As a Cyclist, Will Robotaxis Enhance My Safety on the Road?

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

“I cycle everywhere in London…”

Photo via Richard Baker/Getty Images

Cyclists and commuters return home in the evening sun on April 4, 2023 at the intersection of Fleet Street and Rudgate Hill in London, the capital financial district, London. (Photo by Richard Baker / Photo via Getty Images) — “I cycle everywhere in London…”

Photo via Richard Baker/Getty Images

Driverless taxis, which have disrupted industries in various US and Chinese cities, are now on their way to London.

As a cyclist, Londoner, and journalist who has closely observed AI developments, I find myself somewhat anxious. Yet, considering the frequent encounters with careless human drivers in London, part of me feels cautiously hopeful.

Ultimately, the question arises: is it preferable to navigate the roads among tired, distracted, and irate humans, or to coexist with potentially erratic AI?

The UK government has affirmed plans for companies like Uber to launch pilot programs featuring self-driving “taxi and bus-like” services in 2026. Following that, in the latter half of 2027, automated vehicle legislation is expected to take effect, establishing a formal legal framework for the industry. Crucially, this law places accountability for accidents on the automakers rather than local residents.

Officials advocate that unmanned vehicles could enhance road safety, given that human error is responsible for 88% of all traffic accidents. The statistics are staggering: London highways reported 130 fatalities last year, which included 66 pedestrians and 10 cyclists. Globally, 1.2 million individuals die in traffic incidents annually.

As someone who cycles often in London, I have firsthand experience with the challenges posed by reckless driving. I’ve witnessed drivers engaging in a variety of distractions, from eating breakfast to watching movies. I have been rear-ended at red lights at least four times. While it is commonly said that AI lacks creativity, humans have certainly mastered the art of poor driving.

In contrast, AI isn’t swayed by distractions such as text messages, alcohol, or fatigue. With numerous sensors, machines lack blind spots and always check their surroundings before making a turn.

Admittedly, there have been alarming reports of autonomous vehicles failing to stop and causing harm to pedestrians. These incidents garner significant media attention. However, considering the numerous fatalities attributed to human drivers, the statistics of road deaths paint a less sensational picture. In the UK, more than four people die daily in traffic accidents.

The safety concerns surrounding autonomous vehicles are complex. While I believe that every road fatality is unacceptable, there exists a compelling argument that if AI can travel the same distance with fewer casualties, it shouldn’t be demonized in the pursuit of progress.

“
I have doubts about whether self-driving cars can differentiate pedestrians from shadows.
“

Research indicates that driverless cars often outperform human-driven vehicles in terms of safety, although this advantage may not consistently hold in urban environments, particularly under poor lighting or during complex maneuvers.

These vehicles depend on technology companies to ensure their safety, raising questions about potential conflicts of interest relating to profit versus safety. We have already seen concerning suggestions to equip pedestrians with electronic sensors to enhance their visibility to these machines.

When it comes to cyclists, can tech companies ensure they maintain a 1.5-meter buffer when a robocar passes, or will they simply prioritize not hitting cyclists? The latter might streamline urban travel times, but could pose risks to vulnerable cyclists. Furthermore, to what extent will autonomous vehicles pause to allow pedestrians to fully cross the street, or will they encourage hurried crossings? These parameters can be influenced, and there are inevitably tensions between safety and travel efficiency.

Even if a company aims to act benevolently, AI systems are inherently unpredictable. Just as chatbots can suggest erroneous ingredients, self-driving cars cannot guarantee they won’t misinterpret a pedestrian as a shadow. It’s an unsettling truth.

Personally, I harbor reservations about AI operating vehicles in my vicinity, just as I do about human drivers. However, while human capabilities can improve with time and effort, AI has the potential for rapid advancement. The roll-out of automated taxis in London could provide invaluable data that enhances the safety of our roads. Ultimately, if given a choice, I would prefer an AI driver.

Nevertheless, the stark reality remains: a few tons of steel on four wheels—combined with high-tech systems—will never constitute a wholly safe or efficient urban transport solution. Self-driving taxis may mirror today’s human-operated models, ultimately not resolving London’s transport challenges.

Electric bikes and dedicated cycle lanes are environmentally friendly and often more efficient for city travel, while buses can accommodate multiple passengers, utilizing the space of two SUVs. However, such solutions may not yield substantial profits for big tech companies, will they?

Matt Week

What I’m reading

How music works by Talking Heads frontman David Byrne.

What I’m seeing

Horror movies I’ll bring her back (It’s true, through the hands that cover their eyes at the moment).

What I’m working on

Next spring, I plan to plant various cuttings in my garden to fill empty spaces.

Matt Sparkes is a technology reporter for New Scientist

topic:

artificial intelligence/
Driverless cars

Source: www.newscientist.com

Addressing Environmental Challenges in a Divided World

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Artwork in Geneva, Switzerland. Recently, a lecture on the Global Plastics Convention was conducted.

Fabrice Coffrini/AFP via Getty Images

On August 14, a weary UN representative walked into the main venue after long discussions and little sleep, witnessing the fading hopes for a global treaty on plastic pollution.

The two-week conference in Geneva, Switzerland, marked his second attempt to create international regulations to tackle this pressing issue.

However, just before a resolution, disagreements emerged over whether the treaty should contain provisions for boosting recycling rates, as well as targets to decrease plastic production at its source.

Oil Production Status – As demand for gasoline and diesel diminishes, the reliance on the plastics industry for revenue complicates efforts to reduce production.

The treaty required unanimous consent to be enacted, but some states stood firm on their “red lines,” leading to a breakdown in talks.

Does this scenario ring a bell? The Environmental Summit often experiences the collapse of protracted negotiations, lengthy discussions, and debates. Even when agreements are reached, consultations typically yield minimal concrete outcomes, a pattern seen during the 2023 COP28 Summit in Dubai.

A significant challenge lies in the longstanding expectation of unanimous agreement, as noted by Robert Faulkner from the London School of Economics. He explains that the United Nations has initiated discussions related to climate change and biodiversity, which requires consensus from hundreds of countries with diverse economic and political contexts.

“The consensus approach in international environmental negotiations has consistently been the Achilles’ heel of the United Nations’ environmental efforts,” states Faulkner. “This often results in compromises that reflect the lowest common denominator.”

Activists and strategists are growing weary from a series of stagnant climate summits, with slowed progress in efforts to halt biodiversity loss. In light of the recent crisis in Geneva, there’s increasing skepticism regarding the environmental diplomatic process.

“Why do we believe that environmental challenges can only be addressed through multilateralism and consensus among over 190 countries? That approach seems ineffective,” says Simon Sharp, a former British diplomat and author of Five Times Faster: Rethinking the Science, Economics, and Diplomacy of Climate Change.

More activists and strategists are seeking alternative strategies. Sharp, who played a role in organizing the COP26 Climate Summit in Glasgow, UK, emphasizes the need to prioritize action over targets and to rally influential countries to expedite decarbonization by sector. “If you want meaningful change, you must take action,” he asserts.

Eirik Lindebjerg, from the WWF Campaign Group, echoes a similar sentiment in Norway. “If 100 countries agree to implement measures to phase out fossil fuel vehicles, even without participation from other nations, it can still yield significant climate benefits,” he argues. “To me, there is a compelling case to move beyond the consensus mindset.”

This approach draws inspiration from positive “turning points” aimed at steering the world toward rapid decarbonization in various sectors, such as transportation and electricity.

Tim Renton, an author and academic at the University of Exeter, UK, argues in his upcoming book Positive Turning Points: How to Fix the Climate Crisis that collaboration among smaller groups of countries could prove more effective than relying solely on consensus-based negotiations.

“The essence of a tipping point is that a minority can ultimately sway the majority,” he explains. “Thus, it is illogical to restrict progress by demanding universal agreement before any actions are taken.”

Of course, this strategy hinges on engaging the most influential countries (those with economies capable of pushing these turning points). Given the unpredictability of US leadership under Donald Trump, this remains uncertain.

Yet, there are indications that this way of thinking is gaining traction within diplomatic circles. For instance, the Brazilian hosts of the forthcoming COP30 Climate Summit are contemplating a reorganization of frameworks that could enable the new UN Council for Climate Change to enact majority votes and facilitate direct, sector-specific collaboration among nations. Simultaneously, many observers are viewing China’s increasing engagement in climate matters as an opportunity for them to take a leadership role on specific issues like renewable energy and electric vehicles.

When progress in environmental policy is predominantly driven by small groups of nations, one must question the relevance of large agreements like climate summits. Events of this nature can aid in “norm-setting,” remarks Sharp, facilitating recognition of ongoing transitions, such as the global shift away from coal reliance. However, they shouldn’t be expected to lead the charge for change, he cautions.

There is no denying that decades-long efforts have been instrumental in fostering international consensus on environmental strategies. Nevertheless, consensus-driven negotiations can move at the pace of the slowest participants in the dialogue. As the world confronts a multifaceted crisis involving climate change, biodiversity, and pollution, it may be time to reconsider such an approach.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Are There Any Cat Cryptocurrency Enthusiasts Out There?

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Feedback offers the latest news in science and technology from New Scientist, highlighting the newest developments. Feel free to email Feedback@newscientist.com with items that would intrigue our readers.

On the Way Out

Cat-themed automatons were bound to happen, considering that the Internet is roughly 60% cats and 35% bots.

Thus, @pepitothecat, a black cat with a Twitter account known as Pepito, has caught attention. Residing in France with his owner, engineer Clément Storck, Pepito’s X account operates with a system that auto-posts whenever he enters or leaves via the cat flap.

The tweets, while seemingly mundane, say either “Pepito is not outside” or “Pepito is back home,” all timestamped to the nearest second and accompanied by monochrome photos and short videos of Pepito’s comings and goings.

Surprisingly, @PepitotheCat boasts over 860,000 followers, a notable number of whom are based in Brazil. In June 2017, Pepito went missing for 22 hours, causing a widespread stir.The impact on Brazil was significant. Interestingly, Storck had to write a post as Pepito returned through the “human door,” which wasn’t registered in the system.

Feedback would like to mention: 22 hours? That’s quite tame. One cat featured in Feedback often goes missing for a day or so, and a former cat disappeared for six weeks, only to be discovered just a few hundred meters from her usual spot.

Pepito is resilient; the account has been active for 14 years, and Pepito will turn 18 in September. Although he may seem like just another cat, recent news about Pepito’s owners selling has thrust the account into more controversial discussions, including Pepito-themed cryptocurrencies. After all, who doesn’t love cats?

I’m on Track

Feedback finds resonance with enthusiasts spending their allowances on Hornby model trains, even if we aren’t deeply involved in the hobby ourselves. Recently, we were excited (at the time of writing) when Alan Edgar noted a press release from Northern Rail, one of the UK’s privatized railway companies. In November 2024, the company introduced a new Commercial and Customer Director, one Alex Hornby, who has an impressive track record, as quoted by the managing director.

In our naming discussions, Ian Gammy came across a 2019 report assessing the greenhouse gas emissions attributed to the US military. It turns out, “The US military is among the largest historical climate polluters, consuming more liquid fuel and emitting more CO₂ than most countries.” This underscores a stark contrast to the lack of such writings from American scholars, as highlighted by British researchers. Ian appreciated that the report’s authors included Patrick Big and Oliver Belcher.

You Just Lost

In March, Feedback explored Roko’s Basilisk, a rather bizarre thought experiment centered on artificial intelligence. Hypothetically, if an omnipotent AI were to exist, it might create simulations of individuals living today, raising a lot of confusion.

Our colleague Jacob Aron recently reviewed Matt Wixie’s novel Basilisk, which prompted reader Finn Byrne to delve into the concept of “cognitive hazard.” This notion implies that possessing certain knowledge may be perilous, especially regarding Roko’s Basilisk, which suggests that knowing about future AI may lead to eternal torment for those who refuse to aid its existence.

Unfortunately, events turned sour. When Finn reviewed the Wikipedia page on Cognitive Hazard, he “lost the game.” After he alerted us about it, we found ourselves losing as well. So now you’ve lost too.

As Finn describes, this game is simple: “1) you’re playing a game. 2) you lose every time you think about the game. 3) you must announce your loss.” Naturally, there’s a website dedicated to it: losethegame.net.

This game took up lots of time when we were students, often resurfacing during outings or in conversations, where a friend would suddenly declare they’ve lost. It had slipped our minds until now, but we’re back in its grip.

Finn continues to outline strategies. Winning appears impossible unless one achieves permanent amnesia or exits life prematurely, both of which seem extreme. However, you can certainly ensure others lose. “This website includes sections where enthusiastic players donate to worthy causes in light of ‘losing the game.’ If you prefer not to spend money, you might leave covert notes in strategic spots.

Lastly, there’s the award for publicizing the game widely. Finn notes these accolades often go to “individuals who mention the game in publications.”

Have you written to Feedback?

Feel free to send your stories to feedback@newscientist.com. Don’t forget to include your address. You can find this week’s and previous feedback on our website.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Internet Access Should Be Recognized as a Fundamental Human Right

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In 2024, 2.6 billion people (nearly a third of the global population) were still offline, as reported by
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU). That same year,
Freedom House estimated that over three-quarters of those with internet access live in countries where individuals have been arrested for sharing political, social, or religious content online, with nearly two-thirds of global internet users experiencing some form of online censorship.

The accessibility and quality of internet connections significantly impact how individuals lead their lives, a fact that deserves serious consideration. Having free and unobstructed internet access is no longer merely a luxury.

Human rights ensure a baseline of decent living conditions, as established by the UN General Assembly in the 1948 Declaration. In today’s digital landscape, the exercise of these rights—ranging from free speech to access to primary education—depends heavily on internet connectivity. For instance, many essential public services are transitioning online, and in several areas, digital services are the most viable alternatives to the absence of physical banks, educational institutions, and healthcare facilities.

Given the critical significance of internet access today, it must be officially recognized as a standalone human right by the United Nations and national governments. Such recognition would provide legal backing and obligations for international support that are often missing at the state level.

The ITU projects that achieving universal broadband coverage by 2030 will require an investment of nearly $428 billion. While this is a substantial sum, the benefits of connecting the remaining portion of humanity—enhanced education, economic activity, and health outcomes—far outweigh the costs.

Ensuring a minimum standard of connectivity is already an attainable goal. This includes providing 4G mobile broadband coverage, consistent access to smartphones, and affordable data plans for individuals that cost less than 2% of the average national income for 2GB per person, along with opportunities to develop essential digital skills.

However, having internet access alone is not sufficient for upholding human rights. As highlighted by the United Nations, misuse of technology for monitoring populations, gathering personal data for profit maximization, or spreading misinformation constitutes oppression rather than empowerment.

This right entails that states should respect users’ privacy, opposing censorship and the manipulation of information online. Businesses should prioritize human rights, especially users’ privacy, and actively combat misinformation and abuse on their platforms in line with regulations governing social media.

In 2016, the United Nations affirmed that people must be protected online just as they are offline. This concept was first suggested in
2003.

The time to act is now. Advocating for universal internet access as a human right calls for political action. We cannot afford to see the internet degrade from a tool for human advancement to one of division. Establishing this right will be a powerful measure to ensure that the internet serves the interests of all, not just a select few.

Merten Reglitz is a philosopher and author of Free Internet Access as a Human Right

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Potential Discovery of ‘Planet Y’ in the Outer Solar System

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Could there be hidden planets in our solar system?

Peter Jurik/Alamy

At the far reaches of our solar system, there could be a new Earth-sized planet, referred to as Planet Y.

Astronomers have speculated for a long time about the existence of concealed planets past the Kuiper Belt, which is populated with frozen bodies, including UTO. Notable theories have included Planet X, a compelling candidate believed to be approximately seven times the mass of Earth and orbiting about 50 times the distance from the Sun, alongside at least 300 other solar masses.

Amir Shiraj from Princeton University and his team suggest the existence of Planet Y, distinct from other candidates, based on the warping observed in the orbits of some Kuiper Belt objects. “If that warp is confirmed, the simplest explanation is an undiscovered planet with a tilt,” Shiraj explains.

This hypothetical planet could have a mass comparable to that of Mercury or Earth and might orbit roughly 100-200 times the distance of genomic syndrome. The gravitational influence of this planet could cause certain Kuiper Belt objects to have orbits that are slightly inclined, mimicking the rippling effect in a body of water.

“The signals we’re detecting are subtle but trustworthy,” Shiraj remarks. “Previous hints of Planet Nine shared similar statistical probabilities.”

The orbital distortion conjectured for Planet Y differs from the rationale behind the potential existence of Planet Nine, which is thought to attract objects with its gravity. “The signatures indicate a different source,” Shiraj adds.

Johnty Horner at the University of South Queensland believes it is “plausible” that an unseen realm, like Planet Y, exists in the outer solar system. “It’s a reminder that we are still exploring what lies beyond Neptune; our understanding is still in its infancy,” he states.

Such a planet might have been ejected from the inner solar system to the outer reaches. “Scattering appears more likely,” Horner suggests.

With the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s decade-long survey of the skies, our perception of the outer solar system is expected to transform significantly in the coming years. Should Planet Y, Planet Nine, or other candidates exist, Rubin may directly observe them.

“Rubin is rapidly expanding our catalog of well-studied trans-Neptunian objects,” remarks Shiraj. If Planet Y is indeed lurking out there, Rubin might identify it “within the initial years of the survey,” Shiraj adds, or at least provide further evidence of the observed warping effect.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Origins of Language: What is Parenting Fuel Language? Insights from a New Book

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Beekman proposes that the intricacies of parenting have fueled the evolution of language

Shutterstock/Artem Varnitsin

The Origin of Language
Madeleine Beekman (Simon & Schuster)

Language remains one of the few attributes regarded as uniquely human. While animals like chimpanzees and songbirds exhibit advanced communication systems, they do not convey meaning on the same scale as humans. So, what prompted our ancestors to develop language?

Madeleine Beekman, an evolutionary biologist with a focus on insects, particularly honeybees, presents an engaging explanation in her first book aimed at general audiences regarding the evolution of human language.

Her hypothesis suggests that language emerged as a necessity to meet the challenges of parenting. In comparison to other mammals, human infants are quite helpless at birth and need around-the-clock care.

Echoing decades of paleontological research, Beekman links the vulnerable state of infants to two factors: a larger brain and a narrower pelvis. “As our bodies adapted for bipedalism, our hips narrowed,” she notes. As a result, our brains grew larger. “A big-headed baby and a mother with a narrow pelvis don’t work well together,” Beekman elaborates.

To circumvent this “obstetric dilemma,” infants are born at an earlier stage, leading to the situation where their heads are too large for a narrow birth canal. This adaptation allows for safer childbirth but necessitates extended care for the fragile young.

Thus far, the narrative is familiar. Beekman’s significant leap is to propose that the requirements of caring for human offspring spurred the development of complex languages. “Caring for human babies is incredibly challenging, leading evolution to craft entirely new tools to assist with this effort,” she asserts, “the design flaws that initiated the issue ultimately offered a solution.” While our brains made childbirth more complicated, we simultaneously developed our capacity for a richer, more flexible language.

In presenting this idea, Beekman navigates a bustling marketplace of theories on language evolution. Various hypotheses exist; some contend that language arose alongside toolmaking, where the development of advanced tools required more descriptive language for instruction. Others suggest language served as a means of social distinction, encompassing clever wordplay and insults. Additionally, it may have initially been a cognitive tool, primarily for individual thought before evolving to facilitate communication with others.

One intriguing element of Beekman’s theory is her emphasis on the roles of women and children. Science has historically leaned towards male-centered viewpoints, often overshadowing the significant evolutionary shifts linked to pregnancy (e.g., the “Hunter” model).

“
The authors contend that language is around 100,000 years old and unique to our species.
“

It’s essential to reflect on the contributions of women and children in the story of language’s origins. However, this doesn’t necessarily affirm Beekman’s thesis. She presents compelling evidence, notably showing that many large birds, including parrots and New Caledonian crows, produce underdeveloped offspring. Why? A 2023 study indicated that the primary predictor of avian brain size was the degree of parental care.

All of this resonates with Beekman’s narrative. Yet, the most pressing question remains: timing. Humans have been walking on two legs for at least 6 million years, and our brains have expanded rapidly for the last 2 million years. Given this extensive timeline, when did language actually develop?

Beekman posits that modern language is roughly 100,000 years old and specific to our species. She references 2020 research pinpointing “unique gene regulatory networks that shape the anatomy crucial for precise word production.” These networks appear to exist solely in our species, indicating that other human relatives, like Neanderthals, may not have possessed the same linguistic capabilities.

Beekman considers this “conclusive,” yet other scholars have unearthed evidence that suggests the possibility of complex language in other human species. The evolution surrounding human childbirth remains as intertwined as it is uncertain. In summary, robust ideas necessitate further proof.

Michael Marshall is a writer based in Devon, UK

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Could Cultivating Food on Strings with Fat-Confined Microbeads Aid Weight Loss?

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Edible microbeads can absorb fat in the intestines

Vacharapong Wongsalab/Getty Images

Researchers are developing edible microbeads that can absorb fat, aiding weight loss. These beads may one day be introduced into foods and beverages to help manage or prevent obesity.

Despite ongoing efforts to address obesity, global rates continue to rise. While new weight loss medications like Wegovy and Zepbound have emerged, their high cost and potential side effects highlight the need for alternative solutions.

In this context, Yuu and her team from Sichuan University in China have crafted edible microbeads that capture fat before it’s absorbed by the body. These beads are composed of vitamin E and green tea compounds, coated with alginate, a seaweed-derived fiber. All components are food-safe and approved by the US FDA.

When these beads are ingested, the alginate layer expands in the stomach, allowing partially digested fats in the intestines to enter the beads and bind with their compounds. The beads, along with the captured fat, are then expelled during defecation.

In experiments, rats on a 60% fat diet consuming the microbeads lost an average of 17% of their body weight after 30 days. In contrast, a comparable group fed the same high-fat diet without beads showed no weight loss, and another group on a reduced-fat diet also did not lose weight. The microbeads-treated rats exhibited less fatty tissue and reduced liver damage.

Further analysis of the feces from rats given microbeads revealed fat content comparable to that of the group treated with Orlistat, a weight loss drug that blocks fat absorption. This suggests that the microbeads effectively inhibit visceral fat uptake without the gastrointestinal side effects associated with Orlistat.

“One reason [Orlistat] hasn’t gained much popularity is due to the difficulty in managing bowel movements,” notes Thunder Kirsten from Cornell University. Thus, these edible microbeads may present a viable alternative to pharmaceutical therapies, although human trials are still necessary.

A clinical trial with 26 participants is already in progress. “We anticipate preliminary results within the next year,” Wu remarked during a press release at the American Chemical Society Conference on August 21.

One concern raised is that these microbeads may interfere with the absorption of essential fat-soluble vitamins. Additionally, it’s unclear how palatable they will be to consumers. Similar strategies using synthetic indigestible fats called olestra were attempted in the late 1990s and early 2000s but failed to gain traction due to poor sales, leading to their withdrawal about a decade ago.

Researchers aim to create virtually flavorless beads that can be shaped like tapioca or boba, making them suitable for desserts and bubble tea. “We want to design something that fits seamlessly into people’s eating habits and lifestyles,” Wu stated.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Our Brains Don’t Change Structure After Amputation

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Before entering the MRI scanner, Emily Weldon practiced moving a lost finger from her amputated arm, accompanied by a researcher.

Tamar Makin/Hunter Schone

Research suggests our brains may not reconfigure as much as previously believed following an amputation.

The somatosensory cortex, which processes sensory data like touch and temperature from the entire body, has been shown in various studies to have distinct regions mapped to different body parts. For instance, the sensation of burning your hands might activate regions corresponding to your toes.

There is evidence indicating that when a nerve is severed, the somatosensory cortex may reorganize. A study observing macaques with severed arm nerves revealed that neurons typically responding to hand stimuli were instead active when the face was touched. The researchers inferred that some cortical areas initially linked to the hands were repurposed to respond to facial sensations.

However, a team led by Tamar Makin from Cambridge University conducted a groundbreaking comparison of brain activity in individuals before and after amputation, revealing minimal changes.

Using MRI, researchers scanned the brains of three participants prior to their medically necessary arm amputations. During the scans, they were instructed to pucker their lips and attempt to move their fingers.

Interestingly, even after numerous attempts to willfully move fingers they no longer possessed, the brain signals remained unchanged. “To the best of our measurement, they remain the same,” Makin noted.

Long-term follow-ups on two participants, 18 months and 5 years post-surgery, indicated no significant alterations in brain signals since the initial scans.

The researchers utilized an AI model that was trained to correlate brain activity with specific finger movements. When participants imagined moving their fingers in a random sequence, the model accurately identified which finger they were trying to move, demonstrating consistent neural activity.

In another experiment segment, somatosensory cortical activity was assessed in 26 individuals, average 23 years post-amputation, during attempts to move their lips and fingers. The findings showed comparable activity levels.

“This study decisively challenges the notion that the brain can easily remap, rewire, or reorganize as initially thought,” remarked John Krakauer from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland.

The implications of these findings could significantly affect treatments for phantom limb pain, a common condition where amputees experience discomfort in limbs that are no longer present.

Some therapeutic approaches utilize virtual reality and visual stimuli to prompt brain reorganization, yet results have varied, sometimes influenced by placebo effects, according to Makin.

Researchers suggest that innovative methods, such as implanting nerves into new tissues during amputation, might help mitigate this condition. If remaining nerves are left unconnected, they can thicken, potentially contributing to phantom limb pain.

“The previous maladaptive plasticity theory regarding phantom pain relied on the belief that reorganization was possible, which now seems incorrect,” stated Krakauer. “This fundamentally alters our approach to treating phantom limb pain since its underlying theory has been disproven.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Universe’s Most Unusual Black Holes Could Soon Be Awakened

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In February 2024, astronomers observed a peculiar phenomenon occurring in a galaxy located 300 light-years from Earth.

An enormous flare of X-ray light erupted from the ultra-massive black hole at its center, reaching brightness levels 10 times higher and emitting 100 times more energy than previously recorded.

Whatever unfolded in that distant black hole was nothing short of extraordinary.

After meticulously monitoring the situation for over a year, astronomers have come to realize they may have witnessed one of the universe’s most dramatic events.

Bright Light, Black Hole

According to the study, the flare observed in April 2025 could indicate that the black hole (dubbed Ansky) has begun to consume surrounding gas and dust.

This scenario may evoke the image of a colossal vacuum in the universe, but the reality is somewhat different.

While nothing can escape from the black hole’s grasp, this intense hold reaches only up to the event horizon.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/08/black-hole.mp4

An abundance of black holes comes to life in this artist’s impression. In 2024, astronomers noted similar flares from distant galaxies.

Beyond that limit, gravity draws gas and dust towards the black hole, creating what are known as accretion disks.

Typically, these disks orbit quietly around black holes, as seen at the heart of our galaxy, but they lack excitement.

That changes when something disrupts the disk. Environments near black holes are incredibly extreme, so even minor turbulence can cause gas to overheat, producing a bright glow.

In certain instances, black holes transform into active galactic nuclei, gathering more dust and gas from their surroundings and funneling some towards the event horizon.

This resulting chaos leads to excessive heating of the gas, which shines brilliantly, overshadowing the stars in its host galaxy.

The Black Hole Awakens

Astronomers have observed shifts in black holes from one state to another, particularly noting those that were previously dormant now burning brightly.

This is when scientists, like Lorena Hernandez Garcia from Valparaiso University in Chile, first detected flares emanating from Ansky, initially suspecting a tidal disruption event.

“These eruptions typically correlate with interactions between compact objects like stars and other black holes, or dense rings of gas and dust circling the black holes,” Hernandez Garcia stated in BBC Science Focus.

If an object nears the event horizon, the extreme gravity can tear it apart, resulting in a brilliant flash as each fragment approaches the black hole.

However, Hernández-García notes that “Ansky does not exhibit typical signs of tidal disruption events seen in other systems. There’s no evidence of such chaotic disruption. While we can’t entirely rule out the possibility of stars being torn apart, it would certainly be an unusual case.”

As something falls towards a black hole’s event horizon, time appears to slow down and freeze from a distant observer’s perspective. – Photo credit: Getty

Instead, Hernández-García believes that Ansky’s unusual behavior offers a unique glimpse into a small black hole transitioning into an active galactic nucleus.

“We think we are witnessing galaxies undergoing the ‘on-switch.’ That central black hole is starting to feed again,” stated Hernandez Garcia.

If accurate, Ansky presents astronomers with an unparalleled opportunity to observe one of the universe’s most significant transformations.

Catching a Waking Black Hole

One challenge astronomers face in capturing this phenomenon is the need for the right telescope at the right place and time.

Fortunately, Ansky had been under scrutiny by astronomers. Previously, it was merely another quiet, unremarkable black hole that received little attention.

However, it falls within the range of the Zwicky Transient Facility, a telescope that scans the sky nightly, documenting the brightness and position of stars and galaxies, and monitoring changes.

In December 2019, the galaxy housing Ansky notably brightened. Hernández-García explains, “We observed an increase in optical brightness of approximately 20% over just six months. Since then, the brightness has remained above its original level until 2025.”

Subsequently, astronomers have been monitoring Ansky for changes, including with NASA’s rapid X-ray telescopes.

Initially, there were no X-ray signals, but in February 2024, a bright flare was detected emanating from the black hole.

What remains unclear is the possible connection between the two events.

“We still don’t know if the 2019 optical brighter burst and the 2024 X-ray flare are part of the same process—essentially the black hole ‘waking up’—or if they represent separate phenomena,” says Hernández-García.

Ansky provides significant insight into what occurs when a black hole awakens, but astronomers need to observe more such events to truly understand the dynamics at play.

If all goes well, it won’t be long until the powerful Vera Rubin Observatory scans the sky for signs of unusual activities in the cosmic depths.

With more eyes on the sky than ever before, astronomers can capture even more of these dormant giants as they stir from their long, deep slumber.

About Our Experts

Lorena Hernández-García specializes in ultra-massive black holes, focusing on their feeding habits and the impacts on the surrounding galaxy environments.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Psyche Embodies the Essence of Earth and Moon

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On July 20th and July 23rd, 2025, NASA’s Psyche spacecraft captured images of Earth and the Moon from a distance of approximately 290 million km (180 million miles). The spacecraft’s twin cameras took several long exposure photographs, showcasing the two celestial bodies as glimmering dots in the sunlight against the backdrop of the Aries constellation.

Psyche imaged Earth and the Moon, approximately 290 million km (180 million miles) away in July 2025. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/ASU.

Psyche is NASA’s mission aimed at studying metal-rich asteroids located in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.

This mission marks NASA’s first endeavor to examine asteroids composed primarily of metal rather than rock and ice.

Psyche launched on October 13, 2023, at 10:19 AM aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from the Kennedy Space Center.

By August 2029, the spacecraft will begin its exploration of asteroids that scientists believe are remnants of planetary cores due to their high metal content.

“The multispectral imager equipment features a pair of identical cameras equipped with filters and telescope lenses designed to capture the asteroid’s surface using light across various wavelengths,” stated a member of the mission’s science team.

“The color and shape of the asteroid’s spectrum can provide insights into its composition.”

“For instance, the Moon and the large asteroid Vesta exhibit similar spectral ‘bumps and wiggles’ that scientists could potentially identify in Psyche.”

Researchers are interested in Psyche as it may enhance our understanding of how rocky planets with metallic cores, including Earth, were formed.

When selecting targets for imaging tests and calibration, they seek bodies that reflect sunlight similarly to Psyche.

This allows for comparisons with previous data obtained from telescopes or spacecraft observing these familiar spectral objects.

Earlier this year, Psyche pointed its cameras toward Jupiter and Mars for calibration purposes, and the results were successful.

To monitor changes in imager performance, researchers are also comparing data from various tests.

This ensures that when the spacecraft enters orbit around Psyche, the equipment will function as anticipated.

“We’re thrilled about the opportunity to further our understanding through our efforts,” remarked Dr. Jim Bell, Psyche Imager Instrument Lead at Arizona State University.

“We gather ‘trading cards’ from these distinct celestial bodies and run them through the calibration pipeline to ensure data accuracy.”

Psyche wasn’t the only instrument that underwent successful checkouts in July 2025.

The mission team also tested the spacecraft’s magnetometer and gamma-ray and neutron spectrometer, a routine procedure conducted every six months.

“Everything is operational and functioning well,” stated Dr. Bob Mas, the mission project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“We aim to fly by Mars in May 2026, having accomplished all planned activities for the cruise phase.”

“This flyby represents the next significant milestone for the spacecraft, utilizing the gravitational pull of Mars to assist in reaching Psyche.”

“This will be the first of two planned loops around the solar system, marking the initial 1.6 billion km (1 billion miles) journey since its launch from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in October 2023.”

Source: www.sci.news

Omega Fatty Acids May Help Safeguard Women Against Alzheimer’s Disease

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies indicate that the link between different lipids and Alzheimer’s disease is particularly significant for women, often absent in men.

wretlind et al. The research focuses on gender-specific lipids associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Image credit: Wretlind et al, doi: 10.1002/alz.70512.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative condition that is increasingly impacting people globally.

Women experience a disproportionate prevalence of AD, comprising about two-thirds of all diagnosed cases.

“Women face a higher risk of AD and are often diagnosed with the condition more frequently than men post-80 years of age,” stated Dr. Christina Legidokigley, a researcher at King’s College London.

“One of the most striking findings I noticed when examining gender differences was that healthy men and those perceived as healthy did not show variations in these lipids, whereas the situation was markedly different for women.”

“This study highlights that lipid biology in AD varies by gender and opens new avenues for investigation.”

The researchers analyzed plasma samples from 841 individuals with AD, mild cognitive impairment, and those in cognitive health, measuring brain inflammation and damage.

Utilizing mass spectrometry, they examined 700 distinct lipids in the bloodstream. Lipids comprise a diverse group of molecules.

Saturated lipids are typically deemed “unhealthy,” in contrast to unsaturated lipids that contain omega fatty acids, which are often labeled as “healthy.”

Researchers observed a substantial increase in saturated lipids among women diagnosed with Alzheimer’s compared to those in the healthy group—deemed “unhealthy lipids.”

Conversely, lipids with omega fatty acids were found to be significantly diminished in those with Alzheimer’s.

“Our findings suggest that women should ensure they are incorporating omega fatty acids into their diets.”

“However, clinical trials are crucial to determine whether changes in lipid composition can influence the biological progression of AD.”

“It has been known for some time that more women than men are diagnosed with AD,” remarks Dr. Asgaretlin, also from King’s College London.

“This remains an area for further exploration, but we managed to identify biological differences in lipids across genders in extensive cohorts and underline the significance of omega-containing lipids in the blood, which has not been previously demonstrated.”

“The results are quite striking, illustrating how these changes manifest early in life among women.”

This study was published today in Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia: Journal of the Alzheimer’s Disease Association.

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Asger Wretlind et al. 2025. Lipid profiling uncovers reductions in unsaturated lipids among women with Alzheimer’s disease. Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia 21(8): E70512; doi: 10.1002/alz.70512

Source: www.sci.news

Dwarf Planet Ceres Might Have Hosted a Lasting Source of Chemical Energy to Support Habitability

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

While there is no conclusive evidence of microorganisms on Ceres, recent research bolsters the theory that this dwarf planet may have once harbored conditions conducive to single-cell life.

An illustration of Ceres’ interior, highlighting the movement of water and gas from the rocky core to the saltwater reservoir. Carbon dioxide and methane are chemical energy carriers beneath Ceres’ surface. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

Previous scientific data from NASA’s Dawn Mission indicated that bright reflective areas on Ceres’ surface were formed from salt left behind by liquid that seeped from below ground.

A subsequent 2020 analysis identified that this liquid originated from a vast reservoir of subsurface brine.

Additional studies found organic materials in the form of carbon molecules on Ceres. While this alone doesn’t confirm the existence of microbial life, it is a crucial component.

Water and carbon molecules are two fundamental aspects of the habitability puzzle for this distant world.

The latest findings suggest that ancient chemical energy on Ceres could have supported the survival of microorganisms.

This does not imply that Ceres currently hosts life, but if it did, “food” sources are likely to have been available.

In a new study led by Dr. Sam Courville from Arizona State University and NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a thermal and chemical model was developed to simulate the temperature and composition within Ceres over time.

They discovered that approximately 2.5 billion years ago, Ceres’ underground oceans possibly maintained a stable supply of warm water with dissolved gases emanating from metamorphic rocks in the rocky core.

The heat originated from the decay of radioactive elements within the planet’s rocky interior, a process typical in our solar system.

“On Earth, when hot water from deep underground interacts with ocean water, it frequently creates a fertility hotspot for microorganisms, releasing a wealth of chemical energy,” stated Dr. Courville.

“Therefore, if Ceres’ oceans experienced hydrothermal activity in the past, it would align well with our findings.”

As it stands, Ceres is not likely to be habitable today, being cooler and having less ice and water than it once did.

At present, the heat from radioactive decay in Ceres is inadequate to prevent water from freezing, resulting in highly concentrated saltwater.

The timeframe during which Ceres was likely habitable ranges from 5 billion to 2 billion years ago, coinciding with when its rocky core peaked in temperature.

This is when warm liquid water would have been introduced into Ceres’ groundwater.

Dwarf planets generally lack the benefit of ongoing internal heating due to tidal interactions with larger planets, unlike Enceladus and Europa, moons of Saturn and Jupiter, respectively.

Thus, the highest potential for a habitable Ceres existed in its past.

“Since then, Ceres’ oceans are likely to be cold, concentrated saltwater with minimal energy sources, making current habitability unlikely,” the authors concluded.

A paper detailing these findings was published today in the journal Advances in Science.

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Samuel W. Courville et al. 2025. Core metamorphosis controls the dynamic habitability of the medium-sized marine world – the case of Ceres. Advances in Science 11 (34); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adt3283

Source: www.sci.news

Enhanced Colony Resilience through Artificial Superfoods for Honeybees

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Bees often struggle to get the nutrients they need from flowers

Ran Zisovitch/Shutterstock

Artificial “superfoods” that supply vital nutrients for honeybees indicate that colonies could generate significantly more larvae, potentially addressing the worldwide decline in bee populations.

Bees rely on a diverse range of flower pollen to acquire essential nutrients, including crucial lipids known as sterols. Unfortunately, climate change and industrial farming practices often leave their habitats lacking the floral variety necessary for their survival. “For crops to be pollinated, you need more bees, but they have less food,” says Geraldine Light from Oxford University.

In response to this, beekeepers are increasingly providing artificial pollen substitutes. Yet, the common commercial supplements, typically made from protein powders, sugars, and oils, are deficient in the necessary sterol compounds, rendering them nutritionally inadequate.

Through CRISPR gene editing, Wright and her team developed the yeast Yarrowia Lipolytica to manufacture the precise blend of six essential sterols that bees require. This yeast was included in the diet of bee colonies during a three-month feeding trial conducted in a controlled glasshouse.

At the conclusion of the study, colonies fed the sterol-enhanced yeast produced up to 15 times more larvae reaching the viable pupal stage than those receiving standard commercial bee feed.

Colonies on a sterol-rich diet maintained their egg and larval production throughout the 90-day period, while those with sterol-deficient diets experienced a significant decline in chick production before the study’s conclusion.

“Our technology enables beekeepers to nourish their bees alongside pollen,” Wright explains. “When integrated with pollen alternatives that are optimized with other nutrients, honeybees can develop healthier, more robust, and longer-lasting colonies.”

This yeast can also be utilized to formulate essential nutrients for other farmed insects, which are becoming increasingly vital food sources for both humans and livestock, according to Wright.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Innovative Perspectives on Brain Health Could Lead to Essential New Treatments

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Sumaid Pal Singh Bakshi/Unsplash

Healthcare has witnessed remarkable advancements over the past few decades. In high-income nations, the survival rate for certain types of pediatric leukemia has increased from about 10% to over 90%. HPV vaccinations have decreased the incidence of cervical cancer, and early detection of HIV can lead to life expectancies similar to that of the general population.

In contrast, progress in mental health treatment has been less pronounced. Psychiatry often struggles with a perception of stagnation in treatment methodologies. Historically, it has heavily relied on psychopharmaceuticals developed in the mid-20th century. The field has remained largely anchored to these early drug treatments.

This stagnation is not due to a lack of effort. In the 1970s, molecular psychiatry emerged, focusing on the molecular basis of mental health conditions through proteins, genes, and signaling pathways. The goal was to anchor diagnostics and treatments to biological mechanisms instead of merely interpreting subjective symptoms. Despite advances in genetic research, including exploring the genetic links to schizophrenia, we have yet to see significant improvements in mental health treatment paralleling those in physical health.

The new approach is targeting chronic inflammation.

Given that approximately 8-16% of individuals in high-income countries like England experience anxiety and depression, a fresh perspective is crucial. Current innovative approaches focus on chronic inflammation, a phenomenon linked not just to heart disease and type 2 diabetes, but also to mental health.

For many, chronic low-grade inflammation results from the pace of modern life, often fueled by factors such as stress, obesity, and poor dietary choices. Promising developments suggest that certain anti-inflammatory medications may have potential benefits for the brain, alleviating issues associated with depression and dementia (“Chronic inflammation harms your mind. Here’s how to calm it down”).

These findings also clarify that managing mental health can be approached through actions such as regular exercise, relaxation techniques, and nutritious eating.

While this path may not work for everyone, given that antidepressants fail to help approximately 30% of those treated for depression, any progress is welcomed.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Cement Prevents Heat Build-Up in Buildings

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Concrete buildings absorb heat in hot climates

Panther Media Global/Alamy

SEI 262737271 — Concrete buildings absorb heat in hot climates

Panther Media Global/Alamy

Cement can self-cool by reflecting light outward and dissipating heat from its surface, offering a comfortable indoor climate without reliance on air conditioning.

Traditional cement often absorbs infrared light from the sun, trapping heat and causing indoor temperatures to rise along with the surrounding air.

To tackle this challenge, Fengyin Du from Purdue University in Indiana and her team developed a unique cement that features tiny reflective mineral crystals called ettringite on its exterior.

This innovative cement releases infrared light instead of retaining it, allowing for rapid heat loss. “It acts like a mirror or radiator, reflecting sunlight and releasing heat into the atmosphere, enabling the building to remain cool without needing air conditioning or power,” Du explains.

Initially, the researchers create small pellets from commonly found minerals like limestone and gypsum. These are ground into a fine powder, mixed with water, and poured into silicon molds that contain small perforations. Air bubbles moving through these holes form slight indentations on the surface, where the reflective ettringite crystals can develop. The aluminum-rich gels in the set cement permit infrared rays to traverse the material.

Du notes the process is easily scalable and enables cement production at lower temperatures, making it $5 less expensive per tonne than conventional Portland cement.

Du and her team evaluated the temperature regulation of their cement on the hot roof of Purdue University’s campus and observed that its surface temperature was 5.4°C (9.7°F) cooler than the surrounding air and 26°C (47°F) lower compared to Portland Cement.

Surface dimples of cement viewed under an electron microscope

Guo Lu/Southeast University

“It’s a valuable material,” states Oscar Brousse from University College London. “You enhance the material’s ability to reflect and emit energy, thus efficiently releasing energy that the material has absorbed.”

However, gauging just the surface temperature of a material does not convey its real-world performance. “A surface temperature reduction of 5°C translates into a 5°C decrease in air temperature, which can significantly impact local conditions.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ceres May Have Been Habitable Within Just 5 Billion Years

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The icy dwarf planet Ceres might have been habitable in the past

NASA/Jet Propulsion Research Institute (JPL)

The dwarf planet Ceres seems desolate and frozen, yet, billions of years after its creation, it could have housed a warm, habitable interior.

Sam Course Building from Arizona State University notes that while we can’t definitively say life could arise on Ceres, its past conditions possibly allowed for the survival of life.

Previous research indicates that Ceres may contain water ice and organic compounds, suggesting potential for life. In this study, however, researchers explored what these potential alien life forms could have consumed. Instead of feeding on other organisms, they might have derived energy directly from chemical molecules, similar to microorganisms found in hydrothermal vents in Earth’s oceans. Could analogous microorganisms have lived in Ceres’ ancient oceans?

The team simulated Ceres’ history and found that over 500 million to 2 billion years ago, pores near its hot core could have released liquid which mingled with the cold ocean waters. This interaction might have provided essential chemical “food” for microorganisms.

To seek past or current life in the solar system, Amanda Hendrix from the Institute of Planetary Sciences emphasizes the importance of examining worlds like Ceres that either currently have or once possessed oceans.

Interestingly, the types of life-sustaining conditions described by the team might also have existed on other ice-like bodies the size of Ceres. This suggests that the number of potentially habitable planets in evolution could be greater than previously thought.

“If Ceres was habitable in the past, then it’s probable that a multitude of asteroids and moons were also habitable, and many may still be today,” states team member Joe O’Rourke from Arizona State University.

Thus, habitability may simply result from readily available ingredients that appear to be common in the solar system.

However, many aspects remain uncertain, especially concerning Ceres itself. Researchers believe that accurate chemical analyses of surface minerals will enhance their models, but no spacecraft capable of conducting such analyses has landed on Ceres yet.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Cold Fusion: Controversial Experiments Enhance Fusion Research

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Thunderbird Fusion Reactor

Berlinguette Group, UBC

Cold Fusion, once a notorious name in the scientific community, is experiencing a resurgence. Researchers are revisiting earlier experiments that suggested room-temperature fusion, hinting at the potential for energy generation akin to that of the Sun, but without the extreme heat typically required. Although the initial claims were thoroughly scrutinized, recent iterations of this research have found ways to enhance fusion rates, even if they still fall short of producing usable energy.

Nuclear fusion involves merging atomic nuclei under extreme temperature and pressure, releasing energy in the process. This phenomenon naturally occurs in stars like our Sun, but replicating it on Earth for energy use has proven to be a significant challenge. Despite aspirations for commercial fusion reactors dating back to the 1950s, we haven’t yet managed to build one that yields more energy than it consumes.

The tide seemed to turn in 1989 when chemists Stanley Pons and Martin Fleischmann at the University of Utah reported that they had achieved nuclear fusion at room temperature using palladium rods submerged in water injected with neutron-rich heavy water and subjected to an electric current. This process generated unexpected heat spikes that surpassed predictions for standard chemical reactions, leading them to believe significant levels of nuclear fusion were occurring.

Dubbed Cold Fusion, this experiment captivated interest for its implication of a simpler, cleaner energy source compared to conventional hot fusion. However, the excitement quickly faded as researchers worldwide failed to replicate the observed heat anomalies.

Recently, Curtis Berlinguette and his team at the University of British Columbia have developed a novel tabletop particle accelerator, drawing inspiration from the original research conducted by Pons and Fleischmann.

“Cold fusion was dismissed back in 1989 due to the inability to replicate the findings. Our setup is designed for reproducibility, enabling verification by others,” Berlinguette explains. “We don’t claim to have discovered an energy miracle; our goal is to advance scientific understanding and provide reliable data to make fusion more attainable and interdisciplinary.”

Similar to the initial cold fusion experiment, the current research employs deuterium and palladium, which are hydrogen isotopes containing neutrons. The Thunderbird reactor utilizes a deuterium nucleus and a concentrated high-energy beam directed at a palladium electrode. This method prompts the palladium to absorb these high-energy particles and facilitates fusion by increasing the saturation of deuterium in the material.

To enhance fusion rates, the researchers incorporated an electrochemical device filled with deuterium oxide (heavy water). This device breaks down the heavy water into deuterium and oxygen, allowing the deuterium to be absorbed by the electrodes, boosting the quantity of deuterium available for fusion. “An essential takeaway from our 1989 experiment was the use of electrochemistry to introduce hydrogen fuel to the electrodes,” Berlinguette emphasizes.

As a result, the researchers noted a 15% increase in neutron production, correlating with a rise in fusion rates, though it only generates a billionth of a watt—far less than the 15 watts required to operate the device. “We’re just a few orders of magnitude away from powering your home with these reactors,” Berlinguette states.

While the experiment is notably inspired by the 1989 research, the current work indicates that the primary source of fusion comes from the powerful deuteron beam, rather than the electrochemistry proposed by Pons and Fleischmann. Anthony Ksernak from Imperial College London notes, “This is not an unknown phenomenon; it’s about colliding deuterium with a solid target and achieving what appears to be a fusion event,” noting the energy from the high-energy particles is equivalent to hundreds of millions of Kelvins.

Ksernak acknowledges that the 15% increase in deuterium saturation in palladium is modest, but he sees potential in experimenting with different metals for the electrodes in future research.

Berlinguette remains hopeful that the fusion rate can be elevated by redesigning the reactor. Recent unpublished work from a colleague suggests that merely altering the shape of the electrodes might yield a four-order magnitude increase in the fusion rate, though it would still fall short of the levels required for practical applications.

Even if higher fusion rates aren’t achieved, Berlinguette believes the electrochemical technique for enhancing deuterium loading in metals could be beneficial for developing high-temperature superconductors. Many promising superconducting materials, known for their zero electrical resistance and potential to transform global electrical systems, are metals that incorporate significant hydrogen amounts. Traditionally, creating these materials demands excessive pressure and energy; however, the electrochemical systems used in Thunderbird reactors could streamline the process with much less energy expenditure, according to Berlinguette.

Cern and Mont Blanc, Dark and Frozen Matter: Switzerland and France

Prepare to be amazed by CERN, the European Centre for Particle Physics. Here, researchers operate the renowned Large Hadron Collider situated near the picturesque Swiss city of Geneva.

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Nuclear Fusion Technology

Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA and IBM Develop AI to Forecast Solar Flares Before They Reach Earth

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Solar flares pose risks to GPS systems and communication satellites

NASA/SDO/AIA

AI models developed with NASA satellite imagery are now capable of forecasting the sun’s appearance hours ahead.

“I envision this model as an AI telescope that enables us to observe the sun and grasp its ‘mood,'” states Juan Bernabe Moreno from IBM Research Europe.

The sun’s state is crucial because bursts of solar activity can bombard Earth with high-energy particles, X-rays, and extreme ultraviolet radiation. These events have the potential to disrupt GPS systems and communication satellites, as well as endanger astronauts and commercial flights. Solar flares may also be accompanied by coronal mass ejections, which can severely impact Earth’s magnetic field, leading to geomagnetic storms that could incapacitate power grids.

Bernabé-Moreno and his team at IBM and NASA created an AI model named Surya, derived from the Sanskrit word for ‘sun,’ by utilizing nine years of data from NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory. This satellite captures ultra-high-resolution images of the sun across 13 wavelength channels. The AI models have learned to recognize patterns in this visual data and create forecasts of how the sun will appear from future observational stations.

When tested against historical solar flare data, the Surya model demonstrated a 16% improvement in accuracy for predicting flare occurrences within the next day compared to traditional machine learning models. There is also a possibility that the model could generate visualizations of flares observable for up to two hours in advance.

“The strength of AI lies in its capacity to comprehend physics in unconventional ways. It enhances our intuition regarding physical processes,” remarks Lisa Upton at the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado.

Upton is especially eager to explore if the Surya model can aid in predicting solar activity across the sun and at its poles—areas where NASA instruments cannot directly observe. While Surya does not explicitly aim to model the far side of the sun, it has shown promise in forecasting what the sun will resemble for several hours ahead as sections rotate into view, according to Bernabe Moreno.

However, it remains uncertain whether AI models can overcome existing obstacles in accurately predicting how solar activity will influence Earth. Bernard Jackson from the University of California, San Diego, points out that there is currently no means to directly observe the magnetic field composition between the Sun and Earth, a crucial factor determining the direction of high-energy particles emanating from the star.

As stated by Bernabé-Moreno, this model is intended for scientific use now, but future collaborations with other AI systems that could leverage Surya’s capabilities may allow it to support power grid operators and satellite constellation owners as part of early warning frameworks.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Hidden Food Allergens Often Trigger Serious Reactions

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Buckwheat seems to be a significant contributor to severe food allergies

Shutterstock/Buntovskikh Olga

It appears that roughly one in seven instances of life-threatening allergic reactions is triggered by foods that lack allergen labeling, prompting researchers to call for policy changes in this area.

Food allergies are rising in prevalence; however, many regulatory allergen lists have not been updated in many years. For instance, the European Union’s Essential labeling of food lists mandates the disclosure of 14 different food allergens, like peanuts and soy, but relies on data that dates back to 2011.

To explore less recognized allergens, Dominique Sabouraud-Leclerc from Centre Hosvia University in France conducted an analysis along with her colleagues, examining 2,999 reports of food-induced anaphylaxis that were voluntarily submitted by medical professionals within an allergenic environment network from 2002 to 2023.

The research aimed to identify emerging food allergens, defined as substances not listed in the European Essential Labeling List but responsible for at least 1% of reported cases.

The researchers found that goat milk, sheep milk, and buckwheat accounted for 2.8% and 2.4% of cases, respectively. Following these, peas, lentils, and alphagal (sugars that can induce allergies to lean meat and other mammalian products) each contributed to 1-2% of reported incidences. Apple products and beeswax items, such as edible pollen, honey, and royal jelly, were also responsible for 1% of cases.

In total, new food allergies constituted 413 cases, approximately 14% of the overall reports.

In terms of reaction severity, goat and sheep cheese elicited particularly dangerous responses, especially among young boys, leading to two fatalities. Recurrent reactions and unexpected exposures, often found in sauces and thickeners primarily made from goat and sheep dairy, were most prevalent, followed by peas, lentils, buckwheat, and pine nuts.

In light of these findings, the team recommended incorporating these four food types into the essential European warning labels. These ingredients should be clearly highlighted on packaging, such as through bold text.

“Our primary aim is to safeguard allergic consumers and ensure they have access to clear information,” said Sabouraud-Leclerc. “This encompasses quality patient care, including proper diagnosis, education, emergency preparation, and understanding food labels.”

The data collected were primarily from France, Belgium, and Luxembourg, but the findings are likely relevant to other nations, with some variations in prevalence based on local culinary practices, according to Sabouraud-Leclerc. “Updating the EU list could inspire similar actions in other countries, creating a snowball effect,” she added.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Astronomers Uncover Remarkably Rare Hierarchical Quadruple Material Systems

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A newly identified quadruple star system, referred to as UPM J1040-3551 AABBAB, comprises a pair of cold brown dwarfs along with young red dwarfs.

An artistic depiction of the UPM J1040-3551 system amidst the Milky Way, as seen by the ESA Gaia satellite. On the left, the UPM J1040-3551 AA&AB is portrayed as a distant bright orange dot, showcasing the two M-shaped stars in orbit. Conversely, in the foreground on the right, a pair of cold brown dwarfs – UPM J1040-3551 BA & BB – have been on a long trajectory from each other for decades, collectively orbiting the UPM J1040-3551 AAB in a vast orbit taking over 100,000 years to complete. Image credits: Jiaxin Zhong / Zenghua Zhang.

The UPM J1040-3551 AABBAB system is situated in the constellation Antlia, approximately 82 light-years from Earth.

In this system, AAB denotes the brighter pairs AA and AB, while BAB refers to the more distant sub-components BA and BB.

“The hierarchical structure of this system makes the findings particularly intriguing, as it is essential for maintaining stable orbits over extended periods,” explains Professor Zenghua Zhang from Nanjing University.

“These two objects have orbited individually for decades, but collectively they have circled a common center of mass for more than 100,000 years.”

The two pairs are separated by 1,656 astronomical units (Au), where 1 Au represents the average distance from the Earth to the Sun.

The brighter pair, UPM J1040-3551 AAB, appears orange when viewed in visible wavelengths.

These stars possess a temperature of 3,200 K (approximately 2,900 degrees Celsius) and have a mass about 17% that of the Sun.

With a visual magnitude of 14.6, this pair is roughly 100,000 times dimmer than Polaris, the North Star, when viewed at visible wavelengths.

The fainter pair, UPM J1040-3551 BAB, comprises two cooler brown dwarfs that emit almost no visible light and are about 1,000 times dimmer than the AAB pair in near-infrared wavelengths.

These brown dwarfs are classified as T-type, with temperatures of 820 K (550 degrees Celsius) and 690 K (420 degrees Celsius), respectively.

“This is the first documented case of a quadruple system featuring a pair of T-type brown dwarfs orbiting two stars,” states Dr. Maricruz Gálvez-Ortiz, an astronomer at the Spanish Center for Astronomy.

“This discovery presents a unique opportunity for studying these enigmatic objects.”

“Brown dwarfs, alongside a diverse array of stellar companions, are invaluable for establishing age benchmarks,” comments Hugh Jones, a professor at the University of Hertfordshire.

“The UPM J1040-3551 system is particularly significant, as H-Alpha emissions from the bright pairs suggest that the system is relatively young, estimated to be between 200 and 300 million years old.”

The research team is optimistic that high-resolution imaging techniques could eventually resolve the brown dwarf pairs, facilitating precise measurements of their orbital dynamics and masses.

“This system offers a dual benefit for brown dwarf science,” remarks Adam Burgaster, a professor at the University of California, San Diego.

“It serves as both an age benchmark for calibrating cold atmospheric models and a mass benchmark for validating evolutionary models, provided that we can effectively resolve and track these brown dwarf binaries.”

“The discovery of the UPM J1040-3551 system marks a significant milestone in enhancing our understanding of these elusive objects and the various formation pathways of stellar systems near our Solar System.”

Findings are detailed in a study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.

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Zh Zhang et al. 2025. Benchmark Brown Dwarf – I. Blue M2 + T5 Wide Binary and Possible Young People [M4 + M4] + [T7 + T8] Hierarchical rectangles. mnras 542(2): 656-668; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf895

Source: www.sci.news

Impact of Microbiota Composition, pH, and Temperature on Key Flavor Characteristics of Premium Chocolate

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean fermentation is a natural process characterized by various interactions that influence the flavor profile of high-quality chocolate. By grasping these intricate interactions, one can effectively reproduce the sought-after flavor characteristics in a controlled environment. Research utilizing bean samples fermented at Columbia Farm has demonstrated that pH, temperature, and the composition of microbiota—encompassing both bacteria and fungi—significantly impact the essential flavor qualities of premium chocolate. This discovery lays the groundwork for developing fermentation starters aimed at consistently recreating the attributes of fine chocolate.

Gopaulchan et al. We have confirmed the previously suggested role of pH and temperature variations as reliable indicators of chocolate flavor properties. Image credit: Sci.News.

The creation of fermented products like chocolate relies on the metabolic activities of microbial communities.

These communities transform raw cocoa beans into essential precursors for chocolate production.

Once harvested, cocoa beans undergo several processing stages before becoming chocolate, but fermentation remains a spontaneous process.

“The distinctive flavor of chocolate is shaped by the fermentation of cocoa beans,” stated a representative from University of Nottingham.

“In contrast to the fermentation of wine, cheese, or dough, where specific microorganisms are added to enhance flavor, cocoa bean fermentation occurs naturally, and the microorganisms involved are not well understood.”

“The flavor profile of the beans is closely tied to the geographical location of the farm, resulting in variations in chocolate quality and taste.”

In this research, Dr. Castrillo and co-authors performed DNA sequence-based analyses on fermented cocoa beans from three separate farms in Colombia.

They discovered that a unique microbial community underpins the distinctive fermentation processes at Antioch farms, yielding a superior flavor, as validated by professional tasters.

By analyzing sequencing data, the authors identified the microbial interactions and metabolic pathways involved in fermentation.

This allowed for the design of microbial communities that could mimic the exquisite flavor of chocolate in laboratory settings. This was confirmed through evaluations by the same expert tasters and chocolate metabolite analyses.

Further studies could inform the development of industrial fermentation starters, eliminating the geographical limitations on chocolate flavor.

“The findings from this study enhance our understanding of how the composition of microbial communities during fermentation is a crucial factor in determining chocolate flavor properties,” stated the researchers.

“We have created a reliable methodology to design fermentation starters that facilitate the controlled domestication of the unpredictable microbial fermentations that occur on cocoa farms.”

“This paves the way for the evolution of the modern chocolate industry, akin to the beer and cheese sectors, based on regulated cocoa fermentation utilizing synthetic microbial starters that can consistently replicate the unique flavor characteristics of cocoa beans and chocolate.”

The team’s study was published in the journal Nature Microbiology this week.

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D. Gopaulchan et al. The defined microbial community recreates the attributes of finely flavored chocolate fermentation. Nat Microbiol Published online on August 18th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41564-025-02077-6

Source: www.sci.news

Junho Observes Unusual Plasma Waves in Jupiter’s Aurora

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Planetary researchers, utilizing data from NASA’s Juno spacecraft, have identified a novel type of plasma wave in the Aurora Zone above Jupiter’s North Pole.

This image merges observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope with optical images and ultraviolet observations of Jovian Aurora. Image credit: NASA/ESA.

“While the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope has supplied some infrared images of the Aurora, Juno is unique as the first spacecraft to take a polar orbit around Jupiter,” stated Dr. Ali Suleiman from the University of Minnesota.

“The regions surrounding a magnetized planet like Jupiter are filled with plasma, a superheated state where atoms dissociate into electrons and ions.”

“These particles are propelled towards the planet’s atmosphere, causing the gas to illuminate as auroras.”

“On Earth, this phenomenon manifests as the recognizable green and blue lights.”

“However, Jupiter’s auroras are generally not visible to the naked eye and require UV and infrared instruments for observation.”

The research team discovered that the polar plasma density on Jupiter is so low, in combination with its strong magnetic field, that the plasma waves exhibit very low frequencies, unlike those observed around Earth.

“Plasma behaves like a liquid but is influenced by both its own magnetic field and external fields,” remarked Professor Robert Rysack from the University of Minnesota.

“Our study also sheds light on how particles inundate the polar regions, in contrast to Earth, where Jupiter’s intricate magnetic fields give rise to auroras arranged in a donut-like pattern around the poles.”

“As Juno advances its mission to further investigate this new phenomenon, we aim to collect additional data.”

The team’s findings were published in the journal on July 16th, 2025, in Physical Review Letters.

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R. Lysak et al. 2025. A new plasma regime in Jupiter’s Aurora Zone. Phys. Rev. Lett. 135, 035201; doi:10.1103/fn63-qmb7

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Uncovers a New Moon Orbiting Uranus

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have identified a previously uncharted small moon, provisionally named S/2025 U 1. This discovery, made from a series of images taken on February 2, 2025, brings Uranus’s total number of moons to 29.

This Webb/nircam image illustrates S/2025 U1 along with 13 of the other 28 identified moons. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/M. El Moutamid, SWRI/M. Hedman, University of Idaho.

Situated in the outer solar system, Uranus is the seventh planet from the Sun.

This cyan ice giant, often referred to as a “lateral planet” due to its extreme axial tilt, has a thick atmosphere composed of hydrogen, helium, and methane.

The 28 moons of Uranus include five major ones: Titania, Oberon, Ambriel, Ariel, and Miranda, discovered between 1787 and 1948.

Known as “The Literary Moons,” the moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope.

Astronomers estimate that Uranus’s larger moons are approximately equal parts water ice and silicate rock.

“As part of Webb’s Guest Observer program, we discovered a previously unknown satellite of the ice giant,” explained Dr. Maryame El Moutamid, a researcher at the Southwest Research Institute.

“This object is the smallest ever detected and was observed during a set of 10 long exposures captured by Webb’s near-infrared camera (NIRCAM).”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pa8joehgtg

The moon, provisionally designated S/2025 U1, resides at the end of Uranus’s inner ring.

Estimated to have a diameter of only 10 km (6 miles), its reflectance (albedo) is presumed to be similar to that of other small Uranian satellites.

It is located approximately 56,250 km (35,000 miles) away from the Earth’s equatorial plane, positioned between the orbits of Ophelia and Bianca.

Ophelia has a diameter of about 43 km (13 miles), while Bianca is elongated, measuring 64 x 46 km (40 x 29 miles).

“While it’s a small moon, its discovery is significant. This is something that even NASA’s Voyager 2 spacecraft missed during its flybys nearly 40 years ago,” Dr. El Moutamid remarked.

S/2025 U1 becomes the 14th member of a complex system of small moons, circling inward among the larger moons, including Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon.

“Unlike other planets, Uranus possesses a remarkable number of small inner moons. The intricate interactions with its ring system indicate a chaotic history that merges the ring and lunar systems,” Dr. El Moutamid noted.

“Furthermore, this new moon’s small size and unexpected nature may lead to the discovery of even more complexities.”

Source: www.sci.news

Five-Million-Year-Old Deer Fossils Unearthed in Tennessee

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have unearthed fossilized remnants of the extinct deer species eocoileus gentryorum at an early Pliocene grey fossil site located in northeastern Tennessee, USA. This specimen stands as one of the earliest records of the deer family in North America and is the sole pre-factory record of deer from the Appalachian highlands.

Belize white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus nelsoni) with a woman. Image credit: Charles J. Sharp/CC By-SA 4.0.

“Grey fossil sites continue to unveil remarkable findings that enhance our knowledge of ancient life,” remarked Dr. Blaine Schubert, executive director of the Gray Fossil Site and Museum.

“Our team’s collaboration illustrates a fascinating narrative about how ecosystems have transformed over millions of years.”

“From tapirs and mastodons to these early deer, we reveal the remarkable diversity that once thrived in Tennessee, along with the resilience of deer-like species during this geological epoch.”

In a recent study, paleontologists analyzed fragmentary artifacts—including skulls, upper molars, and various limb bones—of eocoileus gentryorum, an extinct deer species first described in 2000.

Previously, eocoileus gentryorum was known only from Florida; the discoveries in Tennessee are pivotal for understanding how swiftly these early deer dispersed across the continent.

Interestingly, these ancient deer were considerably smaller than most modern species.

“These early deer are generally smaller than contemporary deer species in the New World,” stated Olivia Williams, a paleontologist at East Tennessee State University.

“Today, the only smaller species are the important deer found in Florida and the Brocket deer from Central and South America.”

“Fossil evidence from Washington and Florida indicates that these early deer rapidly diversified and adapted to various habitats, extending from coastal areas to Appalachian highlands after their arrival in North America.”

“Deer have maintained the same ecological role in Appalachian forests for nearly 5 million years, thriving through significant climate and habitat changes that have eradicated other large herbivores.”

The findings are detailed in a paper published in the journal Palaeontologia Electronica.

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Joshua X. Samuel et al. 2025. Early Pliocene deer from a grey fossil site, Highlands, Appalachia, Tennessee, USA. Palaeontologia Electronica 28(2): A36; doi: 10.26879/1560

Source: www.sci.news

Flower-Inspired Origami Patterns for Innovative Spaceship Design

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Origami “Bloom” design unfolds into a flower-like structure

BYU Photos

A novel collection of origami-like petal structures may enhance the design of various systems, including telescopes and solar panels.

These origami structures, rooted in the traditional art of Japanese paper folding, are favored by engineers for their ability to collapse into compact forms while expanding into larger configurations. However, the complexity of some origami patterns can pose challenges in deployment.

Recently, Larry Howell from Brigham Young University in Utah and his team have introduced a new category of origami shapes known as Bloom Patterns, which unfurl in a single, smooth motion to create a bowl-like design resembling a flower. “We can develop innovative designs that have never existed before, all while crafting aesthetically pleasing forms,” Howell notes.

Although certain Bloom patterns were recognized by origami aficionados and scholars before, Howell and his colleagues identified them as part of a broader spectrum of shapes with shared attributes.

By categorizing the different variations of Bloom patterns and providing a mathematical framework for their functioning, the researchers successfully constructed operational versions using various materials, including thick acrylic and plastics, demonstrating that each shape can consistently unfold.

The ability to deploy everything at once presents a significant advantage for space structures, minimizing the risk of complete failure during the process, states Michael Bartlett from Virginia Tech. “Every component must function perfectly; if one element fails, the entire operation is compromised,” he emphasizes. “When I observe these [Bloom patterns], it becomes evident that deployment does not follow a strict sequential pattern to achieve full expansion.”

While space telescopes generally rely on flatter mirrors for observation, the curved geometry of the Bloom pattern can facilitate the deployment of dishes akin to those in ground-based telescopes, yielding more precise imaging, Howell explains.

Having a mathematical model detailing the unfolding mechanism of these Bloom patterns could expedite the design process for functional origami structures, remarks Jamie Pike from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne. “This provides us with insights to better anticipate the appearance of potential inventions and determine whether to pursue a certain direction or explore alternatives.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Uranus: Explore Its Tiny New Moon in Just Two Hours of Walking!

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Introducing the Cosmic Welcome Mat, the newest addition to our solar system.

On Tuesday, astronomers discovered a new satellite approximately the size of 90 soccer fields. This new moon was found orbiting the seventh planet from the sun, Uranus, and was initially spotted by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope on February 2nd. It joins 28 other known moons in the busy orbit of Uranus.

The observations of Uranus made by the Webb telescope provide researchers with enhanced understanding of this enigmatic planet.

“Uranus has more small inner moons than any other planet,” stated Matthew Tiscareno, a member of the research team and senior research scientist at the SETI Institute in California. He mentioned in a statement.

Tiscareno added that the “complex interaction” between Uranus’s moons and its faint ring system hints at a tumultuous evolutionary history for the planet.

Moreover, this new moon is smaller and more surprising than the smallest previously known inner satellites, indicating there may be further complexities to uncover,” he stated in a report.

Researchers note that the new satellite is situated about 35,000 miles from the center of Uranus and maintains a nearly circular orbit.

With a diameter of just 6 miles, it can be traversed in roughly two hours at an active walking pace; however, follow-up observations are necessary to verify the moon’s size and additional characteristics.

These findings are still pending peer review.

Uranus is home to five major moons known as Miranda, Ariel, Umbriel, Titania, and Oberon. The recently discovered moon orbits among these five primary satellites, according to researchers.

All moons of Uranus are named after characters from the works of Shakespeare and Alexander Pope, as per NASA’s guidelines. The new moon is yet to be named and will require approval from the International Astronomical Union for its official designation.

“While small, this moon is a notable discovery. I didn’t even catch sight of it during the Voyager 2 mission nearly 40 years ago,” he remarked in a statement.

In 1986, the Voyager 2 spacecraft made history as the first human-made object to fly by Uranus, providing humanity’s first detailed observations of this distant planet. This encounter yielded over 7,000 images and led to the discovery of two new rings and 11 new moons around Uranus.

While the latest moon’s size might have been too small for the Voyager 2 camera to detect, the advanced instruments aboard the Webb telescope are expected to reveal more about Uranus and its system.

“Looking ahead, the discovery of this moon exemplifies how modern astronomy builds upon the legacy of missions like Voyager 2,” El Moutamid stated. “Now, almost 40 years later, the James Webb Space Telescope is pushing those boundaries even further.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

FDA Warns Walmart Shrimp May Have Been Exposed to Radioactive Materials

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Food and Drug Administration announced on Tuesday that consumers should refrain from purchasing certain frozen shrimp available at Walmart due to potential contamination with radioactive materials.

According to health officials in a recent news release, the Indonesian company involved is Pt. Indonesia’s Bahari McMur Sejati, commonly referred to as BMS Food.

A variety of raw frozen shrimp products processed by Indonesian firms can be found in Walmart locations across 13 states, including Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, and West Virginia, as stated by the FDA.

The affected product includes Walmart’s “Great Value Brand Frozen Shrimp,” according to the health agency.

“If you have recently bought fresh frozen shrimp from Walmart that fits this description, please dispose of it,” the FDA advised. “Do not consume or serve this product.”

Health officials recommend that individuals speak with health care providers if they suspect they have been exposed to heightened levels of contaminants.

Both Pt. Bahari Makmur Sejati and Walmart did not respond promptly to requests for comments.

CS-137 is a radioactive isotope of cesium, a soft, pliable silver-white metal utilized in medical devices and gauges that liquefies at room temperature. As noted by the Environmental Protection Agency.

Repeated low-dose exposure to CS-137 “may raise the risk of cancer due to damage to DNA within living cells,” health officials stated in the news release.

The FDA mentioned that the US Customs and Border Patrol had alerted health agencies regarding the detection of CS-137 in shipping containers at ports in Los Angeles, Houston, Miami, and Savannah, Georgia. All containers that tested positive for CS-137 were denied entry into the country.

Health officials further noted that CS-137 was not found in products exceeding current Derived Intervention Levels for CS-137, set at 1200 BQ/kg.

However, the FDA stated, “The detected levels in the breaded shrimp samples could pose potential health risks.”

Matt Raviet

Matt Lavietes is a reporter for NBC News.

Austin Maren I contributed.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Climate Change Feedback Loops Are Degrading Earth’s Carbon Sinks

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Wildfires in Greece are diminishing the Earth’s natural carbon sink

Thanassis Stavrakis/AP Photo/Alamy

Climate change is increasingly compromising the ability of the Earth’s natural carbon sinks to absorb excess carbon dioxide. This results in greenhouse gases emitted by human activity lingering in the atmosphere, contributing to further warming.

These feedback loops account for roughly 15% of the rise in CO2 levels since 1960, according to Pierre Friedlingstein from the University of Exeter, UK.

The land and oceans serve as carbon sinks, absorbing nearly half of the extra CO2 produced by humans. While higher CO2 levels can enhance plant growth, leading to greater CO2 uptake by vegetation, extreme temperatures, droughts, and wildfires associated with global warming can counteract this CO2 fertilization effect.

Friedlingstein is part of the Global Carbon Project, which aims to clarify the amounts of CO2 being emitted, how it is absorbed by different sources, and how this process evolves over time. Previously, his research team used climate models to project a 27% increase in land sinks in the absence of drought or other feedbacks.

His latest estimates have adjusted this figure to 30%, as he shared at the Exeter Climate Conference last month. He mentioned that ocean sinks also increase CO2 by 6% without feedback effects.

Together, land and oceans contribute over 15% of atmospheric CO2. Since 1960, CO2 levels have surged to around 100 parts per million (ppm), indicating that 15 ppm can be traced back to the feedback effects impacting the sinks. “The sink hasn’t collapsed, but its recovery is slow,” Friedlingstein noted.

There remains uncertainty regarding the sink’s capacity, as David Armstrong McKay from the University of Sussex has observed. “It aligns with expectations, but it’s not encouraging news that we’re marginally off what we projected,” McKay stated. “As warming intensifies, it will challenge land sinks’ adaptability to increased CO2, with extreme events like the recent El Niño-enhanced drought hampering the positive effects on vegetation growth.”

The pressing question is what will unfold next. With the rise in warming, droughts, and fires, research has indicated that land sinks have made minimal net CO2 contributions in the past two years.

This has raised concerns that the effectiveness of land sinks might significantly decrease in the near future, opposing the gradual decline most climate scientists anticipate.

Nonetheless, Friedlingstein referred to these short-term fluctuations as “blips” that may not accurately predict future trends. “What we should focus on is the long term,” he emphasized.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Brain Implants Restore Decades-Long Forgotten Joy to Humans

Posted on August 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A man who underwent brain stimulation had previously tried 20 treatments for his depression

Damien Fair et al./cc-by 4.0

Men suffering from severe depression for over 30 years have seemingly found relief through a personalized brain “pacemaker” designed to selectively stimulate various brain regions.

“He’s felt joy for the first time in years,” states Damien Fair from the University of Minnesota.

Treatment-resistant depression is often characterized by minimal improvement after trying at least two antidepressants. While procedures like electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) may provide some benefits, they don’t always yield relief. “They’re effective for all sizes. You’ll target the same brain area,” Fair explains. Yet, as every brain is unique, he often doesn’t hit the exact target needed for individual relief.

Fair and his team have now created a tailored method for a 44-year-old man, who was first hospitalized for depression at 1 PM. He had attempted 20 different treatments, including antidepressants, therapy, ECT, and more, all without lasting success. “It’s one of the most severe depression cases I’ve seen; he has attempted suicide three times,” Fair notes.

Initially, the researchers conducted a 40-minute MRI scan to delineate the boundaries of four brain activity networks linked to depression. This particular network in the man was found to be four times more active than that of individuals without depression, potentially exacerbating his symptoms, according to Fair.

The team then surgically implanted clusters of four electrodes at these defined boundaries, entering through two small openings in the skull. Just three days later, they began sending weak electrical pulses through wires attached to the electrodes, stimulating each brain network separately.

Upon stimulating the first network—default mode, related to introspection and memory—the man cried tears of joy. “I felt so much better,” Fair recalls.

Stimulation of the Action Mode and Salience Networks also led to reduced feelings of anxiety, while the team noticed enhanced focus when targeting the parietal networks involved in decision-making.

Using the man’s feedback, the team connected the electrode wires to tiny batteries placed just beneath the skin near the collarbone, allowing him to maintain these benefits outside the hospital. This setup acts like a “brain pacemaker,” as Fair describes it, stimulating various networks for a minute each day.

For six months, the man utilized an app linked to the pacemaker to alternate between different stimulation patterns crafted by the team every few days. He also documented his depression symptoms daily. The team optimized the stimulation based on this data during the first six months post-surgery.

Even seven weeks post-surgery, the man reported no suicidal thoughts. By the nine-month mark, he was in remission as per the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. This improvement persisted for over two and a half years, apart from a brief period when his symptoms slightly recurred after contracting Covid-19.

“This is an incredible outcome,” states Mario Juruna from King’s College London. “It serves as a crucial proof of concept for patients unable to tolerate traditional depression treatments.”

Researchers have noted that compared to previous attempts at personalized brain stimulation, their method required fewer computational resources and led to shorter hospital stays.

It’s plausible that the expanded salience network of the man played a role in the treatment’s success. This is often present in depression; however, it’s premature to conclude if individuals with a lower level of salience network expansion would respond similarly, Juruena states.

To confirm the safety and effectiveness of this approach, randomized controlled trials assigning various individuals with depression to either stimulation or placebo will be necessary, according to Juruena. The team aims to conduct these trials within two years after testing the method on additional individuals, according to Fair.

If you need someone to listen, reach out: Samaritans in the UK at 116123 (Samaritans.org); US 988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: 988 (988lifeline.org). Visit bit.ly/suicidehelplines for resources in other countries

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Source: www.newscientist.com

When Radio Waves Illuminate Our Minds, We Experience Smell.

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Preserving a keen sense of smell has multiple benefits, notably for our ability to taste.

DeanDrobot/Getty Images

Directly applying strong radio waves to an individual’s head appears to enhance the sense of smell, at least for a limited time.

Aging, trauma, and certain neurological disorders can impact the olfactory nerves, potentially diminishing the ability to smell. Many individuals have reported a reduced sense of smell following Covid-19, which can adversely affect personal preferences and may pose safety risks, such as an inability to detect gas leaks.

“Current medical practices may include surgical interventions for severe olfactory dysfunction, but more typical cases rely on chemical treatments, such as repeated exposure to scents at home,” explains Yong Woo-chan from Gang Line University in Seoul. “While treatments in other medical fields have advanced significantly, olfactory treatment has remained relatively traditional. To address this gap, we proposed the idea of electrical testing through bioelectronic stimulation as a therapeutic option.”

Chang and his team aimed to stimulate the olfactory system directly; however, due to its location deep within the head, they opted for radio wave stimulation instead.

The researchers initially engaged 28 participants without any odor issues. The participants were exposed to 15 watts of power for 5 minutes, emitted from a 5 cm square antenna positioned 10 cm from their heads. “The stimulus itself is not consciously felt by the patient,” states Chan. “However, with prolonged exposure, some might notice a slight warming sensation at the stimulation site.”

The olfactory sensitivity was assessed using standard tests like the Sniffin’ Sticks odor threshold test. This involved participants working to identify the presence of alcohol N-butanol produced from fermented sugar at varying dilutions.

Following the radiofrequency treatment, researchers observed that participants demonstrated significantly improved olfactory function, with these enhancements lasting approximately a week. Individuals with olfactory challenges may require additional treatments, according to Chan.

The research team is currently preparing studies involving individuals with smell disorders. The device has been refined to deliver more intense stimulation, which could potentially lead to even greater improvements, according to Jang.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Newly Discovered Moon Reveals Uranus Has the Smallest Orbit of Its Kind

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have identified a new moon nestled among the 28 others near Uranus.

NASA, ESA, CSA, STSCI, M. ELMOU

A recently discovered, faint moon orbits Uranus, bringing its total count to 29. Several of the other moons of this gas giant bear names from the works of William Shakespeare, and there are discussions among scientists about which character will inspire the new moon’s name.

The moon was uncovered by a team led by Maryame El Moutamid from the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado, utilizing 10 long-exposure infrared images captured by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) on February 2 this year.

For now, the moon is temporarily designated as S/2025 U 1. However, it is likely to receive a name aligned with the tradition of naming Uranus’ moons after characters from Shakespeare’s plays, a convention established since the discovery of Titania and Oberon, the planet’s first two moons, in 1787.

All proposed names for newly discovered moons must receive approval from the International Astronomical Union (IAU), the authoritative body responsible for assigning names and designations to celestial objects. Mark Showalter from the Seti Institute, who is part of the research team and an avid theater enthusiast, mentioned that while there hasn’t been any discussion on candidates yet, it’s certainly an intriguing proposition.

Showalter described the challenge of detecting such a small, dim moon, comparing it to “trying to see a fly while staring directly at the headlights of a car.” He expressed admiration for the James Webb telescope’s sensitivity, which far exceeds that of any telescope that has come before it.

There is optimism for more moons to be discovered around Uranus, as Showalter remarked, “We certainly haven’t completed our observations.” He believes it’s reasonable to propose that additional satellites exist, particularly those that may influence the ring system.

El Moutamid pointed out that the clarity of Uranus’ rings suggests there could be more undiscovered moons associated with their formation. “Perhaps there are more waiting to be identified,” she added. Some could be uncovered by the JWST, while others may be detected by a proposed Uranus orbiter and probe mission targeted for 2044. “There likely are many very small moons that remain invisible due to the limitations of current observational methods,” she said.

The S/2025 U1 is estimated to measure around 10 km in diameter, rendering it too small to be captured by cameras on the Voyager 2 probe, which launched in 1977 and passed Uranus in 1986, coming within around 81,500 kilometers. To date, it remains the closest encounter with Uranus by any spacecraft from Earth.

The new moon resides at the inner edge of Uranus’ rings, situated approximately 56,250 kilometers from the center of the planet’s equatorial plane, fitting between the orbits of the moons Ophelia and Bianca.

NASA oversees the JWST’s “General Observer” program, which allows researchers worldwide to propose observation targets that require one of the telescope’s advanced sensors. El Moutamid dedicated time to studying Uranus’ rings using the JWST’s Nircam Instrument (a high-resolution infrared sensor), which ultimately led to the discovery of this new moon.

Topics:

Moon/
James Webb Space Telescope

Source: www.newscientist.com

Whales and Dolphins Forge an Unexpectedly Adorable Friendship

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

You might envision dolphins as the cool, young cousin of the humpback whale, but it appears these two species are forming some budding friendships after all.

In fact, new footage captured by a suction camera reveals the lengths a dolphin will go to befriend its marine companions. The whales are accompanied by bottlenose dolphins as they swim from the sunlit surface down to the seabed, engaging in playful activities side by side.

Social interactions between whales and dolphins are seldom explored. Recent research from Griffith University in Australia has shown that these species often engage in friendly play.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/08/dolphin-swimming.mp4

The study, led by Dr. Olaf Meinecke, the leader of Griffith University’s Whale & Climate Program, analyzed 199 individual interactions captured on camera and film by the public, tourism operators, and scientists across 17 locations worldwide. The footage featured 19 species, including humpback and fin whales, as well as bottlenose and white-sided dolphins in the Pacific Ocean.

Meynecke found that a quarter of these interactions could be deemed mutually engaging. Most of the others at least exhibited friendly acknowledgment, rather than avoidance.

“Most of the observed interactions demonstrated no avoidance behavior,” Meynecke explained.

Humpback whales particularly stand out for their friendliness towards dolphins, with a third of their interactions being classified as positive.

“The humpback whales were rolling from side to side, displaying belly presentations, and engaging in other behaviors indicative of courtship and friendly socialization,” said Meynecke. They were the least likely to exhibit aggressive behaviors toward dolphins, such as tail slaps or other percussive actions.

Baleen whales and dolphins interacting exhibit various behavioral categories. Bottlenose dolphins near the bow of a humpback whale off the Gold Coast, Australia (A: Credit Roving Media); bottlenose dolphin surfacing near a humpback whale in Barmagui, Australia (B: Credit WildLive.Media); common dolphin engaging in friction in the Celtic Sea (C: Credit Dan Abbott), and a group of bottlenose dolphins swimming alongside southern right whales in Esperance, Australia (D: Credit Jaymen Hudson).

The most frequent interaction observed involved dolphins cruising close to the whale’s snout or beak.

This behavior serves as a free ride, demonstrating a strategy to save energy while perhaps indulging a dolphin’s playful spirit.

“Behavioral studies of marine mammals like these offer valuable insights into their intricate social structures and are crucial for enhancing our understanding of marine ecosystems and the interactions between species,” Meynecke noted.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Signs of Climate Threats Are Evident in Europe’s Melting Glaciers

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As she crossed into Austria, Andrea Fisher, the assistant director of the multidisciplinary mountain research institute at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, remarked that such popular movements are growing increasingly vigorous and frequent.

“Within the next five years, a third of Austria’s glaciers will vanish,” Fischer announced, standing at the remnants of the Stub Glacier, located approximately 72 miles northeast of Mortersch. Stub, one of Austria’s most frequented ski destinations, is projected to completely disappear by 2033.

“The demise of the alpine glaciers is drawing near. We are witnessing it firsthand. This isn’t a model on a computer; it’s a stark reality,” Fisher stated as she maneuvered the muddy truck to the precipice of the ice.

Andrea Fisher.
Sean Keene / NBC News

As global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions falter, temperatures worldwide continue to increase. According to NASA, last year marked the hottest on record. The United States’ exit from the Paris Climate Agreement has critically weakened global climate initiatives, complicating the already challenging objective of limiting warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius (approximately 3 degrees Fahrenheit).

Europe exhibits the fastest temperature growth on the planet, with Austrian temperatures rising by 3.1 degrees Celsius since 1900—more than double the global average. Fisher emphasized the importance of glacier studies to forecast future climate trends.

“Glaciers serve as archives of climate history,” she explained. They contain records of precipitation and atmospheric patterns spanning centuries. “I’m diligently searching for all the cold ice that preserves this crucial information before it disappears,” she concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

AI-Generated Responses Undermine Crowdsourced Research Studies

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Some participants use AI to save time in online research

Daniel D’Andreti/Unsplash

Online surveys are being inundated by responses generated through AI, potentially compromising the integrity of critical data for scientific research.

Platforms like Prolific compensate participants modestly for answering questions posed by researchers. These platforms have gained popularity among academics for their simplicity in attracting subjects for behavioral studies.

Anne Marie Nusberger and her team at the Max Planck Institute for Human Development in Berlin, Germany, set out to examine the frequency of AI usage among respondents, triggered by their observations in previous studies. “The rate we were witnessing was truly startling,” she remarks.

They suspect that 45% of participants who submitted a single open-ended question on Prolific utilized AI tools to streamline their responses.

Further analysis of these submissions indicated more overt references to AI usage, characterized by phrases like “excessively repetitive” and “clearly non-human” language. “From the data we gathered earlier this year, it’s clear that a notable fraction of research is tainted,” she explains.

In follow-up studies conducted via Prolific, researchers implemented traps to capture chatbot users. Two instances of Recaptcha — a small test designed to differentiate humans from bots — identified only 0.2% of users as bots. A more complex Recaptcha, using both past activity and current behavior, eliminated an additional 2.7%. Although hidden from view, bots that were prompted to include the word “hazelnut” in their responses accounted for another 1.6%, while an extra 4.7% were detected when copying and pasting was restricted.

“Our goal is to respond adequately to online surveys, rather than resorting to full distrust,” advises Nussberger. It’s the onus of researchers, in her view, to handle the answers with greater skepticism and take precautions against AI-induced input. “However, the platforms bear significant responsibility. They must treat this matter with utmost seriousness.”

Prolific did not respond to a request for comment from New Scientist.

“The validity of online behavioral research has already faced challenges from participants misrepresenting themselves or employing bots to obtain rewards,” says Matt Hodgkinson, a freelance consultant in research ethics. “Researchers must collectively explore remote validation of human involvement or return to traditional face-to-face methodologies.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Discovery: A Galaxy That Defies Existence

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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Protect Bees: While pollinators need our help, the situation for bees may not be as dire as you think.
Four-Day Workweek: There’s research supporting the idea that a shorter workweek can enhance both physical and mental wellbeing. Find out what the studies reveal.
Q&A Section: This month’s questions include: Can animals engage with video games? Why do my eyelids twitch unexpectedly? What does “clubbed finger” refer to? Are there particles related to time? Will relocating near a golf course improve my health? Is breakfast cereal genuinely nutritious? Should I give up on high-intensity interval training? Can clothing chemicals disrupt my hormones? What are the most dangerous fish? Can we detect animals in infrared? And much more…

Issue 423 Launching on Tuesday, August 19th, 2025

Remember that BBC Science Focus is available across all major digital platforms. Find it on Android, Kindle Fire and e-readers, as well as the iOS App for iPad and iPhone.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

What Déjà Vu (or Its Absence) Reveals About Your Brain Health

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

If you think we’ve already asked, do you know precisely what Déjà Vu is? If you’re among the wise, you’ll say it’s a peculiar sensation that you’ve experienced something before.

However, many neuroscientists argue that this definition lacks a touch of the enigmatic. Experts like Dr. Akira O’Connor, a Senior Psychology Lecturer at St Andrews University, indicates that Déjà Vu (French for ‘already seen’) is not just a friendly notion but also a metacognitive perception where these feelings can be misleading.

“Déjà Vu essentially represents a conflict between the perception of familiarity and the realization that something feels incorrectly familiar. This deception makes Déjà Vu unique compared to other memory occurrences,” he explains.

“Most healthy individuals recognize a sense of familiarity but do not tend to alter their behavior, even when they know something feels logically off.”

So, what occurs in the brain during Déjà Vu? And why do some individuals experience this phenomenon more frequently than others? Dive into the complete guide below for more insight.

What Does Neuroscience Say About Déjà Vu?

Sadly, as far as we understand, 60% of individuals report having experienced Déjà Vu at least once in their lifetime, so there’s more to it than mere glitches in the matrix.

However, neuroscientists have determined that this memory illusion does not signify an unhealthy brain. Far from a memory error, it is more about the brain’s functions. According to O’Connor, Déjà Vu surfaces when the frontal lobe attempts to rectify inaccurate memories.

“For most individuals, experiencing Déjà Vu is likely a positive sign that the brain regions responsible for factual checks are functioning effectively and preventing misremembering events.

“In healthy individuals, such false memories can emerge daily due to the complexity of memory involving millions and billions of neurons. It’s quite intricate,” he states.

Regrettably, there isn’t a universally accepted model that clarifies what transpires in the brain during Déjà Vu. Nevertheless, most leading theories converge on the idea that Déjà Vu arises when a brain area (like the temporal lobe) provides the frontal region with signals that past experiences are being replayed.

“Afterward, the decision-making region at the front checks if this signal aligns with reality. It’s essentially asking, ‘Have I been here before?'”

“If you have actually been in that location before, you might strive to recall more memories. Otherwise, the realization of Déjà Vu kicks in.”

Why Do Some Individuals Experience Déjà Vu More Frequently?

O’Connor estimates that the average healthy person feels Déjà Vu around once a month, but certain factors can heighten the chances of feeling this sensation.

First, your level of fatigue and stress plays a significant role. “When your brain is exhausted, it hasn’t had the chance to recover and regulate itself. Consequently, your neurons may be slightly misaligned, making you more prone to experiencing Déjà Vu,” he explains.

Research also highlights the connection between dopamine (a well-known mood-enhancing neurotransmitter) and Déjà Vu.

“Dopamine is what we label as an excitatory neurotransmitter. When discussing brain areas that signal familiarity, there’s a dopaminergic influence on those neurons, indicating dopamine’s involvement,” O’Connor adds.

“This might explain why recreational drugs, which affect dopaminergic activity, frequently lead to experiences of Déjà Vu.”

©Getty

There are additional factors as well. Have you ever wondered why your Déjà Vu experiences have diminished? According to rigorous scientific studies, it could be because you’re inadvertently a step ahead.

“Unfortunately, like many memory phenomena, it is a natural consequence of aging, and you might not be capable of noticing the discrepancies,” O’Connor clarifies.

“It’s intriguing to observe that younger individuals frequently experience more Déjà Vu. Older adults are generally expected to have more memory issues; however, this generally results from them having heightened excitatory activity in their brains.

“When I embarked on my research into Déjà Vu nearly 20 years ago, I experienced it regularly, but now it’s much less frequent!”

Is Déjà Vu Ever Unhealthy?

Now that we know Déjà Vu is a healthy cognitive mechanism—far from dangerous—what if you find yourself experiencing it constantly? What could it mean if all new encounters feel familiar?

Interestingly, this can happen to some individuals. “In Finland, there are intriguing cases of individuals who have taken a combination of flu medications known to overly stimulate certain dopamine neurons.

“They found it particularly fascinating and continued taking those medications for a while.

However, not everyone can afford to step back from this existential déjà vu. Those who suffer from ‘Déjà vécu’ (French for ‘already experienced’) have an ongoing sensation of having already undergone their current situation. Essentially, nothing feels novel to them.

“What’s particularly captivating about individuals with Déjà vécu is that they often lose their ability to fact-check these feelings. Many cease watching television because they feel they’ve already seen every episode,” O’Connor observes.

“It sounds fascinating and innovative, but it’s genuinely distressing because it can often occur in individuals with dementia and may signal worsening degeneration.”

Explore More About Memory Science:

Déjà Vu: Jamais Vu is another curious phenomenon of similarity. It refers to the inability to recognize familiar scenarios logically. Though often linked with amnesia, it goes beyond mere memory lapses.

“This isn’t a typical form of forgetfulness,” O’Connor elaborates. “When you recognize a task at hand but are puzzled because you can’t identify something familiar. The crucial aspect is the perception element. You recognize that feeling as being fundamentally incorrect.”

“It occurs more frequently than Déjà Vu, yet likewise tends to happen when individuals are fatigued and is more common among younger people than older adults.”

Some laboratory experiments appear to induce Jamais Vu in participants. For instance, one study from the University of Leeds instructed 93 participants to write down the word ‘door’ as many times as possible within two minutes.

At the end of the interval, more than 70% of subjects questioned whether the word “door” was spelled correctly, even though it was entirely accurate.—despite their logical comprehension of it.

What’s particularly intriguing about this study is that it can be replicated anywhere. So, if you have two minutes and a pen handy, we encourage you to repeat after us: door, door, door, door, door…

About Our Expert – Dr. Akira O’Connor

Akira O’Connor is a senior lecturer at the School of Psychology and Neuroscience at St. Andrews University. His primary focus is on how memories influence decision-making and how we perceive them.

Discover more about memory and the brain:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Understanding Your Dog’s Emotions: A Guide to Their Feelings

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

It’s clear that dogs excel at comprehending our emotions and behaviors. But how deeply does this understanding go, and what signals do they pick up on?

The dogs who live alongside us are often more astute in their observations than we might think. In many ways, they act like anthropologists, dedicating time to study us and uncovering connections between our actions that even we may be unaware of.

At home, you might notice their ability to differentiate between standing up to leave and simply heading to the fridge.

Research has shown that dogs are capable of reading stress, discerning detecting fear, and even identifying the presence of disease in us. While their extraordinary sense of smell plays a role, their understanding goes beyond physical cues, acknowledging our emotional and physiological states.

When interpreting emotions, humans typically focus on the face—and dogs do the same. They are adept at reading our facial expressions.

Studies on how dogs perceive human emotions indicate that they can differentiate between neutral, angry, and happy expressions. Interestingly, they can also associate vocalizations with the corresponding emotional tone of these expressions.

Discover more about canine science:

Dogs can interpret a person’s expression when approaching an object (such as joy or disgust) to gauge whether they should get closer themselves. They can even process images of just the upper half of a face, showing that they can understand emotions even when part of the face is obscured, like by a mask.

Moreover, they recognize our voices and can differentiate the genders of unfamiliar voices.

Recent studies confirmed that dogs are perceptive to fear, able to identify shirts worn by individuals who watched a scary movie from those worn by those who were watching something neutral.

They can also recognize changes in our body language that indicate fear and stress. One study revealed a correlation between human testosterone levels (influenced by a sports team’s performance) and a dog’s cortisol levels, indicating their sensitivity to our emotional states.

Having spent countless hours observing us from their cozy spots in the living room, dogs have developed an acute awareness of our intentions and feelings.

For instance, research found that dogs can discern between intentional actions (like deliberately placing an object out of reach) and unintentional incidents (like unintentionally dropping something).

Studies confirm that even when we’re out of sight or simply turning away, they are aware of when we sneak a snack forbidden from their reach. They also notice when our attention is diverted, like when we’re glued to a book or staring at a screen, indicating a window for them to grab that tempting treat.

More broadly, they’re adept at assessing whether individuals possess knowledge about hidden food sources.

Finally, and most impressively, dogs have a remarkable ability to detect illness. Initial reports of pet dogs identifying melanoma by scratching their owners’ skin have led to research where dogs have been trained to identify various cancers through scent, as well as monitoring blood sugar levels and even recognizing glycation.

Learn more about animals:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Hubble Space Telescope Reveals Stunning New Images of NGC 2835

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

NASA has unveiled a stunning new image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing the nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 2835.

This Hubble image depicts NGC 2835, a spiral galaxy approximately 35 million light years away in the Hydra constellation. Image credit: NASA/ESA/Hubble/R. Chandar/J. Lee/Phangs-HST team.

NGC 2835 is a mid-spiral galaxy located about 35 million light years from Earth, situated in the southern Hydra constellation.

Commonly referred to as ESO 564-35, Leda 26259, and UGCA 157, this galaxy spans roughly 65,000 light years, which is just over half the size of our Milky Way.

Wilhelm Tempel, a German astronomer, discovered NGC 2835 on April 13, 1884.

This galaxy holds significance as the most prominent member of the NGC 2835 group, a small cluster that includes ESO 497-035 and ESO 565-001.

Notably, NGC 2835 harbors a supermassive black hole, estimated to have a mass between 3 to 10 million solar masses.

“The last Hubble image of this galaxy was published in 2020,” remarked Hubble astronomers in a statement.

“Is there any difference between today’s image of NGC 2835 and the earlier version?”

“Overall, NGC 2835 appears quite similar in both images, with the spiral arm showcasing young blue stars surrounding the oval core populated by older stars.”

“The new image stands out because it incorporates fresh data from Hubble, capturing red light at a specific wavelength known as H-Alpha.”

“The bright regions highlighted by H-alpha are visible along the spiral arm of NGC 2835, where a vibrant pink nebula gives an impression of blooming flowers.”

“H-Alpha light indicates the presence of various types of nebulae, each occurring at different phases of stellar evolution.”

“While massive, young stars create nebulae known as H II regions, a significant source of H-alpha light, dying stars can leave behind supernova remnants or planetary nebulae that can also be identified by H-alpha emissions.”

“Our goal is to identify over 50,000 nebulae using Hubble’s advanced equipment to explore 19 nearby galaxies.”

“These observations aid in understanding how stars influence their birth environments through intense starlight and stellar winds.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Indicates Morning Caffeine Enhances Mood

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies indicate that caffeine intake is linked to a notable positive impact, particularly strong within the initial 2.5 hours after waking up (i.e., in the morning).

Individuals who regularly consume caffeine often report feeling better after having coffee or other caffeinated beverages. This effect is noticeable until late morning. Image credit: Sci.News.

“Caffeine is a stimulant for the central nervous system utilized by approximately 80% of the global population and is available in various forms, including coffee, tea, sodas (like Coke), and chocolate.”

“Positive expectations surrounding caffeine use include alleviating fatigue, enhancing cognitive and physical performance, and promoting favorable mood changes.”

“There is a notable gap in research regarding the beneficial effects associated with caffeine in real-world circumstances, especially concerning mood and emotional states.”

The study involved 236 young adults from Germany over a duration of up to four weeks.

Participants answered a brief smartphone survey seven times daily.

This research aimed to explore caffeine consumption in both daily life and controlled laboratory scenarios.

The researchers also examined whether coffee affects individuals differently.

“We were somewhat surprised to find no significant differences among individuals with varying caffeine consumption levels, depressive symptoms, anxiety, or sleep issues,” remarked Dr. Hayenberger.

“The relationship between caffeine intake and emotional responses was largely consistent across all demographics.”

“We anticipated that individuals with higher anxiety levels would experience a decline in mood, including increased tension, after consuming caffeine.”

“However, those who have adverse reactions to caffeine may avoid it, and our study did not include participants who completely abstain from caffeine.”

Scientific findings explain the mood-boosting effects of caffeine on morning emotions, attributed to its ability to block adenosine receptors.

“Caffeine functions by inhibiting adenosine receptors, which can enhance dopamine activity in key brain regions; this phenomenon is linked to improved mood and increased alertness,” states Professor Anu Learro from Warwick University.

“Nonetheless, it’s still uncertain whether these effects are related to diminished withdrawal symptoms following a night’s sleep.”

“Even moderately caffeinated individuals might encounter mild withdrawal symptoms that resolve after their first coffee or tea in the morning.”

study will be published in the journal Scientific Reports.

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J. Haschenberger et al. 2025. Positive effects of association with caffeine consumption do not involve any negative effects changes throughout the day. Sci Rep 15, 28536; doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14317-0

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Training Species Discovered: A 75 Million-Year-Old Find | Sci.News

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The newly identified dragonfly species, Corduladensa asorni, found in Alberta’s Dinosaur Regional Park, represents Canada’s sole Mesozoic dragonfly, bridging a significant 30 million-year gap in the evolutionary lineage of dragonflies.

Corduladensa asorni. Image credit: Alex Anderson.

The fossilized wings of Corduladensa asorni were uncovered in 2023 by undergraduate students at McGill University during a vertebrate paleontology field course at Dinosaur State Park.

“We were digging in areas where numerous leaf fossils had been found, breaking the rocks,” explained Andre Mueller, a paleontologist from McGill University.

“When we uncovered the partial wings, we were astonished, as we didn’t anticipate discovering insects in that location.”

Due to its remarkable characteristics and unique anatomy, Corduladensa asorni led researchers to establish a new family called Cordualadensidae.

“This marks the first dragonfly from the age of dinosaurs identified in Canada,” noted Mueller.

“Its wingspan was comparable to that of a human hand, and although it was small, it played a crucial role in the Cretaceous ecosystem.”

Fossil wings of Corduladensa asorni. Image credits: Mueller et al., doi: 10.1139/cjes-2024-0162.

“This discovery showcases impression fossils, an entirely new method of preserving local insect fossils, effectively doubling our knowledge of insects from the Dinosaur Regional Parks,” stated Dr. Alexandre Demars Potvin from McGill University.

“We have begun to find more insect fossils by broadening our search areas and methodologies.”

“The diversity of insect life during this era would have been far greater than previously believed.”

The discovery of Corduladensa asorni aids in closing a 30 million-year evolutionary gap.

It is also the first known member of a significant group of dragonflies termed Cavilabiata found in North America.

“The wing anatomy indicates that this species was adapted for gliding, a trait associated with today’s migratory dragonflies and likely vital to their success,” commented Professor Hans Larson of McGill University.

“This specimen offers insight into what life in Canada was like 75 million years ago and provides an important new piece of the ecological puzzle in one of the most diverse regions rich in dinosaur fossils.”

The team’s publication was released this month in the Canada Journal of Earth Science.

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Andre S. Mueller et al. A new family of fossil dragonfly (Odonata, Kabilaviata) from the Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta, Canada. Canada Journal of Earth Science Published online on August 1, 2025. doi:10.1139/cjes-2024-0162

Source: www.sci.news