutation sequences. However, Li reports successful outcomes using a technique known as Prime editing.
These findings are poised to be published shortly in scientific journals, with plans for human trials to follow. “After our publication, I aim to organize a small clinical trial,” he states.
The broader implications of this research suggest that if PKD can indeed be reversed, it could ignite more research into this potential therapeutic avenue. Currently, the only approved treatment is tolvaptan, which only slightly slows disease progression and requires significant fluid intake.
Astronomers utilizing ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT) have captured stunning images of a highly structured planetary formation disc surrounding the star Rik 113.
This image, captured with a very large telescope at ESO in Chile, illustrates the RIK113 system. Image credits: ESO/Ginski et al.
RIK 113 is located approximately 431 light-years away in the constellation Scorpio.
Also referred to as 2MASSJ16120668-3010270, this star hosts a structured protoplanetary disc.
“In a study published last year, the intricate nature of this protoplanetary disc was first unveiled by the Atacama Large Millimeter/sub-millimeter Array (ALMA),” remarked Galway astronomer Christian Ginsky and colleagues.
“These findings indicated the presence of gaps, suggestive of planet-like objects within them.”
“This prompted the team to conduct follow-up observations using ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT).”
Employing VLT’s Sphere Instrument, Dr. Ginski and co-authors obtained a new image of the system, revealing an appealing spiral feature in the inner ring.
“Our team is currently examining nearly 100 planet-forming discs around nearby stars, and these images are exceptional,” Dr. Ginsky noted.
“It is rare to find a system exhibiting both rings and spiral arms. This aligns almost perfectly with predictions regarding how planets form from the parent disk, according to theoretical models.”
“Such detections bring us a step closer to comprehending how planets, in general, formed and the origins of our solar system in the far past.”
A detailed analysis of the VLT/Sphere data hinted at two potential signals, as well as two possible signals from a protoplanet orbiting Rik 113, close to the original detection by ALMA.
At this stage, these signals serve more as proposals than definitive confirmations.
Nonetheless, these results are highly promising for future explorations, with both ALMA and VLT studies indicating the presence of at least one planet.
“We identified an inner disc (up to 40 AU) with two spiral arms, which are separated by a gap from the outer ring extending to 115 AU,” the astronomer stated.
“Comparing with unique and hydrodynamic models from the literature, we found that these structures are consistent with the existence of embedded gas giants, with masses ranging from 0.1 to 5 Jupiter masses depending on the model and its underlying assumptions.”
“The RIK 113 system is one of the few that displays this remarkable form of spiral arms amidst the scattered gaps of light and the ring,” they added.
“We hypothesize that this could be linked to higher disk viscosity compared to other systems, such as PDS 70.”
“If a planet in the disk is confirmed, RIK 113 will become a focal point for studying planetary disk interactions.”
Study published online in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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C. Ginsky et al. 2025. Disk evolution studies with imaging of nearby young stars (Destinys): 2MassJ16120668-3010270 Evidence of planetary disk interaction in the system. A&A in press; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202451647
Elon Musk and Donald Trump have ended their friendship. Tensions flared between them mid-week, with both exchanging sharp criticisms. Four days after their public clash, I declare Musk the loser of this battle; the seemingly unstoppable force has met its match with the immovable object.
According to colleagues Hugo Lowell and Andrew Ross: On Thursday, Elon Musk mocked Donald Trump’s bounce by commenting on his connection with convicted sex offender Jeffrey Epstein. The US president threatened to revoke federal contracts and tax incentives for Musk’s companies during this extraordinary social media spat that erupted among his former allies. This latest jab at Trump highlights Musk’s criticism of a Republican spending bill.
“Without me, Trump would lose the election, the Democrats would gain control of the House, and Republicans would be 51-49 in the Senate,” Musk tweeted on X.
The repercussions were swift. Tesla’s stock, already grappling with difficulties, plunged 15%, wiping approximately $150 billion off the market. The implications for Trump and the Republican Party could take longer to unfold, as the midterm elections for the US Congress won’t occur until later next year.
When Trump and Musk were allies, many liberals predicted a tumultuous public fallout. I didn’t anticipate such an outcome. Musk appeared robust and allied with the formidable Trump. The Republican campaign needed a substantial cash influx, which Musk could provide.
However, Trump revealed last week that several of his closest advisers have left dramatically, victims of what he termed “Trump craziness.” Musk seems to follow a similar pattern. A notable example is Steve Bannon, once a top strategist for Trump, who was ousted from the White House but is now hosting a podcast scrutinizing Trump’s actions. Bannon spent last week calling for Musk’s ousting. Trump, not realizing he is often the common denominator in these fiery departures, appears similar to Musk; by Sunday, he had tweeted about the Los Angeles riots, retweeting Vice President JD Vance with patriotic emojis while targeting California Governor Gavin Newsom.
The conflict between Musk and Trump underlined America’s dependency on a single company for its space capabilities. During his outburst, Musk threatened to dismantle SpaceX’s Dragon Rocket. What would the nation do without him? In a pinch, perhaps another billionaire with a rocket could suffice, even with a pop star on board.
Trump and Musk will shake hands at the NCAA Division I Wrestling Championship in Philadelphia on March 22nd. Photo: Kayla Bartkowski/Getty Images
This spat has also brought to light Musk’s relative vulnerabilities. Musk threatened to dismantle the Dragon Rocket and quickly backed down from his ultimatum regarding requests on X. Meanwhile, Trump has remained silent online, not retaliating against Musk. This indicates the overarching theme of his second administration; Musk often targets those with less power and wealth, but when faced with significant challenges, he retreats. Recall his enthusiastic challenge to Mark Zuckerberg about arranging a cage fight in 2023. Zuckerberg responded, both intrigued and more robust, while Musk seemed outmatched. He eventually backed down. As for Trump, he claims he could save money by canceling government contracts with Musk. Musk replied, “Make my day,” but subsequently scaled back his threats.
In the long term, what does this tragic unraveling of alliances mean for Trump and Musk? To date, Musk has reportedly lost about $90 billion in net worth, an astounding figure according to the Bloomberg Billionaire Index. He remains the world’s wealthiest individual with nearly $100 billion.
Perhaps the bigger loser is democracy itself. Recently, he polled his followers about establishing a centrist political party he wants to call the “American Party.” He possesses the resources to make it a reality but has not indicated any centrist political inclinations over the past two years. His presence in political gatherings has proven more repulsive than magnetic, significantly affecting key elections like the Wisconsin Supreme Court contest earlier this year.
Read more about how the Trump-Musk feud reveals the perils of concentrating power in one individual here.
Read more about the mutual damage inflicted by Trump and Musk here.
Discover more about the economic consequences of their feud concerning Tesla here.
AI isn’t as capable of making movies as executives claim
Director John Wick and Chad Stahelsky. Photo: David Lee/Thunder Road Pictures/Allstar
Last Thursday, I attended a showcase featuring eight short films generated using the Runway Artificial Intelligence tool. In a pre-screening discussion, Runway’s co-founder and chief design officer Alejandro Matamala-Ortiz stated that the two-hour AI-generated film was “close.” Lionsgate executives explained to New York Magazine that there are many invisible production processes beyond just the final footage shown in theaters. Lionsgate has entered a contract with Runway, using some of its archives to train AI for cutting-edge projects.
The film I observed had a quality that echoed the executives’ comments on AI. Six of the eight shorts evoked little emotion. They lacked character and depth, resembling placeholders. While AI can create any imaginable image, the film lacked true creativity. The smooth, composite textures from multiple AI-generated images rendered them as intriguing and stylish as a basic first draft. If directors don’t take the time to elevate their work beyond a typical mid-journey output, why would anyone want to watch them? One film, an anime revenge story centered around cherry blossom trees, made me chuckle. Another claimed to document the sporadic emergence of cicadas but primarily featured lens flares. It felt reminiscent of a mid-tier student film; most entries were muddled, and the cinematography lacked distinct perspectives. Runway claimed to have received 6,000 submissions from 300 creators in 2022. I shiver at the thought of a Clockwork Orange-style scenario where someone had to view all those entries.
After viewing these shorts, I believed they resembled student films, potentially due to the early stages of production techniques that filmmakers are grappling with. Since its submission to the IT Film Festival in April, Runway has introduced new features to its tools, with Google recently releasing its own video generation tool, Veo 3. The output is more refined compared to what I viewed last week.
The remaining two films ventured into compelling territories. One was a video essay titled Total Pixel Space, which proved to be thought-provoking. This meditation on the nature of AI-generated images emphasized how few images we encounter in realistic situations versus those that never happened, offering unfortunate insights into our visual culture.
“Total Pixel Space represents both ultimate determinism and ultimate freedom, laden with possibilities that await consciousness to shape meaning through choices,” the film’s narration stated. I noted that it highlights AI-rendered images confined to pixel parameters on screens but unable to exist physically. Considering our mortality, the film poses a poignant question: how will you utilize your time and choices? What do you choose to imbue with meaning?
“Total Pixel Space” won the Grand Prize in the contest. While it was a triumph, the film poses a specific challenge to Matamala-Ortiz’s viewpoint. If one extrapolates from the film festival output, will you really witness a two-hour video essay delineating the trajectory AI films will take? It’s rather rare for such a film to maintain interest for that long.
Another editor developed a character and her inner life—a fundamental requirement for live-action films—yet this seems an insurmountable hurdle in AI-produced cinema. AI struggles to recreate consistent facial expressions across various scenarios. Despite these limitations, I still advocate for short films. Occasionally, a surge of creativity produces stunning montages, capable of suggesting interdimensional travel. AI can produce hundreds of diverse backgrounds in seconds, achieving scenes that would otherwise require significant budgets. Editing can utilize these capabilities for impactful effects. Perhaps that’s the ultimate goal of AI: serving as an enhancer rather than a sole creator. Lionsgate’s VP remarked on similar ideas, indicating that AI tools can make a $100 million film appear even larger and more cinematic. “We amplify elements, ensuring a more significant, filmic experience,” he told New York.
This week’s AI News
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Photo: Guardian
The Guardian has introduced a new feature within its app, developed in collaboration with computer scientists from Cambridge University.
The secure messaging function allows you to send messages to Guardian staff directly through the app, presenting a potential channel for news stories. To utilize this feature, tap on the three bars located at the bottom right of the Guardian app, scroll down to “More From the Guardian,” and select “Secure Messaging.” By saving a passphrase—consisting of randomly generated words—you can then create a secure channel for your messages. Sending a message to the Guardian operates similarly to ordinary app traffic, providing a layer of anonymity not found in traditional texting. Unlike conventional messages, secure messaging masks your activity on your device, making it appear as though you’re simply browsing the news.
For more detailed information about secure messaging, click here.
The autonomous Uber is set to hit the roads of London next year, following the government’s announcement that a trial for fully self-driving vehicles will commence in spring 2026.
For the first time in Europe, companies will be allowed to operate publicly, with human safety drivers permitted to oversee “bus-like” service pilots from the driver’s seat or onboard.
Uber is teaming up with UK tech company Wayve to trial taxis that can be booked through the app in the capital, marking a significant step in the largest European market.
A broader rollout of self-driving taxis, or Robotaxis, is anticipated after the full implementation of automated vehicle laws in late 2027.
The UK is accelerating its efforts, as unmanned taxis have already been established in numerous cities across San Francisco, USA, and China. Earlier this year, Uber launched its first unmanned taxi in Austin, Texas, in collaboration with Waymo. Meanwhile, Tesla also plans to introduce autonomous services for its competitors this month.
The Department of Transport (DfT) has stated that if the technology enhances road safety, it could generate 38,000 jobs and create a £42 billion industry by 2035.
Transport Secretary Heidi Alexander remarked: “The future of transportation is on the horizon. Self-driving cars can create jobs, attract investments, and provide opportunities for the UK to become a leader in new technology.”
“With road safety at the core of the pilot and the legislation, we are committed to taking bold steps to foster job creation, advance innovation, and facilitate transformative plans in the UK industry.”
The DfT emphasized that autonomous vehicles could enhance transport options for millions, especially by offering new public transport solutions in rural areas to those unable to drive.
Thanks to technology from Wayve and fellow UK company Oxa (formerly Oxbotica), self-driving vehicles have been under development for over a decade. However, during all road tests for cars and buses, safety drivers have been present to assume control if necessary.
The Automated Vehicle Act mandates that self-driving vehicles must be approved following thorough testing.
Our earlier commitment to launching Robotaxis in London has yet to realize. The unmanned bus service started in Edinburgh in 2023 has been halted due to a lack of ridership.
Nonetheless, automated taxi services in the U.S. are currently conducting hundreds of thousands of paid rides, although progress has not been without challenges. General Motors has abandoned its autonomous service plans after several incidents, including ones that led to severe injuries for pedestrians. Early indications, however, suggest that self-driving taxis are safer, and some users, particularly women, prefer to use unmanned services.
Wayve co-founder and CEO Alex Kendall stated that accelerated testing will position the UK as a leader in fully autonomous vehicles, adding, “These initial pilots will help establish public confidence and unlock new job opportunities, services, and markets.”
“We are excited about what the future holds,” said Gavin Jackson, CEO of Oxa. “Clear regulations will open up the market and encourage transport companies to embrace the advantages of self-driving cars across the nation. Today’s announcement signifies that the UK is prepared for this technology.”
In less than five years, you’ll have access to a Quantum SuperComputer without errors, according to IBM. The company has unveiled a roadmap for a machine named Starling, set to be available for academic and industrial researchers by 2029.
“These are scientific dreams that have been transformed into engineering achievements,” says Jay Gambetta at IBM. He mentions that he and his team have developed all the required components to make Starling a reality, giving them confidence in their ambitious timeline. The new systems will be based in a New York data center and are expected to aid in manufacturing novel chemicals and materials.
IBM has already constructed a fleet of quantum computers, yet the path to truly user-friendly devices remains challenging, with little competition in the field. Errors continue to thwart many efforts to utilize quantum effects for solving problems that typical supercomputers struggle with.
This underscores the necessity for a fault-tolerant quantum computer that can autonomously correct its mistakes. Such capabilities lead to larger, more powerful devices. There is no universal agreement on the optimal strategy to tackle these challenges, prompting the research team to explore various approaches.
All quantum computers depend on qubits, yet different groups create these essential units from light particles, extremely cold atoms, and in Starling’s case, superconducting qubits. IBM is banking on two innovations to enhance its robustness against significant errors.
First, Starling establishes new connections among its qubits, including those that are quite distant from one another. Each qubit is embedded within a chip, and researchers have innovated new hardware to link these components within a single chip and connect multiple chips together. This advancement enables Starling to be larger than its forerunners while allowing it to execute more complex programs.
According to Gambetta, Starling will employ tens of thousands of qubits, permitting 100 million quantum manipulations. Currently, the largest quantum computers house around 1,000 physical qubits, grouped into roughly 200 “logical qubits.” Within each logical qubit, several qubits function together as a single computational unit resilient to errors. The current record for logical qubits belongs to the Quantum Computing Company Quantinuum with a count of 50.
IBM is implementing a novel method for merging physical qubits into logical qubits via LDPC codes. This marks a significant shift from previous methods employed in other superconducting quantum computers. Gambetta notes that utilizing LDPC codes was once seen as a “pipe dream,” but his team has now realized crucial details to make it feasible.
The benefit of this somewhat unconventional technique is that each logical qubit created with an LDPC approach requires fewer physical qubits compared to competing strategies. Consequently, they are smaller and faster error correction becomes achievable.
“IBM has consistently set ambitious goals and accomplished significant milestones over the years,” states Stephen Bartlett from the University of Sydney. “They have achieved notable innovations and improvements in the last five years, and this represents a genuine breakthrough.” He points out that both the distant qubits and the new hardware for connecting the logical qubit codes deviate from the well-performing devices IBM previously developed, necessitating extensive testing. “It looks promising, but it also requires a leap of faith,” Bartlett adds.
Matthew Otten from the University of Wisconsin-Madison mentions that LDPC codes have only been seriously explored in recent years, and IBM’s roadmap clarifies how it functions. He emphasizes its importance as it helps researchers pinpoint potential bottlenecks and trade-offs. For example, he notes that Starling may operate slower than current superconducting quantum computers.
At its intended scale, the device could address challenges relevant to sectors such as pharmaceuticals. Here, simulations of small molecules or proteins on quantum computers like Starling could replace costly and cumbersome experimental steps in drug development, Otten explains.
IBM isn’t the only contender in the quantum computing sector planning significant advancements. For instance, Quantinuum and Psiquantum have also announced their intentions to develop fault-tolerant utility-scale machines by 2029 and 2027, respectively.
The designers behind Switch 2 contemplated naming the new console the Super Nintendo Switch. However, they decided against it, recalling that while one could play original Switch games, there was no backwards compatibility between the 1990s Super NES and the 1983 NES. After testing it over the weekend, the more fitting name seems to be Switch Pro, as it represents an evolution rather than a completely new generation—it’s a highly refined version of the original console.
The enhancements are most notable in the larger screen and more robust processor, but every component of the console boasts improved specifications. The larger Joy-Cons feel sturdier and more user-friendly, while the magnetic clip feature to attach them to the console adds a delightful touch. The user interface has also been upgraded, featuring subtle tactile feedback along with enjoyable sound effects.
The wait is over… Gamers are in line to purchase the Nintendo Switch 2 console this Thursday in New York City. Photo: Shaun Chen/AP
Transitioning back from the stunning Switch OLED model to a standard LCD screen takes some adjustment, yet the quality remains decent, and the larger display area makes a significant impact. I tried it with cinematic titles such as IO Interactive’s engaging assassination game: Signature Edition and Director’s Cuts for Yakuza 0—both delivered an epic experience in handheld mode, enhanced by the console’s impressive virtual surround sound. Keep in mind, however, that 4K at 60fps is not the standard.
In handheld mode, games typically run at resolutions ranging from 720 to 1080p, with 4K reserved for docked play; currently, only a handful of titles support 4K. For instance, Cyberpunk 2077 caps at 1080p with a 30fps performance mode. In short, visuals won’t compete with top-tier PS5 Pro or PC graphics—it’s more comparable to a PS4 than a PS5.
The setup is straightforward: power on the console, connect to the internet (via WiFi or the ethernet port on the dock), and download the necessary updates. If you own a Switch, you’ll have the option to place it nearby to transfer your user data and games. The entire process was smooth and took about an hour, but be cautious; skipping the transfer will prevent you from transferring games later on. Game sharing is possible with compatible games between Switch and Switch 2 users, and it’s also user-friendly for two households without their own copies. I tested the local multiplayer feature with Sega’s delightful Puyo Puyo Tetris—just select the Gameshare option from the game menu, and your friend picks the same on their Switch to connect and start playing seamlessly.
I’m curious to see how this feature holds up with more complex games and additional players. For example, Survival Kids allows game sharing across up to two other consoles. This could increase processing demands on the Switch 2, potentially affecting performance. However, as of now, I was impressed with how well it handled the party game Super Mario Party Jamboree.
Get ready… Mario Kart World is set for the Nintendo Switch 2. Photo: Nintendo
On another note, GameChat is a somewhat outdated option for in-game video chat, requiring you to connect through your smartphone for identity verification. You can purchase a Switch 2 camera (£50) or use an existing USB webcam. This feature could be a fun addition for close friends and family passionate about gaming together, though it remains to be seen if any upcoming titles will utilize it in innovative ways.
Additional costs should also be considered—if you want to play with more than two players, you may need another set of Joy-Cons. Replacement Pro Controllers are priced at £75. (I tested the Powera Advantage Pad, an officially licensed product that lacks rumble and only functions in docked mode, but it’s a robust alternative for £30 during Mario Kart sessions.) A subscription to Nintendo Switch Online is necessary for online play, currently £17.49, with the Nintendo Switch Online Expansion Pack costing £34.99/£59.99 annually. This provides access to both retro Nintendo titles and contemporary games, representing decent value compared to other gaming subscriptions, but it is another expense to factor in. Lastly, if you’re running low on space with the built-in 256GB, you might need a MicroSD Express card, which costs around £50, adding more to your total.
As for battery life, Nintendo promises between 2 to 6.5 hours. I played Mario Kart World and downloaded Hitman, testing features like GameShare and GameChat for approximately 3.5 hours, which felt satisfactory.
Should you consider purchasing? If you missed out on the original Switch, then the answer is a resounding yes—it’s the culmination of Nintendo’s efforts to create versatile hybrid handheld/home consoles with a diverse array of launch titles (currently, Mario Kart World stands as the lone must-have exclusive). For existing Switch owners, an upgrade is worthwhile, especially for the larger display, improved controller, and social features—if you have the available budget. Multiplayer gaming has been reinvigorated at home, with my sons enjoying Mario Kart sessions together in the living room.
One undeniable fact remains: you can’t play Nintendo titles anywhere else. No smartphones, PCs, Xbox, or PlayStation offer the experience of fully immersive games like Mario, Animal Crossing, Pokémon, and Zelda. It’s exciting to envision how these beloved experiences will evolve on a beautifully crafted machine equipped with innovative features. Perhaps the Nintendo design team was right to suggest it be called the Super Switch, but for the time being, the label Switch Pro seems fitting.
The Nintendo Switch 2 is now available for £395.99 in the UK, $699.95 in Australia, and $449.95 in the US.
Take a look behind the scenes of the BBC’s remarkable new series and discover a wealth of dinosaurs that will reshape our understanding of the prehistoric era.
Canine Companionship
We all wish for more quality time with our dogs. Biotech firms are currently exploring ways to enhance the healthy lifespan of our beloved pets… and possibly uncovering secrets to human longevity.
Building Self-Confidence
Confidence is all about self-assurance. Psychologists believe this is a skill we can cultivate, often simpler than we think. Neuroscience suggests various methods to enhance your self-belief.
Cholesterol Reduction
Is it possible to lower cholesterol without statins? Research indicates that we can improve our cholesterol levels with some straightforward dietary adjustments.
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Life at the World’s End:The challenges faced by scientists working in Antarctica extend beyond harsh conditions and extreme isolation; they must also navigate the potential hazards they pose to one another. We provide a glimpse into life at one of the globe’s most remote research facilities.
AI as Therapist:While people utilize AI chatbots as mental health supporters, how dependable is the assistance offered by artificial intelligence? We consulted a licensed therapist for insights.
Q&A:Your queries addressed! This month: Why do emotions manifest in various body parts? Are receipts truly coated with chemicals? What scent does a mummy emit? How does background radiation impact particle detectors? What is the average weight of a human body? Are negative calorie foods a reality? Do different ocean tides influence one another? And much more…
Issue 420 Available for Purchase on Tuesday, June 10th, 2025
I When my sons rushed over to me a few hours after the game, I recognized that there might be challenges with the Mario Kart universe in our home. Slightly concerned, I examined my thumb and noticed it had indeed been battered by the chaotic fun of the tournament. Playing Mario Kart online is now an option—even during video chats—but it doesn’t replicate the experience of playing alongside friends on the couch. This game has the potential to revive living room multiplayer for countless families.
It’s been a long time since 1992 when Mario and his friends started racing around the whimsical Wonder Circuit. This series has been a consistent companion throughout my life, one that everyone enjoys playing with me. I found myself embroiled in a multi-month match battle with my brother and a gamer friend. I witnessed a stranger joyfully playing it endlessly during the gaming night at the pub I managed. I raced in and out of the game over the long evening with a large group of friends. I’ve played it with nearly every person I’ve dated. Mario Kart World accommodates all these play styles and more. Highly competitive.
The Mario Kart world is vibrant with split-screen multiplayer as per usual, and the online features are extensive. Photo: Nintendo
The course offerings resemble a true Disneyland, featuring ice palaces, jungle safaris, dinosaur parks, ski slopes, and a spaceport themed after the 1983 arcade version of Donkey Kong. Some courses feel like classic Mario Kart tracks with clever turns and shortcuts designed for power sliding and boosting in the traditional style. Others take you on broader, more scenic journeys. All tracks link to additional courses, allowing you to traverse hotspots on a vast, interconnected map—from the seaside to Bowser Castle and up volcanic mountains.
Outside of racing, you can freely roam off-road or along the water, searching for hidden coins and challenges. You’ll encounter tricky courses across lava fields, unconventional routes through the air with seaplane wings, and timed coin-collecting adventures. This world might not be as densely populated and visually stunning as Forza Horizon, but it’s a delightful space to explore with friends, discovering quaint, picturesque spots together. The visual elements evoke the essence of group excursions—think Polaroid snapshots, local shop stickers, and favorite foods. It’s unfortunate that Free-Roam is limited to online play; two or more players using the same console can race together but cannot explore as a group.
Speaking of exploration, you can make your Mario Kart session feel like a tournament. If desired, you can time your laps and compete to identify the optimal lines on specific courses. However, it seems developers aim for an exploratory experience instead. The Grand Prix Competition ties together courses, allowing you to create routes across this little continent and witness all its sights. Racing with 24 players along an expansive route feels less like a race and more like a chaotic road trip. This atmosphere is reminiscent of a knockout tournament—a Fortnite-style elimination race where you can go from 1st to 14th place in seconds, getting knocked out frequently.
Yet, the most significant shift isn’t the setting but the movement mechanics. You can charge boost jumps, grind along rails across more intricate courses, ride on walls, and discover chain shortcuts. This required me to rewire my muscle memory built over years of drifting and boosting. In my initial days with Mario Kart World, I faced the humbling reality that I might actually be bad after all these years. However, once you master it, the gameplay feels revitalized, adding a hint of Tony Hawk-level skill, even for those of us who have been karting for ages.
The new visuals of Mario Kart World revitalize Donkey Kong for a new generation. Photo: Nintendo
The character roster is extensive and whimsical. Cows, dolphins, and a freshly designed Donkey Kong can race on the Hilaring Wheel in the Hilaring Rally. (Nintendo’s iconic apes now look as though they’ve been inspired by a recent Mario movie.) Every time I perform my tricks, I lightly bounce in the air. Now I realize he’s not irritated; he’s just older. It’s hard not to chuckle at Bowser donning full biker leather, echoing his copycat Harley persona.
With a variety of motion-controlled steering and auto-acceleration options, the game offers multiple assist settings for newer players. My 8-year-old could play without assistance, while my 5-year-old managed with some help. It truly feels like an exemplary welcoming title, embodying a blend of diverse philosophies of fun that coexist harmoniously. The Switch 2 itself seems more like a suave upgrade than a completely new console, showcasing Nintendo’s talent for reinvention.
hSamsung aims for a sleeker, lighter design with the specialized edge version of the premium Galaxy S25 Android.
The S25 edge measures 5.8mm in thickness, making it remarkably thin—if you disregard the camera bump, it is a whole 1.5mm slimmer than its S25+ counterparts, equating to roughly the thickness of a stack of seven credit cards. Its weight of just 168g adds to the illusion of slimness, making it feel lighter than the specifications may imply.
The ultra-thin model sits between the £999 S25+ and the £1,249 S25 Ultra, being around £100 pricier compared to other 6.7-inch models from Samsung.
Despite its ultra-slim build, the S25 edge maintains a similar appearance to other prominent Samsung models on the screen side. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The expansive, high-quality 6.7-inch OLED display is vibrant, sharp, and fluid, featuring a quick fingerprint scanner integrated into the screen. The lightweight design allows for comfortable handling, though using it typically requires both hands. Adding a case can eliminate the slimness advantage, making it advisable to use it without one.
The device shares many traits with the other Samsung models, powered by Qualcomm’s top-tier Snapdragon 8 Elite chipset, ample RAM, and a minimum of 256GB storage. It swiftly navigates through apps and games, thanks to Samsung’s Android 15 (One UI 7), which offers numerous customization options, though some default settings mirror Apple’s iOS more closely than one might expect.
Packed with advanced AI tools from Google and Samsung, some features, like image editing, shine, while others can be overlooked. The notification bar and live notifications displaying ongoing tasks, such as playing music via Spotify, prove to be extremely handy, appearing prominently on lock and home screens.
Samsung will extend software updates for the Edge until May 31, 2032, ranking it among the longest-supported mobile devices on the market.
The camera array protrudes from the back of the S25 edge, increasing the overall thickness of the device. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Specifications
Screen: 6.7-inch QHD+ Dynamic AMOLED 2X 120Hz
Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Galaxy Elite
RAM: 12GB
Storage: 256 or 512GB
Operating System: One UI 7 (Android 15)
Camera: 200MP + 12MP 0.6x; 12MP front
Connectivity: 5G, USB-C, WiFi 7, NFC, Bluetooth 5.4, UWB, GNSS
Water Resistance: IP68 (1.5m for 30 minutes)
Size: 158.2 x 75.6 x 5.8mm
Weight: 163g
Charging the S25 Edge to full takes about 80 minutes, reaching 50% in just 26 minutes with a USB-C power adapter of 25W or more (not included). Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The Edge’s remarkably thin form comes with certain compromises, the most notable being its smaller battery, which has a capacity slightly less than that of the regular S25. Consequently, the Edge’s battery life is somewhat short for a large device. It can last about a day and a half with light usage, meaning daily monitoring is advisable, though it falls behind the S25 Ultra by approximately a day.
Additionally, it may run warmer than other Samsung devices during gaming sessions, potentially affecting battery performance when playing demanding titles like Fortnite.
Camera
The Samsung Camera App is user-friendly, and the lightweight S25 edge facilitates one-handed photography. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Another significant trade-off for the slim design is in the camera setup. The rear features only two cameras, lacking the telephoto sensor found in the other S25 series models.
The primary camera is a stellar 200 megapixel unit closely resembling the one on the S25 Ultra. It offers superior performance compared to the 50MP main sensors of the S25 and S25+, capturing excellent images across various conditions, and compensating for the absence of a dedicated telephoto sensor with its capable digital zoom. The 12MP Ultra Wide Camera is robust and suitable for close-up shots, complemented by a commendable selfie camera.
The camera app features the same extensive mode array as other S25 variants, delivering impressive video quality and ease of use. Overall, the main camera stands out excellently; if you don’t require true zoom capabilities, it may well suffice for your imaging needs.
Sustainability
The titanium chassis and hardened glass exude sturdiness despite the phone’s considerable dimensions. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
While Samsung does not specify the battery’s expected lifespan, it is designed to endure more than 500 full charge cycles while retaining at least 80% of its original capacity.
The device is generally repairable; screen replacement at an authorized service center costs £259 and includes battery replacement. Samsung also offers a self-healing program.
The phone integrates recycled materials, and Samsung runs a trade-in, recycling scheme for older devices. The company publishes annual sustainability reports and impact assessments for select products.
Price
The Samsung Galaxy S25 Edge is priced from £1,099 (€1,259/$1,099/A$1,849).
In comparison, the Galaxy S25 Ultra is £1,249, the S25+ is £999, and the S25 is £799. Google’s Pixel 9 Pro XL is priced at £799, OnePlus 13 at £899, while Apple’s iPhone 16 Plus is also £899.
Despite its lightweight and design, the S25 Edge remains a large device, challenging to maneuver with one hand without grips or handles. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Verdict
The S25 Edge represents a fascinating direction for Samsung. Many users might wish for slimmer, longer-lasting devices with better cameras. Most tend to use cases, quickly negating slight differences in thickness that premium models boast.
However, using the Edge brought attention to just how bulky modern large phones can feel. It offers a remarkably light experience, whether cradled in hand or stashed in a pocket, all while featuring a substantial high-resolution display. The battery life isn’t stellar, but it isn’t a complete dealbreaker for extended days of typical use.
While the main camera performs admirably, the absence of a versatile telephoto lens may disappoint some users. I felt its lack. Additionally, while the titanium frame seems robust, subjecting it to stress tests is something I wouldn’t recommend if it’s placed in my back pocket.
The S25 Edge boasts high-quality hardware. If you’re seeking a lighter, thinner phone with a larger display, this could be your pick. However, for those who prioritize other features, better alternatives from Samsung and competitors abound at this price point.
Pros: Stunning large display, ultra-lightweight design, exceptionally thin, outstanding main camera, quick fingerprint reader, superb software with 7 years of support, high-end Android chipset, and advanced AI features.
Cons: Lacks telephoto lens, relatively short battery life, premium price, and its benefits diminish with a case.
Modern machine learning technology has demonstrated the ability to visualize our dreams. But what if you wish to take it a step further and share your dreams?
At present, we are capable of interpreting brain signals to obtain a vague understanding of imaginary scenes and overarching concepts, yet there is no method for transferring these ideas from one brain to another. Perhaps this is for the best. Many might feel uneasy at the thought of a computer implanting ideas into our minds while we sleep.
Our current means of communication rely on our sensory capabilities. Words that are whispered into your ears during sleep could serve as a method to convey information between two sleeping individuals. However, how can people communicate while asleep? The answer is more complicated than it seems.
Individuals who talk in their sleep (referred to as Somniloquists) often do so as a result of stress, and their peculiar utterances are not within their conscious control. Moreover, our capacity to hear while asleep is limited; sounds during sleep can disrupt it, causing both stress and dreams to the sleeper.
Yet, there is a particular dream that may be beneficial: the Akaid Dream. This unique type of dream allows the dreamer to recognize that they are still asleep. With some practice and various techniques, this can be guided.
In this state, could two dreamers actually communicate?
They employed external stimuli to aid one sleeper in transitioning to a lucid dreaming state. The sleeper then conveyed a message through earphones, which was recorded by a computer as the lucid dreamer repeated the words in their sleep.
Eight minutes later, the message was played back to the second lucid dreamer, who confirmed hearing the words upon waking. While this may not serve a practical purpose in our current state, it did represent a form of communication within a dream.
There is, however, another type of shared thought that might prove more useful.
Researchers are currently demonstrating that individuals who work closely together begin to synchronize their brain waves. This phenomenon can occur in situations where musicians are tightly synchronized or in social groups where a strong connection is felt.
Inter-brain synchronization is observable through precise “hypersensitivity” with an electroencephalography (EEG) scanner that tracks brain waves. These can originate from theta waves (produced when we are deeply relaxed), alpha waves (when we are calm), or beta waves (when we are focused and active).
When these brain waves, particularly beta waves, synchronize among two or more individuals, they often collaborate more effectively, show enhanced empathy, and even display a reduced sensitivity to pain. Teams with synchronized neural activity typically perform better overall.
The best part is that no artificial intelligence or brain scanners are required!
To cultivate neural synchronization among those who wish to share experiences: engage in activities like listening to music together, dancing, collaborating, solving problems, or simply conversing. This sort of spiritual connection is available to us for free and brings substantial benefits.
This article responds to the question posed by Idris Wise via email: “Can you communicate in a dream?”
Feel free to email us your questionsat Question @sciencefocus.com or send a message throughFacebook,Twitter orInstagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).
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Antimatter particles are fundamentally similar to their normal matter counterparts, differing primarily in their opposite charges and momentum.
Although extremely rare, physicists routinely generate antiparticles using particle accelerators. Additionally, anti-Dutters occur naturally in high-energy processes near the event horizons of black holes.
The question of how and why the universe is predominantly made up of normal matter remains unresolved.
Creating antimatter is a complex and costly endeavor. The European Institute of Particle Physics (CERN) plays a crucial role in this process. Using an anti-proton decelerator, a proton beam strikes a metal target, resulting in the generation of anti-protons.
However, this process only yields tens of thousands of particles.
One of the significant challenges with antimatter is that when it interacts with normal matter, it vanishes instantly, releasing energy. Therefore, the task of preventing its annihilation and storing it long-term poses a substantial technical hurdle.
Nonetheless, CERN engineers are working on methods to store and transport small amounts of anti-protons.
The challenge with antimatter is that it completely disappears upon contact with normal matter, releasing energy. – Image credits: Getty Images
To achieve this, researchers cool anti-protons to approximately -269ºC (-452.2°F) to nearly halt their motion. They then contain them in a high-vacuum enclosure to avoid contact with normal matter, using superconducting magnets to trap them.
This process must be managed while maintaining the capability to extract particles and introduce new ones into the enclosure.
Despite these challenges, CERN aims to develop “traps” capable of storing billions of anti-protons simultaneously. Recent techniques have been validated by transporting regular matter across the Swiss CERN facility.
With advancements in vacuum systems, antimatter storage and transport may soon become routine activities in the upcoming year.
This article addresses the question posed by Leighton Haas of Hamburg: “How is antimatter preserved?”
We welcome your inquiries! You can email us at Question @sciencefocus.com or reach us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. Please include your name and location.
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The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured a stunning new image of IC 758, a spiral galaxy located within the constellation Ursa Major.
This Hubble image depicts IC 758, a barred spiral galaxy located roughly 60 million light years from Earth in the Ursa Major constellation. The colorful image is based on observations from Hubble’s advanced cameras used for the Investigation of the Near-Infrared and Optical Parts (ACS). Two filters were utilized to capture different wavelengths, with colors assigned by applying distinct hues to each monochromatic image linked to an individual filter. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/C. Kilpatrick.
IC 758, located about 60 million light years from our planet in the constellation Ursa Major, is also known as Leda 38173 or UGC 7056.
This galaxy was discovered by the American astronomer Lewis Swift on April 17, 1888.
IC 758 is a member of the NGC 4036 Galaxy Group (also referred to as LGG 266), which encompasses more than 10 galaxies.
“In this captivating Hubble image taken in 2023, IC 758 appears serene, with its gentle blue spiral arm gracefully curving around its prominent Barred Center,” remarked a Hubble astronomer.
“However, in 1999, astronomers detected a significant event in this galaxy: the supernova SN 1999bg.”
“SN 1999BG marked the explosive conclusion of a star much larger than our sun.”
“We are still uncertain about the mass of this star before its explosion,” they added.
“Utilizing these Hubble observations, we can determine the mass of the nearby stars in SN 1999BG, aiding in the estimation of the supernova’s progenitor.”
“Hubble’s data might also provide insights into whether the precursor star of SN 1999BG has a companion.”
“A supernova signifies more than just the end of a single star; it is a formidable force that can influence its surroundings,” the astronomer noted.
“When a massive star collapses and triggers a supernova, its outer layers rebound from the diminishing core.”
“This explosion disrupts the interstellar medium of gases and dust from which new stars are born.”
“This upheaval may lead to the formation of new stars by scattering and heating adjacent gas clouds or compressing them to generate new stars.”
“The expelled outer layers also contribute to the materials needed for new star formation.”
Diamantinasaurus Mathilde, which existed approximately 94 million years ago during the mid-Cretaceous period, primarily consumed conifers, ferns, flowering plants, and utilized intestinal microorganisms for digestion almost entirely. You can learn more about it at the Winton Formation in Queensland, Australia.
Artist’s impression of Diamantinasaurus Mathilde (Judy). Image credit: Travis Tischler.
Understanding dinosaur diets is essential for grasping their paleontology and their roles in Mesozoic ecosystems.
Nevertheless, while many non-avian dinosaurs are interpreted as herbivores based on their anatomy, only a few fossils provide tangible evidence in the form of coprolites (fossilized intestinal contents).
Out of the thousands of herbivorous non-avian dinosaur specimens identified globally, only three have shown likely or atypical gut contents, all of which belong to armored theropod dinosaurs preserved in marine layers.
Other herbivorous non-avian dinosaur specimens with fossilized gut contents include hadrosaurid ornithopods found in river environments.
Thus, the intestinal contents of sauropod dinosaurs—arguably the most ecologically significant large terrestrial herbivores during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods—remain largely unexplored due to their immense size.
“Since the 19th century, paleontologists have universally classified sauropods as herbivores,” stated Dr. Stephen Polopat, deputy director of the Western Australian Centre for Organic and Isotope Geochemistry at Curtin University.
“However, the specific plants they consumed and the heights from which they fed remained largely unknown until now.”
Dr. Polopat and his team examined the fossilized intestines of a specimen of Diamantinasaurus Mathilde informally referred to as Judy.
This fossil was discovered at a site near Winton and excavated in 2017 by museum staff and citizen scientists at the Australian Dinosaurs’ Museum of Natural History.
Among Judy’s stomach contents, paleontologists identified pinus and bracts from tall coniferous trees, as well as leaves and fruits originating from small seeds and flowering plants.
Diamantinasaurus Mathilde skeleton with intestinal contents. Image credits: Polopat et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.053.
“The findings indicated that sauropods consumed a variety of plants from different levels above the ground, contributing to their long-term survival and adaptability,” Dr. Polopat remarked.
“The stomach contents we analyzed belonged to a 12-meter-long sub-adult sauropod.”
“Our research shows that several types of sub-adult sauropods could feed at varying heights and adapt to diverse climatic, environmental, and vegetation changes during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.”
“We also verified that sauropods exhibited bulk-feeding, similar to methods utilized by herbivorous reptiles and birds today.”
“This implies they did not chew their food but swallowed it whole, allowing their digestive systems to process it completely.”
“Any meal would have lingered in their gastrointestinal tracts for as long as two weeks before being excreted.”
“Finally, the ability to observe sauropod stomach contents for the first time corroborated prior hypotheses regarding their dietary behavior.”
“Sauropods were remarkable creatures that roamed the planet for over 130 million years. Understanding their dietary patterns is crucial for comprehending their impact on the Earth’s ecosystem, particularly concerning plants and other herbivorous species.”
“Further research is necessary, and ideally, we aim to discover additional sauropod fossils containing stomach contents to ascertain whether their feeding habits evolved as they matured, especially regarding their consumption of growing plants.”
Professor Kliti Grice, founder of Curtin University’s Western Australian Centre for Organic and Isotope Geochemistry, expressed:
“Utilizing advanced organic geochemical methods, we confirmed the existence of both angiosperms and growth structures within the diet of this sauropod.”
The team’s research paper is published in the journal Current Biology.
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Stephen F. Polopat et al. 2025. The contents of the fossilized intestine reveal the feeding habits of sauropod dinosaurs. Current Biology 35 (11): 2597-2613; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.053
It seems that major tech companies in China have disabled certain AI functionalities to combat fraud during the intense university entrance exams.
More than 13.3 million students are participating in the four-day Gakao exam, which kicked off on Saturday and plays a crucial role in determining students’ opportunities for university admission.
This year, students seeking assistance from advanced AI tools are facing obstacles.
Parents photographing students as they enter the exam venue. Photo: Adek Berry/AFP/Getty Images
In a shared screenshot, a Chinese user uploaded a photo of the exam questions on Doubao, an app owned by Bytedance, the parent company of TikTok. The app replied that “the use of questions will be suspended during university entrance exams as per related requirements.”
When a user attempted to clarify that “this is not a university entrance exam,” the app repeated the same response.
Another screenshot showed that Deepseek, a newly introduced generative AI tool in China this year, informed users that its service is unavailable during specific hours “to ensure fairness in university entrance exams.”
Yuanbao, developed by the tech giant Tencent, along with Alibaba’s Qwen and Moonshot’s Kimi, also disabled the photo recognition feature throughout the exam period. As reported by Bloomberg.
Students participating in the Pep Rally countdown for 100 days to the Gakao test. Photo: VCG/Getty Images
The Guardian reached out to the affiliated companies for comments, but none provided a public statement regarding the disablement of features. The suspension seems to have been primarily noted by university students who were denied access to tools that facilitate research and problem-solving.
“Choosing for the university entrance exam, you’re all failures,” expressed one exasperated user on Weibo. “You cannot upload photos using DeepSeek. You’ll have to reinstall ChatGPT. I hope all of you end up at Community College.”
The AI suspension is not the only measure taken to prevent fraud during the Gakao exam week, which can significantly influence students’ futures. Several regions have previously communicated their intentions to implement AI monitoring tools to track “abnormal behavior.” Reports of whispers and furtive glances reveal that students are currently under scrutiny during exams.
High school students from Handan in Hebei Province working through their exam papers. Photo: AFP/Getty Images
For instance, Jiangxi province has stated that they will review footage after the exams, and any violations or misconduct will be “treated strictly in accordance with relevant regulations,” as reported by Global Times.
Recently, Chinese authorities announced enhanced measures at test centers, including biometric identification, increased scrutiny of digital devices, and stricter entry checks using signal blockers.
This highlights the seriousness of the Gakao exams in Chinese society, as several cities have even postponed public events, deferred work start times, and created special traffic lanes to ensure students reach their exam locations promptly.
Paleontologists have identified a new genus and species of Gnathosaurine Pterosaur named Spathagnathus roeperi from a fossilized specimen discovered in the Solnhofen limestone of southern Germany.
Artistic reconstruction of Spathagnathus roeperi. Image credit: Alessio Ciaffi.
Spathagnathus roeperi lived in the Solnhofen Archipelago during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 150 million years ago.
“The Solnhofen limestone in southern Germany is renowned as one of the most productive fossil sites ever discovered,” states Dr. Alexandra Fernandez, a museum colleague and co-researcher at the Associate Historians Museum at the Statzmurung für Paläontologie und Geologie in Bayern.
“The regions and layers found between Solnhofen and Regensburg have been explored for over 200 years and have produced exceptional specimens, offering unique insights into the paleoenvironment of the subtropical shallow seas.”
“The rich paleobiotic diversity of fauna in the Solnhofen area is attributed to its original sedimentary environment, located in a depression within a shallow marine reef on the north coast of the Thetis Sea, which has been referred to in recent literature as the Solnhofen Archipelago fossil community.”
Fragments of Spathagnathus roeperi were uncovered during a systematic excavation at the Blanc Quarry near Regensburg, Germany.
“The Blanc area represents the oldest section of the Solnhofen complex, and only one Pterosaur has ever been documented from this region,” the paleontologist noted.
Based on their phylogenetic analysis, Spathagnathus roeperi is categorized within Gnathosaurinae, a small subgroup of the Pterosaur family Ctenochasmatidae.
This newly identified flying reptile is also a sister species to the ctenochasmatid pterosaur Tacuadactylus luciae from Uruguay.
“The limestone of Solnhofen is rich in late Jurassic fossil vertebrates, and Pterosaurs are no exception,” the researchers concluded.
“Within this extensive collection, while Ctenochasmatid remains are relatively abundant, Gnathosaurines are quite rare.”
Spathagnathus roeperi marks the earliest representation of Gnathosaurine and extends the paleoenvironmental stratigraphic range of Gnathosaurinae within the broader fossil community of the Solnhofen Islands.
“Additionally, this new species contributes to the known diversity of ctenochasmatids from the late Jurassic, emphasizing the significance of this early radiation within the pterosaur lineage during this period,” the scientists concluded.
Their paper was published this month in the journal Palz.
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AE Fernandez et al. A new species and early appearance of Gnathosaurinae (Pterosauria) from the late Kimmeridgian of Brun, Germany. Palz, published online on June 6th, 2025. doi:10.1007/s12542-025-00725-0
Campaigners for internet safety are calling on the UK Communications Regulator to restrict the application of artificial intelligence in essential risk assessments, following reports that Meta, founded by Mark Zuckerberg, intends to automate these checks.
Ofcom stated that it would “consider the concerns” outlined in the letters from campaigners, as highlighted in last month’s report, which indicated that up to 90% of all risk assessments for the owners of Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp would be conducted by AI.
Social media platforms are crucial in assessing how harm manifests on their services and how they can alleviate potential dangers, particularly regarding the protection of child users and the prevention of illegal content, in accordance with the UK’s online safety legislation. The risk assessment process is deemed a vital element of this law.
In correspondence addressed to Ofcom’s CEO, Melanie Dawes, organizations like the Molly Rose Foundation, NSPCC, and Internet Watch Foundation criticized the prospect of AI-led risk assessments as “a backward and bewildering move.”
They urged, “We recommend advocating publicly that risk assessments are rarely seen as ‘appropriate and sufficient.’
The letter also called on the watchdog to “confront the belief that the platform can opt to bypass the risk assessment process.”
A spokesperson from Ofcom remarked, “Who has completed, reviewed, or approved the risk assessment? We are taking the concerns raised in this letter into account and will respond in due course.”
Mehta commented that the letter misrepresented the company’s safety strategies, which focus on high standards and adherence to regulations.
A Meta spokesperson stated, “We have not relied on AI for making decisions regarding risk. Our specialists have developed tools that assist teams in determining when legal and policy obligations pertain to a specific product. We have enhanced our capability to manage harmful content with human-supervised technology, leading to significantly better safety outcomes.”
The Molly Rose Foundation initiated the letter after a report by US broadcaster NPR last month indicated that Meta’s algorithms and updated safety features had been predominantly approved by AI systems, bypassing human oversight.
An unnamed former Meta executive told NPR that this shift would enable companies to roll out app updates and features more rapidly on Facebook, Instagram, and WhatsApp; however, it raises concerns regarding the prevention of potential issues prior to the launch of new products, resulting in “increased risks” for users.
NPR also noted that Meta is exploring the possibility of automating reviews in sensitive areas, particularly concerning risks to young users and addressing the spread of misinformation.
jA few days after Nintendo launched its long-awaited Switch successor, Microsoft introduced its own long-term handheld console, the Xbox Ally. This announcement is significant not only due to Xbox’s collaboration with gamers from the High-end PC Specialist Republic for branding, but also because it boasts top-tier hardware. It’s apparent that the Xbox Ally X, one of two models slated for release before Christmas, was revealed just hours prior at the Xbox Showcase on June 8th, positioning itself as a serious competitor to both the Switch 2 and Valve’s Steam Decks.
The Xbox Ally emerges from the collaboration of four major tech companies—Windows, Xbox, AMD, and Asus—marking it as their flagship product. Both the Xbox Ally and Ally X models feature a 7-inch 1080p touchscreen, with the Ally X equipped with 16GB of RAM and the Ally featuring 24GB of RAM, each model offering options of 512GB or 1TB SSD storage. Powered by a Ryzen Z2 chip, the Ally X includes an AI Z2 chip that integrates the AI processor directly into silicon. According to Roanne Sones, head of gaming devices at Microsoft, this integration allows players to “utilize the AI experience without compromising GPU performance.” Although both devices run Windows, the interface has been optimized for gaming.
“I’m not running a Windows desktop,” stated Jason Beaumont, Xbox’s VP of experience. “It’s not about simply playing video games; it’s not bogged down by icons, taskbars, or unnecessary components. It conserves resources and allocates them to enhance performance for gaming.”
Players can access their game library using a dedicated Library button on the device, along with a new Xbox button that functions similarly to the one on the console controller. This library encompasses PC games from Xbox and other platforms, allowing seamless streaming from existing Xbox consoles if owned. With an Xbox Game Pass subscription, hundreds of games become instantly playable on the Ally devices.
ROG Xbox Ally X. Photo: rog
During a Microsoft presentation in Los Angeles, I held the Xbox Ally X with my right hand. Although my hands are small, I found it to be sizable (and heavier than the Switch 2), yet still manageable. As someone who favors the ergonomics of Xbox controllers over the PlayStation DualSense, I appreciated the asymmetrical joysticks and the layout that mirrors the Xbox pad.
Upon launching the Xbox Ally X, it immediately presents a homepage reflecting your recently played Xbox games, similar to the console interface. I was prompted to play Gears of War: Reloaded. As a huge Gears fan, experiencing remastered versions of games I hadn’t played in nearly 20 years while holding the console in my hands was surreal.
Muscle memory kicked in right away: I pressed A to move Marcus towards the wall and reload the weapon quickly by timing my R1 button press. Gears of War: Reloaded was selected somewhat unexpectedly, revealing a brief overview video featuring insights from Microsoft, Windows, Asus, and AMD executives. One noted that the Xbox Ally X’s power and capabilities were unimaginable just three years ago.
Perhaps influenced by external economic factors, Microsoft may have hesitated to disclose its full potential during this timeframe. Nevertheless, the design, functionality, and features of the ROG Xbox Ally position it as an excellent choice for anyone seeking access to both Xbox and third-party games in a portable format.
Pricing is a significant consideration. Even budget-friendly handheld consoles may surpass the cost of Nintendo’s new Switch 2. However, for someone who hasn’t invested in Nintendo titles and has previously gifted Steam Decks, the ROG Xbox Ally offers a tempting opportunity to regularly pick up and play.
Artistic depiction of Diamantinasaurus matildae, a 94 million-year-old sauropod dinosaur
Travis Tischler
The study of fossilized intestinal contents belonging to sauropod dinosaurs marks the first significant finding that confirms the largest terrestrial animals were high-fiber herbivores with minimal chewing behavior.
The specimen, known as Judy of the Diamantinasaurus matildae, was discovered in May 2017 in Winton, Queensland, Australia.
Shortly after Judy’s death around 94 to 100 million years ago, scavengers disturbed her remains; however, most of her body remained intact, including a calcified patch of skin. Notably, her preserved intestinal contents revealed a diverse range of plant matter.
Previously, paleontologists inferred the vegetarian diet of sauropods mainly from their skull and jaw structures, but lacked direct evidence regarding their dietary habits.
“It’s impressive to see Judy, as she may not conform to the typical characteristics we expect of other sauropods,” stated Stephen Polopat, part of the excavation and analysis team from Curtin University in Perth, Australia.
Measuring approximately 11 meters long with a 4-meter neck and a 3.3-meter tail, Judy was likely still a juvenile when she died. Her skin and intestinal samples will be displayed at the Australian-era Dinosaur Museum in Winton starting June 9.
“This gives us a clearer understanding of Judy’s overall size and form, aspects that previous Australian sauropod fossils have not illustrated,” he pointed out.
Polopat noted that her belly was “full” of plant material, emphasizing that it appeared the plants were simply ingested without much processing. “It’s not a matter of bloating in the mouth; it’s a case of cut and swallow.”
He suggested that the substantial plant matter present in Judy’s digestive tract likely facilitated the release of significant methane by the massive creature.
“Uncovering tangible evidence of extinct species like giant dinosaurs is always thrilling,” remarked John Long, who was not affiliated with the study, from Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia. “If all we had was a panda bear skull, we might assume their diet is similar to other bears’ — not solely bamboo.”
“Speculation has been common regarding these titanic beings’ plant-based diets. Now we know they consumed a variety of vegetation from various levels, including both ground and tree branches,” Long concluded.
This fall, all civil servants in England and Wales will undergo practical training focused on utilizing artificial intelligence to enhance efficiency, according to reports from the Guardian.
More than 400,000 civil servants will be briefed on this training initiative on Monday afternoon, as part of a commitment by Prime Minister Pat McFadden of the Principality of Lancaster to assess civil service operations and boost productivity.
Concurrently, the civil service workforce will decrease by tens of thousands through voluntary redundancies and a decision not to fill retiree vacancies. Officials will be encouraged to leverage AI technology wherever feasible to optimize their tasks.
Staff are currently testing a suite of AI tools known as Humphrey, a nod to the senior official from the 1980s TV sitcom.
In March, it was proclaimed that officials should follow the principle that “Digital or AI must not invest significant time in tasks that can be performed with improved speed and quality.”
The forthcoming practical training this fall aims to equip civil servants with AI knowledge to minimize the time spent on routine activities.
A recent AI trial by the Scottish government employed Humphrey tools to analyze consultations on cosmetic surgery adjustments, yielding results comparable to human output but at a faster pace.
While broader developments remain undecided, the government has indicated that over 500 annual consultations using this tool could save staff around 75,000 days of analysis each year.
The Ministry of Labor and Pensions is also utilizing AI to process extensive communications, which previously took weeks. This will assist in identifying recipients of merit or pension who may be vulnerable and require immediate support.
In a communication to all employees, Cabinet Secretary Chris Wormaldo expressed pride in civil servants’ continual adaptability to new challenges.
He stated: “The Prime Minister has issued a significant challenge in fostering a productive and agile state.”
He added: “We must seize the opportunities presented by artificial intelligence and other technological advancements, continuously modernizing our processes.”
The training is orchestrated via the One Big Thing initiative, which emphasizes various crucial skills each year.
The government is swiftly adopting AI in Whitehall; however, some have raised concerns regarding the potential introduction or exacerbation of errors and biases in the absence of proper human oversight. The Guardian highlighted in December that the AI system utilized by the UK government to identify welfare fraud exhibited bias based on age, disability, marital status, and nationality.
A new batch of Starlink satellites deployed via Falcon 9 Rocket
SpaceX
Astronomers have raised concerns that SpaceX’s Starlink satellites emit radio waves that may jeopardize their ability to observe and comprehend the early universe.
With thousands of Starlink satellites in orbit offering worldwide internet coverage, astronomers worry that radio emissions from these satellites could interfere with sensitive telescopes monitoring distant and faint radio waves. Although SpaceX has collaborated with astronomers to minimize this disruption by disabling transmission beams while passing over significant telescopes, these measures seem insufficient.
Steven Tingay from Curtin University, Australia, along with his team, is currently tracking signals from nearly 2,000 Starlink satellites using prototype telescopes at the Square Kilometer Array-low Observatory (SKA-low). This future network of over 100,000 interconnected telescopes is designed to investigate the early universe, but researchers have found that Starlink signals could jeopardize their goals by affecting a third of the data gathered at numerous frequencies.
Additionally, they found that the satellites transmit signals in two frequency bands protected for radio astronomy by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), which should not be utilized for Starlink transmissions. Yet, these satellite emissions are deemed unintentional. The leaked signals are 10,000 times stronger than the faint radio emissions from the neutral hydrogen clouds that existed when the first stars began to form, and which astronomers wish to study to decode the early universe.
“The signal strength from these unintended emissions can rival some of the brightest natural radio sources in the sky,” Tingay explains. “It’s akin to taking the strongest sauces in the sky, adding even more artificial ones, and causing significant interference, especially in experiments that target super sensitivity.”
Tingay suggests that the emissions likely arise from onboard electronics inadvertently transmitting signals through satellite antennas. He notes that while such leaks are not technically illegal, as ITU regulations only cover intentional emissions, the discourse about how to regulate these types of emissions is starting at the ITU, which has withheld comment.
Dylan Grigg, another researcher from Curtin University, emphasizes, “The optimal approach to mitigate these unintended emissions is for satellites to either reduce or eliminate them. From the operator’s perspective, it’s beneficial that there are existing mitigation strategies in satellites, which SpaceX has already implemented for optical astronomy.” Starlink has adjusted its satellites to minimize light reflection to reduce visual interference.
A spokesperson for SKA-LOW remarked, “These findings align with our previous studies, but additional research is necessary to fully grasp the impact on low-frequency observations.”
Grigg and Tingay have shared their findings with SpaceX, stating that the company is open to discussions on strategies to decrease emissions. SpaceX has not commented on the matter.
If SpaceX cannot devise a solution, researchers may need to introduce algorithmic strategies to filter out contaminated radio waves. However, Tingay pointed out that such methods are still in their early development phases and might require more computational resources than are currently needed for basic processing of the astronomical signals of interest.
Featuring motion capture technology, Indian cricket legend Rahul Dravid provides custom coaching advice for children. Shakespeare’s original manuscripts can now be rewritten by a trained AI algorithm through a robotic arm. Artificial intelligence is rapidly transforming the worldwide advertising landscape.
The AI-generated advertisements from Cadbury’s drink brand Bournvita and pen manufacturer BIC were crafted by WPP, an agency group investing £300 million annually in data, technology, and machine learning to maintain its edge.
Mark Reid, CEO of the London-based Marketing Services Group, has stated that AI is “essential” for the future of the business and recognizes that it will lead to significant changes in the workforce of the advertising sector.
Recently, Reid announced his resignation as CEO of WPP after nearly seven years, amidst a team of more than 30 members.
Advertising agencies face challenges from familiar adversaries. Over the past decade, tech giants like Google and Meta (the parent company of Facebook) have built sophisticated tools for publishers and ad buyers, solidifying their dominance online. This year, Big Tech has captured nearly two-thirds of the £45 billion that UK advertisers are spending.
WPP’s subsidiary VML has harnessed AI for a “one BIC, one book, two classics” campaign targeting Brazilian audiences. Photo: WPP
Meta is preparing to launch AI tools that enable the complete creation and targeting of advertising campaigns on social media, raising concerns about “creative extinction” and potential job cuts across agencies.
These tools are set to be introduced by the end of next year. In a recent interview, Zuckerberg described them as “redefining advertising categories.”
Rahul Dravid in the Cadbury Bournvita campaign featuring AI.
Agencies of all sizes, particularly large international networks like WPP, Publicis, and Omnicom, are developing their own AI resources while investing in partnerships with tech giants like Meta and Google, striving to retain clients.
“I’m confident AI will disrupt a significant number of jobs,” stated the CEO of a major advertising firm. “That said, many institutions maintain differing client portfolios, allowing them to perform a broad range of tasks. Staffing remains secure in areas like strategy, consumer insights, and certain conceptual roles, yet production roles are where the impact is most felt.”
Tech executives endorsed the advantages of AI at last week’s Enders Deloitte conference, which focused on the media and telecommunications sector.
Speaking at the conference, Stephen Pretorius, referred to as the “AI guy at WPP,” emphasized, “True creativity is an inherently human skill.”
Stephan Pretorius from WPP discussing AI’s role in advertising.
He argued that while AI isn’t a direct substitute for recruitment, institutions must adapt and prioritize client relationships.
“AI replaces tasks rather than jobs,” he stated. “Many responsibilities we were compensated for are now automated, necessitating a shift in our business models. Team structures and client incentives will also evolve. This is merely a transitional phase.”
Recently, WPP reported several layoffs across its media division, previously known as GroupM.
“We live in a scenario where a major holding company is facing a conundrum,” remarked another agency CEO. “Clients expect to invest millions in AI, cutting budgets while speeding up and reducing costs. Many clients are seeking to decrease their fees.”
Currently, the AI revolution hasn’t made a significant dent in the UK advertising sector.
Meta, the parent company of Facebook and Instagram, plans to introduce AI tools enabling advertisers to fully create and target campaigns on social media. Photo: Anadoll/Getty Images
Last year, the IPA reported a record employment figure of 26,787 individuals in media, creative, and digital agencies, representing 85% of the UK’s advertising expenditure.
The IPA has tracked market size since 1960 when it recorded 199,000 employees, dipping to just under 12,000 in the early 1990s.
Advertising expenditure surged dramatically, fueled by the rise of the Internet, from a mere £60 million noted in the pre-television era of 1938.
By 1982, the UK advertising market was valued at £3.1 billion, and this year it is expected to surpass £45 billion, according to the Advertising Association/WARC that has published annual reports since 1980.
Agency executives believe that major advertisers face too much brand risk to allow AI to handle the entire creative process.
“I can often identify a piece of AI-generated work from a mile away—it’s polished, overly idealistic, and somewhat artificial,” observed one creative agency head. “But that’s evolving. I’ve been told creatives could never improve upon the iconic gorilla ad for Cadbury, yet I’m uncertain. AI can ultimately refine enough to respond to highly intuitive concepts.”
Cadbury’s Dairy Milk ad featuring gorillas playing drums became a viral sensation. Photo: Rex Features
As the industry speculates about Meta’s plans to replace conventional agencies, Zuckerberg has sought to clarify that AI technologies are primarily aimed at small and medium enterprises.
“In future collaborations with creative agencies, we’ll likely ensure their involvement,” he remarked at the Stripes Conference, emphasizing this position shortly after his initial comments about Meta’s AI advertising trajectory. “If agencies don’t adapt, they might find themselves throwing together ad compositions only to flood the Meta platform with thousands of variations to see which performs best.”
Meta and Google maintain they’ve “democratized” advertising by enabling countless small and mid-sized companies to run campaigns without the financial burden of traditional advertising channels.
“That’s the mask they wear constantly,” stated a head of an advertising agency. “When they emerged decades ago as a novel ad platform, the focus was on small businesses, yet now they are capturing almost two-thirds of the UK’s advertising budget.”
In the 2000s, big tech firms grew immensely, propelling WPP to become the largest advertising group worldwide, while the CEO of S4 Capital has been dubbed Meta and Google’s ‘Frenemy.’
Two decades later, the rise of AI within advertising marks the latest technological upheaval that the industry must adapt to in order to thrive.
Meta’s bold commitment to “automatically generate ads in seconds” signals a transformative shift towards total mechanization of production processes,” asserts Patrick Garvey, co-founder of the independent agency PI. “This isn’t the demise of an agency; rather, it signals the end of outdated institutional paradigms.”
He champions the small businesses reshaping the landscape but questions whether Meta’s approach to AI resembles “advertising fast food.” For traditional ad firms, it could prove to be a bitter pill.
The parents of the family were left devastated when their aspirations for change were dashed after they sought to safeguard their children in the Colorado Legislature last month and online activism targeting a drug dealer resulted in tragedy.
Among those parents was Lori Shot, who was instrumental in crafting the bill. Her 18-year-old daughter Annaly tragically took her own life in 2020 after engaging with content on TikTok and Instagram related to depression, anxiety, and suicide.
“When lawmakers sidestep votes and shift discussions to an insubstantial calendar date without accountability, it feels like a betrayal to us as parents.” “It’s a betrayal to my daughter and to all the other children we’ve lost.”
Had the law been enacted, it would have necessitated investigations and the removal of accounts engaged in gun and drug sales, or the sexual exploitation and human trafficking of minors on platforms like Facebook, Instagram, and TikTok. It also required a dedicated hotline for law enforcement and a 72-hour response timeframe for police inquiries, which would significantly increase obligations compared to current legal standards.
Additionally, the platforms would have had to report on the usage statistics of minors, including how often and for how long they interacted with content violating company policies. Several major tech firms have taken official stances regarding the bill. As noted in Colorado’s lobbying records, Meta’s long-time lobbying firm, Headwater Strategies, has registered its support for revising the bill. Conversely, Google and TikTok employed lobbyists to oppose it.
‘[Legislators] chose self-interest over the protection of children and families. ” Illustration: Andrei Cojocaru/Guardian
“We are deeply disheartened,” said Kim Osterman, whose 18-year-old son Max died in 2021. “[Legislators] prioritized their own interests over the safety of my children and family.”
Protection for Social Media Users (SB 25-086) passed both legislative chambers, only to be vetoed by Democrat Governor Jared Polis on April 24th. His veto was justified by concerns that the bill would “erode privacy, freedom, and innovation.” On April 25, the Colorado Senate voted to override the veto, but on April 28, the House chose to delay the vote until the end of the legislative session, effectively blocking the override and keeping the bill alive.
Originally, the bill had passed the Senate with a 29-6 margin and the House with a 46-18 margin. On April 25, the Senate voted 29-6 for an override, and lawmakers anticipated that the House would take up the matter later that day, believing that there was enough bipartisan support to successfully overturn the veto.
“It was a straightforward vote for people because our goal was clear: to safeguard children from the predatory practices of social media companies,” remarked Senator Lindsey Dorgerty, a Democrat and co-sponsor of the bill. She expressed her disappointment that House leaders chose to sidestep the vote on Friday.
Advocating parents blamed the failure of the bill on an unexpected 11-hour lobbying blitz by The Far Right Gun Owners Association in Colorado. Two state legislators and seven other legislative participants corroborated the parents’ claims.
An unprecedented last-minute campaign disrupts bipartisan consensus
The owner of Rocky Mountain Guns (RMGO) characterized the bill as government censorship related to the statute against “ghost guns” assembled from kits purchased online.
RMGO initiated an extensive social media and email campaign, rallying its 200,000 members to contact lawmakers and voice their opposition to the bill. Sources familiar with the workings of the Colorado State Capitol explained that the gun group’s outreach included social media and text campaigns that encouraged Republican constituents to reach out to their representatives in opposition.
“[Legislators] were inundated with calls and emails from activists. It was an all-out assault. A campaign declared, ‘This is a government censorship bill,'” they stated.
The group’s actions contributed to efforts preventing Republicans from backing the veto override, leading to the bill’s demise. According to ten individuals involved in the bill’s development and the legislative process, this lobbying effort appeared unexpectedly robust, fueled by organizations that had previously faced financial constraints. An anonymous source from the Colorado State Capitol shared insights with the Guardian, citing fears of retaliation from RMGO.
The House of Representatives postponed its vote until April 28th, providing RMGO time to amplify its campaign over the weekend. When lawmakers reconvened on Monday, the House voted 51-13 to delay the override until the legislative session concluded, effectively dissolving the effort.
“It was a coordinated full-scale attack proclaiming this as a government censorship bill.” Illustration: Andrei Cojocaru/Guardian
A significant text messaging initiative targeted registered Republican voters, alleging that the social media bill “forces platforms to enforce extensive surveillance of content shared on their platforms,” claiming violations of Colorado’s gun laws, and framing the legislation as an affront to First and Second Amendment rights, according to texts reviewed by the Guardian.
A recurring adversary
Established in 1996, RMGO claims a membership exceeding 200,000 activists. It is recognized as a far-right organization staunchly opposed to regulations on firearms. Dudley Brown, its founder and leader president of the National Gun Rights Association, diverges significantly from the perspective of the National Rifle Association (NRA). RMGO is criticized for employing tactics labeled as “bullying” and “extremist” against both Democrats and moderate Republicans. The group has not responded to requests for commentary regarding legislative measures.
RMGO is a well-known presence at the Colorado State Capitol, typically opposing gun control measures. Daugherty described their usual campaign tactics as “intimidating.” Following backlash for her involvement in a bill banning assault weapons earlier this year, she deactivated her social media account.
“While advocating for gun legislation at the Capitol, RMGO published images of me and other legislators on their website,” she noted. An RMGO tweet depicted Daugherty alongside a bold “Traitor” stamp.
The group disseminated misinformation regarding the bill’s implications on gun ownership, as reported by sources who participated in the legislative discussions.
“My support for the bill and the veto override stemmed from concerns about child trafficking and safeguarding children,” stated Republican Senator Rod Pelton, who voted in favor of overriding the veto in the Senate. “I did not subscribe to the entire argument pertaining to the second amendment.”
The bill garnered support from 23 district attorneys in Colorado as well as bipartisan backing from the state House of Representatives.
RMGO’s late-stage opposition to the social media bill deviated from its usual tactics. Typically, the organization weighs in on legislation early in the process, according to eight sources, including co-sponsors Daugherty and Representative Andy Boesenecker.
“Their surge of focused efforts caught my attention,” Boesenecker remarked. “It was curious to note that their resistance materialized so late in the process and appeared to be well-financed.”
In recent years, RMGO has experienced reduced activity attributed to financial difficulties that limited their legislative campaigning capacity. In a 2024 interview, the organization’s leader candidly acknowledged struggles with fundraising. Daugherty believes RMGO’s capacity for such a substantial outreach campaign would be unlikely without considerable funding. Others within Colorado’s political landscape echoed this sentiment.
“The Rocky Mountain Gun Owners had been largely ineffective in the legislature for several years due to financial constraints. Suddenly, they increased their influence, seemingly backed by substantial funds,” said Dawn Reinfeld, from a Colorado-based nonprofit focused on youth rights.
This context caused lawmakers to feel pressured, especially concerning primary elections in their districts, following RMGO’s recent social media attacks on supporters of the bill.
“The bill had given me hope that Avery’s legacy would make a difference, and its failure was incredibly disappointing.” Illustration: Andrei Cojocaru/Guardian
“There was a palpable concern among many about party affiliation; it certainly played a role,” remarked Dorgerty.
Aaron Ping’s 16-year-old son, Avery, passed away from an overdose in December after buying what he believed to be ecstasy on Snapchat, only to receive a substance laced with fentanyl instead. Ping viewed the organized opposition to the bill as a purposeful distortion.
“The narrative painted the bill as an infringement on gun rights, depicting it as merely a tool for targeting people purchasing illegal firearms online,” he stated.
Ping had testified in support of the bill alongside other families, recovering teens, and district attorneys back in February before the initial Senate vote.
“This bill carried the hope that Avery’s legacy would incite change; its rejection was truly disheartening,” Ping shared.
In the absence of federal action, states initiate online child safety legislation
A number of states, including California, Maryland, Vermont, Minnesota, Hawaii, Illinois, New Mexico, South Carolina, and Nevada, have introduced legislation over the past two years aimed at enhancing online safety for minors. These initiatives encounter vigorous resistance from the technology sector, which includes extensive lobbying efforts and legal challenges.
Maryland successfully passed the Children’s Code bill in May 2024, marking it as the first state to enact such legislation. However, this victory may be short-lived. The high-tech industry coalition, NetChoice, representing companies such as Meta, Google, and Amazon, has already launched legal challenges against these measures.
In the meanwhile, federal efforts have stalled, with the Children’s Online Safety Act (KOSA) faltering in February after failing to pass the House despite years of modifications and deliberations. A newly revised version of the bill was reintroduced in Congress on May 14th.
California’s similar initiative, the age-appropriate design code law, which mirrors UK legislation, was halted in late 2023 following a NetChoice injunction citing potential First Amendment infringements.
Researchers at Apple have identified “fundamental limitations” in state-of-the-art artificial intelligence models, prompting concerns about the competitive landscape in the tech industry for developing more robust systems.
In a study, Apple noted that the advanced AI model, known as the large-scale inference model (LRMS), experienced a “complete collapse in accuracy” when faced with complex challenges.
Standard AI models outperformed LRMS on tasks of lower complexity, yet both encountered “complete collapse” on highly complex tasks. LRMS attempts to handle intricate queries by creating detailed reasoning processes to break down issues into manageable steps.
The research, which evaluated the models’ puzzle-solving capabilities, revealed that LRMS began to “reduce inference efforts” as it neared performance breakdowns—something researchers labeled as “particularly concerning.”
Gary Marcus, a noted academic voice on AI capabilities, characterized the Apple paper as “quite devastating” and highlighted that these findings raise pivotal concerns regarding the race towards achieving artificial general intelligence (AGI), which would enable systems to emulate human-level cognitive tasks.
Referencing large language models (LLMs), Marcus remarked: “[of] AGIs, who can fundamentally change society, are joking about themselves.”
Moreover, the paper indicated that early in the “thinking” process, the inference model often squandered computational resources seeking solutions for simpler problems. However, as complexity increased, the model initially considered incorrect answers before ultimately arriving at correct ones.
When confronted with complex issues, the model experienced “collapse” and failed to generate accurate solutions. In one instance, it could not succeed even with an algorithm provided to assist.
The findings illustrated that “as problem difficulty rises, models begin to intuitively diminish inference efforts as they approach critical thresholds that closely align with the accuracy collapse point.”
According to Apple experts, these findings highlight “fundamental scaling limitations” in the reasoning capabilities of current inference models.
The study involved LRMS-based assignments like the Tower of Hanoi and River Crossing puzzle. The researchers acknowledged that their focus on puzzles signifies a boundary to their work.
The study concluded that current AI methodologies may have hit fundamental limitations. Models tested included OpenAI’s O3, Google’s Gemini Thinking, Anthropic’s Claude 3.7 Sonnet-Thinking, and Deepseek-R1. Google and Deepseek will be approached for comments, while OpenAI, the organization behind ChatGPT, opted not to provide a statement.
Discussing AI models’ capacity for “generalizable reasoning” or broader conclusions, the paper observes:
Andrew Rogoiski from the People-centered AI Institute at Surrey University remarked that Apple’s findings illustrate the industry remains grappling with AGI, suggesting that the current methods may have hit a “dead end.”
He added, “The revelation that the large model underperforms on complex tasks while faring well in simpler or medium-complexity contexts indicates we may be approaching a profound impasse.”
The London-based firm Stability AI, specializing in artificial intelligence, argues that the copyright lawsuit initiated by global photography agency Getty Images poses a significant “obvious threat” to the AI generation industry.
Stability AI contested Getty’s claims in the London High Court on Monday, which center on issues of copyright and trademark infringement regarding its extensive collection of photographic works.
Stability enables users to create images based on text prompts. Among its directors is James Cameron, the acclaimed director of Avatar and Titanic. In response, Getty criticized those training AI systems as “tech nerds,” suggesting they disregard the ramifications of their technological advancements.
Stability retorted by asserting that Getty is pursuing a “fantasy” legal path, investing around £10 million to challenge a technology it views as an “existential threat” to their operations.
Getty syndicates around 50,000 photographers’ work to clients across more than 200 countries. It alleges that Stability trained its image generation models using an extensive database of copyrighted photographs. Consequently, a program named Stability Diffusion continues to produce images bearing watermarks from Getty Images. Getty maintains that Stability is “completely indifferent” to the sources of their training data, asserting that the system “is associated with pornography-related trademarks” and generates “AI garbage.”
Getty’s legal representatives noted that the contention over the unauthorized utilization of thousands of photographs, including well-known images of celebrities, politicians, and news events, “is not a conflict between creativity and technology where a victory for Getty Images spells the end for AI.”
They further stated: “The issue arises when AI companies like Stability wish to use these materials without compensation.”
Lindsay Lane KC, representing Getty Images, commented, “These were a group of tech enthusiasts enthusiastic about AI, yet indifferent to the challenges and dangers it poses.”
In her court filing on Monday, Getty contended that Stability had trained an image generation model using a database that included child sexual abuse material.
Stability is contesting Getty’s claims overall, with its attorney characterizing the allegations regarding child sexual abuse material as “abhorrent.”
A spokesperson for Stability AI stated that the company is dedicated to ensuring its technology is not misused. It emphasized the implementation of strong safeguards “to enhance safety standards and protect against malicious actors.”
This situation arises in the context of a broader movement among artists, writers, and musicians—including figures like Elton John and Dua Lipa—who are advocating for copyright protection against alleged infringement by AI-generated content that allows users to produce new images, music, and text.
The UK Parliament is embroiled in a related issue, with the government proposing that copyright holders should have the option to opt-out of the material used for training algorithms and generating AI content.
“Of course, Getty Images acknowledges that the entire AI sector can be a formidable force, but that does not justify permitting the AI models they are developing to blatantly infringe on their intellectual property rights,” Lane stated.
The trial is expected to span several weeks and will address, in part, the use of images by renowned photographers. This includes a photograph of former Liverpool soccer manager Jürgen Klopp, captured by award-winning British sports photographer Andrew Livesey, a photo of the Chicago Cubs baseball team by American sports photographer Gregory Shams, and images of actor and musician Donald Glover by Alberto Rodriguez, as well as photographs of actor Eric Dane and film director Christopher Nolan.
The case brings forth 78,000 pages of evidence, with AI experts summoned to testify from the University of California, Berkeley, and the University of Freiberg in Germany.
Sally Ride during NASA’s seventh space shuttle mission, STS-7 in 1983
NASA
Sally Christina Costantini Disney+ (Available from June 17th)
In 1983, Sally Ride made history as the first American woman in space, becoming the third woman overall to achieve this milestone, following Valentina Tereshkova and Svetlana Savitskaya. The new documentary, Sally, directed by Cristina Costantini, delves into her remarkable journey. It captures not just the media attention but also her personal complexities, including a 27-year partnership with science writer Tam O’Shaughnessy.
The film, debuting at the Sundance Film Festival in January, commences with an extensive montage of archival footage, featuring Ride’s television appearances, which serve as an introduction to her role as a beacon of empowerment.
You can sense the determination that fueled her journey. “It’s crucial to not do anything foolish,” she reflects during a segment, encapsulating her pursuit of excellence and the weight of expectations she faced in a male-dominated field.
Ride grew up in the thriving era of the US Space Program. NASA’s 1976 initiative to diversify its astronaut selection process paved the way for women and ethnic minorities. Out of 8,000 applicants for astronaut training, 1,500 were women, leading NASA to employ 40 aspiring astronauts.
The documentary employs a clever blend of interviews and meticulously crafted sequences that smoothly integrate with the archival material. Fellow astronauts like Kathy Sullivan, Judith Lesnick, and Anna Fisher, along with journalist Lynn Sherr and Ride’s ex-husband Steve Hawley, provide valuable insights into her character, enhanced by some archival bits.
For example, Fisher reflects on the pressures faced by female astronauts to downplay their femininity, particularly regarding attire and makeup. The film also portrays Mike Mullane, who initially appeared as a staunch sexist but later acknowledges his past mistakes in a heartfelt letter to Ride—highlighting the professional hurdles she navigated throughout her career.
In 1976, NASA’s decision to diversify its class opened the door for women and ethnic minority groups.
Costantini also tenderly explores Ride’s lifelong bond with O’Shaughnessy, who met Ride on a sunlit tennis court during their teenage years. Their private relationship, upheld for decades, reflects Ride’s reserved nature and the societal attitudes towards the LGBTQ+ community at that time.
The soundtrack features notable tracks such as Lazy Calm by Cocteau Twins, Mr. Blue Sky by Electric Light Orchestra, and Neil Young’s Harvest Moon, adding emotional resonance to Ride and O’Shaughnessy’s narrative.
The narrative takes a poignant turn with Ride’s pancreatic cancer diagnosis in 2011, recounting her personal battle. After giving a speech at a conference in California, she felt a sense of unease, prompting her to seek medical advice the following day. An ultrasound revealed a tumor of golf ball size in her abdomen.
O’Shaughnessy’s testimony vividly illustrates how quickly their lives transformed. Nonetheless, they cherished their time together until Ride’s last moments. Her legacy extends beyond scientific achievements, encompassing the impact of Sally Ride Science’s nonprofit organization.
In summary, Sally presents a heartwarming and insightful tribute to a woman who defied conventions in both her career and personal life. Costantini captures not just Ride’s triumphs but also the sacrifices intrinsic to her groundbreaking journey, ensuring her story resonates with future generations.
A recent study indicates that the skincare routines showcased by young TikTok influencers offer minimal benefits, and may even heighten the risk of skin irritation and allergies in children.
The research team notes a surge in young girls posting videos of intricate skincare regimens, which often feature moisturizers, toners, acne treatments, and anti-aging products.
In this pioneering study, researchers examined these TikTok videos and found that not only is the process complicated, but many girls rush to complete their routines, leading to practices that are costly, unnecessary, and potentially harmful.
“The hazards of utilizing these products, particularly among younger girls, greatly outweigh the minor benefits derived from active ingredients,” stated Dr. Molly Hales, the study’s lead author from Northwestern University.
Dr. Hales remarked that while social media can provide a platform for creativity and self-expression, young girls do not require such complicated routines.
“The risk arises when girls interpret this as an essential step for caring for their skin and safeguarding their health,” she warned.
“These products do not enhance skin health and are likely to degrade skin integrity over time.”
Instead, she suggests using a gentle cleanser once or twice daily and emphasizes that applying sunscreen suffices.
In the journal Paediatrics, Hales and her team describe how they set up two TikTok accounts for a 13-year-old, collecting a sample of 100 videos showcasing skincare routines created by young users.
They discovered that 81 of the 82 content creators were girls, aged between 7 and 18.
“Most of these creators displayed clear, healthy skin without visible blemishes,” the researchers observed, noting that the videos often alluded to beauty ideals linked to whiteness.
The study revealed an average of six products per skincare routine, typically from the same brand, with a total average cost of $168 (£124). However, factoring in additional products, the overall cost could exceed $500 (£369).
“Get Ready With Me” videos were the most prevalent, followed by “skincare routines” and “after-school” skincare clips.
The team found that many featured ingredients, like citric acid, could lead to skin irritation and heightened sun sensitivity, raising the risk of sunburn and skin damage. Only 26% of the 84 videos that included sunscreen featured it in their daytime routines.
Dr. Hales noted that using products with multiple active ingredients or layering identical actives could further elevate the risk of irritation.
The researchers found that 76% of the 25 most viewed videos featured at least one potential contact allergen, frequently in the form of fragrances.
Dr. Tess McPherson from the British Association of Dermatologists, who did not participate in the study, emphasized its importance, as it corroborates anecdotal evidence of a rise in young people seeking treatment for skin irritation.
“We are witnessing a significant increase in individuals desiring what they term perfect skin. This mindset is unproductive and fails to bring true happiness,” she commented.
Dr. McPherson further noted that many young people are requesting birthday money for costly skincare products.
Echoing the study’s findings, she pointed out that such videos perpetuate stigmas regarding conditions like acne and eczema, as well as fears surrounding aging.
“Younger children are seeking skincare items that they don’t need; these products are ineffective,” she remarked. “This reflects a troubling societal view of what one’s skin should ideally look like.”
A TikTok representative responded, stating: “This kind of content appears across all media, and while the author acknowledges not assessing the impact on teenage well-being, they recognize genuine benefits in teenage self-expression, parental bonding, and building a supportive TikTok community.”
Should wall sits be part of your training routine?
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Recently, my doctor advised me to monitor my blood pressure more vigilantly due to some medications I’m currently taking. While it’s still in the normal range, it’s been gradually increasing, leading me to ponder ways to manage it. Given that hypertension affects an estimated 12.8 billion adults and raises the risk of serious conditions like heart attacks and strokes if left unchecked, it’s a valid concern.
Exercise is widely endorsed as a key method for lowering blood pressure. Public health organizations often recommend moderate-intensity aerobic activities each week, like jogging and cycling, to help keep levels stable. However, recent studies indicate that this may not be the most effective approach.
A compelling study, a 2023 analysis, assessed 270 randomized controlled trials involving about 16,000 adults, focusing on various exercise regimens lasting at least two weeks. The analysis found that all types of exercise—from aerobic workouts to resistance training—significantly reduced blood pressure compared to inactive controls.
Interestingly, isometric exercises, like wall sits and hand grips where muscles are contracted in fixed positions, demonstrated a notable effect. On average, these exercises produced reductions in blood pressure comparable to those achieved with medication, showing drops of 8.24 and 4 mmHg respectively. Such reductions equate to a 22% decrease in the risk of major cardiovascular events over a few years. In contrast, aerobic exercise had nearly half that potency.
This difference likely stems from how isometric exercises impact blood flow. For instance, during wall squats or planks, one holds muscles in a contracted state for about 1-2 minutes, which temporarily restricts blood flow. Once the muscles relax, blood rushes back in, leading to lower blood pressure for several hours, a beneficial effect that can be sustained with repeated sessions.
What makes isometric training particularly enticing is its ease of integration into daily routines. A 2023 study revealed that just 12 minutes of these exercises, performed three times a week, were sufficient to substantially lower blood pressure over a 12-week period.
That said, I don’t intend to suggest neglecting other training forms. Aerobic and resistance exercises are still vital for cardiovascular health and muscle development. However, if your blood pressure is a concern, incorporating isometric exercises into your workout could be beneficial. I’m choosing to add wall squats to my leg day routine.
Grace Wade is a health reporter for New Scientist based in the U.S.
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Extreme weather and bark beetles have devastated many trees in the Harz Mountains, Germany
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The abrupt and significant drop in carbon absorption by European forests has ignited concern among scientists, who fear that a marked decline could hinder efforts to combat global warming.
For many years, European forests, which span around 40% of the continent’s land area, have played a dual role as sources of timber and as carbon sinks. However, increasing extreme weather events are pushing these forests beyond their limits, swiftly altering the landscape.
“Many [European Union] countries will struggle to meet their [land-use climate] targets due to this sink reduction,” states Glen Peters from the Cicero International Climate Research Centre in Norway.
Earlier this year, Finnish officials revealed that their forest ecosystem had shifted from functioning as a net carbon sink to becoming a net carbon source. This development follows Germany’s declaration that its forests became the first in the country’s history to record a net increase in carbon emissions. Additionally, the Czech Republic has reported its forests as net carbon sources since 2018.
While these instances are particularly severe, carbon absorption rates are dwindling rapidly in many other nations. For instance, in France, the carbon uptake by forests has nearly halved in just 14 years, with a study released last month documenting a decrease from a peak of 37.8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide annually in 2008 to 74.1 million tonnes in 2022. Concurrently, Norway’s carbon absorption has plummeted from 32 million tonnes in 2010 to 18 million tonnes in 2022.
“The trend had remained relatively stable from 2013 to 2015,” comments Korosuo at the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre in Belgium. “This is a widespread issue, not confined to just one or two countries. Similar patterns are observable across nearly all forested nations.”
Many forests in Europe are privately owned and commercially managed. Some of the decrease in carbon sinks has been linked to increased logging, particularly following the sanctions on Russian timber imports due to the invasion of Ukraine in 2022. For example, Finland has seen strong demand for wood, leading to heightened harvesting levels, notes Raisa from the Natural Resources Institute of Finland.
However, scientists also attribute the rapid decline in carbon storage to the escalating impacts of climate change.
Europe has faced several droughts in recent years, with 2018 and 2022 marking the harshest conditions. Wouter Peters at Wageningen University in the Netherlands highlights that his research indicates the 2022 drought caused a significant reduction in carbon intake by European forests during summer months. “We’re observing immediate effects; the trees are under stress,” he comments.
Researchers had expected that as global temperatures rise, European forests would diminish in health, yet the extent of the recent decline is still astonishing. Wouter Peters explains, “The impact seems to be more severe than anticipated.”
This downturn could be a result of successive droughts occurring within a few years, exacerbated by other extreme weather events such as storms that disturb forests. “We see not just one drought in 2018, but additional ones in 2021 and 2022,” Wouter Peters notes. “Our models have not effectively accounted for this concentration of drought events over such a short time frame.”
Moreover, rising temperatures are leading to more frequent and widespread infestations of bark beetles across Europe, which are severely damaging spruce forests. The Czech Republic, in particular, has faced seven major bark beetle outbreaks from 2018 to 2021.
A declining carbon sink poses a threat to the EU’s climate objectives, which depend on forests to absorb the bulk of emissions generated by other sectors. The EU is even aiming to enhance this carbon sink to support its climate ambitions, targeting a removal of 310 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents annually by 2030, a significant increase from the approximately 230 million tonnes currently removed.
However, a recent analysis published in April warns that European carbon sinks are projected to decrease by around 29% below the 2030 target, with researchers cautioning that the capability of European forests to absorb carbon will “gradually deteriorate.”
Preventative measures can help mitigate this decline, such as reducing harvesting rates and prohibiting clear-cutting in plantations, which can maintain carbon stocks. Additionally, increasing species diversity and retaining some deadwood can enhance forest health and resilience against pests and droughts.
Nonetheless, Wouter Peters argues that policymakers are overestimating the carbon absorption potential of forests in warmer climates. “There has likely been an over-reliance on forests, particularly in the context of greenhouse gas emissions,” he contends. He emphasizes that other sectors must rapidly reduce emissions to meet European climate goals. “This implies that we need intensified efforts in other areas.”
Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere are rising at unprecedented rates, despite an overall stagnation in greenhouse gas emissions. Scientists attribute this acceleration to slower carbon absorption rates in forests, wetlands, and peatlands globally, compounded by deforestation and increased emissions from wildfires and droughts that weaken global land sinks.
This issue is most pronounced in mid-latitude regions. Alongside Europe, significant declines in carbon sink capacity have also been recorded in boreal forests of Alaska and Canada. Tropical forests are facing challenges from both deforestation and diminished carbon storage capacity, primarily due to wildfires.
This poses a serious challenge to global efforts to achieve net-zero emissions. “In a broad global context, the entire concept of net zero hinges on the functionality of forests and oceans. If these systems cease to effectively sequester carbon, it will lead to increased atmospheric carbon levels and accelerated global warming.”
The former OpenAI board member, Helen Toner, commented that the US administration’s focus on academic research and its approach to international students is “a tremendous gift” to China in the competition surrounding artificial intelligence.
Toner, who serves as the Strategic Director of Georgetown’s Center for Security and Emerging Technology (CSET), joined OpenAI’s board in 2021 following a career dedicated to analyzing AI and the dynamics between the US and China.
At 33 years old, Toner—an alumna of the University of Melbourne—was part of the board for two years until she left alongside founder Sam Altman in 2023. There were concerns regarding Altman’s communication consistency and the board’s confidence in his leadership.
In the following tumultuous month, Altman was initially dismissed and then reinstated, while three board members, including Toner, were sidelined. Their situation has become the subject of an upcoming film, and along with the film’s director Luca Guadagnino, they have reportedly met in person.
According to Time Magazine, Toner was recognized as one of the top 100 most influential figures in AI for 2024, a testament to her advocacy for AI regulation by policymakers worldwide.
At CSET, Toner leads a team of 60 researchers focusing on AI applications for white papers aimed at briefing policymakers, particularly in military, labor, biosecurity, and cybersecurity contexts.
“My primary focus is on the intersections of AI, safety and security issues, the Chinese AI landscape, and what is termed frontier AI,” explained Toner.
Toner expressed concern that the US may fall behind China in the AI race. Although US export controls on chips complicate China’s access to competitive computing power, the country is making substantial strides in AI, illustrated by the surprising success of its generative AI model, Deepseek, earlier this year.
Toner criticized the Trump administration’s research cuts and international student bans as being “gifts” to China in the AI competition with the US.
“It’s undeniably a significant gift for China. The current US approach to attacking scientific research and the talents of foreigners—a considerable part of the US workforce comprises immigrants, many from China—is a boon for them in this contest,” she remarked.
The AI boom has raised alarms about job security, with concerns that AI may replace many human jobs. Dario Amodei, CEO of Anthropic, which developed the generative AI model Claude, recently stated that AI could eliminate 50% of entry-level white-collar jobs, potentially leading to a 20% unemployment rate over the next five years.
Though Toner acknowledged Amodei’s predictions, she noted, “While I often find his assertions directionally correct, they tend to sound overly aggressive in timelines and figures,” but she agreed that disruptions in the job market are already occurring.
“The current capabilities of [language model-based AI] are best suited for small, manageable tasks rather than long-term projects that require human oversight,” she advised.
Experts suggest that organizations heavily invested in AI are feeling pressure to demonstrate returns on their investments. Toner remarked that while practical applications of AI can yield considerable value, it remains unclear which business models or players will successfully unlock that value.
The integration of AI services could range from enhancing existing applications, such as a phone keyboard that transcribes voices, to standalone chatbots, but she remarked that it’s still uncertain what role AI will ultimately play.
Toner noted that the push for profitability presents risks that could overshadow the advancement race in AI.
“This reflects how companies are weighed down by the need to balance between rapid product releases and the thorough testing needed to implement additional safety measures that could also complicate user experience,” she elaborated.
“Such companies must make these trade-offs while feeling the pressure to accelerate as much as possible.”
Toner voiced her concerns regarding the concept of a “progressive power” of AI, which suggests gradual integration of AI systems into various societal and governmental facets; acknowledging it may be too late to reevaluate this path.
She expressed optimism regarding AI’s potential to enhance scientific research, drug discovery, and autonomous driving solutions like Waymo, which could significantly reduce road fatalities.
“With AI, the goal isn’t perfection; it’s to exceed existing alternatives. In the automotive sector, the alternative involves thousands of annual deaths. If we can improve that scenario, it’s remarkable; countless lives could be saved,” she articulated.
Toner humorously mentioned that a friend suggested potential actresses to portray her in the film.
“One suggestion was a stunningly talented actress,” she said. “Anyone they choose will definitely be a worthy pick.”
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