Enhance Your Brain Detox: Effective Tips for Strengthening the Glymphatic System

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

When neurons in the brain are active, they generate waste products.

Credit: Nick Veasey/Science Photo Library/Alamy

X-ray image of a skull showing a colored brain and neurons — When neurons in the brain are active, they generate waste products.

Credit: Nick Veasey/Science Photo Library/Alamy

As we embrace the joy of the Christmas season, many are already thinking about detox plans for the new year, such as reducing movie watching or cutting back on alcohol. This leads to an interesting query: can we apply similar detox methods to our brains? After the festivities, how can we clear away any cognitive clutter?

The brain is naturally equipped to detoxify itself daily, flushing out accumulated metabolic waste that could be harmful. But can we assist in this vital process, potentially shielding ourselves from age-related cognitive decline and dementia?

Let’s delve into the glymphatic system, a newly uncovered pathway responsible for detoxification. This system effectively “sucks” away undesirable proteins and waste from the spaces between neurons, channeling them into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

“CSF circulates much like water in a dishwasher,” explains Maha Alattar from Virginia Commonwealth University.

This fluid systematically drains waste into lymph nodes, eventually allowing it to exit the body through the veins.

While the connection between the glymphatic and lymphatic systems is still not fully understood, researchers are increasingly focused on ways to optimize the glymphatic process. Enhancing this system could prove pivotal in combating cognitive decline and promoting healthy aging. Accumulation of metabolic waste in the brain is linked to symptoms such as declining cognitive function, increasing the risk of dementia and expediting Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

“The glymphatic system is fascinating,” says Nandakumar Narayanan from the University of Iowa Health Care. “Numerous innovative research efforts aim to better understand and quantify glymphatic functions, shedding light on human health and disease.”

Enhancing the Brain’s Waste Removal System

Are there ways we can enhance this waste disposal mechanism? Recent studies indicate that lifestyle changes may significantly impact its efficiency.

“The most proven method to boost glymphatic clearance is sleep,” notes Dr. Lila Landovsky from the University of Tasmania.

The glymphatic system is predominantly inactive during waking hours but reaches peak activity during sleep. For instance, in mice, CSF flow surges by about 60% while they sleep, enabling the removal of beta-amyloid, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

Though studies have yet to definitively establish that glymphatic activation directly prevents dementia, “the hypothesis is strengthened by evident links between factors that impair glymphatic clearance—such as sleep disturbances and sedentary behavior—and an increased risk for neurodegenerative conditions,” states Landowski.

The position in which we sleep could also affect glymphatic function. In 2015, Helen Benveniste and her team found that sleeping on one’s side improved glymphatic clearance in mice more effectively than sleeping on the back or stomach. While this has not yet been tested in humans, many types of dementia show strong associations with sleep disorders, suggesting sleep positions may be important in our fight against dementia.

Additional Strategies to Enhance Brain Detox

Emerging evidence suggests that other lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise, may also bolster glymphatic function. In April, a study involving 37 adults highlighted that only participants who completed a 12-week stationary cycling program experienced noticeable increases in glymphatic drainage, as observed through brain imaging.

“Research in mice indicates that glymphatic clearance can roughly double after five weeks of regular exercise in comparison to sedentary mice,” says Landowski. “However, short-term studies in mice have yet to be performed.”

Further examination of the glymphatic system may uncover additional methods to enhance its function. Lymphatic vessels connected to CSF are located deep in the neck, making direct manipulation challenging, but researchers led by Ko Young Gu at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology have identified another lymphatic network directly beneath the skin of monkeys and mice’s facial and neck areas.

In experiments, gentle downward stroking of the face and neck in mice tripled CSF flow, effectively rejuvenating older animals’ flow to a more youthful state.

Similar vessels have been detected in human cadavers, suggesting that facial and neck massages could potentially enhance CSF flow, aiding in glymphatic clearance. Nonetheless, more research is needed to substantiate these claims and verify whether this enhanced flow can shield against neurodegenerative disorders.

Promising Evidence Supporting Yoga and Breathing Techniques

One exercise that should not be overlooked is yoga breathing. Hamid Jalillian from the University of California, Irvine, notes that diaphragmatic breathing has robust evidence supporting its ability to increase CSF velocity, effectively activating a glymphatic “rinse cycle.”

Diaphragmatic breathing is characterized by keeping the chest relatively still while moving the abdomen outward and lowering the diaphragm as you inhale through your nose. Conclude the cycle by exhaling through pursed lips while retracting your belly.

Unexplored Potential

Despite the enthusiasm surrounding the glymphatic system, our comprehension of its intricate workings is still developing. Not everyone is convinced we possess enough knowledge to prescribe specific interventions at this time. “We are far from being able to accurately predict how a specific intervention, like exercise, will influence the glymphatic system. There are limited studies in both mice and small human populations, but nothing large-scale and conclusive,” cautions Narayanan.

Nevertheless, there is a sense of optimism. “The potential is immense, but these studies require meticulous and thorough execution,” he concludes.

For now, I’ll concentrate on essential routines—prioritizing quality sleep and regular exercise. These habits are crucial for overall health, but should glymphatic research hold true, they may soon play an even more critical role in keeping my brain clear, not just in the new year, but for years to come.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

What is the likelihood of an asteroid impacting Earth?

Posted on December 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Asteroids are an intrinsic aspect of our solar system. Millions of rocky bodies orbit the sun, including those categorized as near-Earth asteroids, which occasionally come close to our planet. While cinematic portrayals often depict asteroid strikes as abrupt, inevitable catastrophes, experts contend that in reality, the risk is significantly more manageable and frequently preventable.

But what are the actual probabilities of an asteroid colliding with Earth? Recent studies shed light on this issue and offer some unexpected insights.

What are the chances that an asteroid will hit Earth?

A major asteroid impact would have effects that could be felt globally. Depending on its landing site, it might either harmlessly drop into the ocean or inflict severe damage on populated regions.

“Most people on Earth are likely aware of moderate to large asteroid impacts,” explains Carrie Nugent, a planetary scientist at the Olin Institute of Technology in Massachusetts.

However, Nugent emphasizes that catastrophic outcomes are exceedingly rare. While our planet has faced significant asteroid impacts throughout its history, including a notable one that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago, current scientific understanding suggests there is no immediate cause for alarm.

New research on asteroid impact probability

Nugent, along with a team from Aalborg University in Denmark, employed computer simulations to analyze the risks associated with asteroid impacts. Their research concentrated on asteroids akin to recognized Near Earth Objects (NEOs).

Utilizing the publicly available NASA JPL Horizons system, they simulated the orbits of these asteroids to determine the frequency with which they intersect Earth’s orbit, allowing researchers to estimate the likelihood of large asteroids striking our planet.

According to their findings published on August 12th in the Planetary Science Journal:

Asteroids over 140 meters (460 feet) – Roughly equivalent to the length of a small cruise ship
Collisions with Earth approximately once every 11,000 years

Keeping asteroid risks in perspective

Understanding probabilities like “once every 11,000 years” can be complex. To provide clarity, Nugent compared asteroid impacts to other more familiar real-world events.

Her analysis revealed that:

You are more likely to survive an asteroid impact than to be struck by lightning.
Conversely, your chances of dying in a car accident are significantly higher than from an asteroid collision.

There are also other low-probability but high-risk events, such as the collapse of a deep hole in dry sand, that can result in fatalities but remain largely unknown to the general public.

“This is an extremely rare cause of death that many are unaware of,” Nugent noted, underscoring how human perception often miscalculates risk.

Can asteroid collisions be prevented?

In contrast to popular narratives in films and literature, asteroid strikes are not fate-driven events. In fact, scientists have demonstrated that altering an asteroid’s trajectory is possible.

In 2022, NASA’s DART mission successfully changed the path of a small asteroid that posed no threat to Earth. This experiment showcased that, with sufficient warning, we could potentially deflect a hazardous asteroid and avert a collision entirely.

“This is the only natural disaster we can completely prevent,” Nugent asserts.

Why asteroid tracking is important

Continuous research and sky survey initiatives are crucial for planetary defense. Early detection and tracking of near-Earth asteroids provide scientists ample time to evaluate risks and take necessary actions if needed.

Modern asteroid detection systems are continually improving, diminishing uncertainty and enhancing Earth’s preparedness against cosmic threats.

Conclusion

Though asteroid strikes captivate public imagination, scientific evidence indicates that they are infrequent, quantifiable, and preventable. Advances in tracking technology and the success of missions like NASA’s DART test reassure us that Earth is better shielded than ever.

Experts suggest that asteroid research should foster confidence and continued investment in planetary defense rather than fear.

Source: hitechub.com

Struggling to Connect with Your Emotions? You Might Have Alexithymia.

Posted on December 21, 2025 by

Finding the right words to express ourselves can be challenging at times. If you frequently encounter emotions that seem elusive, you might be experiencing symptoms of alexithymia.

Individuals with alexithymia struggle not only to articulate their emotions but may also find it hard to differentiate between feelings and bodily sensations.

For instance, when you see someone you once admired while walking down the street, you might feel your chest tighten and your heart race. These physical responses could signify nervousness or excitement.

Unlike those without alexithymia, who can quickly identify their emotions, those with the condition may need to search their memories or the contextual clues before they can name their feelings.

Since recognizing emotions is crucial for effective emotion regulation, alexithymia can hinder the management of intense feelings, whether negative or positive.

This trait is a personality aspect rather than a specific disorder or syndrome. While the precise cause remains unclear, research has indicated that both genetic and environmental factors may play a role.

Approximately 13 percent of the population may experience some form of alexithymia, with studies suggesting a higher prevalence in men than in women .

Struggling to accurately identify your emotions can lead to issues like anxiety, relationship challenges, and isolation – Photo credit: Getty

Additionally, alexithymia is linked to common traits associated with neurological disorders that may emerge following trauma or brain injury, such as experiences after a stroke or epilepsy.

A review conducted by psychologists in 2018 highlighted that alexithymia overlaps considerably with autism, with one in two individuals on the autism spectrum potentially facing alexithymia.

While no cure exists for this condition, it has been proposed that improving emotional awareness through practice may be possible.

This involves engaging with exercises that connect physical sensations to specific emotions, as well as expanding our “emotional vocabulary” to better articulate our inner experiences.

This article addresses the question “Am I alexithymic?” as posed by Lochlan Booth from Durham.

If you have any inquiries, please reach out via email at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message facebook, ×or Instagram Page (don’t forget to include your name and location).

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How One Man Thrived for 555 Days Without a Heart

Posted on December 20, 2025 by

The chronicles of medical history demonstrate that the human body is remarkably resilient. Numerous documented cases illustrate this, including that of a French man who was discovered alive in 2007 with 90 percent of his brain missing.

This 44-year-old man was leading a typical life when it was revealed that he had severe hydrocephalus, a condition where cerebrospinal fluid replaces brain tissue.

His case exemplifies biological redundancy and adaptability, as remaining tissues compensate for lost functions (primarily through neuroplasticity).

Similar adaptations can occur with paired organs, like the lungs, kidneys, and testicles. When one organ fails, the remaining one can assume both functions.

In many instances, even after critical organ loss, advanced medical techniques can keep individuals alive.

For instance, a young American man carried a functioning artificial heart in his backpack for 555 days awaiting a transplant after his own was removed.

In some “pneumothorax cases,” surgeons can remove a patient’s heart and lungs, substituting them with a life support system known as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

There are instances of individuals living without several organs.

The chronicles of medical history illustrate the incredible resilience of the human body – Image courtesy of Robin Boyden

Some patients with stomach cancer may need multiple digestive organs removed, including the full stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, and colon.

Survival is possible in these situations through a combination of enzyme supplements, a tailored diet, parenteral nutrition, and sometimes insulin supplementation.

Additional internal organs that can be lived without include the gallbladder, bladder, thyroid, and appendix.

While it’s uncertain if there’s a maximum number of organs one can live without simultaneously, losing several organs in a single incident often leads to death due to blood loss, infection, or severe trauma.

This article is in response to Miriam Russell of Hull’s inquiry: “How many organs can you live without?”

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Newly Found Spider Web Traverses Two Countries, Hosting 100,000 Creatures

Posted on December 20, 2025 by

For those with arachnophobia, it might be best to look away, as scientists have unearthed the largest spider colony in the world.

The nest spans 106 square meters (1,140 square feet) and is believed to host up to 111,000 spiders—roughly half the size of a tennis court.

Recently, researchers published their findings in Underground Biology, revealing that two distinct species of spiders formed this massive colony.

This remarkable spider colony is situated in the Sulfur Caves of the Vromoner Valley, straddling the Greece-Albania border.

The nest resides in a permanently dark section of the cave, extending 50 meters (164 feet) from the entrance through a narrow, low-ceilinged passage. It comprises a multilayered patchwork of individual funnels that merge to create a spongy mass.

Researchers estimate the colony houses around 69,000 spiders, including Tegenaria domestica (commonly known as the barn funnel weaver or common house spider) and approximately 42,000 of The Vagrant of Prineligone species.

While these two species often coexist nearby, they typically do not share close quarters.

In fact, barn funnel weavers usually prey on smaller creatures, including The Vagrant of Prineligone. A truce between the two is unlikely, as the low light within the cave hinders the spiders’ vision.

Tegenaria domestica hides in a funnel-shaped nest and emerges when prey approaches – Credit: Getty

Instead, the spiders primarily feed on non-stinging midges, which swarm thickly in proximity to their colonies. These midges thrive on nutrients provided by natural springs and sustained by the sulfur-rich river navigating through the cave.

DNA analysis indicates that these spiders are genetically distinct from their surface relatives, highlighting adaptations to their unique environment.

Conversely, a sulfur-rich diet significantly diminishes the variety of gut microbiota.

Both factors imply that these spiders do not intermingle with their cousins found above ground.

The colony was initially discovered in 2022 by a group of cavers from the Czech Speleological Society during their exploration of the area.

A team of researchers followed up in 2024, estimating the spider population by counting the web funnels and collecting specimens for further analysis.

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Hubble Observes the Collision of Two Planetesimals near Fomalhaut

Posted on December 20, 2025 by

Fomalhaut, the 18th brightest star visible in the night sky, is orbited by the compact light source Fomalhaut b, which has been previously interpreted as either a dusty exoplanet or debris from a collision of two planetesimals. While such collisions are seldom witnessed, their remnants can be captured in images. Recent observations from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope indicate that a second point source is expected to appear around Fomalhaut in 2023, reminiscent of Fomalhaut b’s appearance two decades ago. Astronomer Paul Karas from the University of California, Berkeley, and his team suggest this new source is a dust cloud resulting from a recent collision between two planetesimals.

This Hubble image shows the debris ring and dust clouds CS1 and CS2 around Fomalhaut. Image credit: NASA / ESA / P. Kalas, University of California, Berkeley / J. DePasquale, STScI.

Fomalhaut is an A-type star located a mere 25 light-years away in the constellation Austrinus Pisces.

The name Fomalhaut originates from its Arabic name, Hum Al Hat, which translates to “fish mouth.”

This star is twice as massive and 20 times more luminous than the Sun, encircled by a ring of dust and debris.

In 2008, astronomers utilized Hubble to identify a potential planet surrounding Fomalhaut, marking it as the first star system where a potential planet was detected using visible light.

The object termed Fomalhaut b presently resembles a dust cloud that appears akin to a planet, resulting from a planetesimal impact.

During new Hubble observations aimed at locating Fomalhaut b, Dr. Karas and his colleagues were astonished to discover a second point of light positioned similarly around the star.

This new object has been dubbed Stellar Frequency Source 2 (cs2), while the original object is now referred to as cs1.

“This is definitely the first instance we’ve observed a point of light spontaneously appearing in an exoplanetary system,” remarked Dr. Karas.

“Hubble images up to now have not shown this. What we’re witnessing is a violent collision between two massive bodies creating an enormous debris cloud, unlike anything else currently seen in our solar system. It’s incredible.”

The proximity of these two debris clouds remains a puzzle for astronomers.

If asteroid and planetesimal collisions were random, cs1 and cs2 should ideally be found in unrelated positions.

However, they are intriguingly located close together along the inner edge of Fomalhaut’s outer debris disk.

Another enigma is the occurrence of these two events in such a brief timespan.

“Previous theories indicated that impacts should occur roughly once every 100,000 years or more. Yet, we’ve observed two impacts in just 20 years,” Dr. Karas noted.

“If you had movies from the past 3,000 years and fast-forwarded them to make a year just a fraction of a second, imagine how many flashes you’d see during that period.”

“The Fomalhaut planetary system will continue to provide insights into these collisions.”

Collisions are crucial for the evolution of planetary systems, yet they are infrequent and challenging to study.

Dr. Mark Wyatt, an astronomer at the University of Cambridge, stated: “The intrigue of this observation lies in its ability to assist researchers in estimating the size of the impactor and the number of objects present in the disk. This data is nearly impossible to obtain through other methods.”

“We estimate that the planetesimals destroyed to form CS1 and CS2 were only around 30 km in diameter, suggesting there are approximately 300 million such objects orbiting the Fomalhaut system.”

“This system effectively serves as a natural laboratory for studying the behavior of planetesimals during collisions, enabling us to learn about their composition and formation.”

For further details, see this result. Featured in this week’s Science diary.

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Paul Kalas and colleagues. 2025. Second planetesimal impact in the Fomalhaut system. Science published online on December 18, 2025. doi: 10.1126/science.adu6266

Source: www.sci.news

NASA’s New Leader, Jared Isaacman, Outlines His Key Priorities

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Jared Isaacman, a billionaire entrepreneur, has outlined his priorities for NASA on his inaugural day as the agency’s new leader.

Sworn in as NASA’s 15th administrator on Thursday, Isaacman was officially appointed the same day President Donald Trump endorsed an executive order instructing NASA to return astronauts to the Moon by 2028, initiate the development of a permanent lunar outpost by 2030, and establish a framework for future exploration of Mars.

This order is expected to offer Isaacman and NASA a strategic roadmap.

“In the next three years, we will once again land American astronauts on the Moon, but this time we aim to create the necessary infrastructure for their extended stay,” Isaacman stated in an interview with NBC News following his swearing-in.

He assumes this role during a pivotal moment for NASA, as the Trump administration urges the agency to land astronauts on the Moon before any Chinese astronauts arrive there.

“A new space race is upon us,” Isaacman remarked.

The next stage of NASA’s Moon return initiative, known as Artemis, could kick off as soon as February. The Artemis II mission will send four astronauts on a 10-day lunar orbit to test the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft.

The following Artemis III mission is anticipated to have astronauts land close to the lunar south pole.

U.S. District Judge Timothy Kelly (left) swears in Jared Isaacman (right) as NASA’s 15th administrator in Washington, D.C., on Thursday, with Isaacman’s parents, Donald and Sandra Murray, present.Bill Ingalls/NASA (via Getty Images)

Under Isaacman’s leadership, NASA is anticipated to pursue increased commercialization. SpaceX and Blue Origin will be crucial to the agency’s lunar return efforts, and Isaacman indicated that additional private space firms will back the agency’s aspirations for the Moon.

President Trump’s space policy executive order advocates for the creation of a “dynamic commercial space economy driven by American free enterprise” and details plans to reduce the International Space Station while establishing a commercial space station by 2030.

Additionally, the order emphasizes nuclear power in space. Following direction from Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy, who served as NASA’s acting administrator before Isaacman’s confirmation, the initiative aims to develop a nuclear reactor ready for launch to the Moon by 2030.

Isaacman highlighted the importance of nuclear power for explorations beyond the Moon, particularly for future Mars missions.

However, one significant challenge he will encounter as administrator is translating the White House’s vision into action with a constrained budget.

Current funding for the U.S. government is set to last until January 30; afterward, NASA may face substantial budget reductions, especially for science operations.

Despite these immediate hurdles, Isaacman remains optimistic about the agency’s capacity to align with the administration’s goals.

“Whether it’s $25 billion or $20 billion, it’s a significant sum that the agency receives every year,” he remarked. “We possess exceptional talent to tackle numerous challenging, nearly impossible tasks simultaneously.”

“This is an opportunity for the president’s space policy to revisit the Moon, establish infrastructure there, and invest in future technologies like nuclear power in anticipation of Mars missions,” Isaacman stated. “With the resources at hand and the president’s dedication to space policy in the White House, I’m confident we can achieve our objectives.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Quantum Computers Prove More Valuable Than Anticipated by 2025

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Quantum Computers Could Shed Light on Quantum Behavior

Galina Nelyubova/Unsplash

Over the past year, I consistently shared the same narrative with my editor: Quantum computers are increasingly pivotal for scientific breakthroughs.

This was the primary intent from the start. The ambition to leverage quantum computers for deeper insights into our universe has been part of its conception, even referenced in Richard Feynman’s 1981 address. In his discussion about effectively simulating nature, he suggested: “Let’s construct the computer itself using quantum mechanical components that adhere to quantum laws.”

Currently, this vision is being brought to life by Google, IBM, and a multitude of academic teams. Their devices are now employed to simulate reality on a quantum scale. Below are some key highlights.

This year’s advancements in quantum technology began for me with two studies in high-energy particle physics that crossed my desk in June. Separate research teams utilized two unique quantum computers to mimic the behavior of particle pairs within quantum fields. One utilized Google’s Sycamore chip, crafted from tiny superconducting circuits, while the other, developed by QuEra, employed a chip based on cryogenic atoms regulated by lasers and electromagnetic forces.

Quantum fields encapsulate how forces like electromagnetism influence particles across the universe. Additionally, there’s a local structure that defines the behaviors observable when zooming in on a particle. Simulating these fields, especially regarding particle dynamics—where particles exhibit time-dependent behavior—poses challenges akin to producing a motion picture of such interactions. These two quantum computers addressed this issue for simplified versions of quantum fields found in the Standard Model of particle physics.

Jad Halime, a researcher at the University of Munich who was not a part of either study, remarked that enhanced versions of these experiments—simulating intricate fields using larger quantum computers—could ultimately clarify particle behaviors within colliders.

In September, teams from Harvard University and the Technical University of Munich applied quantum computers to simulate two theoretical exotic states of matter that had previously eluded traditional experiments. Quantum computers adeptly predicted the properties of these unusual materials, a feat impossible by solely growing and analyzing lab crystals.

Google’s new superconducting quantum computer, “Willow,” is set to be utilized in October. Researchers from the company and their partners leveraged Willow to execute algorithms aimed at interpreting data obtained from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, frequently applied in molecular biochemical studies.

While the team’s demonstration using actual NMR data did not achieve results beyond what conventional computers can handle, the mathematics underlying the algorithm holds the promise of one day exceeding classical machines’ capabilities, providing unprecedented insights into molecular structures. The speed of this development hinges on advancements in quantum hardware technology.

Later, a third category of quantum computer made headlines. Quantinuum’s Helios-1, designed with trapped ions, successfully executed simulations of mathematical models relating to perfect electrical conductivity, or superconductivity. Superconductors facilitate electricity transfer without loss, promising highly efficient electronics and potentially enhancing sustainable energy grids. However, currently known superconductors operate solely under extreme conditions, rendering them impractical. Mathematical models elucidating the reasons behind certain materials’ superconducting properties are crucial for developing functional superconductors.

What did Helios-1 successfully simulate? Henrik Dreyer from Quantinuum provided insights, stating that it is likely the most pivotal model in this domain, capturing physicists’ interests since the 1960s. Although this simulation didn’t unveil new insights into superconductivity, it established quantum computers as essential players in physicists’ ongoing quest for understanding.

A week later, I was on another call with Sabrina Maniscalco discussing metamaterials with the quantum algorithm firm Algorithmiq. These materials can be finely tuned to possess unique attributes absent in naturally occurring substances. They hold potential for various applications, ranging from basic invisibility cloaks to catalysts accelerating chemical reactions.

Maniscalco’s team worked on metamaterials, a topic I delved into during my graduate studies. Their simulation utilized an IBM quantum computer built with superconducting circuits, enabling the tracking of how metamaterials manipulate information—even under conditions that challenge classical computing capabilities. Although this may seem abstract, Maniscalco mentioned that it could propel advancements in chemical catalysts, solid-state batteries, and devices converting light to electricity.

As if particle physics, new states of matter, molecular analysis, superconductors, and metamaterials weren’t enough, a recent tip led me to a study from the University of Maryland and the University of Waterloo in Canada. They utilized a trapped ion quantum computer to explore how particles bound by strong nuclear forces behave under varying temperatures and densities. Some of these behaviors are believed to occur within neutron stars—poorly understood cosmic entities—and are thought to have characterized the early universe.

While the researchers’ quantum computations involved approximations that diverged from the most sophisticated models of strong forces, the study offers evidence of yet another domain where quantum computers are emerging as powerful discovery tools.

Nevertheless, this wealth of examples comes with important caveats. Most mathematical models simulated on quantum systems require simplifications compared to the most complex models; many quantum computers are still prone to errors, necessitating post-processing of computational outputs to mitigate those inaccuracies; and benchmarking quantum results against top-performing classical computers remains an intricate challenge.

In simpler terms, conventional computing and simulation techniques continue to advance rapidly, with classical and quantum computing researchers engaging in a dynamic exchange where yesterday’s cutting-edge calculations may soon become routine. Last month, IBM joined forces with several other companies to launch a publicly accessible quantum advantage tracker. This initiative ultimately aims to provide a leaderboard showcasing where quantum computers excel or lag in comparison to classical ones.

Even if quantum systems don’t ascend to the forefront of that list anytime soon, the revelations from this past year have transformed my prior knowledge into palpable excitement and eagerness for the future. These experiments have effectively transitioned quantum computers from mere subjects of scientific exploration to invaluable instruments for scientific inquiry, fulfilling tasks previously deemed impossible just a few years prior.

At the start of this year, I anticipated primarily focusing on benchmark experiments. In benchmark experiments, quantum computers execute protocols showcasing their unique properties rather than solving practical problems. Such endeavors can illuminate the distinctions between quantum and classical computers while underscoring their revolutionary potential. However, transitioning from this stage to producing computations useful for active physicists appeared lengthy and undefined. Now, I sense this path may be shorter than previously envisioned, albeit with reasonable caution. I remain optimistic about uncovering more quantum surprises in 2026.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The U.S. Conquered Avian Influenza in 2025, Yet the Battle Continues

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Millions of chickens culled due to threat of bird flu

Emily Elkonin/Bloomberg via Getty Images

This year, the United States has seen its first reported death from bird flu, stirring apprehension regarding the possibility of a human pandemic. Although the virus’s spread has been contained sufficiently to conclude the emergency measures, health experts caution that vigilance remains crucial.

“The pandemic persists,” stated Megan Davis from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland. “The virus’s lethality hasn’t diminished.”

The predominant strain causing human infections is a subtype of avian influenza named H5N1, which was first detected in poultry in China back in 1996. After a resurgence in 2021, it wreaked havoc on bird populations worldwide and infected various mammals, including foxes, seals, and cats.

H5N1 is not well-equipped to infect humans and has not shown transmission capability between humans. However, it remains a grave concern; nearly half of the approximately 1,000 recorded global infections have ended in death since 2003. These fatalities are likely concentrated in severe cases, with many milder instances undocumented. Nonetheless, potential risks remain for the human population, especially if the virus adapts to enable human-to-human transmission, Davis emphasized.

Health experts expressed concern when H5N1 was identified among dairy cows in the U.S. in March 2024—the first confirmed case in this type of livestock. This not only placed the virus closer to human populations, particularly farm workers, but it also provided a prime opportunity for the virus to evolve and spread among humans. Each time it infects a new mammal, the pathogen stands to acquire mutations that could facilitate human transmission, according to Davis.

Since that time, H5N1 has been found in 1,080 herds across 19 states while monitoring a chicken farm. From February to mid-December 2022, around 1,950 birds were reported sick across the U.S., prompting the culling of nearly 200 million birds.

Subsequent outbreaks on farms triggered a significant uptick in human cases. As of December 2025, 71 individuals had tested positive for avian influenza in the United States; all knew of their infections through close contact with infected livestock or poultry. Out of these, three were infected by different animal sources, and although the cause for the remaining three cases remains unknown, there is no evidence suggesting they were transmitted from other humans.

Most affected individuals exhibited mild symptoms, such as conjunctivitis, and recovered fully. However, one person with pre-existing health conditions succumbed to the H5N1 virus in Louisiana, marking the first recorded bird flu-related death in the nation.

Since that incident, the United States has largely managed to curb the virus’s spread. The most recent positive testing for H5N1 occurred in February, according to Emily Hilliard, a representative for the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. However, a man in Washington state later tested positive and died from a different strain of avian influenza, H5N5, after contact with infected birds in November .

“Somewhat reassuringly, retrospective analyses of fatal H5N5 instances have not indicated further human cases, although the potential for H5 viruses to incite a pandemic continues to loom, particularly given their capacity to affect mammals, including humans, and mammals’ potential for reciprocal transmission,” Davis pointed out. The CDC is actively monitoring the situation and asserts the threat to public health is currently low.

Cases of H5N1 in dairy cows have also significantly dwindled, with reports from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) citing only two flocks testing positive between November and mid-December.

These reductions ultimately led the CDC to conclude its emergency response to bird flu in early July, stated Hilliard. This response, which commenced in April 2024, enabled the agency to allocate additional resources and staff toward surveillance and containment efforts, she explained.

Several factors may have contributed to the decrease in cases. Notably, the Department of Agriculture implemented the National Milk Testing Strategy in December 2024, mandating dairy facilities to furnish raw milk samples for H5N1 testing. “Testing is central to any management program,” asserted Davis. “Without knowledge regarding its location, [H5N1] it would be impossible to enforce enhanced protective measures or request that farms enact quarantines.”

In February, USDA rolled out a $1 billion initiative aimed at reducing H5N1 occurrences within poultry farms, with increased funding earmarked for vaccine research and biosecurity protocols. One focus was to bolster defenses against wildlife. “The vast majority of [bird flu] outbreaks in poultry and livestock have been linked to contact with infected wild birds,” noted a USDA spokesperson. By curbing H5N1 spread on farms, according to Davis, the fact that most infections affect dairy workers likely contributed to lowering human transmission as well.

However, seasonal fluctuations could also play a role. “We experienced a drop during summer but subsequently witnessed a surge in cases during fall and winter,” remarked Davis. “Currently observing the migratory season, we are likely to see an increment in cases.”

This may account for the more than 200,000 increase in H5N1 detections among backyard and commercial poultry flocks, as migratory birds are known to spread the virus to farms during their seasonal flights, representing a rise of 130 percent between September and October. “What we haven’t seen is a considerable number of human cases,” Davis clarified. However, she added that it remains uncertain whether this is attributed to improved safety protocols or diminished monitoring of farm workers.

“It’s encouraging to observe the decline in cases,” stated Davis. “Nevertheless, we still have work to accomplish.”

Topics:

bird flu/
2025 News Review

Source: www.newscientist.com

Space-Based Data Centers Are Still a Long Way Off.

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Starcloud aims to establish a 4km x 4km data center satellite

star cloud

Is the overwhelming need for massive data centers by AI manageable through extraterrestrial solutions? Tech firms are considering low-Earth orbit as a viable option, although experts warn that substantial engineering and unresolved challenges currently hinder progress.

The explosive demand and investment in generative AI platforms like ChatGPT have sparked an unparalleled need for computing resources, requiring vast land areas as well as electricity levels comparable to those consumed by millions of households. Consequently, many data centers are increasingly relying on unsustainable energy sources such as natural gas, with tech companies expressing concerns that renewable energy sources cannot meet their skyrocketing power needs or stability requirements for reliable operations.

In response, executives like Elon Musk and Jeff Bezos are advocating for the launch of data centers into orbit, where they could benefit from continuous sunlight, surpassing that of terrestrial solar panels. Bezos, founder of Amazon and owner of Blue Origin, stated earlier this year: It is anticipated that gigawatt-class data centers could be operational in space within 10 to 20 years.

Google is moving forward with its vision for a space data center through its pilot initiative, Project Suncatcher, which plans to launch two prototype satellites equipped with TPU AI chips by 2027 to experiment with their functionality in orbit. However, one of the most notable advancements in space data processing occurred this year with the launch of a solitary H100 graphics processing unit by StarCloud, an Nvidia-backed company. Nevertheless, this is significantly less computing power than what modern AI systems require; OpenAI is estimated to utilize around a million of such chips.

For data centers to function effectively in orbit, many unresolved issues must be tackled. “From an academic research standpoint, [space data centers] are still far from being production-ready,” remarks Benjamin Lee from the University of Pennsylvania, USA.

According to Lee, one of the major hurdles is the extensive scale required to meet AI’s computational needs. This involves not only the power demands from solar panels—requiring substantial surface area—but also the challenge of dissipating heat produced by the chips, the only feasible cooling method in a vacuum. “We can’t use cold air and evaporative cooling like we do on Earth,” Lee explained.

“Square kilometers will be occupied independently for energy generation and cooling,” he added. “These structures expand rapidly. When discussing capacity in the range of 1,000 megawatts, it essentially equates to a considerable area in orbit.” Indeed, StarCloud plans to construct a data center of 5,000 megawatts over 16 square kilometers, roughly 400 times the area of the solar panels on the International Space Station.

Lee believes that several promising technologies could help mitigate these requirements. Krishna Muralidharan from the University of Arizona is investigating thermoelectric devices that can convert heat into electricity, enhancing the efficiency of chips functioning in space. “It’s not a matter of feasibility; it’s a challenge,” Muralidharan stated. “For now, we can temporarily rely on large thermal panels, but ultimately we will require more sophisticated solutions.”

Additionally, space presents unique challenges unlike those found on Earth. For instance, there is a significant presence of high-energy radiation that can impact computer chips, leading to errors and disrupted calculations. “Everything will slow down,” Lee cautioned. “A chip positioned in space might perform worse compared to one on Earth due to the need for recalibration and error correction.”

To function at this scale, Muralidharan noted that thousands of satellites need to operate in tandem, necessitating highly precise laser systems for communication both between data centers and with Earth, where atmospheric interference can distort signals. Despite this, Muralidharan remains optimistic, believing these challenges are surmountable. “The real question is not if, but when,” he asserts.

Another point of uncertainty is whether AI will still necessitate such extensive computational resources by the time the data centers are in place. This is particularly relevant if anticipated advancements in AI do not align with the growing computing power we are beginning to observe. “It’s evident that training requirements may peak or stabilize, which would likely cause the demand for large-scale data centers to follow suit,” Lee explained.

Yet, even in such a scenario, Muralidharan suggests potential applications for space-based data centers, such as facilitating space exploration beyond Earth and monitoring terrestrial phenomena.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Most High-Achieving Adults Do Not Begin as Child Prodigies.

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

The award-winning athlete may have been a late bloomer when it came to enhancing their abilities

Michael Steele/Getty Images

A review has revealed that international chess masters, Olympic gold medalists, and Nobel Prize-winning scientists were seldom child prodigies. In many cases, early childhood achievements and rigorous training do not lead to elite performance as adults.

This investigation, based on 19 studies involving nearly 35,000 high achievers, indicates that most adults who dominate global rankings in their respective fields engaged in various activities during their youth, gradually honing their expertise.

The findings challenge the popular notion that reaching top performance internationally necessitates rigorous training in early childhood, according to Arne Gullich from RPTU Kaiserslautern in Germany. “Understanding that many world-class performers were not exceptionally outstanding in their formative years implies that extraordinary early achievements are not a precondition for sustained elite performance.”

Numerous studies have examined the intensity of training for children in specific domains like music or sports; competitive performance in these areas during adolescence or early adulthood. However, research on older elite athletes shows a different pattern. For instance, 82% of junior athletes at the international level do not become international adult athletes, and 72% of senior athletes at the international level never reached junior international status.

The life stories of notable global experts further indicate that the correlation between childhood and adult success may not be as significant as perceived. For instance, while composer Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, golfer Tiger Woods, chess prodigy Gyukesh Donmaraj, and mathematician Terence Tao were undeniable child prodigies, others like composer Ludwig van Beethoven, basketball legend Michael Jordan, chess player Viswanathan Anand, and scientist Charles Darwin were not recognized as such.

The studies analyzed by Gurich and colleagues included examinations of the life journeys of Olympic athletes, Nobel laureates in science, the top ten chess players globally, renowned classical music composers, and international leaders across various disciplines.

In numerous fields, early successes and later elite performers exhibited stark differences. In fact, only around 10% of individuals who excelled as youngsters maintained that level into adulthood, with a similar percentage of those who thrived as young adults continuing to excel later in life.

The researchers compared their findings with data from 66 studies on the training experiences of young athletes and “sub-elite” athletes — those who have achieved notable local recognition but are not world-class. They observed that common traits attributed to high-achieving youth, such as early specialization and rapid advancement, are often lacking or even reversed in adults who perform at the highest levels.

This may stem from the fact that gaining exposure to a diverse range of activities in early childhood cultivates adaptable learning skills, enabling children to discover the pursuits that resonate best with them. “Essentially, they identify the best match for their interests and enhance their learning potential for future endeavors,” Gullich notes.

Additionally, a less rigorous training schedule during childhood and adolescence can help mitigate the risk of burnout and injuries that might hinder long-term careers. “There’s a danger of becoming entrenched in an area that you no longer find enjoyable, which could lead you to seek a change,” Gullich adds.

This review addresses an enduring research gap by clearly differentiating between early success and prolonged elite performance. According to David Feldon from Utah State University, there remains a propensity to push children towards intense focus on acquiring and practicing specific skills. “This undoubtedly fosters expertise and yields immediate benefits,” he explains. “However, it remains uncertain whether this will be advantageous over a lifetime.”

For Feldon, who also coaches youth wrestling, the implications of this review are essential for those guiding children’s skill development. “It’s about not just nurturing exceptional expertise but doing so in a healthy and constructive manner that fosters improvement in a broader context, rather than simply achieving narrow targets.”

As a result, programs aimed at quick identification and acceleration of young talents may overlook many potential future leaders, as they often prioritize immediate success over sustained excellence. Gullich emphasizes, “Do elite training programs, gifted programs, and scholarship initiatives typically cater to very young age groups with a singular focus? Given recent evidence, it is more beneficial to inspire young people to engage in at least one or possibly two other disciplines over several years.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

2025: A Landmark Year for Online Safety Laws—Will They Be Effective?

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

The evolving experience of young people on the internet.

Linda Raymond/Getty Images

In 2025, numerous countries will implement new internet access restrictions aimed at protecting children from harmful content, with more expected to follow in 2026. However, do these initiatives genuinely safeguard children, or do they merely inconvenience adults?

The UK’s Online Safety Act (OSA), which took effect on July 25, mandates that websites prevent children from accessing pornography or content that promotes self-harm, violence, or dangerous activities. While intended to protect, the law has faced backlash due to its broad definition of “harmful content,” which resulted in many small websites closing down as they struggled to meet the regulatory requirements.

In Australia, a new policy prohibits those under 16 from using social media, even with parental consent, as part of the Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024. This legislation, effective immediately, grants regulators the authority to impose fines up to A$50 million on companies that fail to prevent minors from accessing their platforms. The European Union is considering similar bans. Meanwhile, France has instituted a law requiring age verification for websites with pornographic material, facing protests from adult website operators.

Indicators suggest that such legislation may indeed be effective. The UK’s regulatory body, Ofcom, recently fined AVS Group, which runs 18 adult websites, £1 million for not implementing adequate measures to restrict children’s access. Other companies are being urged to enhance their efforts to comply with these new regulations.

Concerns surrounding the use of technology for age verification are growing, with some sites utilizing facial recognition tools that can be tricked with screenshots of video game characters. Moreover, VPNs allow users to masquerade as being from regions without strict age verification requirements. Following the onset of the OSA, search attempts for VPNs have surged, with reports indicating as much as a 1800% increase in daily registrations following the law’s implementation. The most prominent adult site experienced a 77% decline in UK visitors in the aftermath of the OSA, as users changed their settings to appear as if they were located in countries where age verification isn’t enforced.

The Children’s Commissioner for England emphasized that these loopholes need to be addressed and has made recommendations for age verification measures to prevent children from using VPNs. Despite this, many argue that such responses address symptoms rather than the root of the problem. So, what is the appropriate course of action?

Andrew Coun, a former member of Meta and TikTok’s safety and moderation teams, opines that harmful content isn’t deliberately targeted at children. Instead, he argues that algorithms aim to maximize engagement, subsequently boosting ad revenue. This creates skepticism regarding the genuine willingness of tech companies to protect kids, as tighter restrictions could harm their profits.

“It’s exceedingly unlikely that they will prioritize compliance,” he remarked, noting the inherent conflict between their interests and public welfare. “Ultimately, profits are a primary concern, and they will likely fulfill only the minimum requirements to comply.”

Graham Murdoch, a researcher at Loughborough University, believes the surge in online safety regulations will likely yield disappointment, as policymaking typically lags behind the rapid advancements of technology firms. He advocates for the establishment of a national internet service complete with its own search engine and social platforms, guided by a public charter akin to that of the BBC.

“The Internet should be regarded as a public service because of the immense value it offers to everyday life,” Murdoch stated. “We stand at a pivotal moment; if decisive action isn’t taken soon, returning to our current trajectory will be impossible.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Virtual Reality Farming Will Transform the Future of Food Supply

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Agriculture has long been a skilled and high-pressure profession, but modern farmers encounter challenges that even our grandparents could not have imagined.

In the UK, extreme weather is severely impacting agricultural lands. A recent survey revealed that 84% of farmers have witnessed a drop in crop yields or livestock production. This decline stems from a mix of heavy rain, drought, and extreme heat. Coupled with labor shortages, escalating machinery costs, and the demand to produce more food with fewer resources, the outlook for British agriculture appears increasingly uncertain.

As these issues escalate, innovations have surged. One of the most surprising solutions isn’t a cutting-edge tractor, miracle fertilizer, or genetically enhanced supercrops. Instead, it’s virtual reality (VR). This immersive technology, typically associated with gaming, is gradually becoming essential for the agricultural sector.

Here are five ways VR can pave the way for resilient farms and safeguard the food supply for an expanding population.

Life-saving VR Simulator

Operating a tractor is a daily task on the farm, but it can be daunting for new drivers. Tractors may be slow, but they can pose serious risks.

Rural roadways are infamous for narrow lanes, mud, hidden ditches, overgrown hedges, and blind turns, all of which can lead to serious accidents. Statistics indicate higher accident risks.

To combat this, researchers at Nottingham Trent University have developed a tractor-specific VR hazard perception test. Utilizing 360-degree footage from a tractor’s perspective, learners can experience real-life scenarios. Farmers report these situations as highly dangerous: hidden bikes, potholes, tight corners, and vehicles that regard 14-ton tractors as mere obstacles.

In trials with over 100 drivers, many, particularly those with past accidents, struggled to recognize hazards in time. It’s evident that traditional training doesn’t suffice, as tractors have distinct turning radii, slower speeds, and unique blind spots compared to cars.

There’s hope that this VR training could become a standard educational tool in universities and young farmers’ clubs, ensuring safer driving practices before they venture onto the roads.

Hone Your Skills in VR

VR is also training the next generation of vineyard workers safely, minimizing the risk of harming the vines. The Maara Tech project in New Zealand has created a system enabling trainees to practice vine cutting indoors, even on rainy days. Pruning in wet conditions carries significant risks, exposing fresh cuts to moisture, which can lead to fungal diseases.

Researchers at Eurecat, a European R&D center collaborating with several universities on agricultural innovations, have advanced this concept further. They’ve developed VR pruning shears equipped with sensors that guide users on the correct pressure, angle, and technique. It’s not just about speed; precision is crucial.

Accurate cuts result in healthier grapes, leading to superior quality and fewer errors. Since this training is virtual, new workers can build their confidence and help alleviate seasonal labor shortages.

Mindfulness with VR Headsets

Agriculture is not just physically demanding; it’s also mentally taxing. When adverse weather ruins planting schedules, drought devastates fields, and costs soar, even the most resilient farmers can reach their breaking point.

It’s perhaps unsurprising that 95% of farmers under 40 believe that mental health issues are the biggest hidden struggle they face in agriculture.

In response, researchers at the University of East Anglia have initiated the Rural Mind Project, employing a 360-degree VR experience to immerse healthcare professionals, policymakers, and support workers in real farming scenarios—addressing issues like isolation, anxiety due to weather, and financial pressures.

This initiative goes beyond fostering empathy; it aims to facilitate tangible change. VR training is equipping practitioners to recognize rural-specific stressors, find effective support strategies, and dismantle the stigma associated with seeking help.

Unlike conventional therapy, where the presence of a psychiatrist may induce anxiety, farmers can practice coping methods in a tranquil virtual setting designed for rural challenges. Initial feedback suggests VR may reach individuals who would typically avoid seeking assistance.

While it’s not a complete solution, it’s a promising step towards making mental health care as accessible as checking the weather forecast.

Learn the Ropes Without the Mess

Not only does VR help in understanding farm life, but it also provides the younger generation a head start without the mess, fertilizers, or early wake-ups.

Through the DIVE4Ag project at Oregon State University, schoolchildren can embark on virtual field trips via their gadgets, exploring dairy farms, urban gardens, and aquaculture facilities.

Meanwhile, at Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science in India, the AR/VR Experience Center offers agricultural students interactive lessons on crop cultivation, animal care, and modern production methods.

As immersive VR education gains traction, it sparks excitement and confidence, motivating the upcoming generation to consider agricultural careers long before stepping onto a physical farm.

Stepping into the Metaverse

If VR can train farmers effectively, support their mental well-being, and educate them about agriculture, why not extend these benefits to animals? In Turkey, one adventurous dairy farmer has started using VR goggles on his cows while they are comfortably housed in a barn, allowing them to view lush pastures accompanied by soft classical music.

The goal was to create a serene atmosphere to reduce stress and potentially enhance milk output. Early results have been remarkable, as average production climbed from 22 to 27 liters per cow per day.

This approach might seem quirky, but managing cows indoors during extreme climates allows for better control over their feeding, milking, and overall health, suggesting that the future of farming may indeed lie where livestock engage with the metaverse.

From safer tractor operations to calming cows using VR, this technology is demonstrating its value beyond mere gaming. It offers a glimpse into the future of agriculture. EIT Food showcases these innovations, merging visionary concepts with practical solutions to illustrate how immersive technology can make agriculture smarter, safer, and more sustainable for all.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Intestinal Parasites Found in Roman Soldiers Stationed at Hadrian’s Wall

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Third-century baths and sanitary facilities at Vindolanda, a Roman stronghold near Hadrian’s Wall in England

Vindolanda Trust

Although the Romans were recognized for their sophisticated sanitation systems, those stationed in major forts in northern England likely endured numerous digestive illnesses caused by parasites.

The Vindolanda Fortress, situated close to Hadrian’s Wall and inhabited by Roman soldiers from the 1st to 4th century AD, was likely not suitable for individuals with sensitive stomachs, as excavations of waste pits at this location indicate.

Piers Mitchell and his team from the University of Cambridge collected and examined nearly 60 sediment samples from the communal toilets believed to have been utilized in the 3rd century.

Utilizing microscopy, they discovered the eggs of two intestinal parasites: roundworms and whipworms. Additionally, they identified a one-celled parasite called duodenal giardia through specific antibodies that bind exclusively to proteins found in this organism.

All three parasites can lead to gastrointestinal issues, which can be particularly severe for children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals.

“Even with our efforts to implement Roman conveniences like baths and toilets, we still faced diarrhea and intestinal parasitic diseases,” Mitchell remarked.

Structures such as toilets, baths, aqueducts, and fountains primarily served to enhance air quality and maintain visible cleanliness, he explains. “They lacked microscopes and therefore were unaware of many infections that plagued them.”

Whipworm eggs discovered in a sewer pipe in Vindolanda

Marissa Ledger

Excavations at another nearby fort, occupied in the 1st century AD and believed to have defensive ditches, also revealed roundworms and whipworms.

“The contents of the sewage drains consist of mixed fecal matter from various individuals utilizing the toilets, making it difficult to determine the infection rate among soldiers,” Mitchell states. “However, the presence of parasite eggs along the sewer drains implies that a considerable number of individuals using the facilities were likely infected.”

Roundworms and whipworms are also found throughout the Roman Empire; giardia, however, has only been identified in the Roman contexts in Turkey and Italy, according to Mitchell.

If asked whether he would like a glass of water during the time the fort was operational, he would certainly decline. “They might say, ‘How about a beer instead?'”

Exploring Hadrian’s Wall and Roman Innovations: England

Embark on an immersive walking tour tracing the paths of the Romans along Hadrian’s Wall, one of Britain’s most iconic ancient sites and a UNESCO World Heritage gem.

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Archaeology/
Infectious disease

Source: www.newscientist.com

Jurassic Dinosaur Fossils Illuminate the Evolution of Flight

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Paleontologists studied fossils that are 160 million years old. Anchiornis Huxley, a non-avian theropod dinosaur, was unearthed from the Late Jurassic Tianjishan Formation in northeastern China. The preserved feathers indicated that these dinosaurs had lost their flying capability. This rare find offers insights into the functions of organisms that existed 160 million years ago and their role in the evolution of flight among dinosaurs and birds.

This fossil of Anchiornis Huxley has nearly complete feathers and coloration preserved, allowing for detailed identification of feather morphology. Image credit: Kiat et al., doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-09019-2.

“This discovery has significant implications, suggesting that the evolution of flight in dinosaurs and birds was more intricate than previously understood,” said paleontologist Yosef Kiat from Tel Aviv University and his team.

“It is possible that some species had rudimentary flight abilities but lost them as they evolved.”

“The lineage of dinosaurs diverged from other reptiles approximately 240 million years ago.”

“Shortly after (on an evolutionary timeline), many dinosaurs began developing feathers, unique structures that are lightweight and strong, made of protein, and primarily used for flight and thermoregulation.”

About 175 million years ago, feathered dinosaurs, known as Penaraputra, emerged as distant ancestors of modern birds; they are the only dinosaur lineage that survived the mass extinction marking the end of the Mesozoic Era 66 million years ago.

As far as we know, the Pennaraputra group developed feathers for flight, but some may have lost that capability due to changing environmental conditions, similar to modern ostriches and penguins.

In this study, the researchers examined nine specimens of a feathered pennaraptorian dinosaur species called Anchiornis Huxley.

This rare paleontological find, along with hundreds of similar fossils, had its feathers remarkably preserved due to the unique conditions present during their fossilization.

Specifically, the nine fossils analyzed were selected because they retained the color of their wing feathers: white with black spots on the tips.

“Feathers take about two to three weeks to grow,” explains Dr. Kiat.

“Once they reach their final size, they detach from the blood vessels that nourished them during growth and become dead material.”

“Over time, birds shed and replace their feathers in a process known as molting, which is crucial for flight.” He notes that birds that depend on flight molt in an organized and gradual manner, maintaining symmetry and allowing them to continue flying during the process.

Conversely, the molting of flightless birds tends to be more random and irregular.

“Molting patterns can indicate whether a winged creature was capable of flight.”

By examining the color of the feathers preserved in dinosaur fossils from China, researchers could reconstruct the wing structure, which featured series of black spots along the edges.

Additionally, newly grown feathers, which had not fully matured, were identifiable by their deviation in black spot patterns.

A detailed analysis of the new feathers in nine fossils revealed an irregular molting process.

“Based on our understanding of contemporary birds, we identified a molting pattern suggesting these dinosaurs were likely flightless,” said Dr. Kiat.

“This is a rare and particularly intriguing discovery. The preservation of feather color offers a unique opportunity to explore the functional characteristics of ancient organisms alongside body structures found in fossilized skeletons and bones.”

“While feather molting might seem like a minor detail, it could significantly alter our understanding of the origins of flight when examined in fossils,” he added.

“Anchiornis Huxley‘s inclusion in the group of feathered dinosaurs that couldn’t fly underscores the complexity and diversity of wing evolution.”

The findings were published in the journal Communication Biology.

_____

Y. Kiat et al. 2025. Wing morphology of Anchiornis Huxley and the evolution of molting strategies in paraavian dinosaurs. Communication Biology August 1633. doi: 10.1038/s42003-025-09019-2

Source: www.sci.news

Asteroid Collision Near a Nearby Star Unravels Cosmic Mystery

Posted on December 19, 2025 by

Composite image of Fomalhaut’s dust belt (center hidden). The inset displays dust cloud cs1 taken in 2012 together with dust cloud cs2 from 2023.

NASA, ESA, Paul Karas/University of California, Berkeley

Around the star Fomalhaut, asteroids are involved in collisions that generate massive dust clouds. This is the first time astronomers are witnessing these events, offering insights into the early days of our solar system.

Fomalhaut has had its share of unusual findings. In 2008, Paul Kalas, based on observations from the Hubble Space Telescope in 2004 and 2005, reported a potential giant planet orbiting the young star. Over the years, however, the nature of this peculiar object, dubbed Fomalhaut b, has sparked heated debates. It could either be a planet slightly larger than Jupiter or simply a cloud of debris.

Now, Kalas and his team have revisited Fomalhaut using Hubble. “In 2023, we utilized the same equipment as before, and Fomalhaut b was undetectable. It was effectively gone,” says Kalas, “What appeared was a new Fomalhaut b.”

This new bright feature, named Fomalhaut CS2 (short for “circumstellar light source”), cannot be a planet, as it would have been identified earlier. The leading theory is that it represents a dust cloud resulting from the collision of two large asteroids or planetesimals, each approximately 60 kilometers in diameter. The disappearance of Fomalhaut b implies that it may have been a similar dust cloud all along.

“These sources exhibit noise and instability, so we’re still far from drawing definitive conclusions,” notes David Kipping at Columbia University. “Yet, all existing evidence aligns well with a broader narrative of collisions between protoplanets in nascent systems.”

Interestingly, it’s unexpected to observe such a significant break twice. “The hypothesis suggests that we shouldn’t witness such impacts more than once every 100,000 years, if not even more infrequently. And yet, for some unexplained reason, we seem to observe it twice within 20 years,” Kalas explains. “Fomalhaut lights up like a holiday tree and it’s astounding.”

This might indicate that collisions among planetesimals are occurring more frequently than previously thought, particularly around relatively young stars like Fomalhaut. Kalas and his team plan to conduct further observations over the next three years utilizing both Hubble and the more powerful James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to track the behavior of Fomalhaut CS2 and attempt to pick up faint signals from Fomalhaut b.

This presents a rare opportunity to witness these collisions first-hand. “To comprehend these violent phenomena, we no longer need to rely solely on theoretical models; we can observe them in real time,” Kalas states. Further observations may enlighten us not only about young planetary systems generally but also about our own early solar system’s position in the cosmic landscape.

“We have long pondered whether the collisions that formed our moon are typical of what occurs throughout the universe, and now we have strong evidence suggesting they are indeed common,” Kipping remarked. “Perhaps we are not as unique as some may assume.”

Exploring the Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England

Join a weekend with some of science’s brightest minds as you delve into the mysteries of the universe, featuring a tour of the renowned Lovell Telescope.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Europa Clipper Presents a Distinct View of 3I/ATLAS

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

Utilizing the Ultraviolet Spectroscopy (UVS) instrument onboard NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft, scientists have made significant observations of 3I/ATLAS. This interstellar object is the third and only confirmed of its kind to have been detected entering our solar system from beyond it. While many telescopes on Earth and Mars struggled to track such interstellar visitors due to their proximity to the Sun, Europa Clipper was able to gather data from a distinct position as it advanced towards Jupiter.

This composite image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured on November 6, 2025, by the UVS instrument aboard NASA’s Europa Clipper spacecraft from a distance of around 164 million kilometers (103 million miles). Image Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SwRI.

Scheduled to launch in 2024 and reach the Jupiter system by 2030, Europa Clipper will orbit Jupiter and conduct 49 flybys of its icy moon, Europa.

The UVS instrument specializes in collecting ultraviolet light to analyze the composition of Europa’s atmospheric gases and the materials on its icy surface.

Dr. Curt Retherford, principal investigator for Europa-UVS and a research scientist at the Southwest Research Institute, remarked, “This unexpected opportunity to observe another target on its journey to Jupiter has us very excited.”

“Our observations offer a distinctive and detailed view of the comet.”

Discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS was traveling at a heliocentric distance of 4.51 astronomical units (AU) with an eccentricity of 6.13 at that time.

Within a week of its discovery, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory’s analysts had determined its trajectory through the solar system.

The Europa Clipper team quickly identified that their spacecraft could view 3I/ATLAS in November 2025, especially after Earth-based observations were largely obstructed by the Sun’s position and Mars observations became optimal.

During this period, the spacecraft provided crucial data between the Mars observations in September and upcoming Earth-based exams.

With the comet’s trajectory aligning between Europa Clipper and the Sun, the UVS team was able to observe it from a distinctive angle.

Comets feature a dust tail that trails behind and a plasma tail that extends away from the Sun.

The Europa-UVS’s unique sunward perspective enabled a rare downstream view of the comet’s two tails, primarily observing from behind the tail and toward the comet’s core and coma.

“We anticipate that this new perspective, together with data from Earth-based assets and other spacecraft, will enhance our understanding of the tail’s shape,” stated Dr. Thomas Greathouse, co-principal investigator for the Europa-UVS study.

The UVS instrument identified signatures associated with oxygen, hydrogen, and dust, reinforcing evidence of significant outgassing activity from 3I/ATLAS shortly after its closest approach to the Sun.

“Europa-UVS excels at measuring fundamental transitions of atoms and molecules,” remarked Dr. Retherford.

“We can observe gas being expelled from the comet, along with water molecules splitting into hydrogen and oxygen atoms.”

This capability allows Europa Clipper to closely analyze and measure these atomic species, offering deeper insights into the comet’s processes and composition.

“By understanding the chemical makeup of comets and how readily these gases are ejected, we can better comprehend their origins and evolution as they traverse from distant parts of the galaxy to our solar system,” explained Dr. Tracy Becker, co-principal investigator for Europa and UVS, also at the Southwest Research Institute.

“What chemical processes occur? How can we grasp the origins of comets within our solar system?”

“Are these processes akin to our theories about the formation of the solar system? That’s a key question.”

Source: www.sci.news

US Lab Closure Will Significantly Hinder Climate Research

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colorado

Matthew Jonas/MediaNews Group/Boulder Daily Camera (via Getty Images)

The decision by the Trump administration to shut down the premier center for atmospheric research could jeopardize weather forecasting and climate modeling, increasing the risks posed by global warming.

In a statement to USA Today, White House official Russ Vought mentioned that the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is viewed as a source of “climate change concerns” and will be disbanded. The plan includes the discontinuation of Green New Fraud Research, with “essential capacities” like weather modeling and supercomputing to be relocated.

NCAR’s models provide vital support for reports from the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which are crucial for countries in establishing measures to lower carbon emissions and adapt to severe weather.

“Ceasing operations would amplify uncertainty regarding our climate future and hinder our preparation efforts,” asserts Michael Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey. “It’s difficult to view this as anything other than silencing the messenger.”

Established in 1960 to advance atmospheric science, NCAR employs 830 individuals conducting research that spans “from the ocean floor to the core of the sun.” According to its unofficial motto, it manages programs monitoring everything from floods and wildfires to space weather.

NCAR developed the GPS dropsonde, a device equipped with sensors that is deployed into hurricanes, significantly enhancing our understanding of tropical cyclones. This has started a revolution in weather research. The researchers also designed a wind shear warning system for airports, saving numerous lives by preventing crashes.

However, one of its major contributions lies in providing data, modeling, and supercomputing resources to other researching entities. Weather Underground, one of the pioneers in offering localized weather forecasts online in the 1990s, credits its founding on the software and weather data developed by NCAR, according to meteorologist Jeff Masters.

NCAR is responsible for developing and managing weather research and forecasting models that are extensively utilized for daily forecasts and regional climate studies. They will continue to collaborate with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to enhance weather modeling aimed at predicting extreme storms.

If this critical work faces disruption, it could lead to a decline in the accuracy of weather apps and TV news forecasts at a time when abnormal weather patterns are increasingly frequent. Masters likens the situation to “halting weapons research and development on the eve of World War II.”

“Without knowledge of impending dangers, more lives will be at stake,” he warns.

NCAR oversees the Community Earth System Model (CESM), the first global climate model developed specifically for universities. CESM facilitates diverse research efforts, from estimating current global carbon emissions to predicting upcoming changes in ocean currents, heat wave frequency, and ice melt.

“This model is arguably the most utilized globally,” states Richard Rood at the University of Michigan.

Twice a year, NCAR organizes user meetings to gather insights on improving the model, which can be operated on a server or downloaded for local modifications. The closure may jeopardize the ongoing maintenance and development of CESM and its bug fixes.

Colin Carlson from Yale University was among numerous scientists who took to social media to highlight NCAR’s importance. He utilizes climate models to predict the requirements for cholera and yellow fever vaccines as the climate evolves and anticipates dengue fever outbreaks in Florida. “We need NCAR to perform our roles effectively,” Carlson emphasized in a recent post.

NCAR also operates a modified C-130 cargo plane and a Gulfstream business jet designed for research purposes, reaching the stratosphere and facilitating the operation of King Air propeller planes that study cloud physics.

From 2009 to 2011, the Gulfstream jet successfully conducted its inaugural comprehensive flight, traversing from the North to South Poles multiple times and reaching altitudes between 150 meters and 9000 meters. Their investigation measured CO₂ and other atmospheric gases. They also gathered data on solar corona during the 2017 solar eclipse.

Rood noted that the aircraft assists in monitoring air pollution and calibrating satellite instruments.

The research conducted by NCAR on aerosols is crucial for understanding geoengineering effects, especially proposals aimed at mitigating abrupt climate changes through aerosol diffusion to shield sunlight.

“Elimination of such climate research will lead to decisions regarding geoengineering and tipping points being made in a blind manner,” Rood cautioned.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Study Reveals Daily Cheese Consumption May Lower Dementia Risk

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

A recent study has revealed that high-fat cheese and cream might play a role in preventing dementia.

This research, published in Neurology The Medical Journal of the American Academy of Neurology, indicates that individuals consuming two servings of high-fat cheese daily as part of a balanced diet had a lower likelihood of developing dementia.

“For decades, discussions surrounding high-fat versus low-fat diets have influenced health guidance, often branding cheese as an unhealthy option,” remarked Dr. Emily Sonnestedt, the study’s lead author and an associate professor at Lund University in Sweden.

“Our findings suggest that certain high-fat dairy products might actually diminish the risk of dementia, thereby challenging longstanding beliefs about fat and cognitive health.”

The study evaluated data from 27,670 older adults, monitoring their health over an approximate span of 25 years to identify who developed dementia.

Researchers also requested participants to track their dietary intake for a week and assess any changes in their eating habits over recent years.

Results showed that individuals consuming a nutritious diet with at least 50 g (1.8 oz) of high-fat cheese per day had a 13 percent reduced risk of dementia compared to those who ingested less than 15 g (0.5 oz).

Focusing on vascular dementia, a condition characterized by insufficient blood flow to the brain, cheese consumers experienced a 29% lower risk.

Additionally, participants consuming 20 grams (0.7 ounces) of heavy cream—such as whipped cream, clotted cream, or double cream—had a 16 percent decreased risk of dementia.

Conversely, no similar association was found with low-fat cheese, cream, or other dairy products.

“These findings imply that not all dairy items equate when it comes to cognitive health,” stated Sonestedt.

Items like buttermilk, yogurt, and kefir show no impact on dementia risk – Credit: Getty

An essential factor in this study is its execution in Sweden, where cheese is frequently consumed uncooked.

When cheese is melted, its composition transforms and the fat separates, potentially influencing how our bodies absorb it.

The researchers advocate for similar studies in other nations since outcomes might differ in places like the United States, where cheese is often heated prior to consumption.

“Additional research is essential to verify our findings and explore whether specific high-fat dairy products truly offer some level of protection for brain health.”

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Likelihood of Catastrophic Asteroid Impact Rises Temporarily in 2025

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

Illustration of an asteroid passing near the moon

Mark Garlick/Science Photo Library

In 2025, the threat of a disastrous asteroid impact momentarily heightened when astronomers detected a building-sized asteroid on a collision course with Earth.

Known as 2024 YR4, this asteroid was initially identified by astronomers in late December 2024, with estimates placing its size between 40 and 90 meters. Any potential trajectory through our solar system would intersect a narrow zone that includes Earth, leading astronomers to initially assess a 1 in 83 probability of collision in 2032.

As they monitored the asteroid’s orbit more closely in early 2025, the likelihood of an impact was updated to a concerning 1 in 32 by February.

If it had impacted close to an urban area, the consequences would have been devastating, equivalent to several megatons of TNT. The asteroid was temporarily classified as a 3 on the Turin scale, where 0 means no threat and 10 signifies a global catastrophe. This raised alarms among several United Nations agencies, resulting in coordinated efforts for a global telescope campaign and discussions on the necessity of an asteroid deflection mission.

During this period, global space agencies convened regularly to share observations and enhance understanding of the asteroid. “2024 YR4 proved to be a significant learning experience for us,” stated Richard Moisle from the European Space Agency (ESA). “This served as crucial training to enhance our capabilities related to asteroid detection and understanding the overarching challenges.”

By February 20, astronomers had refined the trajectory of 2024 YR4, effectively removing Earth from the asteroid’s predicted path, and ESA subsequently reduced the collision risk to 1 in 625, or 0.16 percent. Weeks later, both NASA and ESA confirmed that there was no longer any risk of collision. “They are not considered a threat to our planet,” affirmed Moisle.

Nonetheless, astronomers still acknowledge a minor risk of a lunar impact, estimated at about 4% for 2032. “Should we hit the moon, it would provide a unique opportunity to observe the impact process from a safe distance,” commented Gareth Collins from Imperial College London.

Researchers are now assessing the potential ramifications of an asteroid impacting the moon, including the risk of debris cascading toward Earth. They are also exploring the feasibility of a deflection mission and strategizing on how to effectively dispatch a small satellite to an asteroid in an attempt to detonate it with a nuclear device. “We must tread carefully to ensure that a moon impact does not unintentionally lead to an Earth impact,” Rang Moisle.

The present 4 percent chance of a lunar collision is not sufficiently alarming to compel global space agencies to initiate a formal mission. This probability is unlikely to shift soon, as 2024 YR4 is currently obscured by the Sun and won’t be visible until 2028. However, due to its unique positioning in Earth’s orbit, there will be a rare opportunity to observe it with the James Webb Space Telescope in February 2026. Moisle indicated that since planning an asteroid mission can take years, data from these observations will represent the last realistic chance to determine whether a mission to visit or deflect the asteroid is warranted.

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Topic:

Asteroid/
2025 News Review

Source: www.newscientist.com

Proximity to Windows May Enhance Blood Sugar Control in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

Another incentive to secure a window seat is its potential to help manage blood sugar levels.

Anton Dios/Shutterstock

SEI 278372481 — Another incentive to secure a window seat is its potential to help manage blood sugar levels.

Anton Dios/Shutterstock

Many of us prefer sitting by a window to enhance our mood, but exposure to natural light during the day may also be beneficial for blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

Our cells and tissues operate on circadian rhythms, or 24-hour metabolic cycles that influence factors like blood sugar levels. Studies indicate that exposure to artificial light at night can disrupt these rhythms. This raises blood sugar levels, while individuals who spend more time outdoors in sunlight experience enhanced insulin response, a hormone crucial for regulating those levels.

Despite these findings, none of these studies explored the advantages of receiving natural light through windows, especially since most people spend significant time indoors, according to Joris Fuchs from Maastricht University in the Netherlands.

To investigate further, Fuchs and his team enlisted 13 participants with type 2 diabetes, averaging 70 years old, to spend 4.5 days in a room with only natural light from large windows from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

Participants continued their usual diabetes medications and largely sat at desks with access to their mobile phones and computers, with their screens dimmed. In the evenings, they were exposed to soft artificial light and could use their devices until 11 p.m., then slept in complete darkness until 7 a.m. They consumed similar meals three times daily to maintain stable weight and followed consistent exercise routines over the 4.5 days.

The researchers conducted a similar experiment with the same group, this time in a windowless room under artificial light. This phase occurred either one month before or after the natural light segment of the study.

Throughout both experiments, participants wore devices to monitor their blood sugar levels continuously; however, due to technical difficulties, data was only obtainable from 10 individuals.

The results indicated that during weeks with more natural light, participants maintained their blood sugar levels within a healthy range 50% of the time, compared to only 43% in the artificial light experiment.

The researchers defined a healthy blood sugar range as 4.4 to 7.2 mmol per liter, aligning with guidelines from the UK National Health Service and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

Although the difference between the two studies may seem minor, extended periods outside of a healthy range can impact an individual’s health significantly, increasing the risk of diabetes-related complications, including heart problems, according to Fuchs.

The positive impact of sunlight may stem from the fact that light-sensitive cells in the eye, crucial for regulating metabolic activity cycles, are particularly responsive to shorter wavelengths present in natural light, Fuchs explained.

Further research is essential to validate these findings; however, Fuchs suggests that many individuals with type 2 diabetes can benefit from increased exposure to natural light, even if it’s simply by sitting near a window. “It’s easy, free, and accessible to all,” Hoeks said. It remains uncertain whether individuals with type 1 diabetes or prediabetes gain similar benefits.

Glenn Jeffrey from University College London emphasizes the necessity for larger studies to substantiate these results. Nonetheless, he noted, “the significance of sunlight is gradually gaining recognition.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Research Reveals Swearing Might Provide an Unexpected Physical Edge

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

Many of us find joy in liberally using profanity. Why? Because it feels satisfying. Recent scientific findings have validated this common behavior, thanks to a new study conducted by researchers at Keele University in the UK.

The research indicates that swearing can enhance physical performance and lead to better results in strength and endurance tests.

According to Dr. Richard Stevens, who spearheaded the study: BBC Science Focus, “This study essentially confirms what we consider common sense: swearing when we need to can elevate our mood.” He described swearing as a “low-cost, easily accessible, non-drug self-help strategy.”

To explore this phenomenon, the research team performed two experiments involving 192 participants. During the first experiment, each volunteer shouted an expletive every two seconds while doing push-ups (raising their body using only their arms) on a chair.

Participants also completed the same task using neutral words instead. Some began with swearing, while others started with neutral terms.

The results were significant. Those who swore were able to maintain their weight support for longer periods.

Stevens attributes this enhancement in performance to people feeling less constrained when they swear. “You become more uninhibited, you push past your hesitations and go all out instead of holding back,” he explains.

This effect was later confirmed through a post-test questionnaire, showing that participants reported higher levels of “psychological flow” when swearing—a state where they were fully engaged and enjoying the activity.

It’s common to hear profanity at the gym as individuals strive for extra strength – Photo credit: Getty

“This paper builds on research from the 1960s indicating that shouting, loud sounds, alcohol, and similar stimuli enhance physical performance. It suggests that reducing inhibitions can boost fitness,” Stevens remarked.

But what is it about profanity that gives it such power? Stevens posits that it “must relate to their taboo nature.” He noted that many curse words are “double taboos,” meaning they aren’t just socially unacceptable, but often touch on other sensitive subjects, such as sex.

The research team plans to delve deeper into the influence of a word’s taboo nature by examining its effects on pain tolerance. Essentially, they’re searching for the ultimate swear word with the greatest impact.

For now, you might be wondering if you should incorporate more swearing into your life. According to science, the answer is affirmative.

“Our findings indicate that swearing diminishes inhibition and enhances performance, suggesting that this effect may extend to other scenarios where success relies on overcoming hesitation,” Stevens stated.

“Using curse words strategically during challenging moments, especially when we’re outside our comfort zone, can help us unlock our full potential and ultimately achieve greater success.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Research Discovers Titan Lacks an Underground Ocean

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

Data from NASA’s Cassini mission to Saturn initially suggested that Titan could possess a vast subterranean ocean of liquid water. However, when University of Washington scientist Baptiste Journeau and his team created models of a moon with an ocean, the findings did not align with the physical characteristics indicated by the data. What we likely observe instead resembles Arctic sea ice and aquifers, rather than an expansive ocean akin to those on Earth.

This composite image presents an infrared view of Titan. In this depiction, blue signifies wavelengths centered at 1.3 microns, green at 2.0 microns, and red at 5.0 microns. While visible wavelengths only reveal Titan’s hazy atmosphere, the near-infrared wavelengths enable Cassini’s vision to penetrate the haze, showcasing the moon’s surface. This perspective primarily focuses on the terrain in Titan’s hemisphere facing Saturn. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / Space Science Institute.

The Cassini mission, which commenced in 1997 and spanned nearly 20 years, yielded extensive data about Saturn and its 274 moons.

Titan is the only celestial body outside Earth known to feature liquid on its surface.

Temperatures on Titan hover around -183 degrees Celsius (-297 degrees Fahrenheit). Rather than water, liquid methane forms lakes and precipitates as rain.

As Titan orbits Saturn in an elliptical pattern, scientists noted the moon stretching or contracting based on its position relative to Saturn.

In 2008, they hypothesized that Titan must harbor a massive ocean beneath its crust to explain such notable deformation.

“The extent of deformation is influenced by Titan’s internal structure,” Journeau explains.

“When Saturn’s gravity acts on a deep ocean, it can bend the crust even more; however, if Titan is entirely frozen, the deformation would be less pronounced.”

“The deformations detected during the initial analysis of Cassini mission data might align with a global ocean scenario, but we now understand that there is more complexity involved.”

Schematic representation of Titan’s internal structure as revealed by Petricca et al.. Image credit: Petricca et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09818-x.

In this new study, Dr. Journeau and his co-authors introduce an additional layer of detail: timing.

Titan’s shape alteration lags Saturn’s peak gravitational influence by approximately 15 hours.

Similar to stirring honey with a spoon, manipulating a thick and viscous substance demands more energy compared to liquid water.

By measuring this delay, scientists were able to ascertain how much energy was required to alter Titan’s shape, facilitating inferences about its internal viscosity.

The energy loss, or dissipation, observed on Titan greatly exceeded what researchers anticipated in a global ocean framework.

“No one expected such significant energy dissipation to take place within Titan,” stated Dr. Flavio Petricca, a postdoctoral fellow at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“This provided definitive evidence that Titan’s interior differs from our previous analyses.”

Consequently, the scientists proposed a model characterized by a greater presence of slush and significantly reduced quantities of liquid water.

This slush is sufficiently thick to explain the delay, yet still contains water, enabling Titan to deform under gravitational forces.

“Titan’s water layer is so dense and the pressure so great that it alters the physics of the water,” Journeau remarks.

“Water and ice behave differently compared to seawater on Earth.”

This study is published in today’s issue of Nature.

_____

F. Petricca et al. 2025. The dissipation of Titan’s powerful tidal forces prevents the formation of underground oceans. Nature 648, 556-561; doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09818-x

Source: www.sci.news

Paleontologists Uncover Earliest Evidence of Ancient Honey Bees Nesting in Vertebrate Fossil

Posted on December 18, 2025 by

Bees exhibit an extraordinary range of species and behavior, from solitary types that nest in burrows to social variants that construct intricate nests. This nesting diversity is partially captured in the fossil record, with trace fossils dating from the Cretaceous to the Holocene. In a recent study, Field Museum paleontologist Lázaro Vignola López and his colleagues unveil novel nesting behaviors based on trace fossils unearthed from Late Quaternary cave deposits on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola. Osnidam Almontei was discovered within the cavity of a vertebrate corpse.

A reenactment of the life of bees with evidence of them building their nests in caves and using the bone cavities as housing chambers for several egg-laying cells. Image credit: Jorge Mario Macho.

“The initial descent into the cave isn’t very deep. You secure a rope to the side and rappel down,” Dr. Vignola López explained.

“Entering at night, you can spot the eyes of tarantulas residing there. As you navigate through the 10-meter-long underground tunnel, fossils start to emerge.”

Fossil layers were separated by carbonate deposits formed during rainy periods in antiquity.

Although rodents made up most of the fossils, remains of sloths, birds, and reptiles—over 50 species in total—were also found. Together, these fossils narrate a compelling story.

“We hypothesize this cave served as a home for owls over generations, potentially for hundreds or even thousands of years,” Dr. Vignola López remarked.

“The owl would venture out to hunt and return to the cave to regurgitate pellets.”

“We’ve collected fossils of the prey the owl consumed, its own remains, and even bones of turtles and crocodiles that may have inadvertently fallen into the cave.”

Dr. Vignola López and his colleagues observed that the sediments in empty tooth sockets of mammalian jaws didn’t accumulate randomly.

“The surface was notably smooth and slightly concave, which is unusual for sediment burial. I noticed this pattern across multiple specimens and thought to myself, ‘There’s something peculiar here.’ It reminded me of a hornet’s nest,” he noted.

Many well-known nests constructed by bees and wasps belong to social species that coexist in large colonies, raising their young together—like the bees in honeycombs or paper wasp nests.

“However, the majority of bee species are solitary. They deposit eggs in small cavities and leave pollen for their larvae’s nourishment,” Dr. Vignola López continued.

“Some bee species create nests in tree hollows, in the ground, or utilize vacant spaces. Certain species in Europe and Africa even nest within discarded snail shells.”

To investigate the possible insect nests within the cave fossils, the researchers conducted CT scans and X-rays of the bones, capturing 3D images of the compacted soil in the tooth sockets without damaging the fossils.

The shape and composition of the deposits bore similarities to mud nests created by some contemporary bee species. Some of these nests contained ancient pollen grains that mother bees had sealed for their larvae.

The researchers propose that bees combined saliva and soil to construct small nests for their eggs, smaller than the eraser on a pencil.

Nesting within larger animal bones provided protection for bee eggs from potential predators such as wasps.

While the bees themselves were not preserved, the unique characteristics of the nests allowed for a taxonomic classification.

They named the nests Osnidam Almontei, in honor of the scientist Juan Almonte Milan, who first discovered this cave.

“Since no bee remains were found, they may have belonged to a currently existing species. Our knowledge on the ecology of various bee species in these islands is limited,” Dr. Vignola López stated.

Scientists speculate that this behavior arises from a combination of factors. With little soil covering the limestone terrain in this region, bees may have opted for caves as their nesting sites, rather than digging into the ground like many other species.

Additionally, this cave had been home to generations of owls, with numerous owl pellets accumulating over the years, providing the bees with ample use of the bones the owls left behind.

“This finding illustrates the peculiarities of bees. They can be surprising, and it emphasizes the importance of meticulous examination when studying fossils,” Dr. Vignola López remarked.

of paper published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences.

_____

Lazaro W. Vignola-Lopez and others. 2025. Fossil traces in mammal remains reveal a new nesting behavior for bees. R Soc Open Science 12(12):251748; doi: 10.1098/rsos.251748

Source: www.sci.news

Billionaire Entrepreneur Jared Isaacman Appointed as NASA Administrator

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

Jared Isaacman, the billionaire entrepreneur, was officially confirmed by the Senate as NASA’s new administrator on Wednesday, concluding a dramatic chapter that began over a year ago.

Initially nominated by then-President-elect Donald Trump in December 2024, Isaacman saw his nomination retracted just five months later following a comprehensive review of prior relations.

In an unexpected turn, President Trump renominated Isaacman in November, asserting that his enthusiasm and experience in the field of space make him “ideally suited to lead NASA into a new visionary era.”

This leadership transition occurs at a critical juncture for NASA, with ongoing concerns regarding the agency’s future funding and mission priorities. Similar to other governmental entities, NASA is recovering from significant budget cuts and workforce reductions implemented during the Trump administration.

The final vote for approval was 67-30.

The Senate Commerce, Science, and Transportation Committee endorsed Isaacman’s nomination following a Dec. 3 hearing where he emphasized the urgency of returning NASA astronauts to the moon ahead of China.

Senator Ted Cruz, a Republican from Texas and committee chair, expressed hopes for Isaacman’s approval by year-end.

Isaacman, 42, is the founder and CEO of Shift4, a payment processing company, though he has not previously worked with NASA or in government. He will succeed Transportation Secretary Sean Duffy, who has been acting as NASA’s administrator since July.

During the Senate committee hearing, Isaacman articulated a commitment to lunar exploration and prevailing in a renewed space race with China. Both nations aspire to establish a permanent human presence on the moon, yet NASA’s Artemis program has encountered multiple delays and budget overruns, while China’s space efforts have made swift advancements.

NASA plans to send four astronauts around the moon next year in a vital test for its next-generation rockets and spacecraft. If successful, the agency aims to land a crew near the moon’s south pole by 2027. In parallel, China has announced plans to achieve its own lunar landing by 2030.

Beyond its lunar aspirations, NASA faces ambiguity regarding its funding and overarching purpose. Earlier this year, President Trump’s budget proposal suggested cutting over $6 billion, or roughly 24%, from NASA’s budget, but this met with considerable resistance in both the House and Senate.

Isaacman was subject to extensive questioning during his confirmation hearing regarding the leak of “Project Athena,” a document detailing his vision for NASA. The 62-page proposal, first reported by Politico, suggested significant alterations to NASA’s scientific agenda, such as prioritizing Mars missions, enhancing nuclear-electric propulsion, reforming certain NASA centers, and increasing commercial partnerships.

Isaacman stated in the hearing that Project Athena is a “draft document,” yet he affirmed support for its contents, asserting that they are “valid from all perspectives.”

The confirmation proceedings also spotlighted Isaacman’s ties with Elon Musk. Isaacman has made two space flights on commercial SpaceX missions, self-financed, without publicly disclosed costs. Musk, founder and CEO of SpaceX, previously aligned with Trump but supported Isaacman’s initial nomination.

The reversal of Isaacman’s nomination came during a public spat between Trump and Musk. Isaacman faced scrutiny regarding his connections with Musk, including how his business dealings relate to SpaceX.

Isaacman downplayed this connection, emphasizing that he chose SpaceX for his space travel due to its unique capability to transport astronauts to and from space.

He concluded, stating, “There are no photos of him at dinner, in a bar, on a plane, on a yacht, because they don’t exist.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

In 2025, Humanity Discovers New Colors for the First Time

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

We perceive color using input from cone cells in the retina.

Shutterstock/Kytriel

SEI 272896748 — We perceive color using input from cone cells in the retina.

Shutterstock/Kytriel

In April, researchers announced that they developed a device that allows people to see vibrant green and blue colors previously unseen by humans. Following this revelation, numerous requests poured in from the public eager to experience these colors firsthand.

This device could potentially enable individuals with certain types of color blindness to experience typical vision, while also giving those with normal vision an opportunity to perceive a broader spectrum of colors. “Our aim is to enhance the color experience,” states Austin Rolda from the University of Waterloo in Canada.

The retina at the rear of most individuals’ eyes contains three types of cone cells identified as S, M, and L. Each of these cones detects different wavelength ranges of light, aiding the brain in forming color perceptions based on signals received from them.

The M cone cells’ sensitivity range overlaps with the other two types, meaning they typically receive combined signals from multiple cone types.

Roorda and his team employed a highly accurate laser to selectively target about 300 M cones in a small area of the retina, roughly the size of a fingernail when held at arm’s length.

When five team members tested the device, they encountered a vivid blue-green hue that exceeded anything they had seen so far, which they named “olo.” This discovery was validated through a color matching experiment that compared olo to the complete visible light spectrum.

“It was truly an incredible experience,” remarks Roorda, who has witnessed olo more frequently than anyone else due to his essential role in developing the system. “The most vibrant natural light appeared dull in comparison.”

After their findings attracted media attention, the team received numerous inquiries from various individuals, including artists, interested in seeing olo. However, Roorda explained that they were unable to fulfill these requests, as setting up the device for a new person requires several days.

Instead, they are concentrating on two ongoing experiments. The first experiment aims to determine whether the device can temporarily enable individuals with color blindness to experience typical vision. Certain color blindness types arise from having only two cone types rather than the typical three. “We manipulate the signaling from specific cones within a type to simulate the existence of a third cone type,” Roorda explains. The objective is for people’s brains to interpret these signals as colors they have never experienced before.

The researchers are also exploring whether a similar technique could allow individuals with three cone types to perceive the world as if they had four cone types, potentially expanding their color perception. Results from both studies are anticipated to be available next year, Roorda indicated.

Topic:

Neuroscience /
2025 News Review

Source: www.newscientist.com

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome May Have a Significant Genetic Influence.

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

Chronic fatigue syndrome has multiple influencing factors, with genetics starting to emerge as a key player.

Anusorn Nakdee/Getty Images

Recent research is illuminating how genetics contributes to the development of chronic fatigue syndrome, also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME/CFS). This latest study, the most extensive of its kind to date, identifies over 250 genes, significantly outpacing previous discoveries. The findings paves the way for targeted treatments for ME/CFS and enriches our understanding of how it varies from conditions like long COVID-19.

“We are exploring numerous possibilities, including new treatment options and repurposing existing medications,” remarks Steve Gardner of Precision Life in Oxford.

ME/CFS is a chronic and often debilitating illness characterized primarily by severe fatigue following even minor exertion. The cause is often linked to infections, yet not every individual exposed to these infections goes on to develop symptoms.

To deepen the understanding of this condition, Gardner’s team analyzed genomic information from over 10,500 individuals diagnosed with ME/CFS. This data originated from the DecodeME project, which notably found that patients with ME/CFS possess distinct genetic characteristics when compared to individuals without the disorder.

Subsequently, Gardner and colleagues cross-referenced this data with information from the UK Biobank, focusing on genetic variations known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which occur when one letter of the genetic code is altered.

While traditional analyses often evaluate one SNP at a time, Gardner notes, “The complexity of disease biology doesn’t operate that way. Multiple genes interact, with some enhancing and others diminishing each other’s effects.”

In a different approach, the researchers sought groups of SNPs linked to the risk of developing ME/CFS, uncovering 22,411 such groups drawn from 7,555 combinations of SNPs, out of an extensive dataset of over 300,000. They also discovered that individuals with a higher count of these SNP groups faced an increased likelihood of developing ME/CFS.

“This is where their progress begins,” adds Jacqueline Cliff from Brunel University, London.

The researchers proceeded to map the SNPs to 2,311 genes. Each gene plays a subtle role in an individual’s risk, culminating in the identification of 259 “core” genes that had a robust association with ME/CFS and contained the most frequently observed SNPs. This represents a profound advancement from the earlier August study, which identified only 43 genes.

“For drug discovery, it’s essential to focus on variants with greater prevalence and significant effect sizes,” Gardner states. While there are currently no specific medications for ME/CFS, symptomatic treatments like pain relievers and antidepressants may be offered, along with resources for energy management.

Danny Altman, a professor at Imperial College London, expresses optimism that investigations like this will highlight the severe impact of ME/CFS, a condition that has long been misunderstood. “We are gaining momentum in understanding genomics and pathophysiology.”

Previous studies have sought to pinpoint genetic risk factors for ME/CFS, but often duplicated findings. “It’s primarily about scale and statistical power,” explains Altman, emphasizing that inadequate sample sizes can overlook significant genetic signals.

In August, DecodeME researchers indicated several mutations in eight genomic regions, identifying 43 genes with links to ME/CFS risk, though not all could be validated in independent datasets. Nevertheless, PrecisionLife verified all eight regions, reinforcing their status as legitimate risk factors for the ailment.

ME/CFS is frequently compared to long COVID, given that both arise from infections and frequently result in post-exertional fatigue. In this recent study, researchers aimed to explore the connections between these conditions by analyzing gene lists associated with ME/CFS against those linked with long COVID-19. “Approximately 42 percent of the genes identified in long COVID-19 have been demonstrated in multiple cohorts of ME,” Gardner observes, underscoring the partially overlapping nature of these two diseases.

Despite this, Cliff cautioned that differing analyses of long COVID patients limit researchers’ confidence in the outcomes. The authors indicate that their genetic overlap findings represent a “minimal estimate,” implying a greater genetic similarity than previously assumed between these conditions.

Altman and his colleagues, including Rosemary Boyton, have recently secured £1.1 million in funding to explore the potential links between ME/CFS and long COVID-19. The focus will be on recruiting individuals with both conditions to conduct a comprehensive analysis that includes an overview of participants’ health, the immune system, and aspects such as latent viruses within the body and gut microbiome, believed to be contributors to these symptoms.

By delving into the mechanisms behind ME/CFS and long COVID, as well as individual variations, Altman aspires to create tailored interventions.

topic:

genetics/
chronic fatigue syndrome

Source: www.newscientist.com

An Unusual Lemon-Shaped Exoplanet That Challenges Planet Formation Theories

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

Artist impression of PSR J2322-2650b

NASA, ESA, CSA, Ralph Crawford (STScI)

Astronomers have identified what could be one of the most peculiar known exoplanets. This planet orbits a rapidly spinning neutron star known as a pulsar, which is just the beginning of its unusual characteristics.

Michael Chan and his team at the University of Chicago discovered this strange exoplanet located more than 2,000 light-years away from Earth using the James Webb Space Telescope. They quickly recognized that something was off when they analyzed the spectrum of light emitted by the planet. Instead of detecting the typical signatures of water or carbon dioxide, they unexpectedly found carbon molecules.

Carbon molecules are not commonly seen in planetary atmospheres as they typically bond with other elements rather than themselves. “For carbon to exist in the atmosphere, we would need to eliminate nearly all other elements, including oxygen and nitrogen, which is something we don’t understand how to achieve,” Zhang stated. “There aren’t any other known planetary atmospheres like this one.”

Due to its proximity to its star and the star’s significant mass, the pulsar’s gravity is believed to have distorted the planet into an elongated, lemon-like shape. A year on this exoplanet lasts just 7.8 hours, and even its coldest regions reach temperatures of approximately 650°C (1202°F). Unlike most gas giants, the winds on this planet blow contrary to its rotation. “You can envision this planet having graphite clouds in its atmosphere, giving it a striking red appearance, reminiscent of an ominous lemon,” Zhang remarked. “I consider it to be undoubtedly the most bizarre exoplanet known.”

These numerous anomalies pose a challenge in explaining the formation of PSR J2322-2650b, running counter to established models of planetary formation. For now, this utterly bizarre and remote world remains an enigma.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Trump Administration Set to Eliminate Key Climate Research Centers

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

The Trump administration has announced plans to dismantle Colorado’s National Center for Atmospheric Research, which is the largest climate research institute in the federal state.

Russ Vought, the White House Director of Management and Budget, revealed the proposal on Tuesday. In a statement on X.

“The National Science Foundation intends to dissolve the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colorado,” Vought stated. According to a USA Today report. “This facility is a core source of concern regarding climate change in our country. A thorough review is in progress, and vital activities related to climate research will be reassigned to another organization or location.”

This action could pose a significant blow to U.S. climate research, as United Nations and other global leaders indicate that time is running out to avert the dire consequences of global warming.

The University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, NCAR’s parent organization, issued a statement on Tuesday. They acknowledged awareness of the closures but had no further details.

“We are eager to collaborate with the administration to ensure the security and prosperity of our nation remains a top priority,” UCAR President Antonio Busalacci stated.

In response to an NBC News inquiry about NCAR’s fate, a senior White House official criticized Colorado Governor Jared Polis, a Democrat.

“Perhaps if Colorado had a governor willing to engage with President Trump, it would be more beneficial for voters,” said the official.

The official characterized NCAR as “a prominent research center perpetuating left-leaning climate change ideologies” and asserted that dismantling NCAR would “put an end to the research activities linked to the Green New Scam.”

Polis responded on Tuesday. He mentioned that Colorado has not received any communication about plans to dismantle NCAR, emphasizing that such actions would equate to an assault on science if confirmed.

“Climate change is a real issue, but NCAR’s contributions extend well beyond climate research,” Polis stated. “NCAR supplies crucial data on severe weather incidents like fires and floods, aiding our nation in safeguarding lives and property. If these cuts proceed, we risk losing our competitive edge against foreign adversaries in scientific exploration.”

Many within the climate and weather field expressed shock at this announcement.

Daniel Swain, a climatologist at UCLA, remarked: I commented on X that this would represent a “significant setback for American science.”

“This will disrupt not only climate research but also studies on weather, wildfires, and disasters that have supported decades of advancements in forecasting, early warnings, and resilience improvement,” Swain said, noting that the repercussions would cascade throughout the global weather and climate communities.

“NCAR has likely played an unparalleled role in enhancing weather forecasting and atmospheric modeling compared to any other organization worldwide,” he added.

Katherine Hayhoe, an atmospheric scientist and chief scientist at the Nature Conservancy, asserted that dismantling NCAR would be “akin to using a sledgehammer on the foundation of our scientific understanding of the planet.”

“Almost everyone studying climate and weather, not just in the U.S. but globally, has benefited from NCAR’s invaluable resources,” she mentioned on X.

Andy Hazelton, an associate scientist at the University of Miami’s Oceanic and Atmospheric Institute, described the decision to move resources as “incredibly shortsighted.”

Some Democratic representatives have pledged to fight against the closure of NCAR.

“This represents a dangerously blatant act of retaliation from the Trump administration,” stated Rep. Joe Neguse, D-Colorado, whose constituency includes the climate research hub. I posted on X. “NCAR is a leading scientific facility globally, with our scientists engaging in pioneering research every day. We will use every legal avenue to combat this reckless directive.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

China’s Carbon Emissions Could Begin to Decrease by 2025

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

China’s swift transition to solar energy is contributing to lower emissions in the energy sector

Cost Photo/NurPhoto (via Getty Images)

The year 2025 could mark the beginning of a long-term decline in China’s greenhouse gas emissions, although achieving this objective still appears uncertain.

As the largest producer of carbon dioxide globally, China aims to reduce its emissions by 2030, a critical threshold to avert a climate emergency in the coming years.

With the first three quarters of 2025 completed, it’s premature to determine if emissions will see a slight rise or a decline for the entire year. An analysis by Lauri Milivirta presented by Carbon Brief at Finland’s Energy and Clean Air Research Center highlights these uncertainties.

Total emissions in China have remained steady or slightly decreased since March 2024. The significant expansion of solar and wind energy is central to this emissions reduction; however, fossil fuel demand continues to rise in various sectors, Millivirta noted.

“While emissions from the power, cement, and steel industries are declining, coal and oil consumption in the chemical sector is beginning to rise significantly again,” he stated.

From January to August, electricity demand surged by 320 terawatt-hours, marking a 4.9% year-on-year increase. In contrast, contributions from solar PV increased by 250 TWh, wind by 105 TWh, and nuclear by 30 TWh, resulting in a total surge of 385 TWh from these non-fossil sources.

The rate of solar energy growth in China is remarkable, according to Milivirta. “In just the first half of 2025, solar capacity installations were akin to setting up 100 solar panels every second,” he mentioned. “In the first nine months of this year, 240 gigawatts of solar capacity were added, reflecting a 50 percent increase compared to the previous year. This addition alone surpasses the total installed capacity in the United States.”

The trade tariffs enacted by former US President Donald Trump have yet to significantly influence China’s emissions; both the positive and negative aspects of the trade war have largely balanced each other out, Millibirta stated.

If emissions in China do begin to decline, it’s likely that global trends will follow suit, according to Li Shuo from the Asian Society Policy Institute in Washington, DC. “However, we require data from the upcoming years to verify trends, so we should be cautious about declaring a peak too early,” he added.

“The fate of the temperature targets outlined in the Paris Agreement relies on how swiftly China and developed nations advance their emissions reductions, alongside how developing nations manage to control emissions while promoting economic growth,” Li stated.

David Fishman expects emissions to decrease this year, but urges against excessive optimism. “Any number of events could unfold in the closing months of 2025,” he remarked.

“The rise in electricity demand has been fully met, and then partially addressed by renewable energy sources, slightly slowing or even reversing emissions growth in the power sector.”

Even if China’s emissions peak ahead of its 2030 target, a swift decline over the following five years seems unlikely, as consumers in China still utilize less energy per capita than those in higher-income nations, Fishman noted. “I anticipate that China’s emissions will likely stay flat until 2030, and we won’t witness any significant drop until post-2030.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Webb Discovers Unique Helium and Carbon-Rich Atmosphere on Exoplanet Orbiting Pulsar

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

PSR J2322-2650b, an enigmatic Jupiter-mass exoplanet orbiting the millisecond pulsar PSR J2322-2650, exhibits an unusual atmosphere primarily composed of helium and carbon, presenting a new phenomenon never observed before.

Artist’s concept of PSR J2322-2650b. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/Ralf Crawford, STScI.

“This discovery was completely unexpected,” stated Dr. Peter Gao, an astronomer at the Carnegie Earth and Planetary Institute.

“After analyzing the data, our immediate reaction was, ‘What on Earth is this?’ It contradicted all our expectations.”

“This system is fascinating because we can see the planet lit by its star, yet the star itself is invisible,” explained Dr. Maya Bereznay, a candidate at Stanford University.

“This allows us to capture exceptionally clear spectra, enabling us to study the system in a much more detailed way than we typically do with other exoplanets.”

“This planet orbits a truly unique star—it’s as massive as the sun but as compact as a city,” remarked Dr. Michael Chan from the University of Chicago.

“This represents a new kind of planetary atmosphere never before observed. Instead of the typical molecules like water, methane, and carbon dioxide, we detected carbon molecules, particularly C.₃ and C₂.”

Molecular carbon is exceedingly rare; at temperatures exceeding 2,000 degrees Celsius, carbon typically bonds with other atoms in the atmosphere.

Out of around 150 planets studied both within and beyond our solar system, none have showcased detectable molecular carbon.

“Did this form as a typical planet? Certainly not, due to its starkly different composition,” Dr. Zhang stated.

“Could it have been created by stripping the outer layers of a star, like what happens in a conventional black widow system? Likely not, as nuclear processes do not yield pure carbon.”

“Envisioning how this drastically carbon-rich composition came to be is quite challenging. All known formation theories seem to be excluded.”

The authors suggest an intriguing phenomenon that might occur in such a unique atmosphere.

“As the companion star cools, the carbon and oxygen mixture within begins to crystallize,” explained Roger Romani, an astronomer at Stanford University and the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology.

“What we observed was pure carbon crystals rising to the surface and blending with the helium.”

“Yet, there must be a mechanism to prevent the oxygen and nitrogen from mixing in. This is where the mystery deepens.”

“However, it’s intriguing not to have all the answers. I’m eager to uncover more about the peculiarities of this atmosphere. Solving these enigmas will be remarkable.”

For more information, refer to the paper published in Astrophysics Journal Letter.

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michael chan et al. 2025. The carbon-rich atmosphere of a windy pulsar planet. APJL 995, L64; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae157c

Source: www.sci.news

Stellar-Mass Black Hole Triggers Record-Breaking Cosmic Burst by Collapsing Companion Star

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

Astronomers have utilized data gathered from a network of space and terrestrial telescopes to identify AT 2024wpp, the most radiant blue light transient (LFBOT) ever recorded. These uncommon, ephemeral, and exceedingly luminous outbursts have perplexed scientists for a decade, but the extraordinary brightness and comprehensive multiwavelength data from AT 2024wpp indicate that they cannot be attributed to typical stellar explosions such as supernovae. Instead, recent observations reveal that AT 2024wpp was generated by an extreme tidal disruption event, where a black hole, with a mass approximately 100 times that of the Sun, dismantles a massive companion star over the course of just a few days, converting a significant portion of the star’s mass into energy.

This composite image contains X-ray and optical data for the LFBOT event at 2024wpp. Image credits: NASA / CXC / University of California, Berkeley / Nayana others. / Legacy Survey / DECaLS / BASS / MzLS / SAO / P. Edmonds / N. Walk.

LFBOTs derive their name from their intense brightness, being visible from hundreds of millions to billions of light years away, and their ephemeral nature, lasting merely a few days.

They emit high-energy light across the blue spectrum into ultraviolet and X-rays.

The inaugural observation was made in 2014, but the first LFBOT with sufficient data for analysis was recorded in 2018, termed AT 2018cow, in accordance with standard naming conventions.

Researchers nicknamed it “cow”, alongside other LFBOTs dubbed “tongue-twisted koala” (ZTF18abvkwla), “Tasmanian devil” (AT 2022tsd), and “finch” (AT 2023fhn). AT 2024wpp is likely to be known as Wasp.

Researchers determined that AT 2024wpp was not a supernova after assessing the energy output of the phenomenon.

The energy was found to be 100 times greater than that produced by typical supernovae.

The emitted energy must convert roughly 10% of the Sun’s rest mass into energy over a brief period of weeks.

Specifically, observations from Gemini South disclosed excess near-infrared radiation emitted by a luminous source.

This marks the second instance astronomers have witnessed such an occurrence, with the first being AT 2018cow, which seemingly doesn’t occur in regular stellar explosions.

These observations establish near-infrared excess as a defining characteristic of FBOT, yet no model can adequately explain it.

“The energy released by these bursts is so immense that it cannot be accounted for by a nuclear collapse or any typical stellar explosion,” stated Nathalie LeBaron, a graduate student at the University of California, Berkeley.

“The main takeaway from AT 2024wpp is that the model we initially proposed is incorrect. This is definitely not an ordinary exploding star.”

Scientists suggest that the intense high-energy light emitted during this extreme tidal disruption stems from the black hole binary system’s prolonged parasitic behavior.

As they piece together this history, it appears the black hole has been gradually siphoning material from its companion star, enveloping itself in a ring of material too distant to be consumed.

Subsequently, when the companion star ventured too near and was shredded, the new material became ensnared in a rotating accretion disk, colliding with pre-existing material and releasing X-rays, ultraviolet light, and blue radiation.

Much of the gas from the companion star ended up spiraling toward the black hole’s poles, where it was expelled as material jets.

Authors calculated that the jet was traveling at about 40% the speed of light and emitted radio waves upon interacting with surrounding gas.

Similar to most LFBOTs, AT 2024wpp is situated in a galaxy characterized by active star formation, making the presence of large stars likely.

Located 1.1 billion light years away, AT 2024wpp is 5 to 10 times more brilliant than AT 2018cow.

The companion star that was torn apart was estimated to be over 10 times the mass of the Sun.

“It may have been what is referred to as a Wolf-Rayet star, a very hot evolved star that has depleted much of its hydrogen,” remarked the astronomers.

“This would account for the weak hydrogen emission observed from AT 2024wpp.”

The findings are published in two papers: Astrophysics Journal Letter.

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Natalie LeBaron others. 2025. Brightest known fast blue light transient AT 2024wpp: unprecedented evolution and properties from ultraviolet to near-infrared. APJL in press. arXiv: 2509.00951

AJ Nayana others. 2025. Brightest known fast blue light transient AT 2024wpp: unprecedented evolution and properties in X-rays and radio. APJL in press. arXiv: 2509.00952

Source: www.sci.news

As Atmospheric Rivers Persist, Washington’s Infrastructure Faces Collapse.

Posted on December 17, 2025 by

Numerous levees have collapsed, over a dozen highways have been shut down, and one fatality has been reported in Washington state as an atmospheric river storm continues to hammer the area, putting its infrastructure to the test.

Although the state’s dams and levees managed to withstand the initial wave of last week’s storms, the ongoing rainfall is beginning to overwhelm some levees.

Additionally, various low-lying areas in Western Washington remain inundated with slowly subsiding floodwaters.

During a news conference on Tuesday, Governor Bob Ferguson reported that there have been over 1,200 rescues across 10 counties since December 8. Thirteen state highways remain closed, and Highway 2, a key route across the Cascades, may remain shut for months. Interstate 90, the largest highway in the state, is also blocked due to a significant landslide.

“Our infrastructure is under significant strain,” Ferguson stated. “It has been compromised.”

Flooding occurred on Francis Road in Skagit County, Washington on Friday.
Evan Bush/NBC News

A 33-year-old man lost his life early Tuesday in Snohomish County, north of Seattle, when his car veered off into a ditch on a submerged rural farm road.

“We believe this marks the first fatality linked to this storm,” Ferguson commented, noting it was somewhat miraculous that there haven’t been additional casualties.

Courtney O’Keefe, public information director for the Snohomish County Sheriff’s Office, stated that the man was driving a Chevrolet Tahoe that drove through a traffic stop as his car began to flood. He called a friend, prompting them to contact 911 for help.

“There’s a ditch right next to the road. During flooding, it’s challenging to determine where the road ends and the ditch starts,” O’Keefe noted, mentioning that the tragic accident is still being investigated.

In the last two days, two levees have failed in the suburbs of Seattle.

The latest incident occurred Tuesday morning in the town of Pacific, close to the White River.

“A leak as wide as a fire hose was detected last night around 12:30,” informed Sheri Badger, a spokeswoman for the King County Emergency Management Agency. “It has since increased to approximately 120 feet in length.”

The semi-permanent embankment was built with HESCO Barrier, a mesh and fabric structure filled with sand, earth, and gravel. Badger explained that barriers were stacked atop one another, with water seeping through the gaps.

An evacuation advisory has been issued for 1,300 residents in the area. Crews are actively adding sandbags and “super sacks” to reinforce the breach.

On Monday, a six-foot section of another levee gave way in Tukwila, a locality on the Green River south of Seattle. King County ordered an evacuation for around 1,100 individuals, but crews managed to promptly repair the breach, limiting the damage.

The embankment had been previously damaged by flooding about four years ago and remained partially unrehabilitated.

At least two dams are currently being monitored for cracks or potential failures, according to the state Department of Ecology. One such dam is Lake Sylvia Dam, which is classified as “poor condition” with “significant” risks as per the National Inventory of Dams, with the last inspection conducted in November 2024. It was built in 1918.

Spokesman Andrew Weinke indicated that several roads could be at risk in the event of a dam failure, but there would be no immediate repercussions for homes or residents.

Much of western Washington is traversed by rivers that flow steeply from the Cascade Mountains. These rivers, which drain into Puget Sound, historically meandered across wide floodplains, forming a complex network. However, over a century ago, much of it was dammed and straightened for potable water, flood control, and hydroelectric energy generation. As a result, streams evolved into channelized rivers, akin to superhighways for water flow.

Since that time, levee systems have been reinforced to contain the water, with homes and industrial buildings often constructed near the floodplain’s edges.

Certain areas that have experienced severe flooding previously are likely to be inundated again.

On Monday, a house was surrounded by floodwaters in Sumas.
Brandon Bell/Getty Images

Atmospheric rivers, such as the recent storm systems, appear like fire hoses on weather radar.

These storms are often referred to as the “Pineapple Express” as they can carry humidity and warmth from Pacific waters near Hawaii and other tropical regions.

The Pacific Northwest typically handles one or two of these storms without significant impact; however, three heavy rain events have occurred since December 8. Some parts of the North and Central Cascades received up to 16 inches of rain within three days, making them the steepest and most rugged mountains in the continental United States.

“The atmospheric river phenomenon was considerable, but not unprecedented,” stated state climatologist Guillaume Mauger. “What stands out is the consecutive nature of these storms.”

Members of a Sumas household were working on Monday to repair their homes, which were flooded during last week’s heavy rains.
Brandon Bell/Getty Images

He noted that more intense river flooding is anticipated in the future as rising temperatures will lead to increased rainfall rather than snowfall. As the climate warms, rainfall also tends to become more intense.

One study predicts flooding along the Skagit River by the end of this century, with potential volumes increasing by nearly 50% every 100 years by the 2080s. Given that the river already has dams, existing flood control measures are deemed “mostly ineffective,” the study found.

Mauger suggested that the best approach to mitigate future risks is to provide rivers with more space.

As more storms are on the horizon, dam operators are compelled to redirect water to upstream reservoirs to avert potential flooding.

John Taylor, Director of King County Natural Resources and Parks, mentioned that officials are closely monitoring several levees of concern and reinforcing those known to be weak.

“We’ve noticed that levees, which typically perform well during floods, are starting to fail due to saturation and significant pressure,” he explained.

The Skagit and Snoqualmie rivers are expected to reach or surpass major flood stage by Thursday morning.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Sea Cow Populations Have Shaped the Arabian Gulf Seagrass Ecosystem for Over 20 Million Years

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

Paleontologists have discovered a significant concentration of dugong fossils at Al Masjabiya, an early Miocene dam site in Qatar. These fossils indicate that the Arabian Gulf has undergone various species of sea cows over the past 20 million years. One of these species is Salvacillen catalensis.

An artistic rendering of a group of Salvacillen catalensis foraging on the ocean floor. Image credit: Alex Boersma.

It has a robust body and a downturned snout adorned with sensitive bristles. Dugongs (dugong dugong) are closely related to manatees.

A key distinction between these aquatic herbivores, often referred to as sea cows, is their tails. Manatees possess a paddle-like tail, whereas dugongs feature a fluke-like tail that resembles that of a dolphin.

Dugongs inhabit coastal waters stretching from western Africa through the Indo-Pacific to northern Australia.

The Arabian Gulf hosts the world’s largest dugong population, making sea cows critical to the ecosystem.

As they graze on seagrass, dugongs alter the ocean floor, creating feeding channels that release buried nutrients into the surrounding waters for use by other marine life.

“We uncovered a distant ancestor of the dugong in a rock formation less than 16 kilometers (10 miles) from a bay with seagrass meadows, which is currently the primary habitat for dugongs,” stated Dr. Nicholas Pienson, curator of fossil marine mammals at the National Museum of Natural History.

“This region has served as the main habitat for sea cows for the past 21 million years, with different species occupying this role over time.”

Few locations preserve as many bones as Al Masjabiya, a fossil site in southwestern Qatar.

The bone beds were initially identified in the 1970s during mining and oil exploration, when geologists found a large number of “reptilian” bones scattered across the desert.

Paleontologists revisited the area in the early 2000s and soon realized that these fossils belonged to sea cows, not ancient reptiles.

Using the surrounding rock layers as a guide, Dr. Pienson and his team dated the bone bed to the early Miocene, approximately 21 million years ago.

They found fossils indicating that this area was once a shallow marine habitat teeming with sharks, barracuda-like fish, prehistoric dolphins, and sea turtles.

Researchers identified over 170 different sites containing sea cow fossils throughout the Al Masjabiya location.

This renders the bone bed the richest trove of fossilized sea cow remains globally.

The fossilized bones from Al Masjabiya bore a resemblance to modern dugongs, although ancient sea cows still had hind limb bones, which contemporary dugongs and manatees have lost through evolution.

The prehistoric sea cows found here exhibited straighter snouts and smaller tusks compared to their living counterparts.

Researchers classified Al Masjabiya’s fossil sea cow as a new species: Salvacillen catalensis.

“Using a national name for this species seemed fitting, as it clearly indicates the location where the fossil was discovered,” said Dr. Ferhan Sakal, a researcher at Qatar Museums.

Estimated weight: 113 kg (250 lbs), Salvacillen catalensis would weigh as much as an adult panda or a heavyweight boxer.

Nonetheless, it was among the smaller sea cow species ever found, with some modern dugongs weighing nearly eight times as much as Salvacillen catalensis.

Based on the fossils, scientists theorize that the region was rich in seagrass beds more than 20 million years ago, during an era when the bay was a hotspot of biodiversity, supported by sea cows nurturing these aquatic meadows.

“The density of al-Mashabiya’s bone bed provides a significant clue. Salvacillen catalensis acted as seagrass ecosystem engineers in the early Miocene, much like dugongs do today,” Dr. Pienson added.

“Though the evolutionary agents have completely changed, the ecological roles have remained the same.”

The findings are documented in a published paper available at: Peer J.

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ND Pienson et al., 2025. The abundance of early Miocene sea cows from Qatar demonstrates the repeated evolution of eastern Tethyan seagrass ecosystem engineers. Peer J 13: e20030; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20030

Source: www.sci.news

Arctic Experiences Hottest Conditions in 125 Years Amid Record Low Sea Ice, According to NOAA Report

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

The previous season marked the highest temperatures in the Arctic for the past 125 years. March, typically the month with the greatest sea ice extent, recorded the lowest levels in 47 years of satellite data. The North American tundra exhibited unprecedented greenness, showing more vegetation than ever before.

These findings, released on Tuesday in the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s annual Arctic Report Card, illustrate the swift and dramatic changes taking place in the region as global temperatures rise.

“The Arctic is warming at a pace that exceeds the global average, with the last decade being some of the hottest on record,” stated Steve Sarr, NOAA’s acting principal scientist and associate administrator for ocean and atmospheric research.

Due to this warming, “over 200 watersheds in the Alaskan Arctic are turning orange as permafrost thaws, ecosystems evolve, and elements like iron are released into rivers,” Thursday indicated. The research highlighted increased acidity and higher levels of toxic metals in these discolored streams.

This is just one of many consequences of climate change affecting the region detailed in the report. This marks the 20th year that NOAA has published the Arctic report card, which originally surfaced during President Donald Trump’s second term.

The Trump administration has worked to diminish or eliminate other climate change reports, including the National Climate Assessment and the extensive climate disaster database. President Trump has labeled climate change a “swindler” and is actively trying to reduce the Environmental Protection Agency’s power to regulate greenhouse gas emissions.

Matthew Druckenmiller, a writer of the report and researcher at the National Snow and Ice Data Center, affirmed during a Tuesday press conference that the team faced “no political interference concerning our findings.”

Independent scientists consulted by NBC News remarked that the report conveys a similarly urgent tone and message as in previous years, with a few minor distinctions.

“Frankly, we haven’t observed a significant shift in tone compared to prior Arctic report cards, which is encouraging,” commented Tom Di Liberto, a climate scientist and media director at Climate Central. “The implications of their conclusions remain consistent with earlier Arctic report cards. The Arctic acts as a warning sign.”

Di Liberto, who previously worked in NOAA’s communications office before his position was cut in March as part of staff reductions, noted that the previous year’s report emphasized reducing fossil fuel production, whereas this year’s report does not mention fossil fuels at all. Otherwise, he identified no major differences.

NOAA unveiled a report at the American Geophysical Union’s annual meeting in New Orleans, highlighting how climate change is disrupting ecosystems and threatening livelihoods in the Arctic. This event is one of the largest scientific gatherings of the year, attracting thousands of scientists.

Mark Alessi, a climate scientist and fellow at the Union of Concerned Scientists, remarked that the report card “effectively communicates the realities of what is occurring on the ground in the Arctic.”

“Anyone reading this will understand that we continue to raise the alarm,” he emphasized.

In strong language, the report’s authors point out that proposed budget cuts to scientific programs collecting data in the Arctic, including satellite programs monitoring sea ice, threaten to undermine the data collection essential for this report and related decision-making.

“Aging infrastructure, along with risks to funding and staffing, could further erode existing AONs.” [Arctic Observing Network] Gaps are forming that hinder long-term trend analysis and decision-making,” the report warned.

Specifically, the report highlights several satellites within the Defense Weather Satellite Program set to be decommissioned in 2026. The cessation of these satellites will restrict sea ice measurements. It also mentions that the tundra greenness dataset will remain unchanged due to NASA funding cuts, and other climate datasets may also be jeopardized by proposed federal budget cuts in fiscal year 2026.

The Arctic is warming two to four times quicker than the rest of the globe, a phenomenon known as Arctic amplification. This process alters ocean currents and the degree of sunlight absorbed by the Earth’s surface at the poles.

“This feedback loop leads to the loss of sea ice and land ice, increased absorption of sunlight, and consequently, more rapid warming,” explained Alessi.

Temperature records are categorized by the Arctic water year, with the latest data ranging from October 2024 to September 2025.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

New Study Suggests Remarkable South African Fossil Could Represent a New Australopithecus Species

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

A recent study conducted by researchers from the University of Cambridge and La Trobe University questions the classification of the Littlefoot fossil, Australopithecus prometheus.

Littlefoot fossil from Sterkfontein Cave, central South Africa. Image credit: Purdue University.

The Littlefoot fossils were found in 1994 within a cave in Sterkfontein, central South Africa.

This specimen, referred to as StW 573, drew its name from the four small leg bones discovered in a box containing animal fossils, leading to the uncovering of the skeleton.

In the 2010s, paleoanthropologist Ronald Clark proposed that Littlefoot belonged to a hominin species known as Australopithecus prometheus.

Others argued that it was Australopithecus africanus, a hominid species first identified by Australian anatomist Raymond Dart in 1925 and already well-known in the region and across South Africa.

However, a new investigation by Dr. Jesse Martin and his team at La Trobe University has determined that Littlefoot does not exhibit a distinct set of traits linked to either species, suggesting it may be a completely new species.

“This fossil represents one of the most significant discoveries in human history, and its identity is crucial for understanding our evolutionary background,” stated Martin.

“We believe it’s evident that it does not belong to Australopithecus prometheus or Australopithecus africanus. This is likely a previously unidentified ancestor of humans.”

“Dr. Clark deserves recognition for discovering Littlefoot and for being among the few to suggest the presence of two hominin species in Sterkfontein.”

“Littlefoot indicates that this is likely true; there are indeed two species.”

Another forensic facial reconstruction of Australopithecus species – afarensis. Image credit: Cicero Moraes / CC BY-SA 3.0.

The researchers now intend to determine which species Littlefoot represents and how it fits within the human evolutionary tree.

Professor Andy Herries, a researcher at La Trobe University and the University of Johannesburg, remarked: “Littlefoot is one of the most complete and significant fossils ever discovered, providing valuable insights into early human diversity and how our ancestors adapted to various environments in southern Africa.”

“It is distinctly different from the designated specimen of Australopithecus prometheus, a classification based on the notion that early humans mastered fire, which we now understand was not the case.”

“Its unique significance compared to other contemporary fossils clearly indicates the necessity of defining it as a distinct species.”

Regarding this research, a paper was published in the December 2025 issue of the American Journal of Biological Anthropology.

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Jesse M. Martin et al. 2025. StW 573 Littlefoot fossil is Australopithecus prometheus. American Journal of Biological Anthropology 188 (4): e70177; doi: 10.1002/ajpa.70177

Source: www.sci.news

Saturn’s Rings Create a Massive Dusty Donut Encircling the Planet

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

A stunning view of Saturn and its rings as seen by the Cassini spacecraft

NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science Institute

New findings indicate that dust particles from Saturn’s rings are extended farther above and below the planet than previously assumed, implying that the rings might be shaped like large, dusty donuts.

The central structure of Saturn’s rings is remarkably thin, stretching out for tens of thousands of kilometers while only measuring around 10 meters in height, which gives Saturn its iconic look from Earth. However, variations exist, such as the outer E-ring that is inflated and replenished by ice ejected from Saturn’s moon Enceladus, which has an ocean beneath its surface.

In a recent study, Frank Postberg and his team at the Free University of Berlin examined data from NASA’s Cassini spacecraft, which completed 20 orbits in its final year of operation in 2017. During these orbits, the spacecraft took a steep trajectory through the rings, starting from a distance up to three times Saturn’s radius and moving downwards towards three times Saturn’s radius.

At the height of Cassini’s orbital path, its spectrometer, known as the Cosmic Dust Analyzer, detected hundreds of tiny rock particles with a chemical makeup similar to those found in the iron-deficient main rings. “This spectral type is genuinely unique within the Saturn system,” Postberg stated.

“While more material is near the surface of the rings, it is still astonishing that these particles are found so far above and below the ring surface,” he added.

Postberg and his collaborators determined that to reach heights greater than 100,000 kilometers from the main ring, the particles must be traveling at speeds exceeding 25 kilometers per second to break free from Saturn’s gravitational and magnetic forces.

Postberg noted that the exact mechanism achieving such speeds remains uncertain. The simplest explanation might be that a minor meteorite strikes the ring, scattering particles; however, this does not generate debris quickly enough.

New research suggests that when micrometeorites impact Saturn’s rings, they could generate sufficiently high temperatures to vaporize the rocks, implying that Saturn’s rings are older than once believed. Postberg and his team propose that this vaporized rock could exit the ring at much higher speeds than expected and then condense far from the planet.

It is surprising to find dust at such distances from the main ring. According to Frank Spahn from the University of Potsdam in Germany, who was not part of the study, this is significant because the particles in Saturn’s primary rings are small, collide rarely, and are sticky, leading to collisions that behave more like snowballs colliding than like billiard balls.

Micrometeorite impacts are prevalent throughout the solar system; hence, similar processes might be occurring on other ringed planets like Uranus. “If a ring of ice experiences a high-velocity impact, this phenomenon could be widespread; we would expect analogous dust rings above and below the other rings,” Postberg concluded.

Chile: The Global Center of Astronomy

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Collision Clock Indicates Satellite in Orbit Faces Disaster in 3 Days

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

An artistic representation of a satellite in Earth’s orbit

Yusery Yilmaz/Shutterstock

In the event that all satellites ceased their ability to maneuver, a collision would likely happen in just 2.8 days, underscoring the dense nature of Earth’s orbital space.

Over the past seven years, the number of satellites has more than tripled, soaring from 4,000 to nearly 14,000. A significant factor driving this surge is SpaceX’s Starlink program, which currently includes over 9,000 satellites situated in low Earth orbit between 340 and 550 kilometers above our planet.

This dramatic rise necessitates that satellites frequently adjust their positions to avoid collisions, which could create thousands of metal fragments and make parts of Earth’s orbit unusable. This process is referred to as a collision avoidance maneuver.

Between Dec. 1, 2024, and May 31, 2025, SpaceX executed 144,404 collision avoidance maneuvers within the constellation, averaging one every 1.8 minutes, per company reports. Notably, there has only been one documented orbital collision. In 2009, a functioning satellite from Iridium Communications collided with a defunct Russian Cosmos satellite, leaving hundreds of debris scattered in orbit.

Sarah Thiele and researchers from Princeton University utilized publicly available satellite tracking data to simulate the impact of increasing satellite numbers on collision risk. They introduced a novel measure named the Collision Realization And Significant Harm (CRASH) Clock to evaluate this risk. The title draws parallels to the well-known Doomsday Clock, which symbolizes the imminent threat of nuclear warfare. “We discussed it extensively,” he notes. Samantha Lawler, another team member from the University of Regina in Canada, contributed to this effort.

Their findings revealed that if all satellites in orbit as of 2018 (prior to the inaugural Starlink launch in 2019) suddenly lost control, a collision would have been imminent within 121 days. Presently, due to the surge in operational satellites, this timeframe has drastically reduced to a mere 2.8 days.

“We were astonished by how short it was,” Thiele comments.

The 2.8 days assumes a scenario where an event—such as a severe solar storm—renders all satellites incapable of altering their trajectories. In May 2024, a significant solar storm caused some Starlink satellites to react dramatically. A recurrence of the Carrington Event, the strongest solar storm on record from 1859, might bring serious challenges; Wind Vatapally from Luxembourg’s SES Satellites believes not all satellites would be incapacitated at once. “It would be implausible for all of them to fail simultaneously,” he states.

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Indicators like the crash clocks serve to emphasize the congested state of Earth’s orbit, he remarks. Hugh Lewis from the University of Birmingham in the UK questions, “Can we keep piling on this precarious structure?” He adds, “The more elements you introduce, the greater the risk of a collapse when problems arise.”

With plans for tens of thousands more satellites to be launched in the coming years by SpaceX, Amazon, and various Chinese enterprises for their extensive constellations, it’s plausible that the CRASH clock will indicate an even shorter timeframe, raising the potential for collisions. “It’s quite frightening to consider,” Thiele adds.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Hubble Space Telescope Revisits NGC 4388

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

The NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has captured breathtaking new images of the intriguingly tilted spiral galaxy NGC 4388.

This Hubble image showcases spiral galaxy NGC 4388, located about 59 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / S. Veilleux / J. Wang / J. Greene.

NGC 4388 is situated roughly 59 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo.

This galaxy was first identified by British astronomer Sir Wilhelm Herschel on April 17, 1784.

Also referred to as LEDA 40581 and IRAS 12232+1256, it has a diameter of 120,000 light-years.

NGC 4388 is among the brightest galaxies in the Virgo Cluster, which comprises over 2,000 galaxies.

Classified as an active galaxy, NGC 4388 features a bright and energetic core.

“NGC 4388 is tilted at a steep angle relative to our viewpoint, appearing almost face-on,” Hubble astronomers mentioned in a statement.

“This angle allows us to observe intriguing features that were not visible in earlier Hubble images of the galaxy released in 2016. A gas plume is seen emanating from the galaxy’s core, extending outward from the galaxy’s disk towards the bottom right corner of the image.”

“But where did this outflow originate? What causes it to shine?”

“The answer seems to lie in the vast spaces that separate the galaxies within the Virgo Cluster.”

“Though it may seem like the void between galaxies is empty, this area is actually filled with clusters of hot gas known as the intracluster medium.”

“As NGC 4388 traverses the intracluster medium, it punches through this gas.”

“The pressure from the hot intracluster gas forces material out of NGC 4388’s disk, trailing it as the galaxy moves.”

“The origin of the energy that ionizes this gas cloud and produces its glow remains uncertain,” the researchers observed.

“We suspect that some energy may originate from the galaxy’s center, where a supermassive black hole accelerates the surrounding gas to create a superheated disk.”

“The intense radiation emitted from this disk could ionize the gas nearest to the galaxy, while shock waves could cause filaments of gas farther out to become ionized.”

Source: www.sci.news

How Menstruation Can Intensify Sports Injuries

Posted on December 16, 2025 by

goal! Researchers examined the FC Barcelona women’s team players

Eric Alonso/Getty Images

The notion of tailoring lifestyle habits according to the phases of the menstrual cycle is gaining momentum both in scientific fields and on social media. Recent studies indicate that when athletes incur sports injuries during their menstrual periods, recovery times are notably extended compared to other cycle stages.

#cyclesyncing has been widely featured across social media, advocating for adjustments in both dietary choices and physical activity based on the fluctuations in hormones throughout the menstrual cycle. However, the scientific backing for these dietary modifications remains limited, while research regarding exercise provides mixed results. Still, teams such as the American and British rugby squads have already adapted their training to align with players’ menstrual cycles.

To investigate this further, Eva Ferrer and her team at Sant Joan de Deu Hospital in Barcelona monitored 33 professional athletes from FC Barcelona’s women’s team over a four-season span from 2019 to 2023.

During their standard training routines, the athletes documented their menstrual cycle days. All injuries sustained during the season were classified by severity by medical professionals applying a standardized assessment scale.

The findings revealed that while the athletes did not experience injuries specifically during their menstrual days, those incurred during this period appeared to be more severe. For instance, soft tissue injuries sustained while menstruating led to over three times the duration of training lost compared to injuries incurred at other times.

These outcomes may be influenced by decreased estrogen levels during menstruation. This hormone is vital for muscle recovery and rehabilitation. “The combination of reduced estrogen, potential iron depletion, increased symptom severity [like cramps], and heightened fatigue during this phase can negatively affect injury recovery,” notes Ferrer.

However, Stuart Phillips from McMaster University in Canada emphasizes that the intricacies of estrogen’s role in muscle repair remain unclear. “Estrogen is believed to offer protective and reparative qualities [for muscles],” he states, “but much of this evidence derives from animal studies rather than human experiments.” Furthermore, their study did not account for possible confounding variables like women’s iron levels or fatigue.

Ferrer acknowledged that while they recorded a total of 69 injuries on non-bleeding days, only 11 occurred during menstruation. “When you overlook sample sizes and confidence intervals, a small number of critical injuries can distort the overall results,” she explains. Additionally, it remains uncertain if these findings are applicable to less competitive athletes or casual sports participants, according to Ferrer.

She hopes that future research will elucidate these issues and possibly lead to exercise recommendations tailored to various menstrual cycle stages. “The most prudent approach is to make individualized decisions regarding training loads and types of exercise during menstruation. Ongoing research will consider each athlete’s symptoms alongside objective data (internal and external workload, injury histories, health metrics, etc.), while also integrating hormone measurements, iron levels, sleep patterns, nutrition, and other factors that may enhance these recommendations,” Ferrer asserts.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

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