NASA’s Dom Petit Captured Stunning Photos from the ISS Over 220 Days

Posted on May 12, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Don Pettit, NASA’s oldest active astronaut, made his return to Earth on April 20th, coinciding with his 70th birthday. This marked the end of his fourth mission, a demanding 220-day stay at the International Space Station.

Throughout his time aboard the space station, Pettit engaged in various experiments, interacted with students, and exercised extensively to maintain his health and combat bone density loss. However, his most captivating contribution was through his photography.

For many on Earth, going to space is simply a dream. “I caught a glimpse of how they perceive my image,” said Pettit during a press conference following his return to Japan.

Pettit mentioned that dedicated photographers always carry a camera. “I could gaze out of the window and enjoy the stunning views,” he described. “But every time I look out, I am just enjoying it, saying to myself, ‘Wow, look at that. Oh, there’s a flash. What’s happening there?’ and, ‘Ah, a volcano appears.’ Then I think, ‘Where’s my camera?’

At times, he would set up five different cameras simultaneously in the cupola module, where seven windows offered sweeping vistas of space and Earth.

Capturing images in space shares similarities with night photography; the stars are faint and require longer exposure times to gather sufficient light. However, in orbit, everything is in constant motion, with the space station racing at 5 miles per second while the Earth spins beneath.

At times, Pettit embraced the dynamic beauty. The shimmering lines blurred under the light showcased the stars tracing arcs across the night sky.

“These meld science with art,” Pettit noted on X. “There are so many techniques to observe, or you can simply sit back and think, ‘How cool!’

His camera was fitted with a “trajectory fitting tracker,” a homemade device that gradually adjusts for the space station’s movements, keeping the lens focused on a particular point in the sky.

Thanks to this tracker, he was able to capture a 10-second exposure of the Milky Way shining above the cloudy Pacific Ocean just before dawn, revealing a captivating blue-purple glow from sunlight scattering through nitrogen in Earth’s atmosphere.

The sidereal tracker also contributed to capturing the image below from the windows of the docked SpaceX Crew Dragon spacecraft.

The photo reveals the large and small Magellanic Clouds, the closest galaxies to our Milky Way on a cosmic scale.

In April, Pettit filmed the mesmerizing rhythmic pulsations of the aurora, a glowing phenomenon caused by high-energy solar particles interacting with atmospheric molecules.

On occasion, vibrant lights were the result of human activity, not celestial events. The green lines seen in this photo are similar in color to the aurora but actually result from fishing boats off Thailand attracting squid.

While photographing Earth, Pettit recorded lightning striking in the upper atmosphere above the Amazon Basin in South America. These videos captured time intervals ranging from 6 to 33 seconds, showcasing more intricate details of the flashes.

The Betoshiboca River in Madagascar reminded Pettit of the visual patterns seen in human eyes’ blood vessels.

Similar to wildfires, urban areas intensify in brightness at night.

Pettit seized the opportunity to document spacecraft launching and returning to Earth, including a test flight of a SpaceX Starship rocket from Texas last November…

…and the docking of the SpaceX Dragon spacecraft, scheduled to transport cargo to the space station in December.

During his mission, Pettit also designed an entertaining science experiment. One showcased electrically charged water droplets dancing around a Teflon knitting needle. “I aim to do in space what can only be done in space,” he stated. “I’m worried that when I return, I’ll have to catch up on all the TV shows.”

In another experiment, he injected food coloring into a droplet of water, producing a sphere resembling Jupiter or a pristine marble.

Pettit also dissolved antacid tablets in water. In a microgravity environment, the escaping bubbles create entirely different patterns of pop, fizz, and hiss compared to on Earth.

He even froze thin water ice wafers at minus 140 degrees Fahrenheit. “What can you do with a freezer in space?” He wrote on X. “I decided to grow a thin layer of water ice just for the fun of it.”

Photographing the ice layer through a polarizing filter revealed intricate crystal formations.

While Pettit holds the title of the oldest NASA astronaut, he is not the oldest person to orbit Earth; that honor goes to John Glenn, who flew around the Earth in 1962 and again in 1998 at the age of 77.

Pettit is also not the oldest individual to spend time aboard the International Space Station; that distinction belongs to private astronaut Larry Connor, who was 72 during his two-week mission in 2022, organized by Axiom Space in Houston.

“I’m only 70, with a few good years ahead of me,” Pettit remarked during a news conference. “We’ve managed to squeeze in another flight before we had to finalize the rocket nozzle.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

Elizabeth Holmes’ Partner Draws Millions for Blood Testing Startups

Posted on May 12, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Elizabeth Holmes’ partner and father of her child is said to have secured millions in funding to launch a new blood-testing company, which bears a striking resemblance to the firm that led Holmes, the founder of Theranos, to federal prison.

As reported by the New York Times, Billy Evans, the heir to a hotel fortune, is promoting his new venture, Haemanthus, to potential investors. Evans’ concept involves a health testing company capable of analyzing users’ blood, urine, and saliva.

The business model of Haemanthus and the pitch provided by Holmes-led Theranos show significant similarities.

Holmes founded Theranos in 2003 after her healthcare technology startup attracted substantial investments, boasting hundreds of millions from high-profile backers. She asserted that her company had developed a method for rapidly and accurately testing small blood samples to arrive at a diagnosis.

Haemanthus, according to its January patent, claims its technology can utilize sweat, urine, saliva, and small blood samples for diagnostics. The company, initiated by Evans, who has two children with Holmes, was established in February 2024 and plans to start animal testing before moving on to human trials.

The technology claims made by Theranos inflated its valuation to $9 billion in 2014. However, a critical investigation by the Wall Street Journal revealed significant inaccuracies in Theranos’ assertions, indicating the tests were not only illegal but also produced false results.

The scandal culminated in 2018 when the company was dissolved, leading to criminal charges against Holmes and the firm’s president. Holmes received an 11-year prison sentence in 2022 for defrauding investors.

Marketing materials for Haemanthus, as reviewed by The New York Times, indicate that the technology employs lasers to analyze blood, saliva, and urine from pets, promising rapid disease, cancer, or infection detection.

Reportedly, Haemanthus aims to develop compact, wearable versions of its devices for human use in the long run, according to The Times.

Several investors have already expressed interest in the pitch. While reportedly receiving guidance from Holmes, Evans has managed to raise nearly $20 million from friends and other backers.

Evans met Holmes in 2017 during the fraud investigation that resulted in her imprisonment. He is said to reside in Texas with their child, while Holmes serves her sentence approximately two hours away.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Trump’s Proposal Ties Certain Drug Prices to State Payments

Posted on May 12, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On Monday, President Trump plans to sign an executive order intending to reduce various US drug prices by aligning them with the rates paid by other affluent nations. True Social reported on Sunday evening.

The proposal, referred to as the “most favored nation” pricing model, cannot alter federal policies. Trump did not specify which insurances or drugs would be included, but asserted that the US should secure the lowest price among comparable countries.

“Our nation will be treated fairly, and citizens’ healthcare costs will drop to unprecedented levels,” he stated in a social media update.

This initiative may face legal challenges, and it remains uncertain if it can proceed without legislative action.

During his first term, Trump attempted to implement a version of this Medicare concept. It would have affected 68 million Americans aged 65 and older or those with disabilities. The proposal would have targeted only 50 drugs given in clinics and hospitals reimbursed by Medicare, but a federal court blocked it, citing procedural oversights by the administration.

The pharmaceutical sector staunchly opposes this notion, fearing significant cuts to their profits. They have been actively lobbying against it as policy discussions have intensified in Washington in recent weeks. Companies caution that such measures could lead to reduced research funding and limit patient access to new medications.

“Government pricing in any form is detrimental to patients in America,” stated Alex Schriver, an employee of a prominent pharmaceutical lobbying group. He added, “Policymakers should concentrate on addressing flaws in the US system rather than adopting unsuccessful policies from abroad.”

Trump’s openness to these ideas distinguishes him from the majority of Republicans, who are generally skeptical of government pricing. Democrats are also proposing a version of the concept.

Amiet Salpatwali, a pharmaceutical policy expert at Harvard Medical School, noted that Trump is capitalizing on ideas that carry “populist appeal.”

Trump has long complained that the US pays much higher prices for the same drugs compared to other affluent countries. His claim holds merit: in the US, branded drug prices are on average three times higher than those in peer nations.

This disparity occurs even though a significant portion of the research that leads to new drugs is performed in American laboratories and hospitals.

Pharmaceutical firms generate a considerable majority of their global profits from US sales, often tailoring business strategies to the US market.

The industry asserts that higher prices in the US have certain advantages. According to industry-funded analyses, patients in the US access medications more rapidly and face fewer insurance restrictions compared to other nations.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Reasons Patients Must Transition to Second-Line Obesity Medications

Posted on May 12, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Soon, tens of thousands of Americans will be compelled to transition from well-known obesity medications to alternatives that are likely to yield less effective weight loss, thanks to decisions made by Health’s insurance providers.

This situation exemplifies the consequences of a clandestine agreement between a pharmaceutical company and an intermediary known as a pharmacy benefits manager (PBM), appointed by employers to manage prescription coverage for their workforce. While employers benefit from lower medication costs, employees find themselves restricted from accessing competitive healthcare options. This type of insurance denial has become increasingly prevalent in the last decade.

Caremark, part of CVS Health and one of the largest PBMs, has opted to eliminate coverage for Zepbound, despite research indicating its weight loss efficacy surpasses that of Wegovy.

These findings, which were first announced in December, were confirmed in an article published in the New England Journal of Medicine on Sunday. The study encompassed a significant clinical trial evaluating these drugs, funded by Eli Lilly, the producer of Zepbound. Previous research not funded by Eli Lilly reached similar conclusions.

Ellen Davis, a 63-year-old resident of Huntington, Massachusetts, is one of those affected by Caremark’s decision. “It’s as if the rug has been pulled out from under me,” she expressed.

After using Zepbound for a year, she lost 85 pounds and experienced significant health improvements, having retired after a 34-year tenure at Verizon.

In a letter addressed to Verizon, she stated, “This forces patients to transition to less effective medications without any justification for medical care.”

Verizon did not respond to inquiries.

Following Caremark’s announcement, word spread rapidly online. A physician’s assistant at a weight loss clinic in New Hampshire started a Change.org petition to urge the company to reconsider. As of Sunday afternoon, it had garnered over 2,700 signatures. Caremark is set to cease Zepbound coverage in July.

Doctors assert that both Wegovy, from Novo Nordisk, and Zepbound are effective medications; however, they prefer Zepbound for most patients. This shift greatly limits their ability to tailor obesity medication prescriptions to individual needs.

It remains unclear if the omission of Zepbound will enhance Caremark’s profit margins.

Executives from Novo Nordisk claim they are not attempting to obstruct Zepbound’s availability. They maintain that patients and healthcare providers should have the autonomy to select their preferred medications.

David Whitrap, a spokesperson for Caremark, stated that the firm’s objective was to reduce drug costs. He noted that the agreement would lower obesity drug prices for Caremark’s employer clients by 10-15% compared to the previous year.

“CVS Caremark has aimed to let PBMs competitors often put forth their best efforts. Our choice is to encourage competition among clinically similar products while providing the lowest net costs to our clients,” Whitrap commented.

When queried about studies highlighting Zepbound’s advantages, Whitrap indicated that both medications are highly effective, and that clinical trial outcomes frequently diverge from real-world results.

The actual pricing that employers pay for medications is usually confidential. The Health Transformation Alliance, a consortium of major employers, reports that the average monthly cost for a large employer falls between $550 and $650.

Without insurance, patients might spend approximately $500 monthly on their medications. Many recently lost cheaper alternatives when regulators halted the sale of generic versions that cost below $200 monthly.

Countless employers do not cover either Zepbound or Wegovy due to their high cost. Medicare excludes most drugs for obese patients, and the Trump administration recently declined to support the Biden administration’s proposal to expand coverage.

Caremark, along with two other PBMs, dominates 80% of the prescription market. Other players, like Cigna’s Express Scripts and UnitedHealth’s Optum Rx, have not implemented similar restrictions on weight loss medications.

Since 2012, major PBMs have increasingly employed strategies that disrupt patient care and complicate treatment plans. Medications have been abruptly removed from the PBM’s official list of covered drugs.

According to a drugmaker-funded analysis, the number of medications excluded from at least one PBM list surged from 50 in 2014 to 548 in 2022. This count reflects instances where patients were compelled to switch to entirely different drugs, not merely to a standard version or alternative replica.

Limitations fluctuate frequently, leaving patients uncertain about the reasons behind them. One PBM might cover a specific drug while another does not, but competing managers may do the reverse.

Exclusions are generally purported not to harm patients; in certain instances, they may even be beneficial if patients are nudged toward more effective medications.

However, some exclusions have prompted significant concern among patients and healthcare providers.

In 2022, Caremark compelled patients to switch from one widely utilized blood-thinning elixir to Xarelto, leading to anecdotal reports that patients experienced complications during their treatment change. A group of physicians criticized this move, and the company restored coverage for the elixir six months later.

Individuals with autoimmune diseases, such as arthritis, often face similar mandatory drug switches. Asthma patients are also experiencing transitions to alternate inhalers.

“We’ve witnessed numerous situations,” remarked Dr. Robin Cohen, an asthma specialist at Boston Medical Center.

Representatives on behalf of employers indicate that patients affiliated with Caremark have already reached out via calls and emails, inquiring about the potential impact on their prescriptions. While they may remain on the PBM’s drug list, they have not played an active role in shaping it.

Caremark’s changes are applicable only to specific private insurance beneficiaries whose employers selected the most prevalent drug list managed by PBMs. This movement excludes patients receiving a version of diabetes medication.

Patients can consider switching to Wegovy or three other weight loss alternatives.

Whitrap noted that Caremark provides a “case-by-case medical exception process for individuals who may require alternatives,” including patients who have previously utilized Wegovy and saw insufficient weight loss.

However, many individuals may not meet the criteria for the exemption. In a conversation, one patient expressed a desire for Zepbound specifically and was not interested in switching.

“I selected Zepbound in consultation with my physician,” stated Carl Hoode, 49, from Saugus, Massachusetts.

Some patients are contemplating using their own funds to continue Zepbound. For 28-year-old Victoria Bello of Syracuse, New York, the medication has provided significant health improvements, and she fears losing access to it.

“I wasn’t prepared for such a sudden change,” she remarked. “I’m concerned for my health and the potential setback in my progress.”

A study funded by Eli Lilly conducted direct comparisons of medications across 750 clinical trials over a span of 16 months.

Participants receiving high doses of Zepbound shed an average of 50 pounds, whereas those on Wegovy lost around 33 pounds. Though both medications are administered via injection and share side effects such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, the frequency of these effects was generally comparable between the two drugs. A small proportion of patients in both groups discontinued medication due to side effects.

Both drugs function similarly but have critical differences. Wegovy mimics only a single appetite-regulating hormone, while Zepbound influences two. Researchers believe that engaging more hormones leads to greater weight loss.

Dr. Jason Brett, an executive at Novo Nordisk, indicated in a recent interview that the quantity of weight lost is just one aspect of obesity treatment. Both medications are associated with improved heart health, though only Novo Nordisk has obtained regulatory approval to market the drug with that claim.

Medical professionals contend that both options must remain accessible, as Wegovy may outshine Zepbound in terms of weight loss efficacy or having milder side effects.

Healthcare providers advocate for the availability of both medications due to the diverse responses patients exhibit when using either Wegovy or Zepbound.

Supporters of Caremark argue that their decision to restrict Zepbound is merely fulfilling their responsibilities.

Benefits managers engage with pharmaceutical companies to negotiate payments known as rebates, which ultimately reduce employers’ costs for prescription drugs. These negotiations can yield substantial fees for the biggest market players. Caremark stood to gain significant revenue from weight loss medications without needing to exclude Zepbound.

The weight loss pill market is thriving, with both Novo Nordisk and Eli Lilly vying for market share.

Caremark engaged both drug manufacturers regarding rebate amounts associated with making their products available. However, neither Novo Nordisk nor Eli Lilly disclosed specific amounts provided. Novo Nordisk maintains that it did not advocate for or pay to inhibit Zepbound’s availability, emphasizing that the exclusion was solely Caremark’s decision.

“We believe that patients and physicians should determine what’s in the best interest of the patient,” stated Lars Flugaard Jorgensen, CEO of Novo Nordisk. He elaborated to Wall Street analysts this month.

Elizabeth DeGalier, 56, of Rochester, Minnesota, shared that Zepbound had a transformative impact on her life, expressing her frustration over Caremark’s choice. “It appears they overlooked scientific evidence,” she remarked. “They were primarily motivated by financial considerations.”

She added, “I am apprehensive about the future. I rely on several other expensive medications. Will they also be discontinued?”

Source: www.nytimes.com

BM Boys: Nigerian Sextortion Network Concealed Behind TikTok’s Exterior | Our Crimes

Posted on May 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A TikTok video features a young man showcasing a pile of $100 bills. Another appears with designer clothing, while a third man dances, flaunting a heavy gold chain. They brag to their devoted followers about their journey to wealth.

One caption in the video reads, “BM got me a new car,” and another boasts, “$5,000 in just a few hours.”

Unlike traditional influencers focused on travel, brands, or culinary delights, their appeal hinges on criminal activities. All individuals in question are based in Nigeria, and their fraudulent schemes target social media users, predominantly in the US and other Western nations, manipulating romantic interests and victimizing individuals by spreading explicit images.

The intimidation escalates with the distribution of the victims’ images alongside demands for money.

The self-proclaimed con artist identifies as “BM Boys,” where “BM” refers to a chilling term for predatory schemes. Hundreds of young men from West Africa are involved in these operations. Their videos, flaunting lavish lifestyles, have attracted hundreds, if not thousands, of followers on TikTok, garnering admiration and igniting ambitions among other young men eager to join the scams.

“Please tell me the boss [the] one!” a follower commented on a popular BM boys TikTok. “[In] Please give me the name of God. Share your job details.”

Some BM Boys accounts have amassed hundreds of thousands of followers. The Guardian has identified 22 TikTok accounts run by these self-proclaimed BM Boys and interviewed a 24-year-old Nigerian man who has been actively involved for eight years, claiming to have raised nearly $100,000 from victims during that time.

“For me, it’s straightforward,” said one scammer who spoke on the condition of anonymity to discuss illegal activities. “We’re always on our phones—if you’re not working, you won’t eat.”

Finding Victims on Instagram and Flexing on TikTok

One of the primary targets for BM Boys is teenage boys in the United States and beyond. According to a 2023 report by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), financial sextortion cases involving minors rose sharply, totaling 26,718 from just 10,731 in 2022. Since 2021, at least 46 American teens have died by suicide after being victims of these scams.

In 2024, Meta announced that it had deleted 63,000 Instagram accounts reportedly linked to sextortion schemes from Nigeria. Despite this crackdown, Instagram remains a platform where perpetrators can identify and engage potential targets, as noted by human trafficking experts. Meanwhile, TikTok serves as a showcase for BM Boys, allowing them to flaunt their success and recruit newcomers.

“Others are eager to join these scams because they see the profits. They flaunt money, luxurious clubs, and travels,” says Paul Rafil, an expert in online exploitation. “They exploit these platforms and their influencer status to generate income.”

These individuals lead enviable lifestyles, often employing experienced figures known as “bosses” who manage new scammers termed “talks.” Rafil explains that these bosses take a cut of the profits.

“These ‘talks’ are tasked with creating fake social media profiles, engaging potential victims online,” Rafil elaborated. “But when it comes to transferring money through cash apps, Bitcoin wallets, and other financial methods, the bosses take the reins.”

A TikTok spokesperson stated, “We designed TikTok for creativity and do not tolerate any content or behavior that promotes sextortion, as it is harmful to teens.”

Tips and Tricks for Blackmailing

A critical aspect of their scheme involves building trust by creating a façade that their interactions are with attractive women in the same locale as their targets. Many BM Boys post “BM Updates” on TikTok, providing tips and education to followers on improving their sextortion techniques.

“Millions aspire to get into this. If you don’t learn it, you won’t succeed,” remarked one scammer who regularly shares BM updates and has a growing follower base.

BM updates include copying scripts, sharing pictures of girls to impersonate, tutorials on hacking social media accounts, and advice on utilizing Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to avoid detection. They also provide scripts for creating menacing audio messages to coerce victims into compliance and guidance on where to find potential targets, including dating sites.

To connect with victims, offenders often use tactics termed “bombing,” where they infiltrate various online communities, including those related to schools, sports teams, and popular culture. They frequently discuss country music stars, Hollywood celebrities, or fans of popular shows, sharing insights on how to target such demographics.

“They do this for two reasons: to scam those who accept their follow requests and to make their fake accounts seem more legitimate when mutual friends exist,” Rafil noted. “Often they’ll say, ‘Oh, I discovered you through mutual suggestions on Instagram.’

To bolster their credibility as Americans, BM Boys avidly consume American news, sports, and pop culture content, according to a scary mailer.

Through thousands of attempts, these scripts and strategies have evolved into high-pressure systems designed to lure victims into compromising situations. They usually initiate image exchanges by sending stolen nude photos from sites where sex workers create content, Rafil mentioned.

Perpetrators then demand between $500 and $3,000, threatening to share explicit images with the victim’s social media connections. They employ fear tactics by editing victims’ photos into fake newspaper headlines or broadcast news images.

Skip past newsletter promotions

“Sometimes I call them to let them know who they’re dealing with. When the victim sees his photos on TV or in the news, they’ll think, ‘Oh, I can’t block this person,’” he claimed. “They’ll see it featured in trashy news broadcasts,” he mentioned.

No Remorse, Only Money

It’s no accident that threatening individuals flaunt their exploits on TikTok. One con artist expressed skepticism about reports indicating that numerous US teens have died by suicide following sextortion targeting.

“I don’t feel guilty; that’s not the sole reason for their suicides. I’m not sure if BM is responsible for these tragedies,” said the scammer. “If someone tells me they’re considering suicide, I assume they’re joking.”

He recounted how he was orphaned as a child when his mother died during childbirth, leading him to view sexual exploitation as merely a job despite its emotional toll.

“When I take a photo, I feel nothing for the victim. I must survive as a living being,” he remarked.

This lack of remorse shown by BM Boys has caused immense trauma for families, such as John Demay’s. In 2022, her son Jordan took his life at 17 after being targeted by three Nigerian men on Instagram who impersonated teenage girls. Two of them, Samuel Ogosi and his younger brother Samson Ogosi, have since been extradited to the US and are now serving a 17-year, six-month prison sentence.

During sentencing, the judge described the brothers as exhibiting “a blatant disregard for life,” noting that they continued their sextortion scheme even after learning of Jordan’s suicide.

“They continued their activities using the same script and attitude, fully aware that Jordan had ended his life as a consequence of their actions,” Demay stated.

Experts emphasize that the balance between privacy and safety on social media for children must differ from that of adults, urging platforms to strengthen protections for minors.

“You’re working with youth who may act impulsively. They might not respond adequately to warnings. Given their vulnerability, proactive measures are crucial,” they recommend.

Meta has implemented various changes recently to safeguard younger users. In a statement, the company mentions alerting teens when they interact with users from different countries, and blurring explicit images sent from minor accounts.

A Meta spokesperson commented, “Sextortion is a heinous crime. We have the ability to dismantle networks of fraudsters, share information with other companies, and support law enforcement in prosecuting these offenders.”

Since September, Instagram has established default privacy settings for accounts, making it harder for unauthorized individuals to view follower lists. However, when a teen accepts a friendship request, their follower list remains accessible. Enhancing privacy further, such as restricting follower lists from even approved followers, could better protect teens from being targeted by sextortionists, Rafil pointed out. “It shouldn’t be as easy as flipping through a directory to find a teenage boy or girl.”

Demay expressed that social media companies “have the ability to implement necessary safeguards within their platforms but have chosen not to do so.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Chimpanzees Utilize Various Linguistic Attributes to Communicate About One Another

Posted on May 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research indicates that wild chimpanzees have established a more nuanced communication system than previously thought, employing various mechanisms that merge vocalizations to convey new meanings.

These aspects of chimpanzee communication are detailed in studies published in Friday Journal Science Advances, resembling some basic elements of human language.

Researchers examined recordings from three groups of chimpanzees residing along ivory shores, revealing that they can combine vocalizations much like humans use idioms and rearrange words to form new phrases.

This study marks the first documentation of such complexity in non-human communication systems, suggesting that chimpanzees’ capabilities reflect an evolutionary turning point between basic animal communication and human language.

“The ability to combine sounds to create new meanings is a hallmark of human language,” stated Catherine Crockford, a researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology and co-director of the Tai Chimpanzee project. “It is crucial to explore whether similar capabilities exist in our closest living relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos.”

Another study published last month provided similar evidence indicating that bonobos can also combine calls to form phrases. Together, these studies imply that both species are evolving fundamental components of human language.

Bonobos and chimpanzees are the species most closely linked to humans in evolutionary history, suggesting all three may have derived from a common ancestor with this capability.

“Our findings indicate a highly generative vocal communication system that is unmatched in the animal kingdom. This aligns with recent discoveries about bonobos and implies that complex combinatorial abilities may have already existed in a common human ancestor.”

Researchers identified these new complexities in chimpanzee vocal systems by tracking specific animals in the field from dawn to dusk for approximately 12 hours daily, capturing the sounds they produced and their interactions with others in the group. They documented over 4,300 vocalizations from 53 wild chimpanzees.

While observing the vocalizations, researchers noted the activities, social interactions, and environmental changes occurring simultaneously, indicating whether the chimpanzees were eating, playing, or encountering predators.

The team performed statistical analyses on particular two-call combinations, such as “bark followed by bark,” recorded across various animals.

Their findings revealed that chimpanzees combine sounds to reference everyday experiences, with combinations that can express a range of meanings.

Simon Townsend, a professor at the University of Zurich who studied primate cognition and contributed to the bonobo study, noted that he wasn’t involved in this particular research.

He suggested that the common evolutionary ancestors of bonobos, humans, and chimpanzees likely possessed this ability.

“This suggests that our linguistic capabilities were already developing about 6-7 million years ago,” Townsend stated, referring to the time when these species likely diverged in the evolutionary tree.

Not all primates showcase such intricate communication. Townsend noted that forest monkeys, with simpler social structures, primarily utilize vocalizations to address predatory threats.

However, he believes that increasingly larger and more intricate social groups—a common trait among great apes and humans—have catalyzed the evolution of more sophisticated communication and ultimately, language.

For bonobos and chimpanzees, “Their biggest challenge is managing their intricate social environment. They exist in larger groups… There are conflicts, reconciliations, territorial disputes, and intergroup interactions. Vocalization is likely one evolutionary response to navigating these complex social dynamics.”

In human language, syntax refers to a set of rules that create a system capable of expressing infinite meanings.

“Syntax pertains to conveying increasingly precise and sophisticated information, which probably becomes necessary as social interactions grow more complex,” Townsend stated.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

What Your Bowel Habits Reveal About Your Health

Posted on May 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As the saying goes, you can’t brush aside the truth, but you can examine it closely—and you definitely should.

Medical professionals have long recognized that the state of our toilets offers valuable insights into our overall health. This wisdom also applies to how frequently we use them.

Discovering the Goldilocks Zone of Bowel Movements

Last year, a team of researchers found a connection between the frequency of bowel movements and long-term health outcomes.

They studied 1,400 healthy adults, excluding those with certain conditions and medications that could alter their stool.

The researchers categorized bowel movement frequency into four groups: constipation (one or two movements per week), low normal (three to six movements per week), high normal (one to three movements per day), and diarrhea.

According to the Bristol Stool Chart—or perhaps suspicious cupcakes—your stool should neither be too hard nor too soft. – Illustration: Lynn Bremner

Within this scale, the team identified a sort of Goldilocks zone.

Ideal bowel movements fall within a high normal range, according to Professor Shawn Gibbons, one of the study’s authors from the Institute of Systems Biology.

“Going every other day is reasonable. Ideally, twice a day is within a safe range,” he explains. “Some people take pride in it; they make a point to go at 10 a.m. every day.”

What Our Stool Reveals About Gut Health

Gibbons’ fascination with our collective bowel habits stems from the increasing understanding of the microorganisms inhabiting our gut.

“Transit time or intestinal motility is a crucial factor in this ecosystem,” he notes.

As stool moves through the intestine, microorganisms utilize available dietary fiber, fermenting it into beneficial fatty acids.

However, if the stool lingers too long, these microorganisms switch to protein, leading to toxin release into the bloodstream.

“Accumulations of toxins, like indoxyl sulfate and trimethylamine, are associated with chronic kidney and cardiovascular diseases,” Gibbons warns.

The average individual produces 3,500-3,800 kilograms (7,700-8,400 pounds) of stool in their lifetime. – Photo credit: Getty

Regular bowel movements lead to similar yet subtly different biological processes.

“Individuals with diarrhea often show elevated levels of systemic inflammation, such as C-reactive protein,” he clarifies. “I noticed a stress marker in the liver that ended up in the bloodstream.”

Of course, there are natural variations in how often people experience bowel movements. Most people recognize when their patterns change, but many healthcare providers aren’t overly concerned.

Gibbons states that the general consensus among clinicians is that unless changes are extreme, treatment may not be necessary.

“However, we argue that variations might be worth investigating,” he says. “Aiming for a consistent schedule of once a day or every other day is important. Deviating from this pattern can raise potential risk factors for chronic illnesses and aging.”

Examining Stool Texture and Consistency

Another way to evaluate your stool is by observing its characteristics. The Bristol Stool Scale serves as a visual guide to assessing stool health and can be quite revealing.

Developed in 1997 as a diagnostic tool, the scale categorizes stool into seven types—from small, hard pellets to watery diarrhea.

In addition to frequency, we should also seek a healthy balance in terms of shape and consistency. A smooth, sausage-like stool that passes easily is considered ideal.

It’s also necessary to notice the effort involved during bowel movements. Stool should not feel like a strenuous ordeal, nor should it feel like it’s happening all at once.

Read More:

Emphasizing a Healthy Lifestyle

If you find yourself consistently outside these Goldilocks zones, researchers suggest several strategies.

Gibbons and his colleagues discovered that individuals who fall into the beneficial higher frequency category tend to lead healthier lifestyles.

“They consume more fruits and vegetables, are more physically active, and tend to hydrate better,” he mentions. “These three factors can make a significant difference.”

He also recommends exploring new health trends. “Consider taking dietary fiber supplements or incorporating flaxseed and chia seeds into your meals. These can be quite beneficial.”

Be wary of certain wellness trends as well. Popular weight loss medications like Wegovy and Ozempic may offer multiple health benefits, but Gibbons cautions that they can slow intestinal transit time, potentially affecting frequency.

“High-protein diets can also pose risks due to the byproducts generated from protein fermentation. There is considerable evidence suggesting links to type 2 diabetes, particularly in younger individuals.”

So the next time you find yourself on the throne, consider it your personal health assessment.

Meet Our Experts

Professor Shawn Gibbons is an associate professor at the Institute of Systems Biology and leads the Gibbons Lab, which focuses on microbiology, ecology, and medicine. He earned his PhD in Biophysics from the University of Chicago in 2015. His expertise lies in microbial ecology, evolution, complex adaptive systems, bioinformatics, and the human microbiota.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

In Their Last Moments, the Pompeii Family Battled for Survival.

Posted on May 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In 1979, Pompeii faced an attack. The eruption of nearby Mount Vesuvius released clouds of ash and rock into the air, showering an ancient Roman trading hub and resort with a relentless downpour of small volcanic debris.

Many residents scrambled to escape, desperately searching for safety and their loved ones before the estimated 1,500 victims were buried under layers of volcanic material.

A recent study published in a journal Scabbi di Pompeii documents this tragic event. Scientists recorded the experience of a family in one of the homes as they took refuge in a back room, desperately trying to bar the door with a wooden bed against the onslaught of volcanic debris known as Rapili.

The small, intricately designed house, referred to as the home of Hell and Flix, featured beautifully adorned frescoes in the dining area. It chillingly depicts the mythical siblings Phullissus and Helle, who fled from their evil stepmother, with Helle tragically falling into the sea below.

Like many residences of that era, the atrium was centrally located with an open roof, serving for ventilation and rainwater collection. Unfortunately, this feature also allowed volcanic debris to enter more readily. Most residents exclaimed, “I had no idea what was happening,” says Gabriel Zuchtliegel, the study’s author and director of the Archaeological Park at Pompeii. “Many believed the end of the world was upon them,” he added.

In the years that followed, the intense ash that filled the home solidified, allowing archaeologists to create plaster casts to replicate the shape of the wooden bed that had been pressed against the door. This technique powerfully illustrates the tragic final moments of Pompeians and how everyday items made from wood, fabric, and leather deteriorated in the environment.

Four skeletal remains, believed to be from the same family, were identified in the study. Rapili, which reached heights up to nine feet in places, was overwhelming. Researchers believe the individuals made desperate attempts to escape, barricading themselves inside a small room but ultimately reaching only the Triclinium, the formal dining space where the bodies were discovered.

Dr. Zuchtliegel noted, “The family in the home of Hell and Flix likely perished when the so-called detrital flow—a torrent of hot ash and toxic gases—struck, causing parts of the building to collapse.”

He and his colleagues propose that the four individuals found in the house may have included enslaved persons who worked there. However, it remains uncertain whether they resided there or fled after the homeowners had escaped.

“It is not guaranteed that the individuals found are family members,” said Marcello Mogetta, an associate professor of Roman Art and Archaeology at the University of Missouri, who was not involved in the research.

Among the skeletal remains was a bronze bull, likely belonging to a child. Ancient amulets were found around the necks of young boys, intended to ward off danger until they reached adulthood.

“There’s a tragic irony in that the talismans were meant to protect them,” remarked Caitie Barrett, a professor of archaeology at Cornell University, who was not involved in the research.

In the 18th century, Bourbon explorers sent by Charles III conducted rudimentary excavations at Pompeii, which impeded the discovery of skeletal remains in the homes of Hell and Frixus. They left gaping holes in the walls as they tunneled through the residence searching for treasures like jewels and artworks, showing little concern for the preservation of human remains or their cultural significance.

Today, however, it is the human tragedy that captivates many archaeologists and the visitors flocking to Pompeii. Whether the bodies found belong to family members remains a question researchers hope to answer through DNA analysis in the near future.

Regardless of their familial ties, the personal tragedy of this event is undeniable.

“No matter the nature of their relationships, they would have been the last to offer each other comfort,” Dr. Barrett noted.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Science Reveals What You Should Eat After the Apocalypse

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In the event of a global disaster affecting international trade and fuel supplies, our survival may hinge on a resilient yet practical diet consisting of peas, potatoes, sugar beets, and spinach.

This perspective emerges from a recent study featured in the journal PLOS 1.

The research, conducted by Dr. Matt Boyd of Adapt Research Ltd and Professor Nick Wilson from The University of Otago, New Zealand, examined how cities could sustain themselves amidst scenarios like nuclear conflict, severe pandemics, or significant solar flares that might disrupt global food systems.

These situations could hinder access to vital resources, such as fuel and fertilizers, jeopardizing industrial agriculture and long-distance transportation.

Prior studies have highlighted urban agriculture, including rooftop gardens and community plots, as potential methods to bolster local resilience. However, Boyd and Wilson sought to determine the actual efficacy of these efforts.

They utilized satellite imagery to assess the food production capacity of Palmerston North, a temperate city in New Zealand.

The findings revealed that urban agriculture could sustain only about one-fifth of the city’s population, even under optimal conditions where all suitable urban spaces became gardens.

To fully nourish the city, over 1,140 hectares of farmland would need to be repurposed for food production, along with an extra 110 hectares to cultivate biofuel crops for agricultural machinery in the absence of liquid fuels.

Perhaps the most noteworthy aspect of the study is the proposed diet.

“Every individual requires a specific amount of protein and energy to stave off hunger,” Boyd stated to BBC Science Focus.

“Among the crops we analyzed, peas necessitate minimal land to fulfill one person’s protein and energy requirements when cultivated with urban farming techniques.”

Palmerston North in New Zealand – home to around 90,000 residents – was used to estimate how urban areas and adjacent farmlands could feed a moderately sized city in the aftermath of a global disaster. – Getty

However, Boyd noted that while peas thrive in situations with climates similar to today’s, they may not survive the colder conditions anticipated after a nuclear winter.

This phenomenon occurs when soot from a nuclear explosion blocks sunlight, cooling the planet and resulting in shorter growing seasons and lower average temperatures. In such scenarios, sugar beets and spinach would be more viable options, as both crops are hardy and high in energy content.

Traditional farming methods remain accessible just outside urban areas, assuming limited reliance on nearby land and fuel. Under typical climate conditions, potatoes can efficiently feed people using minimal land.

“However, they are susceptible to frost,” Boyd remarked, which is problematic in nuclear winter conditions.

“When we combine 3% carrots with 97% wheat, we achieve optimal protein and energy levels for wheat. Both wheat and carrots can endure frost and require less liquid fuel than potatoes.”

Fortunately, this doesn’t imply a rigid diet consisting solely of these foods. The study offers a strategy for maximizing the number of people fed with minimal land usage, representing a worst-case scenario dietary plan.

“In practice, it’s likely that a diverse crop mixture would be cultivated,” Boyd explained. “However, when determining what to grow near a city, priority should be given to crops that provide high protein and energy levels.”

The researchers believe their methodology will assist cities globally in evaluating food security and developing land use strategies that enhance resilience. However, cities bounded by large bodies of water or those that are densely populated may need to explore alternative approaches.

“The likelihood of global catastrophes is increasing due to emerging bio threats, geopolitical tensions, and technological advancements,” Boyd cautioned. “Society must be prepared for both the destruction of infrastructure and the aftermath of such events.”

“Our study’s insights suggest that with local government support and proactive measures, cities can adopt localized solutions to enhance resilience.”

About our experts

Matt Boyd founded Adapt Research in 2015, focusing on custom research collaborations with experts. His work centers on analyzing and mitigating significant global risks, along with technology and public health issues. Boyd’s findings are published in peer-reviewed journals, including New Zealand Medical Journal and Public Health Journals in Australia and New Zealand.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

28 Major U.S. Cities Are Sinking: Here’s Why

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

All 28 of the largest cities in the United States are gradually sinking, which could impact 34 million residents, according to new research.

Researchers at Virginia Tech’s Earth Observation and Innovation Lab utilized satellite-based radar technology to assess sedimentary land subsidence in these major urban areas.

The data revealed that in all examined cities, at least 20% of urban regions sank by a minimum of 2mm per year. In 25 out of the 28 cities, nearly two-thirds of the land exhibited signs of sinking.

“The immediate dangers of land subsidence include heightened vulnerability to localized flooding, potential structural damage to buildings, roads, bridges, and pipelines, as well as disruption of essential services,” stated Assistant Professor Manoochehr Shirzaei from Virginia Tech, as reported by BBC Science Focus.

Certain areas of Houston, Texas, are experiencing a sinking rate of 1cm per year. – Credit: Art Betting via Getty

Shirzaei noted that even slight annual movements can compromise building foundations and distort land enough to create surface cracks.

“In places like Houston and New York, local subsidence is already associated with infrastructure vulnerability and heightened flood risks during storms,” he explained.

This phenomenon of subsidence is largely driven by groundwater extraction. As urban populations grow, the demand for freshwater intensifies.

Water is drawn from aquifers, allowing for the flow of rocks containing water and other geological layers.

However, if water is extracted faster than it can be replenished, the aquifer can become compressed, leading to subsidence of the land above.

“Urban centers built on reclaimed or depositional areas, such as parts of San Francisco and New Orleans, face particular vulnerability,” added Shirzaei.

Studies indicate that cities like New York, Chicago, Seattle, and Denver experience sinking rates of about 2mm annually.

In Texas, certain cities experience sinking rates of around 5mm per year, with specific areas in Houston sinking as much as 1cm annually.

Localized zones in cities such as Houston, New York, Las Vegas, and Washington, DC, are sinking significantly faster than adjacent areas.

“As time progresses, subsidence exacerbates the effects of climate change, especially in coastal regions and flood-prone areas,” warned Shirzaei. “As the land sinks and sea levels rise, the floodplains stretch, and storm surges reach further inland.”

He emphasized that the study offers a “roadmap for aggressive, science-based planning” to assist experts and policymakers in monitoring subsidence and mitigating its impacts.

The 28 most populous cities in the United States include New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston, Phoenix, Philadelphia, San Antonio, San Diego, Dallas, Jacksonville, Austin, Fort Worth, Columbus, Charlotte, San Jose, Indianapolis, San Francisco, Seattle, Denver, Washington, Portland, Las Vegas, Detroit, and Memphis.

This study has been published in Natural City.

Read more:

About our experts

Manoochehr Shirzaei is an associate professor of geophysics and remote sensing at the Faculty of Geo-Science at Virginia Tech. He specializes in geodesy and geophysics, focusing on satellite geodesic theory, inverse theory, signal processing, modeling techniques, and the physics of crustal deformation.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Australia Hesitated, But Can Robots Deliver Your Pizza Instantly?

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

rZiping paths may seem advanced, but they are increasingly becoming a part of delivery jobs globally.

Retail and food industries are leveraging robots for various purposes. A hazard detection robot has been spotted in a Woolworths store, and virtual waiters are cooking in understaffed restaurant kitchens to serve hungry diners in recent years.

Abroad, particularly in states like California, robots are more commonplace in daily life. Following initial self-driving vehicle tests in cities like San Francisco, humans now share sidewalks with robots.

It’s similar to a wheel locker, as robotics partners with Uber Eats and DoorDash deploys an army of robots on Los Angeles sidewalks for take-out meals and groceries.

Delivery robots have also been delivering meals in Europe for years. Countries like Sweden, Finland, and the UK allow customers to summon robots through food delivery apps.

However, autonomous robots are still a rarity in the Australian market.

Legal “Minefield”

One of the main obstacles hindering this technology in Australia is the uncertainty surrounding the legal status and safety of delivery robots.

When Australia trialed a robotic “mobile parcel locker” in Brisbane in 2017, its effectiveness was questioned as it required human accompaniment and could only transport one parcel at a time.

In contrast to drone food delivery, the trial went ahead, but the legal status of robots remains undetermined.

Christine Eldridge, an attorney specializing in automobile accidents, noted that robots fall under various road and sidewalk regulations, creating foggy areas across states and local councils.

She compared the limitations faced by delivery robots to those of e-scooters.

The absence of legal guidelines for these emerging vehicles means they are commonly allowed in public spaces, except in certain council areas conducting trials.

On March 5th, 2024, an Uber Eats food delivery robot was seen navigating pedestrians during a media demonstration in Tokyo, Japan. Photo: Kajiyama Shiyama/AP

“For instance, current laws concerning liability and compensation do not adequately address robotics. The law is struggling to keep pace with technology,” she remarked.

“It’s quite the minefield,” said Eldridge.

Hussein Deer, a future mobility professor at Swinburne University, concurred, asserting the current legal landscape is ambiguous.

“There is no legislation stating they’re permitted, nor is there any stating they’re forbidden,” Deer mentioned.

The federal government is working on a comprehensive legal framework for self-driving vehicles, including those transporting passengers, with regulations expected by 2026.

DIA aims to “accept more risks” with announced regulations to help Australia keep pace with overseas advancements and “demystify” technology for pedestrians and other road users.

“Evidence suggests that they are remarkably safe.”

Creating spaces where self-driving cars and robots can co-exist with pedestrians and drivers requires extensive planning, including adjustments to streets, sidewalks, and terrain.

Moreover, utilizing a robot mandates adherence to slow speeds, generally below 10 km/h, combined with various sensors to detect obstacles and potential hazards, halting the device accordingly.

Reducing Pollution, Traffic, and Labor Costs

Once challenges are addressed, delivery robots can offer substantial advantages.

“In city centers, vehicles that pollute and exacerbate traffic can be substituted, freeing up parking spaces.”

Professor Michael Bell from the Institute for Transport and Logistics at the University of Sydney believes that Australia trails behind in utilizing delivery robots compared to densely populated foreign cities with simpler terrain. He noted that agriculture and mining are currently leading the way for robotics in Australia.

The attractiveness of delivery robots lies in their potential to lower labor costs, streamline elevator navigation to meet couriers at high-rise entrances, and enhance efficiency in controlled environments like university campuses.

The Connected Autonomous Vehicle team at Monash University has created delivery robots tailored for defined areas such as campuses, industrial zones, shopping centers, and hospitals. Photo: Eugene Highland/Guardian

“Courier delivery is costly, so there is an economic incentive here. Any situation that reduces delivery time will be appealing,” Bell said.

Kate Lötel, an associate professor at the Peter Faber Business School at Australian Catholic University, anticipates that robots will lead to more affordable delivery solutions.

“In the end, we may witness a shift towards reduced or tiered service delivery based on whether items are transported by land, air, humans, or technology-assisted humans,” she stated.

“Initially, we may not see changes in costs but rather an increase in value for customers by addressing general inconveniences associated with deliveries,” she added.

Nevertheless, emerging technologies also bring challenges. As cheaper and more accessible delivery through robots and drones becomes a reality, researchers anticipate that Australians will have a higher junk food intake, affecting public health.

Local Innovation

The unclear legal status of delivery robots in Australia hasn’t stifled local innovation. Startups are focusing on implementing technology in private settings.

A group of student engineers from the Connected Autonomous Vehicle team at Monash University has designed delivery robots specifically for circumscribed areas, including campuses, industrial parks, shopping centers, and hospitals.

A robot named Ari operates at speeds up to 6 km/h and stands around 1 meter tall, equipped with a set of camera-like sensors for navigation.

ARIs utilize these sensors for communication, moving between restaurants where employees load orders to customers, eliminating the need for a stable internet connection.

Monash University ARI Robot Activities

Monash University ARI robots in action.

This setup entails significant initial costs in deploying a network of sensors, but it ultimately leads to lower costs for individual robots, making them easier to scale.

The notion is that in high-density environments, multiple cameras can be installed simultaneously, making it more economical as demand rises.

Moreover, ARI boasts features that its creators trust in.

The heated and cooled compartments enable each ARI robot to deliver multiple orders while maintaining the appropriate temperatures. This ensures that pizza arrives hot, ice cream stays frozen, and medicine arrives safely.

ARI has begun distributing foods like burgers and burritos throughout Monash University’s Clayton campus, with plans to commercialize the technology underway.

More than just labor savings, 24-year-old inventor John Bui noted that temperature-controlled compartments give ARIs an edge over competing robots and traditional delivery personnel.

“Imagine receiving a hot coffee or warm burrito,” Bui expressed.

Ultimately, beyond legal and technical limitations, behavioral and psychological factors also pose significant barriers to the adoption of delivery robots.

“There is already tension between pedestrians and e-scooter riders; it’s expected that someone walking late at night might confront a delivery robot while picking up pizza,” Deer suggested.

“Of course, there are locks to protect the food, but I hope people treat these robots with respect.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Scientists in the Dark as Chimpanzees are Photographed with Drums in the Wild

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies indicate that wild chimpanzees exhibit a natural talent for drumming, tapping to the rhythms present in their environment.

A significant international collaboration involving researchers from Europe, Africa, and America has concluded that chimpanzees drum with intentional rhythms, striking the trunks and roots of trees as they move and vocalize. These discoveries offer scientists valuable insights into the potential origins of human musicality.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/05/Drumming-Bout-Vesta-Eleuteri.m4v

An adult male western chimpanzee from the Thai East community drumming on a wooden buttress in the Thai forest (Côte d’Ivoire).

“Humans are fundamentally rhythmic beings,” stated Professor Katherine Hofighter from St Andrews University in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “Rhythms permeate our music, dance, and songs, and even in our conversations. This may be part of our evolutionary inheritance, as it is a universal trait among humans.”

To investigate the roots of this rhythm, researchers turned to our closest living relatives.

“Since both language and music are non-fossilized skills, it’s impossible to find them in the geological record and trace their evolution,” remarked the study’s lead author, Vesta Eleuteri from the University of Vienna in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We must examine other species and investigate the foundational elements that may precede the development of language and music.”

Hobaiter added: “This demonstrates that the elements of rhythm existed long before humans evolved into humans.”

Four images portray an eastern chimpanzee from the son’s community in Budongo Forest (Uganda) drumming with a wooden buttress. – Credit: Adrian Soldati

Recently published research in Current Biology represents the culmination of years of meticulous observations and analyses, encompassing 371 recorded chimpanzee drumming encounters across 11 wild chimpanzee communities in West and East Africa.

“People often underestimate the time commitment required to gather this data,” explains Hobaiter. “While the forest is my happy place, it sometimes means decades of research at each location.”

All recordings were carefully collected, coded, and analyzed. The researchers measured the duration of each drumming sequence, the intervals between hits, and the variability of the rhythms, concluding that these rhythms were not random.

Moreover, individual chimpanzees showcase their own unique styles of drumming. Regional variations also exist among different chimpanzee communities and subspecies.

For instance, West African chimpanzees tend to maintain regular spacing between drum hits, whereas East African chimpanzees display a mix of shorter and longer rhythms.

While the reasons for these differences remain unclear—Hobaiter mentioned they “got a bit crazy”—Eleuteri proposed these variations might stem from social or cultural differences among chimpanzee subspecies.

Habaiter emphasized that these rhythmic distinctions highlight the importance of conservation efforts: “Every group of chimpanzees holds unique significance.”

“Recognizing that distinct populations or subspecies have unique differences is crucial for preservation,” she asserted. “Losing any group could result in the disappearance of a unique culture, music, or rhythmic heritage that can never be restored.”

Read more:

About Our Experts

Vesta Eleuteri is a doctoral student at the Faculty of Behavior and Cognitive Biology at the University of Vienna, focusing on African elephant communication. She has previously researched chimpanzee drumming at the University of Rome and the University of St Andrews.

Katherine Hofighter is a professor of psychology and neuroscience at St. Andrews University, with 15 years of experience studying primates in Uganda and across Africa. Her research group, The Wild Minds Lab, emphasizes long-term field studies on communication and cognition in wild African apes. She has spent nearly six months in the field and has recently established new research sites in Uganda (Bugoma Primate Conservation Project) and Guinea (Moenvating Chimpanzee Project).

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Billions of Cicadas Have Emerged Across the U.S. Could Their Waste Be a Concern?

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Here’s a question you might want to skip while enjoying a meal: Which animal has the fastest urine stream in the world? Is it the elephant? The lion? Perhaps the horse?

Interestingly, as revealed in a journal study Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, one of the unexpected contenders is the CICADA. Researchers, likely equipped with goggles, found that these tiny insects can shoot their pee at speeds of up to 3 meters per second.

While that’s quite astonishing, billions—possibly trillions—of cicadas emerged in the US in 2017, possibly making you reconsider your summer plans.

So, should you be hiding away until the cicada frenzy subsides? Experts say that it might be wise, but it may not be for the reasons you think…

What are Cicadas and why are they headed our way?

“Cicadas are remarkable insects known for their unique life cycle and distinctive sounds,” says Dr. Elio Charita, one of the primary researchers on their urination studies at BBC Science Focus. “These sap-sucking insects belong to the order Hemiptera and can be found in temperate and tropical regions worldwide.”

Cicadas can grow quite large and are, indeed, very noisy. Their calls can reach volumes comparable to a chainsaw.

“One intriguing aspect of cicadas is their long juvenile phase, during which they spend several years underground feeding on plant roots. Depending on the species, this phase can last from a few years to 17,” Charita continues.

This year, the US will witness the significant emergence of Brood XIV, the most extensive group of regular cicada broods, as noted by the University of Connecticut.

After spending over a decade underground, these fascinating insects will appear en masse for a brief but enthusiastic mating season. Expect to see them across much of the eastern US, including states like Georgia, Kentucky, Indiana, Massachusetts, North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia.

If their activity persists until late June, prepare for their numbers to swell at any moment.

For more on the cicada life cycle, be sure to check out our detailed article.

Is it time to prepare for a pee-pocalypse?

Before stocking up on canned goods and toilet paper this summer, Dr. Jonathan Larson, an entomologist at the University of Kentucky, tells BBC Science Focus that there’s really not much to worry about.

“For many, the thought of a swarm of six-legged bugs might recall sci-fi movies, but in reality, it’s more of a spectacular, almost Mardi Gras-like experience.”

Though large, cicadas pose no threat to humans, animals, or crops.

Larson also points out that compared to the Peruvian cicada species, which emerges annually, US cicadas are expected to feed and urinate less during their short lifespan.

Read more:

“In our studies, we find that these US species feed far less as adults compared to some others. When they emerge, their primary focus is finding a mate,” Larson explains.

Nevertheless, they still spend time feeding and urinating. Charita notes that cicadas have been seen urinating jets, even captured on camera.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gnmgiaufm5o

Another upside (if you can call it that) is that cicada urine isn’t like that of larger animals. As mentioned, cicadas primarily excrete sap from trees, which is the same substance that forms the basis of maple syrup. Thus, what drips down is a sweet, watery substance known as “honeydew.”

Although it has a delightful name, I wouldn’t recommend tasting cicada pee this summer, but at least if it lands on you during a walk, it won’t be unpleasant.

As Larson says, “You can leave your umbrellas at home; these cicadas aren’t a big problem.” Phew.

“Watch your step.”

So, while cicada pee is remarkably fast, it’s not a major concern. According to Larson, the real issue arises when they die, not when they urinate.

“They tend to die en masse, creating piles of carcasses, which can lead to slippery sidewalks. I think that’s a more significant issue to worry about,” Larson says.

How significant could this be? Reports from 1990 indicated that people used snow shovels to clear sidewalks of dead cicadas.

What’s even worse is that when billions of these bugs die simultaneously, it leaves behind a nasty odor. Some have described the stench as reminiscent of rotten nuts.

Billions of cicadas emerge from the ground, mate, and soon after die. – Image credits: Getty

On the bright side, this process enriches the soil with nutrients, such as nitrogen. Although the smell may be unpleasant, these insects are beneficial to the ecosystem.

How Cicada Pee Could Inspire Future Robots

According to Charita, the fact that cicadas can generate such powerful urine jets is surprising for two reasons.

Most insects don’t exhibit this behavior because producing jets like larger animals demands a significant amount of energy. Typically, insects excrete urine in droplets. And since cicadas primarily consume sap with low nutritional content, this adds another layer of energy efficiency issues.
Moreover, earlier studies suggested that creatures weighing less than a kilogram are too small to generate such powerful jets, making cicadas’ ability unexpected.

Understanding this phenomenon is crucial for a variety of reasons. Given that cicada populations can number in the trillions, their role in environmental nitrogen cycling may be significant.

“We still do not fully grasp the ecological effects of cicada excretion on surrounding flora and fauna, especially for the seasonal species,” Charita notes.

Cicadas can produce jets of liquid traveling up to 3 meters per second. – Image credit: Elio Challita

When feeding, cicadas consume up to 300 times their body weight in sap daily, and all that sap has to go somewhere.

The research team also considers broader applications for this work. Insights gained could lead to advancements in small robotic jets, nozzles, and various applications in additive manufacturing and drug delivery systems.

“Our study underscores the significance of exploring seemingly trivial aspects of animal biology, such as excretion,” concludes Charita. “Investigating these processes reveals fascinating adaptations and illuminates how animals interact with their environments.”

“It also serves as a reminder that even in the most unexpected places, there’s still much to learn about the natural world.”

About our Experts

Elio Charita is a postdoctoral researcher at the Harvard Microrobotics Research Institute. He previously worked at Georgia Tech, where he studied how ultrafast invertebrates (including insects, hexapods, and arachnids) tackle challenges in fluid dynamics (e.g., feeding, excretion, predator evasion, etc.).

Jonathan Larson is an extension entomologist and assistant professor at the University of Kentucky, providing insect expertise for urban landscapes, turfgrass, nurseries, greenhouses, and household issues. He also co-hosts an informative insect podcast, Arthro-Pod.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The Interaction of Fast-Moving Electrons and Photons Drives X-Ray Emission in Blazar Jets

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study utilized NASA’s IXPE (Imaging X-ray Polarized Explorer) to analyze a highly relativistic jet originating from the Blazar Bl Lacertae, a supermassive black hole surrounded by luminous discs.

This artist’s rendering illustrates the core area of Blazar Bl Lacertae, featuring an ultra-massive black hole surrounded by bright discs and Earth-directed jets. Image credit: NASA/Pablo Garcia.

Astrophysicists elucidated a highly relativistic jet, proposing two competing theories regarding an X-ray component made up of protons and electrons.

Each theory presents a distinct signature in the polarization characteristics of the X-ray light.

Polarized light signifies the average direction of the electromagnetic waves comprising light.

When X-rays in a black hole’s jets are highly polarized, it indicates production from protons that circulate within the magnetic field of the jet or protons interacting with the jet’s photons.

Conversely, low polarization in X-rays implies that the generation of X-rays occurs through electron-photon interactions.

The IXPE is the sole satellite capable of making such polarization measurements.

“This was one of the greatest mysteries involving supermassive black hole jets,” remarks Dr. Ivan Agdo, an astronomer at Astrophicidae Athtrophicidae and Andocia-CSIC.

“Thanks to numerous supporting ground telescopes, IXPE equipped us with the necessary tools to ultimately resolve this issue.”

Astronomers concluded that electrons are likely the source, through a process known as Compton scattering.

This phenomenon, also referred to as the Compton effect, occurs when photons lose or gain energy through interactions with charged particles (primarily electrons).

Within the jets of a supermassive black hole, electrons move at speeds approaching that of light.

IXPE enabled researchers to determine that, in Blazar jets, electrons possess enough energy to scatter infrared photons into the X-ray spectrum.

Bl Lacertae, one of the earliest discovered Blazars, was initially thought to be a kind of star in the Lacerta constellation.

IXPE monitored Bl Lacertae for seven days in November 2023, in conjunction with several ground-based telescopes also measuring optical and radio polarization.

Interestingly, during the X-ray polarization observations, Bl Lacertae’s light polarization peaked at 47.5%.

“This marks not only the most polarized BL Lacertae has been in the past 30 years, but indeed the highest ever recorded,” states Dr. Ioannis Riodakis, an astrophysicist at the Institute of Astrophysics.

Researchers noted that X-rays are significantly less polarized than optical light.

They were unable to detect strong polarized signals and ascertained that the X-rays could not exceed 7.6% polarization.

This finding confirms that electron interactions with photons via the Compton effect must account for the X-ray emissions.

“The fact that optical polarization is considerably higher than that of X-rays can only be explained by Compton scattering,” he added.

“IXPE has solved yet another mystery surrounding black holes,” claimed Dr. Enrico Costa, an astrophysicist associated with the planet spaziali of astituto to astituto to n diastrofísica.

“IXPE’s polarized X-ray capabilities have unraveled several long-standing mysteries, which is a significant achievement.

“In other instances, IXPE’s results challenged previously held beliefs, opening up new questions, but that’s the essence of science, and certainly IXPE excels in its scientific contributions.”

Survey results will be published in Astrophysics Journal Letter.

____

Ivan Agd et al. 2025. The height of X-ray and X-ray polarization reveals Compton scattering of BL Lacertae jets. apjl in press; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ADC572

Source: www.sci.news

Unveiling the King: New Insights into the Enigmatic Origins of Tyrannosaurus Rex

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The genus Tyrannosaurus had its direct ancestors migrate from Asia over 70 million years ago, according to a groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at University College of Paleontologists in London.

Tyrannosaurus Rex evolved in North America, while its direct ancestors originated from Asia. Image credit: Pedro Salas/Sergey Krasovskiy.

This research, led by Cassius Morrison, a Ph.D. student at University College London, indicates that the rapid increase in the size of tyrannosaur dinosaurs and their close relatives, the Megaraptors, coincided with a global climate cooling that followed a temperature peak 92 million years ago.

This finding suggests that Tyrannosaurus Rex and its relatives may have been better adapted to cooler climates compared to other dinosaur groups at the time, likely due to their feathers and warmer physiology.

The geographical origins of Tyrannosaurus Rex have been a topic of intense debate,” stated Morrison.

“Paleontologists remain divided over whether their ancestors originated from Asia or North America.”

“Our modeling indicates that the “grandparents” of Tyrannosaurus Rex likely migrated to North America from Asia, crossing the Bering Strait between modern-day Siberia and Alaska.”

“This aligns with prior research showing that Tyrannosaurus Rex shares a closer relation to Asian relatives like Turbosaurus than to North American relatives such as Daspletosaurus.

“Numerous Tyrannosaurus Rex fossils have been found in North America, but our findings imply that the direct ancestors of this group may not yet have been unearthed in Asia.”

Paleontologists concluded that Tyrannosaurus Rex actually evolved in North America, particularly in Lalamidia, and was widely distributed across the region.

This conclusion contradicts last year’s findings suggesting that Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis, discovered in New Mexico, could be North American ancestors of Tyrannosaurus Rex from 3 to 5 million years ago. The team argued that the fossils of Tyrannosaurus mcraeensis were not properly dated.

For this study, researchers examined the migratory patterns of Tyrannosaurus and its relatives across the globe.

They employed mathematical models that represented fossils, dinosaur evolutionary trees, as well as the geography and climate of the era.

Importantly, the model addressed gaps in the fossil record and factored in uncertainties in the calculations.

Megaraptors are considered one of the most enigmatic large carnivorous dinosaurs.

In contrast to Tyrannosaurus Rex, they evolved slender heads and limbs as long as human height, with claws measuring up to 35 cm (14 inches).

Scientists conclude that Megaraptors were more widely distributed than previously thought, first appearing in Asia around 120 million years ago, spreading to Europe, and likely reaching Gondwana (encompassing regions of present-day Africa, South America, and the Southwest).

This suggests that Megaraptors inhabited regions like Europe and Africa, where no fossils had been found before.

They may have adapted differently from their Tyrannosaurus relatives, perhaps utilizing their claws for hunting instead of relying on powerful bites.

In South Gondwana, they could have preyed on small sauropods, while Tyrannosaurus Rex hunted large herbivores such as Triceratops, Edmontosaurus, and Ankylosaurus.

Both Tyrannosaurids and Megaraptors grew to enormous sizes nearly simultaneously as the climate cooled after the Cretaceous thermal peak 92 million years ago.

This rapid growth occurred following the extinction of other giant carnivorous dinosaurs, Carcharodontosaurids, which left a void at the top of the food chain.

The authors suggest that both Tyrannosaurus and Megaraptor could utilize cooler temperatures more effectively than their rival dinosaur groups.

By the end of the dinosaur age, Tyrannosaurus Rex weighed up to 9 tons (similar to very large African elephants and light tanks), while the Megaraptor reached lengths of up to 10 meters.

“Our findings illuminate the emergence of the largest tyrannosaurs in North and South America during the Cretaceous period and how they thrived by the end of the dinosaur epoch,” remarked Charlie Scheller of the University of London.

“They may have achieved their massive size to fill the ecological role left by the similarly large Carcharodontosaurid theropods that went extinct approximately 90 million years ago.”

“This extinction likely removed any ecological barriers that previously constrained the growth of tyrannosaurs.”

“Around 120 million years ago, Megaraptors were part of a diverse array of dinosaur species,” stated Dr. Mauro Alanciagaroland, a paleontologist at the Museum of Natural Sciences and the Bernardino Rivadavia Museum in Argentina.

“As the Cretaceous period progressed and the continents began to drift apart, these predators became increasingly specialized.”

“Such evolutionary shifts prompted them to adapt to more specific habitats.

“In areas like Asia, Megaraptors were ultimately replaced by Tyrannosaurus, but in regions like Australia and Patagonia, they became apex predators, dominating these ecosystems.”

This study is published in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

____

Cassius Morrison et al. 2025. The Rise of the King: the origins of Gondwanan and the evolution of the Megaraptor dinosaurs. R. Soc. Open Sci. 12(5): 242238; doi: 10.1098/rsos.242238

Source: www.sci.news

Local Officials Back Reduction in Disaster Preparedness Funding

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

St. Louis has experienced two tornadoes within the last two months. A recent fire led to the evacuation of a new nursing home in Enterprises, Alabama, last month. Meanwhile, Cleveland dealt with a blackout as crowds attended the NCAA Women’s Basketball Final Four.

In these incidents, local health officials managed aftermaths, supported hospitals, located new residences for displaced individuals, and coordinated efforts with fire services, police, and other municipal sectors.

The total cost of these responses reached approximately $735 million, funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The budget proposed by President Trump allocates zero funds for such efforts.

The proposed budget cuts have increased anxiety among health officials, especially following a $12 billion reduction to state and local health agencies in March. Nineteen states and the District of Columbia have filed lawsuits aiming to stop these cuts.

“Both artificial and natural disasters are not reliant on federal funds, but the response aimed at saving lives certainly is,” stated Dr. Matifha Fratova Davis, Health Director of St. Louis. (Dr. Davis has resigned but will remain until a replacement is appointed.)

The city faces substantial sinkholes and is situated on fault lines prone to floods, in addition to being at risk for earthquakes. “We genuinely depend on this fundraising,” Dr. Davis remarked. Without it, “the entire community of St. Louis and its visitors will stay at risk.”

The Department of Health and Human Services directed budget-related inquiries to the Office of Management and Budget, which did not reply to requests for comments.

The funding has garnered interest from local health sectors via the Public Health Emergency Preparedness Cooperation Agreement, established after the September 11, 2001 attacks to prepare for biological threats and other emergencies.

This funding aids authorities in overseeing public health implications of both natural and artificial disasters while also containing infectious disease outbreaks. It also finances salaries of experienced officials tasked with readiness and mitigation of public health issues.

Funding amounts vary by jurisdiction. St. Louis and Cleveland each receive roughly $250,000, covering salaries for three staff members. In comparison, Dallas is allocated nearly $2 million, supporting salaries for 17 employees.

“There’s minimal cushion for these funds, especially at the local level,” noted Dr. Philip Fan, director of the Dallas County Health and Human Services Department in Texas.

If these funds vanish, even larger cities like Dallas will feel the effects. “The smaller the health department, the more pronounced the impact will be,” he explained.

Dr. Davis indicated that her department receives less than 1% of the overall St. Louis city budget. Should CDC public health emergency funds be reduced, Missouri and its cities may need to compensate for the deficit, as current budgets imply.

“These individuals will soon find themselves jobless,” Dr. Davis remarked regarding employees funded through the grant.

In Alabama, emergency response programs are fully financed through federal grants. Winter tornadoes, hurricanes, and ice storms can wreak havoc and necessitate intervention from health authorities.

“Accusations have been made against the Alabama Department of Public Health,” stated Dr. Scott Harris, state health officer.

In several jurisdictions, staff depend on hundreds of volunteers to assist with COVID-19 and MPOX vaccinations. Nevertheless, paid staff is essential for coordinating those activities and training volunteers, Dr. Huang explained.

“You can’t appear before everyone claiming, ‘Yes, I’m a doctor,'” he added. City officials will verify volunteer qualifications and mobilize them for emergencies as needed.

In Cleveland, health officials responsible for preparations receive midnight calls from hospitals regarding potential charcoal or other bacterial infectious threats.

“We’ve encountered numerous challenges with our efforts,” commented Dr. David Margolius, Director of Public Health in Cleveland. “However, it’s always better to be prepared than to be caught off guard.”

Some officials have expressed concern since the election about whether the Trump administration will continue funding for these programs. However, they did not anticipate a sudden cessation of funds, as seen with other CDC funding streams.

If Congress implements a funding cut, he noted, “We’ll have to urgently assess their situation.” “It’s entirely unfair for these teams and Cleveland residents to rely on these services under such circumstances.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

AI Companies Caution: Assess the Risks of Superintelligence or Face the Consequences of Losing Human Control

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Prior to the deployment of the omnipotent system, AI companies are encouraged to replicate the safety assessments that formed the basis of Robert Oppenheimer’s initial nuclear test.

Max Tegmark, a prominent advocate for AI safety, conducted analyses akin to those performed by American physicist Arthur Compton before the Trinity test, indicating a 90% likelihood that advanced AI could present an existential threat.

The US government went ahead with Trinity in 1945, after providing assurances that there was minimal risk of the atomic bomb igniting the atmosphere and endangering humanity.

In a paper published by Tegmark and three students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), the “Compton constant” is suggested for calculation. This is articulated as the likelihood that omnipotent AI could evade human control. Compton mentioned in a 1959 interview with American author Pearlback that he approved the test after evaluating the odds for uncontrollable reactions to be “slightly less” than one in three million.

Tegmark asserted that AI companies must diligently assess whether artificial superintelligence (ASI)—the theoretical system that surpasses human intelligence in all dimensions—can remain under human governance.

“Firms developing superintelligence ought to compute the Compton constant, which indicates the chances of losing control,” he stated. “Merely expressing a sense of confidence is not sufficient. They need to quantify the probability.”

Tegmark believes that achieving a consensus on the Compton constant, calculated by multiple firms, could create a “political will” to establish a global regulatory framework for AI safety.

A professor of physics at MIT and an AI researcher, Tegmark is also a co-founder of The Future of Life Institute, a nonprofit advocating for the secure advancement of AI. The organization released an open letter in 2023 calling for a pause in the development of powerful ASI, garnering over 33,000 signatures, including notable figures such as Elon Musk and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak.

This letter emerged several months post the release of ChatGPT, marking the dawn of a new era in AI development. It cautioned that AI laboratories are ensnared in “uncontrolled races” to deploy “ever more powerful digital minds.”

Tegmark discussed these issues with the Guardian alongside a group of AI experts, including tech industry leaders, representatives from state-supported safety organizations, and academics.

The Singapore consensus, outlined in the Global AI Safety Research Priority Report, was crafted by distinguished computer scientist Joshua Bengio and Tegmark, with contributions from leading AI firms like OpenAI and Google DeepMind. Three broad research priority areas for AI safety have been established: developing methods to evaluate the impacts of existing and future AI systems, clarifying AI functionality and designing systems to meet those objectives, and managing and controlling system behavior.

Referring to the report, Tegmark noted that discussions surrounding safe AI development have regained momentum following remarks by US Vice President JD Vance, asserting that the future of AI will not be won through mere hand-raising and safety debates.

Tegmark stated:

Source: www.theguardian.com

New Lawsuit Claims There’s No Such Thing as an “Energy Emergency”

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Fifteen states have taken legal action against the Trump administration regarding the declaration of an “energy emergency,” contending that there is no legitimate emergency and that the directive instructs regulators to unlawfully circumvent reviews of fossil fuel projects, which could harm the environment.

The President’s executive order issued on January 20th, “Declaring a state of national energy emergency,” mandated federal agencies to hasten energy initiatives such as oil and natural gas drilling as well as coal mining, while omitting wind and solar energy. He argued that despite record-high production levels in the U.S., energy output still does not meet the nation’s demands.

The lawsuit filed on Friday claims that President Trump’s declaration, which was lodged in federal court in the Western District of Washington, means that reviews mandated by environmental laws like the Clean Water Act, the Endangered Species Act, and the National Historic Preservation Act have been either expedited or overlooked.

The lawsuit notes that emergency procedures have traditionally been reserved for major disasters. “Now, however, several federal agencies, pressured by dubious executive orders, are attempting to widely implement these emergency protocols in situations that do not qualify as emergencies,” the complaint asserts.

The plaintiffs are requesting the court to declare the directive unlawful and to prevent the agencies from issuing expedited permits under the order. Attorneys General from Washington, California, Arizona, Connecticut, Illinois, Massachusetts, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, New Jersey, Rhode Island, Vermont, and Wisconsin have submitted the case.

“The President’s efforts to circumvent essential environmental safeguards are illegal and will be detrimental to the residents of Washington,” remarked Washington Attorney General Nick Brown. “This will not lower prices, enhance our energy supply, or bolster our national safety.”

Trump spokeswoman Taylor Rogers stated that the President possesses “the exclusive authority to determine a national emergency, not state attorneys or judicial systems.” She emphasized that Trump “understands that unleashing American energy is vital for our economic and national security.”

In addition to Trump, the lawsuit lists Secretary of the Army Daniel Driscoll, the head of the Army Corps of Engineers, and the federal entity known as the Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation as defendants.

An Army spokesperson declined to make a comment. A representative from the Advisory Committee on Historic Preservation did not immediately respond to inquiries for comment.

The lawsuit contends that declaring an emergency is reserved “not due to a shift in presidential policy,” and that this alteration would adversely affect the state’s interests, including clean drinking water, wildlife habitats, and historical and cultural resources.

Source: www.nytimes.com

“Can Robots Dispensing Methadone Alleviate Nurses’ Workload and Enhance Patient Care?”

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

LAnea George opens the steel security door and enters a windowless room, where a device resembling a commercial-grade refrigerator awaits. Dubbed the Bodhi, it dispenses seven small plastic bottles, each containing precisely 70ml of methadone, an alternative to morphine or heroin in addiction treatment.

She takes the bottles from the tray, bundles them with rubber bands, and places them on the shelf. It’s not even 10 am, and George, the nurse manager at Man Alive—a well-known opioid treatment program in Baltimore—has already prepared doses for about 100 patients set to arrive the following day. “Bodhi has transformed my life and the lives of my patients,” she states.

Preparing these prescriptions requires more than merely pouring medication into bottles. This process involves printing each label individually, measuring the amounts accurately, sealing the bottles, and capping them securely. If there are spills, the nurse must stop to collect the lost liquid, measure it, document the incident, and dispose of it properly.

Repeating this procedure over 100 times illustrates why the task can take an entire day before Bodhi even arrives. George notes that many nurses leave the profession, often due to issues like carpal tunnel syndrome from repeatedly screwing caps on multiple bottles daily.

“I’ve seen nurses just walk off shifts and never return,” she reflects on her previous clinic.

Now, with more time freed up, George can focus on patient interaction. “It allows me to be more personal and have deeper conversations,” she remarks. “That’s where we uncover a lot of important information.”

Injecting Humanity into Addiction Treatment

This increase in patient interaction was the motivation behind the machine that George uses daily. Amber Norbeck, a pharmacist in the neonatal intensive care unit at Montana Hospital, noted that 50% of newborns experience withdrawal symptoms due to maternal opioid addiction.

Methadone therapy can help these women become mothers, but access is often problematic. The clinic she visited had a 30-60 day waiting list, and other patients faced three-hour waits despite a shortage of nursing staff during visits. Some patients must return daily for doses.

“It didn’t feel like healthcare; it felt more like a bank teller experience,” she explains. “For working individuals trying to manage their lives, the lengthy process often led them to give up.”

With U.S. overdose deaths from opioids rising from around 8,000 in 2009 to over 114,000 in 2022, Norbeck recognized a nation grappling with the opioid crisis amid a nursing shortage. In 2019, she and engineer Mike Pokolny began devising methods to automate the methadone dosing process.

They developed a robotic device capable of dispensing liquid medication in seconds, sealing, labeling, and capping each bottle. A year later, Norbeck left her hospital position, and in January 2021, the duo founded Opio Connect Inc, with Norbeck serving as CEO and Pokolny as vice-chairman.

They named the device Zing, utilizing components designed for other machines for a quicker assembly. “Existing pharmacy automation solutions weren’t designed for the variations required for dispensing methadone,” states Sam Wilson, Opio’s COO.

Pandemic Era Methadone Rules Support Automation

The introduction of Zing coincided with the Covid-19 pandemic, which provided an unexpected boost. Pre-pandemic, patients labeled “stable” could take home multiple doses, but during lockdowns, federal authorities relaxed these rules, allowing them to receive up to 28 days’ worth of medication.

While this policy shift intensified preparation and nurse workloads, post-Covid data revealed no significant patient benefits. The new take-home rules became permanent in January 2024.

Skip past newsletter promotions

By then, the first Zing was deployed at Compdrug, an opioid treatment program in Columbus, Ohio, affectionately nicknamed Alfie. Seven additional Zings were installed across the country, each receiving its own name. This humanizing aspect led to naming contests, birthday celebrations, gender awareness events, and Halloween costumes. Together, they have assembled over 1 million methadone doses.

Norbeck anticipates that 30-40 more Zings will be operational by the end of 2025. The company is targeting 2,100 clinics and correctional facilities nationwide, emphasizing that many individuals require treatment, yet attracting nursing staff remains a challenge.

Automated Labor: Job Loss or Mitigating Labor Shortages?

Norbeck is uncertain about job losses attributed to Zing, but some clinics found themselves able to keep open positions unfilled, reallocating savings to other treatment initiatives.

“There was concern that [Zing] would replace nurses, but its true purpose is to liberate them,” explains Pokolny.

Compdrug previously employed six nurses to administer methadone throughout the day. Currently, with Zing’s assistance, only three handle dosing while the other three focus on telehealth. All six remain employed.

At Man Alive, Bodhi’s introduction has allowed George additional time, enabling her to also serve as a home nurse, assisting patients in connecting with medical care and following up on medication and health concerns.

However, it’s important to recognize another facet to these scenarios. Unfilled positions, whether in telehealth or home health, may exist regardless of robotic assistance. According to the Health Resources and Services Administration, the nursing workforce is projected to face a shortage of over 63,720 nurses by 2030, not accounting for losses incurred during the pandemic.

Norbeck believes that robotics can be a means to alleviate employment shortages rather than exacerbate them.

In Baltimore, George and her fellow nurses at Man Alive have organized educational initiatives in the community, further connecting with patients through participation in in-house group therapy sessions. Simply put, George states, “Bodhi has allowed me to rediscover my role as a nurse.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Essential Information on the Hepatitis A Outbreak in LA County

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Los Angeles County public health officials have reported an outbreak of hepatitis A. This highly contagious liver infection is caused by a virus that can, in rare instances, lead to serious illness.

Typically, there are fewer than 50 cases annually in LA County, but at least 138 individuals were infected in 2024, with cases continuing to rise significantly in 2025. These numbers are incomplete.

Here’s what you should know.

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

The hepatitis A virus is spread via the oral-fecal route, meaning it can be ingested through food and beverages contaminated with microscopic stool from infected individuals. The virus can also be transmitted through close contact with someone harboring it, even if they show no symptoms.

Certain individuals face a higher risk of contracting hepatitis A due to inadequate access to clean toilets and handwashing facilities. It is more prevalent among travelers, in settings with poor hygiene, among men who have sex with men, and among drug users.

Officials note that many recent cases have appeared in individuals lacking these risk factors. The reasons remain unclear, but Dr. Timothy Brewer, an infectious disease specialist and epidemiologist at UCLA, is increasingly concerned about two issues: food contamination and community transmission.

“In a community with good hygiene and access to drinking water, we shouldn’t see high numbers of infections,” he remarked. “Something is happening, but we aren’t sure what it is.”

What are the symptoms of hepatitis A infection?

Initial symptoms include fever, fatigue, nausea, and loss of appetite, followed by vomiting and diarrhea. Infected individuals may subsequently develop jaundice, dark urine, and pale stools.

One significant challenge in controlling the spread of hepatitis A is that contact tracing can be quite challenging. The virus can incubate for up to seven weeks before symptoms appear, and carriers can transmit it for up to two weeks before they feel ill.

Moreover, many infected individuals do not exhibit severe symptoms, according to Dr. Edward Jones Lopez, an infectious disease specialist at Keck Medicine at the University of Southern California, which means they might not seek medical evaluation, undergo blood tests, or report their cases.

Severe symptoms are predominantly observed in the elderly, those with chronic liver diseases, and individuals with compromised immune systems or HIV. While fatalities from hepatitis A are rare, at least seven deaths have been linked to the outbreak. Officials suspect that the true number of infections is significantly higher than reported, as many individuals likely remain asymptomatic or have mild symptoms that go unrecognized.

What is the treatment for hepatitis A?

There are no specific antiviral treatments for hepatitis A, as the infection typically resolves on its own within weeks without causing permanent liver damage. However, hospitalization might be necessary for some patients.

In rare instances, hepatitis A can lead to acute liver failure, known as fulminant hepatitis, which may necessitate a transplant, stated Dr. Jones Lopez. “It can escalate rapidly. It’s a serious condition.”

If you believe you may be infected, consult your doctor, stay hydrated, and rest adequately.

How can I prevent it?

Vaccination is the most effective way to prevent hepatitis A. The vaccination schedule consists of two doses given at least six months apart, which provides substantial protection. While children have routinely received this vaccine for the past two decades, many adults over the age of 25 do not get vaccinated unless they belong to a high-risk group.

“Infection can occur anywhere,” warns Dr. Anne Limoyne, a professor of epidemiology at UCLA.

If you have been exposed to someone with the virus but haven’t been vaccinated, a prompt vaccination can prevent infection. Experts suggest that individuals with compromised immune systems may also benefit from receiving immunoglobulins. Practicing good hygiene, such as thorough handwashing with soap and water after using the restroom and before preparing food, is essential for everyone.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Soviet Spacecraft Make Impact on Earth After Fifty-Year Voyage

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

After 53 years traversing the cosmos, a quirky Soviet spacecraft known as Cosmos-482 has made its way back to Earth, penetrating the atmosphere at 9:24 am on Saturday, according to Los Cosmos, a Russian state entity overseeing the space program.

Cosmos-482, designed for a landing on Venus, may have survived its descent. As reported by Roscosmos, its remnants were found scattered across the Indian Ocean near Jakarta, Indonesia.

Launched on March 31, 1972, the Kosmos-482 became tethered to Earth’s orbit due to a premature shutdown of one of its rocket boosters. Its return evokes memories of the Cold War space race, sparking images of terrestrial forces projecting into the solar systems.

“It takes me back to a time when the Soviet Union was bold in space exploration. We might all be more adventurous in space,” remarks Jonathan McDowell, an astrophysicist at the Harvard & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, who monitors orbiting objects. “In that context, it is a bittersweet occasion.”

While the U.S. triumphed in the lunar race, the Soviet Union set its eyes on Venus through its Venella program.

Between 1961 and 1984, the Soviets dispatched 29 spacecraft towards this enigmatic world, although many missions did not succeed more than a dozen fell short. The Venella missions observed Venus from orbit, gathered atmospheric data, descended through its caustic clouds, collected and analyzed soil samples, and transmitted the first images from the planet’s surface.

“Kosmos-482 serves as a reminder of the Soviet Union’s encounter with Venus 50 years ago, a tangible relic of that endeavor,” states Asif Siddiqi, a historian at Fordham University focusing on Soviet space activities. “It’s oddly fascinating how the past continues to linger in orbit around the Earth.”

Fifty years later, as the country aims to return to the moon and dispatch probes to Mars, Jupiter, and various asteroids, only an isolated Japanese spacecraft remains at Venus amidst proposals facing delays with uncertain timelines and an unpredictable future.

While landing astronauts on the moon during the space race was a monumental achievement, it also highlighted the rest of our solar system. As the U.S. increasingly focused on Mars, the Soviet Union turned its attention to the second planet from the sun.

“Back then, both nations were intrigued by Mars, but Venus proved a more accessible target,” asserts Kathleen Lewis, curator of the International Space Program at the Smithsonian’s National Air and Space Museum.

Often referred to as Earth’s twin due to its similar size, Venus is shrouded in a dense atmosphere of carbon dioxide and veiled under thick layers of sulfuric clouds. Its surface endures scorching temperatures reaching 870 degrees Fahrenheit, coupled with atmospheric pressure nearly 90 times greater than Earth’s.

“How do you create technology capable of surviving a months-long journey across the solar system, entering a thick atmosphere, and capturing images without being destroyed?” Dr. Siddiqi questioned. “It’s an astonishing challenge to consider solving back in the 1960s.”

Venella 9 Descent Craft and Lander

credit…
Via NASA

The Soviets, unbothered by the challenges presented by such a hostile world, persistently launched hardware towards Venus. At that time, no blueprint existed for such endeavors.

“You were essentially inventing the technology to send to Venus,” Dr. Siddiqi explained. “Today, if a country like Japan wishes to send a mission to Venus, they have decades of knowledge and engineering guidebooks. In the ’60s, there was nothing.”

The Soviet Venella program achieved many milestones, including being the first probe to enter the atmosphere of another planet, the first spacecraft to successfully land on another planet, and the first to capture sounds from an alien landscape.

The breakdown of Kosmos-482 occurred midway through this timeline, and its re-entry wasn’t the first encounter with Earth for the intended Venus lander.

Around 1 am on April 3, 1972, merely days after the troublesome launch, several 30-pound titanium spheres, each the size of a beach ball and inscribed with Cyrillic letters, descended upon the town of Ashburton, New Zealand.

One landed in a turnip field, leaving local residents cautious. The New Zealand Herald reported in 2002 that one of these spheres was ultimately confined in a police cell in Ashburton.

According to space law, ownership of a downed space object belongs to the country that launched it; however, the Soviets did not claim ownership of the sphere initially. The “space ball” was eventually returned to the farmers who discovered it.

Although Cosmos-482 was lost, the two other spacecraft launched days earlier successfully reached Venus and relayed data from the surface for 50 minutes. Two years later, when Venera 9 and 10 arrived, the Soviets ensured redundancy by launching both spacecraft.

The Venera program concluded in the mid-1980s with an ambitious Vega probe, which, starting in 1984, deployed a landing craft on Venus’s surface in 1985 and flew by Halley’s Comet in 1986.

“The legacy of Soviet Venus exploration in the 70s and 80s was a point of pride for the Soviet Union,” Dr. Lewis noted.

The re-entry of Cosmos-482 holds unique historical significance but isn’t particularly unusual today, as nations and companies continue to launch more technology into orbit, resulting in an increase of objects descending from the sky.

“We see frequent re-entries nowadays,” says Greg Henning, an Aerospace Corporation engineer and space debris specialist. The nonprofit organization tracks objects in orbit. “We observe dozens of instances each day, most of which go unnoticed.”

This is particularly true now, as heightened solar activity expands the Earth’s atmosphere, increasing drag on orbiting objects.

Some of these re-entries create spectacular light displays, whether through controlled descents like SpaceX’s cargo and crew capsules or unintentional ones, such as the failed test flight of SpaceX’s Starship prototype. Others, like China’s Long March 5B rocket booster, are uncontrolled and potentially hazardous.

However, in rare instances, spacecraft such as Cosmos-482 return to Earth as remnants of humanity’s formative endeavors.

“There exists an archive of the space race that continues to circle Earth. Many objects released in the 1950s, ’60s, and ’70s remain in orbit,” Dr. Siddiqi remarked. “At times, pieces of this living museum may fall on my head, reminding me of its presence.”

Jonathan Wolf contributed to this report.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Elon Musk Imitates Hearst and Ford’s Media Manipulation Tactics

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Pioneers in the automotive industry realized they had to transform their worldview, using their influence to acquire media outlets. Their tirades embolden anti-democratic forces globally, tapping into humanity’s darker instincts.

This notion may evoke Elon Musk’s social media platform X in 2025, yet it also harks back to Henry Ford and his publication, the Dearborn Independent, from the 1920s. Ford, who created the Model T, routinely acquired suburban spaces to propagate anti-Semitic narratives. The Dearborn Independent published a notorious series titled “The International Jew,” casting blame on Jewish communities for various societal ailments and disseminating the fabricated “Protocols of the Elders of Zion.” The Nazis even awarded Ford a medal for his fervent beliefs.

Ford epitomizes a longstanding trend of influential figures purchasing media platforms to endorse controversial perspectives. These notable individuals have reached vast audiences through the evolving technology of their times, whether through rapid newspaper distribution or Ford’s extensive network of automobile dealers.

If you take a ride in the latest Model T, you’ll encounter the Dearborn Independent. In the seat. During that era, local newspapers were significant entities. The Dearborn Independent emerged as one of the country’s top-circulating newspapers, reaching over 750,000 copies per issue at its zenith.

Following Henry Ford’s acquisition of the Dearborn Independent, he launched a long-standing series entitled “International Jews.”

credit…
Library of Congress

Unlike Ford, other media moguls like Rupert Murdoch generally employed like-minded editors and anchors to express their views. The Dearborn Independent boldly announced its title as “Ford International Weekly,” even featuring a full-page editorial signed by Ford himself.

Musk’s behavior mirrors Ford’s personal approach. Tesla and SpaceX’s billionaires have eagerly shared, reposted, and endorsed false or sensational claims on X, such as the assertion that Social Security is fraudulent.

Numerous precedents exist for Musk’s actions with X. However, he has escalated the process to an unprecedented level. The platform claims he has 220 million followers, a staggering number to substantiate. Even if only a fraction of that figure is accurate, X is optimized to amplify user posts as widely as possible, ensuring they are seen and discussed.

In 2022, Musk acquired Twitter for $44 billion, which seemed absurd to many. Initially dismissed as a billionaire’s toy, it transformed into a tool for political leverage during last year’s elections. Musk formed an alliance with Donald J. Trump, using the platform to shut down adversarial voices within the government.

The repercussions are continuously evolving. For Musk, this maneuver represented a significant triumph. Under the guise of enhancing government efficiency, he dismissed regulators poised to oversee his vast empire. Now, Musk wields far more authority over his vehicle and rocket ventures. (X representatives declined to comment.)

Rick Perlstein, author of a comprehensive history of modern American conservatism, stated, “This is something we’ve never encountered before.” Historians note Musk’s frequent use of memes and visuals, observing that “It reflects the politics of the nervous system rather than higher cognitive functions. There’s no rational discourse; it’s simply fear-based.”

Moguls in both the U.S. and Britain have controlled media to wield influence since modern newspapers emerged in the late 19th century. During World War I, Viscount Northcliffe of England dominated about 40% of morning and 45% of evening newspaper circulations. His publications included the Daily Mail, popular among the working class, and The Times, appealing to the elite.

Viscount Northcliffe, also known as Alfred Harmsworth, played a pivotal role in forcing Prime Minister Herbert Asquith to resign in December 1916. His sway was so significant that, in 1917, German forces attempted to assassinate him, shelling coastal residences.

In the U.S., media ownership often exhibited local nuances. In West Texas during the early 1960s, the ultra-conservative Wittenbergs owned the Amarillo Daily News and controlled dominant NBC TV and radio stations, facing little opposition.

Historian Jeff Roche, author of “Conservative Frontier,” noted, “Providing the populace with a far-right media diet can push them towards extreme right-wing views. Amarillo has consequently become America’s most conservative city.”

Simon Potter, a contemporary history professor at the University of Bristol specializing in mass media, remarked, “From the inception of the newspaper industry, media ownership and political influence have been intertwined. Concerns about this close relationship with politics have persisted over time. Does it truly serve the public interest?”

Central to that inquiry is the question: Do these megaphones genuinely empower them, or are they merely shouting into the void? Musk’s American counterpart, William Randolph Hearst, offers insight. Hearst, owner of the New York Journal, dispatched a correspondent to Cuba in 1897 to cover the conflict with Spain, driven less by humanitarian motives and more by then-popularism.

The March 25, 1898 edition of the New York Journal documented Hearst’s war coverage with correspondents in Cuba.

credit…
Library of Congress

One interpretation of this narrative positions Hearst as a powerful media magnate.

A reporter affiliated with the journal discovered there was no conflict. “Everything is tranquil,” remarked artist Frederick Remington. “There’s no fighting.” They desired to depart.

Hearst retorted: “Depart. You will provide the images; I will provide the war.” This strategy led to his newspaper becoming a significant force amid tumult sparked by President William McKinley, who rapidly escalated tensions, culminating in the liberation of Cuba and acquisition of a vital segment of the Spanish Empire.

This tale, initially told by Hearst’s colleague James Creelman, later resonated in Orson Welles’ Citizen Kane. Though thoroughly debunked, the anecdote persists, illustrating a powerful figure capable of instigating war from nothing.

However, Hearst’s ambitions faltered when he attempted to leverage his wartime momentum to advance his political career. He secured a House of Representatives seat in 1902 but was subsequently defeated in two mayoral bids in New York. His campaign for Governor of New York in 1906 also ended in failure.

David Nasaw, author of “Chief: The Life of William Randolph Hearst,” believes Musk employs X to consolidate support.

“I’ve never seen Twitter as a platform for MAGA supporters anywhere,” he stated.

Nasaw further suggests that Hearst reflected readers’ sentiments rather than shaping them. However, he acknowledged the unique developments occurring with Musk. Hearst, Ford, Viscount Northcliffe before World War II, and even the lords of British media all shared a commonality.

“They were positioned outside the rooms, shouting to be heard,” Nasaw remarked. “Musk’s relationship with Twitter was crucial, but it served as a conduit, enabling his entry into political discourse. This dynamic is unprecedented.”

As Tesla’s sales plummet, both Hearst and Ford could serve as cautionary tales for Musk. Seeking controversy through hateful rhetoric can severely damage one’s reputation and typically harms business.

Ford faced legal action for libel stemming from the Dearborn Independent, leading to a boycott against him. He ultimately shuttered the publication in 1927, though he never renounced his ideology. The remnants of that controversy still echo.

In the 1930s, Hearst confronted President Franklin D. Roosevelt, positioning an anti-Roosevelt manifesto on his publication’s front page. As the editorials grew increasingly harsh, readers were compelled to choose: whom to support, the CEO or the publisher?

“They chose Roosevelt,” Nasaw recalled. “This choice led to Hearst’s ultimate self-destruction and the downfall of his newspaper.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

Research Reveals: Africa’s Stunning Starry Skies Foster Bonds of Friendship

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Superb Starling (Lamprotornis superbus) Recent studies reveal their behavior of “reciprocity,” where they assist each other with the expectation of future favors.

Lamprotornis superbus) at Wilhelma Zoo in Stuttgart, Germany. The lighter-colored bird is flanked by two adults. Image credit: Dennis Irrgang / CC by 2.0.” width=”580″ height=”387″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2025/05/image_13887-Lamprotornis-superbus.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2025/05/image_13887-Lamprotornis-superbus-300×200.jpg 300w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2025/05/image_13887-Lamprotornis-superbus-84×55.jpg 84w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Superb Starling family (Lamprotornis superbus) at Wilhelma Zoo in Stuttgart, Germany. The lighter-colored bird is between two adults. Image credit: Dennis Irrgang / CC by 2.0.

The Superb Starling is a passerine bird belonging to the Sturnidae family.

This species is widespread, inhabiting various regions in East Africa, including Ethiopia, Somalia, Uganda, Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania, and beyond.

These birds form large mixed groups consisting of 7 to 60 individuals, with an average size ranging from 13 to 41 members.

“The social structure of Starlings is complex, comprising not only family units but also a mix of both related and unrelated individuals, much like humans.”

“It’s well-known that animals tend to assist their relatives to enhance genetic fitness and propagate their genes.”

“While Starlings prioritize helping relatives, they also lend support to unrelated individuals.”

Professor Rubenstein and his team discovered that this support arises through the establishment of mutual relationships.

However, proving that such behaviors are present in non-relatives remains challenging.

The study is rooted in two decades of research by the authors on these birds in Africa, thriving in the harsh savannah climate.

From 2002 to 2021, thousands of interactions among hundreds of birds were documented, alongside DNA samples to analyse genetic links.

By merging behavioral data with genetic information during 40 breeding seasons, they posed pivotal questions: Did birds prioritize aiding relatives? Did they assist non-relatives when related individuals were available? Did they reciprocate support over time?

Ultimately, the findings revealed that while helpers prioritized their relatives, they often supported specific unrelated individuals consistently, even when relatives could assist.

“Many of these birds forge friendships that develop over time,” Professor Rubenstein stated.

“Our next goal is to investigate how these relationships are formed, their longevity, and why some bonds remain strong while others diminish.”

The study was published today in the journal Nature.

____

Advertising et al. The enigmatic role of mutual assistance among birds in cooperative breeding. Nature Published online on May 7, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08958-4

Source: www.sci.news

Interview: Will Whitney Wolfe Herd Make Us Fall in Love with Dating Apps Again?

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

It was Andrei Andrev, the head of Badoo and co-creator of Bumble. After Bumble was involved, you faced another workplace scandal. In 2019, Forbes published a survey accusing Badoo’s London headquarters of fostering a toxic, sexist work environment. He denied these allegations, but shortly after the article’s release, he sold his majority stake. It’s remarkable that you had to navigate a second high-profile case of suspected misconduct from a man in your professional life. How do you handle that now?
The reality is quite frightening. It’s the worst-case scenario. I felt deeply concerned for anyone who experienced it. I was unaware of any such allegations. Many assumed, “Whitney knows everything and is covering for him.” The truth is, I was busy managing Bumble as a standalone business in Austin. It’s not like I was present at [Badoo’s London]. I was courageously working in the office every day and interacting with those individuals. When Forbes called me, I was taken aback. It was vital for Andrei to be transparent about my personal interactions with him. Honestly, I never witnessed anything to that extent. However, I never doubted women’s accounts or anyone else’s experiences, and I communicated that. I believe these allegations surfaced years prior and were not current.

There have been numerous allegations from different periods. Correct. But I think most of this article addresses the earlier ones. I’m not trying to distance myself from anything; that’s not my intention. Reflecting on the early 2010s, we’ve all seen the images of WeWork and Uber. When you envision tech companies in 2012, do you picture a progressive office environment? I doubt it. What insights can you draw from that time? Perhaps I was merely in one specific situation, or it was a broader theme reflective of the prevalent tech culture back then.

That period was marked by significant technological optimism. Countless apps emerged, backed by incomprehensible funding, promising to tackle numerous global issues. Did you believe that back then? I certainly did. Having access to an app that allowed you to see people nearby and connect with them was revolutionary. Without such an interface, dating someone you’d never met before felt truly transformative. I could even summon an Uber black car. We were living in a remarkable era—if Gen Z is listening now, they might think, “What were these people doing? Were they living in the dark ages?” [Laughs]

Listen, I vividly recall the era before smartphones. You know where I’m leading with this. The leap in efficiency and convenience was astounding. It was hard to believe we were at the forefront of such a transformation. Achieving that level of critical mass twice is incredibly challenging; it’s often understated. Many people don’t grasp how difficult it is; they might think, “She’s just lucky, wearing yellow, and she’s blonde.”

In the subsequent Bumble phase, you experienced substantial growth during the pandemic as everyone turned to the app. It was a pivotal moment. Released in 2021, it echoed loudly, yet user growth began to taper off the following year. What do you believe contributed to that? In my opinion, the early years of running this company were defined by a quantitative approach. Phone manufacturers reached out to us early on, eager to feature our brand. They proposed pre-installing our app on every phone so that it showed up on users’ home screens, resulting in millions of downloads. I was grateful, but many questioned my approach, claiming it was the wrong way to grow. This isn’t a social network; it’s a two-sided market where one person needs to connect with someone similar. Flooding the system won’t help—just as you wouldn’t want to meet everyone on the streets of New York City, why would anyone want to do that in an app? It’s more than just a scrolling content platform. Growth skyrocketed during the pandemic and additional phases, which was welcomed as a transformational era.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Soviet Cosmos 482 Spacecraft Collides with Unknown Locations on Earth

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Soviet spacecraft, which was launched on a failed mission to Venus in 1972, is thought to have crashed to Earth early Saturday morning.

The European Space Agency monitored the craft’s uncontrolled descent and reported that it was last tracked by German radar. By the time of the anticipated crash, radar could no longer locate Cosmos 482, concluding that “it is likely that re-entry has already occurred.”

No injuries have been reported.

Cosmos 482 was part of the Soviet Venera Program, a series of probes designed to study Venus. While ten of these missions successfully landed on the harsh planet, the rocket carrying Cosmos 482 malfunctioned, leaving its upper stage, including the descent module, trapped in Earth’s orbit.

For the next 53 years, the approximately 3-foot-wide, 1,069-pound spacecraft orbited Earth in a smaller, elliptical path until it was close enough to descend into the atmosphere.

It’s common for space debris to re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere. The ESA reports that over 2,400 human-made objects fell from space in 2022. Most burned up upon re-entry, with the majority not landing in the ocean.

However, Cosmos 482 was engineered to withstand the dense atmosphere of Venus and operate on a planet with an average temperature of 867 degrees Fahrenheit (464°C). This design means it was theoretically robust enough to endure a routine re-entry through Earth’s atmosphere.

There are no recorded instances of space debris causing human fatalities. An ESA official stated in a blog post about Cosmos-482, “The risk of a satellite re-entering and causing injury is exceedingly low. The annual chance of an individual being harmed by orbital debris is less than one in 100 billion. By comparison, a person is approximately 65,000 times more likely to be struck by lightning.”

On Friday, U.S. space forces estimated that the spacecraft would re-enter the atmosphere at 1:52 AM on Saturday over the Pacific Ocean, west of Guam.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Paul McCartney and Dua Lipa Join Forces to Challenge Starmer’s AI Copyright Proposals

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Numerous prominent figures and organizations from the UK’s creative sector, such as Coldplay, Paul McCartney, Dua Lipa, Ian McKellen, and the Royal Shakespeare Company, have called on the Prime Minister to safeguard artists’ copyright rather than cater to Big Tech’s interests.

In an open letter addressed to Keir Starmer, many notable artists express that their creative livelihoods are at risk. This concern arises from ongoing discussions regarding a government initiative that would permit artificial intelligence companies to utilize copyrighted works without consent.

The letter characterizes copyright as the “lifeline” of their profession, cautioning in a highlighted message that the proposed legislative change may jeopardize the UK’s status as a key player in the creative industry.

“Catering to a select few dominant foreign tech firms risks undermining our growth potential, as it threatens our future income, our position as a creative leader, and diminishes the value and legal standards we hold dear,” the letter asserts.

The letter encourages the government to accept amendments to the data bill suggested by crossbench peers and prominent advocate Beavan Kidron. Kidron, who spearheaded the artists’ letter, is advocating for changes that would necessitate AI firms to disclose the copyrighted works they incorporate into their models.

A united call to lawmakers across the political spectrum in both houses is made to push for reform: “We urge you to vote in favor of the UK’s creative sector. Supporting our creators is crucial for future generations. Our creations are not for your appropriation.”

With representation spanning music, theater, film, literature, art, and media, over 400 signatories include notable names like Elton John, the Isiglo River, Annie Lennox, Rachel Whitehead, Janet Winterson, the National Theatre, and the News Media Association.

The proposed Kidron amendment is set for Senate voting on Monday, yet the government has already declared its opposition, asserting that the current consultation process is adequate for discussing modifications to copyright law aimed at protecting creators’ rights.

Under current government proposals, AI companies are permitted to utilize copyrighted materials without authorization unless copyright holders actively “opt out” by demonstrating their refusal to allow their work to be utilized without proper compensation.

Giles Martin, a music producer and son of Beatles producer George Martin, mentioned to the Guardian that the opt-out proposal may be impractical for emerging artists.

“When Paul McCartney wrote ‘Yesterday’, his first thought was about ‘how to record this,’ not ‘how to prevent people from stealing it,'” Martin remarked.

Kidron pointed out that the letter’s signatories are advocating to secure a positive future for the upcoming generation of creators and innovators.

Supporters of the Kidron Amendment argue that this change will ensure that creatives receive fair compensation for the use of their work in training AI models through licensing agreements.

Generation AI models refer to the technology powering robust tools like ChatGPT and SUNO music creation tools, which require extensive data training to produce outputs. The primary sources of this data encompass online platforms, including Wikipedia, YouTube, newspaper articles, and digital book archives.

The government has introduced an amendment to the data bill that will commit to conducting economic impact assessments regarding the proposal. A source close to technology secretary Peter Kyle indicated to the Guardian that the opt-out system is no longer his preferred approach.

The official site is evaluating four options. The other three alternatives to the “opt-out” scenario include requiring AI companies to obtain licenses for using copyrighted works and enabling AI firms to utilize such works without creators or individuals needing to opt out.

A spokesperson for the government stated: “Uncertainty surrounding the copyright framework is hindering the growth of the AI and creative sectors. This cannot continue, but it’s evident that changes will not be considered unless they thoroughly benefit creators.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Research Indicates Long-range Gene Regulation Evolved Over 650 Million Years Ago

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Distal regulation—the capacity to control genes across vast distances, spanning tens of thousands of DNA letters—emerged during the early stages of animal evolution, approximately 650-700 million years ago (the Kleigenian era).

Diagram of DNA molecules. Image credits: Christophe Bock, Max Planck Informatics Institute/CC BY-SA 3.0.

Distal adjustment relies on the physical folding of DNA and proteins, along with intricate loops.

This mechanism enables regions distant from a gene’s starting point to activate their functions.

This additional regulatory layer may have assisted the first multicellular organisms in developing specialized cell types and tissues without necessarily inventing new genes.

Key innovations likely originated from marine creatures or common ancestors shared by all existing animals.

Ancient organisms developed the ability to fold DNA in a controlled manner, forming 3D loops that facilitated direct contact between different segments of DNA.

“These organisms can utilize their genetic toolkit in various ways, akin to a Swiss Army knife, which allows them to fine-tune and explore innovative survival strategies,” explains Dr. Nacional Accidental Accidental Genmica, a postdoctoral researcher at the Center for Genome Regulation.

“I was surprised to find that this level of complexity dates back so far.”

Dr. Kim and his team discovered these insights by examining some of the oldest branches of the animal family tree, including species such as walnut-shaped comb jellies (Mnemiopsis leidyi), placozoans, cnidarians, and sponges.

They also investigated single-celled relatives that share a common ancestor with animals more recently.

“Studying unique sea creatures enables us to uncover much new biology,” states Professor Arnau Sebe-Pedrós, a researcher at the Center for Genome Regulation.

“Previously, we focused on comparing genomic sequences, but thanks to new techniques, we can now analyze the gene regulatory mechanisms that influence genomic function across species.”

A large individual of Mnemiopsis leidyi with two aboral ends and two apical organs. Image credit: Jokura et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.07.084.

Researchers applied a method known as Micro-C to map the physical folding patterns in each of the 11 types of DNA analyzed. To provide context, each human cell nucleus contains approximately 2 meters of DNA.

Scientists sifted through 10 billion sequencing data points to create detailed various 3D genome maps.

Although no evidence of distal regulation was found in single-celled relatives of animals, early branches such as comb jellies, placozoans, and cnidarians exhibited numerous loops.

Over 4,000 loops were identified across the genome, particularly in the sea walnut.

This discovery is remarkable considering its genome consists of roughly 20 million DNA characters.

In contrast, the human genome contains 3.1 billion characters, with our cells housing tens of thousands of loops.

Previously, distal regulation was believed to have first emerged in the last bilateral ancestors, which appeared on Earth around 500 million years ago.

However, the comb jelly’s lineage branched off early from other animal lineages roughly 650-700 million years ago.

“The debate over whether the comb jelly predates the sponge in the tree of life has persisted in evolutionary biology, but this study suggests that distal regulation occurred at least 150 million years earlier than previously thought,” the authors concluded.

A paper detailing these findings was published today in the journal Nature.

____

IV Kim et al. Chromatin loops are characteristic of the ancestors of animal regulatory genomes. Nature Published online on May 7, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08960-W

Source: www.sci.news

New Camera Trap Survey Shows Predominance of Indian Snow Leopards

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The successful conservation of certain endangered species relies on a precise scientific evaluation of their presence and population dynamics. This data can often be volatile or lacking in scientific credibility, particularly for low-density carnivorous species like the snow leopard (Panthera uncia), which inhabit remote and challenging environments. In a recent study, a team of scientists from India’s Ladakh and Wildlife Institute employed a double sampling strategy to evaluate the population and distribution of snow leopards and their prey across the Trans-Himalaya region of Ladakh.

Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia). Image credit: Union Territories, Wildlife Conservation Agency, Ladakh.

“Large carnivorous animals are among the most emblematic species, symbolizing robust ecosystems and conservation hope,” remarked Ladakh researcher Pankaj Reina alongside her colleagues from the Union Territory.

“Their position as apex predators plays a crucial role in regulating nutrition, nutrient cycling, and disease control.”

“Nevertheless, large carnivorous species face widespread extinction, significantly affecting the functionality of contemporary ecosystems.”

“Within the realm of elusive large carnivores, the snow leopard is the flagship species of the mountainous regions spanning 12 countries in South and Central Asia.”

“Snow leopards are renowned for their elusive, wide-ranging behaviors, necessitating a landscape-level approach for effective population monitoring and conservation.”

In their study, the authors investigated the population and distribution of snow leopards across a vast 59,000 km² area of Ladakh.

Initially, they conducted a thorough survey to gather evidence of snow leopards, including tracks, droppings, and scratch marks.

They also assessed the presence of other large carnivores such as brown bears and lynx, as well as wild herbivores and livestock.

Subsequently, they deployed 956 camera traps covering over 8,500 km² of snow leopard habitat, facilitating accurate population estimates across the region.

Using artificial intelligence, they analyzed images to identify individual snow leopards based on their unique forehead patterns.

The team estimated that Ladakh hosts approximately 477 snow leopards, representing 68% of India’s total population.

Snow leopard density was observed to vary between 1-3 individuals per 100 km², with Hemis National Park noted for having the highest recorded density globally.

Remarkably, up to 61% of snow leopards in Ladakh coexist with human populations.

Resource-rich grasslands, characterized by moderate climates and complex terrains, tend to be prime habitats for snow leopards.

“A profound respect for wildlife among the communities in Ladakh, coupled with the economic benefits from snow leopard tourism and effective conflict management strategies, supports some of the highest snow leopard densities globally.

“To capture images of the snow leopard’s forehead, I positioned myself strategically in front of the camera.”

“This involved applying a small amount of perfume near the camera placed by a favored scented rock atop a high ridge.”

“Out of curiosity, the snow leopard lowers its head to investigate the scent, allowing us to capture invaluable photographs.”

“The fingerprinting of snow leopards employs specialized pattern recognition software that models the 3D features of the snow leopard’s forehead, extracting and cataloging spot patterns for comparison with other photographs, ensuring accurate matches.”

“This approach has significantly enhanced our work, improving the accuracy of individual identification—critical for population estimates using statistical models.”

The team’s research paper was published online in the journal PLOS ONE.

____

P. Reina et al. 2025. A comprehensive assessment of snow leopard distribution and population in Ladakh, India’s Trans Himalayas: Standardisation Methods for Evidence-Based Conservation. PLOS ONE 20(5): E0322136; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0322136

Source: www.sci.news

Discovery of a Massive Wandering Black Hole Located 600 Million Light-Years Away

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The discovery of this superwalled black hole was made possible by the newly identified tidal disruption event, AT2024TVD.

Tidal Disruption Event AT2024TVD. Image credits: NASA/CXC/University of California, Berkeley/Yao et al. /ESA /STSCI /HST /J. DEPASQUALE.

“A tidal disruption event (TDE) occurs when stars are either stretched or ‘spaghettified’ by the immense gravitational forces of black holes,” explained UC Berkeley researcher Dr. Yuhanyao.

“The remnants of the torn-apart stars are pulled into a circular orbit around the black hole.”

“This process creates high-temperature shocks and emissions that can be detected in ultraviolet and visible light.”

The AT2024TVD event enabled astronomers to utilize the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to identify elusive wandering supermassive black holes, supported by observations from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory.

Interestingly, these 1 million rogue black holes are often found to be supermassive and actively consuming surrounding material.

Among the roughly 100 TDEs recorded by the Light Sky Survey, this marks the first instance of an offset TDE being identified.

In fact, at the center of the host galaxy lie ultra-massive black holes differing in mass by 100 million solar masses.

Hubble’s optical precision indicates that the TDE is located just 2,600 light-years from the larger black holes at the galaxy’s core.

This distance is comparable to just one minute of the span between our Sun and the central ultra-massive black hole of the Milky Way.

The larger black hole expels energy as it accumulates material, classifying it as an active galactic nucleus.

Interestingly, the two supermassive black holes exist within the same galaxy but are not gravitationally linked like a binary pair.

Smaller black holes can potentially spiral toward the center of the galaxy, eventually merging with their larger counterparts.

However, at this point, they are too distant to be bound by gravity.

“AT2024TVD is the first offset TDE captured through optical observations, opening up new possibilities for studying this elusive population of black holes in future surveys,” Dr. Yao remarked.

“Currently, theorists have not focused extensively on offset TDEs.

“I believe this discovery will drive scientists to search for more instances of this type of event.”

The black holes responsible for AT2024TVD are traversing the bulges of gigantic galaxies.

Black holes periodically consume stars every tens of thousands of years, lying dormant until their next “meal” arrives.

How did the black hole become displaced from the center? Previous studies suggest that three-body interactions can eject lower-mass black holes from a galaxy’s core.

This theory may apply here, given its proximity to the central black hole.

“If a black hole undergoes a three-body interaction with two other black holes in the galaxy’s core, it can remain bound to the galaxy and orbit the central region,” explained Dr. Yao.

Another possibility is that these black holes are remnants from a smaller galaxy that merged with the host galaxy over a billion years ago.

In such a case, the black hole could eventually merge with the central active black hole in the distant future. As of now, astronomers remain uncertain about its trajectory.

“There is already substantial evidence that the galaxy will increase its TDE rate, but the presence of a second black hole associated with AT2024TVD suggests a past merger has occurred.”

The team’s survey results will be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

____

Yuhan Yao et al. 2025. A massive black hole located 0.8 kpc from the host nucleus. apjl in press; Arxiv: 2502.17661

Source: www.sci.news

Paleontologists Unravel the Mystery of Cambrian Fossils Veiled by Spines

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Initially thought to be a primitive Cambrian mollusk, Shishania Ashreata—a 500 million-year-old spine-covered fossil from Yunnan, China—has now been identified as a distant relative of sponge-like creatures known as chancelloriids, according to a research team from Yunnan University, Yuki Normal University, and Durham University.

Shishania Ashreata. Image credit: Yang et al., doi: 10.1126/science.adv463.

Shishania Ashreata was previously thought to display characteristics similar to mollusks, including muscular legs and unique mineralized spines.

However, new fossils suggest that these ancient animals are more akin to bag-like creatures, akin to prime minister-like organisms, with spines anchored to the seabeds of Cumbria.

“Our findings reveal that many previously considered mollusk traits are misleading, artifacts of fossilization,” stated Martin Smith, a paleontologist at Durham University, and his colleagues.

“For instance, what were once thought to be ‘feet’ have turned out to be distortions from fossil preservation, a phenomenon known as taphonomy.”

“These ancient fossils have proven to be masters of disguise. Shishania Ashreata appeared to exhibit all the characteristics we expected from early mollusc ancestors.”

“Nevertheless, we discovered that the mollusk-like contours of the fossil material represent misinterpretations, prompting us to revisit our interpretations.”

“My discovery of chancelloriids in very similar conditions started to unravel the mystery.”

Reclassifying Shishania Ashreata places it among chancelloriids, an enigmatic group known solely from Cambrian rocks, significant for having vanished around 490 million years ago.

Though they may look like sponges at first glance, their bodies feature star-shaped thorns, indicating a complex microstructure that could connect them to more advanced animals.

The simple thorns of Shishania Ashreata suggest that they developed elaborate structures independently, rather than evolving from existing skeletal frameworks.

This sheds light on the evolution of complex body plans during the Cambrian explosion—a rapid evolutionary event that led to the emergence of all contemporary animal groups.

“When Shishania Ashreata was first reported last year, I was thrilled—it resembled the ‘slug-like’ creatures I had always imagined,” Dr. Smith remarked.

“However, the new findings required me to reassess everything.”

Further examinations indicated that certain patterns appeared randomly throughout the fossil, and attributes once believed to reflect mollusk biology, such as ‘paintbrush-like’ formations in the spines, were actually preserved artifacts.

The distortion and compression from fossilization made simple cylindrical animals appear more anatomically complex than they were.

This reinterpretation is crucial not only for understanding primeval organisms but also for clarifying other ambiguous Cambrian fossils.

We are revisiting questions about early mollusk evolution, being cautious of overinterpretation regarding ambiguous fossil characteristics.

“Simultaneously, it contributes to solidifying our understanding of chancelloriid origins and offers fresh insights into the emergence of evolutionary novelty,” the researchers concluded.

Their study was published today in the journal Science.

____

Ziyan et al. 2025. Shishania is not a Cambrian mollusk; it is a prime minister. Science 388 (6747): 662-664; doi: 10.1126/science.adv463

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Salmon and Pike Ancestors Thrived in Alaska’s Freshwater 73 Million Years Ago

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have identified three new fossil species. Sivulliusalmo Alaskensis was found in a purine cream formation in northern Alaska, USA.

Chinook salmon (oncorhynchus tschawytscha). Image credit: US Geological Survey.

“Sivulliusalmo Alaskensis reveals significant insights,” remarked Dr. Patrick Druckenmiller, the director of the University of Alaska Museum in the North.

“Our research uncovers several additional species of ancient fish new to the Arctic, including two new pike species: Archaeosiilik Gilmulli and Nunikuluk Gracilis, as well as the oldest record within the group comprising carp and minnows.”

“Many fish we now consider unique to Alaska’s high-latitude environment existed alongside dinosaurs.”

The discovery of Sivulliusalmo Alaskensis adds an impressive 20 million years to the fossil history of the salmon family.

Previously, the oldest known salmonidae fossil was from British Columbia and Washington.

“It’s noteworthy that the Salmonidae, which typically thrives in cold water, adapted and flourished during the warm Cretaceous period, enduring for millions of years amidst significant geographical and climatic changes,” noted Andres Lopez, Fish Curator at the University of Alaska in the north.

“Even though the Arctic was warm during that era, there would still be substantial seasonal variations in temperature and sunlight, much like today.”

“Salmon were among the fish adept at navigating these dramatic shifts.”

“Despite the planet’s numerous geological and climatic transformations, the ancestors of the same species group persisted in dominating the region’s freshwater ecosystems.”

The new species is the latest finding from the Prin Creek Formation, renowned for its dinosaur fossils discovered along the Colville River in northern Alaska.

During the Cretaceous period, Alaska was significantly closer to the Arctic than it is today.

“Fish fossils are among the most abundant in the Purine Creek Formation, yet they are challenging to distinguish in the field,” stated Dr. Druckenmiller.

“Consequently, we transported the fine sand and gravel samples to our museum lab, where microscopic analysis revealed the bones and teeth.”

“Our new findings heavily rely on small, fossilized jaws, some of which are small enough to fit on the edge of a pencil eraser.”

For detailed examination, the researchers employed micro-computed tomography to digitally reconstruct the small jaws, teeth, and other bones.

“We identified very distinct jaws and other components of the salmon family, which were recognized as belonging to this lineage,” said Dr. Druckenmiller.

“The presence of salmonidae in the Cretaceous polar regions and their coexistence with common low-light fish from this period suggests that salmonidae likely thrived in northern climates.”

“The high latitudes of the northern regions may have been vibrant centers for their evolutionary development.”

This paper was published in the journal Paleontology papers.

____

Donald B. Brinkman et al. 2025. Fish from the Purine Cream Formation in the northern slopes of Alaska: the pre-Cretaceous and their paleobiogeographic significance. Paleontology papers 11(3): E70014; doi: 10.1002/spp2.70014

Source: www.sci.news

CICADA: A Newly Discovered Fossil Song Species from Germany

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Cicadidae family is among the most diverse insect families today. However, the fossil record of Cicadidae is notably sparse compared to the number of extant species. The recently discovered species, Eoplatypleura Messelensis, is not only one of the earliest Cicadidae fossils found on the Eurasian continent, but it also represents the oldest record of the subfamily CICADINAE globally.

Reconstruction of Eoplatypleura Messelensis. Image credit: Dinghua Yang.

Eoplatypleura Messelensis thrived in Europe approximately 47 million years ago during the Eocene period.

“The Cicada family is one of the most diverse groups of insects today,” states Dr. Sonja Wedmann, a paleontologist at the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt/Main.

“Despite this, the fossil record is quite limited compared to the many modern species.”

“The Platypleurini group within this family is particularly noteworthy, containing numerous species with wide distributions and unique traits.”

“For the first time, we have described a fossil from this Cicada group.”

Two fossil specimens of Eoplatypleura Messelensis were found at Messelpit, an open-cast oil shale mine located 10 km northeast of Darmstadt in Hesse, Germany.

“The new Messel fossil showcases a compact head with a subtle composite eye and a broad forewing featuring a distinctly curved tip,” notes Dr. Hui Jang, a paleontologist at the Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut and a doctoral researcher at the University of Maine and Nanjing University.

“The fossils are female, but their classification implies that males in this group may produce loud mating calls.”

Eoplatypleura Messelensis, an adult female. Image credit: Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt/Main.

These ancient insects measure 2.65 cm in body length and have a wingspan of 6.82 cm, notable for their expansive, intricately patterned wings.

“These patterns resemble those of contemporary Cicada species in the Platypleurini group, which inhabit wooded and scrub areas,” explains Dr. Jang.

“Considering the subtropical vegetation of the Messel region approximately 47 million years ago, these color patterns may have served important ecological functions, such as camouflage.”

Eoplatypleura Messelensis is one of the oldest known representatives of today’s true cicadas in Eurasia and signifies the earliest records of the subfamily Cicadinae worldwide,” Dr. Wedmann remarks.

“This is also the Cicada that has been first described from the Messel Pit.”

“This discovery not only enhances our understanding of the fauna at Messelpit but also fills a crucial gap in the history of Eocene cicadas.”

“In the future, Eoplatypleura Messelensis may serve as a reference point for significant time series in genetic research regarding the evolutionary history of these insects, providing new insights into the origins and dispersal of Platypleurini.”

The team’s paper was published in the journal Scientific Reports on April 29, 2025.

____

H. Jiang et al. 2025. Sound from the Eocene: The first singing Cicada from Messelpit, Germany. Sci Rep 15, 12826; doi:10.1038/s41598-025-94099-7

Source: www.sci.news

Google to Pay $1.4 Billion to Settle Dual Privacy Lawsuits

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On Friday, Google consented to pay Texas $1.4 billion, facing accusations of violating state residents’ privacy related to two lawsuits concerning location tracking, search history, and facial recognition data collection.

Attorney General Ken Paxton, who facilitated the settlement, initiated a lawsuit in 2022 under Texas’ data privacy and deceptive trade practices legislation. Less than a year later, he achieved a $1.4 billion settlement with Meta, the parent company of Facebook and Instagram.

This settlement marks another legal challenge for the tech giant. In the last two years, Google has faced a series of antitrust cases, revealing its significant control over app stores, search engines, and advertising technology. Recent legal battles have sought to counter the U.S. government’s requests to break up the company.

“Big tech must adhere to the law,” Paxton stated.

Google spokesperson José Castañeda remarked that the company has already revised its product policies. “This resolves numerous longstanding claims, many of which have found resolution elsewhere,” he noted.

Privacy concerns have caused significant friction between tech corporations and regulators in recent years. In the absence of federal privacy regulations, states like Texas and Washington have enacted laws to limit the collection of facial, voice, and other biometric data.

Google and Meta have been among the leading companies challenged under these regulations. Texas law, known as the Capture or Use of Biometric Identifiers, mandates that companies obtain consent before utilizing features like facial and speech recognition technology. Violators can face penalties of up to $25,000 per breach.

The lawsuit under this law centers on the Google Photos app, which facilitates searching for images of specific individuals. Future Google cameras may issue alerts upon recognizing visitors at a door. Moreover, Google Assistant is designed to learn and respond to inquiries from up to six users.

Mr. Paxton filed another lawsuit claiming that Google misled Texans by tracking their personal location data, even when they believed they had disabled the feature. He asserted additional grievances in the lawsuit, alleging that Google’s private browsing settings (known as Incognito Mode) were not genuinely private. These cases were filed under the Texas Deceptive Trade Practices Act.

Source: www.nytimes.com

AI’s Hallucinations Are Intensifying—and They’re Here to Stay

Posted on May 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Errors Tend to Occur with AI-Generated Content

Paul Taylor/Getty Images

AI chatbots from tech giants like OpenAI and Google have seen several inference upgrades in recent months. Ideally, these upgrades would lead to more reliable answers, but recent tests indicate that performance may be worse than that of previous models. Errors called “hallucinations,” particularly in the “hagatsuki” category, have been persistent issues that developers have struggled to eliminate.

Hallucination is the broad term used to describe specific errors generated by large-scale language models (LLMs) from organizations like OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Google’s Gemini. It primarily refers to instances where these models present false information as fact, but it can also describe instances where a generated answer is accurate yet irrelevant to the question posed.

A technical report from OpenAI evaluating the latest LLMs revealed that the O3 and O4-MINI models, released in April, exhibit significantly higher hallucination rates compared to earlier O1 models introduced in late 2024. For instance, if O4-MINI had a summary accuracy of 33%, the hallucination rate for O3 was similarly at 33%, whereas the O1 model maintained a rate of only 16%.

This issue is not exclusive to OpenAI. The popular leaderboard showcases various inference models from different companies assessing their hallucination rates, including the DeepSeek-R1 model. This model has shown increased hallucination rates compared to previous versions, undergoing several reasoning steps before reaching a conclusion.

An OpenAI spokesperson stated, “We are actively working to reduce hallucination rates in O3 and O4-MINI. Hallucinations are inherently more common in inference models. We will continue our research across all models to enhance accuracy and reliability.”

Some potential applications of LLMs can be significantly impeded by hallucinations. Models that frequently produce misinformation are unsuitable as research assistants, and a bot stating fictitious legal cases could endanger lawyers. Customer service agents falsely citing obsolete policies can also create significant challenges for businesses.

Initially, AI companies believed they would resolve these issues over time. Historically, models had shown reduced hallucinations with each update, yet the recent spikes in hallucination rates complicate this narrative.

Vectara’s leaderboard ranks models based on their consistency in summarizing documents. This indicates that for systems from OpenAI and Google, “hallucination rates are roughly comparable for inference and irrational models,” as noted by Forest Shen Bao from Vectara. Google has not provided further comments. For leaderboard assessments, the specific rates of hallucinations are less significant than each model’s overall ranking, according to Bao.

However, these rankings may not effectively compare AI models. For one, different types of hallucinations are often conflated. The Vectara team pointed out that the DeepSeek-R1 model demonstrated a 14.3% hallucination rate, but many of these hallucinations were “benign,” being logically deduced yet not appearing in the original text.

Another issue with these rankings is that tests based on text summaries “reveal nothing about the percentage of incorrect output” for tasks where LLMs are applied, as stated by Emily Bender at Washington University. She suggests that leaderboard results don’t provide a comprehensive evaluation of this technology, particularly since LLMs are not solely designed for text summarization.

These models generate answers by repeatedly answering the question, “What is the next word?” to formulate responses, thus not processing information in a traditional sense. However, many technology companies continue to use the term “hallucination” to describe output errors.

“The term ‘hallucination’ is doubly problematic,” says Bender. “On one hand, it implies that false output is abnormal and could potentially be mitigated, while on the other hand, it inaccurately anthropomorphizes the machine since large language models lack awareness.”

Arvind Narayanan from Princeton University argues that the issue extends beyond hallucinations. Models can also produce errors by utilizing unreliable sources or outdated information. Merely increasing training data and computational power may not rectify the problems.

We may have to accept the reality of error-prone AI, as Narayanan mentioned in a recent social media post. In some circumstances, it may be prudent to use such models solely for tasks requiring fact-checking. The best approach might be to avoid relying on AI chatbots for factual information altogether.

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Climate Change Is Impacting Our Daily Lives Right Now

Posted on May 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Climate change is already impacting our lives negatively

Ahmad al-Rubaye/AFP via Getty Images

When considering the dangers posed by climate change, floods and violent storms might come to mind, or even unprecedented heat waves. A study conducted in the latter half of 2024 revealed that most Americans view extreme weather as the chief climate threat. Yet, climate change disrupts daily life in many other persistent ways.

“These events significantly impact people’s lives but often don’t make headlines,” states Jennifer Carman from Yale University.

These more subtle consequences of climate change may seem trivial compared to disasters, like worse allergies or increased commute times, but they collectively signify major shifts, according to Carman. Understanding these issues is crucial for individuals to brace for climate changes affecting their everyday experiences. Remarkably, around half of Americans report feeling the effects of climate change a decade ago—double the number of those who don’t.

“Not everyone is affected by severe events,” Carman remarks. “However, everyone experiences the impacts of daily life consistently.”

Climate change drives up food prices and more

Elevated temperatures associated with climate change inflate prices. In a study by Fridrikik and her team at the European Central Bank, they identified strong correlations between temperature and numerous global price indices. They discovered that higher average temperatures lead to both inflation and extreme weather, particularly in equatorial regions, with impacts persisting year-round.

They projected that by 2035, this would escalate annual price inflation rates by 0.5% to 1.2% for various goods, depending on global greenhouse gas emissions. Agriculture is notably susceptible to weather variations, meaning its price impacts may be about twice as significant. “This unpredictability complicates food production,” Carman notes.

Air conditioning usage is rising and becoming more costly

Increasing temperatures escalate air conditioning expenses. In hotter regions, users will need to operate their air conditioners longer and more frequently. This demand can exceed affordable energy bills.

Individuals in previously temperate areas, such as London or the US’s Pacific Northwest, find themselves needing to install air conditioning for the first time. Globally, soaring cooling expenses negate any reductions in heating costs.

Hot weather disrupts sleep

Even with air conditioning, high nighttime temperatures can hinder sleep quality. Research by Renjie Chen from the University of Hudan, along with colleagues, assessed over 20 million nights of sleep data from hundreds of thousands in China. They found that a 10°C rise in night temperature could raise the likelihood of insufficient sleep by 20%. Under severe emissions scenarios, they estimate that each individual in China might lose about 33 hours of sleep per year by the century’s end.

This isn’t just a localized issue. Research by Kelton Minor from Columbia University showed that elevated nighttime temperatures correlated with reduced sleep across tens of thousands of individuals in 68 countries. Findings suggest higher nighttime temperatures result in decreased sleep—mainly affecting older adults and women in hotter, poorer regions.

Climate change intensifies air pollution

Air pollution poses serious health risks, whether from PM2.5 particles or ozone. Recent research indicates that combining higher temperatures with existing pollutants can exacerbate the harmful effects of air quality, particularly among those who spend extended time outdoors.

It can raise temperatures, leading to increased air pollution by surge electricity demands, often serviced by “peaker plants” designed for peak demand; the worst emitting fossil fuel plants.

Historically, fossil fuel-driven pollution has decreased as power grids have become cleaner, yielding public health benefits. However, as climate change fuels more frequent and severe wildfires, decades of progress may be undone, exposing communities to wildfire smoke. One study forecasts that increased smoke exposure could lead to around 700,000 additional deaths in the U.S. by 2050.

Allergies are worsening with global warming

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels lead to longer warm seasons and higher pollen production, exacerbating allergy symptoms. Many individuals have noticed this trend. According to Carman, annual data shows that 38% of respondents believe their allergy seasons have worsened.

Supporting evidence aligns with anecdotal perceptions; William Andreg from the University of Utah and his team found that the pollen season in North America has lengthened since the 1990s, with overall pollen levels increasing by 21%. The majority of these changes have been attributed to human-induced warming.

Travel delays accumulate, whether long-haul or daily

Climate change is increasingly responsible for weather-related interruptions in transportation systems, leading to billions of wasted hours.

For instance, Valerie Mueller and colleagues from Arizona State University studied the impact of routine coastal flooding on commute times in the eastern U.S. They estimated individuals experience about 23 minutes of delays annually due to these floods, which is double the time recorded 20 years ago. Their analysis revealed these delays stem mainly from rising sea levels rather than extreme storm surges.

While a handful of extra minutes might seem negligible, it accumulates to billions of lost hours overall. Over the coming decades, further sea level rise could escalate delays to hundreds of minutes per person annually.

Weather-induced delays are also increasing in train services and airports. The International Air Transport Association reported that weather-related delays rose from 11% of total delays in 2012 to 30% in 2023. Additionally, even if passengers board their flights, climate change can exacerbate certain turbulence, contributing to rougher flights.

Topics:

Climate Change/
Air Pollution

Source: www.newscientist.com

Pinterest Settles Christine Martinez Lawsuit for $34.7 Million

Posted on May 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Here’s the rewritten content with HTML tags preserved:

Pinterest has agreed to a $34.7 million settlement regarding a lawsuit from an early advisor who claims to have helped co-create the platform without receiving compensation.

Christine Martinez, aged 44 and a friend of Pinterest co-founders Ben Silbermann and Paul Sciarra, initiated legal action against the company in 2021. The lawsuit alleged implicit contracts, idea theft, unfair competition, and violations of business practices. Martinez asserted that she contributed numerous ideas for the app, such as the concept of organizing images on a “board,” yet received no payment for her efforts.

Pinterest, renowned for its virtual pinboarding and a significant female user base, announced the settlement with Martinez in its November 2024 Financial Application.

“No one wishes to engage in litigation. I’m incredibly relieved and excited about this outcome,” Martinez stated in a recent interview.

According to a statement included in the settlement, “Mr. Martinez contributed valuable marketing and community growth strategies during Pinterest’s early development.” Both parties expressed satisfaction in amicably resolving this longstanding issue.

Pinterest chose not to comment further.

This settlement comes amidst a pattern of complaints and legal actions brought against Pinterest by female employees and executives.

In 2020, Pinterest settled a gender discrimination lawsuit with former Chief Operating Officer Françoise Brougher for $22.5 million. Additionally, over 200 employees signed a petition that year advocating for policy changes following allegations of racial bias, sexism, and retaliation against the company.

Silbermann, who served as CEO of Pinterest, stepped down from his position in 2022.

Martinez, who possesses expertise in e-commerce and interior design, claimed that Silbermann and Sciarra sought her guidance prior to Pinterest’s official launch in 2010.

She alleged that she originated the idea for photo boards and coined the prevalent “Pin IT” phrase, which helped prominent design and lifestyle bloggers utilize the platform for promotion. According to her lawsuit, elements of the programming code on Pinterest were named in her honor.

While she never entered into a formal contract with Pinterest, it was understood that she would eventually be compensated. Pinterest went public in 2019 and boasts a market capitalization exceeding $18 billion.

Martinez currently serves as a board member and strategic advisor for Gingo, an AI-based online shopping platform designed for women.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Chimpanzees Share “Fundamental Elements of Musical Rhythms” with Humans

Posted on May 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Young Chimpanzee Drumming in Guinea

Cyril Ruoso/Naturepl.com

Musicality may have originated from a shared ancestor of chimpanzees and humans, given the similarities in their drumming techniques.

Katherine Hoheiter at The University of St Andrews and her research team analyzed 371 instances of drumming from two of the four subspecies of chimpanzees in Africa: Western chimpanzees (Pantroglogistics Vers) and Eastern chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi).

They utilize their hands and feet, often on buttress roots, creating rapid rhythms mainly during rest, travel, or during displays of threat.

Hoheiter mentions that while capturing chimpanzee drumming is common, the rainforest poses significant research challenges, and gathering data for some populations took decades.

Ultimately, researchers found that chimpanzees drum significantly faster than most humans. “The longest drumming event we recorded exceeded five seconds, while the shortest was less than 0.1 seconds,” notes Hoheiter. “Chimpanzees also tend to repeat these beats, especially while traveling.”

Despite the contrasts between chimpanzee and human drumming, chimpanzees exhibit some “core components of human musical rhythms,” according to team member Vesta Eleuteri from the University of Vienna.

“They employ recognizable rhythms present in various musical cultures, which contrasts with randomly played beats. These consist of hits that are evenly spaced, akin to clock ticks,” she elaborates. “Moreover, we discovered that the Eastern and Western chimpanzee subspecies, residing on different sides of Africa, exhibit distinct rhythmic patterns.”

Eleuteri explains that Eastern chimpanzees alternate between short and long intervals between beats, while Western chimpanzees maintain equally spaced hits. Additionally, these chimpanzees initiate drumming more quickly and use more hits to commence drumming early during a unique pant-hoot call.

Miguel Rulente from the University of Girona finds the notion that different subspecies display unique drumming styles compelling. “These patterns suggest the potential for not just individual idiosyncrasies but also cultural distinctions in how groups utilize drumming as communication tools.”

It is well understood that rhythm plays a crucial role in human social interaction, whether through music, dance, or even conversational rhythms, explains Hoheiter. “I’m not implying that chimpanzee drumming reflects the sophistication of modern human rhythms. However, this research is the first to show that we share fundamental rhythmic elements, suggesting that rhythms are intrinsic to our social environment even before we evolved into humans.”

“Previously, it was claimed that rhythmicity was exclusive to humans,” states Gisela Kaplan from the University of New England. “However, a growing body of evidence suggests this is not the case.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Halfton Soviet Spacecraft Set for Earth Collision: No Need to Panic

Posted on May 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Discarded Soviet-era spacecrafts do not pose a significant risk to Earth, according to experts.

The Kosmos-482, initially designed for a mission to land on Venus, has been stuck in Earth’s orbit for 53 years due to rocket issues. It is anticipated to re-enter the Earth’s atmosphere in the coming days, with the latest forecasts predicting an uncontrolled descent on Saturday.

While the sight of large metal fragments falling back to Earth might seem alarming, old satellites and rocket debris actually re-enter the atmosphere almost daily. According to the European Space Agency (ESA), such events are quite common.

Typically, spacecraft burn up harmlessly upon re-entry. Even if some components survive the intense heat, it is rare for them to land on populated areas, mainly due to the fact that oceans cover about 71% of the Earth’s surface.

“The likelihood of a satellite re-entering and causing injury is exceedingly low,” noted an ESA official in Blog entries regarding Kosmos-482. “Statistically, an individual has less than a one in 100 billion chance of being harmed by space debris. In contrast, a person is approximately 65,000 times more likely to be struck by lightning.”

ESA’s Space Debris Office predicts that Kosmos-482 will start its descent around 4:26 AM on Saturday, with a possible variance of ±4.35 hours.

Meanwhile, U.S. space forces anticipate an earlier re-entry time of about 1:52 AM on Saturday.

The specific re-entry trajectory remains uncertain due to atmospheric dynamics, space weather, and orbital decay, complicating the task of accurately predicting when and where an uncontrolled spacecraft will land.

As the spacecraft nears re-entry, predictions may become more reliable, but pinpointing the exact landing site remains challenging.

NASA has indicated that the potential landing area could be “52 N-52 seconds latitude,” a vast expanse that includes much of Africa, Australia, North America, South America, and parts of Europe and Asia.

Officials from the Space Force have stated that current projections suggest Kosmos-482 will re-enter the Pacific Ocean, west of Guam, landing south of Australia, possibly over or near the southern ocean.

Launched by the Soviet Union in 1972, Kosmos-482 was part of a mission aimed at landing on Venus but ended up in orbit around Earth following a rocket failure.

While most of the debris from this ill-fated mission returned to Earth decades ago, the spherical landing capsule is anticipated to descend this weekend.

This capsule, measuring around 3 feet in diameter, was engineered to withstand the extreme conditions of Venus, raising questions about its capacity to survive re-entry into Earth’s atmosphere, as highlighted by Marco Langbroek, a scientist from the Delft Institute of Technology in the Netherlands, who has been monitoring Kosmos-482 and posting updates online.

“Even if it manages to re-enter, there’s a chance that it might collide intact,” Langbroek noted in a blog update on Thursday. “However, the impact could be severe, and I highly doubt the parachute deployment system will function after 53 years of battery drainage.”

Nonetheless, this does not imply that coastal populations are at imminent risk.

“While the risks are not exceedingly high, they aren’t nonexistent. With masses under 500 kg and impacts resembling those of meteorites, the probabilities are similar,” he wrote.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Teenager Tragically Killed in “Dingdong Ditch” TikTok Prank Incident

Posted on May 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A Virginia man is facing two counts of murder following the fatal shooting of a teenager who was filming a TikTok prank called “Ding Dong Ditch” with friends around 3 AM on Saturday, as reported by court documents and local officials.

The Spotsylvania Sheriff’s Office responded to a shooting report involving a resident during a robbery, discovering two teenagers with gunshot wounds. According to the Sheriff’s Office, one of the teenagers, Michael Bosworth Jr., 18, later succumbed to his injuries. The second teen was treated for minor injuries, while a third member of the group was unharmed. Both friends accompanying Mr. Bosworth were under 18.

The teenager had been in the area to create a TikTok video, as stated in an affidavit submitted to the Spotsylvania Circuit Court. The “Ding Dong Ditch” prank involves ringing a doorbell or knocking before fleeing, making it a prevalent trend on social media.

According to the affidavit, “The boy explained that this is a common activity for TikTok creators.”

The group was knocking on various doors in the neighborhood, with one teen mentioning they were not familiar with the area. They fled the house when shots were fired, and the affidavit indicates there is at least one video of the prank remaining on a friend’s phone.

Tyler Chase Butler, 27, from Spotsylvania County, was arrested on Tuesday on charges of second-degree murder, aggravated malicious wounding, and using a firearm during a felony, according to the Sheriff’s Office. He is not currently held at Rappahannock Regional Jail.

Mr. Bosworth was a senior at Massaponax High School in Fredericksburg, Virginia. The school is set to hold senior graduations on May 13th, and has announced that counselors will be available to support students during this difficult time.

A representative from the Spotsylvania Sheriff’s Office declined to provide further comments when contacted. Butler’s legal team did not respond to requests for comments immediately. Federal attorney G. Ryan Mehaffey for Spotsylvania County also refrained from comments, noting a preliminary hearing is scheduled for June 18th.

This kind of prank has resulted in severe consequences in the past. In 2020, a California man, after being pranked in a similar way, crashed his vehicle into a group of six teenagers, leading to the tragic deaths of three. He received a life sentence in 2023.

On Tuesday, a group of students gathered on the soccer field of Massaponax High School to honor their classmate. A video published on an Instagram account run by students showcased their reflections about Mr. Bosworth, who they honored by writing messages on balloons and releasing them at sunset.

Jonathan Wolf and Michael Levenson contributed to this report. Susan C. Beach assisted with research.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Does Video Game Monetization Impact Children? Australia’s Response Explained | Games

Posted on May 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

O Over the last ten years, Dean has built a robust collection of video games, ranging from mainstream blockbusters to niche favorites. His digital library is akin to a cinematic treasure trove, allowing instant access with a simple click. Yet, his son, Sam, has set his sights on just one game: Roblox. This expansive virtual universe and video game, Roblox is the leading title worldwide.

The company reports over 97 million daily active users on Roblox, with around 40% of them, like Sam, aged under 13. In 2024, Roblox generated approximately $5.6 billion (US$3.6 billion) in revenue, mainly from purchases of “Robux,” a form of in-game currency, with the average user spending about $25 a month.

Amid concerns about children’s exposure to bullying and inappropriate content, a recent report highlights the impacts of game monetization on young users.

Experts argue that Australia’s current classification system does not adequately assist child gamers and their parents in navigating the tricky monetization landscape.

New reports from Australian researchers scrutinize the manipulative “dark design patterns” in gaming that encourage spending and confuse children with unclear cryptocurrency transactions.

One recent report from Monash University and the Center for Consumer Policy Research (CPRC) focused on players aged 18 and older, revealing that games designed with dark patterns are almost unavoidable. Of the 800 surveyed, 83% reported “negative effects” from these designs, and 46% faced economic disadvantages, feeling pressured to purchase items and overspending.

Another recent study from University of Sydney researchers sought to understand how children, who represent one-fifth of the gaming population, recognize these mechanisms and perceive the design of video games.

“Concerns about children’s interaction with digital media often lead to panic and policy decisions that overlook the actual experiences of children,” states Taylor Hardwick, lead author of the study.

Hardwick and her team interviewed 22 children aged 7 to 14 and their parents. Each child received a $20 debit card and was instructed to explain their purchases.

Among the 22 children, 18 played Roblox, with 12 spending their entire $20 on Robux. The remaining five used the funds on other games like Call of Duty, Fallout 76, and Minecraft.

Participants expressed concerns about being misunderstood and frustrated by their purchases, especially if they suddenly lost access to their accounts or items.

Sam’s father shared that Sam has spent around $400 a year on Roblox over the past four years, with a recent purchase leaving him disheartened.

Sam had used some of his Robux to buy Godzilla “skins” (digital costumes) in a popular Roblox game called Monster Universe. However, upon logging in, he found his skin had vanished unexpectedly after the game was shut down by Toho, the copyright holder. He did not receive a refund from Roblox.

One major concern raised by Sydney researchers is the impact of “random reward mechanisms” (RRMs) on children. RRMs, like loot boxes, offer players mystery items through lottery-style draws.

While children in this study accepted RRMs as part of gaming, many expressed dissatisfaction with them.

“Even if children talk about game percentages in slang, they don’t entirely grasp the risks of navigating these digital experiences,” the authors note. “Gambling-like mechanisms such as RRMs are harmful and inappropriate for children’s games.”

Recommendations include eliminating RRMs, simplifying refund processes, enhancing account protections for children, and improving transparency regarding cryptocurrency.

Christopher Ferguson, a psychologist at Stetson University, found the study interesting but highlighted the small sample size and questioned the researchers’ definition of “harm.” He argued that while children may feel deceived, the monetization aspects could be more annoying than harmful.

“It’s encouraging that researchers are inquiring about children’s perspectives on their experiences,” he said.

Skip past newsletter promotions

A USTRALIA has attempted to shield children from monetized RRMs by introducing a new classification system that was implemented in September 2024. Currently, games containing RRMs or loot boxes are not recommended for those under 15.

However, these new regulations apply only to newly classified games, and pre-existing games are not required to update their classifications.

Leon Xiao, a researcher from City University of Hong Kong studying loot box regulation, states that Australia faces implementation issues rather than legal ones. He argues that several video games were misrated after the new law came into effect, indicating flaws in consumer education.

A preliminary study by Marcus Carter, co-author of the University of Sydney research, suggests that about 20% of the top 100 grossing mobile games on the Apple App Store and Google Play Store do not comply with Australian regulations. Hardwick and Carter recently noted that Australia’s guidelines “do not fulfill their intended purpose.”

Roblox, with its extensive user-generated content, exemplifies the confusion surrounding ratings. Xiao argues, “Roblox should either be rated or not recommended for players under 15.” However, the game is rated PG on the Google Play Store.

In contrast, Apple’s App Store lists a regional age rating of over 15 years, which aligns with global ratings from Apple that set the limit at 12.

A Roblox spokesperson informed Guardian Australia that developers must use the PolicyService API to comply with jurisdictional requirements, ensuring access only for eligible users with paid random items. Due to an update rolled out to developers in September 2024, paid random items are currently unavailable to users in Australia.

“As a platform for user-generated content, we provide developers with tools, information, and guidelines applicable to various gameplay aspects within games and experiences.

“We are committed to addressing reported content that fails to adhere to guidelines or does not effectively use tools necessary to meet Australia’s local compliance requirements.”

The company strives to inform parents about their children’s purchasing habits, does not store billing information as defaults, and fails to give warnings that real money is being spent during initial transactions. Parents are also alerted via emails regarding high spending activity.

“Our parental controls enable parents and caregivers to receive notifications about their child’s spending on Roblox and set monthly spending limits for their accounts,” said the spokesperson.

Hardwick believes navigating monetization is challenging for parents, who are often busy, informed, and lack resources. She feels they aren’t equipped to manage children’s in-game spending effectively.

Dean is making every effort to guide Sam through these trends, discussing what Sam spends Robux on and why. While Dean acknowledges Sam’s disappointment over the Godzilla skin, he has encouraged Sam to explore a gardening game where he can utilize Robux to purchase new species.

*Name changed

Source: www.theguardian.com