Mosquitoes Are Poised to Become More Hazardous in the UK and US: Here’s Why

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

I woke up with a multitude of itchy red bites. And? Most likely, it’s those pesky mosquitoes that are causing the irritation. While they aren’t the sole culprits for the marks left behind, the redness is actually a reaction to the saliva from those tiny, blood-sucking insects.

Globally, there are around 3,500 mosquito species, including 36 in the UK and over 200 in the US, with only the females being the notorious bloodsuckers.

Mosquitoes are widely recognized as nuisances. Even in regions like the UK and the US, where concerns over diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Zika are minimal, it’s important to be aware of their potential threats.

However, Professor James Logan urges us to take these creatures seriously. He is the Dean of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine’s (LSHTM) School of Disease Control and the CEO of Arctech.

“As climate change progresses, more mosquitoes capable of transmitting diseases are encroaching closer to the UK and the US, including not just malaria-carrying mosquitoes but those that spread dengue as well,” he states.

“Currently, there are no active disease outbreaks, but that won’t be the case for long. It’s not a question of ‘if,’ but rather ‘when.’”

According to Logan, the US is “even further ahead” in this regard, with cases of dengue, malaria, and the West Nile virus on the rise.

In May 2025, the UK Health Security Agency reported the first detection of the West Nile virus within British mosquitoes.

Regardless of potential disease threats, mosquito bites tend to be a common nuisance every summer, with scant scientific evidence to support any immediate concerns.

In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) has noted an uptick in visits to pages about “insect bites and stings,” indicating a rise in the number of people reporting bites in recent years.

“The warmer weather might encourage mosquito reproduction and activity, leading to more of them being around,” Logan mentions.

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Physical barriers like mosquito nets, window screens, and appropriate clothing can help protect against bites. – Credit: Holly Wilmes

Why do mosquito bites itch?

As the weather heats up, the mosquito population rises—so what makes their bites so bothersome?

It all boils down to the mosquito’s mouthparts, slender and needle-like, designed for sucking.

“Mosquitoes are drawn to your scent, warmth, and moisture. When they alight on you, they insert their mouthparts into your skin,” Logan explains. “The tip of the mouthpart navigates around, seeking a blood vessel, and once it finds one, it feeds from there.”

In the process of feeding, these unwelcome intruders inject saliva into your bloodstream to prevent clotting and numb pain, allowing them to go undetected.

However, the chemicals they inject can trigger an allergic response, resulting in those itchy red welts.

“When bitten by a particular mosquito species for the first time, the reaction is generally mild,” states Logan. “With repeated bites, your body becomes sensitized, and the reactions may become stronger. Continuous exposure can further adapt your immune system.”

Your immune system treats substances like mosquito saliva as threats, prompting white blood cells to produce antibodies. Consequently, your body reacts with redness or swelling during subsequent encounters.

This process is known as sensitization, akin to how allergies develop. Fortunately, regular exposure—termed desensitization—can reduce your response over time.

In seasonal regions, the intermittent summer exposure to mosquitoes means our bodies take longer to acclimatize.

How to keep mosquitoes at bay

Now that we’ve identified the problem, how can we prevent mosquito bites? While closing windows and donning long clothing are effective strategies, they may not be appealing during hot summer days.

You might consider installing insect screens or mosquito nets in your sleeping areas.

“Removing breeding grounds is also crucial,” Logan advises, as mosquitoes thrive in stagnant water—anything deeper than a bottle cap can serve as ideal breeding conditions. Ensure to cover water sources such as flowerpots, buckets, and bird baths, and eliminate any trash or recyclables that might gather water.

In addition, wearing insect repellents is advisable. Logan praises DEET (N,N-diethyl-M-toluamide) as “one of the best repellents available,” affirming its safety when applied according to product instructions.

If you prefer a natural alternative, consider using Lemon Eucalyptus oil, noted also as OLE or PMD. Other options include IR3535 and picaridin.

Some essential oils have shown promise; a 2023 study found that clove, cinnamon, and geraniol oils can be effective.

Despite this, Logan cautions, “reliance solely on natural solutions may not be sufficient.”

If you’re willing to invest further, consider “impregnated” clothing—this doesn’t refer to anything sensational but involves fabric treated with insect repellents or insecticides, typically permethrin.

“We also have plug-in devices that distribute pesticides throughout our homes,” Logan adds, “which can eliminate pests like spiders and flies that venture inside.”

Since mosquitoes are attracted to our body odor, changing our scent can deter them – Credit: Jaromir via Jetty

What to do if bitten

If you’ve already fallen victim to a mosquito bite, here are some tips to manage the situation.

“The first rule is not to scratch,” Logan advises, acknowledging the challenge. “Scratching only risks infection.”

In severe cases, mosquito bites could lead to serious infections, sepsis, or even limb amputation, Logan warns.

If a bite is particularly bothersome, you may consider over-the-counter antihistamines or hydrocortisone creams, although their effectiveness can vary.

“They may work wonders for some, while others experience little relief,” he notes. “Antihistamine creams need to be applied immediately after being bitten due to the rapid production of histamine.”

“Unfortunately, many people delay addressing the bite, making timely intervention essential.”

In summary, Logan emphasizes:

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About our experts

Professor James Logan serves as the Director and Head of Disease Management at the London School of Hygiene (LSHTM). He is associated with Arctech, a spinout from LSHTM. His research focuses on using sensors, insects, and other wildlife as biosensors for disease diagnostics and developing nature-inspired tools for disease surveillance. His team was the first to identify the connection between body odor and malaria infection.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study Reveals Two-Thirds of Cats Favor Sleeping on Their Left Side

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent findings from researchers at Ruhr-University Bochum, Ankara University at Prince Edward Island, and Bari Aldo Moro University reveal that two-thirds of domestic cats (Felis Catus) tend to sleep on their left side. This orientation provides them with a left field of vision, allowing the right hemisphere of their brain to have an unobstructed view of impending approach, while protecting their body.

Isparta et al. We propose that the significant left-side preference in cat sleep may have evolved alongside hemispheric asymmetry related to threat assessment. Image credits: Noah Dustin von Weissenfrue / Gleb Kuzmenko / Isparta et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.043.

“Sleep represents one of the most vulnerable states for animals, particularly during deep sleep when vigilance to threats is notably diminished.”

“Domestic cats act as both predators and prey (to animals like coyotes), averaging 12-16 hours of sleep per day.”

“This implies they spend around 60-65% of their lives in highly susceptible states.”

“To minimize the risk of becoming prey, cats tend to rest in elevated locations, where they can better see approaching threats while remaining concealed.”

“In such elevated spots, predators can typically only approach from below.”

“Thus, resting at height affords cats a sense of safety, comfort, and a vantage point to observe their surroundings.”

The authors of this study examined 408 publicly available YouTube videos featuring individual cats lying on their sides in clear sleep positions, ensuring unbroken sleep durations of at least 10 seconds with full visibility from head to tail.

Only original, unedited videos were considered; those that were low resolution, obscured, duplicated, or altered (such as mirror images or selfies) were excluded.

The findings showed that 266 cats (65.1%) exhibited left-oriented sleep positions, while 142 demonstrated a significant left-sided bias as a population, compared to the 34.8% that slept on their right side.

“A cat that sleeps on its left side gains awareness of its environment upon waking with a left field of vision processed by the right hemisphere,” explained the researchers.

“This hemisphere is critical for spatial awareness, handling threats, and coordinating quick escape responses.”

“When a cat awakens after sleeping on its left side, visual cues regarding predators or prey are relayed directly to the right hemisphere of the brain.

“This suggests that favoring the left side while sleeping might be a strategic survival behavior.”

study published in the journal Current Biology.

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Sevim Isparta et al. 2025. Sleeping orientations of domestic cats on both sides. Current Biology 35 (12): R597-R598; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.043

Source: www.sci.news

Vera C. Rubin Observatory Unveils Its First Image

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is a groundbreaking scientific facility, funded collaboratively by the NSF and the US DOE Scientific Bureau. Explore new images showcasing a glimpse of the observatory’s decade-long mission to unravel some of the universe’s greatest enigmas.

This composite image integrates 678 individual photos captured by the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory over a span of just over 7 hours, showcasing the Trifid (top right) and Lagoon Nebulae. Image credits: Rubinobs/Noirlab/SLAC/NSF/DOE/AURA.

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is named in tribute to the renowned American astronomer Vera C. Rubin, who provided crucial evidence for the existence of elusive dark matter.

Investigating the characteristics of dark matter, dark energy, and other monumental cosmic phenomena is central to the observatory’s mission.

Located atop Cerro Pachón in Chile, the observatory benefits from an optimal environment with dry air and exceptionally dark skies, making it one of the world’s premier observation sites.

Equipped with an 8.4-meter telescope that houses the largest digital camera ever constructed, the facility is supported by a robust data processing system.

In the latter half of 2025, the observation deck will embark on its primary mission: a legacy study of space and time. Each night, we will systematically scan the sky, capturing every observable change.

This approach yields a detailed time-lapse record of the cosmos at ultra-high resolution.

It brings the heavens alive, revealing immense possibilities for billions of scientific discoveries.

The imagery uncovers asteroids and comets, pulsating stars, supernovae, distant galaxies, and cosmic events that have never before been documented.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktbiu_8fbp4

“The Vera C. Rubin Observatory illustrates the United States’ commitment to leading international basic science, showcasing remarkable achievements that arise when different facets of national research collaborate,” stated an expert.

“This observatory represents an investment in our future, laying the groundwork for the knowledge that today’s youth will cultivate tomorrow.”

“The Vera C. Rubin Observatory records more data about space than all optical telescopes in history combined,” commented Dr. Brian Stone, acting NSF Director.

“Through this exceptional scientific facility, we are investigating many of the universe’s mysteries, including the enigmatic dark matter and dark energy that fill our cosmos.”

“We are entering a golden era of American science,” remarked Dr. Harriet Kang, acting director of the DOE’s Department of Science.

“The Rubin Observatory symbolizes what can be accomplished when the federal government endorses a tool that leads world-class engineers and scientists.”

“This facility will propel discovery, inspire future innovators, and unleash America’s scientific excellence.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrmisbl4yc4

The Rubin Observatory is also the most efficient solar system discovery tool ever created.

It captures approximately 1,000 images of the southern hemisphere sky each night, enabling a complete survey of the visible southern sky every three to four nights.

This capability will assist millions in detecting hidden asteroids, comets, and interstellar objects.

The observatory represents a paradigm shift in planetary defense, helping to identify potential threats to Earth or the Moon.

“The unveiling of the first images from the observatory heralds a new era in astrophysics,” remarked Dr. Patrick McCarthy, director of NSF’s NOIRLab.

“We congratulate the Rubin Observatory team on this monumental accomplishment and anticipate the initiation of a legacy study of space and time that may transform our comprehension of the universe.”

Source: www.sci.news

The Enigmatic Lizard: Surviving the Chicxulub Asteroid Impact

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Yellow spotted tropical night lizard (Lepidophyma flavimaculatum)

Dante Fenolio/Science Photo Library

A unique and elusive group of lizards remains today, recognized as the only terrestrial vertebrates to withstand the catastrophic Chicxulub asteroid impact, which likely resulted in the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs.

The Xantusiid Night lizard is known as an ancient lineage, surviving for tens of millions of years. However, Chase Brownstein from Yale University and his team proposed that this lineage might have originated earlier than previously estimated.

The end of the Cretaceous period was marked by a colossal asteroid strike near the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico, creating craters wider than 150 kilometers and leading to the extinction of most animal and plant species globally.

Today, the night lizard—despite its name, not actually nocturnal—continues to inhabit Cuba, Central America, and the southwest region of the United States.

Brownstein and his researchers utilized previously published DNA sequencing data from Xantusiids to construct evolutionary trees for these groups. They integrated findings from skeletal anatomy of current species and fossil records, allowing them to estimate the lineage’s age and the quantity of offspring produced by the ancestral night lizard.

The team identified a shared ancestor that lived deep within the Cretaceous period, dating back over 93 million years, likely producing only one or two clutches of offspring.

“It’s highly probable that these ancient populations were situated close to the impact site, much like their modern counterparts,” remarks Brownstein. “It’s as though the distribution of Xantusiid lizards encircles the impact zones.”

According to fossil records, Brownstein argues that it is improbable for ancient night lizards to have simply returned to the affected areas later.

“Our reconstructions suggest that the common ancestors of living species most likely originated in North America, as the fossil evidence of Xantusiids is relatively continuous on both sides of the boundary layer,” he adds.

Numerous night lizard species inhabit rock crevices and possess a slow metabolism akin to other survivors of mass extinction, like turtles and crocodiles. “This likely enabled them to endure the aftermath of the impact,” states Brownstein.

Nathan Law from the University of Sydney expresses amazement at their survival. “These lizards resided near the asteroid’s impact site; despite the asteroid’s devastating effects within hundreds of kilometers, they managed to survive.”

Remarkably, they achieved this despite lacking many common characteristics typically associated with mass extinction survivors. “Species that endure these extinction events tend to be small, reproduce rapidly, and have extensive geographical ranges,” explains Law. “Conversely, these lizards generally have slower reproduction rates and appear to cover a minimal range.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Common Gut Bacteria Can Transform Everyday Plastic Waste into Paracetamol

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a pain reliever traditionally produced from a diminished supply of fossil fuels, such as crude oil. Every year, thousands of tons of fossil fuels, alongside numerous drugs and chemicals, are utilized to transport painkillers to manufacturing facilities. Professor Stephen Wallace from the University of Edinburgh and his team discovered that E. coli bacteria can transform molecules derived from waste plastic bottles into paracetamol.

Johnson et al. Reporting the reorganization of phosphate-catalyzed loss of biocompatibility in bacteria E. coli Activated acylhydroxamate is transformed into primary amine-containing metabolites in living cells. Image credit: Johnson et al. , doi: 10.1038/s41557-025-01845-5.

The issue of plastic waste is increasingly pressing, making the quest for sustainable plastic upcycling solutions a priority.

Metabolic engineering combines organic chemistry with the exploitation of biological cell chemical reaction networks to create new small molecules.

However, it remains uncertain whether these reactions can be effectively combined to convert plastics into useful products.

“Our research indicates that polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic is not merely waste, but can be converted by microorganisms into valuable new products with potential applications in disease treatment,” stated Professor Wallace.

In their study, Professor Wallace and co-authors found that a specific type of chemical reaction, known as loss rearrangement, occurs within living cells and is catalyzed by internal phosphates in E. coli.

This reaction produces nitrogen-containing organic compounds that are vital for cellular metabolism.

The researchers demonstrated that chemical processes can decompose PET plastic to yield starting molecules for further reactions, allowing cellular metabolism to regenerate these plastic-derived molecules.

Additionally, they discovered that this plastic-derived compound can serve as a precursor for paracetamol production in E. coli, achieving a yield of 92%.

This finding may mark the first instance of paracetamol synthesized from E. coli waste materials.

Future research will focus on exploring how other bacteria and types of plastics can yield beneficial products.

“Thus, biocompatible chemistry should be viewed as a complement to early enzyme design research and non-biological chemistry engineering, integrating collaboratively as a tool for biological cells to enhance potential synthetic chemistry within biological systems,” the scientists noted.

The team’s study was published in the journal Nature Chemistry on June 23, 2025.

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NW Johnson et al. Relocation of loss of biocompatibility in E. coli. Nat. Chem. Published online on June 23, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41557-025-01845-5

Source: www.sci.news

A Woman’s Pelvis is Shrinking: Implications for Childbirth

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Medical advances have changed childbirth – potentially enough to affect human evolution

Fatcamera/Getty Images

Research involving over 8,000 participants across three nations indicates that women’s pelvises have become narrower over the last 150 years. While several factors contribute to this change, it offers fresh insights that could prompt researchers to reevaluate the so-called “obstetric dilemma,” which pertains to the evolutionary constraints surrounding pelvic size.

The exact drivers of this change and its implications for health remain unclear. Nonetheless, a continued reduction in pelvic size could heighten the likelihood of requiring cesarean sections.

Maciej Henneberg, from the University of Adelaide, Australia, and his team revisited an existing dataset featuring 1,247 Australian women born from 1900 to 1984. They discovered that pelvic width decreased by 0.42 mm annually. In Poland, the pelvic width of 3,486 women reduced by 0.47 mm each year from 1880 to 1970, while in a sample of 320 Mexican women, the decline was 0.42 mm annually from 1900 to 1970.

“I find this compelling, considering that these regions, despite differences in height, show similar evolutionary trends,” remarks Philip Mitter Ecker from the University of Vienna, Austria.

“The dataset is impressive,” adds Leah Betty from University College London.

Henneberg posits that these findings suggest modern medical practices diminish the effects of natural selection on human pelvises. Historically, a baby too large or a birth canal too narrow often resulted in fatal outcomes for both mother and child. However, the introduction of safe, effective cesarean sections has lessened this evolutionary pressure, potentially leading to further narrowing of the birth canal and pelvis.

Mitteroecker agrees that cesarean sections are influencing the evolutionary forces at play in human birth anatomy. He predicts this trend may result in even narrower pelvises, as highlighted in his 2016 analysis, stating it represents the latest chapter in a long-standing narrative.

“Midwifery has ancient roots, uniquely human,” he explains. For thousands of years, women have supported each other during childbirth. This cultural tradition has mitigated selection pressures on the pelvis and birth canal, demonstrating how our actions influence our biological evolution. “In a way, cesarean sections are an extreme manifestation of this,” Mitteroecker concludes.

However, Betty remains skeptical that cesarean sections are the primary cause of the recent changes in pelvic width. She highlights that humans have also experienced increased height during the same period, likely due to improved nutrition and healthcare rather than evolutionary gene alterations.

“Diet plays a significant role in determining pelvic structure,” Betty notes. When undernourished, developing bodies prioritize certain organs, particularly the brain, over others. With adequate nutrition now available, bodies may be reallocating resources, leading to variances in proportions. “Different body proportions are certainly a possibility,” she observes.

Understanding the factors behind these changes is crucial for comprehending the challenges of human childbirth. However, the nature of this dilemma is still debated. In a 2024 study, Mitter Ecker and colleagues suggested that pelvic floor mechanics could be a significant contributor to narrowing, potentially heightening pressure on the pelvic floor and elevating the risk of incontinence.

It’s also feasible that both factors are at play. An April study involving 31,000 participants associated wider pelvises with easier childbirth, yet identified slower walking speeds and increased risk of pelvic floor conditions.

The implications of this dilemma extend beyond childbirth. Betty notes that competitive sports during childhood may also influence pelvic size, emphasizing that various environmental factors, including temperature, can affect the pelvis. Other studies tie the evolving obstetric dilemma to rising obesity rates, which may result in larger babies. Ultimately, a combination of these factors likely explains the observed changes, prompting researchers to classify the issue as a “multifactorial pelvis” challenge.

A narrower pelvis poses health implications, complicating vaginal births and potentially increasing the need for cesarean deliveries. “Nobody knows how long it will take to reach a point where natural childbirth ceases to exist,” remarks Renata Henneberg, one of the researchers on this new study and Maciej Henneberg’s wife.

Conversely, a narrower pelvis may reduce the incidence of pelvic floor issues, which can be quite severe. Childbirth can have long-lasting, detrimental effects on women’s lives,” Betty cautions.

Predicting future trends is complex, given the multitude of interacting factors. While fewer children may lead to decreased injury risks, later childbirth may counteract this. “Many changes are occurring simultaneously,” she reflects.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discovery of the Tiwanaku Civilization Temple in Bolivia

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Bolivian archaeologists have unearthed an ancient complex located approximately 215 km (130 miles) southeast of the historic Tiwanak site. This large modular structure, featuring integrated sunken courtyards, bears a striking resemblance to the terraced temples of Tiwanak, indicating significant national investment.

Isometric reconstruction of the Paraspata temple rendered with a 3 m high wall. Image credits: Capriles et al., doi: 10.15184/aqy.2025.59.

The ancient society near the southern shore of Lake Titicaca was once among the most influential civilizations in Bolivia.

Known as Tiwanak, this society is regarded by archaeologists as one of the earliest instances of Andean civilization and a precursor to the Inca Empire, yet it mysteriously vanished around a millennium ago.

“Much remains enigmatic about the Tiwanak civilization,” remarked Pennsylvania archaeologist Jose Capriles.

“Their society disintegrated around 1000 AD, long before the Incas seized control of the Andes in the 15th century.”

“At its zenith, Tiwanak showcased a well-organized social structure, leaving behind architectural remnants like pyramids, terraced temples, and monoliths. While most of these artefacts are found around Lake Titicaca, Tiwanak’s influence extended much farther, though the exact boundaries of its control remain debated.”

“The newly uncovered temple complex is situated about 215 km south of the historically recognized Tiwanak site, known to local indigenous farmers but inadequately studied by researchers due to its unassuming setting.”

“However, the site’s location is quite strategic.”

During the Tiwanaku period, it linked three major trade routes across diverse ecosystems, with the fertile highlands around Lake Titicaca to the north.

This has led researchers to conclude that the site must have been significant in connecting communities.

“People traveled, traded, and erected monuments at pivotal points across the arid mountainous terrain,” Dr. Capriles said.

“Upon discovering an unmapped rectangular area, we employed various techniques to visualize the region.”

“The function of the site was unclear, so I integrated different satellite images.”

“We also carried out a series of UAV missions to capture high-resolution images.”

“Using photogrammetry—a method that constructs 3D models from photographs—we achieved a more detailed visualization of the structure and its surrounding landscape.”

Stone alignments identified an ancient temple named Palaspata, derived from the local terminology.

This temple complex spans roughly 125 m in length and 145 m in width, featuring 15 rectangular enclosures surrounding a central courtyard.

The layout seems to align with rituals that coincide with the sun’s zenith, particularly when it is directly above the equator.

Paraspata Temple. Image credits: Capriles et al., doi: 10.15184/aqy.2025.59.

Using the information gathered, researchers created reconstructions to visualize what the ancient Palaspata temple may have looked like.

The temple’s surface contained numerous fragments of Kelcups, which were used for consuming chicha, a traditional corn beer, during agricultural festivals and ceremonies, suggesting the temple was a key trade hub.

This highlights that corn was cultivated in the Cochabamba valley, indicating the temple’s role in facilitating connections among various culinary traditions on its elevated grounds, thereby enhancing access to an assortment of products.

“The temple likely served a spiritual function, as evidenced by the interconnections that managed trade and harvest distribution within designated ritual spaces,” noted Dr. Capriles.

“Most economic and political dealings were likely mediated through divinity, since this was a common framework for fostering cooperation among disparate individuals, as religion often serves as a unifying force among different groups.”

“The discovery was a revelation, even for local inhabitants,” commented Jas Ventura Guaralo, the mayor of Caracoro, where the site is located.

“The archaeological findings at Palaspata are vital as they unearth significant aspects of local heritage that have been largely ignored.”

“This discovery is crucial for our community, and we regard its documentation as invaluable for boosting tourism and showcasing the region’s rich history.”

The team’s paper was published today in the journal Ancient.

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Jose M. Capriles et al. 2025. Gateway to the East: Palaspata Temple and the southeast expansion of Tiwanak. Ancient 99 (405): 831-849; doi: 10.15184/aqy.2025.59

Source: www.sci.news

Discovery of a New Metaterian Mammal Species Unearthed in Texas

Posted on June 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Members of the genus Metatherian Swaindelphys were previously identified in the Swain Quarry in southern Wyoming and the Nasimiento Formation in the San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and are now also found in the Black Peaks Formation in West Texas.

Reconstructing the life of Swaindelphys. Image credit: Kristen Tietjen.

The newly identified species thrived in Texas during the Ale-Nocene period, around 60 million years ago.

It has been designated Swaindelphys Solastella; these animals were significantly larger than related species, yet still about the size of a modern hedgehog.

It belonged to Metatherian, a group encompassing living marsupials and their extinct relatives.

“We’ve dedicated a lot of effort to uncovering this world,” remarked Kristen Miller, a doctoral student at the University of Kansas.

Fossil remains of Swaindelphys Solastella were uncovered in the Black Peak Formation within Big Bend National Park, West Texas.

“The earliest fossil mammals from the Big Bend during the Ale Holocene epoch were initially documented decades ago,” stated Professor Chris Beard of the University of Kansas.

“However, our mission is to uncover some of the smaller, more elusive fossil mammals that inhabited Big Bend during that era.”

“The new fossil we are describing holds significance as it represents the largest marsupial ever identified from the Ale Holocene in North America, in terms of body size.”

“This isn’t surprising considering that everything tends to be larger in Texas.”

The distribution patterns of Swaindelphys may provide insights into the natural features and barriers that limited the geographical spread of species during this time, including early primates.

“During the Ale New Century, the climate would have been warmer, likely leaning towards tropical,” Miller explained.

“Instead of the desert landscape seen today, there would have been more vegetation, possibly alongside numerous rivers and streams.”

“These fossils are found in what are referred to as river sediments, stemming from ancient river systems.”

The discovery of Swaindelphys Solastella is detailed in a paper released this month in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Kristen Miller et al. Implications of biogeographical and biostratigraphic novel species. Swaindelphys (Mammals, Metatheria) from the Black Peaks Formation, Big Bend National Park, Texas. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published online on June 17th, 2025. doi:10.1080/02724634.2025.2500501

Source: www.sci.news

Extreme Heat Envelops Us: 160 Million on Alert from Texas to Maine

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In Paterson, New Jersey, over 100 individuals required medical attention during two outdoor graduation ceremonies on Monday, as the heat index soared to 107 degrees. That evening, Mayor Andre Seig declared a state of emergency, leading to the cancellation of all recreational activities due to the extreme heat.

Monday saw record high temperatures exceeding 60 degrees nationwide, with predictions extending from the southeast up to New England throughout the week.

Preliminary daily records were established on Tuesday in New York City (99 degrees), Philadelphia (for the first time since 2012), and Raleigh, North Carolina (100 degrees).

New monthly records for June were set in Boston (101 degrees) and Providence, Rhode Island (100 degrees), while Newark recorded a staggering June high of 103 degrees.

The National Weather Service indicates that the oppressive heat conditions are likely to persist through the evening.

“Overnight lows are anticipated to remain in the ’70s, with urban areas along the East Coast struggling to dip below 80 degrees at night,” the Weather Service remarked in a brief forecast on Tuesday..

These elevated temperatures are attributed to high-pressure ridges, which are currently parked over the eastern United States. Known as thermal domes, these systems effectively trap heat in the region, leading to prolonged periods of elevated temperatures.

While some relief may arrive towards the weekend, heat and humidity levels are expected to remain elevated over the coming days.

“The most severe cumulative heat impacts are expected on Friday across the eastern Ohio valleys stretching from the Mid-Atlantic to Thursday, resulting in multi-day oppressive heat,” stated the Weather Service.

All individuals are at risk for heat-related illnesses and fatalities, but the excessive heat and humidity—especially over several days—pose a particular risk to children, those with pre-existing health conditions, the elderly, and outdoor workers. These health concerns are increasingly pressing as climate change leads to more frequent, intense, and lasting heat events.

While the eastern U.S. battles the heat dome, a severe storm system could impact parts of Wyoming, Colorado, South Dakota, and Nebraska. Additionally, heavy rainfall and flooding are likely for much of New Mexico and southwestern Texas.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Leonardo da Vinci’s “Helicopter” Design May Lead to Quieter Drones

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Leonardo da Vinci’s sketch of the aerial screw

Gianni Dagli Orti/Shutterstock

Leonardo da Vinci’s concept for a flying device might have outperformed today’s drones in terms of functionality and noise reduction.

Rajat Mittal, a researcher at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland, along with his team, found that Da Vinci’s “air screws”—which were never actually constructed or tested during his time as a military engineer in 1480—could potentially require less power to achieve the same lift as conventional drone rotors.

The device closely resembles an Archimedes screw, a helical pump that lifts water as it rotates. Although Da Vinci envisioned it being powered by human effort, employing a lightweight electric motor could have enabled it to actually achieve flight.

Mittal’s team created a simulation of the air screw, testing it in a virtual wind tunnel across various rotational speeds and comparing it with traditional drone rotors, including a two-blade variant.

They discovered that the air screws can maintain the same lift while rotating at a slower speed, indicating reduced power consumption.

By measuring the pressure and wind flow around the virtual screw, the team also estimated its potential output.

“I was taken aback,” Mittal remarked. “We initially believed that the spiral screw’s shape would yield terrible aerodynamic performance, but it turns out it might surpass traditional blades.”

Mittal and his team aim to investigate ways to optimize Da Vinci’s design for improved efficiency without sacrificing its distinguishable noise-reducing properties.

As drones become more prevalent in urban settings for deliveries and emergency services, the challenge of noise pollution has prompted researchers to explore alternative rotor designs that generate less noise for similar lift outputs.

“An author can produce the same thrust with a slower rotation, which is exactly what Da Vinci’s design achieves. This will indeed contribute to quieter operations,” noted Cheryl Grace from Boston University, Massachusetts. “It’s not necessary for it to strictly follow Da Vinci’s blueprint, but it’s fantastic that his concept aligns with this idea.”

However, to validate the practicality of Da Vinci’s design in real-world applications, testing its performance during flight—rather than just hovering—and evaluating the impact of rotor weight on its efficiency is crucial, Grace added.

Renaissance science: Italy

Explore the brilliant scientific minds and discoveries of the Renaissance that have positioned Italy as a leader in scientific advancement.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Can You Improve Your Mindset and Foster Positivity?

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Hugh Schulte/Millennium Images, UK

The term “thinking” might evoke memories of certain self-help literature that lacks scientific basis. Yet, emerging studies indicate that our cognitive patterns can significantly shape our lives through their effects on our thoughts, motivation, and behaviors.

This article is part of a special feature that explores how experts perceive some of the most unexpected scientific ideas. Click here for more information.

“We perceive thinking as a belief system regarding how the world operates, which includes our thoughts about ourselves and our surroundings,” states David Jager from the University of Texas at Austin.

Initially popularized by Carol Dweck at Stanford University, this concept emerged from her interest in how beliefs about intelligence affect academic performance.

Some individuals strongly agree with statements in psychological surveys, such as “Your intelligence is fundamentally fixed and does not change significantly.” Such individuals are characterized as having a “fixed mindset.” Conversely, those who resonate more with statements like, “Your intelligence can change significantly throughout your life,” are viewed as having a “growth mindset.”

Dweck’s research demonstrated that individuals with a growth mindset are more likely to persevere after setbacks and embrace challenges beyond their comfort zones.

Crucially, Dweck and her team found that mindset is flexible. For instance, educating individuals about the brain’s inherent plasticity can foster a growth mindset, as shown in this research. Although some replication attempts showed mixed results, the overall effect seems to hold up under varying contexts.

“Interventions are typically more effective when educators cultivate a growth mindset within a nurturing school culture,” Jager explains. I have led several studies in this area.

Building on Dweck’s groundwork, psychologists are uncovering various concepts that could positively influence our well-being and success. At Stanford, Aria Crum has been researching “mindsets regarding stress.” Those who perceive stress as energizing are often better equipped to handle life’s demands compared to those who view stress as debilitating.

Crum likens our mindset to a “lens” that influences our worldview; recent studies indicate that these lenses may have long-term health implications. For instance, research on first responders has shown that individuals who interpret stress as beneficial possess a lower risk of heart disease, regardless of their overall stress levels.

Integrating growth and stress-affirming mindsets can amplify the benefits of both. In a series of studies released in 2022, Yeager revealed that teaching students a “synergistic mindset” improved both mental health and academic achievement. “These two perspectives complement each other,” Jager notes. “They shape your beliefs.”

However, it’s crucial to understand that mindset research is sometimes misinterpreted. The researchers do not advocate the notion that positive thinking can yield miraculous outcomes. “To clarify, the growth mindset does not suggest that someone with the right mindset and education can become an Einstein or Beethoven,” Dweck writes in her book, Thinking: The New Psychology of Success, “rather, it implies that an individual’s true potential is unknown and not fixed.”

Fostering a growth mindset shouldn’t merely be about offering constant praise for every effort. It often requires establishing high expectations. “This may involve difficult conversations, but it’s also about guiding someone to meet those standards,” asserts Jager. “It can be challenging.”

Thus, unlike self-help advocates, a positive mindset won’t promise instant wealth. However, it prepares us to exert the effort needed to reach our aspirations and navigate the emotional hurdles along the journey.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Metaphysics Uncovers Hidden Assumptions to Comprehend Reality

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Metaphysics often faces undue criticism. “Many people consider it a waste of time,” states philosopher Stephen Mumford from Durham University, UK, and author of Metaphysics: A Very Short Introduction. “Are they simply arguing over trivial matters, like how many angels can dance on the head of a pin?”

This viewpoint is understandable. Classical metaphysics—originating from the Greek term “meta”—has often grappled with peculiar questions. For instance, what constitutes a table? What shape does color assume? We utilize logical tools like “reductio ad absurdum” to derive conclusions solely from inference. This method seeks to demonstrate the validity of a claim by highlighting absurdities within its negation, quite different from the empirical observations that characterize scientific inquiry.

This article is part of our concept special, exploring how experts view some of the most intriguing scientific ideas. Click here for more information.

Nonetheless, the notion that metaphysics is merely an abstract discipline disconnected from reality is rebutted by Mumford:

Indeed, modern science has encroached upon areas once deemed exclusive to metaphysics, including the nature of consciousness and the implications of quantum mechanics. It’s becoming increasingly evident that both domains are interconnected.

To understand this interplay, one must recognize that everyone inherently possesses metaphysical beliefs, asserts Vanessa Seyfert, a philosopher of science at the University of Bristol, England. For instance, many believe in the existence of objects even when they are not being observed, despite the absence of robust empirical evidence to support this claim.

Moreover, “naturalized metaphysics” emerges from this discussion. Unlike traditional metaphysics, which remains speculative, this version is grounded in scientific understanding, according to Seyfert. “We observe what science reveals about our universe and consider whether we can accept it as literal truth.”

This contemporary metaphysics serves a crucial role for science, as it probes the foundational assumptions behind our understanding of the universe. “In many instances, metaphysical beliefs form the basis upon which empirical knowledge is constructed,” explains Mumford.

Causality—the principle that every effect has a cause—is a prime example. Despite the fact that causality itself is not directly observable, it is a belief we universally hold. “Essentially, the entirety of science operates on this metaphysical premise of causality,” he remarks.

These days, scientists routinely engage with deeply metaphysical concepts, ranging from chemical elements to space and time, as well as the very laws of nature, thereby intensifying the scrutiny of these ideas.

“We can critically evaluate our metaphysical assumptions or choose to overlook them for their validity,” says Mumford. “However, ignoring them means we make unexamined assumptions.”

One notable intersection of science and metaphysics exists in quantum mechanics, which delves into the atomic and subatomic realm. While it stands as a highly successful scientific framework, addressing its implications requires physicists to confront metaphysical queries, such as the interpretation of quantum superpositions.

In this realm, competing interpretations of reality exist without being testable through conventional experiments. It’s increasingly clear that scientific advancement hinges on confronting these hidden assumptions. In response, some researchers are revitalizing the notion of “experimental metaphysics,” aiming to assess the consistency of metaphysical beliefs that prioritize various interpretations of quantum theory.

“Ultimately, you cannot engage in physics without also grappling with metaphysical inquiries,” states Eric Cavalcanti, a prominent proponent of this perspective at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia. “Both aspects must be addressed simultaneously.”

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The Earth’s Sensitivity to Greenhouse Gases is Greater Than We Realized

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Climate change might be even more severe than previously estimated

kapook2981/getty images

The Earth’s climate appears to be more responsive to the pollution caused by greenhouse gases than previously assumed, making it harder to keep global temperature increases below 2°C.

This is concerning news for global efforts to combat climate change, according to Gunnar Myhre from Cicero International Climate Research Centre in Norway.

Researchers have long been aware that releasing greenhouse gases into the atmosphere can lead to climate warming with widespread consequences. However, the extent of potential warming due to these emissions remains uncertain. Specifically, how sensitive is the Earth’s climate to this pollution?

The primary uncertainty arises from how clouds react to warming atmospheres, as shifts in cloud systems could exacerbate warming through feedback loops.

Most predictions regarding warming by the century’s end are derived from climate models that incorporate various sensitivity assumptions. The model utilized by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change indicates that if atmospheric concentrations double compared to pre-industrial levels, warming could range between 2°C and 5°C, prompting organizations to adopt a median estimate of 3°C.

Myhre and his team sought to align climate model predictions with satellite data showing the Earth’s energy imbalance—a measure of excess heat within our climate system, reflecting its sensitivity levels.

They discovered that less sensitive climate models, which suggest that the Earth’s climate is more resistant to greenhouse gas emissions, did not align with satellite data collected since the turn of the millennium. According to Myhre, models asserting that the Earth’s climate is less resistant to these gases are “more common.” He added, “Models predicting minimal warming are increasingly rare.”

The findings challenge the reliability of climate models forecasting warming below 2.9°C with doubled greenhouse gas concentrations. Instead, the data imply that warming beyond this threshold is more probable for the same level of pollution.

This has been corroborated by recent record-high temperatures observed both on land and in the sea since 2023, described as “strong climate feedback” in the atmosphere by Myhre.

A more sensitive climate necessitates a quicker reduction in emissions to maintain the same temperature trajectory. In essence, the world must accelerate decarbonization efforts to meet its climate commitments.

Johannes Kuas from the University of Leipzig in Germany argues that the study presents a “very plausible contention” that the Earth is indeed more sensitive to global warming than some models suggest, stating it “reduces the margin” for model estimations that scientists should follow. “It highlights the urgent need for political action against climate change,” he emphasized.

Richard Allen from the University of Reading in the UK notes that “natural climate change” could also be part of the narrative, by pointing out that satellite records date back only to 2001. Nevertheless, he describes the study as “rigorous” and adds, “there is further evidence that simulations predicting less warming are increasingly unrealistic in the long-term.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Mysterious Galaxy Patterns Might Have Been Formed by a Cosmic Bullet

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The lines of galaxies that emerged after the collision of the two dwarf galaxies, which tore gases from one another.

Keim et al./Decals

SEI 256196186 — The lines of galaxies that emerged after the collision of the two dwarf galaxies, which tore gases from one another.

Keim et al./Decals

A curious dwarf galaxy may have originated from a bullet-like collision in the universe.

Michael Keim from Yale University and his team employed the Keck Observatory in Hawaii to examine the distinctive trails of 12 small dwarf galaxies located approximately 75 million light-years from the Milky Way.

The orientation and velocity of the galaxies indicate that they resulted from a head-on impact between two galaxies known as NGC 1052-DF2 and NGC 1052-DF4. This collision expelled gas, which eventually coalesced into a group of stars due to gravitational attraction.

“They’re exceptionally unique,” states Kayme. “This is the only known system of its kind.”

Keim and his colleagues named this system after a similar cluster of large galaxies referred to as Bullet Clusters.

It is believed that the two galaxies collided at a speed of 350 kilometers per second around 9 billion years ago. As they passed through one another, gas was stripped from each galaxy. “While it’s improbable for two stars to collide,” notes Kayme, “the same does not apply to gas clouds.”

Interestingly, the remnants of stars left after the collision appear to lack dark matter. This is quite unusual, as most galaxies contain a substantial amount of dark matter, often comprising over 90% of their total mass.

Keim and his team theorize that this anomaly may stem from dark matter’s inability to interact with regular matter during the gas stripping process or because it remained unaffected by the interaction.

This finding may challenge alternative theories regarding dark matter, which posit that discrepancies in stellar and galactic behavior stem from gravitational effects rather than the existence of dark matter particles. “This suggests that dark matter is indeed a particle that can be separated from a galaxy,” explains Kayme.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Geographic Engineering Is No Longer a Taboo for Scientists

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

mdesigner125/istockphoto/getty images

While we acknowledge that reducing greenhouse gas emissions offers a sustainable and long-term solution to climate change, we continue to see rising emissions. As some exacerbate climate challenges, others are exploring options that were once beyond the scope of mainstream discussion.

This article is part of our special issue, showcasing how experts evaluate some of the more unexpected concepts in science. Click here for additional details

The term “geoengineering” broadly refers to human interventions in climate systems aimed at maintaining ecosystems and cooling the planet. Yet, the definition of geoengineering remains elusive; it can encompass endeavors from reforestation to the deployment of massive underwater curtains to support ice sheets.

Some geoengineering concepts spark more debate than others. Large-scale reforestation, when executed properly, is generally seen as a positive climate action. However, more radical ideas—like altering sunlight’s interaction with the Earth’s atmosphere—invoke heightened concerns.

“The risk-return dynamics vary significantly,” states Janice Lachance of the non-profit American Geophysical Union (AGU), which has recently introduced an “Ethical Framework” for scientists in this field. She elaborates, “Planting trees in a park is relatively straightforward and widely accepted. However, when we delve into novel technologies and methodologies, the situation rapidly shifts.”

Take, for example, the concept of solar radiation management (SRM), which proposes reflecting additional sunlight back into space to cool the planet. This can be approached in three fundamental ways (illustrated in the graphics below). Although early modeling suggests that SRM could yield cooling effects within just a few years of implementation, it may also disrupt rainfall patterns and cloud formation.

SRM has historically been a contentious area of research, but as temperatures climb and climate impacts intensify, it has garnered attention from scientists, policymakers, and philanthropists alike.

While some activists argue against this line of research, fearing it diverts focus from the urgency of rapid emission reductions, Andy Parker of the Degree Initiative—a nonprofit concentrating on SRM—cautions that merely reducing emissions may no longer suffice for humanity to tackle climate change’s consequences.

“We must explore strategies to manage the risks posed by previously released greenhouse gases,” he asserts. Moreover, without international dialogue on geoengineering, “there’s a heightened risk of individual nations—especially those severely affected by climate change—unilaterally pursuing geoengineering projects.”

In this context, an increasing number of scientists are advocating for geoengineering research. “Some researchers feel they are falling short in meeting the objectives outlined in the Paris Agreement,” notes Lachance. Consequently, the AGU has devised an ethical framework to guide climate intervention research.

The concerns regarding research extend beyond methodologies. Concepts of planetary-scale geoengineering often place developing nations—particularly those near the equator—at greater risk of unforeseen consequences, such as disruptions to monsoon patterns. Yet, the majority of geoengineering research is concentrated in wealthier countries, which have less to lose.

As part of the Degree Initiative, Parker collaborates with researchers from lower-income countries in the Southern Hemisphere to develop SRM research capabilities. He hopes this will ensure that future deployment decisions take into account the populations most affected. “We don’t hold a stance on whether SRM should be utilized or not,” he explains. “What we do want is for developing nations to have informed avenues for their own research.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum Superposition Challenges Us to Confront Profound Realities

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Physicists observe that students often exhibit a “digging expression” when first introduced to quantum superposition, as noted by Marcelo Gleiser. Having taught quantum mechanics for several decades, he notes the consistent surprise among students as they grapple with the complexities of atomic and particle behavior.

This article is part of our special concept series, exploring how experts perceive some of the most astonishing ideas in science. Click here for additional details.

The term “clear” often adds confusion in this field. Since the inception of superposition, its true implications have been debated for centuries. What is universally acknowledged is that this concept challenges our understanding of what constitutes “reality.”

A foundational aspect to grasp is the Schrödinger equation. Formulated by Erwin Schrödinger in the 1920s, it serves as a cornerstone of quantum theory, outlining the probabilities of finding particles in specific states upon measurement. Notably, quantum mechanics focuses on predicting potential outcomes rather than clarifying the exact activities of particles pre-measurement.

The Schrödinger equation articulates all conceivable positions a particle may occupy before measurement, utilizing mathematical constructs known as wave functions. This establishes one mathematical interpretation of superposition, defined as the combination of various potential quantum states.

It is well-established that particles can indeed exist in superposition. For instance, in a double-slit experiment, a solitary photon (a light particle) is directed toward a barrier with two narrow openings. When a detector is active, the photon seems to “choose” one slit and strikes a specific point on the screen. In contrast, without the detector, an “interference pattern” is observed, indicating that the particles act like waves, traversing through both slits simultaneously and interacting with themselves.

However, the true significance of being “in a superposition” remains elusive. Generally, two perspectives exist. Some view wave functions merely as mathematical constructs rather than reflections of reality—this aligns with Gleiser’s stance at Dartmouth University, New Hampshire. He asserts, “In quantum mechanics, we argue that wave functions must constitute a part of physical reality,” asserting that equating mathematical constructs with truth has become almost cult-like.

Gleiser endorses an interpretation known as quantum Bayesianism (or QBism), which posits that the theory addresses our understanding rather than reality itself. Consequently, during quantum state measurements, what shifts is merely our information about reality, not reality itself.

Conversely, some scholars, like Simon Saunders, a philosopher from Oxford University, argue against this view, asserting that wave functions represent an authentic state of existence. He suggests that particles in superposition physically occupy multiple locations simultaneously. “It’s an extended object,” he clarifies. “It’s delocalized.” Within this framework, our experience of particle reality may deviate from actual reality. For example, electrons orbiting atoms appear as a cloud of probability until measured.

Critics of this interpretation often question the fate of alternate possibilities once measurement constrains a particle to a single location. Saunders concedes to the radical notion that this may suggest the existence of a branching infinite multiverse.

Ultimately, a resolution to this question isn’t imminent. Meanwhile, researchers have successfully extended superposition beyond individual particles to larger molecules and even 16-microgram crystals. This suggests that reality is much stranger than it appears.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Peoples Transported Wallabies to the Indonesian Islands by Canoe

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Thousands of years ago

Mehd Halaouate, birdingindonesia.com

Dating back either 12 or 800 years ago, wild wallabies were caught and transported by canoe to nearby islands located dozens of kilometers away.

The Sahuru natives—a group of marsupials from a prehistoric landmass that eventually broke into Australia and New Guinea—likely accompanied human explorers and traders to the islands in Southeast Asia, providing food, decorative fur, and tools made from bones. This animal import is recognized as one of the earliest known instances of animal translocation, with established colonies thriving over millennia, according to Dylan Gaffney at Oxford University.

“This aligns with a broader understanding of how early humans managed, transported, and raised animals more deliberately than previously assumed. They didn’t merely endure in these tropical environments; they actively transformed them,” says Gaffney.

Research pertaining to species translocation typically prioritizes European explorers, who notably introduced invasive rabbits to Australia in the 18th and 19th centuries and reintroduced horses to the Americas in the late 1400s and early 1500s.

However, in the 1990s, two types of marsupial bones were identified—Phalanger Orientalis Breviceps or Phalanger Breviceps, along with Bandicoot bones (Echymipera Kalubu)—from the Eastern Islands of New Guinea, and Brown Forest Wallabies (Dorcopsis Muelleri) found on an island west of Halmahera, roughly 350 km from Sahuru’s ancient shores.

Based on the age of nearby charcoal remains and the sediment layers, research teams estimate that the Wallabies arrived around 8,000 years ago, while other species date back to between 13,000 and 24,000 years ago.

The specifics of how these animals arrived on the islands remain unclear—whether by human transport or natural means. To explore this, Gaffney and his colleagues examined a new archaeological site in Indonesia’s Rajaanpat Islands.

There, thousands-of-years-old skeletons indicate that the colony of brown forest wallabies thrived on the island about 4,000 years ago, though the reasons behind this are still uncertain.

Radiocarbon dating in a cave inland revealed evidence of wallabies being hunted and cooked as far back as 13,000 years ago, further supported by findings from another island to the west that dates back 5,000 years.

The team also uncovered several bone tools utilized in hunting and textile work, suggesting human activity at least 8,500 years ago.

In investigating how these animals arrived on distant islands, the team employed computer modeling that accounted for the sea levels and environmental conditions of that era.

This modeling supports the theory that humans transported the animals via canoes, Gaffney explains. Without human assistance, Wallabies would have struggled to survive the treacherous oceanic journey that could have lasted over 24 hours, relying on vegetation rafts for days to reach the islands. While swimming to nearby islands is conceivable, it’s uncertain whether forest wallabies (modern or ancient) possessed the ability to swim.

In contrast, canoe trips would have taken only a few hours to a couple of days, a timeframe that likely would have been manageable for breeding animals.

These findings underscore a sophisticated understanding of species movement by humans well before the era of European colonial expansion. Tom Matthews, who was not involved in the research and is from the University of Birmingham, UK, states, “We frequently assume that these introductions began within the last 500 years, but the evidence indicates that humans were reshaping their ecosystems long before then.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Nuclear Fusion Disasters: Why They’re Not a Major Concern

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Modern atomic energy technologies primarily utilize nuclear fission. In this process, the nuclei of heavy atoms, such as uranium, are bombarded with neutrons, causing them to split apart and release lighter nuclei along with significant energy.

However, a major drawback of fission energy is that the resultant waste is often far more radioactive than the original fuel, with its hazardous nature persisting for extended periods. Moreover, managing the rate of fission reactions is crucial for ensuring safety.

A failure in this context can lead to catastrophic consequences.

An alternative to nuclear fission is fusion energy. In this process, lighter elements, specifically isotopes of hydrogen, merge to form heavier nuclei, releasing substantial energy in the process.

This is the fundamental reaction that powers stars, including our sun.

The byproducts of the fusion reaction are generally safe, primarily producing inert helium, though some mildly radioactive substances are also generated, but they are short-lived. The challenge with fusion energy lies in achieving the conditions required to initiate the reaction.

It necessitates temperatures in the millions of degrees, along with the incorporation of ultra-high-pressure fuel (usually within a magnetic field), which presents significant technical hurdles.

Like any industrial process, there are inherent risks, but the nature of a fusion reactor means that any failure would quickly halt energy production.

As a result, fusion energy “disasters” are considerably less probable than conventional industrial accidents; indeed, they lack the potential for the environmental and ecological crises associated with fission energy meltdowns.

This article responds to the inquiry (made via email by Brandon Harris) regarding “What does a Fusion Energy Disaster look like?”

Feel free to email us with your questions at Question @sciencefocus.com or reach out via Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (please remember to include your name and location).

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Hubble Space Telescope Seizes Stunning Images of Dynamic Spiral Galaxies

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope captured this image of UGC 11397, the Barred Spiral Galaxy, which houses a rapidly growing, supermassive black hole.

The Hubble image depicts UGC 11397, a barred spiral galaxy, located about 250 million light years away in the constellation Lyra. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/MJ Koss/AJ Barth.

Also referred to as IRAS 19019+3346, Leda 62725, or TC 872, UGC 11397 is situated in the constellation Lyra and is approximately 250 million light years distant.

The first documented mention of this spiral galaxy appeared in a galaxy catalogue compiled by Swiss astronomer Fritz Zwicky in 1966.

“At first glance, UGC 11397 seems like a typical spiral galaxy,” stated Hubble astronomers.

“It showcases two graceful spiral arms illuminated by stars, framed by dark, dense dust clouds.”

“What sets UGC 11397 apart from a standard spiral is the ultra-massive black hole at its core, which has a mass 174 million times that of the sun,” they noted.

“As the black hole ejects gas, dust, and even entire stars from its vicinity, this material heats up, creating a spectacular cosmic display.”

“Materials engulfed by black holes emit radiation ranging from gamma rays to radio waves, leading them to brighten and dim unexpectedly.”

“Nonetheless, in some galaxies like UGC 11397, thin dust clouds obscure much of this energetic activity from optical light observation.”

“Still, the rapidly growing black hole in UGC 11397 has been identified through its intense X-ray emissions.”

This discovery led astronomers to categorize it as a Type 2 Seyfert Galaxy, a classification for active galaxies whose central cores are obscured by dust and gas formations.

“Utilizing Hubble, we will examine hundreds of galaxies that host ultra-massive black holes similar to UGC 11397,” the researchers stated.

“Hubble’s observations aid us in measuring nearby supermassive black holes, understand their growth early in the universe’s history, and explore star formation in extreme conditions at the galaxy’s center.”

Source: www.sci.news

Discovery of New Superheavy Nucleus: Seaborgium-257

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A collaborative team of physicists from Germany, Finland, India, and Japan has identified a new isotope of the synthetic element Seaborgium.

Mossat et al. Report on the discovery of the new isotope Seaborgium-257. Image credit: P. Mossat, GSI/Fair.

Seaborgium is a synthetic chemical element with the symbol SG and atomic number 106.

This element was first synthesized in 1974, and currently, there are 14 known isotopes. The most stable isotope, Seaborgium-271, has a half-life of about 2.4 minutes.

The newly discovered isotope, Seaborgium-257, decays through spontaneous fission and alpha particle emission, possessing a half-life of 12.6 ms.

“Our progress is hindered by a scarcity of high-quality lead-206 targets necessary for the production of Seaborgium-257, using a powerful beam of Chromium-52 from the GSI/Fair Linear Accelerator Unilac,” they explained.

Utilizing the advanced gas-filled recoil separator TASCA (transactinide separator and chemical device), researchers recorded a total of 22 decays of Seaborgium-257.

“Our findings regarding Seaborgium-257 provide intriguing insights into the shell effects influencing the fission properties of ultra-heavy nuclei,” they mentioned.

“One significant outcome suggests that the next lightweight yet unknown isotopes may undergo nuclear fission within a brief timeframe of 1 nanosecond to 6 microseconds.

“This upper limit for the anticipated half-life is close to the current experimental capabilities unless a so-called K-extra-character state exists.”

“This excited state, stabilized by quantum effects, exhibits extended fission lifetimes and potentially allows for the exploration of short-lived nuclei.”

“Recently, notable advancements were achieved with the discovery of the 60-NS Rutherford 252 through a long-lived K-amplitude state, edging towards the stability threshold.”

“The quest for the isotopic limits of elements is a natural extension of these experiments, mapping the boundaries of hyper-heavy nuclear stability.”

“To date, no K-atroscopy states have been identified in Seaborgium isotopes.”

Nonetheless, in this current experiment, the team also irradiated a lead-208 target and found strong evidence of a K-isomer state in Seaborgium-259.

“Our results concerning the K-Crossic state of Seaborgium-259 open avenues to investigate the K-isomer phenomena in other isotopes, paving the way for the synthesis of short-lived Seaborgium-256 isotopes.”

The team’s results were published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

____

P. Mossat et al. 2025. Investigating the shell effect in fission: a new hyperstable nucleus 257SG. Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 232501; doi:10.1103/s7hr-y7zq

Source: www.sci.news

Australian Stingless Bee Honey Exhibits Unique Antibacterial Properties, Research Reveals

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Honey sourced from Australian stingless bees, often referred to as sugar bag honeybees, has long been a vital food source and a traditional remedy for ailments such as itching and pain among Indigenous Australian communities. A recent study has examined the antibacterial properties and chemical composition of honey from three species of Australian stingless bees: Tetragonula carbonaria, Tetragonula hockingsii, and Austroplebeia australis. The results revealed these honeys possess strong antibacterial capabilities against various human pathogens, exhibiting efficacy on par with or superior to that of most European honeys derived from Apis mellifera.

Tetragonula carbonaria comb. Image credit: Tobias Smith.

Antibiotic resistance poses a significant global health issue.

Numerous natural substances have developed complex defenses against microbial threats and may serve as potential therapeutic agents.

While the medicinal qualities of European honey have been extensively researched, the therapeutic potential of Australian stingless bee honey is still in its early stages.

Kenya Fernandez, a researcher from the University of Sydney, noted:

“Unlike honey from European honeybees, which predominantly depends on hydrogen peroxide for its antibacterial effects, the honey from Australian stingless bees demonstrates high levels of hydrogen peroxide along with non-peroxide activity, making it a robust and versatile candidate for therapy.”

The study found that the honey retained antibacterial properties even without hydrogen peroxide, indicating that these traits are inherent to the honey.

“Bee Manuka honey’s notable non-oxide antibacterial activity is a key factor behind its commercial success,” Dr. Fernandez added.

“However, it heavily relies on a specific nectar source from the Myrtle plant (Leptospermum).”

“In contrast, the consistent antibacterial effectiveness of heat-treated non-toxic honey from Australian bees—regardless of various locations and nectar sources—highlights the unique qualities of these bees.”

Professor Dee Carter at the University of Sydney remarked:

Researchers are hopeful that this reliability will enhance the potential for commercial health applications.

Nonetheless, challenges concerning scalability persist. Each stingless bee hive produces roughly 0.5 liters of honey annually, complicating large-scale production.

“Although the yields are modest, these hives require less upkeep than traditional bee hives, enabling beekeepers to manage a greater number of hives,” stated Dr. Ross Groag from the University of Sydney.

“Encouragingly, the commercial value of honey may foster the growth of more hives and pave the way for scalability in commerce.”

“In the past year, native stingless bee honey has made strides toward local and global commercialization, having received endorsements from Australian and New Zealand food safety authorities.”

“This regulatory backing is crucial in establishing a niche market for high-value, low-volume products.”

The survey results were published on May 21st in the journal Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

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Kenya E. Fernandez et al. 2025. Potent antibacterial activity and unique physicochemical properties of honey from Australian stingless bees Tetragonula carbonaria, Tetragonula hockingsii, and Austroplebeia australis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 91 (6); doi:10.1128/aem.02523-24

Source: www.sci.news

New Theory Suggests Time Has Three Dimensions

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A novel theory proposed by Gunther Kettetschka, a researcher at Fairbanks University in Alaska, suggests that we exist in three dimensions rather than the single dimension we perceive continuously, with space serving as a secondary byproduct.

Time, not space and time, can be a single fundamental property in which all physical phenomena occur. Image credit: M. Weiss/Harvard – Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

“These three dimensions of time constitute the fundamental layers, akin to the canvas of a painting,” Dr. Kettetschka stated.

“While space exists in three dimensions, it is not the canvas itself; rather, it resembles the paint on the canvas.”

“These concepts starkly contrast established physics, which maintains that our reality comprises a single time dimension alongside three spatial dimensions.”

“This is referred to as space-time, a notion developed over a century ago that regards time and space as a single entity.”

Dr. Kettetschka’s mathematical model, which integrates time and space, seeks to provide a unified explanation of the universe.

Understanding time’s dimensions beyond our daily experience is challenging. Theoretical physicists have explored numerous variations.

This latest research contributes to a long-term body of work among theoretical physicists exploring ideas beyond mainstream physics.

“Prior three-dimensional time proposals largely consisted of mathematical constructs lacking concrete experimental connections,” Dr. Kettetschka noted.

“My research transforms intriguing mathematical concepts into physically testable theories through various independent validation methods.”

“This theory has the potential to predict unknown particle properties and aid in uncovering the origin of mass, ultimately addressing one of physics’ greatest enigmas.”

The concept of three-dimensional time includes multiple independent trajectories, similar to time and space. It can be visualized as three axes of temporal motion, akin to the spatial X, Y, and Z axes.

Imagine walking straight ahead, perceiving time as we typically do. Now envision another path intersecting the first, allowing lateral movement.

If you could traverse sideways while remaining in the same moment of ‘normal’ time, you’d recognize that scenarios may slightly differ, potentially representing alternate versions of the same day.

Following this vertical path lets you explore various outcomes of the day without advancing forward as we understand it.

The existence of these alternative outcomes represents the second dimension of time, while the third dimension pertains to the transition from one outcome to another.

“This theory addresses issues confronted by earlier three-dimensional time theories based on traditional physics,” Dr. Kettetschka highlighted.

“For instance, previous theories often presented ambiguous cause-and-effect relationships when discussing multiple time dimensions.”

“The new theory utilizes more complex mathematical frameworks to ensure clear precedence of effects caused, even in the context of multiple time dimensions.”

According to the 3D time perspective, the second and third dimensions are particularly conceptualized by theoretical physicist Yitzhakuber at the University of Southern California, likely manifesting at extreme energy levels, such as those present in the early universe and high-energy particle collisions.

This innovative approach might help confront significant challenges within the realm of unresolved physics: unifying quantum mechanics—the behavior of particles at the most minute scale—with gravity, towards an overarching quantum gravity theory.

The theory of quantum gravity has the potential to evolve into a grand theory encompassing the universe and all related theories.

A central goal of this elusive unified theory is to integrate the four fundamental forces of nature: electromagnetic, strong nuclear, weak nuclear, and gravity.

The standard model of particle physics unifies the first three forces, while gravity is addressed through Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity.

Since the two frameworks are incompatible, physicists are striving for a theoretical synthesis. Pinpointing the origin of particle mass is crucial to this endeavor.

Dr. Kettetschka is optimistic that the three-dimensional time theory can be beneficial.

This framework effectively replicates the masses of known particles like electrons, moons, and quarks, providing insights into why these particles possess their specific masses.

“Achieving unity may necessitate a fundamental reassessment of the very nature of physical reality,” Dr. Kettetschka remarked.

“This theory demonstrates how perceiving time as three-dimensional can elegantly resolve multiple physics puzzles within a cohesive mathematical framework.”

His paper was published in the journal Report on Advances in Physical Science.

____

Gunther Kletetschka. 2025. 3D Time: Mathematical Framework for Fundamental Physics. Report on Advances in Physical Science 9:2550004; doi:10.1142/s2424942425500045

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Human Footprints in White Sand Estimated to Be Up to 22,400 Years Old: New Research

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The identification of human footprints in White Sands, New Mexico, estimated to be between 21,000 and 23,000 years old, was a significant advancement in our comprehension of the earliest inhabitants of the Americas. However, this research faced scrutiny concerning the dependability of radiocarbon dating materials, such as common aquatic plant seeds Rupiah Silhosa and coniferous pollen grains. A recent study, spearheaded by University of Arizona researcher Vance Holiday, indicates that the ancient mud from Perelora ceotero, the third material utilized for dating the footprints, dates back to approximately 20,700 to 22,400 years ago.

Ancient human footprints found in White Sands National Park, New Mexico, USA. Image credit: Bennett et al. , doi: 10.1126/science.abg7586.

Historically, scientists believed that humans entered North America roughly 16,000 to 13,000 years ago.

However, the footprints found at White Sands indicate that human presence in the area dates back to between 23,000 and 21,000 years ago. This timeline offers insights into the development of culture in North America.

The remnants of 10,000-year-old prints, uncovered nearly a century ago at a site near Clovis, New Mexico, led to a classification of artifacts long considered to represent the earliest known cultures in North America.

Critics have challenged two prior studies over the last four years, asserting that ancient species and pollen in the soil used for dating the footprints are unreliable indicators.

“The record is consistently strong, and it’s challenging to explain it all,” Dr. Holiday stated.

“As I mention in my publication, it would be an extraordinary coincidence for all these dates to be inaccurate.”

Thousands of years prior, the white sands formed from a series of lakes that eventually dried up.

Wind erosion created layers of plaster on the sand dunes that now characterize the region.

The footprints were excavated from stream beds that once fed into this ancient lake.

“Wind erosion has erased part of the narrative, leaving that segment lost. The remainder is buried beneath the world’s largest accumulation of plaster sand,” Dr. Holiday remarked.

For their latest research, Dr. Holiday and his team returned to White Sands in 2022 and 2023, excavating new trenches to gain deeper insights into the lakebed’s geology.

“We’ve put in considerable effort to explore this area,” stated Jason Windingstad, a doctoral candidate at the University of Arizona.

“You essentially find yourself questioning everything taught about North American populations.”

The authors recognize that their research hasn’t addressed lingering questions posed by critics since 2021: Why are there no artifacts or settlements left by the individuals who made the footprints?

“This is a valid inquiry. Some footprints discovered during the 2021 survey belong to a trackway that was created in mere seconds,” they explained.

“It is entirely plausible that hunter-gatherers would act with caution to avoid leaving resources in such a brief timeframe.”

“These individuals were aware of their resources and were distanced from their replacements.”

“They wouldn’t abandon artifacts casually. It doesn’t make sense for you to be viewing a debris field.”

The team’s recent findings will be published in the journal Advances in Science.

____

Vance T. Holliday et al. 2025. Perelorace Geochronology supports the last Glacier Max (LGM) age of human tracks in White Sands, New Mexico. Advances in Science 11 (25); doi:10.1126/sciadv.adv4951

Source: www.sci.news

First Image from the World’s Largest Digital Camera Unveils Galaxy Collisions and Cosmic Wonders

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Images and videos from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory showcase over 10 hours of test observations before being revealed. The event was live streamed on Monday from Washington, DC.

Keith Bector, an associate professor from the University of Wisconsin-Madison physics department, has contributed to the Rubin Observatory for nearly a decade as a system verification scientist, ensuring that all components of the observation deck function properly.

He mentioned that the team was present as images streamed in real-time from the camera.

“In the control room, there was a moment when all engineers and scientists gazed at these images. We were able to observe more details about stars and galaxies,” Vector explained to NBC News. “Understanding this on an intellectual level is one thing, but on an emotional level, I realized I was part of something truly extraordinary, all happening in real-time.”

One of the newly released images enabled the Rubin Observatory to identify galaxies billions of light-years away, alongside asteroids in the solar system and stars in the Milky Way.

“In fact, most of the objects captured in these images exhibit light that was emitted before our solar system was formed,” highlighted Bechtol. “We are witnessing light that reflects billions of years of the universe’s history, and many of these galaxies have never before been observed.”

Astronomers are eagerly awaiting the first images from the new observatory, affirming that experts will aid in unraveling some of the universe’s greatest mysteries and revolutionizing our understanding.

“We are entering the golden age of American science,” stated Harriet Kang, acting director of the Energy Department of Science. She elaborated in a statement.

“We anticipate that the observation deck will provide profound insights into our past, future, and potentially the fate of the universe,” Kang remarked during a Monday event.

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is collaboratively managed by the Energy Agency and the National Science Foundation.

Named after an American astronomer renowned for uncovering evidence of dark matter in space, the observatory is situated atop Cerro Pachon, a mountain in central Chile. It is designed to capture around 1,000 images of the southern hemisphere sky each night, covering the entire visible southern sky every three to four nights.

These early images stem from a series of test observations and mark the commencement of a bold decade-long mission to scan the sky continuously, capturing all visible details and changes.

“The entire observatory design is centered on this capability, enabling you to point, shoot, and repeat,” Bechtol noted. “Every 40 seconds, the view shifts to a new part of the sky. Imagine bringing the night sky back to life in a way we’ve never experienced before.”

By repeating this process nightly over the next decade, scientists aim to create extensive images of the visible southern sky, tracking bright stars, moving asteroids in the solar system, measuring supernova explosions, and observing other cosmic phenomena.

“Utilizing this groundbreaking scientific facility, we will delve into many mysteries of the universe, including the dark matter and dark energy that fills our cosmos,” stated Brian Stone, Chief of Staff of the National Science Foundation, in a statement.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Unveiling the Quantum Computers That Can Make a Difference

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Zhang Bin/China News Service/VCG Getty Images

In the last decade, quantum computing has evolved into a multi-billion dollar sector, attracting investments from major tech firms like IBM and Google, along with the U.S. military.

However, Ignacio Cirac, a trailblazer in this field from Germany’s Max Planck Institute for Quantum Optics, provides a more measured assessment: “Quantum computers are not yet a reality,” he states, because creating a functional and practical version is exceedingly challenging.

This article is part of our special feature that delves into how experts perceive some of science’s most intriguing concepts. Click here for more information.

These quantum systems utilize qubits to encode data, in contrast to the traditional “bits” of conventional computers. Qubits can be generated through various methods, ranging from small superconducting circuits to ultra-cold atoms, yet each method presents its own complexities in construction.

The primary advantage lies in their ability to leverage quantum attributes for performing certain calculations at a speed unattainable by classical computers.

This acceleration holds promise for various challenges that traditional computers face, such as simulating complex physical systems and optimizing passenger flight schedules or grocery deliveries. Five years ago, quantum computers appeared poised to tackle these and numerous other computational hurdles.

Today, the situation is even more intricate. Certainly, the progress in creating larger quantum computers is remarkable, with numerous companies developing systems exceeding 1000 qubits. However, this progress also highlights the formidable challenges that remain.

A significant issue is that as these computers scale up, they tend to generate increased errors, and developing methods to mitigate or correct them has proven more challenging than anticipated. Last year, Google researchers made notable strides in addressing this problem, but as Cirac emphasizes, a fully functional useful quantum computer remains elusive.

Consequently, the list of viable applications for such machines may be shorter than many previously anticipated. Weighing the costs of construction against the potential savings reveals that, in many scenarios, the economics may not favor them. “The most significant misconception is that quantum computers can expedite all types of problems,” Cirac explains.

So, which issues might still benefit from quantum computing? Experts suggest that quantum computers could potentially compromise the encryption systems currently employed for secure communications, making them appealing to governments and institutions concerned with security. Scott Aaronson from the University of Texas at Austin notes this.

Another promising area for quantum computers is in modeling materials and chemical reactions. Because quantum computers operate within a framework of quantum objects, they are ideally suited for simulating other quantum systems, such as electrons, atoms, and molecules.

“These are simplified models that don’t accurately reflect real materials. However, if you appropriately design your system, there are numerous properties of real materials you can learn about physics.” Daniel Gottesman from the University of Maryland adds.

While quantum chemical simulations might seem more specialized than flight scheduling, the potential outcomes (such as discovering room-temperature superconductors) could be groundbreaking.

The extent to which these ambitions can be realized heavily relies on the algorithms guiding quantum computations and methods for correcting those pesky errors. This is a complex new domain, as Vedran Dunjko of Leiden University in the Netherlands points out, prompting researchers like himself to confront fundamental questions about information and computation.

“This creates a significant incentive to investigate the complexity of the problem and the potential of computing devices,” Dunjko asserts. “For me, this alone justifies dedicating a substantial portion of my life to these inquiries.”

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Why We Should Assume That Even the Most Basic Animals Are Conscious

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Do dogs possess their own thoughts and emotions? What about pigeons, honeybees, earthworms, or jellyfish? Your answer likely reveals a human tendency to attribute consciousness to familiar creatures, while skeptically viewing “simpler” beings like invertebrates.

In truth, we can never be fully sure that other beings possess awareness. “The subjective nature of experience means absolute certainty is unattainable. You can’t even be 100% certain about other humans,” says Jonathan Burch, an author at the London School of Economics, in his work The edge of the senses.

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Despite this uncertainty, evidence can be gathered. We must first clarify what consciousness entails. Philosopher Herbert Feigle’s framework divides consciousness into three layers.

The most basic layer involves raw sensations of the present, including external perceptions and internal emotions such as pain, joy, excitement, and boredom. The second layer, “sapiens,” allows for reflection on our experiences, such as “This is the worst pain I’ve ever felt.” The final layer encompasses our sense of self, recognizing our existence through past and future.

Research into animal consciousness primarily centers on sensation. “Much of this research focuses on pain, but there is a trend toward exploring positive emotions like joy,” says Christine Andrews from York University, Toronto. For instance, fish in pain may swim toward an area of a tank infused with painkillers.

Social behavior provides evidence for the second type of sensation. “Animals acquire much of their knowledge and skills socially,” Andrews states. Even insects exhibit this behavior. For example, fruit flies learn about mating by observing other fruit flies.

Some remarkable findings have revealed that certain animals recognize cultural contexts, such as recent studies showing mice providing “first aid” to unconscious companions. Researchers are also investigating episodic memory—the capacity to reflect on past experiences—and have found it in various mammals, including rats and chimpanzees, as well as birds like scrub jays.

Although we are gathering substantial evidence about sensation, the neurobiological foundations of consciousness remain unclear. “However, these findings may not universally apply to other species with distinct neural structures,” Andrews notes, referencing various studies on mammals that discuss involved brain regions. For example, while insects do not possess a human-like brain, there is strong evidence that they can experience pain, confirming a sensory component.

Last year, Andrews, Burch, and colleagues issued the New York Declaration on Animal Consciousness, acknowledging the “realistic possibility of conscious experiences” in numerous invertebrates. Andrews goes further, asserting that we should begin by assuming all animals are conscious.

This challenges the prevailing assumptions of many biologists, but may not be a significant leap for the general public. The notion of animals as intricate automata represents “an anomaly in Western science,” explains Burch. “Non-Western cultures, and indeed many individuals in the West outside academia, have consistently regarded animals as sentient beings.”

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What Makes the Universe’s Physical Constants Ideal for Life?

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

When observing the universe, we realize it can sustain life—if it couldn’t, we wouldn’t be here. This notion has been articulated numerous times throughout history, but it lies at the core of the philosophical debate known as the principle of humanity. While seemingly straightforward, it holds complexities.

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The universe seems to be delicately balanced on the edge of habitability, which leads to what scientists call “tweaking problems.” Several fundamental constants, from the mass of neutrons to gravity, require precise values for life to exist. “If some of these constants were larger, it could destabilize all atoms,” says Luke Burns from Western Sydney University, Australia.

The principles of humanity originated as a way to explain why the universe appears to be in this seemingly favorable condition, distilled into a simple idea: the universe must be this way, or we wouldn’t be here to observe it.

There are two central formulations of this principle, both articulated in a 1986 book by cosmologists John Barrow and Frank Tippler. The weak principle states that the basic constants of the universe must be in a state compatible with the existence of life—at least here and now. The strong principle goes further, asserting that these constants must lie within a range conducive to life, implying that the universe is designed to support it. This notion of “necessity” indicates that the universe exists to foster life.

If the weak principle suggests, “A tree falls in the forest and life must be able to thrive there,” the strong principle posits, “This planet is destined to have a forest where the tree can flourish.”

For contemporary scientists, the weak principle acts as a reminder of potential biases in our observations of the universe, especially if conditions are not uniform everywhere. “If we lived in a universe different from our current one, we’d find ourselves in conditions where life was feasible,” notes Shawn Carroll from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland.

As for the strong formulation of the principle, some physicists, like Burns, find it useful. He is exploring various multiverse models and sees the strong principle as a practical benchmark. This implies there’s a 100% chance at least one life-supporting universe will arise within the multiverse framework. Therefore, the closer a multiverse model approaches this 100% likelihood, the more plausible it becomes. Conversely, if the probability is around 50%, he views it as a solid signal of the model’s validity. “But if it hits a square meter, we have a problem,” he states.

Despite its utility, most physicists regard the strong principle as overly deterministic. It implies life was always meant to be present, according to Elliot Thorber from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “However, the likelihood is minimal; life could have failed to emerge, and we would still be making the same observations.”

Where does that leave us? The strong extrinsic principle offers a solution to the fine-tuning dilemma, yet many consider it an irrational conclusion. In contrast, the weak principle doesn’t clarify why our universe’s constants are finely tuned, though it remains a valuable analytical tool for researchers. As principles go, this topic is quite complex.

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Why Did Ancient Humans Evolve Language Just Once?

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

My child is extraordinary. He enters the kitchen, glances at me, and articulates enchanting words: “Could I please have a cheese and tomato sandwich?” Moments later, that very snack materializes in front of him.

Other young animals express their hunger through sounds and murmurs, but only humans possess advanced grammar and vocabulary systems that enable precise communication.

This narrative is part of our themed special, showcasing expert perspectives on some of science’s most astonishing concepts. Click here for additional insights.

Research into animal behavior reveals that these creatures exhibit many traits previously thought to be exclusive to humans—from culture to emotional depth, and even aspects of morality. While language may seem to set us apart, “I believe language gives us a unique status as a species,” says Brian Relch from the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Given this context, one critical area of research focuses on how language originated and why it evolved solely within our human lineage.

Psychologist Simon Edelman from Cornell University proposes in The Magical Power of Language that there is a straightforward evolutionary rationale. Alongside his colleague Oren Korodny, now at Hebrew University in Jerusalem, he theorizes that the origins of language may date back approximately 1.7 million years, coinciding with early humans developing the ability to create stone tools—a skill beyond the capabilities of non-human animals.

The notion is that tool-making locations functioned as learning environments, where novice tool creators required guidance from experienced individuals. Proto-language may have developed as a way for mentors to instruct their students, possibly explaining why both language and tool-making appear to necessitate cognitive structures that organize thoughts in a coherent sequence.

However, around a decade ago, a pivotal experiment questioned this narrative. In 2014, Shelby Putt from Illinois State University and her team investigated how individuals learn to create tools, exposing 24 volunteers either to expert instructions or to direct demonstrations while occasionally engaging their attention. Surprisingly, both approaches proved effective, indicating that intricate tool-making may not rely on verbal language.

This does not imply that Putt views language and tool-making as entirely disconnected. She posits that creating complex tools required individuals to structure their thoughts and organize them to achieve their task. She asserts that this ability led to an expansion of brain regions associated with working memory, enabling easier mental manipulation of concepts.

Nonetheless, Putt suggests that humans utilized these cognitive frameworks to devise language, enhancing communication and potentially increasing survival odds.

All these scenarios presume that language functions fundamentally as a communication tool among individuals. However, an alternative perspective on the evolution of language emphasizes the ways it aids individuals in organizing their thoughts when confronted with complex tasks.

Some, including prominent linguist Noam Chomsky, argue that this may have driven language evolution, suggesting it had no relation to tool-making. These researchers propose that language emerged approximately 70,000 years ago, possibly due to random genetic mutations that reconfigured brain circuitry.

Ultimately, the origins of language remain a subject of debate. If Chomsky and his associates are correct, the development of language was less about magic and more about fortunate circumstances.

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Vera Rubin Observatory Uncovers Thousands of New Asteroids

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qgq2lcpkifg

Countless unique asteroids traverse the solar system, amidst millions of distant stars and galaxies captured in the inaugural images released by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.

“These stunning galaxies were photogenically disrupted by asteroids,” noted Željko Ivezić during a press briefing on June 23rd at Washington University in Seattle, presenting images that showcase several asteroids zipping past two spiral-armed galaxies.

Within just 10 hours of observing the night sky, the telescope, positioned in the pristine atmosphere atop a mountain in the Chilean desert, detected 2,104 previously unknown asteroids. Among these, seven have trajectories that come close to Earth, yet none poses a threat, according to Ivezic.

Researchers identified and tracked newly discovered asteroids in images taken over 10 hours

NSF-DOE VERA C. RUBIN OBSERVATORY

Although telescopes are not primarily designed to detect near-Earth objects, they are intended for a comprehensive study of the universe over a decade. However, their features are also conducive to spotting asteroids. “You need to survey the sky rapidly with a vast field of view,” Ivezic explained.

Asteroids were identified by scrutinizing areas of the sky and noting what was in motion. In the composite image shown by Ivezić during the briefing, the asteroids appeared as colored streaks against the backdrop of brighter objects in deeper space. This enhances our understanding of the neighboring celestial bodies. “We weren’t surprised,” he said. “There’s an impressive simulation.”

Throughout a decade-long research initiative, the telescope is anticipated to identify around 5 million new asteroids, surpassing the total discovered in previous centuries.

Asteroids are marked with a colored dot in front of an image of a galaxy visible in the southern sky

NSF-DOE VERA C. RUBIN OBSERVATORY Copyright: NSF-DOE VERA C. Rubin Observatory

The new detections are reported daily to the US Minor Planet Center, which analyzes orbital paths and identifies objects that could threaten Earth. “In under 24 hours, the world will be informed about potentially hazardous objects,” Ivezic stated.

Matthew Payne from the Minor Planet Center remarked that it’s estimated only 40% of close Earth objects capable of posing a threat have been discovered. An exponential increase in detections from the Vera Rubin Observatory will hasten the identification of the remaining objects.

A substantial rise in observations of other solar system entities—from main belt asteroids between Mars and Jupiter to objects further out beyond Neptune—is anticipated to offer fresh insights into our immediate cosmic neighborhood. “It’s expected to truly revolutionize solar system science,” Payne concluded.

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The Mouse with Two Dads Welcomes Its First Offspring

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Adult male mouse with two fathers and possessing their own offspring

Yang Chang Wei

For the first time, male mice with two fathers have successfully produced offspring. This significant advancement paves the way for the possibility of two men having a genetically related child, although there are still numerous obstacles to overcome before this could be realized in people.

Yang Chang Wei in Shanghai, China, achieved this by merging two sperm cells with eggs stripped of their nucleus. The research team also reprogrammed seven areas of sperm DNA through a process called epigenome editing to facilitate embryo development.

Out of 259 embryos transferred to female mice, only two male offspring survived and grew, highlighting the low success rates. After mating with a female, both offspring were found to be descendants of the father, exhibiting normal size, weight, and appearance.

Generating a mouse with two fathers has proven far more challenging than producing one with two mothers. The initial report of a viable mouse with two mothers, named Kaguya, surfaced in 2004.

While Kaguya was genetically modified, Wei and his team successfully created similar paternalless mice in 2022 utilizing only epigenome editing without altering DNA sequences. This method was also instrumental in developing motherless mice.

The birth of mammals with two fathers or mothers is notably significant due to the concept of imprinting, which occurs as most animals possess two sets of chromosomes.

During the formation of eggs and sperm, chemical markers are applied to these chromosomes, activating certain genes while deactivating others. These alterations are termed “epigenetic” because they do not modify the actual DNA sequence, yet they can influence gene expression during cell division.

Crucially, the epigenetic programming of mothers differs from that of fathers; genes marked “active” in sperm may be marked “inactive” in eggs, and vice versa.

This discrepancy means that if an egg contains two sets of paternal chromosomes or maternal chromosomes, it will struggle to develop correctly. A gene that should be turned on in one chromosome could become overactive if only one copy of both is present or if both copies are included.

In Kaguya’s scenario, researchers managed this issue by removing some genes, normalizing overall gene activity. However, creating a mouse with two fathers necessitates additional alterations.

Earlier this year, a different team from China managed to produce mice with two fathers after implementing 20 genetic modifications to standardize gene activity, but these mice exhibited neither full health nor fertility.

Although modifying gene activity through genetic alterations aids in researching imprinting in laboratory animals, it remains unpalatable for human application, especially considering the unknown implications of genetic modifications.

For their epigenetic approach, Wei and his team employed modified versions of the CRISPR protein, typically utilized for gene editing. These modified proteins, like standard CRISPR versions, are designed to locate specific sites in the genome. When these sites are identified, the modified proteins can add or remove epigenetic labels without altering the DNA itself.

This research marks a significant breakthrough. Helen O’Neill, University College London, stated, “We confirm that genome imprinting is the primary barrier to mammalian reproduction overnight and demonstrate that it can be surpassed.”

Since this technique does not involve direct genetic modification, it may, in theory, allow same-sex couples to have genetically related children. However, a considerably higher success rate is necessary before such a method can be deemed acceptable for human use. “While this study on producing offspring from same-sex parents is encouraging, it is unlikely to translate to humans due to the vast number of eggs required, the large pool of surrogate women necessary, and the low success rate,” explained Christoph Galichet from the Sainsbury Welcome Centre in the UK.

The low success rate can be attributed to various factors. Firstly, merging the two sperm cells resulted in some embryos containing two Y chromosomes, leading to underdevelopment. Additionally, for effective epigenome editing, all seven targeted sites in the embryo must be successfully modified, and there might have been off-target effects in some instances.

It’s plausible that animal success rates and health could be enhanced by modifying more than seven sites; however, these modifications likely wouldn’t be applicable to human use, considering the differing sites that require changes in humans compared to mice.

If a human baby were to be conceived using this method, the mitochondria within the cell—containing a small amount of DNA—would originate from the egg donor, essentially making it three contributing genetic sources.

In 2023, a Japanese team reported the birth of a mouse puppy with two fathers through a distinct method involving the conversion of mouse stem cells into eggs. However, it remains uncertain whether the puppies thrived into adulthood, and no successful attempts have yet been made to transform human stem cells into eggs.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Science of Friendship: Unlocking Ways to Enhance Your Life

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Building strong friendships may seem like a natural process—finding joy in each other’s presence, sharing laughter, and bonding over common interests. However, the unspoken dynamics of different types of friendships can often be complex. Recent research has shed light on the significance of these relationships in our overall happiness. Yet, there are strategies for nurturing meaningful connections.

This article is a part of our special series that explores how experts view some of the most intriguing concepts in science. Click here for additional information.

Jeffrey Hall, Director of the Relationships and Technology Labs at the University of Kansas, is among the researchers examining ways to cultivate friendships. He suggests viewing friendships as a spectrum—from mere acquaintances to our closest confidants who remain by our side.

“The fundamental requirement is mutual liking and a communication frequency that allows the relationship to develop,” he states. “Trust and a sense of safety in sharing secrets are expected, along with prioritizing each other above others.”

Time invested in a friendship is crucial, as highlighted by Hall’s research. In a series of studies, he had participants recently relocated to a new city map out their social lives. He found that individuals must spend about 57-164 hours with someone before they are deemed “friends,” while developing “good” or “best” friendships typically requires around 200 hours together.

The quality of time spent together is also vital. “Engaging in daily activities—eating, drinking, playing, exploring—helps cement these bonds because we want to share those moments with them,” says Hall, co-author of the upcoming book Social Biome, which delves into these themes. Conversely, being compelled to interact through work or study does little to foster genuine friendships.

It’s common to find ourselves gravitating toward individuals who share common traits. Over the last decade, anthropologist Robin Dunbar from Oxford University identified seven key attributes in “pillars of friendship.” These pillars represent deep connections stemming from shared language, culture, education, career experiences, interests, worldviews, humor, and musical tastes.

He notes that we may share only one or two of these pillars with around 150 people we identify as friends, while only five close companions and about six to seven truly good friends exist in our lives, as mentioned in his book Friends: Understanding the Influence of Our Most Important Relationships.

Interestingly, friends may even share similar brain activity patterns. In a 2018 study, Carolyn Parkinson at UCLA had students watch a series of videos in an fMRI scanner. The results showed that she could predict friendships based on similarities in their brain responses to the clips, indicating that closer friends often have synchronized neural activity.

As discussed in my book, Connection Law, Parkinson’s research explores the concept of shared reality. This idea suggests that having a mutual perspective on the world enhances relationships. “These individuals focus on similar aspects of life and share similar emotional responses to their experiences,” she notes.

Can these connections exist digitally? Hall believes they can. “Communicating via phone or video with loved ones is likely just as beneficial as in-person interactions,” he asserts. “Creating regular opportunities for digital communication can help maintain and enrich these relationships.”

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Why Physicists Believe Geometry Holds the Key to All Theories

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Can you envision the impression a 4D hexagon might create as it travels through a 3D kitchen table? It might seem implausible, yet some individuals can perceive it.

One such individual was mathematician Alicia Bourstott, daughter of logician George Bourg. In the early 20th century, she devised models of shapes while moving through three-dimensional objects. Years later, when mathematicians could verify her work with computer programs, they found that Stott had an uncanny ability to accurately depict these shapes.

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For many of us, geometry recalls images of pencils, rulers, triangles, and circles. It evokes the complex questions posed in school involving parallel lines and angles. However, as Boole Stott’s experience illustrates, scholars have been expanding the scope of geometry for some time.

Geometry can transcend the conventional realm of 2D and 3D shapes. A prime example is Albert Einstein’s theory of gravity, known as general relativity, which intertwines with time to form a four-dimensional stage where the universe unfolds.

Moreover, geometry can also explore dimensions that defy physical reality. Take meteorology, for example. Atmospheric data encompasses multiple “dimensions” such as latitude, longitude, temperature, pressure, wind speed, and more.

Researchers visualize these dimensions as shapes extending into higher dimensions, aiding in understanding atmospheric behavior. “From this, we can implement mathematical models to explain what occurs. [those properties] In numerous dimensions,” states mathematician Snezana Lawrence of Middlesex University in London.

For theoretical physicists, extra dimensions appear to be essential for a complete understanding of the universe, with some suggesting that our reality might be a “projection” from a higher dimension. While this idea might sound peculiar, under certain simplified assumptions, physicists can perform calculations related to fundamental particles and black holes.

Some physicists have even proposed the concept of “all theories,” a curious geometric idea that may lead to a unified explanation of the universe and everything within it. One of these concepts is the “amplituhedron,” introduced by Jaroslav Trnka from the University of California, Davis, and Nima Arkani Hamed at the Institute for Advanced Study in New Jersey. Imagine it as an abstract, multidimensional crystal that offers an alternative perspective on the fundamentals of particle physics.

Another concept is “causal dynamic triangulation,” developed by Renate Roll at Radboud University in the Netherlands. This approach stitches together various geometric shapes to craft an explanation of space-time that seems to embody characteristics of both quantum mechanics and general relativity—two concepts that are traditionally seen as incompatible. She asserts that it serves as a testable reflection of both abstract geometric theories and true properties of the universe, as observed in the cosmic microwave background radiation.

Neither of these ideas has yet been universally accepted in all theories. However, some believe that a fresh perspective on physics is essential for progress. There is a growing consensus that this perspective may be expressed through the language of geometry. While the truth of this notion remains to be seen, it is evident that geometry encompasses far more than just hexagons.

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How Symbiosis Shaped Our Planet and Why It Holds the Key to Our Future

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In the initial two billion years of Earth’s existence, our planet was dominated by a combination of bacteria and their relatives, the Archaea. This period can be described as “slimeball Earth,” marked by a critical merger that shaped the future of life on our planet.

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One of these ancient cells engulfed a bacterial cell, and remarkably, the bacterium survived. Together, they replicated, leading the engulfed bacteria to evolve into mitochondria, which serve as the energy source for these early cells.

Nick Lane from University College London discovered that mitochondria enabled these cells to express an extraordinary 200,000 times more genes, fostering growth and the emergence of varied life forms. This new combination eventually evolved into complex eukaryotic cells, resulting in nearly every organism observable without a microscope, including humans.

Coexistence is fundamental to our existence, a factor that continues to sustain us today. Over 80% of terrestrial plant species engage in symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi, which provide essential nutrients while plants supply the fungi with carbohydrates. Without this interaction, oxygen as we know it would be nonexistent. The soil itself is a product of symbiosis among fungi, bacteria, and plants—an ecological partnership that took root when life transitioned from sea to land roughly 500 million years ago.

When many think of “symbiosis,” they often envision entities coexisting peacefully, like the clownfish and anemone or the vibrant ecosystems of coral reefs. Lichens, too, symbolize the intimate connections among distinct life kingdoms. Generally, we perceive symbiosis as a benevolent arrangement characterized by mutual benefit.

However, experts suggest viewing symbiotic relationships on a spectrum, ranging from parasitism to mutualism. Katie Field from the University of Sheffield, UK, points out that reciprocity isn’t always altruistic; partners often give in hopes of future benefits.

To illustrate this spectrum, consider the diverse strategies employed by orchids. Their minuscule seeds contain very few resources and must parasitize mycorrhizal fungi to access the sugars and nutrients needed for germination. As they develop leaves, some species begin to establish a more reciprocal relationship with the fungus, shifting from parasitism to mutual benefit.

Conversely, older orchids might provide sustenance for younger ones, while certain species may remain parasitic indefinitely, never developing photosynthetic leaves. “There’s a whole cycle of different stages of symbiotic interactions,” Field remarks.

Another significant perspective on symbiosis is its potential as a key to a sustainable future. Leguminous plants such as pulses, beans, and lentils utilize symbiotic bacteria to convert atmospheric nitrogen into fertilizer. Recent studies indicate that these plants have adapted mechanisms from existing cellular structures for this purpose.

This revelation could pave the way for other crops, notably grains like wheat and corn—staples that account for half of human caloric intake—to produce their fertilizers. Giles Oldroyd from the Crop Science Center at Cambridge University is exploring this avenue, with hopes of significantly reducing the reliance on chemical fertilizers in agriculture.

Oldroyd is conducting field trials using modified crops to harness the power of symbiosis, with a clear mission to minimize the use of chemical fertilizers. “I’m committed to this goal,” he states.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Quasiparticles: Profound Insights into the Nature of Reality

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

koto_feja/Getty Images

Traditionally, we envision particles as tangible objects—tiny, point-like entities with specific properties like position and velocity. In reality, however, particles are energetic fluctuations within an underlying field that fills the universe, and they cannot be directly observed. This concept can be quite perplexing.

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Furthermore, there exists a layer of complexity due to quasiparticles, which arise from intricate interactions among the “fundamental” particles found in solids, liquids, and plasma. These quasiparticles possess fascinating properties of proximity, suggesting the potential for exotic new materials and techniques, challenging our established notions of particles.

“When discussing what particles are, the topic can become quite convoluted,” states Douglas Natelson from Rice University in Houston, Texas. He describes quasiparticles as “excitations in a material that exhibit many characteristics associated with particles.” They can have relatively well-defined positions and velocities and can carry charge and energy. So why aren’t they considered actual particles?

The answer lies in their existence. Natelson likens this to fans performing “waves” in a stadium. “We can observe the waves and think, ‘Look! There’s a wave, it’s of a certain size, moving at a specific speed.’ But those waves are essentially a collective phenomenon, resulting from the actions of all the fans present.”

To create a quasiparticle, physicists often manipulate materials like metal substrates subjecting them to extreme temperatures, pressures, or magnetic fields. Subsequently, they study the collective behavior of the intrinsic particles.

One intriguing phenomenon recognized in the 1940s involved a “hole,” which describes a lack of negative electrons that should normally be present. By analyzing these holes as if they were independent entities, researchers were able to develop semiconductors that power modern laptops and smartphones.

“Essentially, modern electronics hinge on both electrons and holes,” remarks Leon Balents from the University of California, Santa Barbara. “We continuously utilize these quasiparticles.”

Over the years, we have uncovered an entire spectrum of exotic quasiparticles. Magnons emerge from spin waves, a fundamental quantum property related to magnetism. Cooper pairs, present at low temperatures, can transmit charge without resistance in superconductors. The list expands, continually growing as physicists predict and observe peculiar new types with strange names, such as pi tons, fractures, and even wrinkles.

Among the more thrilling discoveries is the non-Abelian anyon. Unlike typical particles, these quasiparticles possess the ability to retain memory of how they were altered.

The practicality of these quasiparticles remains uncertain, according to Balents. Nonetheless, major companies like Microsoft have heavily invested in research involving quasiparticles.

The ongoing investigation raises fundamental questions about particle nature itself. If quasiparticles exhibit particle-like characteristics, one must consider whether the “fundamental” particles (e.g., electrons, photons, quarks) might emerge from a more profound underlying framework.

“Are what we classify as fundamental particles truly elementary, or could they be quasiparticles arising from more basic fundamental theories?” ponders Natelson. “An eternally looming question.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Orcas Cleansing Each Other with Bits of Kelp

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Killer whales demonstrate strong social interactions

Shutterstock/Tory Kallman

Orcas off the coast of North America have been observed engaging in a unique behavior, grooming each other with kelp—showcasing an intriguing instance of marine mammals utilizing tools.

For several years now, scientists have closely monitored a population of 80 endangered killer whales in the Pacific region between British Columbia and Washington. Researchers employed drones to capture a bird’s-eye view of these whales’ activities.

Since analyzing the footage from summer 2024, they have noted Orcas manipulating kelp chains in a peculiar manner. “It’s quite strange,” states Rachel John from the Whale Research Center in Washington, “but whales are known for their quirky behaviors.”

The footage reveals Orcas snapping off kelp stems at the seabed by using their teeth and rocking back and forth on their heads. The segments they break off are approximately the length of their beak-like snout. Remarkably, the Orcas consistently target specific parts of the kelp rather than randomly selecting pieces.

After breaking the kelp, the whales rub it between their heads and the sides of their pod mates, taking turns to groom each other for extended periods—sometimes lasting up to 12 minutes.

“What’s fascinating is that they lack appendages like hands, so they accomplish this using deliberate body movements,” adds John.

Known as “kelping,” this behavior, observed among Orcas, could be a social variation of existing grooming habits. “The social bonds in this group are exceptionally strong, and physical contact is a known way to reinforce these ties,” explains John.

This behavior was observed across all ages and genders within the pod, with the data suggesting that whales of similar ages were more likely to engage in this “kelping” behavior together. Importantly, it may serve as a form of hygiene, says John. The team found that Orcas were more inclined to scrub each other with kelp if they had any skin issues.

While it’s premature to ascertain any health benefits from this behavior, Olaf Meynecke from Griffith University in Australia expresses interest in having researchers compare the skin bacteria of Orcas with kelp properties to identify any correlations.

“It makes perfect sense that they would explore what resources the oceans provide to mitigate skin infections,” comments Meynecke. He believes this behavior may be prevalent among other Orca pods as well as various whale species.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Orcas Might Be Capable of Tool Use with a Bit of Kelp from a Companion

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The killer whale populations in the southern regions are critically endangered and are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act. Currently, their population averages around 73 years. These creatures are highly social, forming close-knit family groups led by their mothers and grandmothers.

Each whale receives a tracking number from the Whale Research Center and is meticulously monitored by researchers, photographers, and whale watchers.

According to Giles, “I would argue that this is the most studied whale population globally, regardless of species, due to the extensive research conducted over the last 50 years.”

What led to this remarkable behavior going unnoticed by researchers for decades?

The issue lay in their perspective.

Weiss remarked, “This behavior is truly inexplicable. It’s predominantly underwater, with approximately two feet of kelp wedged between the two animals.”

Recently, researchers have begun utilizing drones to observe whales from the sky. As drone technology has advanced, so too has the quality of the data gathered.

“A major breakthrough during the 2024 field season was our acquisition of a new drone,” Weiss revealed.

He mentioned that researchers first noticed a whale nudging another whale’s horn in April, followed by about 15 minutes of them rubbing against each other.

Once this unusual behavior was recognized, its occurrence began to increase significantly.

“We started observing it frequently. At least one whale exhibits this behavior every day when we fly the drone,” Weiss said.

Researchers believe this behavior may have been ongoing all along.

Giles noted, “We simply lacked the appropriate perspective. This behavior may have existed since ancient times. We’ve only scratched the surface of understanding these animals.”

For years, Southern resident whales have been at the forefront of conservation efforts. The Marine Mammals Commission reports that these whales face numerous threats, such as decreased prey availability, toxic pollution, and disturbances from ship noise. Studies indicate that without urgent intervention, Southern resident killer whales could face extinction.

Weiss emphasized that these new insights highlight the necessity of protecting the species.

“Through these discoveries, I’ve realized that the later stages of our study present even more to uncover, and we must ensure their survival to learn it,” he stated. “This isn’t just a group of 73 whales; it’s a distinct culture and society. These whales possess a rich array of traditions that trace back thousands of years.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Star Flares May Obstruct Search for Life in Promising Star Systems

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of TRAPPIST-1, a red dwarf star with at least seven orbiting planets

Mark Garlick/Alamy

Investigating the atmosphere surrounding the TRAPPIST-1 star system, one of the most promising locations in the galaxy, may prove even more challenging for astronomers than previously anticipated due to sporadic radiation bursts emitted by the stars.

First identified in 2016, TRAPPIST-1 is a diminutive red star located about 40 light years from Earth and is known to orbit at least seven planets. Several of these planets are situated within habitable zones that could support liquid water, making them prime candidates for astronomers searching for signs of extraterrestrial life.

For life to be sustainable, these planets must retain an atmosphere. Up to now, extensive observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have shown no signs of atmospheres on any of the planets.

Now, Julien DeWitt from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his team have detected minor bursts emanating from TRAPPIST-1 for several minutes each hour. These radiation surges seem to complicate the planets’ capacity to capture light filtering through their atmospheres — if they exist — which is essential for determining the chemical makeup of any atmosphere.

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, DeWitt and his team searched for specific ultraviolet wavelengths from TRAPPIST-1 that would be absorbed by hydrogen. If a planet detected this light more than anticipated while transiting in front of the star, it could suggest that hydrogen was escaping from its atmosphere.

Although they found no definitive evidence, significant variabilities in different observations hint that extra light is being emitted at certain times. Hubble data can be divided into 5-minute increments, showing that this additional light is fleeting. DeWitt and his team deduce that these must be microflares — akin to solar flares from our sun, but occurring more frequently.

TRAPPIST-1 is quite faint, requiring astronomers to observe for extended periods to gather enough light. “Furthermore, there’s this flaring activity, which coincides with the timing of the transiting planets,” DeWitt states. “It’s particularly difficult to draw any conclusive insights regarding the existence of [atmospheres on the exoplanets],” he adds.

DeWitt and his colleagues also assessed whether these flares could impede a planet’s ability to retain its atmosphere. They found that one planet, TRAPPIST-1b, which the James Webb Space Telescope had already failed to detect atmospheric evidence for, could lose an equivalent of 1,000 times the hydrogen found in Earth’s oceans every million years. However, it’s often challenging to pinpoint which of these flares actually impact the planet. DeWitt suggests many uncertainties and various scenarios still need exploration.

Such stars can exhibit varying activity levels, but TRAPPIST-1 appears to be experiencing a more active phase, states Ekaterina Ilin from the Dutch Institute of Radio Astronomy. “This outcome isn’t completely unexpected or otherworldly; it’s just unfortunate. It’s more active than we had hoped,” she remarks. “In a way, it adds new layers to interpreting these flares, especially if you consider them.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Deceptive Warmth: How Volcanic Activity Influenced the Past

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Geologists have identified rocks that originated in the deep sea during the early Jurassic era, around 180 million years ago, indicating a deficiency of oxygen in the ocean. These rocks were enriched with carbon atoms, specifically Carbon 12 compared to heavier carbon atoms, known as Carbon-13. Carbon-13 is denser than Carbon-12 due to having an additional neutron. Atoms belonging to the same element but with varying neutron counts are referred to as Isotopes, and the decrease in the ratio of carbon-13 to carbon-12 in rock samples is termed Negative carbon isotope distal.

Previous studies have demonstrated that during the early Jurassic, the release of photocarbon 12 into the atmosphere led to a doubling of carbon dioxide levels and an increase in ocean temperatures by 5°C, equivalent to about 9°F. This warming event is known as the Toarcian Marine Anoxia Event.

Sadly, the specific triggers for this carbon 12 release remain unclear, as there is no defined timeline for the Toarcian events. Previous estimates suggested that rock sections exhibiting low carbon isotopic ratios spanned between 300,000 to 1.5 million years. This uncertainty complicates comparisons between Toarcian warming events and more contemporary warming occurrences. Consequently, an international research team recently employed a high-precision dating technique to ascertain the exact duration of these events.

The team analyzed the Sakuradani tick section in the Tab Basin, Japan. During the early Jurassic, this region was accumulating sediment, including mud, sand, and organic matter near the coastline. The section, approximately 90 meters thick (or about 300 feet), contained layers with negative carbonate isotopic distals. Within the slope, these layers extend from around 33 meters deep to 45 meters deep.

Researchers also identified three layers of rock formed from volcanic ash both above and below the layer containing distal carbon isotopes. The upper ash layer is located about 16 meters within the rock section, while the lower ash layer can be found at approximately 49 and 51 meters. The researchers utilized volcanic ash minerals to accurately date the crystallization age of the layers. They reported that the volcanic ash layers are approximately 182.3 million, 182.5 million, and 182.9 million years old, from youngest to oldest.

These observations indicate that 62 meters (approximately 200 feet) of rock between the ash layers accumulated over a span of 400,000 years. Considering the sediment volume deposited during this time, the researchers concluded that the rock sections with distal carbon isotopes required more than 300,000 years to develop. They estimated that the duration of the Toarcian marine anoxic events was significantly shorter than earlier assumptions, lasting less than 417,000 years, with a minimum duration of 169,000 years.

With this information, the team sought to connect the Toarcian warming event and the associated carbon isotope distal to its source. They hypothesized that the event was at least partially related to volcanic activity during the early Jurassic period, which altered the composition of the surface rocks. This surge of magma to the surface could have caused the rocks to emit carbon dioxide and methane, leading to a rise in global temperatures and releasing 12 photocarbons.

The researchers concluded that volcanic activity was likely responsible for the marine anoxia events during the Toarcian period. They noted that earlier scientists had proposed volcanic mechanisms for other warming events of a similar nature. They recommend that future studies explore the direct impacts of the marine anaerobic events during the Toarcian and quantify the extent of carbon release that occurred.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Why Does Stopping a Phone Burglar Seem So Difficult?

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

London is a phone theft hotspot

Jeff Blackler/Shutterstock

Even if you haven’t experienced smartphone theft personally, you likely know someone who has. Last year alone, 80,000 mobile phones were reported stolen in London. For those affected, losing a costly device can feel devastating, and navigating the tedious process of replacing it, which holds all your vital information, can be frustrating. So, what can be done to prevent phone theft and better safeguard your personal data?

The explanation involves various factors, including how criminals exploit stolen phones, alongside the failure of tech companies focused on user-friendly designs over security measures, and the lack of coordinated international strategies. In short, it’s a multifaceted issue.

Some victims have expressed frustration with the police for their perceived lack of action against phone thieves. NAV Dugmore, who hails from Wolverhampton, England, had her iPhone snatched just moments after she exited Euston Station in London. “Honestly, it hurt me,” she recalls. “We need better systems to deter them from using stolen phones. I think the police could do more.”

The Metropolitan Police informed her that other thefts had occurred in the same vicinity recently, admitting that the chances of recovery were “nonexistent.” Although Dugmore activated face recognition on her phone, it was unlocked when the thief grabbed it, allowing them to quickly spend £300 at various London stores. The most painful loss for her was a photo of her three young children that wasn’t backed up.

When a phone like Dugmore’s is stolen, it enters a grim cycle with multiple potential fates. The simplest scenario for thieves is to sell the phone, frequently exporting it to other countries. Some may also sell the devices for parts at non-official repair shops. According to Daniel Green, a police inspector in London, the thief was connected to a gang that ships the stolen devices out of the country.

More elaborate crimes can occur as well, such as removing SIM cards to disguise the phone’s identity and using another mobile to access text messages, emails, and websites that require two-factor authentication. This can be somewhat mitigated by setting up a PIN on the SIM card, yet this requires action before theft occurs.

Thieves mainly target unsecured phones, but even safeguarding your device with a PIN isn’t foolproof, warns James O’Sullivan, who runs an app called Nuke, designed to assist those whose phones have been stolen. Thieves might simply observe you enter your PIN or employ clever tactics to outsmart your security measures. For instance, if you trigger and then cancel the emergency SOS feature on an iPhone, access via face or fingerprint recognition is temporarily disabled, necessitating a PIN entry the next time. A skilled thief could document you while you unwittingly do this, preparing to capture the input after reclaiming the phone.

Unlocked devices expand the criminals’ possibilities. Thieves can access online banking apps and cryptocurrency wallets, even scamming the victim’s friends and family for emergency funds. They can also share fraudulent links through social media, fishing for further login information and private data.

What measures can we take? At least the UK government acknowledges the issue. In the latter half of last year, they initiated a crackdown aimed at pressuring smartphone manufacturers to permanently disable stolen devices. They also pledged to conduct research aimed at understanding the dynamics of phone theft and devising solutions.

In theory, technology exists to render stolen phones useless. Each device carries a unique IMEI code, allowing reported stolen codes to be blocked on mobile networks. However, blocked phones can still access the internet through Wi-Fi. For years, the Met Police has urged tech firms to enhance protocols to restrict access to cloud services on stolen phones, making them less desirable to thieves. So far, both Apple and Google have not complied.

This also becomes problematic when trying to enforce restrictions across countries, similar to IMEI blocks. Green hopes that manufacturers will create permanent kill switches to effectively eliminate the incentive for phone theft altogether. “I don’t know if that’s a problem for them,” he remarks. “We need to push more. We’re trying to pick up the pieces on the sidelines, which is a tall order.”

Jordan Hare, a former digital forensics expert with law enforcement now working for private security firm S-RM, states that many phones already possess security features capable of thwarting the most determined criminals. For instance, certain devices will lock automatically if they detect sudden movements, such as being grabbed by a thief.

The issue arises because many of these protective measures are disabled by default. Hare emphasizes that companies design for user convenience, often at the expense of security awareness. “Opting in for these features doesn’t benefit the average consumer, who may not even know they exist,” he explains. “An opt-out approach where users are informed that certain settings are enabled and why they should remain on would be far more effective.”

Meanwhile, other admirable security features, like locating your phone via a web browser, fall short in practicality. If the phone is tracked far from its original location, there’s little a police officer can do without extensive paperwork for search warrants.

Dugmore experienced this firsthand with her stolen iPhone. “The last known location was about ten miles from where my phone was taken,” she recounts. “The police indicated that they wouldn’t be able to retrieve it.” When approached for comment, the Metropolitan Police told New Scientist: “Unfortunately, the investigation couldn’t progress due to the lack of CCTV in the area. We’re aware of the victim’s concerns.”

Most prominent smartphone manufacturers, including New Scientist Samsung, Xiaomi, and Google, did not respond. However, Apple did provide a statement.

“For more than a decade, we’ve been actively addressing this issue through hardware, software, and customer support,” an Apple representative stated. “We are committed to investing in industry-leading tools and features designed to empower users against theft,” although they did not clarify why some security features aren’t activated by default.

Ultimately, preventing smartphone theft hinges on ensuring manufacturers remove any appeal that criminals might find in stolen devices. They possess the capability to control hardware and software, developing features that could entirely secure your phone, its applications, and components against misuse or resale. However, O’Sullivan asserts that it doesn’t appear to be a priority. “To be candid, stolen phones generate considerable profit for those selling new devices.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Captivating First Image Reveals the Power of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Trifid (top right) and Lagoon (center) nebula view from Vera C. Rubin Observatory

NSF-DOEVERA C. Rubin Observatory

The stunning pink and blue regions of this stellar nursery, along with dense clusters of surrounding galaxies, mark the initial insights from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddz8piolnqc

These images were crafted from about 10 hours of observations atop Chile’s Celopachen Mountain, serving as tests to illustrate the types of captures Rubin can produce. The telescope’s extensive mission to monitor the night sky, recognized as a legacy study of space and time, is set to commence later this year.

The initial image (above) showcases the Trifid Nebula, a striking pink and blue formation located in the upper right corner, where numerous young stars emerge from a star-forming region. At the image’s center lies the Lagoon Nebula, a large expanse of interstellar gas and dust. To create this visual, astronomers amalgamated 678 individual photographs taken by Rubin over a span of seven hours.

A close-up of the full Virgo cluster as seen from Vera C. Rubin Observatory

NSF-DOEVERA C. Rubin Observatory

The subsequent image focuses on the Virgo cluster, a composition of thousands of galaxies recognized by astronomers for ages. While the brightest members are visible through a basic telescope, Rubin’s detailed capture presents the entire cluster and its surrounding galaxies. For a more comprehensive view, check out the full zoom-out image showcased in the video below, which reveals around 10 million galaxies.

These represent only 0.5% of the 20 billion galaxies that Rubin will observe throughout its lifespan, assisting in unraveling the enigmas of dark matter and exploring the potential for a mysterious ninth planet within our solar system.

Observatory photos will be unveiled during the live stream today at 4 PM (11 AM EDT).

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Source: www.newscientist.com