Scientists Obtain Rare Images of Indonesian Coelacanth

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

First identified in 1997 and officially classified as a distinct species in 1999, the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) is one of only two extant species of coelacanths. This deep-sea fish closely resembles its ancient Cretaceous ancestors.

A deep diver approximately 1 meter behind the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis) was found at a depth of 144 m in Northern Mark, Indonesia. Image credit: Alexis Chappuis.

Coelacanths belong to the group of fish known as Sarcopterygians and are characterized by their distinctive coastal dwelling.

Long believed extinct for 65 million years, coelacanths were serendipitously rediscovered in 1938 off the coast of South Africa by museum curators and local fishermen.

These fascinating fish possess unique features, including paired fins and lobed fins that resemble highly modified swim bladders.

Together with lungfish, they are among the closest living relatives to tetrapods, exhibiting several morphological traits not present in more distantly related vertebrates, like ray-finned fish.

The coelacanth first appeared in the early Devonian period, gradually diversifying during the Devonian and Carboniferous periods, with peak diversity observed in the early Triassic.

During the Cretaceous, they were classified into two families: the Latimeridae, which has survived as two species in the genus Latimeria, and the now-extinct Mawsoniidae.

Upon the discovery of the first living specimen, its resemblance to many fossilized forms from the Cretaceous period led to it being labeled a “living fossil,” indicating minimal evolutionary change over millions of years.

The two extant species are the coelacanth of the West Indian Ocean (Latimeria chalumnae) found near the Comoros Islands, and the coelacanth in the waters around Sulawesi, Indonesia.

The latter species is far better documented than its African counterpart, making its deep-reef habitat challenging to access for scientific observation, which has primarily relied on submersibles or remotely operated vehicles (ROVs).

Left profile of the Indonesian coelacanth (Latimeria menadoensis), showcasing a unique pattern of white dots. Image credit: Alexis Chappuis.

The Indonesian coelacanth is a rarely documented medium-deep sea fish (non-tetrapod sarcopterygian), originally endemic to the Sulawesi region, primarily identified through bycatch in eastern Indonesia.

“Very few observations of this species have been made in situ, primarily using submersibles and ROVs.”

“The first direct in situ observations were reported following recent reconnaissance dives that explored the suspected habitat of the Indonesian coelacanth at depths exceeding 150 meters.”

Researchers encountered the Indonesian coelacanth in October 2024 during a deep dive in the Marc Archipelago, situated between Sulawesi and Western New Guinea.

“It is premature to assess the population of this newly identified Malukan coelacanth,” they stated.

“Since the Marc Archipelago connects Sulawesi and Western New Guinea, it suggests that the species is not confined to a single location.”

“Our recent findings, along with studies conducted in the mesophotic coral ecosystems of the Marc Archipelago since 2022, not only confirm the existence of Latimeria but also indicate a broader, more suitable habitat for coelacanths.”

“We hope this discovery will motivate local and national authorities to enhance conservation efforts in this biodiversity-rich region.

The research team’s paper was published online on April 23, 2025, in the journal Scientific Reports.

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A. Chapuis et al. 2025. The first record of a living coelacanth from Northern Mark, Indonesia. Sci Rep 15, 14074; doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90287-7

Source: www.sci.news

Ex-Michigan Student Claims He Developed Cancer After Using Chemistry Program Labeled “Harmless”

Posted on August 19, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A former Michigan graduate student is taking action against the university, claiming that her thyroid cancer is linked to her time there. She stated that her exposure to pesticides was deemed “harmless,” according to her and her legal team’s claims made on Monday.

Linglong Wei was diagnosed with thyroid cancer on June 26th of last year, attributing her condition to her experiences at MSU between 2008 and 2011 in a lawsuit filed in Ingham County Circuit Court.

According to the civil suit, “In Wei’s field studies, Michigan State University required her to apply excessive amounts of harmful pesticides and herbicides.”

Wei alleges exposure to several herbicides, such as dichloride, glyphosate, and oxyflufen, noting that they are linked to cancer.

The lawsuit claims Wei was not adequately trained and did not receive the necessary protective gear to handle such hazardous substances.

Looking back, Wei criticized the university for failing to implement stronger safety protocols.

“During my time as a student at MSU, I voiced my concerns, but no one listened,” Wei told reporters in Lansing.

“I felt afraid due to the department’s reactions. I didn’t strongly advocate for my safety, especially when I was told that exposure was safe.”

Wei, an international student from China, mentioned that the cancer left lasting marks on her throat, and she worries about her prospects of having children.

She speculated that MSU ignored her concerns.

“International students often feel overlooked, assuming their time here is temporary and their concerns go unheard,” Wei stated.

Maya Green, a former student lawyer, highlighted her client’s inadequate training and safety equipment provided by MSU.

“She was made to handle dangerous pesticides without proper gloves, protective equipment, breathing masks, or sufficient training,” Green said.

“Wei was placed in a position to handle these harmful substances without protection. She was a foreign student, navigating MSU’s system in a language that was not her own.”

The former Michigan student is seeking $100 million in damages.

“Wei was consistently assured that her activities posed no harm, and she relied on that assurance, only to suffer as a result,” her attorney noted.

Michigan State spokesperson Amber McCann declined to comment on the specifics of Wei’s case.

“While we cannot discuss ongoing litigation, we want to stress that Michigan State prioritizes the health and safety of the campus community,” McCann stated.

“We ensure that necessary training and personal protective equipment are provided in accordance with relevant university policies and state and federal regulations.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Unprecedented Arctic Heat Wave Melts 1% of Svalbard’s Ice

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Svalbard experienced unprecedented heatwaves in the summer of 2024

Xinhua Newsletter/Shutterstock

During the summer of 2024, six weeks of exceptional heat resulted in significant ice melt on Svalbard, an island in the Arctic. By summer’s end, 1% of the archipelago’s land ice had vanished, contributing to a global sea level rise of 0.16 mm.

“It was incredibly startling,” said Thomas Schuler from the University of Oslo, Norway. “This wasn’t just a minor record; the melt was nearly double the previous highs.”

Over half of Svalbard is covered in ice. Snowfall during winter contributes to the ice, while summertime sees glacial currents flowing into the ocean and surface, resulting in ice retreat.

Schuler’s team utilizes a combination of field measurements, satellite imagery, and computer simulations to assess changes in the total ice mass of the archipelago.

Since 1991, summers have typically seen the melting of Gigatonnes of ice. However, four of the last five years have recorded new highs in summer ice loss. Last summer alone, approximately 62 Gigatonnes melted, predominantly due to surface melting, not ice flowing into the ocean.

In 2024, Schuler and his colleagues observed land rising by a record 16mm at one location, consistent with predictions of ice loss.

This extraordinary melting results from record high air temperatures. The average August temperature reached 11°C (52°F), compared to about 7°C (45°F) in recent decades. This extreme phenomenon stemmed from warm ocean temperatures and persistent weather patterns bringing warm winds from the south, coupled with a dramatic increase in global warming.

While such severe summer heat is currently rare, climate models predict that as global temperatures rise, similar events will become more common. Indeed, even under low emissions scenarios, over half of the summers leading to 2100 could surpass this temperature threshold.

Schuler’s team has yet to predict future ice loss under various emission scenarios. Although winter snowfall is expected to increase slightly as the atmosphere becomes more humid, it will not be sufficient to counterbalance the significantly larger summer melting.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Climate Change Heightens the Threat of Rapidly Intensifying Storms: Hurricane Erin as a Case Study.

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Hurricane Erin has regained strength, returning to a Category 4 storm over the weekend.

The recent hurricane activity has led to the formation of one of the most rapidly intensifying Atlantic hurricanes on record, suggesting that climate change is elevating the threat of quickly strengthening storms.

Erin was the first hurricane of this Atlantic season, rapidly escalating from a Category 1 to a Category 5 storm in just over 24 hours. Even after fluctuations in intensity, Erin’s transformation back to a Category 4 storm is among the five fastest transitions from Category 1 to Category 5.

The hurricane is anticipated to grow stronger on Monday as it moves east of the Bahamas. For more information, refer to the National Hurricane Center’s latest advisory. Heavy rainfall is expected in Hispaniola on Monday, as well as in parts of the Turks and Caicos, and the southeastern and central Bahamas until Tuesday.

However, experts are focusing closely on the phenomenon of the storm’s “rapid strengthening.”

The National Hurricane Center defines rapid strengthening as an increase in sustained wind speed of at least 35 mph within 24 hours.

In Erin’s case, its maximum sustained wind speed surged by approximately 75 mph over a 24-hour period from Friday morning to Saturday.

Climate change is heightening the risk of rapidly intensifying storms, primarily due to elevated sea surface temperatures and increased moisture in the atmosphere.

As Erin approaches the Bahamas on Monday, it is expected to further intensify in the warm waters that are above 80 degrees Fahrenheit. A warmer atmosphere caused by global warming is capable of holding more moisture, allowing the storm to gain strength and enhance rainfall.

Research published in 2023 in the Journal Scientific Reports indicates that the likelihood of rapid intensification for tropical cyclones in the Atlantic has increased by about 29% from 2001 to 2020 compared to the 1971 to 1990 period.

Rapid intensification has been well-documented in recent years, with Hurricane Dorian reaching peak winds of 150 mph to 185 mph in just nine hours in 2019. Additionally, Hurricane Ian experienced rapid strengthening before making landfall in Florida in 2022.

Last year, Hurricane Milton’s sustained wind speed astonishingly rose by 90 mph over approximately 25 hours. Other notable instances of rapid strengthening include Hurricanes Harvey (2017), Laura (2020), Ida (2021), and Ian (2023).

Despite these observations, predicting rapid intensification remains a challenge. Scientists understand that warm sea surface temperatures, high humidity, and favorable atmospheric conditions play crucial roles, but further research is essential to comprehend the specific mechanics at play in individual storms.

In the coming days, the National Hurricane Center indicated that Erin will track between Bermuda and the US East Coast.

While the storms are not forecasted to make direct landfall, they can still generate dangerous surf, strong currents, and other hazardous conditions affecting the Bahamas, Bermuda, the US East Coast, and Canada’s Atlantic region.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Unlocking Rich Chocolate Flavors: The Role of Cocoa Bean Microbiota

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Chocolate is produced through the fermentation of cocoa beans sourced from cacao tree fruits.

Mimi Chu Leon

With the identification of fungi and bacteria that generate fruity caramel notes from cocoa beans, we were able to immediately experience a novel type of chocolate.

Typically, chocolate is crafted through the fermentation of cocoa beans extracted from the fruits of cocoa trees, followed by drying, roasting, and grinding them into a paste that is divided into cocoa butter and cocoa solids, mixed in varying ratios with different ingredients to create dark, milk, or white chocolate.

Throughout the fermentation process, surrounding microorganisms break down the cocoa fruit and create various compounds that enhance the chocolate’s flavor. This often results in a rich, earthy taste, according to David Salt from the University of Nottingham, UK. However, finely crafted chocolate can also exhibit fruity characteristics, which are frequently found in products from artisanal chocolate makers.

To investigate which microorganisms are responsible for these flavors, Salt and his team gathered samples of fermented beans from a cocoa farm in Colombia. By analyzing the genetic information within the samples, they discovered five types of bacteria and four fungi consistently present in batches of beans known for their exceptional flavor.

The researchers then introduced sterile cocoa beans to various microorganisms, fermented them with nine different microbial agents, and subsequently processed the beans into a liquid referred to as cocoa liquor. A panel of chocolate flavor experts assessed this liquor and noted the presence of fruity notes absent in samples made from beans without these microorganisms. “The infusion of these microorganisms imparted citrus, berry, floral, tropical, and caramel flavors,” says Salt.

The research indicates that incorporating these microorganisms into the fermentation blend may help cocoa growers enhance the flavor profile of their cocoa, leading to increased profits from their beans.

“We don’t necessarily need to introduce all nine microorganisms. There’s likely a practical approach to influence the microbiota favorably. For instance, we can confirm that specific fungi are naturally present outside of the cocoa pod,” he notes.

However, the group of microorganisms responsible for superior flavors may vary based on distinct cocoa farms, especially where environmental conditions differ. Further investigation is warranted, Salt advises.

Nonetheless, the study highlights that specific microorganisms can significantly amplify chocolate flavor, a finding that may also apply to varieties created from lab-grown cocoa, says Salt. Moreover, introducing a new microbial mix could even yield an entirely new type of chocolate.

topic:

Microbiology/
Food and drink

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Hot Spring Rocks Could Lead to Discovering Life on Mars – Demon

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

What if the secrets to discovering life on Mars lie hidden in our own environment? In the planet’s most extreme habitats, microbial life flourishes in unlikely places—from icy tundras to searing, acidic springs. These unique ecosystems not only support life but also preserve evidence of it. Among these, hot springs are particularly notable for generating distinctive silica-rich formations.Silica Center is capable of trapping remnants of ancient microbes.

Silica occurs when silica-laden water from hot springs rises, cools, and evaporates, leaving behind hardened silica that can encapsulate microorganisms, thus fossilizing them. NASA’s Spirit Rover discovered similar silica sinter in Gusev Crater on Mars, raising questions about whether these ancient Martian hot springs may also preserve signs of past life.

An international research team has revealed that fat-like molecules from cells, lipids, can endure alongside these silica sinters and might be detected using equipment akin to that on Martian rovers. These lipids can persist for millions of years and serve as chemical fossils, or biomarkers in the fossil record. They provide insights into the types of life that once existed in these environments, aiding scientists in reconstructing ancient ecosystems.

Researchers collected silica sintered samples from six hot springs in New Zealand’s Taupo volcanic region, where the waters range from 77°F to 203°F (25°C to 95°C) and vary in acidity. First, they extracted the lipids from the sintered material chemically. Next, they characterized these lipids using instruments that fragment the molecules into smaller components, identifying them by mass.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized.

The team employed GC-MS to identify a broad array of lipid molecules, including fatty acids, alcohols, sterols, and n-alkanes from the sinter. Most of these molecules likely originated from bacteria that either use sunlight or sulfate as an energy source, and such microorganisms are well-suited for extreme environments. Some lipids identified also stemmed from other sources, like algae and plants. The researchers interpreted this diversity of lipids as indicative of both ancient and contemporary microorganisms. They referred to the old fossilized communities preserved with newer ones in the silica, noting the mix of heat-altered and fresh compounds.

The shape and texture of sintered rocks were also found to influence the preservation of lipid biomarkers. A fine, pointed texture known as spicular sinter retained more lipids compared to knobbed or crusty types. These thorny textures form at the edges of hot spring pools where microorganisms interact with rapidly cooled silica-rich water, creating delicate silica structures that grow like small fingers. Researchers suggested that these fine textures offer protection to microorganisms against erosion and radiation. They believe these finger-like silica formations are particularly promising for detecting traces of past life on Mars, similar to those seen by the Spirit Rover.

To evaluate whether current Rover instruments could detect ancient lipids, researchers analyzed two silica sintered samples using techniques similar to those used by rovers.NASA’s Curiosity Rover employs a method called Pyrolysis-GC-MS, which does not require prior chemical extraction of lipids. The entire sample is heated until the molecules transform into gas, which is then analyzed.

In one sintered sample, the instrument successfully identified simple lipids commonly produced by organisms, such as n-alkanes, pristanes, and phytanes. In another sulfur-rich sample, it detected a sulfur-based compound known as thiophene, also found on Mars. However, the analysis did not reveal more complex biomarkers like hopane and sterols, likely because they were degraded by heat. Pyrolysis may result in quantities too small for GC-MS to detect.

Based on these findings, researchers concluded that current rover instruments can successfully detect simple and durable lipids but may overlook more delicate or complex ones. To enhance the likelihood of finding ancient biosignatures, the team recommended that future Mars missions adopt less destructive detection approaches. Despite these challenges, they suggested that silica-rich rocks, like those in the Gusev Crater, are prime targets for exploring evidence of ancient Martian life. By pinpointing the most suitable rock textures for lipid preservation that can be detected with existing rover technologies, scientists are one step closer to uncovering signs of life on Mars.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Quantum Device Simultaneously Detects All Electrical Units

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A standardized unit is necessary for measuring electricity

Yuichi Rochino/Getty Images

A single quantum device can now define all three units critical for understanding electricity.

When calculating electricity, one must assess the current in amperes, resistance in ohms, and voltage in volts. Before proceeding, researchers need consensus on the measurements for each unit, which has historically required separate quantum devices and often necessitated visits to different labs.

Recently, Jason Underwood and his team at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in Maryland have showcased how to characterize these units using a single device. “Integrating these two quantum standards has always felt like a Holy Grail,” he remarks. “It was a prolonged endeavor. Much like Sisyphus, we’ve been pushing this boulder uphill.”

This integration posed challenges as both devices depend on delicate quantum effects observable only at extremely low temperatures. Additionally, certain devices historically required magnetic fields, which could disrupt the operation of others.

The innovative “One Box” approach circumvents these issues by utilizing new materials capable of conducting quantum functions without the need for magnetic fields, allowing previously separated quantum systems to function together within the same cryostat. This method successfully measures amperes, ohms, and volts with an uncertainty of just one in millions for each unit.

However, before these combined devices can be used practically, researchers must further enhance their precision. Currently, accuracy is hampered by the heating generated when placing the two systems and their wiring too closely together. Moreover, development on the new quantum material, which facilitates the cooperation of both systems, is ongoing, according to Lindsey Rodenbach at Stanford University in California.

He views the project as a significant achievement, yet Underwood highlights that Budget constraints at NIST, funded by the US government, have impeded the team’s reach for even higher precision. He specifically mentions the agency’s “Crossing Infrastructure” report, which revealed that several NIST facilities are in disrepair. NIST has chosen not to comment on the matter.

Susmit Kumar from the Norwegian Metrology Service describes the new device as an “impressive engineering feat” that could enhance quantum electrical standards, making them more accessible and affordable for researchers and tech developers worldwide. He is part of the Quahmet Consortium, which also aims to develop user-friendly devices for measuring ohms using novel materials.

“The International System of Units is a shared language for scientists and engineers everywhere. Our goal is to simplify their use as much as possible,” says Richard Davis, a retired member of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. He adds that integrating existing devices will foster advancement moving forward.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Uncommon “Triple Dip” La Niña Could Illuminate 2023’s Extreme Heat

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Pacific Ocean released heat into the atmosphere in 2023

BlickWinkel/Alamy

A rare “triple dip” La Niña, which kept Pacific Ocean temperatures low for three consecutive years, may have set the stage for a significant rise in global heat observed in 2023.

While a rise in global temperatures was anticipated due to greenhouse gas emissions and warm surface waters, a peak was not expected until early 2024. From September 2023 indicates this surge has come earlier than forecasted.

Julius Mex from the University of Leipzig, Germany, and his team sought to understand the events of late 2023 that triggered this exceptional heat. “Our goal is to clarify why temperature changes in the Northern Decay were so extreme,” he states.

Utilizing a dataset that amalgamates historical weather records with climate models, the research team explored various factors, including the Pacific’s circulation, temperature, cloud coverage, radiation, and precipitation for the years 2022 and 2023.

The findings suggest that the Pacific’s cool La Niña conditions, persisting since 2020, were pivotal. They suppressed ocean warmth, fostered the creation of lowland clouds, and enhanced solar radiation reflection.

When the El Niño pattern emerged in 2023, the shift from La Niña to El Niño was so pronounced that it affected air circulation and precipitation patterns in the Western Pacific, releasing more heat into the atmosphere than initially expected.

Simultaneously, this transition led to a sharp decrease in cloud coverage over the Eastern Pacific Ocean, allowing for enhanced absorption of solar radiation. “This could drive significant annual temperature fluctuations,” notes Mex.

Karsten Hautin from Leipzig University, although not involved in the research, expressed agreement with the conclusions. “With a triple dip La Niña, the ocean fails to release heat,” he explains. “As a result, heat accumulates in the deeper ocean layers before eventually surfacing.”

Mex emphasizes that their findings indicate the reduction of ocean cloud cover as a critical element in the sharp temperature increase observed in 2023. “It fits perfectly,” he concludes.

Richard Allan from the University of Reading in the UK notes advances in understanding how cloud coverage shifted over the Pacific in 2022 and 2023. Nevertheless, he highlights that anthropogenic climate change, alongside decreases in cooling aerosol pollution, significantly contributes to diminished ocean cloud cover and escalating temperatures.

“The magnitude of the global temperature rise in 2023 resulted not only from heightened planetary heating due to increased greenhouse gases but also from the reduction and dimming of clouds connected with decreasing aerosol particle pollution,” Allan remarks.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ganymede, Jupiter’s Moon, May Function as a Massive Dark Matter Detector

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

View of Ganymede from NASA’s Juno spacecraft

junocam/nasa/jpl-caltech/swri/msss/kalleheikki kannisto

Ganymede, one of Jupiter’s moons, has the potential to act as a significant dark matter detector, with upcoming space missions possibly unveiling unique dark matter craters on its ancient terrain.

Researchers typically seek dark matter by looking for lightweight particles that seldom interact with normal matter, employing large, insulated underground detectors. Alternatively, another category of dark matter particles could grow from the size of a basketball to that of an asteroid, but these are infrequent and interact rarely with conventional matter. To detect these hefty dark matter particles, a detector of lunar or planetary scale is necessary to account for their scarcity.

William Derocco from the University of Maryland has proposed that Ganymede, the solar system’s largest moon, may hold clues to these large dark matter particles. His research indicates that they could create a unique crater on the moon’s icy surface, preserved for millions of years due to its stable geology.

Derocco estimates the extent to which these giant dark matter particles penetrate Ganymede’s thick ice layers, finding that they reach the subterranean oceans, fostering unique minerals deeper than a standard asteroid might.

Future missions, such as NASA’s Europa Clipper and ESA’s JUICE, might be able to identify these dark material craters from orbit. Derocco believes these features will be relatively small and distinct, separated from other geological formations. He suggests that “if an underground intrusion radar is used, it may reveal this melted ice column extending down through the ice.”

Utilizing a moon-sized dark matter detector could help identify particles that elude detection on Earth, according to Zachary Picker from UCLA. He states, “Experiments on Earth struggle to find dark matter particles the size of a bowling ball. Particles the size of a refrigerator or car have interactions that are too infrequent.”

The proposal is thorough and well-reasoned, as noted by Bradley Cabana from the University of Cantabria in Spain. “There’s no compelling physical rationale to assume the existence of such massive dark matter particles,” he states. “It’s about exploring all possibilities.” He describes these as extraordinary objects, incredibly dense and held together by formidable forces from obscure sectors.

Topics:

Dark matter/
Space exploration

Source: www.newscientist.com

Bill McKibben Delivers an Inspiring Case for Solar Energy in His Latest Book

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The sun’s future in this Sichuan pepper field in Bijie, China

STR/AFP via Getty Images

The Sun Comes Here
(Bill McKibben) WW Norton UK, September 16th. US, August 19th

The sun is shining brighter through solar energy. According to Ember, a think tank on energy, solar energy has been the fastest-growing power source globally for the past two decades.

In 2022, solar power generation capacity surpassed 1 terawatt for the first time, and just two years later, it doubled, contributing 7% to the world’s electricity supply. When including wind turbines, which harness solar energy through different methods, solar accounted for 15% of global electricity last year.

This surge in solar energy is not simply due to an increased commitment to climate goals. Indeed, as noted in another Ember Report, many renewable energy targets have barely made progress towards achieving net-zero emissions over the past decade.

The true driver behind the rise of solar is its position as the most cost-effective method of electricity generation almost everywhere.

In his book Here Comes the Sun: The Last Chance for Climate and a New Chance for Civilization, long-time climate advocate Bill McKibben asserts that we are on the brink of a critical historical transition—from reliance on fossil fuels to embracing solar energy. “We are looking to the heavens for energy instead of to hell,” McKibben writes.

Below, he provides a thoughtful exploration of how solar energy not only addresses climate issues in time but also transforms the interaction between the economy and the natural world.

This is not the first call to action for a swift transition to renewable sources. However, it offers a visionary glimpse of what a solar-powered society could look like, going beyond just technological and economic considerations during the energy shift.

Solar-led energy transitions may be inevitable, but they may not happen quickly enough.

“This critical transformation is now presented as the most significant bargain ever, yet it remains cloaked in mysteries we have yet to fully unravel,” he notes.

This optimism is presented by McKibben, a renowned voice in environmentalism since his first book, The End of Nature, where he first alerted the world to the climate crisis.

Rather than detailing the ongoing damage from climate change, he emphasizes the numerous advantages of increased solar power, including more stable energy prices and reduced reliance on fossil fuel-rich states.

On a spiritual note, he suggests that this shift may rekindle our deep respect for the sun and its immense power.

McKibben also engages with skeptics of renewable energy, providing a balanced perspective on the trade-offs in the energy transition, such as the rising demand for minerals, land use, and potential job losses in fossil fuel industries. His argument is reinforced by an array of global anecdotes from different energy transitions, including a positive mention of the Kentucky Coal Mines Museum’s transition to solar energy to cut costs.

Nevertheless, doubts linger about the feasibility of McKibben’s optimistic outlook. A significant portion of the rapid growth in solar energy is currently occurring in China, which has unique advantages such as central planning and a distinct political structure that may not be replicable elsewhere. This rapid pace may not even be sustainable in China itself.

In the U.S., despite remarkable growth in solar energy in recent years, the industry now contends with challenges posed by the previous administration’s discontent towards renewable resources. Loss of tax credits that once leveled the playing field with subsidized fossil fuels and local opposition to solar projects also complicate future growth.

As McKibben acknowledges, both can be true: solar-driven energy transitions may be on the horizon, but reductions in emissions might not happen swiftly enough to avert further drastic impacts of global warming. “It won’t be easy, but it’s necessary,” he asserts. “We must cease burning, or we will face dire consequences.”

Personally, I resonate with this perspective—I’d much prefer to bask in the sunlight.

Topics:

Climate Change/
Solar Power Generation

Source: www.newscientist.com

Covid-19 Affects Blood Vessel Aging, Particularly in Women

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The stiffening of arteries with age, exacerbated by Covid-19

Peterschreiber.Media/Alamy

Covid-19 seems to speed up the aging of blood vessels, particularly in women.

The virus has been linked to cardiovascular issues such as heart disease, although the exact mechanisms remain unclear. For further insights, see Rosa Maria Bruno from the University of Parisite and her research team, who studied 2,390 individuals with an average age of 50 across 16 nations, including the UK and US, from September 2020 to February 2022.

Participants included those testing positive for Covid-19 viruses or for antibodies without vaccination, alongside others who were negative for both without past infections.

The health of their arteries was evaluated by measuring the speed of pressure wave transmission between the carotid artery in the neck and the femoral artery in the foot. This assesses arterial stiffness, which naturally increases with age and elevates heart disease risk.

Findings indicated that confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections were related to increased arterial stiffness in women. This correlation appeared to grow with infection severity; for instance, women hospitalized for Covid-19 showed an average arterial age roughly five years greater than their uninfected peers, rising to 7.5 years among those who needed intensive care.

Researchers accounted for other factors influencing arteriosclerosis, such as smoking and obesity.

However, no similar findings were present in men. Earlier studies indicate that women tend to have stronger responses to infections than men, and an inability to modulate immune responses can result in inflammatory damage. Bruno expressed hope for observable gender differences but noted that this study didn’t yield significant ones.

The results also shed light on long Covid, which is more prevalent among women. After six months, arterial stiffness in women showed slight improvement, yet remained notably high in patients with ongoing Covid-19 complications. “Our study demonstrated measurable changes in blood vessels correlating with the symptoms of long Covid patients,” said Bruno.

Some individuals in the uninfected group may have experienced mild infections unbeknownst to them, potentially influencing the study’s validity.

Regardless, Vassilios Vassilio from the University of East Anglia highlighted the study’s robustness, asserting it could aid in identifying individuals affected by long Covid. “This research marks the first large, international multicenter investigation confirming an association between COVID-19 and accelerated vascular aging,” he noted. “The findings enhance comprehension of mechanisms post-Covid-19 syndrome and may pave the way for targeted pharmaceutical approaches.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The “mosquito growth crisis” in Las Vegas is a “ticking time bomb”

Posted on August 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Las Vegas – Once believed to be inhospitable for mosquitoes, this city proves the opposite is true.

While these pests typically thrive in tropical, humid environments, their population has surged in the Las Vegas Valley in recent years due to various factors.

Urban development, climate change, insecticide resistance, and genetic adaptation have all created a more conducive environment for these insects in southern Nevada.

Las Vegas isn’t alone in its struggle against these pests; warm temperatures and shifting weather patterns are extending the habitats where mosquitoes can breed across the southwestern United States and beyond.

Besides being a nuisance, mosquitoes also pose a significant risk of mosquito-borne diseases like dengue and West Nile virus to Las Vegas and Clark County.

This situation has taken many by surprise.

“It’s not incorrect to say that mosquitoes shouldn’t thrive in desert conditions, but it’s evident that certain species present in Clark County have adapted to the local environment.”

“Time Bomb”

Among the species found in Clark County are the Culex mosquito, known to carry West Nile virus, and the Aedes aegypti mosquito, a primary transmitter of dengue. Researchers at UNLV have also identified resistance to insecticides in local mosquito populations.

According to Messenger, “It’s a time bomb that’s been ticking for a while.”

She is particularly concerned about Las Vegas’s vulnerability to mosquito-borne diseases. Dengue fever cases are on the rise in North and South America, with more than 13 million cases reported across the continent in 2024, as noted by the CDC.

“Las Vegas receives over 48 million visitors from around the world every year,” Messenger remarked. “Local transmission can start with just a single mosquito bite.”

Last year, 26 cases of West Nile virus were reported in the city. According to the Southern Nevada Health District, 2019 had the largest outbreak, but a record number of mosquitoes tested positive for the virus in and around Las Vegas in 2024.

While some mosquitoes have tested positive for the virus this year, the public health department has not identified any human cases so far. Messenger indicated that specific factors from previous years complicate their understanding of the situation.

“We see many overlapping factors, but it’s challenging to isolate them,” she said. “There are these bumper years and then none at all, making predictions difficult.”

The Southern Nevada Health District has been monitoring mosquitoes since 2004, keeping detailed records that show the types of mosquitoes present in the Las Vegas Valley and their associated diseases.

One striking trend has been the rapid increase in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, first spotted in Las Vegas in 2017, according to Vivek Raman, an environmental health supervisor for the Southern Nevada Health District.

“Relentless Biting” Spreads

“In 2017, we found this mosquito in just a few zip codes,” Raman noted. “A few years later, it expanded to six, then twelve, and now it has appeared in 48 different zip codes throughout the valley.”

These insects not only spread dengue fever but are also a significant nuisance.

“The Aedes aegypti is an extremely aggressive daytime mosquito,” Raman explained. “Their bites are relentless.”

Unlike Culex mosquitoes, they prefer to breed near larger water sources, such as neglected swimming pools, dark corners, and detention ponds.

“One of the reasons for their rapid spread is their ability to lay eggs in small containers, like children’s toys, tires, or wheelbarrows,” Raman added. “Just a few inches of water are enough.”

Urban development in Las Vegas has also redirected mosquito populations. According to Messenger, golf courses, artificial lakes, and other irrigation methods have transformed the Nevada desert into an inviting habitat for mosquitoes.

Climate change is another contributing factor and is under active investigation by Messenger and other scientists. Higher temperatures are broadening the areas where mosquitoes can thrive. Warm air can hold more moisture, leading to increased humidity and rainfall—all ideal for mosquito breeding.

While it’s not entirely clear how local environmental aspects interact with shifting climate trends to impact mosquito populations, the potential consequences are significant.

“Las Vegas serves as a case study for how climate change may manifest in other regions globally,” Messenger stated. “We’re witnessing record temperatures and increasingly erratic precipitation patterns. This is predictive of what much of the world may look like in the next 15-25 years.”

The implications for urban mosquito populations remain uncertain, but current trends show no signs of abating.

Health districts in southern Nevada are engaging in public outreach to help residents identify and manage mosquito breeding sites around their homes, along with strategies to prevent bites. To effectively address mosquito populations and associated public health risks, comprehensive efforts from local governments are essential, according to Messenger. Right now, this level of coordination is lacking in Las Vegas.

“We have private pest control companies, and some work is being done around wetlands, but what we lack is a centralized and coordinated reduction effort across multiple jurisdictions,” Messenger explained.

That absence of coordinated action has contributed to mosquito populations becoming increasingly resistant to insecticides. Ongoing monitoring is necessary to determine which chemicals are safe to use around humans and to evaluate the effectiveness of insecticides and pesticides to prevent mosquitoes from developing immunity.

Looking ahead, Messenger emphasized that prevention and control will be vital to protecting both Las Vegas residents and the many visitors from around the globe.

“Ultimately, this situation is entirely preventable,” she asserted. “No one in southern Nevada, including Clark County, should suffer mosquito bites or risk contracting any virus.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

This Innovative Breakthrough Could Signal the End of Palm Oil

Posted on August 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have crafted an environmentally friendly substitute for palm oil, potentially available by the end of 2025.

Palm oil, alongside other tropical oils like shea, coconut oil, cocoa butter, and soybeans, presents significant environmental challenges.

These oils encroach upon rainforests, contributing to deforestation, biodiversity decline, greenhouse gas emissions, as well as air and water pollution in regions such as Southeast Asia, South America, and Africa.

However, palm oil is prevalent in our foods and cosmetics. It is estimated that nearly half of all packaged goods in supermarkets contain palm oil, disguised under various ingredient names including glycerin and stearic acid.

This dilemma prompted a team of scientists at Bath University, led by chemical engineer Professor Chris Chuck, to seek alternatives for over a decade. Their research has led to a promising solution: a yeast called Metschnikowia pulcherrima.

“It thrives on grapes,” Chuck mentioned in BBC Science Focus. “It’s already applied in the organic wine sector. When you enjoy the blackcurrant notes in red wines from South Africa, that’s thanks to Metschnikowia.”

This yeast naturally comprises about 20% fat; however, Chuck’s team employed a method termed “directional evolution,” which promotes a rise in fat proportions, akin to selective breeding, by utilizing environmental pressures.

“Currently, about half of it is pure fat,” Chuck explained. “We didn’t just increase the yeast’s mass; it’s impressively fatty. Plus, we managed to accelerate its growth.”

The cultivation of this oil requires minimal space and uncomplicated equipment—just a large vat. The yeast feeds on food waste, such as discarded bread and potato byproducts, which are converted into sugar.

Once the yeast becomes densely populated, the cells burst and release oil, which is processed similarly to traditional cooking oils.

After this process, half of the non-oil yeast can be repurposed into other food ingredients, such as natural emulsifiers and beta-glucans, a heart-healthy fiber also found in oats.

By adjusting temperature, acidity, and sugar, yeast can produce a range of fats. The oil on the right is engineered to resemble more saturated, semi-solid palm oil, while the oil on the left is a less saturated liquid – Credit: Clean Food Group

Adjusting the yeast’s growing environment allows scientists to modify its flavor, texture, and nutritional properties, balancing saturation levels to mimic various fats.

“If executed correctly, we can prevent the destruction of tropical forests,” Chuck stated. “Currently, we’re using land equivalent to Argentina to cultivate cooking oil, making it one of the largest agricultural footprints globally.”

Demand for palm oil continues to rise. The current palm oil market is valued at $50.6 billion and is projected to increase to $65.5 billion (£48.3 billion) by 2027.

“We need forests to act as the planet’s lungs,” Chuck explained. “We cannot afford to clear everything.”

Moreover, substituting some tropical oils with yeast-based alternatives can lead to reduced greenhouse gas emissions.

“These tropical crops emit more CO₂ than oil they produce,” Chuck added, noting that yeast-derived oils emit 95% less carbon dioxide and can be cultivated in nearly any location.

“These cutting-edge fermentation techniques enable us to establish local production,” he elucidated. “We’ve implemented this model on the outskirts of Birmingham, utilizing waste from our nearby factory to create oil and reintegrate it into our local ecosystem.”

This yeast-based oil is on the horizon; Chuck indicated it could debut in cosmetics by late 2025 or early 2026, with food applications to follow shortly thereafter.

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About our experts

Professor Chris Chuck is a chemical engineer at the University of Bath, UK, and co-founder of the food technology startup Clean Food Group. He also contributes to the Reaction and Catalytic Engineering Research Unit (Racial), Center for Sustainable Chemical Technology (CSCT), Center for Water Innovation Research (WIRC), Center for Bioengineering and Biomedical Technology (CBIO), and the Institute for Sustainability and Climate Change.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Science Unraveled the Bermuda Triangle Enigma

Posted on August 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The region of the ocean between Florida, Puerto Rico, and Bermuda became famous in the mid-20th century, largely due to reports about the unexplained disappearance of ships and aircraft.

One of the most notable events took place in 1945 when Flight 19, a formation of five US Navy bombers, vanished during a training exercise in this area. For many years, shipwrecks and downed planes were frequently linked to the triangle’s mysterious forces.

However, in 1975, Larry Cush published a book that debunked the legend, revealing that many reports about the triangle were either exaggerated, inaccurate, or unverified. He found that the frequency of incidents in this region is not significantly higher than in other parts of the ocean.

Despite this, a variety of theories have been put forth over the years. Some have speculated about the remnants of Atlantis’s technology. Others argued that the triangle might be a location where warp threads of space-time cause objects to be drawn into parallel universes.

One of the peculiar natural theories suggests that methane bubbles seeping from the ocean floor could capsize ships. However, studies based on US Geological Survey Records indicate that no significant methane release has occurred in the last 15,000 years.

The prevalence of hurricanes in the area could also have impacted earlier pilots and captains who lacked the technology to make accurate weather predictions.

Recent research indicates that converging storms can create rogue waves as high as 30 meters (nearly 100 feet), capable of sinking even large vessels. Laboratory simulations have confirmed that such waves can engulf a ship, though there is no evidence that these phenomena actually occur in the Bermuda Triangle.

Some assert that magnetic anomalies could mislead navigators, causing them to lose their course. While no such anomalies have been confirmed, in the early 20th century, the magnetic north rotated into alignment with the Bermuda Triangle, which could have led to navigation errors.

Interestingly, the US Coast Guard has not identified any specific hazards in the Bermuda Triangle. A survey conducted in 2013 indicates that the most perilous shipping routes do not include this area.

Despite the heavy air and sea traffic, as well as frequent hurricanes, the Bermuda Triangle has not seen an unusually high number of crashes or shipwrecks.

The enduring appeal of this legend can be attributed to more mundane factors. Early accounts of disappearances captured public imagination, drawing people toward mystery.

Once the myth took off, reports turned any shipwrecks into tales of the Bermuda Triangle’s mystical powers. The interest has likely diminished in recent years, as advances in technology allow for better tracking of ocean and air traffic.

This article addresses the question posed by Cardiff, Diane Johnston: “What happened in the Bermuda Triangle?”

For questions, please email us at questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out via Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Check out our ultimate Fun Fact for more amazing science content.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Express Concern Over Emerging Type of Acid Rain

Posted on August 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have raised concerns about a novel type of acid rain that is becoming increasingly prevalent, complicating efforts to mitigate its impact; I did it poses a hazard to all forms of life on Earth.

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) — a type of persistent “forever chemical” — is now found in rain and snow globally, in concentrations significantly higher than in past decades.

While the exact implications of TFA for human health and the environment remain unclear, some scientists are suggesting that these chemicals I did it may present an existential risk.

“Recent findings indicate that TFA can interfere with critical Earth system processes, such as mammalian embryo development and diminished soil respiration,” stated Professor Hans Peter Alp, a chemist at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, in BBC Science Focus.

Professor Alp’s latest research categorized TFA as a planetary threat comparable to global warming and ozone depletion.

“We are uncertain about the long-term consequences,” he continued. “Due to the global accumulation of TFA, any long-term effects may manifest on a worldwide scale.”

“Moreover, when TFA impacts the environment, it does not break down naturally, making intervention too late. Existing technologies for TFA removal are prohibitively expensive and only applicable in limited scenarios.”

The ARP paper emphasized the necessity of taking proactive measures to curb the rapid buildup of TFA before it is officially deemed an emergency threat.

“In the heating and cooling sectors, this means we must avoid gases that lead to TFA formation,” Alp added.

“Another necessary step is to phase out pesticides and pharmaceuticals that produce TFA during degradation.”

Some nations have already begun taking action. Denmark is leading the charge, having banned 23 pesticide products in July 2025 due to their association with TFA contamination.

TFA is merely one of countless forever chemicals. Other PFAs are linked to health issues such as reproductive problems, fetal deformities, and various cancers – Credit: Chris Macrolin via Getty

TFA belongs to a category of “Forever Chemicals,” more formally known as polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAs), which are notably resistant to degradation.

Among these persistent chemicals, TFA is one of the smallest. It can infiltrate the environment from sources such as refrigerants, aerosols, pesticides, air conditioning units, landfills, and sewage systems. When larger PFAs degrade, they often convert into TFA.

Because of its small size, TFA readily dissolves in water. This property contributes to its prevalence as a persistent chemical, as it is rapidly increasing not only in rain but also in rivers, lakes, groundwater, oceans, vegetation, food, and urine.

The ARP indicated that finding TFA in “previously untouched water resources” could be alarming. This is particularly troubling as TFA is considered nearly impossible to remove from drinking water.

Some scientists suggest that TFA may not pose significant risks to humans because it does not linger or accumulate in our bodies but is quickly excreted through urine.

However, the ARP maintains that new evidence shows an increasing presence of TFA in humans, animals, and ecosystems.

“We observe that TFA can penetrate cells, becoming integral components of lipids, proteins, and cellular structures. This may explain noticed alterations in microbial activity within soil,” stated ARP.

Researchers, including Alp, are exploring methods to eliminate TFA from the environment, such as cultivating crops that can absorb TFA.

Nonetheless, Alp emphasizes that further research is essential to assess the true level of threat posed by TFA. In the meantime, he urges that “the foremost priority is to curtail emissions before irreversible global consequences unfold.”

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About our experts

Professor Hans Peter Alp is a chemist at the Norwegian Geotechnical Institute and a professor at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology. His research focuses on how pollutants behave in environments that include microplastics, everlasting chemicals, metals, and more.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Chemists Incorporate Novel Carbon Homologs

Posted on August 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Carbon exists in various forms known as homologues, each with distinct properties including differences in color and shape. For instance, in diamond, every carbon atom is connected to four neighboring carbons, while in graphite, each carbon atom is bound to three others. The newly created molecule, Cyclo[48]Carbon, features 48 carbon atoms arranged in alternating single and triple bond patterns, exhibiting sufficient stability for spectroscopic characterization at room temperature in solution.

Chemical structure of cyclo[48]carbon [4]Catenan. Image credit: Harry Anderson.

Dr. Yuz Gao and his research team from Oxford University integrated cyclo.[48]Carbon molecules, creating a C48 ring that threads through three additional macrocycles.

These threaded macrocycles enhance the stability of the C48 by restricting access to the protected cyclocarbons.

Previously, molecular rings made entirely of carbon atoms have only been investigated in gas phase or at extremely low temperatures (4-10 K).

The researchers assert that Cyclo[48]Carbon maintains stability in a solution at 293 K (20 degrees Celsius).

This stability was achieved by utilizing threaded macrocycles, choosing larger cyclocarbons with low strain, and developing gentle reaction conditions for the non-masked step of the synthesis (where precursor molecules transform into the final product).

“Establishing stable cyclocarbons in vials under ambient conditions is a critical milestone,” stated Dr. Gao.

“This facilitates the examination of reactivity and characteristics under standard laboratory conditions.”

The team characterized the cyclocarbon catenene using a range of techniques including mass spectrometry, NMR, UV-visible, and Raman spectroscopy.

An intense observation of ¹³C NMR resonance for all 48 SP1 carbon atoms suggests that each carbon resides in a similar environment, strongly supporting the cyclocarbon catenene structure.

“The findings mark the pinnacle of our extensive efforts to synthesize cyclocarbon catenanes, based on the expectation that they may be stable enough for studies at room temperature,” remarked Professor Andersen.

The team’s research was published in the journal Science.

____

Yuze Gao et al. 2025. Solution phase stabilization of cyclocarbons by catenene layers. Science 389 (6761): 708-710; doi: 10.1126/science.ady6054

Source: www.sci.news

New Theory Suggests Supermassive Black Holes Are Remnants of the Universe’s First Star

Posted on August 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In a recent study, Professor Jonathan Tan, an astrophysicist from the University of Virginia and Chalmers Institute of Technology, suggests that the population III.1 supermassive star is the precursor to the ultra-high-massive black holes observed in the early universe. The intense high-energy photons emitted by the star ionized the surrounding hydrogen gas, creating a natural intergalactic medium that extended over millions of light-years. This process led to the formation of ultra-high massive black holes that caused a flash ionization, effectively ending the “dark age” of the universe.

An artist’s impression of the star field from population III that would have been visible hundreds of millions of years post-Big Bang. Image credits: noirlab/nsf/aura/J. da silva/SpaceEngine.

These black holes, residing at the centers of most large galaxies, including our Milky Way, typically possess masses millions or even billions of times greater than that of the Sun.

Their formation has sparked considerable debate, particularly with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope uncovering numerous such black holes located far away that date back to the universe’s early days.

Professor Tan’s theory, referred to as “Pop III.1,” posits that all supermassive black holes originate from the first stars, termed debris Population III.1 stars, which grow to enormous sizes due to energy from a dark matter annihilation process. This theory aligns with many of Webb’s latest discoveries.

In his publication, Tan presents another prediction that may illuminate our understanding of the universe’s origins.

“Our model indicates that the ultra-large star progenitors of black holes ionize the surrounding hydrogen gas extremely quickly, signaling their emergence with a bright flash that permeates all space,” stated Professor Tan.

“Notably, this additional stage of ionization occurs at a significantly faster rate than seen in typical galaxies, potentially addressing recent challenges and discrepancies in cosmology.”

“This was an unexpected connection we identified during the development of the POP III.1 model, but it could have substantial significance.”

“Professor Tan has crafted a sophisticated model that elucidates the two-stage process of star formation and ionization in the early universe,” commented Professor Richard Ellis, a distinguished observational cosmologist from the University of London.

“The initial star, created from a brief, brilliant flash of light, may have since vanished. Thus, what we observed with Webb could represent a subsequent phase. The universe continues to amaze us with its surprises.”

Professor Tan’s paper is set to be published in the Astrophysics Journal Letter.

____

Jonathan C. Tan. 2025. POPIII.1 Flash ionization of the early universe by supermassive stars. apjl in press; Arxiv: 2506.18490

Source: www.sci.news

Missouri Resident Hospitalized with “Brain-Eating” Infection Potentially Linked to Water Skiing, Officials Report

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A resident of Missouri has been admitted to the hospital following a potential water skiing incident at a local lake, which health officials have characterized as a fatal “brain-eating infection.”

The Missouri Department of Health’s Senior Services Office released a statement on Wednesday indicating that the unidentified patients seem to have been exposed to Naegleria fowleri.

The agency described Naegleria fowleri as “a microscopic single-celled free-living ameba capable of causing a rare and lethal brain infection known as primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM), commonly referred to as the ‘brain-eating’ infection.”

Health officials noted that early investigations imply the patients may have been engaged in water skiing at the Ozarks lake, a reservoir situated in central Missouri, prior to falling ill.

According to the agency, Naegleria fowleri typically resides in freshwater, although PAM is “extremely rare.” The ameba usually enters the body through the nose and makes its way to the brain, inflicting damage on brain tissue.

“Individuals who engage in water recreation should operate under the assumption that Naegleria fowleri could be found in warm freshwater across the United States, although infections remain highly uncommon,” the agency stated.

The health department reported only 167 cases of infection in the United States from 1962 to 2024.

In a separate incident last month, 12-year-old Jasen Kerr tragically passed away after swimming at Lake Murray in South Carolina, subsequently diagnosed with PAM, according to a statement from the law firm representing Kerr’s family, shared on Facebook.

“We support this family not only in seeking the truth but to ensure that no other families have to endure such losses,” stated Bailey Law Office.

Initial symptoms of PAM include headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

The CDC warns that most individuals with PAM will succumb within 1 to 18 days after symptoms manifest, leading to coma and death within 5 days.

The Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services advised residents to “steer clear of water-related activities in warm freshwater during elevated water temperatures, utilize nose clamps, and refrain from submerging their heads in the water.”

They also recommended avoiding the disturbance of wet sediments, as “Naegleria fowleri amebas are likely to inhabit sediments at lakes, ponds, and riverbeds.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

The Unusual Microbial Alliance Reveals the Evolution of Complex Life

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Stromatolites are rock-like structures formed by bacteria in shallow water

Lkonya/Shutterstock

SEI 262018132 — Stromatolites are rock-like structures formed by bacteria in shallow water

Lkonya/Shutterstock

Microorganisms in the remote bays of Western Australia are interconnected through tiny tubes, suggesting early stages of complex life evolution.

In Shark Bay, known by the Indigenous name Gathaagudu, microbes create slimy, multi-layered assemblages called microbial mats. This challenging environment, buffeted by tidal shifts and temperature fluctuations, has fostered bacterial communities alongside another single-celled organism known as Archaea, which have thrived here for tens of thousands of years. These microorganisms often coexist symbiotically, forming layered sedimentary structures known as stromatolites.

“The mats develop under hypersaline conditions with elevated UV levels. It withstands cyclones. Despite facing numerous threats, they persist,” comments Brendan Burns from the University of New South Wales in Sydney.

He posits that these contemporary microbial communities may resemble those that existed billions of years ago when complex life first emerged. This evolution might have been driven by a mutual dependence between bacteria and Archaea, leading to the formation of more complex cells known as eukaryotes.

Burns and his team returned some of these microbial mat communities to the lab to cultivate the organisms in high-salinity, low-oxygen conditions.

They successfully cultured only one type of bacterium, stromatodesulfovibrio nilemahensis, and a newly identified archaeon named Nearachaeum marumarumayae, a member of the Asgard Archaea group. These archaeal bacteria, named after the gods’ abode in Norse mythology, are regarded as the closest relatives to the eukaryotic cells that comprise the bodies of animals, plants, and humans.

According to team members, “These organisms seem to directly interact and share nutrients,” states Iain Duggin of the Sydney Institute of Technology. Although there is no direct evidence yet, the complete genomic sequence obtained allows for speculation regarding the metabolic processes of both organisms.

The genomic analysis indicated that bacteria synthesize amino acids and vitamins, while the Archaea produce hydrogen and various compounds, such as acetic and sulfuric acids. Both sets of products are unique, indicating a dependency on each other.

The researchers also observed indications of direct interaction between the two species. “We have observed what we refer to as nanotubes,” notes Duggin. “These microscopic tubes, seemingly produced by bacteria, establish direct connections to the surface of the Asgard cells.”

3D reconstruction based on electron microscope images showing cell membranes of Archaeon (blue) and bacteria (green), with nanotubes (pink) between them

Dr. Matthew D. Johnson, Bindusmita Paul, Durin C. Shepherd et al.

In addition to their interactions, the Archaeon cells generate vesicle chains that resemble SAC-like structures utilized for transporting molecules along extracellular fibers. Duggin notes that these nano-sized vesicles appear to engage with the nanotubes formed by the bacteria.

“While nanotubes may be too slender for conduits, they facilitate a type of multicellular binding that enhances resource sharing,” asserts Duggin.

The researchers identified a protein similar to human muscle proteins, a genomic sequence coding for a previously unknown protein, and a protein consisting of about 5,500 amino acids, which is substantial for ancient species. “While I can’t claim it’s directly connected to human muscle proteins, it suggests that their evolutionary origins may trace back much further,” says team member Kate Mischey from the University of New South Wales.

“What fascinates me most are the direct connections formed by nanotubes between bacteria and archaea,” comments purilópez-garcía from Parisa Clay University, France. “Such interactions have not been documented in prior cultures.”

However, discerning the exact behaviors of bacteria and Archaea is challenging, remarks Buzz Baum from the MRC Institute of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. “It’s a complex relationship of conflict and cooperation,” he notes. “They interact, share, and sometimes clash, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of each other’s presence.”

Duggin believes the prevalent dynamic is more cooperative than combative. “These organisms coexisted in our culture for over four years, suggesting a level of harmony rather than contention,” he adds.

Burns and his colleagues propose that their findings may reflect an early stage in the evolution of eukaryotic cells within microbial mats. Roland Hatzenpichler at Montana State University aligns with this perspective.

“The study’s outcomes indicate that the newly identified Asgard Archaea engage directly with sulfate-reducing bacteria,” he remarks.

However, Lopez Garcia cautions that these interactions may not date back beyond 2 billion years. “While these archaeal and bacterial forms are modern, the microbial environments they inhabit may provide insights into ancient ecosystems,” he explains.

According to Hatzenpichler, we may be on the verge of better understanding the similarities between recent microorganisms and the cells they collaborate with to form primitive nucleated cells. “We’re now in an advantageous position to uncover deeper truths,” he concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Challenges of Creating a Viable Quantum Broadcasting Station

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Can I broadcast quantum information?

Weiquan Lin/Getty Images

Distributing quantum information akin to traditional broadcasting may not be feasible, even with mathematical models designed to work around quantum mechanics’ inherent limitations.

It is a well-established fact that quantum copy machines cannot exist due to the no-cloning theorem, which is a fundamental principle of quantum physics that prevents the duplication of quantum states. However, physicists have explored the possibility of transmitting or broadcasting copies of quantum information to multiple recipients without breaching this law.

To achieve this, researchers must permit the quantum copies to differ slightly and integrate additional information processing steps for the receivers. Recently, Zhenhuan Liu from Tsinghua University in China and his team demonstrated that these methods might be impractically complex.

“There’s no ‘Ctrl+C’ in the quantum realm,” Liu states. “If you aim to send quantum information to several receivers, there are no quick fixes. You must generate sufficient copies and transmit each one individually.”

The researchers honed in on the previously discussed “virtual quantum broadcast” protocol. In this model, information is adjusted so that various states maintain correlations with each other, although not with identical physical replicas. The messages received are not precise duplicates but share enough characteristics to be valuable. This is analogous to a television network broadcasting slightly different episodes of a serialized drama to each household while generally maintaining the narrative flow. While this protocol is certainly functional, team member Xiangjing Liu at the National University of Singapore questioned its efficiency.

The team analyzed the effort required by recipients to ensure that the information they received, despite not being identical, remained useful. Their mathematical assessment indicated that viable quantum broadcasts may not be realistic.

Counterintuitively, even this optimized approach to quantum broadcasting demands more resources compared to methods like drafting individual letters for each recipient, akin to how group texts send messages to everyone simultaneously, according to team member Yunlong Xiao from Singapore’s scientific research institutions.

“If your sole objective is to simply relay quantum states across various locations, it’s questionable whether exploring virtual quantum broadcasts is a viable method,” says Seok Hyun Lee at Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology in Korea. He believes this protocol has never been considered a practical guideline for quantum communication but rather an investigation into the fundamental limits of quantum information theory.

Paolo Perinotti from Pavia University in Italy acknowledges the mathematical significance of the team’s efforts but also suggests it is unlikely to provide immediate benefits to quantum technology.

Looking forward, researchers are keen to explore the theoretical implications of this current analysis. It helps us comprehend the correlations permissible when manipulating quantum states, regardless of whether they are distributed over space or transmitted sequentially in time. Xiangjing Liu notes that this work could form the basis of a new framework for understanding quantum processes, emphasizing a clearer distinction between time and space compared to traditional methods.

topic:

Quantum Computing/
Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

How the World Works: A Compelling Case for Becoming an Engineer

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Microfluids enable chips such as this to simulate biological organs

Wladimir Bulgar/Science Photo Library

How the World Flows

(Oxford University Press, by Albert Folch, now available)

What do rainbows, inkjet printers, human skin, pregnancy tests, and fish gills have in common?

To explore this, you must delve into what Albert Folch, a bioengineering professor at the University of Washington, terms the “liliptian fluid world.” Here, we encounter the fascinating realm of microfluidics, which manages liquids at a miniature scale—from tiny veins in the human body to microchannels etched into lab chips.

Folch’s new book, How the World Flows: Microfluids from Raindrops to COVID Tests, is an astonishing journey through the numerous ways microfluidics influence our world. He credits his neurobiologist wife in the acknowledgments for encouraging him to write about not just microfluidic chips, which have become crucial in chemistry, biology, and medical research, but also about the “device” of microfluidics found in nature.

This allows the book to paint broader pictures, examining both current technologies and historical examples, from handheld DNA sequencing devices to how the tallest trees draw nutrients from the soil. Folch also explains phenomena like capillarity in paper—enabling writing—and discusses the fundamental mechanics of a candle and the workings of an automobile engine.

Each of the 18 chapters is brief and introductory, starting with a personal story about a historical figure, such as inventors, athletes, and chefs, making the material more relatable.

Physics concepts in How the World Flows, like viscosity, surface tension, and gravity, are presented without complex equations but instead through straightforward explanations rooted in real-world contexts.

At times, I’ve yearned for deeper detail regarding the devices and processes Folch discusses. Additionally, the coverage of recent innovations, including chip-sized devices that replicate entire organs, feels somewhat limited compared to the wealth of historical context.

Nevertheless, as I read, I felt I was absorbing a wealth of knowledge about everyday phenomena. Microfluids have become essential in understanding our bipedalism due to sweat, why lakes don’t drain into the Earth, and how all vertebrates can perceive each other’s calls. There’s even a section on the complex engineering found in a mosquito’s proboscis!

Folch’s writing exudes enthusiasm and warmth, though he occasionally slips into the realm of popular science writing that can obscure the overall tone of the book. For instance, many scientific contributions are intertwined with childhood anecdotes, which can shift from relatable to hagiography.

I also found it remarkable that a book could make microfluidics accessible to those without rigorous educational backgrounds.

Despite this, the strength of How the World Flows lies in its diverse cast of characters and its emphasis on the significance of microfluidics in shaping our world.

Above all, this book has the potential to inspire young readers to consider a future in engineering. It also serves as a reminder of the intricate complexity and wonder of any object under a microscope, fueling our curiosity.

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Earliest High-Speed Radio Burst Illuminates Early Star Formation

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A magnetar, a type of neutron star, can be the source of fast radio bursts

Science Photo Library/Alamy

A peculiar burst of light from the early universe aids astronomers in mapping elusive gases found between galaxies, much like flashlights in dark spaces.

The Fast Radio Burst (FRB) is an extremely brief yet potent burst of radio frequency emissions that has puzzled astronomers since its discovery in 2007. Currently, we know of only a few thousand instances in the universe, leaving much still to be understood about them, especially as most originate from galaxies neighboring the Milky Way.

Now, Manisha Kaleb from the University of Sydney, Australia, along with her research team, has identified a remarkably distant FRB, tracing back to a galaxy that existed merely 3 billion years post-Big Bang.

Kaleb and her collaborators first detected a burst designated 20240304B using the South African Meerkat Radio Telescope in March 2024, corroborating their findings with observations from the James Webb Space Telescope. They determined that the burst originated from a small, faint galaxy that appeared relatively youthful, characterized by rapid star formation.

“This discovery is extraordinarily distant,” stated Jason Hessel from the University of Amsterdam, Netherlands. The FRB 20240304B is from an epoch in the universe’s timeline known as the ‘midday’ of the universe, a period when the rate of new star formation peaks. This hints that during the galaxy’s formative years, this FRB—and possibly others—may have stemmed from a young star that underwent a supernova and collapsed into a magnetar, according to Hessel.

A key reason astronomers focus on FRBs lies in their ability to shine a light on ionized gases and lost electrons from radiation emitted by stars, which constitute most of the universe’s matter. Understanding its distribution is crucial for unraveling how larger structures—such as stars and galaxies—form. However, like the FRB, this gas remains largely invisible unless illuminated by a light source.

“This luminous flash reveals all the ionized material between us and the origin of the flash, allowing us to map both the gas and the magnetic fields amidst the stars and galaxies,” Hessel added.

The discovery of FRB 20240304B implies that the universe’s first stars were actively ionizing their surroundings, which can help establish a timeline of when these stars first ignited, according to Anastasia Fialkov from Cambridge University. The insights gleaned will only enhance with the detection of even more distant FRBs.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Captured a Single Electron at an Unmatched Speed

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Rapid detection of individual electrons proves challenging

agsandrew/shutterstock

Now, detecting a solitary electron with a resolution of a trillion can be achieved in a mere second. This breakthrough could be crucial for advancing new generations of quantum electronic devices.

While conventional electronic circuits are packed with numerous electrons, their interactions often diminish their efficiency and performance. Is it possible to effectively manage a single electron to create a speedy and efficient circuit that operates with one electron at a time? Masaya Kataoka from the UK’s National Institute of Physics (NPL) and his team have advanced this objective by developing highly precise techniques for electron detection.

They introduced two electrons at different locations within a thin layer of the semiconductor gallium halide arsenide. The charged particles moved rapidly toward each other. When their paths drew near, the force between the electrons caused them to diverge, altering their trajectories. The researchers tracked one of the electrons and leveraged this deflection to identify the other electrons. They managed to detect it within 6 trillion interactions, which is roughly 100 times quicker than previous methods.

“Our experiments can be regarded as electrons acting as the world’s smallest sensors, detecting the world’s smallest object,” remarks Kataoka.

Team member John Fletcher at NPL explains that interactions among electrons can occur over trillion-second intervals. With this timescale now achievable, researchers are beginning to explore what two electrons do within a device and leverage this knowledge to design new electronic innovations.

Vyacheslavs Kashcheyevs from the University of Latvia believes this work could mark a pivotal point in the creation of a new generation of electronic devices reliant on high-speed single electrons. He elaborates that a single electron is inherently a quantum entity, which means future devices may harness their quantum characteristics directly, similar to their current applications in quantum computing and communication.

Researchers envision that a single-electron device could accomplish tasks akin to those performed by quantum devices that utilize a single photon, yet it would be significantly smaller. Such electron-based devices could even be integrated onto chips for convenience, says Christian Flindt from Aalto University in Finland. He emphasizes that this detection method will serve as the foundational building blocks for these potential applications.

The findings are also expected to enhance the understanding of electrical currents. Rolf Haug from Hannover University of Leibniz, Germany, notes that the current standards used for measuring current could be refined by implementing the “electron pump” utilized by the team to inject electrons in their experiments, he states.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Bacteria Enhance the Effectiveness of Cancer-Killing Viruses

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Herpes Virus Assists in Treating Severe Skin Cancer

Science Photo Library/Alamy

The virus exhibits significant promise in treating various cancer types, yet immune responses limit its use primarily to tumors located near the skin’s surface. Current research demonstrates that employing genetically modified bacteria to envelop these viruses may mitigate this issue, effectively slowing the advancement of aggressive tumors in mouse models.

Several treatments utilizing oncolytic viruses have received global approval for targeting cancers of the skin, brain, and head and neck. These methods often involve injecting engineered viruses directly into tumors, which then disperse and destroy cancer cells.

However, targeting deeper tumors necessitates injecting the virus into the bloodstream, where the immune system swiftly eradicates it before it can reach the desired site.

To circumvent this challenge, Zachary Singer and his team at Columbia University, New York, are using genetically modified Salmonella Typhimurium bacteria that do not elicit a strong immune response. These bacteria have been engineered to harbor the genome of Seneca virus A, a virus shown to effectively eliminate human cancer cells in laboratory and animal studies.

“We are adopting a Trojan horse strategy where bacteria conceal the virus [from the immune system],” remarks Singer. These bacteria are designed to infiltrate cancer cells and release copies of the viral genome upon entry.

To test their hypothesis, researchers induced neurotumors on mice’s backs. A week later, they administered the bacteria carrying the virus. This was referred to as a capsid, which entered about half the mouse’s blood. The other group received Seneca virus A without the bacteria.

Within a day, they noted that fluorescent-tagged capsids had concentrated within the tumor, a reaction that typically dampens the immune response. In contrast, capsids remaining in the bloodstream or reaching healthy tissue were swiftly eliminated by the immune system, according to Singer.

On average, tumors in the Seneca virus A-only group reached their maximum size in 11 days, necessitating euthanasia for ethical reasons. Conversely, tumors in the capsid group took 21 days to reach the same size, with no mice experiencing notable side effects.

“The data appears truly remarkable,” states Guy Simpson from the University of Surrey, UK. The findings have shown effectiveness against rapidly growing tumors, particularly those arising from neurons, but he suggests it may be even more beneficial for slower-growing tumors.

In a separate aspect of the experiment, the researchers discovered that the capsid entirely eradicated human lung tumors implanted on mouse backs, yet they did not include controls that received Seneca virus A on its own.

Before human trials, additional studies on mice and non-human primates should assess its efficacy against a broader spectrum of tumors, including pancreatic cancer, which has notoriously low survival rates, advises Simpson.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Brain Activity May Indicate Future Friendships Among Strangers

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Movie nights may have deeper significance

South_agency/Getty Images

Research indicates that individuals are more inclined to forge friendships if their brains react similarly to movie clips, implying that neural responses can forecast relationships.

Humans typically gravitate toward others with similar mindsets, a phenomenon that helps to explain why prior studies have identified neural parallels among friends. However, the question remained whether these similarities emerged because friends experienced similar upbringings or were attracted to those with comparable thought processes.

Carolyn Parkinson and her team at UCLA gathered brain scans from 41 students before they entered a graduate program. During the scan, participants viewed 14 diverse film clips, ranging from documentaries to comedies, covering topics like food, sports, and science. The researchers then assessed neural activity across 214 regions of each participant’s brain.

Two months later, participants completed a survey along with an additional 246 students in the program. The findings showed that those who were closer to Mark in terms of friendship tended to display more similar neural responses than those further removed in the social network, particularly in areas of the left preorbital cortex associated with subjective value processing. This correlation held true even after accounting for personal tastes based on individual enjoyment and interest in the clips.

After two months, the neural similarity between friends remained consistent, suggesting that initial friendships may form based on proximity before evolving into closer relationships over time. This was further supported when the researchers analyzed changes in friendships over the interim. Participants approaching this phase exhibited notable neural similarities compared to those whose activity drifted among 42 brain regions. These connections remained significant even after considering variables such as age, gender, and hometown. “The sociodemographic factors seem to account for some variations observed, at least in terms of measurable factors,” stated Parkinson.

Many of these brain regions are part of networks that facilitate understanding narratives, which may explain the similarity in how individuals perceive the world around them. “Individuals with like-minded thought processes find it easier to connect,” noted Robin Dunbar from Oxford University. “When they communicate, they intuitively grasp what others are thinking because it’s aligned with their own thought patterns.”

Dunbar, who did not participate in the study, expressed that these results resonate with long-held assumptions. “It’s akin to random groups of people unintentionally forming bonds based on compatibility; they are inherently attracted to one another,” he explained. “In essence, close friendships are not merely coincidental; they are composed and cultivated.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

This Small Stone Tool Could Change Our Understanding of Human History

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The recent findings in Sulawesi, Indonesia, have revised the timeline for early human sea crossings, adding complexity to the puzzle of their creators.

Archaeologists have unearthed stone tools at a location in South Sulawesi, called Cario, dating back at least 104 million years. Given that Sulawesi is encircled by swift and deep waters, anyone who created these tools would have had to navigate the open ocean.

“This represents the earliest known evidence of early human presence in Sulawesi,” says Professor Adam Brumm from the Australian Center for Human Evolution Research at Griffith University, which co-directed the research. BBC Science Focus.

“It now seems evident that early hominins managed to cross the Wallace Line, leading to isolated populations on distant islands.”

The Wallace Line serves as a critical biogeographical boundary between mainland Asia and Wallacea Island. “For land mammals that don’t fly, such as those in Sulawesi, crossing from the edge of mainland Asia to the nearest Wallacea island would have been nearly impossible due to the vast distances and swift currents,” Brumm explained.

Earlier discoveries indicated that hominins arrived at nearby Flores Island approximately 102 million years ago, evolving into species like Homo floresiensis (nicknamed “The Hobbit” due to its stature) and Homo luzonensis.

However, as of now, no fossils have been discovered in Sulawesi, leaving the identity of the tool’s maker an enigma.

“We suspect it was an early Asian human species, possibly Homo erectus,” Brumm remarked. “I doubt they used boats for this journey. The colonization of the island likely occurred accidentally as they might have clung to logs or natural vegetation ‘rafts’ that were formed during tsunamis.”

These stone tools, excavated from Cario in Sulawesi, have been dated to over 104 million years ago. The scale bar is 10 mm. – Credit: MW Moore/University of New England

If Homo erectus made it to Sulawesi more than a million years ago, they may have been carving out their own evolutionary niche.

“In Flores and Luzon, fossil discoveries indicate that hominins on these islands underwent evolutionary changes, leading to unique new species that are small and distinct,” noted Brumm. “Though we have yet to find human fossils in Sulawesi, the possibility of similar events occurring on the island cannot be ruled out.”

What’s next for Brumm and the team? “We’re continuing our excavations,” he stated. “Human fossils are incredibly rare, but millions of hominins have existed and perished over the last million years, so there might be preserved remains of these toolmakers out there.”

“We hope to discover a fossil—or two—with persistence (and a bit of luck), as finding one would be an extraordinary breakthrough, perhaps even a game changer.”

Research details will be published in Nature.

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About our experts

Adam Brumm is a professor of archaeology at Griffith University. His work has accumulated over 21 years of funding for research in Indonesia. His published studies include many in Nature, spanning topics from the discovery of new human fossils in Wallacea (the island region between Asia and Australia) to recent insights into human evolution.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Paleontologists Discover New Extinct Species of Forest Wallabies

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists from Australia have unveiled fossilized remains of a new species within the extinct kangaroo genus Docopseud.

Greater Forest Wallaby (Dorcopsis Hageni). Image credit: Melvin Toullec/CC by-sa 4.0.

The newly identified species is part of the tribe Dokopshini, which currently includes six species of New Guinea forest wallabies.

However, this group has a fragmented fossil record that starts in the Australian mainland during the late Miocene epoch.

To date, two additional species of fossil forest wallabies have been described: Dorcopsoides buloloensis from the early Pliocene in southeastern Australia and Docopseudofossil from the late Miocene Alcuta Formation on the continent.

The new species, Dorcopsoides cowpatensis, is smaller than its relatives and exhibits varying combinations of dental characteristics and skeletal conditions.

“New Guinea forest wallabies are not well-known scientifically, and there is limited fundamental information regarding their diet and habitat,” noted Professor Gavin Prideaux of Flinders University.

“The existing forest wallabies are adorable and unique, featuring a slightly melancholic, whippet-like visage.”

“Their robust, curved tails function similarly to those of grey kangaroos, aiding in slow movements, almost acting as a fifth limb.”

The fossil of Dorcopsoides cowpatensis was unearthed at Kaupat Hill in the Alkuta Station of the Northern Territory.

“Forest wallabies likely migrated from Australia to New Guinea around 12 million years ago, disappearing from Australia for reasons still unclear over the past five million years,” remarked Dr. Isaac Kerr of Flinders University.

“During this time, low sea levels regularly connected the islands of New Guinea and mainland Australia, rather than being separated by the currently flooded Torres Straits.”

“Thus, early Australian mammals ventured into New Guinea’s rainforests.”

“However, once the Torres Strait was submerged again, these animal populations became isolated from their Australian counterparts, which did not endure the severe aridity characteristic of most of Australia.”

“Although Dorcopsoides cowpatensis shares many traits with contemporary forest wallabies, it inhabited remarkably different ecosystems.”

“Its environment comprised dry, scrubby bushes surrounded by thick forests, extensive marshes, and ephemeral streams and lakes.”

“These species are believed to have made quick, albeit brief, transitions from dense foliage to more open regions, foraging on leaves, fruits, and fungi.”

Research results were published in Alcheringa, the Australian Journal of Palaeontology.

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Isaac Kerr & Gavin J. Prideaux. New fossil kangaroo species of the genus Docopseud (Macropodina, Macropodinae) from the Onyeba Regional Fauna in the Late Miocene, Central Australia. Alcheringa published online on July 30th, 2025. doi:10.1080/03115518.2025.2521772

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Suggests Caffeine May Decrease Effectiveness of Some Antibiotics

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers from the University of Tübingen and Würzburg have found that components of our everyday diet, including caffeine, can influence bacterial resistance to antibiotics. They observed that E. coli bacteria adjust complex modulation cascades to respond to chemical signals from their immediate environment, potentially impacting the effectiveness of antibiotics.

This diagram illustrates a 3D computer-generated image of a group of E. coli. Image credits: James Archer, CDC.

In a systematic screening, Professor Ana Rita Brochado and her team examined the effects of 94 different substances, including antibiotics, prescription medications, and dietary components, on the expression of critical gene regulators and transport proteins in E. coli bacteria.

Transport proteins function as pores and pumps within bacterial membranes, regulating the movement of substances in and out of cells.

A precisely adjusted balance of these mechanisms is crucial for bacterial survival.

“Our data reveals that certain substances can exert subtle yet systematic influences on gene regulation in bacteria,” explained doctoral student Christoph Vincefeld.

“These findings indicate that even everyday substances, which lack direct antibacterial properties, like caffeinated beverages, can impact specific gene regulators that modulate transport proteins, thereby modifying bacterial import and composition.”

“Caffeine initiates a cascade of events starting with the lob gene regulator, resulting in alterations in several transport proteins in E. coli. This effect reduces the uptake of antibiotics such as ciprofloxacin,” Professor Rita Brochado added.

“Consequently, this diminishes the antibiotic’s effectiveness.”

The researchers characterize this effect as an “antagonistic interaction.”

The diminishing efficacy of certain antibiotics also applies to salmonella enterica, a close relative of E. coli.

This suggests that even similar bacterial species can react differently to identical environmental cues, likely due to variations in transport pathways and how they contribute to antibiotic absorption.

“This foundational study on the effects of commonly consumed substances highlights the significant role of science in addressing and resolving real-world challenges,” stated Professor (Doshisha) Karla Pollmann.

“This research contributes meaningfully to the understanding of what is termed ‘low-level’ antibiotic resistance, which does not result from classical resistance genes but rather through regulation and environmental adaptation.”

“These insights could influence future treatment strategies involving drug or dietary component modifications.”

The results will be published online in PLOS Biology.

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C. Vincefeld et al. 2025. Systematic screens reveal regulatory contributions to chemical cues in E. coli. Plos Biol 23(7): E3003260; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003260

Source: www.sci.news

A Mysterious Whale Species Roamed Australia’s Waters 25 Million Years Ago

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Small, toothed mammals represent the most unusual of all whales. If they were still around today, they would be as symbolically Australian as kangaroos. A new paper published this week in The Linnaean Society’s Journal of Zoology details a recently identified species named Janjucetus lullardi, derived from a 25 million-year-old specimen unearthed in Victoria, Australia.

Janjucetus lullardi — 25 million years ago, a calf and its mother swam in the shallow waters off the coast of Victoria. Image credit: Ruairidh Duncan.

“Currently, some of the most iconic species of whales, including blue and humpback whales, are whale veil.” I noted, said LeAilid Duncan, a paleontologist from Monash University.

“These marine giants utilize a hairy filter in their mouths called Baleen to sift through plankton.

“In contrast, these mammals had bodies measuring less than 3 meters, with large eyes and short jaws filled with teeth.”

“Despite this description, we know that mammalian whales lacked Baleen.”

“They appeared to be derived from the major evolutionary lines leading to today’s toothless giants.”

All known mammalian species thrived during the late Oligocene epoch, approximately 27 to 23 million years ago.

Interestingly, three of the four identified species were found along the Victoria Surf Coast, southeast of Melbourne.

“The first mammal was uncovered in 1932 and was named in 1939 Mammalian Coraliber,” the paleontologist remarked.

“It featured a blunt jaw bone with a rich supply of blood and nerves for its facial and lip muscles.”

“Notably, the teeth show signs of wear on the gums, indicating they foraged for abrasive prey (along with gritty substances) from the seafloor.”

“In 2006, a local naturalist discovered the first fossil of a species named after him, Janjucetus hunderi.

“This whale had a sturdy triangular snout with sharp teeth and strong muscles to close its powerful jaw.”

“However, the exact differences in the lifestyle of Mammalian Coraliber and Janjucetus hunderi compared to other whales remain largely unclear, hinting at a diverse range of behaviors.”

The fossilized remains of Janjucetus lullardi, dating back 25 million years, were found in 2019 by school principal Ross Dallard along the coast of Yang JUC in Victoria.

“Janjucetus lullardi measured about 2 meters in length. It’s compact enough to fit in a standard single bed,” the researcher noted.

“This may be the first fossilized whale discovered in Australia, and potentially the first fossils of a juvenile whale found in this region.”

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Ruairidh J. Duncan et al. 2025. Insights into the mystiology of immature teeth from the Australian Oligocene and mammals (Cetacea: Mysticeti) morphology, phylogenetics, and ontogeny. The Linnaean Society’s Journal of Zoology 204 (4): ZLAF090; doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf090

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Caution Against Invasive Longhorn Mites Linked to Debilitating Aerlicia Infection

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Invasive mites are increasingly spreading to various regions of the country, as rising temperatures can aggravate serious symptoms and facilitate the transmission of lesser-known infections that may occasionally lead to death.

In May, researchers from the Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station in New Haven made a significant finding: ticks with elongated holes have become carriers of bacteria responsible for Ehrlichia infection. The rise in cases has raised substantial alarm.

“I hesitate to say it’s a brewing storm,” remarked Goudarz Molaei, director of the lab’s mite testing program. “Climate change will ultimately eliminate winters in our region, allowing these mites, among others, to remain active year-round.”

Milder temperatures, which have already resulted in shorter winters, heighten the risk of long-hole mites and other varieties awakening early from hibernation and biting.

The longhorn ticks, originally from East Asia, have now been identified in at least 21 states, including Michigan, where the first sighting was reported at the end of June. Researchers are uncertain how the tick entered the U.S., but it likely arrived via imported livestock or other animals.

Goudarz Molaei, an entomologist at the Connecticut Agricultural Experimental Bureau, discovered Ehrlichia Chaffeensis in longhorned mites. This pathogen can lead to a potentially fatal tick-borne disease known as ehrlichiosis.
Nidhi Sharma / NBC News

In 2017, the first longhorned mites were identified in New Jersey, although the species may have been present in the U.S. as early as 2010.

“These are prevalent research findings,” noted Dana Price, an associate research professor of entomology at Rutgers University.

Modeling indicates that regions from southern Canada down through the U.S. are suitable environments for longhorned mites.

In summary, there are dual threats. As the geographic range of longhorned ticks expands, the duration of their activity and the potential for disease transmission also increase, scientists warn.

Ehrlichiosis is already so common that the affected region is informally labeled the “ehrlichiosis belt,” which stretches north to Connecticut and New York, including parts of Arkansas.

Both the lone star and black-legged ticks have long carried Ehrlichia Chaffeensis. The infection sends about 60% of patients to the hospital and results in mortality in 1 in 100 cases, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Individuals who contract the infection typically experience fever, chills, muscle pain, headaches, and fatigue within 1-2 weeks post-bite. If left untreated, the infection can lead to serious complications, including brain and nervous system damage, respiratory failure, uncontrolled bleeding, and organ failure.

Since 2000, the number of reported cases of ehrlichiosis has steadily increased, with the CDC documenting 200 cases in 2000 compared to 2,093 in 2019. Research suggests that annual ehrlichiosis cases are likely severely underreported; according to a study from Rutgers University, 99% of cases go undetected.

Researchers are capturing long-horned ticks for testing for Ehrlichia Chaffeensis.
Nidhi Sharma / NBC News

This month, the CDC reported that emergency room visits related to tick bites in July were more frequent than in the previous eight Julys. Early in July, officials closed Pleasure Beach, a popular swimming location in Bridgeport, Connecticut, due to the discovery of multiple ticks, including longhorn ticks this summer.

Manisha Jutani, a commissioner for the Connecticut Department of Public Health, stated that as climate change makes the “tick season” more predictable, residents should take precautions such as wearing long pants and inspecting themselves and their pets for ticks after spending time outdoors.

“The reality is that with the changes we see in the climate, outdoor exposure poses infection risks, and we may encounter pathogens more frequently,” Jutani remarked.

While longhorn ticks generally prefer livestock blood over human blood, entomologists note that their unique reproductive biology poses a significant public health threat. Like bees, they can reproduce without a mate, enabling a single female to generate a population of thousands.

Moreover, feeding on the same host can allow them to ingest pathogens carried by other ticks. This co-feeding transmission method is commonplace among many tick species.

Molaei expressed concern over the recent identification of bacteria that cause ehrlichiosis in longhorned ticks, raising alarms about other pathogens that ticks might acquire and transmit to humans. Longhorned and lone star ticks, the original carriers of Ehrlichia, typically feed on similar hosts, like white-tailed deer.

Jennifer Pratt contracted ehrlichiosis in 2011 and underwent several months of antibiotic treatment.
Courtesy Jennifer Pratt

“We share this world with numerous important mites and must learn to coexist with them,” Molaei stated. “The essential factor is to protect yourself.”

The World Health Organization indicates that over 17% of global infectious diseases are spread by vectors carrying viruses, bacteria, and other pathogens among animals. Tick-borne diseases in the U.S. make up 77% of reported vector-borne diseases, with CDC data showing that cases have more than doubled in the last 13 years.

Jennifer Pratt was bitten by a tick during this surge. She contracted ehrlichiosis from a tick bite in North Carolina in the summer of 2011.

When she struggled to lift her 2-year-old son, a nurse friend urged her to seek immediate medical attention, suspecting a tick-borne infection.

After being diagnosed, Pratt was on antibiotics for several months due to her illness. The infection caused her shoulder to lock—a rare but serious complication of tick-borne diseases—forcing her to undergo physical therapy and take three months off work.

Full recovery from the lingering effects of the infection took over a year.

“The best way I could describe it,” she recalled, “was that I felt like death.”

A few years later, as she started to recover, she was also diagnosed with Lyme disease and Babesiosis, both resulting from the same tick bite.

Pratt co-founded a nonprofit advocacy organization, Tick-Borne Conditions United, to raise awareness about the dangers of tick-borne diseases, especially lesser-known infections like ehrlichiosis.

“My mission in life is to help people recognize and confront the realities of tick-borne diseases,” Pratt said. “It’s vital that we raise awareness about this growing threat.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Glacial Melt in Juneau, Alaska Triggers Flooding, Evacuations, and Resident Alarm

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Glacial explosions, which occur when natural ice and sediment dams collapse, sending floods downstream, have emerged as an issue in Europe, Central Asia, and South America.

According to a report in Global, glacial explosion floods have claimed over 12,000 lives worldwide. The majority of these fatalities were concentrated in two events: the Huaraz flood in Peru in 1941 and the 2013 Kedarnath flood in India.

A 2023 survey published in Nature Communications revealed that approximately 90 million people across 30 countries reside in areas with glacial lakes, with around 15 million potentially affected by glacial explosions, particularly in India, China, and Pakistan.

Research conducted in 2023 identified over 120 glacial lakes in Alaska, with 106 having drained since 1985, many situated in remote locations, according to recent findings.

To address this year’s risks, Juneau has installed extensive barriers along the river to prevent widespread flooding in vulnerable areas. The funding for these barriers was partially sourced from Juneau residents living in flood-prone zones.

“We are still evaluating the barriers, but we believe they have significantly reduced property damage compared to the 2024 incident,” stated Nahak McFadden, spokesperson for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

How Do Glacial Explosions Occur?

Glaciers, often referred to as slow-moving rivers of ice, descend the mountains’ slopes. During colder seasons, these ice masses accumulate as snow compresses into ice. In the summer, meltwater either escapes or the glaciers destabilize, leading to ice loss.

Initially, water flowing from the glacier enters rivers and eventually reaches the ocean.

Sometimes, the flow of meltwater is obstructed by glacial ice plugs, causing water to pool and form tunnels beneath the glacier, destabilizing these ice plugs.

“If sufficient water builds behind an ice plug, it can float the ice and move beneath it. The warm water initiates a cycle of positive feedback, thermally eroding the ice,” a researcher noted.

“Once triggered, they can unleash catastrophic flooding that surpasses even the most significant floods caused by rainfall or thaw,” he added.

Glacial explosions typically occur in Alaska during August when the meltwater reaches its peak, though they can happen at any time.

After drainage, glaciers may slowly move downhill, causing ice to crumble and restart the buildup cycle. Capps indicated a pattern where one explosion occurs annually.

Alaska is home to numerous lakes surrounded by glaciers capable of causing explosive floods. However, most of these locations are remote, minimizing risks to communities and infrastructure.

“In such a critical area like Suicide Basin upstream of Juneau, challenges arise primarily due to the infrastructure located downstream,” he pointed out.

Explosions can also occur if water overflows natural dams, known as moraines, composed of rocks and debris.

“Most often, but not exclusively, failures occur in moraine-formed lakes, leading to sediment being washed away,” Capps explained.

What Role Does Climate Change Play?

Globally, glaciers are retreating. While some glaciers may grow during seasons of heavy snowfall and cooler temperatures, many diminish under the sun or during periods of low snowfall. Overall, there’s a longstanding decline in global glacial mass.

The World Glacier Monitoring Service tracks data from 60 “reference” glaciers, each with mass balance assessments spanning over 30 years.

“The declines are significant and consistent globally,” mentioned Pelt, who monitors glacial mass changes in Washington’s North Cascade range. “2023 marked the first year where all 60 glaciers recorded a loss in mass balance concurrently, a trend that continued into 2024.”

Research indicates that glaciers have been thinning since 1985, as they retain less water behind progressively shorter and thinner ice barriers. The occurrence of these explosive events has remained relatively stable over time.

As glaciers recede, some flood-prone areas may cease to function.

“I believe the danger will lessen for residents in Alaska,” Pelt stated. “The glaciers are thinning and retracting, reducing the likelihood of robust ice dams forming.”

However, researchers are wary that glacial dams at higher altitudes and in colder regions might become unstable as global temperatures rise, potentially leading to newly formed lakes and explosion-prone areas.

In Juneau, the barriers successfully held after implementation following last year’s disaster. The Startz family had a minor pond in their yard along with a thin layer of glacial silt on their grass.

Homeowners in flood-risk zones contribute over $600 annually for protective measures.

“If these barriers prove effective, then I’m more than willing to pay that extra fee,” remarked Stars on Tuesday. “We can’t repair a glacier.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Do Trees Harbor Microbiomes? An Obvious Yet Profound Inquiry

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

“Each tree on Earth houses a multitude of microorganisms, many of which remain unrecognized by science.”

ShutterStock/Emvat Mosakovskis

A few years back, I enjoyed an enlightening afternoon in an ancient forest near London, discovering the crucial link between aging trees and biodiversity. My guide, Lynn Bodhis, a mycologist from Cardiff University, explained that as trees age over centuries, the inner trunk begins to decompose due to fungal activity. This phenomenon, known as “heart rot,” is a natural aspect of a tree’s life cycle, creating invaluable habitats for various species of insects, birds, and mammals. Unfortunately, as older trees diminish, the heart rot phenomenon is also waning, lacking the necessary old trees to continue its role. Bodhy and her colleagues are dedicated to preserving this essential process by promoting the early aging of younger trees.

While it didn’t strike me at the moment, heart rot is part of the tree microbiome, akin to a diverse mix of bacteria, archaea, fungi, protists, and viruses. The concept of microbiomes wasn’t commonly discussed then, but groundbreaking research published in Nature has revealed that trees possess microbiota as varied and remarkable as our own.

We’ve known for some time that the surfaces of trees (trunks, roots, leaves, etc.) harbor diverse microbiota. However, recent studies indicate that their interiors are similarly diverse. Each tree on our planet contains myriad microorganisms, many of which are unfamiliar to the scientific community.

This discovery is both significant and enlightening. It’s intuitive to consider diversity in trees, given that microbiota thrive in various natural settings, including smaller plants. Yet, this research unveils microbial ecosystems that were previously overlooked, shedding new light on trees—not merely as individual organisms but as holobionts, integral components of Earth’s ecology.

Essentially, like humans, trees are composite entities, consisting of both hosts and their associated microorganisms. If the microbiota of trees proves as vital to their biology as human microbiota are to us, these communities could play a pivotal role in efforts to sustain biodiversity and combat climate change.

The researchers involved in this study examined wood samples from the trunks, branches, and roots of 150 living trees spanning 16 species in forests in northeastern United States. They conducted what is referred to as the Microorganism Census, discovering that the interior wood of trees is teeming with microorganisms, including not just bacteria associated with heart rot but also a variety of other bacteria, fungi, and archaea. Additionally, each tree species is home to its unique microbiota.

If the tree microbiota is essential to biology, it could aid in the fight to preserve biodiversity.

The interior of tree trunks consists of two types of wood: outer sapwood and inner heartwood. The sapwood is alive and primarily responsible for transporting water from the roots to the leaves, while heartwood is non-living and serves mainly structural purposes (which eventually deteriorate due to heart rot). Researchers have established that the microbial communities in these two wood types differ significantly.

While only a limited number of species were sampled, it is plausible that all trees harbor similar microbiota across various wood types. The studied 16 species represent 11 genera, all of which have a global presence.

What roles do these microorganisms fulfill? It’s still largely unknown, but researchers suggest they likely contribute to tree health and the overall health of forests. They are possibly involved in the essential ecosystem services trees provide, such as offering habitats for numerous plants and animals, producing clean water, and acting as carbon sinks. Globally, wood holds approximately 60 years’ worth of current emissions according to studies over the past six decades. Trees could absorb more, helping to cap global warming to less than 2°C above pre-industrial levels, necessitating healthy, expanding forests. A deeper understanding of tree microbiota may facilitate this goal, according to researchers.

This concept of mutualism is gaining traction. While microorganisms are often viewed as adversaries of biodiversity, they are foundational to the world’s ecosystems. As primary agents of organic matter decomposition, they drive vital biogeochemical cycles that supply the biosphere with essential elements like carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Moreover, they coexist with most plant species and are integral to what many refer to as Earth’s “life support system.” However, alarming trends suggest that the overall microbiota on Earth is declining.

It’s premature to conclude whether this trend extends to tree microbiota, but now that we are aware of their existence, we must ensure they are conserved.

What I’m reading

I’ll be diving into this as I plan my visit to Romania’s Carpathian Mountains next month.

What I’m watching

It resembles a storybook. I’m a huge fan of Mark Gattis, and his new drama is fantastic.

What I’m working on

For upcoming articles, we’re closely monitoring food intake again, including urine pH measurements.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Is This the Most Memorable Acronym in Science? It Definitely Stinks!

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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And inhaling…

To achieve success in science, having good ideas and conducting effective experiments is beneficial. However, mastering the art of crafting a catchy acronym is essential. If you can distill a description of your project into an acronym, you’ll be onto something great.

That’s how I came up with names like Antarctic Moon, Neutrino Detector Arrays (Amanda), and Telescope Axis Exchange (CoSTAR) in the Modified Optical Space. Unfortunately, some folks resort to manipulating letters to craft the acronyms they desire—leading to humorously awkward titles like the BMJ 2014 paper titled “Title”Search for humor and luxurious acronyms: A completely inappropriate name of a critical clinical trial (science): qualitative and quantitative systematic research.”

A hat tip to Raif Sheeben, Yoel Zimmerman, and their team for a July survey in NPJ Food Science. They developed a “chemical language model for predicting molecular taste,” a machine learning model capable of forecasting the flavor of chemicals based on their molecular structure. Trained on over 15,000 compounds, the researchers successfully categorized tastes into four distinct groups.

Remarkably, this model achieved over 91% accuracy and can assist in flavor creation. Naturally, the team dubbed it a flavour analysis and recognition transformer, or ‘fart’ for short.

Food engineer Andy Clayton flagged this, humorously pointing out that “regardless of its value, one can’t read it without laughing.”

We encourage readers to share their stories about the most ridiculous acronyms and cringe-worthy attempts they’ve encountered in their pursuits.

No surprises here

Feedback called upon readers for “Shit, Sherlock”: an illustration of scientific endeavors that invest extensive time and effort to demonstrate something rather obvious. Your responses have been coming in since.

Maggie Jacobs highlighted an article from Discover about The psychological benefits of loneliness, referencing a 2023 study. This research examined whether individuals reap benefits from maintaining a balance between solitude and social interactions, concluding there was no evidence of an ‘optimal balance.’ It found no negative consequences, especially when people consciously chose to spend time alone. As Maggie aptly states, “When people choose their activities, they tend to be happier.”

For extra context, the study’s authors utilized the outdated term “selective” to suggest individuals are intentionally engaging in activities rather than opting for a more contemporary term like “intentional.”

Meanwhile, Ernest Ager pointed out the obvious title of a The Conversation article: “Can you spot a ‘fake’ accent? It depends on where you’re from.” While it seems straightforward, the findings were even clearer: people from the US, Canada, and Australia are less adept at identifying fake versions of various UK accents than those native to the UK.

Farewell to Tom

We were saddened to hear of Tom Lehrer’s passing on July 26th. He was a brilliant satirical singer-songwriter renowned for his clever takes on mathematics. His song element has undoubtedly become his most recognizable tune. Thanks to countless devoted chemistry educators, Feedback appreciates his satirical take on nuclear warfare in songs like When we go, we all go together and his delightfully dark love songs such as Masochistic Tango.

In 2022, Lehrer made all of his music available under copyright, so you can access it freely at Tomlehrersongs.com. We highly recommend checking out the site for a treasure trove of lesser-known tracks that weren’t part of his popular albums.

For instance, we hadn’t encountered his piece Love Song by a Physical Anthropologist before. It humorously critiques that “every traditional love song that addresses the physical attributes of a beloved individual limits its praise to features like hair, eyes, and lips, whereas physical anthropologists can utilize an extensive array of descriptive adjectives” and hence, “I love you / she is beautiful, she is enchanting / it is traumatic, vascular, riffipilous, laryngeal production / my gal of metriocephaly.”

We were curious to discover, via Opalescentopal on Bluesky, some of the clever antics Lehrer pulled while serving in the US military. Notably, he worked for the NSA, and one of his papers is now publicly available at his discretion, titled “Defeating the gambler with his heartfelt enemies.” It delves into enduring mathematical challenges.

At the conclusion of the 1957 paper, there are six references, one of which is humorously attributed to “Lobachevsky,” relating to analytical and algebraic topology, claiming it discusses a topology of infinitely differentiable Lemanian local Euclidean metrics. [sic] This is actually a joke, referencing Lehrer’s own “Lobachevsky” rather than a legitimate mathematical paper.

This is how people play the long game. A very long game, indeed, Tom.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Introverts, Extroverts, and Beyond: Exploring New Personality Types

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

An insightful scientist. Science News and extensive articles from expert journalists focusing on scientific, technological, health, and environmental advances.

Growing up, it was a tradition for my peers to join scouts when they turned 9 or 10. My parents gifted me a scout uniform accompanied by a matching scarf and a leather toggle to secure it at the collar.

We sat in a circle on the ground, each perched on small stools, as our leader spoke to us seriously. After discussing the essence of being a junior scout, he instructed us to pay close attention as he recited the scouting pledge, which we solemnly repeated.

It was the first moment I realized I was different; as I articulated those words, the others appeared captivated by this rite of passage. Yet, unlike them, I felt no emotional connection to the sacred bonds forged with fellow inductees or those who had come before us—just the emptiness of mere words.

Most people find it challenging to envision a state where one doesn’t feel a deep-seated affinity or loyalty to any group. This experience is rare; some consider such psychological tendencies as disorders to be addressed. However, over my 40 years as a clinical psychiatrist, I’ve come to understand that many of my patients (and I) being indifferent to group memberships isn’t necessarily a psychological issue.

Otroverts is a term embraced by individuals who don’t feel bound to merge their identities with others. We all begin life as otroverts until childhood cultural influences solidify our attachments to various identities and groups.

The struggle to identify with a group can lead to social implications in cultures structured around participation. However, being outside these groups can have its advantages: free from implicit rules and influences of belonging, unoften brings originality and emotional autonomy.

By being on the outside, you’re free to think and create unfettered. GroupThink loses its hold, allowing you to discern your thoughts from the collective’s gravitational pull, enabling you to explore ideas without the fear of undermining the group’s notion of what constitutes a “good” idea.

Since you can’t be expelled from a group you aren’t part of, fears of social rejection diminish. There’s no need for external validation or relying on others for emotional support; you don’t feel compelled to prove your worth to anyone.

Our society often blurs the line between connection and belonging. Yet it’s essential to recognize that those who find it challenging to connect may struggle to foster a sense of belonging, but that doesn’t mean they lack connection entirely. In reality, free from the distractions of pop culture, cliques, family disputes, and political factions (all of which relate to otroverts), one can truly bond with those who resonate on a deeper level.

History showcases many independent thinkers who maintain emotional detachment from any group, allowing them to recognize the fanaticism of groupthink long before deviating into it. Orwell is a notable example.

Sadly, it appears that individuals often need to rise from the ashes of destructive group dynamics before they can grasp their rightful path as independent thinkers.

We might learn from the otrovert perspective that while community has its merits, we must remain acutely aware of its darker tribal undercurrents.

Rami Kaminsky is a psychiatrist and author of The Gift of Not Belonging.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Aging Can Still Lead to Good Health for Years

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Alistair Berg/Getty Images

One of the more challenging perspectives on aging is the prospect of enduring poor health later in life. A common narrative is that although life expectancy has increased, the health span has not kept pace.

This perspective is shifting towards a new measurement of our later years, emphasizing “essential ability”—how well individuals can engage in the activities they value rather than solely focusing on chronic disease diagnoses. Viewed this way, those born in affluent nations during the 1950s appear poised to experience the longest and healthiest lifespans compared to any previous generation.

Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether future generations will benefit similarly, as rising rates of obesity, pollution, and increasingly sedentary lifestyles could negate past advantages.

As of 2023, over three-quarters of the US population is living with at least one chronic condition, with more than half of middle-aged adults experiencing two or more. However, when considering health in terms of intrinsic competence, a diagnosis does not necessarily herald the end of well-being, as effective management can allow individuals to maintain their health.

People born in the 1950s in a rich country are set to lead the longest and healthiest life ever

Unfortunately, the narrative of a chronic disease epidemic has been fueled by certain figures, such as Robert F. Kennedy Jr., who recently reduced funding for research into mRNA vaccine technologies. This funding could critically assist in prolonging lives and mitigating disease impacts.

Nevertheless, there is cause for hope. For instance, GLP-1 medications present a groundbreaking method for managing obesity, and preliminary findings from recent studies indicate promising new avenues for alleviating Alzheimer’s disease.

Such innovations should serve as a reminder to policymakers that if our aim is to extend healthy living, investing in biomedical research is an essential ally, not a detractor.

Source: www.newscientist.com

In 2024, a Record Surge in Hot and Humid Days Recorded

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Shanghai endured prolonged extreme heat and humidity in 2024

Reuters/Nicoco Chan

The planet faced an unprecedented number of perilous hot and humid days in 2024, as climate change heightened global humidity levels to new extremes.

The worldwide average of humid heat days exceeded the 1991-2020 baseline, reaching 35.6 days last year—a rise of over 9.5 days compared to the previous high recorded in 2023. Climate Report 2024 Status as published by the American Weather Society.

During hot and humid weather, cooling becomes challenging as moist air hinders the body’s ability to cool itself through sweating. This makes such conditions exceptionally hazardous for human health. Kate Willett, who contributed to the report at the UK Met Office, states, “Your body starts to really struggle to offload the heat, so it’s really dangerous.”

Meteorologists track “wet bulb temperature” to assess heat and humidity. This involves utilizing a wet cloth on a thermometer bulb to illustrate the cooling effect of evaporation. High humidity diminishes the evaporation’s cooling effect, causing wet bulb temperatures to approach those of dry air.

As global temperatures rise, the atmosphere can retain more moisture, leading to not only stronger rainfall and storms but also heightened humidity levels. Willett notes that 2024 is “exceptionally” humid and ranks just behind 2023 in moisture content.

Certain regions, including the Middle East, Southeast Asia, and East China, have experienced extreme temperatures of 31°C (88°F) over short periods, with wet bulb temperatures surpassing 84°F multiple times, as indicated in the report. At such levels, prolonged exposure is deemed extremely hazardous and potentially fatal to human health.

Historically, scientists have considered a wet bulb temperature of 35°C as the survival threshold, beyond which individuals cannot endure outdoor conditions for more than a few hours without dire consequences. However, recent research published in 2022 suggests that the actual limit may be significantly lower, around 31°C. “Over 30°C is where your body really struggles,” Willett explains.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Develop a Second Novel Carbon Molecule

Posted on August 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have stabilized ring-shaped carbon molecules by adding “bumpers” to protect the atoms.

Harry Anderson

An innovative variety of whole carbon molecules is currently under investigation at standard room temperature. This marks only the second instance of such research since the synthesis of the spherical buckyball 35 years ago. These advancements may lead to the development of materials that offer substantial efficiencies for emerging electronic and quantum technologies.

Carbon molecules composed of circulating rings can display unique chemical characteristics and, similar to buckyballs and carbon nanotubes, can conduct electricity in unexpected ways. Nonetheless, these rings are fragile and often disintegrate before researchers can analyze them.

“Cyclic carbons are fascinating molecules that we’ve been endeavoring to create for quite some time,” said Harry Anderson from Oxford University. Traditionally, it was essential to maintain a sufficient length for studying the molecules, but Anderson and his team have discovered a method to stabilize cyclic carbon at room temperature.

This process involves modifying the cyclic carbon structure. The researchers have achieved this with unprecedented molecular constructs—specifically, rings consisting of 48 carbon atoms known as cyclo[48]Carbon, or c₄₈. They augmented the c₄₈ by incorporating a “bumper” that prevents the 48 atoms from colliding with one another or with additional molecules.

“There are no unnecessary embellishments,” remarked Max Fonderius from Ulm University, Germany. “Simplicity possesses an exquisite elegance.”

A new configuration called Cyclo[48]carbon [4]Catenan remains stable for approximately two days, allowing researchers to investigate c₄₈ for the first time. Interestingly, the molecule’s 48 carbons behaved as if they were arranged in infinite chains, a formation that enables charge transfer between atoms indefinitely.

This remarkable conduction ability suggests that cyclic carbon could be utilized in a variety of next-generation technologies, including transistors, solar cells, semiconductors, and quantum devices. Nonetheless, further inquiry is necessary to validate this potential.

Innovative techniques for stabilizing cyclic carbon may also inspire other scientists to explore exotic carbon molecules. “I believe there is likely a competitive race happening right now,” said von Delius. “Consider this elongated ring as a stepping stone toward the creation of an infinite chain.”

Von Delius further explained that a solitary chain of carbon molecules could prove to be even superior conductors than the rings like C₄₈. “It’s truly remarkable, and it represents the next significant advancement,” he stated.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

AI Capable of Translating Imagined Speech into Spoken Language

Posted on August 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Individuals with paralysis utilizing a brain-computer interface. The text above serves as a prompt, while the text below is decoded in real-time as she envisions speaking the phrase.

Emory BrainGate Team

A person with paralysis can convert their thoughts into speech just by imagining what they want to say.

The brain-computer interface can already interpret the neural activity of a paralyzed individual when attempting to speak physically, but this requires significant effort. Therefore, Benyamin Meschede-Krasa from Stanford University and his team explored a less effort-intensive method.

“We aimed to determine if there was a similar pattern when individuals imagined speaking internally,” he notes. “Our findings suggest this could be a more comfortable method for people with paralysis to use the system to regain their ability to communicate.”

Meschede-Krasa and his colleagues enlisted four participants with severe paralysis due to either amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or brainstem stroke. All had previously had microelectrodes implanted in motor areas linked to speech for research purposes.

Researchers instructed participants to list words and sentences and to visualize themselves saying them. They discovered that the brain activity mirrored that of actual speech; however, the activation signal was typically weaker during the imagined speech.

The team trained AI models to interpret and decode these signals utilizing a vocabulary database containing up to 125,000 words. To uphold the privacy of individuals’ thoughts, the models were programmed to activate only when a specific password, Chitty Chitty Bang Bang, was detected with 98% accuracy.

Through various experiments, the researchers found that the models could decode what was intended to be communicated correctly up to 74% of the time when spoken as a single word.

This demonstrates a promising application of the approach, though it is currently less reliable than systems that decode overt speech attempts, according to Frank Willett at Stanford. Ongoing enhancements to both the sensors and AI over the coming years may lead to greater accuracy, he suggests.

Participants reported a strong preference for this system, describing it as faster and less cumbersome compared to traditional speech-attempt based systems, as stated by Meschede-Krasa.

This notion presents an “interesting direction” for future brain-computer interfaces, remarks Maris Cavan Stencel in Utrecht, Netherlands. However, she points out the need for a distinction between genuine speech and the thoughts individuals may not necessarily wish to share. “I have doubts about whether anyone can truly differentiate between these types of mental speech and attempted speech,” she adds.

She further mentions that the mechanism requires activation and deactivation to ascertain if the user intends to articulate their thoughts. “It is crucial to ensure that brain-computer interface-generated communications are conscious expressions individuals wish to convey, rather than internal thoughts they wish to keep private,” she states.

Benjamin Alderson Day from Durham University in the UK argues that there’s no reason to label the system as a mind reader. “It effectively addresses very basic language constructs,” he explains. “Though it may seem alarming if thoughts are confined to single terms like ‘tree’ or ‘bird,’ we are still a long way from capturing the full range of individuals’ thoughts and their most intimate ideas.”

Willett underscores that all brain-computer interfaces are governed by federal regulations, ensuring adherence to the “highest standards of medical ethics.”

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Artificial Intelligence/
Brain

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ultra-Cold Atoms Defy Entropy and Resist Heating Up

Posted on August 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Some atoms simply refuse to follow entropy

Shutterstock / Mendin

Repeated energization of vast collections of atoms should result in the disruption of their established structures, yet quantum effects appear to resist these changes.

The expected outcome for a physical system is “thermalization,” where everything becomes hot and eventually turns into a puddle of water. Intuitively, one might think that continuously throwing rocks at a sculpture would accelerate this process. Hanns-Christoph Negerl and his team at the University of Innsbruck in Germany conducted experiments that mimic this notion using some of the coldest atoms on Earth, but they observed no heating.

“We anticipated witnessing the opposite,” Negerl shares. The researchers utilized roughly 100,000 cesium atoms, cooling them down to billionths of absolute zero through laser and electromagnetic pulses. At this chilling temperature, atomic behavior becomes entirely quantum. They arranged the atoms in numerous single-layer tubes and employed additional laser pulses to “kick” them repeatedly.

These kicks were intended to provide the atoms with extra energy, which should have resulted in heating and varying speeds. However, team member Yanliang Guo reported that they observed no such changes, regardless of the kick intensity or the adjustments made to the interactions between atoms. The atoms continued to display remarkably similar speeds, behaving as if they were “frozen” within a singular quantum state.

The concept of quantum particles generating heat isn’t new, tracing back to the 1950s. The timing of such occurrences has long been a topic of debate among physicists. Team member Manuele Landini noted that while previous experiments revealed mechanisms for heating atoms, this current investigation may have unveiled novel physics by exploring an alternate range of parameters.

The mathematical framework explaining these phenomena is complex and often contradictory. Adam Ranson from the University of Lille in France commented that calculating whether interacting atoms will heat up is quite challenging, often resulting in researchers simplifying equations to two or three atoms. There exists a theory suggesting that the quantum states of highly interactive atoms can align in a manner that prevents energy absorption, but Ranson believes this picture remains incomplete.

Experiments like those conducted recently act as quantum simulators capable of deeper insights, although Rançon emphasized that further exploration of kick strengths and interactions is still needed.

Robert Connick at Brookhaven National Laboratory in New York has been developing mathematical models relevant to such experiments that project the unusual behavior of atoms. He posits that discovering systems resistant to energy absorption could inspire new developments in quantum technologies, offering a stable quantum state for long-term reliable detection or data storage. “Thermalization poses a significant threat to maintaining quantum effects,” he explains.

Researchers are already planning follow-up experiments to align atoms in thicker tubes, manipulate different tubes, and investigate the possibility of “freezing” their speeds.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

A Newly Discovered Diabetes Subtype in Young People in Sub-Saharan Africa

Posted on August 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Classical type 1 diabetes may not be the most prevalent diabetes subtype in sub-Saharan Africa

Milomei/Aramie

Recent studies suggest that some individuals in sub-Saharan Africa diagnosed with type 1 diabetes may actually have a newly identified, non-autoimmune variant, necessitating a reassessment of current treatment approaches.

Diabetes affects every individual’s ability to produce or utilize insulin, a hormone essential for regulating blood sugar levels. However, the underlying causes differ. In classic type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune reaction destroys insulin-secreting beta cells within the pancreas, aided by “autoantibodies.”

Research led by Jean Claude Nyabou Cut from the University of Exeter reveals that approximately two-thirds of young sub-Saharan Africans diagnosed with type 1 diabetes lack these autoantibodies. This indicates that their insulin shortage might not be immune-related. Additionally, these individuals exhibit a lower predisposition to type 1 diabetes, suggesting an entirely new diabetes variant.

Studies have indicated autoantibodies are less prevalent among sub-Saharan Africans compared to their counterparts in affluent regions such as Europe. The reasons behind this discrepancy remain unclear, primarily due to the scarcity of comprehensive data regarding type 1 diabetes in Africa.

To address this gap, Kat and his colleagues conducted the first multicountry investigation of the condition across sub-Saharan Africa. They assessed three diabetic autoantibodies and the associated genetic factors in 894 Black Africans from Uganda, Cameroon, and South Africa, all of whom were diagnosed with type 1 diabetes and receiving insulin treatment.

The findings revealed that 35% of participants possessed autoantibodies, low insulin levels, and an elevated risk of type 1 diabetes. Conversely, the remaining 65% exhibited no autoantibody production, slightly higher insulin levels, and a median genetic risk score that was 18% lower. Despite this, they still experience insulin deficiency and a higher risk of type 1 diabetes compared to non-diabetic individuals. Notably, features typical of type 2 or malnutrition-related diabetes were absent.

Researchers including Silvana Obici from Stony Brook Medicine in New York contend that the predominant form of diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa is fundamentally different from classic type 1 diabetes.

The research team additionally compared their findings with data from over 3,000 participants in the US from the Search for diabetes in youth study. Autoantibody-negative type 1 diabetes was identified in only 15% of Black American participants and 9% of White American participants. Intriguingly, among Black Americans without autoantibodies, the genetic risk for type 1 diabetes was similarly low as that observed in the African cohort. This indicates that among White individuals, autoantibody absence does not equate to a non-autoimmune form of diabetes.

The presence of this new non-autoimmune diabetes subtype among both Black Africans and Black Americans highlights the potential influence of both genetic and environmental factors. Some hypotheses suggest it could be linked to an unidentified gene that induces “beta cell vulnerability,” as noted by Soumya Adhikari from Texas Children’s Health. Other possibilities include chronic infections, childhood malnutrition, environmental toxins disrupting beta cells, or the existence of atypical autoantibodies.

This emerging diabetes subtype may necessitate tailored treatment protocols, emphasizing the need for further research, according to Dana Douberry at the Colorado School of Public Health.

“Currently, insulin remains the primary treatment for this new diabetes subtype due to insulin insufficiency,” Katt acknowledges. However, identifying the fundamental causes of these subtypes is critical for improved management, asserts Daverea.

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Source: www.newscientist.com