The Oldest Ankylosaurus Showcase: Unique and Elaborate Skin Armor

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Armored Ankylosaurus Dinosaur While primarily recognized in late Cretaceous ecosystems of the Northern Hemisphere, the early evolution of ankylosaurs during the medium Jurassic era remains largely enigmatic due to sparse fossil evidence. Spicomellus Afer has been proposed as the oldest known ankylosaurus and the first discovered in Africa, though this was based on only partial ribs from the Jurassic deposits of central Morocco. Currently, paleontologists are working on a new, better-preserved specimen that affirms the relationship of this ankylosaurus with its relatives and reveals that, unlike contemporary or extinct vertebrates, it features uniquely sophisticated dermal armor.

Reconstructing the life of Spicomellus Afer. Image credit: Matthew Dempsey.

Spicomellus Afer inhabited Morocco during the mid-Jurassic period, approximately 168 million years ago.

The species was first described in 2021 based on a single fossilized rib.

“In studying spicomellus,” said Professor Richard Butler from the University of Birmingham:

“We were astonished by its uniqueness and how it differed from other dinosaurs and surviving or extinct life forms.”

“This finding challenges our previous understanding of ankylosaurs, indicating how much more we have yet to discover about dinosaur evolution.”

Professor Butler and his team identified that Spicomellus Afer had fused bone spikes that extended over all the ribs—a feature not seen in either living or extinct vertebrates.

These ancient spikes measured up to 87 cm, and it is believed they could grow longer throughout the animal’s life, emerging from a bony collar around its neck.

“The presence of such advanced armor in early ankylosaurs alters our perceptions of their evolutionary trajectory,” remarked Professor Susanna Maidment, a paleontologist at the Museum of Natural History in London and the University of Birmingham.

“This underscores the significance of African dinosaurs and highlights the necessity to further explore them.”

“spiccomellus showcased various plates and spikes extending from its entire body, including meter-long neck spikes, large protruding spikes at the waist, elongated blade-like spikes, paired long spikes for armor, and plates situated beneath the shoulders.”

“We have never encountered anything quite like this in the fossil record.”

“This is particularly intriguing considering that it is the earliest known ankylosaurus. Although later species might have inherited similar characteristics, we should not assume this was the case.”

Researchers speculate that these spikes may have served as displays to attract mates and deter rivals.

Interestingly, no comparable display armor has been identified in other ankylosaurs; the armor in later species likely evolved to be more functional for defense.

One reason for this may be the evolution of larger predatory dinosaurs during the Cretaceous, alongside the emergence of carnivorous mammals, crocodiles, and snakes, leading to a greater need for defensive adaptations among ankylosaurs.

However, one trait that early ankylosaurs might retain is their tail weaponry.

Though the tail of spiccomellus was not recovered, existing bone fragments suggest the presence of club-like structures. Part of the tail vertebrae is fused, forming what is known as a “handle,” a feature only seen in ankylosaurs with tail clubs.

Nevertheless, these latter animals thrived millions of years later in the Cretaceous.

The combination of tail weapons and armored shields indicates that key adaptations seen in ankylosaurs were already present in spicomellus.

This discovery highlights the importance of fossil records in unraveling evolutionary mysteries and enhancing our understanding of dinosaur distribution.

It also ignites the imagination surrounding the dinosaurs like spicomellus.

“This research has significantly advanced Moroccan paleontology,” remarked Professor Doris Oahatch, a paleontologist at Sidi Mohamed Ben Abdela University.

“I have never encountered a dinosaur quite like this. There is still so much to uncover in this field.”

A study detailing this discovery was published in the journal Nature today.

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Scr Maidment et al. The world’s oldest Ankylosaurus armor. Nature Published online on August 27th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09453-6

Source: www.sci.news

Tamisa Skov, Space Weather Expert, Discusses the Unusual Aurora Phenomenon in This Solar Cycle

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Unexpectedly bright aurora illuminated the British skies in 2024

John Hayward/SWNS

If you have an interest in the Aurora Borealis, you’re in for a treat. Last year was a spectacular one, as auroras dazzled observers worldwide, even being visible far south with remarkable brightness. With a peak in solar activity, more stunning displays are anticipated, potentially leading to extreme geomagnetic storms. To grasp the phenomena behind these celestial light shows, one must look to the fiery depths of the sun.

Comprehending the sun’s workings is crucial to explaining various phenomena occurring in the Earth’s atmosphere and the solar system, not limited to auroras. Space Weather Physicist Tamitha Skov has been instrumental in enhancing our understanding of the sun’s mysterious operations through auroras and space weather forecasts on television and social media.

Skov discussed with New Scientist the reasons for the extreme auroras we’re witnessing and the increased frequency of space weather events. She noted that high-energy particles emitted by the sun present real risks to astronauts and spacecraft venturing beyond the protections of Earth’s magnetosphere. Scientists are continually searching for better prediction methods for these potential hazards. “Good sailors know to heed the weather; the same applies to space,” she remarked.

Alex Wilkins: What inspired you to study the sun and space weather?

Tamitha Skov: The sun is an incredibly captivating entity, maintaining its integrity for billions of years. However, my primary fascination comes from our connection to our planet. As a longtime admirer of Carl Sagan, I recall his words: “We are all made of star stuff,” which frames my curiosity about our origins and the elements that compose us.

Initially, I rekindled my interest in solar phenomena from a physical perspective, which shifted my focus to space weather. At that time, we were only beginning to understand that solar activity impacts Earth, making this area of research incredibly engaging. I’ve become absorbed in exploring the unseen electric and magnetic fields that influence the dynamics of the sun and the universe.

Recently, we’ve observed a rise in auroras, largely due to heightened solar activity. What’s happening with the sun?

We are experiencing a solar cycle. The sun goes through several cycles, with the dominant one being the Schwabe cycle, which lasts about eleven years. During the low phase, the sun is relatively quiet, resembling a hibernating bear before awakening to produce an array of solar activity.

This phenomenon is characterized by the sun’s magnetic field reversing. Imagine a lava lamp—when it’s off, the liquid remains still, showcasing a calm and orderly state. However, once activated, bubbles rise, creating a chaotic fusion of materials. This defines our sun’s state during its peak activity, when magnetic fields become disconnected, resulting in massive energy releases. Such instability breeds numerous solar eruptions as the sun reorganizes its magnetic field.

Tamitha Skov notes the recent surge in solar activity marks a return to normalcy

ng images/aramie

Are we witnessing a different phenomenon compared to prior solar cycles, given the auroras are now appearing much farther south?

To a degree, yes. It seems like various factors have come together to create an intriguing moment in time. After two solar cycles characterized by quiet activity and advancements in technology since the 1990s, we now have social media to share auroral experiences globally. Previously, during significant storms, there were no sensitive cameras available to capture these events.

In the current solar cycle, we are hitting G4 and G5 levels of storms—among the most extreme—and the availability of modern cameras enhances our ability to witness auroras, even from less vibrant displays. This may create an illusion that auroras have never appeared in the past, but science tells us they have been frequent, just not documented.

Furthermore, the Earth’s magnetic field is changing, altering the position of the auroras as particles penetrate deeper due to its weakening, which naturally slows the stirring in the Earth’s core.

Does the increased auroral activity indicate the sun is at its peak in this solar cycle?

As we reach the climax of this solar cycle, the observations lead many to believe the sun is behaving unusually. However, this notion simplifies what we’ve come to know; the previous cycles (24 and 23) were indeed the anomalies. Currently, our sun is displaying a behavior consistent with its historical patterns.

We’re now experiencing what constitutes an average cycle, not particularly intense. Previous cycles have exhibited even more activity than this one, making the notion of a prolonged inactive phase the true anomaly.

How concerned should we be about solar eruptions surpassing the intensity of the Carrington event of 1859, which resulted in widespread disruptions?

We’ve enhanced our knowledge about these events and their impacts on our infrastructure, accompanied by improved warning systems. The power grid remains a significant concern. During such storms, the Earth’s magnetic field generates strong fluctuations, creating currents similar to traffic jams in highways. When these currents encounter grounded power lines, it can overload systems that were not designed for such energy spikes.

To mitigate risks during storms, we can temporarily disconnect transformers from the ground. While this tactic carries potential dangers, it can be safer than leaving the grid fully connected. Some of these methods were validated during a G5 storm in May 2024, yielding promising results despite minor issues.

Our attention is also shifting towards GPS and navigation systems, particularly after storms during planting season last October created headaches for precision agriculture, notably impacting peanut farmers reliant on accurate geographical data. Rapidly deploying new technologies becomes crucial to address impending challenges.

Solar activity at its peak leads to the release of charged particles

NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/SDO

These challenges apply to Earth, but how do they differ for spacecraft and astronauts bound for the moon or Mars?

Our atmosphere provides crucial protection that is absent on other celestial bodies. When viewing photos of the sun from the ground, one sees merely a bright orb because our atmosphere absorbs harmful radiant energy. This energy can cause radiation sickness if it reaches the surface. However, on a lunar body devoid of atmosphere, astronauts must shield themselves from radiation storms—high-energy particles unleashed from the sun. Researchers are exploring protective measures, such as constructing deep lunar bases and creating artificial magnetic fields.

Astronauts are already exposed to radiation during low Earth orbit missions, but exposure increases significantly on the moon.

Space weather has been remarkably fortunate historically. During the Apollo era in 1972, there was a severe particle radiation storm that could have been fatal for astronauts on the moon. Prolonged exposure to such radiation might have been lethal while confined in spacesuits. If that incident had unfolded differently, it would have dramatically altered the course of space exploration. Even today, these threats often go unnoticed.

While Mars possesses a weak atmosphere, radiation storms can still reach its surface. Thus, astronauts can’t just hide behind surface features; instead, they must live underground, introducing various complications to missions.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Low-Power Light-Based AI Image Generators

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Vibrant Vincent van Gogh-inspired artwork generated by a traditional diffusion model (left in each set of three) and an optical image generator (right).

Shiqi Chen et al. 2025

AI image generators that utilize light for image creation instead of conventional computing hardware can consume significantly more energy—potentially hundreds of times greater.

When an AI model generates an image from text, it typically employs a method known as diffusion. The AI first presents a collection of vast datasets, demonstrates how to use statistical noise to disrupt them, and then encodes these patterns using a specific set of rules. For a new noisy image, these rules can be applied to reverse the process, with several steps resulting in a coherent image that aligns with a specific text prompt.

For producing realistic, high-resolution images, diffusion requires numerous sequential steps that depend on considerable computational power. In April, OpenAI reported that its new image generator created more than 700 million images within its first week. Achieving this scale requires an enormous amount of energy and water to both power and cool the machinery supporting the model.

Now, Aydogan Ozcan at the University of California, Los Angeles, along with his colleagues, has designed a diffusion-based image generator that operates using light beams. The encoding phase is digital and requires minimal energy, while the decoding phase is wholly optical and demands no computational resources.

“Unlike traditional digital diffusion models that need hundreds or thousands of iterative steps, this method accomplishes image generation with snapshots and requires no additional calculations beyond the initial encoding,” states Ozkan.

The system initially utilizes a digital encoder trained on a publicly available image dataset. This mechanism can produce patterns that can be transformed into images. This encoder then engages a liquid crystal display known as a spatial light modulator (SLM) to physically imprint the static laser beam. When the laser beam travels through a second decoding SLM, the desired image is instantly produced on the screen recorded by the camera.

Ozkan and his team employed this system to generate black-and-white images of simple objects, such as the digits 1-9, to test the diffusion model, as well as vivid images in the style of Vincent van Gogh. The outcomes appeared to be comparably similar to those generated by conventional image synthesis methods.

“This might represent the first instance of optical neural networks serving as a computational tool that can produce not only lab-based demos but also practical results,” remarks Alexander Lvovsky from Oxford University.

For the Van Gogh-inspired images, the system consumed merely a few millijoules of energy per image, primarily for the liquid crystal screens, contrasting sharply with the hundreds or thousands of joules necessary for conventional diffusion models. “This indicates that the latter consumes energy equivalent to that of an electric kettle, while the optical system only uses millionths of a joule,” notes Lvovsky.

The system will need modifications to function in a data center environment compared to widely adopted image generation tools, but Ozcan believes it could also be suitable for portable electronics like AI glasses, thanks to its low energy demands.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

We’ve Overcome Middle-Age Unhappiness

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The degree of change in satisfaction with age

Simon Dawson/Bloomberg via Getty Images

Research indicates a significant dissatisfaction during middle age, yet a previous phenomenon of “unhappy humps” in youth and later life seems to have faded.

This suggests that the issue is not an inherent unhappiness linked to middle age, but rather a decline in youthful happiness, a pattern supported by Alex Bryson from University College London.

“We are witnessing a surge in stress levels among individuals under 40, where the younger the demographic, the more pronounced the increase,” he remarks. “This indicates an upward trend in suffering among the younger population.”

Earlier studies spanning 145 countries reveal that individuals aged 30 and above, particularly around the age of 50, experience peak unhappiness. This trend appears to resonate with findings on Orangutans and chimpanzees.

However, Bryson and his team noticed the disappearance of the unhappy hump based on an analysis of the US National Mental Health Survey, which observed over 10 million adults from 1993 to 2024, including 40,000 households from 2009 to 2023.

To verify if this trend is global, researchers utilized data from Global Minds, a mental health study with about 2 million participants across 44 countries, including the US and UK. Findings showed that in all countries analyzed, unhappiness decreases with age, with “unhappy humps” being replaced by a gradual decline.

So, do people in middle age report higher happiness levels today? “Not necessarily,” Bryson states. “Middle-aged individuals appear to remain in a stagnant state; any shifts in happiness are primarily observed in the younger demographic.”

These emerging trends are particularly pronounced in affluent English-speaking nations such as the UK and the US, while being less noticeable in regions of Africa with limited internet access. In Tanzania, for instance, only 32% of young internet users in 2022 reported significant happiness compared to their offline counterparts. Bryson noted that further investigation could shed light on these observations.

The decline in young people’s well-being may stem from several factors, notably the adverse impact of social media, along with the isolation and challenges in accessing mental health care exacerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, according to Bryson.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Armored Dinosaur’s “Crazy” Spikes: Beyond Just Defense

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Reconstructing the life of Spicomellus Afer – Fossils of ankylosaurus discovered in Morocco

Matthew Dempsey

The dinosaur fossils unearthed in Morocco may represent some of the most bizarre and intricately armored vertebrates to have roamed the Earth.

The initial discover of Spicomellus Afer in Morocco was reported in 2021. This suggests that it comprises only rib bone fragments, adorned with fused spikes, from a group of dinosaurs categorized as Ankylosaurs. These herbivorous dinosaurs with stout bodies are known for their protective plates and spiked coverings.

In October 2022, farmers in the Badlands of the Middle Atlas Mountains began to uncover a much more complete Spicomellus skeleton. This fossil has been dated back to approximately 165 million years ago during the Jurassic period, suggesting that the creature may have reached lengths of about 4 meters and weighed as much as 2 tons.

Like modern crocodiles, armored dinosaurs such as Stegosaurs and Ankylosaurs possessed osteoderms—bony plates embedded within their skin. However, in the case of Spicomellus, its fossil reveals two distinct types of bone structures: the bony skin and spikes are fused together.

“This is unprecedented among armored dinosaurs, and indeed among any species with bony skin, making it totally astonishing,” remarked Susanna Maidment, a member of the team analyzing these fossils at the Natural History Museum in London.

Overall, the Spicomellus specimen boasts numerous armored spikes that cover nearly its entire body. Spikes attached to the neck region can measure around 1 meter in length. Additionally, fused vertebrae in the tail suggest it could serve as a potent weapon.

The creature’s peculiar attributes led Maidment to conclude that extreme descriptors were warranted in their explanations. “In scientific literature, phrases like ‘crazy’ are not acceptable. I opted for more elaborate language,” she noted. “One of my colleagues suggested that referring to its anomaly as ‘baroque’ could also be fitting for our research.”

This extreme form of armor would likely hinder the species’ movement through various environments, leading it to inhabit areas dense with vegetation, according to Maidment. “It would have been quite cumbersome,” she added.

Given the complexity of its armor, researchers speculate it served purposes beyond mere defense, potentially playing a role in mate attraction. “Elements that seem entirely extraordinary in the fossil record are often connected to reproduction, and I believe this complex armor was likely some form of display,” she concluded.

Dinosaur hunting in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia

Join an exhilarating and unique expedition that explores the fossil remains of dinosaurs amidst the vast wilderness of the Gobi Desert, one of the world’s most renowned paleontological sites.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Dark Plants as Alternatives to Street Lights? Not a Chance!

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

These succulent plants emit a shimmering glow after being infused with phosphor particles that absorb and gradually release light.

Liu et al., Matter

There are some product ideas that elicit just a sigh, while others I genuinely dislike. The fluorescent plants created by injecting leaves with glowing substances definitely fall into the latter category for me.

These plants are developed by researchers at the Agricultural University of South China. Recent research indicates that these plants exhibit “extraordinary brightness” and represent a move towards a “sustainable and environmentally friendly plant-based lighting solution.”

The quest to create glowing plants has spanned decades. A notable challenge is intensifying their glow for visibility. A Kickstarter project in 2013 amassed nearly $500,000 but ultimately failed to deliver on its promises.

Last year, US biotech firm Light Bio introduced the Firefly Petunia, the first genetically modified plant available for retail. They claim the plants shine “like moonlight”, but judging by social media images, it seems we’re far from a full moon effect.

The difficulty in producing glowing plants stems from plants deriving energy from light, but photosynthesis is notoriously inefficient. Estimates suggest most plants capture under 2% of the light that strikes them, and much of that energy is used for growth, leaving little to emit light.

This limitation means that energy captured from photosynthesis can never produce a plant bright enough to replace street lights. This inefficiency likely explains why most animals harness energy from plants rather than growing under the burden of photosynthesis (and also why placing solar panels on farmland promotes crop transformation into biofuels).

Consequently, several research groups have attempted to integrate sustained phosphors directly into mature plants. These compounds mimic the glow of stars in the night sky and can emit light after being charged.

Certain sustained phosphors can be significantly more efficient than photosynthesis, letting more light escape from an equal input. However, even distribution within the leaves poses challenges. Recently, Chinese researchers discovered that this kind of distribution could be more easily achieved in succulents like Echeveria “Mebina,” enabling vibrant fluorescent plants of various hues through manual injection of phosphors into each leaf.

This approach feels like a superficial gimmick. I won’t deny my interest in genuinely glowing plants. While you can find the Firefly Petunia available outside the US, I view giving plants a shine through direct injection of glowing substances as a shortcut. At the very least, this glow fades as the plants mature. There’s also a concern about possible contamination when these plants are disposed of.

While this practice may not be as unethical as dyeing aquarium fish, it’s certainly less appealing than dyeing roses. (And no, I’m not having an Alice in Wonderland moment—painted roses do exist.) Furthermore, the team’s paper does not address the environmental or safety implications of plants containing elevated levels of phosphor. I reached out to the researchers for clarification but had yet to receive a response at the time of writing.

If scientists could genetically engineer plants to produce their own biodegradable phosphors that last, this could turn into an entirely different scenario. This capability could even enhance photosynthesis efficiency. Allowing plants to temporarily “store” light would help mitigate fluctuations in light levels, converting unusable wavelengths into usable ones, thereby maintaining photosynthesis into the night. One day, entire fields might illuminate the darkness.

For now, I don’t wish to see a synthetic glowing plant derived from phosphor injections hit store shelves. I hope that never happens, yet I worry there’s a chance it might.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Connecting with Denisovans: A Path to Self-Discovery

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Ohn Bavaro Fine Art/Science Photo Library

Currently, we stand alone in our existence. Yet, just hundreds of thousands of years ago, our ancestors coexisted with at least five other ancient human species, including diminutive hobbits and robust Neanderthals.

It may soon be necessary to include another name in that legacy. Recent discussions suggest that “remarkable Denisovan skulls are rewriting the narrative of human evolution,” prompting calls for the recognition of the Denisovans as a distinct species.

Since the initial Denisovan fossils were discovered 15 years ago, this isn’t a hasty conclusion. The ancient DNA retrieved from these fossils indicates they belong to humans with unique evolutionary paths. Furthermore, genetic studies suggest these ancient peoples interbred with Homo sapiens, leading many researchers to reconsider their classification as another species.

Interestingly, various species definitions permit mating as long as the involved species maintain distinct characteristics. The central issue, however, has been the unclear appearance of Denisovans. Yet, earlier this year, the discovery of ancient skulls in China—linked to Denisovan DNA—has strengthened the argument for classifying Denisovans as a distinct species based on their unique morphology.

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The Denisovans might help us decode why we are the last humans standing.
“

The inclination among biologists to categorize nature into distinct species can sometimes be trivialized as mere stamp collecting. The intention is to classify life forms rather than genuinely understand them. However, in this context, the effort is meaningful. Anatomical insights from Denisovan fossils hint at a captivating possibility: these mysterious humans are closely related to our species, offering potential clarity into early behavioral advancements of Homo sapiens by juxtaposing them with Denisovans.

At a certain point, our ancestors developed new behaviors that positioned us ahead of other human races. It’s conceivable that Denisovans could shed light on how we became the last standing humans.

Topics:

Human evolution/
Ancient humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

SpaceX’s Starship Rocket Successfully Concludes Test Flight

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

SpaceX Starship Rocket launches in its 10th flight test from Starbase, Texas, Launch Complex 1

UPI/Alamy

The SpaceX Starship, recognized as the most powerful rocket globally, has successfully completed a suborbital test flight following three previous launches that ended in catastrophic explosions.

SpaceX aims to develop a highly reusable and formidable launch vehicle. After several years, the Starship program is set to take over the deployment of Starlink satellites and play a pivotal role in NASA’s Artemis Moon Missions. Elon Musk, the owner of SpaceX, has stated that Starship is crucial for his ambition to colonize Mars.

The company embraces a fail-fast approach, more typical of Silicon Valley than the traditional methods prevalent in the aerospace industry. Despite aiming for rapid iterations, recent failures have raised concerns among observers.

Previous test flights (7, 8, and 9) ended in disaster with the upper stage either exploding or failing to land safely. The preparations for the 10th flight faced challenges when the upper stage detonated while holding propellant during ground tests.

This failure drew criticisms and led to doubts about SpaceX’s ability to achieve rapid reusability. Nevertheless, the test flight on August 10 from Starbase, Texas, was mainly successful, despite two previous cancellations.

The upper stage reached orbit and successfully deployed eight mock Starlink satellites to evaluate engine performance in a vacuum. Although an unexpected explosion damaged the engine area, the spacecraft completed its objectives, re-entering Earth’s atmosphere and achieving a controlled splashdown in the Indian Ocean. The positioned camera-equipped buoy provided engineers critical insights into the craft’s operations.

The booster stage detached and performed a controlled splashdown in the Gulf of Mexico.

While SpaceX did not provide specific comments, they stated on their website that all “primary objectives were met” during the mission.

Patrick Harkness, from the University of Glasgow, remarked that the launch was “an incredible achievement that allowed them to approach high volumes of space at low-cost altitudes.”

Despite advancements, questions linger regarding whether the spacecraft will be ready in time for NASA’s Artemis III lunar landing, planned for 2027. SpaceX remains committed to sending the spacecraft to Mars in 2026, amid ongoing challenges.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Chest Compressors: Simplifying CPR in Tight Spaces

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers evaluate chest compressors on aircraft dummies

CNES

Due to the challenges of microgravity, tasks as simple as eating or showering become complex, making CPR on individuals who stop breathing in space a highly specialized process. However, experiments in simulated microgravity indicate that mechanical devices may perform more efficiently.

On Earth, weight and muscle strength aid in compressing a patient’s chest, but this principle shifts entirely in space where weight is nearly negligible.

NASA’s CPR protocol for the International Space Station dictates that patients must be compressed between two rigid surfaces while being positioned upside down and providing pressure with the feet.

Seeking a more effective approach, Nathan Raynett from the University of Lorraine along with his team assessed various CPR techniques aboard a parabolic flight on an Airbus A310. They also investigated three different chest compressors typically used in ground ambulance settings.

All methods were administered to training dummies, with a focus on measuring the depth of chest compressions. The European Council on Resuscitation states that a minimum compression depth of 50 mm is essential for effectiveness. In the experiments, the optimal mechanical devices achieved depths of 53 mm, whereas the upside-down method only managed 34.5 mm.

The findings will be presented at the European Heart Association Conference in Madrid on August 31st. Reynette and his colleagues expressed their hope that the research could influence future CPR guidelines in space.

Astronauts rehearse chest compression techniques during emergency drills on the International Space Station

JSC/NASA

Aaron Parkhurst from University College London notes that current CPR methods are challenging to apply in space, highlighting a need for enhancements. “In zero gravity, conducting CPR would likely present significant challenges and yield poor outcomes,” he explains. “This new technique seems promising in addressing those concerns.”

As space travel becomes increasingly frequent, the chances of cardiovascular emergencies in orbit rise, particularly as astronauts are not always physically optimal, as Parkhurst points out. “The strain of launching into space can be taxing on the heart, while prolonged exposure to microgravity impacts the cardiovascular system adversely.”

A NASA representative stated: “Currently, manual compression remains the standard CPR method used on the International Space Station. NASA mitigates the need for CPR through comprehensive medical screenings of astronauts and strong engineering safeguards. Research on CPR machines in microgravity has not been extensively conducted, particularly concerning human missions to the Moon, Mars, and beyond.”

topic:

heart/
Space exploration

Source: www.newscientist.com

Research Reveals Alarming Rate of Seawater-Induced Corrosion on Shark Teeth

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The rising acidity of the Earth’s oceans is leading to the corrosion and deterioration of shark teeth.

As apex predators, shark teeth serve as essential tools, but recent studies reveal that climate change is adversely affecting their strength and durability.

“They are highly specialized instruments designed for slicing through flesh without withstanding ocean acidity,” explained Maximilian Baum from Heinrich Heine University (HHU) in Düsseldorf. “Our findings underscore how even the most finely tuned weapons in nature are not immune to vulnerability.”

Sharks continuously regenerate their teeth, yet the deteriorating conditions of our oceans can compromise them more swiftly than they can heal.

With the oceans increasingly absorbing carbon dioxide due to climate change, their acidity levels are rising.

Currently, ocean water sits at a pH of 8.1, but it could drop to as low as 7.3 by 2300.

This research is part of the undergraduate project Frontier, where Baum sought to assess the impact of these changes on marine organisms.

By acquiring hundreds of black-tip reef shark teeth from an aquarium housing the study’s subjects, Baum was able to conduct his experiments.

Approximately 50 intact teeth were then placed in tanks with varying pH levels and left there for 8 weeks.

Upon evaluation at the conclusion of the study, it was evident that teeth exposed to acidic water exhibited considerably greater damage compared to those in 8.1 pH conditions.

Microscopic view of teeth held in water at pH 7.3 for 8 weeks – Credit: Steffen Köhler

“We noted visible surface defects such as cracks and holes, heightened root corrosion, and structural degradation,” remarked Professor Sebastian Fraun, who supervised the project at HHU.

The acidic conditions also rendered the tooth surfaces rough and uneven. While this may enhance the shark’s cutting efficiency, it simultaneously compromised the structural integrity of the teeth, increasing their likelihood of breaking.

“Maintaining a marine pH close to the current average of 8.1 is crucial for preserving the physical strength of this predatory tool,” Baum noted. “This highlights the broad impacts climate change has across the food web and entire ecosystems.”

About Our Experts

Maximilian Baum | I am a student at the Faculty of Biology at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf.

Professor Sebastian Fraun | He is the head of the Institute for Zoology and Biology Interactions at Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlocking Emotions: Uncovering Hidden Indicators of Brain Aging

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As we age, it’s common to perceive others as more content, as revealed by a recent study.

Researchers have discovered that older adults often exhibit a “positive bias” in interpreting facial expressions. This suggests they are more inclined to classify neutral or negative faces as happy rather than sad or angry.

“This indicates they tend to interpret vague or ambiguous expressions as ‘happy’ instead of ‘sad’ or ‘angry,'” noted Dr. Noham Wolpe in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “Crucially, this bias correlates with subtle cognitive decline and alterations in the specific brain circuits responsible for emotional processing and decision-making.”

Using data from over 600 adults, the research team examined this phenomenon through emotion recognition tasks along with brain imaging techniques.

They found structural variations in the hippocampus and amygdala—key regions for memory and emotion—and changes in connectivity with the orbitofrontal cortex, which plays a role in weighing emotional information and guiding decisions.

“These regions form crucial networks that aid in interpreting emotional signals and informing decisions,” Wolpe explained, highlighting how the relationship between the orbitofrontal cortex and amygdala strengthens in adults facing cognitive decline.

“This enhancement may lead them to perceive ambiguous or neutral emotional signals as positive, a phenomenon known as positive bias,” he remarked, noting that the reason behind this increased connectivity associated with cognitive decline is still unknown.

Researchers remain uncertain why the interamygdala connectivity and orbitofrontal cortex, highlighted in red, strengthen in individuals with cognitive decline – Trust: Getty

Although this research is in its nascent stages, its implications are significant. Positive biases might one day serve as early indicators of dementia, as changes in emotional processing frequently precede memory impairment.

“While emotion recognition tests are not yet ready to replace current cognitive assessments, in the future they could be combined with standard screening methods to enhance early detection,” Wolpe stated.

Wolpe and his team are already investigating innovative approaches, such as immersive virtual reality tasks, to better understand how people instinctively respond to emotional signals.

The next objective is to determine if this positive bias can actually forecast cognitive decline. The team has recently concluded a follow-up evaluation of participants in the Cambridge Aging and Neuroscience Research, approximately 12 years after the original assessments. Participant data is also being linked to GP records to monitor dementia diagnoses.

“A crucial takeaway,” Wolpe mentioned, “is that subtle biases in how we perceive others’ expressions can signal early brain changes, long before the typical signs of dementia manifest.”

“Grasping these connections could pave the way for quicker detection and ultimately more effective interventions.”

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About our experts

Noham Wolpe is a senior lecturer at the Sagol School of Neuroscience at Tel Aviv University. His research focuses on understanding the interplay between cognition, mental health, and behavior, both in health and disease.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Insights from the Thylacine Genome Reveal Reasons for Its Extinction

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Thylacines were once found throughout Australia and New Guinea

Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images

SEI 263374247 — Thylacines were once found throughout Australia and New Guinea

Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images

The extinction of crucial genes over the millennia since humans arrived in Australia may have made the thylacine more prone to extinction.

The thylacine, also known as the Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus), was the last remaining member of a marsupial family called Thylacinidae, which once thrived in Australia and New Guinea.

It became extinct on mainland Australia around 2000 years ago, primarily due to human hunting and competition with dingoes. After European settlers arrived in Tasmania, the animal was targeted by farmers and government bounties, leading to the last of its kind dying in 1936 at Hobart Zoo.

Nagarjun Vijay and Buddha Bhashan Gilish Salv from the Institute of Science and Education in Bhopal, India, grew fascinated by the Tasmanian tiger’s genome while studying that of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris).

“We noticed some parallels between the extinction of thylacines and our own tiger,” Vijay notes. “There’s a significant push to protect Indian tigers.”

The duo theorized that hypercarnivores like the Bengal and Tasmanian tigers may have lost vital genes through their evolutionary journey in response to environmental shifts and emerging diseases.

They examined genetic data previously obtained from thylacine specimens and compared these to the genome of the Tasmanian devil, a close relative (Sarcophilus harrisii), along with other marsupials.

Unlike nearly all other marsupials, including the Tasmanian devil, the thylacine has lost at least four crucial genes: SAMD9L, HSD17B13, CUZD1, and VWA7.

Vijay found it surprising that this genetic loss did not occur after Tasmania’s populace was isolated due to rising sea levels roughly 10,000 years ago.

This genetic loss may have been beneficial under certain historical conditions, but can hinder species health by diminishing antiviral defense, metabolic functions, lactation, as well as increasing susceptibility to cancer and pancreatitis.

Thylacines lost SAMD9L, CUZD1, and VWA7 at least 6 million years ago, coinciding with a significant climatic transition when species sizes increased dramatically, resulting in an oversaturation of carnivores entirely dependent on meat.

“The overarching narrative is that much of the human influence, or artificial changes, has perpetually shaped the extinction of thylacines,” Vijay states. “We speculated that there would be lost genes linked to disease, and that’s exactly what we uncovered.”

Timothy Churchill from the University of New South Wales in Sydney emphasizes that climate change over the course of human history has indeed led to a drastic decrease in genetic diversity among thylacines. He believes that the genetic losses identified in the new study may have rendered the Tasmanian tigers more vulnerable to illnesses, though confirming this requires additional research.

“It’s one of those species that truly survived against the odds for an extended period in that niche,” Churchill explains. “But once dingo-like canids arrived, it was the beginning of the end on the mainland. Then, of course, after creating adversaries in Tasmania, it marked their doom.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Webb’s Observations Indicate That Asteroids Bennu and Ryug Belong to the Polana Collision Family

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

New Polana Collisional Family The primary asteroid belt in our solar system is the source of insights about nearby asteroids (101955) Bennu and (162173) Ryugu, which are the focus of NASA’s Osiris Rex missions. Currently, astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope are gathering spectroscopic data from the family progenitor, (142) Polana, and comparing it to laboratory data from both spacecraft and near-Earth asteroids, revealing near-infrared spectral similarities that lend support to the hypothesis that they originated from the same protoplanetary body.

This image of this asteroid was captured on June 26, 2018 by Jaxa’s Hayabusa-2 Spacecraft optical navigation camera – telescopic (ONC-T). Image credits: Jakusa / University of Tokyo / Kochi University / Ricchiho University / Nagoya University / Chiba University of Technology / Nishimura University / Aizu University / AIST.

“We hypothesize that in the early formation of our solar system, a significant asteroid collided and broke apart, creating the Polana and the ‘Asteroid Family,’ the largest remaining body,” stated Dr. Anisia Aredondo, a researcher at the Southwest Research Institute.

“This theory posits that the remnants of that collision led to the formation of not just Polana, but also Bennu and Ryugu.”

“To validate this theory, we began analyzing the spectra of all three entities and comparing them.”

The researchers used time on Webb to observe Polana with two different spectral instruments targeting near-infrared and mid-infrared wavelengths.

The data was then contrasted with spectral information from physical samples of Ryugu and Bennu collected by two distinct space missions.

“Bennu and Ryugu are categorized as near-Earth asteroids as they orbit the Sun within Mars’ orbit,” they noted.

“However, they pose no threat to our planet, with closest approaches of approximately 3 million km (1.9 million miles) and 1.6 million km (1 million miles), respectively.”

“Bennu and Ryugu are relatively small compared to Polana; Bennu measures about 500 m in diameter (0.3 miles), while Ryugu is twice as large, but both Polana and Ryugu measure about 55.3 km (34.4 miles) wide.”

“Scientists believe that Jupiter’s gravity caused Bennu and Ryugu to drift out of their orbit near Polana.”

“Given their similarities, I am confident all three asteroids share a common parent,” she added.

This mosaic image of the asteroid Bennu consists of 12 images collected on December 2, 2018 by a 15-mile (24 km) Polycam instrument at Osiris-Rex. Image credit: NASA/NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center/University of Arizona.

The authors indicate that while spectral data from the asteroids exhibit variations and discrepancies, they do not sufficiently invalidate the hypothesis that they all have a shared origin.

“Polana, Bennu, and Ryugu have been traversing their respective paths through our solar system since the collision that may have formed them,” remarks Dr. Tracy Becker from the Southwest Research Institute.

“Bennu and Ryugu are now much closer to the Sun compared to Polana, resulting in their surfaces being more influenced by solar radiation and solar particles.”

“Additionally, Polana is likely older than Bennu and Ryugu, and as such, has been subjected to impact from micrometeorites over an extended period.”

“This could potentially alter the surface areas containing their elemental compositions.”

A study detailing the survey results has been published in the Journal of Planetary Science.

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Anisia Aredondo et al. 2025. Planet. Sci. J. 6, 195; doi:10.3847/psj/ade395

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Sheldachthacks Settled the Chatham Islands 390,000 Years Ago

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A collaborative team of paleontologists from New Zealand and Australia has identified a new, extinct species of Shelduck from Holocene fossil bone deposits located in the Likov Chatham Islands.

The artistic reconstruction of rēkohu Shelduck (Tadnarekov) highlights the dark feathers typical of island-dwelling birds. Image credit: Sasha Votyakova/Te Papa.

The rēkohushelduck (Tadnarekov) is a newly described species that inhabited the Chatham Islands, a remote archipelago situated 785 km east of the New Zealand mainland.

“The archipelago comprises Chatham Island, Rangihautepit, Mangere, Tapua, and various smaller islands,” explained the researchers.

“These islands were completely submerged during the late Miocene and early Pliocene epochs.”

“Subsequent geological activities resulted in their re-emergence roughly three million years ago.”

According to the research team, the ancestors of the Rēkohu Shelduck reached the Chatham Islands around 390,000 years ago, during the late Pleistocene.

“While this may seem like a brief period, it’s long enough to influence species development,” Dr. Lawrence noted.

“At that time, the Rēkohu Shelduck exhibited shorter, more robust wings and longer leg bones, adaptations that impacted flight capability.”

“These evolutionary changes resulted from various factors, such as ample food availability, a lack of ground predators, and windy conditions, making flight less necessary.”

“If you don’t use them, you lose them; wings start to diminish,” remarked Dr. Pascare Lube from University of Otago.

“Flying is energy-efficient, so if it’s not essential, why expend the effort?”

“More robust leg bones support increased muscle mass and strength for takeoff, which is crucial when wings are small.”

The researchers utilized ancient DNA analysis and bone morphology to characterize the rēkohushelduck, a cousin of the Paradise Shelduck (Tadorna variegata) native to New Zealand.

Rēkohu Shelduck spent a majority of its time on the ground and became extinct prior to the 19th century.

“The discovery of rēkohushelduck bones in early Moriori Midden deposits indicates that hunting likely contributed to its extinction prior to European contact and the subsequent Māori settlements in the 19th century,” the scientists reported.

Their study was published in the July 2025 issue of The Linnaean Society’s Journal of Zoology.

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Nicholas J. Lawrence et al. 2025. Ancient DNA and morphometrics reveal a new species of Shelduck, an extinct island inhabitant from the Rēkohu Chatham Islands. The Linnaean Society’s Journal of Zoology 204 (3): ZLAF069; doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf069

Source: www.sci.news

Rediscovered After 50 Years: The Return of a Long-lost Sailback Shark

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Adult Female Sailback Hound Shark

Jack Sagumai et al. (2025)

A rare species of shark has been rediscovered in Papua New Guinea, nearly half a century after its last sighting.

The Sailback Hound Shark, known for its unusually large dorsal fin (Gogolia filewoodi), was first recorded by researchers in 1973. A pregnant female was captured in Astrolabe Bay, near the Gogol River, and this marked the only known instance of the species for many years.

Jack Sagumai and his team from the World Wildlife Fund Pacific gathered fisheries data from local communities, aimed at supporting the national action plan for sharks and rays. In March 2020, they were pleasantly surprised when they stumbled upon images of several small sharks close to the mouth of the Gogol River, all featuring the characteristic dorsal fin.

Initially, five of these sharks were identified as female. In 2022, another fisherman in the vicinity caught a male. Collaborating with William White from the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization in Australia, the team verified that these creatures were indeed the long-lost sailback houndsharks.

“When we heard that this species was so elusive, it was frustrating,” Sagmai said.

This marks the first scientific documentation of the species in over 50 years, though fishermen in Astrolabe Bay claim they regularly encounter these sharks. They report sightings near the mouth of the Gogol River while fishing primarily for drums, according to Sagmai.

“It appears to favor deeper waters and tends to associate with other fish when feeding near the river mouth,” he noted.

As these sharks are only located in a small area, they may represent a “micro-inhabiting” species with a very limited range in Astrolabe Bay.

“Alternatively, they may have once had a broader distribution across regions like Indonesia and Papua New Guinea,” suggested David Ebert from San Jose State University in California. This region also hosts similar micro-inhabiting species, such as bamboo and epaulette sharks.

Sagumai noted that information regarding the Sailback Hound Shark’s biology and population size remains sparse. Currently, two deceased specimens are housed at the University of Papua New Guinea, and the team plans to collaborate with researchers in Australia and Florida to conduct a DNA analysis of the sharks.

“These efforts will establish genetic baselines for future monitoring and inform conservation strategies,” he added.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Uncover Mesozoic Carbon Dioxide Levels and Photosynthesis Through Dinosaur Tooth Enamel Analysis

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

During the Mesozoic era, from 252 to 66 million years ago, analyses of the oxygen isotope composition in dinosaur teeth revealed that the atmosphere contained significantly more carbon dioxide than it does today, with global plant photosynthesis levels roughly double those of the present.

Fossil teeth of Camarasaurus from the Morrison Formation in the US. Image credit: sauriermuseum aathal.

A study conducted by Göttingen University and researcher Dr. Dingsu Feng examined the dental enamel of dinosaurs that roamed North America, Africa, and Europe during the Late Jurassic and Late Cretaceous periods.

“Enamel is one of the most stable biological materials,” they explained.

“It captures different oxygen isotopes based on the air dinosaurs inhaled with each breath.”

“The isotope ratios of oxygen reflect fluctuations in atmospheric carbon dioxide and plant photosynthesis.”

“This connection allows us to infer insights about the climate and vegetation of the dinosaur era.”

“During the late Jurassic, about 150 million years ago, the air contained four times more carbon dioxide than before industrialization, prior to significant human emissions of greenhouse gases.”

“In the late Cretaceous, around 730 to 66 million years ago, carbon dioxide levels were three times higher than today.”

Teeth from two dinosaur species, the Tyrannosaurus Rex and Kaatedocus siberi, showed an exceptionally unique oxygen isotope composition.

This phenomenon is indicative of carbon dioxide spikes linked to major geological events like volcanic eruptions—such as the massive eruption of the Deccan Traps in India at the close of the Cretaceous period.

The heightened photosynthetic activity of plants at that time on both land and water is likely associated with elevated carbon dioxide levels and higher average annual temperatures.

This research marks a milestone in paleoclimatology. Historically, soil and marine proxy carbonates have served as the primary tools for reconstructing past climates.

Marine proxies, which are indicators of sediment fossils and chemical signatures, help scientists comprehend ancient marine environmental conditions, yet these methods often involve uncertainties.

“Our approach offers a fresh perspective on the planet’s history,” Dr. Fenn remarked.

“It paves the way to use fossilized tooth enamel for probing the composition of Earth’s atmosphere and plant productivity during that era.”

“Understanding these factors is crucial for grasping long-term climate dynamics.”

“Dinosaurs may well become new climate scientists, as their teeth have recorded climate data for over 150 million years. At last, we have received their message.”

Study published on August 4, 2025, in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Dingsu Feng et al. 2025. Mesozoic Atmospheric CO₂ Concentrations reconstructed from the enamel of dinosaur teeth. PNAS 122 (33): E2504324122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2504324122

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals Asteroid Sample Composition Mirrors Early Solar System Elements

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The initial bodies that formed in the solar system gathered materials from stars, presolar molecular clouds, and protozoan debris. Asteroids that have not experienced planetary differentiation retain evidence of these significant materials. Nevertheless, geological processes such as hydrothermal changes can significantly modify their composition and chemistry. In a recent study, researchers scrutinized the elemental and isotopic composition of samples from the asteroid Bennu, uncovering the origin and nature of the materials associated with its parent body.

“Our analysis shows that Bennu’s elemental composition closely resembles that of the sun,” stated LLNL scientist Greg Brennecka.

“This indicates that the materials obtained from Bennu provide a valuable reference to the initial arrangement of the entire solar system.”

“Notably, Bennu has remained largely untouched by intense heat, which would alter some of its original ingredients.”

Researchers continue to investigate how planets form, and determining the initial composition of the solar system is akin to gathering a recipe for a cake.

“With that recipe, we gain insight into how all these elements interacted to create the solar system and, ultimately, the Earth and its living beings,” Dr. Brennecca remarked.

“If we aim to understand our origins, the composition of our solar system serves as a fundamental starting point.”

Outer view of the Osiris-Rex sample collector. Sample material for the asteroid can be seen in the center right. Image credits: NASA/Erika Blumenfeld/Joseph Aebersold.

The Osiris-Rex mission by NASA has introduced new possibilities by returning pristine samples to Earth while avoiding contamination from our planet.

LLNL scientist Quinn Shollenberger commented:

“We cannot tackle the significant question of ‘origins’ without a sample on Earth.”

“One of our objectives is to ascertain which elements of the periodic table and their percentages contributed to the solar system’s inception. Bennu can help us uncover this,” noted LLNL scientist Jan Render.

To achieve these findings, researchers ground the asteroid material into fine powders and dissolved them in acid.

This mixture was then analyzed with a series of mass spectrometers to determine the concentrations of most elements within the periodic table.

From these results, scientists have sorted the samples by elements and successfully analyzed the isotopic ratios of several.

“I work at a National Laboratory that boasts remarkable analytical capabilities with state-of-the-art equipment,” shared LLNL scientist Josh Winpenny.

“It is quite rare to have all these functions consolidated in one place, allowing us to make optimal use of these valuable materials.”

“NASA’s Johnson Space Center researcher Dr. Anne Nuguen stated:

“We discovered stardust grains with compositions predating our solar system, organic materials likely formed in interstellar space, and high-temperature minerals that originated close to the sun.”

“All these components were transported over to the region that formed Bennu’s precursor asteroids.”

Survey results published in the journal Natural Astronomy.

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JJ Burns et al. Diversity and origin of materials accumulated by Bennu’s pro-asteroids. Nat Astron Published online on August 22, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02631-6

Source: www.sci.news

Mid-Debonian Ocean Oxygenation Enables Deeper Habitat Expansion for Marine Life

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Approximately 390 million years ago during the Devonian period, marine life began to explore previously unoccupied depths. A recent study, conducted by researchers from Duke University, Washington University, NASA’s Virtual Planetary Research Institute, and Caltech, reveals that this underwater migration was spurred by a lasting increase in deep-sea oxygen levels, linked to the ground diffusion of woody plants. This rise in oxygen coincided with a time of notable diversification among jawed fish.

Artistic rendering of Brindabellaspis stensioi (foreground) alongside various other Devonian fossil fish. The white shark and human divers in the upper right corner symbolize modern jaw vertebrates. Image credits: Hongyu Yang/Qiuyang Zheng.

“While oxygen is recognized as essential for animal evolution, establishing its role in trends of animal diversification can be challenging,” remarks Dr. Michael Kipp, a researcher at Duke University.

“This study strongly supports the idea that oxygen has influenced the timing of early animal evolution, particularly concerning the emergence of jawed vertebrates in deep-sea environments.”

For years, scientists believed that deep-sea oxygenation was a singular event that occurred at the onset of the Paleozoic era, around 540 million years ago.

However, recent findings suggest that oxygenation takes place in stages, first making coastal regions more hospitable for respiratory organisms, followed by deeper waters.

Dr. Kipp and his team investigated the timing of these stages by examining sedimentary rocks formed beneath deep seawater.

They focused on selenium within the rocks, an element utilized to ascertain whether oxygen levels were high enough to support life in the ancient ocean.

In marine settings, selenium exists in various forms known as isotopes, which differ based on weight.

At oxygen levels conducive to animal life, the ratio of heavy to light selenium isotopes shows significant variation.

Conversely, at oxygen levels too low for most animals, the ratios remain relatively stable.

By analyzing selenium isotope ratios in marine sediments, researchers can deduce whether oxygen levels were adequate to sustain aquatic life.

The team collected 97 rock samples from around the globe, dating from 252 to 541 million years ago.

These samples were sourced from locations across five continents that were once situated along continental shelves millions of years ago, where the continental edge meets a steep drop-off underwater.

After processing the rocks through grinding, melting, and purifying selenium, the team examined the selenium isotope ratios in each sample.

Their findings reveal that two significant oxygenation events took place in deeper waters of the outer continental shelf, starting during the Mid Devonian, around 540 million years ago, and again between 393 and 382 million years ago during the Paleozoic’s Cambrian period.

For extended periods, oxygen levels plummeted, making survival challenging for most marine life.

“Our selenium data indicates that the second oxygenation event was permanent,” stated Kunmanee ‘Mac’ Bubphamanee, PhD candidate at the University of Washington.

“This event initiated in the mid-Devonian period and has persisted in our younger rock samples.”

This oxygenation event coincided with significant changes in ocean evolution and ecosystems, often referred to as the Paleozoic marine revolution.

Fossil evidence indicates that oxygen became a stable presence in deeper waters, allowing jawed fish known as Gnathostomes to invade and diversify in these environments.

These organisms grew larger, likely due to the supportive oxygen levels facilitating their growth.

The Devonian oxygenation event also correlated with the proliferation of woody plants.

“Our hypothesis posits that the increase in woody plants released more oxygen into the atmosphere, thereby elevating oxygen levels in deeper marine environments,” Dr. Kipp stated.

The cause behind the initial temporary oxygenation event during the Cambrian period remains more obscure.

“What is evident is that the subsequent drop in oxygen post-initial event constrained the spread and diversification of marine animals into deeper continental shelf environments,” Dr. Kipp explained.

“Today, marine oxygen levels are balanced with those in the atmosphere.”

“However, in specific zones, marine oxygen can plummet to undetectable levels.”

“Some of these areas arise from natural phenomena.”

“Still, they are frequently exacerbated by nutrient runoff from fertilizers, industrial activities that degrade plankton, and subsequent oxygen depletion as it decomposes.”

“This research clearly outlines the relationship between oxygen and marine life.”

“It’s a balance established around 400 million years ago, and it would be regrettable to disrupt it in the years to come.”

This study is set to be published this week in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Kunmanee Bubphamanee et al. 2025. Marine oxygenation in Mid Devonian allowed the expansion of animals into deeper water habitats. PNAS 122 (35): E2501342122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2501342122

Source: www.sci.news

JWST Examines Interstellar Comet 3i/Atlas in Detail

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Infrared images of 3I/Atlas taken by the James Webb Space Telescope

NASA/James Webb Space Telescope

3I/Atlas, an interstellar visitor, is noted for being one of the most carbon-rich comets observed, suggesting a formation in an environment vastly different from our solar system.

Since July, astronomers have been monitoring 3I/Atlas. While many findings indicate it resembles typical comets, several peculiar features hint at a more exotic origin, including the emission of water gas at distances from the sun typically unobserved in solar system comets.

Martin Codinner from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center in Maryland, along with his team, has utilized the James Webb Space Telescope to capture some of the most intricate observations of the comet.

Codinner’s team studied 3I/Atlas in early August, when they were approximately three times the distance from the sun compared to typical comets. At this distance, temperatures rise enough for water to transition from ice to gas, resulting in comets usually generating water vapor and dust, known as a coma.

However, their findings revealed that the coma of 3I/Atlas contains a significantly higher amount of carbon dioxide relative to water, with an 8:1 ratio. This is 16 times more than what is generally seen in other comets from our solar system at this distance from the Sun.

High carbon dioxide levels could imply that comets formed in planetary systems where carbon dioxide ice is more prevalent than water ice, suggests Matthew Genge from Imperial College London. “This may indicate a fundamental difference in planetary system formation compared to ours,” Genge adds.

When planetary systems initially form, there are differing quantities of dust, gas, and water vapor found at varying distances from stars. Over time, stars expel gas, leaving behind solid materials. If the progenitor star of 3I/Atlas expelled water vapor from locations where comets developed earlier than in our solar system, it could account for its unique composition, Genge articulates.

The scarcity of water vapor may also be attributed to previous close encounters with other stars, Genge notes. Codinner offers that water could be concealed deep within the comet’s crust, thus insulated from higher temperatures, which is indeed unusual.

World Capital of Astronomy: Chile

Discover the brilliance of Chilean astronomy. Explore some of the most advanced observatories globally and gaze upon the stunning night sky beneath some of the clearest atmospheric conditions on Earth.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

8 Adorable Facts About Cats Backed by Science

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Cat research is our favorite field of science (just after dog facts). We’ve compiled some of our top cat-related facts, so enjoy these 8 purrfect tidbits about our feline friends confirmed by science.

1. You can befriend your cat by blinking slowly

Studies indicate this method is effective for building a bond with your cat.

Researchers from the University of Portsmouth and the University of Sussex discovered that slow blinking mimics what are known as “cat smiles” or “slow links,” which helps foster connections between humans and cats.

“It’s wonderful to explore animal behavior and validate this form of communication between cats and their owners,” said Professor Karen McComb, who led the study at the University of Sussex’s Faculty of Psychology.

Cats blink slowly at their owners ©Getty Images

“Many cat owners have suspected this instinctively, so it’s exciting to find scientific evidence.”

Try softening your gaze with a relaxed smile and gently closing your eyes for a few seconds; you may notice your cat reciprocating and initiating some form of interaction!

The research found that owners were more likely to blink slowly after their cats did, compared to instances where there was no interaction at all.

2. One in ten pet cats suffer from separation anxiety

In a study surveying ten pet cats, it was noted that several displayed behavioral issues when temporarily separated from their owners.

Researchers focused on cats exhibiting signs of anxiety when isolated, and found that many belonged to households predominantly with women or without female residents.

The absence of toys and lack of companion animals in the home were also linked to similar behavioral issues in cats.

Owners provided details about each cat, including interaction patterns, behaviors exhibited during their absence, and the living environment of the cats.

1 in 10 pet cats experience separation anxiety ©Getty Images

The analysis revealed that 13.5% of cats displayed one or more traits associated with separation anxiety, with destructive behavior being the most frequently reported (20 out of 30 cats).

Other observed traits included excessive vocalization (19 cats), inappropriate urination (18 cats), aggression (11 cats), agitation (11 cats), anxious behaviors (11 cats), and inappropriate defecation (7 cats).

Significant signs of depression, such as lethargy and loss of interest, were documented in 16 cats with anxiety-related problems.

3. Your cat truly loves you

While food may be the initial bond between humans and cats, it doesn’t mean they see you merely as a can opener.

Chemical analysis of ancient cat bones from 5,300 years ago in China shows that these felines were rodent hunters in grain storage areas, indicating a mutual relationship as both provided shelter and pest control.

Over time, especially in Western culture, the bond became more affectionate, hinting at something deeper than simple food dependency.

You’re not just an oversized can opener © Dan Bright

Much like dogs, cats also exhibit behaviors that indicate attachment, such as bringing home prey or engaging in playful interactions. These actions go beyond mere survival; they’re expressions of familial affection.

A September 2019 study suggested that cats show “secure attachment” traits similar to those found in dogs, where the presence of human caregivers fosters feelings of security and calm.

Furthermore, studies suggest that when a cat snuggles up to you, the same brain hormones are triggered as when we’re around our loved ones. It seems that cats might just rival dogs for the title of “human’s best friend.”

4. Cats can sense an approaching thunderstorm

Cats, along with many other animals, possess heightened sensitivity to sounds, smells, and changes in atmospheric pressure, allowing them to detect storms before humans do.

Before a storm, a cat’s inner ear can sense drops in atmospheric pressure, and they may associate this with impending rain. They may even hear distant thunder or detect scents of rain or ozone, which is produced by lightning and has a characteristic metallic aroma.

5. Cats love boxes for their comfort

Cats can sleep up to 18 hours a day, making them solitary creatures in need of cozy hiding spaces for rest.

A box not only offers a snug retreat but also shields them from cold surfaces, as cats are most comfortable at around 14°C—much cooler than the human ideal.

6. Pet cats significantly affect local wildlife

Research indicates that domestic cats may kill more prey in certain areas than their wild counterparts.

A March 2020 study revealed that hunting domestic cats can greatly impact wildlife populations, particularly within a 100m radius of their homes.

The study found that pet cats kill 2-10 times more wildlife than animals of comparable size in the wild.

©Roland Kays/North Carolina State University/PA

Lead researcher Roland Kays stated, “Feeding domestic cats reduces their hunting frequency, yet their small home ranges mean any impact on local prey is highly concentrated.”

In addition, some regions experience unnaturally high cat populations, further threatening birds and small mammals.

The findings show that cats kill an average of 14.2 to 38.9 animals per 100 acres or hectares each year, with even greater effects observed in disrupted habitats like urban areas.

7. Cats cannot thrive on a vegan diet

In the wild, cats are strict carnivores, requiring certain essential amino acids like taurine that are only present in meat. These cannot be synthesized or stored, making it crucial for vegan cat diets to be carefully managed according to their age and weight.

Insufficient taurine can lead to serious health issues like blindness and heart disease, while excessive amounts can trigger urinary tract problems. Though carnivorous cats naturally absorb all necessary taurine from their diet, synthetic taurine found in vegan cat food may be metabolized differently, complicating the creation of balanced vegan meals for them.

8. Cats’ whiskers aid in precision hunting

The “whiskers” surrounding a cat’s face, known scientifically as vibrissae, comprise approximately 24 movable hairs and are complemented by additional whiskers located above their eyes, on their chin, and on the back of their paws. These sensitive hairs contain deep-rooted nerves critical for hunting, particularly in low-light conditions.

The whiskers are tailored to the cat’s body width, enhancing their ability to gauge distances while moving. They also provide sensory feedback on the direction and texture of prey, while monitoring airflow to fine-tune movements. It’s no wonder that your cat is such an elegant predator!

Discover more Amazing Animal Facts:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

CDC Discreetly Scales Back Food Poisoning Surveillance Program

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The federal-state collaboration that oversees foodborne illness monitoring discreetly diminished its operations nearly two months ago.

As of July 1st, the Food Surveillance for Active Foodborne Diseases (FoodNet) program has slashed its surveillance efforts to just two pathogens: Salmonella and Shiga Toxin-Producing E. coli (STEC), according to a spokesperson from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, as reported by NBC News.

Prior to this, the program was monitoring infections from six additional pathogens: Campylobacter, Cyclospora, Listeria, Shigella, Vibrio, and Yersinia. Some of these pathogens can trigger particularly severe or life-threatening diseases, especially in vulnerable populations such as newborns, pregnant individuals, or those with compromised immune systems.

While states involved in the program are no longer obligated to track the six pathogens, they are still allowed to conduct their own surveillance.

Food safety experts express concern that this underreported decision may hinder public health officials from recognizing trends in foodborne diseases.

FoodNet operates as a partnership between the CDC, the Food and Drug Administration, the Department of Agriculture, and ten state health departments, covering a surveillance area that includes about 54 million people, or 16% of the U.S. population.

A CDC representative commented, “FoodNet’s primary focus will remain on Salmonella and we will uphold both the infrastructure and the quality of our representation.”

A document shared with Connecticut’s Department of Public Health, as reported by NBC News, indicates that “funding does not align with the resources necessary to sustain comprehensive FoodNet surveillance for all eight pathogens.”

On Monday, a CDC spokesperson mentioned that other systems continue to perform national surveillance for the six pathogens removed from FoodNet. For instance, state health departments can still report cases through the National Notification Disease Surveillance System. Additionally, the CDC’s Listeria Initiative gathers laboratory-confirmed cases of listeriosis, a serious infection caused by consuming Listeria-contaminated food.

Nonetheless, food safety experts stress that FoodNet is the only active federal surveillance system monitoring multiple foodborne diseases. Other federal systems rely on passive reporting, meaning that the CDC depends on state health departments to notify them of cases.

Experts fear that without proactive monitoring of all eight pathogens, public health officials might struggle to accurately compare trends over time or to detect increases in specific diseases. There are also concerns that a reduction in FoodNet operations could hinder rapid responses to outbreaks.

Barbara Kowalcyk, director of the Institute for Food Safety and Nutrition Security at George Washington University, described the decision to cut FoodNet surveillance as “very disappointing.”

“The work that I and countless others have devoted over the past two to three decades to enhance food safety is now at risk,” she stated. Kowalcyk’s advocacy for improved U.S. food safety policy arose after the death of her son from complications linked to foodborne E. coli infections in 2001.

Kowalcyk emphasized that federal food safety funding has failed to keep pace with inflation, and cuts to state health department funding likely impede the ability to sustain FoodNet surveillance. The CDC has requested $72 million for the Food Safety Budget for the fiscal years 2026 and 2024.

It remains unclear how the changes to FoodNet will impact monitoring at the state level.

The health departments of Oregon and Connecticut acknowledged awareness of the recent changes on Monday, while the Georgia Department of Public Health noted it had not yet received official updates from the CDC. Meanwhile, the New Mexico Health Department is awaiting notification from the CDC to clarify the future scope of surveillance.

The Maryland Department of Health indicated that their reporting will continue “regardless of the changes to the FoodNet network,” as state health providers and clinical laboratories must report cases for all eight pathogens monitored by FoodNet.

The Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment warned that if funding decreases in 2026, it may have to scale back active surveillance for some pathogens.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Paleontologists Uncover Early Signs of Human-Maternal Interbreeding

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists at the National Museum d’Historel in Tel Aviv University and Delige University, France, have reported a fascinating discovery involving a combination of Neanderthal and Homo sapiens skeletal features in a 5-year-old child found in 1931 at Skhūl Cave, located on Mount Carmel, Israel.

A group of Neanderthals in a cave. Image credit: Tyler B. Tretsven.

Mugarat Es Skhūl (Skhūl Cave) was uncovered in 1928 by Theodore McConne and Dorothy Garrod on Mount Carmel, Israel.

The excavation revealed skeletal remains of seven adults and three children, alongside isolated bones linked to 16 additional individuals associated with the Fauna and Musteria tool industry.

The fossils belong to Homo sapiens, or “anatomically modern humans,” dating back approximately 140,000 years to the end of the Mid Pleistocene.

The initial discoveries in the cave were of children aged three to five years.

A recent study led by Professor Israel Hirschkowitz of Tel Aviv University indicates that the child’s skull resembles the overall shape of Homo sapiens, particularly in the skull vault, with inner ear structures characteristic of the intracranial blood supply system and features of the mandible akin to Neanderthals.

“This finding highlights the earliest known human fossils exhibiting morphological traits from both of these groups,” he stated.

“This study indicates that the skeleton of the five-year-old child is a result of ongoing genetic intermingling with the local Neanderthal and Homo sapiens populations,” he added.

“Genetic research over the last decade has demonstrated that these two groups exchanged genes,” remarked Professor Hirschkowitz.

“Even today, 40,000 years after the last Neanderthals vanished, 2-6% of our genomes can be traced back to Neanderthals,” he continued.

“However, these gene exchanges occurred much later, between 60,000-40,000 years ago. In this case, we are addressing human fossils from 140,000 years ago.”

Traditionally, Neanderthals were thought to have evolved in Europe and migrated to Israeli territories approximately 70,000 years ago due to advancing glaciers.

A 2021 study revealed that early Neanderthals inhabited Israeli lands around 400,000 years ago.

This type of human is referred to as “Nescher Ramra.” Homo might have interbred with Homo sapiens, a group that began migrating out of Africa around 200,000 years ago – and according to findings from the current study, they did breed.

The children from Skhūl Cave represent the earliest fossil evidence of the social and biological bonds formed between these two groups over thousands of years.

Ultimately, local Neanderthals dwindled as they were absorbed into the Homo sapiens population, similar to Neanderthals in later Europe.

“The fossils we researched are the earliest known tangible proof of mating between Neanderthals and Homo sapiens,” Professor Hirschkowitz commented.

“In 1998, child skeletons were unearthed in Portugal, displaying features from both human groups.”

“However, that skeleton, known as the ‘Lapedo Valley Child,’ dates back just 28,000 years.”

Historically, anthropologists have attributed the fossils found in Skhūl Cave, alongside those from the Caffze cave near Nazareth, to early groups of Homo sapiens.

“Current research reveals that some fossils from the Skhūl cave are indeed the product of continuous genetic intermingling with local and ancient Neanderthal populations of Homo sapiens,” he concluded.

Survey results were published in the journal on June 14th, l’anthropologie.

____

Bastien Bouvier et al. 2025. New analysis of Skhūl child’s neurological and mandible: taxonomic conclusions and cultural implications. l’anthropologie 129(3): 103385; doi: 10.1016/j.anthro.2025.103385

Source: www.sci.news

Inouye Solar Telescope Reveals Unmatched Detail in Coronal Flare Loop

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing a visible broadband imager at NSF’s Daniel K. Inouye Solar Telescope captured an extraordinary coronal loop strand during the attenuation phase of the X1.3 class flare on August 8, 2024. This discovery heralds a significant advancement in determining the fundamental scale of solar coronal loops, advancing flare modeling into a groundbreaking territory.

High-resolution image of flares from the Inouye Solar Telescope, taken at 8:12 UT on August 2024. The image shows approximately four earth diamonds on each side. Labels for various related regions of the image are added to clarify: flare ribbons (bright regions of energy emissions in the dense low solar atmosphere) and arcades of coronal loops (arcs of magnetic field lines that transport energy from the corona to the flare ribbons). Image credit: NSF/NSO/AURA.

Coronal loops are plasma arches that follow solar magnetic field lines and often precede solar flares, which release massive amounts of energy tied to some of these lines.

This energy burst ignites solar storms that can impact Earth’s vital infrastructure.

Inouye astronomers observe sunlight at the H-Alpha wavelength (656.28 nm) to reveal specific solar features that remain hidden in other forms of solar observation.

“A lot of effort has gone into understanding this domain,” noted Dr. Cole Tamburi, an astronomer from the University of Colorado, Boulder.

“These flares represent some of the most energetic occurrences in our stars, and we were fortunate to capture this under ideal observational conditions.”

Dr. Tamburi and his team concentrated on the thin magnetic field loops resembling razors, woven over the flared ribbons.

On average, the loops measured around 48 km in width, although some results were limited by the telescope’s resolution.

“Before Inouye, I could only envision what this scale might look like,” remarked Dr. Tamburi.

“Now we can witness it in reality. These are the tiniest coronal loops observed on the sun.”

Inouye’s Visible Broadband Imager (VBI) tuned to the H-Alpha filter can resolve features down to 24 km.

This resolution is more than twice as sharp as that of the next best solar telescope, making this discovery possible.

“It’s one thing to theorize about a telescope’s capabilities,” commented Dr. Maria Kazachenko, PhD, from the University of Colorado Boulder.

“It’s invigorating to see those theories validated in practice.”

Initially, the research plan involved investigating the dynamics of chromospheric spectral lines using Inouye’s Visible Spectrometer (VISP). However, VBI data uncovered an unexpected treasure: an intricate coronal structure that can directly enhance flare models built with complex radiative hydrodynamic codes.

“We set out to find one thing and stumbled upon something even more intriguing,” Dr. Kazachenko stated.

The prevailing theory suggested that coronal loops could range from 10 to 100 km in width, but verifying this observationally had been challenging.

“We are finally gaining insight into the spatial scales we have long speculated about,” Dr. Tamburi explained.

“This paves the way for examining not just size, but shape, evolution, and even the scales where magnetic reconnection—the engine behind flares—occurs.”

Perhaps the most exciting implication is that these loops might be fundamental structures, core components of flare architecture.

“In that scenario, we wouldn’t just be mapping out clusters of loops; for the first time, we’re analyzing individual loops,” Dr. Tamburi added.

“It’s akin to observing a forest and suddenly recognizing all the trees.”

The image itself is stunning. A radiant arcade crowned with dark, thread-like loops, vibrant flared ribbons marked with strikingly sharp contours—ascending triangular patterns near the center and arc-shaped formations at the top.

“Even casual observers will soon recognize its complexity,” Dr. Tamburi remarked.

“This represents a landmark moment in solar science.”

“We are finally observing the sun at a scale that makes sense.”

The team’s paper will be published in Astrophysics Journal Letters.

____

Cole A. Tumburi et al. 2025. Revealing unprecedented microstructure in coronal flare loops using DKIST. apjl in press; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ADF95E

Source: www.sci.news

“Mozart of Mathematics” Stays Silent on Politics—Until Funding Cuts Spark Change.

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Terence Tao, widely recognized as one of the world’s leading mathematicians—often dubbed the “Mozart of Mathematics”—tends to avoid discussions on politics.

As Tao stated, “I’m focused on scientific research. I participate in voting and sign petitions, but I don’t view myself as an activist.”

Following the halting of a $584 million federal grant at UCLA in July, Tao expressed concern regarding the potential impact on scientists, suggesting that if the current trend persists, it could lead to indiscriminate cuts affecting many, himself included.

“This administration has exhibited extreme radicalism, particularly in its alteration of scientific landscapes in ways even the first Trump administration did not,” Tao commented. “This is not normal, and I believe many people are unaware of the damage occurring.”

Tao is among a select group of prominent mathematicians who openly challenge the regime’s actions, labeling them as “existential threats” to his field and the broader academic science community. He has prioritized public advocacy over his research for the time being.

“The U.S. is the leading global funder of scientific research, and the administration is focused on consolidating America’s innovative edge. However, federal research funding isn’t a constitutional guarantee,” remarked White House spokesperson Kush Desai. “The administration’s duty is to ensure taxpayer-funded research aligns with the priorities of American citizens.”

During the Trump administration, UCLA faced scrutiny through the suspension of its federal grants, based on claims of racism and failure to maintain a “non-biased research environment.” Investigations noted these issues.

Having emigrated to the United States from Australia at the age of 16, Tao was recognized as a mathematical prodigy early on. He has developed a significant career at UCLA and was awarded the 2016 Fields Medal, often regarded as the equivalent of a Nobel Prize in Mathematics. Additionally, he has earned a MacArthur Fellowship and other prestigious honors.

As part of a comprehensive federal lawsuit against UCLA, the National Science Foundation suspended two of its TAO grants, one of which directly backed Tao’s contributions at UCLA and his work with the University’s Institute of Pure and Applied Mathematics (IPAM). This was designated as a special project.

On August 12th, U.S. District Judge Rita F. Lynn mandated the reinstatement of the university’s NSF grants and the enforcement of previous provisional injunctions amid ongoing legal disputes. This ruling specifically pertains only to NSF grants at UCLA, including Tao’s. Other federal grants from agencies like the National Institutes of Health and the Energy Division remain suspended.

An NSF spokesperson confirmed, “The National Science Foundation has reinstated the awards that were suspended at the University of California, Los Angeles,” while withholding any further comment on Tao’s remarks.

Looking ahead, IPAM funding—established in 2000 to enhance collaboration among mathematicians, industry professionals, and engineers—remains at risk. The current grant is set to expire next year and awaits renewal, with the Trump administration proposing a 57% budget reduction for the NSF. Requests for 2026 are under consideration.

Tao’s NSF-funded research delves into advanced mathematical concepts, particularly focusing on understanding patterns in long numbers. Although this research may seem basic and lacks immediate practical applications, Tao suggests that its findings could influence encryption methods for security purposes.

On the other hand, IPAM’s research has yielded substantial public benefits. Two decades ago, Tao collaborated with other scientists to address signal processing challenges in medical imaging.

“An algorithm we developed with IPAM is routinely used in modern MRI machines, sometimes enhancing scanning speed by tenfold,” Tao noted.

The Trump administration has employed funding cuts or suspensions as leverage to push for reforms on university campuses, employing a multifaceted strategy. Initially, they sought to slash funding for scientific endeavors by reducing federal reimbursements for indirect costs like equipment and maintenance.

Subsequently, they focused on specific types of grants, including those addressing diversity, equity, inclusion, and gender identity.

The administration also singled out institutions like Harvard University, Columbia University, and, more recently, UCLA, over allegations of racism and anti-Semitism.

The lawsuit corresponds with numerous funding initiatives, leading to ongoing legal disputes which resulted in the cancellation and subsequent restoration of several grants.

Tao expressed that the recent disruption in financing for his project has compelled him to defer part of his own salary to maintain support for graduate students. His recent activities have shifted from mathematics to attending urgent meetings with university authorities, seeking donor contributions, and writing an opinion opposing the funding cuts.

“This is typically when I focus on my research, but this has become a top priority,” Tao emphasized.

He grows increasingly anxious about the bigger picture, believing that the administration’s actions could dissuade young scientists from remaining in the U.S., asserting that if this pattern continues, he himself may have to reconsider his position.

Tao has observed from his vantage point at UCLA that graduate and postdoctoral students are increasingly inclined to seek opportunities outside the U.S. as funding uncertainty looms.

“In past eras, other countries with distinguished scientific heritages faced turmoil and conflict, prompting many to flee to the U.S. as a safe haven,” Tao remarked. “It’s paradoxical that we are now witnessing an inverse trend where other countries might begin to attract skilled talent currently based in the U.S.”

Just a year ago, Tao hadn’t considered leaving UCLA or the U.S., but he has received a handful of recruitment inquiries and is beginning to contemplate his future in America if the current situation continues.

“I’ve established my roots here. I raised my family here, so it would take significant incentives to uproot me. Nonetheless, these days, predicting the future is increasingly challenging,” Tao concluded. “I never envisioned moving at all; it was never on my radar. Yet now, whether for better or worse, all possibilities must be taken into account.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Neolithic Cow Teeth Provide Evidence for the Welsh Origins of Stonehenge Stones

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers from University College London and other institutions have analyzed the molars of female Boss Torus (cattle) discovered at Stonehenge.

Stonehenge. Image credit: Regina Wolf.

In 1924, archaeologists restored the jawbone of an elderly cow found at the base of the groove surrounding Stonehenge Stage 1, constructed between 2995 and 2900 BC.

Professor Michael Parker Pearson from University College London and his team dated the find between 3350 and 2920 BC through isotopic analysis of a tooth, suggesting its origins in Wales.

“This offers even more intriguing evidence of Stonehenge’s connection to Southwest Wales, the source of Bluestone,” noted Professor Parker Pearson.

“It heightens the likelihood that these cows assisted in transporting the stones.”

Researchers recorded chemical signals from the second year of the animal’s life and sectioned its third molar into nine horizontal slices.

This enabled them to measure isotopes of carbon, oxygen, strontium, and lead, each shedding light on the cow’s diet, environment, and movements.

The varying concentrations and types found in the teeth offered insights into the cattle’s lifestyle.

Oxygen isotopes indicated that the teeth recorded about six months of growth spanning winter to summer, while carbon isotopes revealed seasonal dietary changes: forest feed in winter and pasture in summer.

Moreover, strontium isotopes suggested that these seasonal food sources came from different geological regions, implying that the cattle may have moved seasonally or that winter feed was transported.

Lead isotopes indicated a spike in composition between late winter and spring, suggesting older lead sources than the other dental leads.

The findings imply that the cattle originated from much older Paleozoic rock formations in the Pleshri hills of Pembrokeshire, Wales.

“This research revealed six months of unprecedented details about the life of this cow, presenting the first evidence of cattle movements from Wales and documenting dietary shifts and life events from around 5,000 years ago,” remarked Professor Jane Evans, an archaeologist at the National Environmental Isotope Facility at the British Geological Survey.

“One slice of cow tooth has conveyed an extraordinary narrative. I am hopeful that more revelations will emerge from her extensive journey as new scientific tools become available.”

Additionally, scientists concluded that unusual lead signals could not be attributed solely to local contamination or movement.

Rather, this lead, retained in the cow’s bones, was regenerating during the stress of pregnancy.

If accurate, this indicates that the cow was female during the formation of the teeth and was either pregnant or breastfeeding.

To validate this hypothesis, the authors employed peptide-based sex determination techniques, suggesting that the animal was likely a female.

“This study offers significant new insights into the life history of this enigmatic cow, whose remains were deposited at such a pivotal location at the entrance to Stonehenge,” said Professor Richard Majwick of Cardiff University.

“It provides unparalleled details regarding the animal’s distant origins and the arduous journey it undertook.”

“Often, grand narratives dominate research on major archaeological sites, but this detailed biographical examination of individual animals brings a fresh perspective to Stonehenge’s story.”

The team’s findings were published on June 17th, 2025, in the Journal of Archaeological Science.

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J. Evans et al. 2025 Boss Torus Evaluating the comparative sources and uptake times of teeth, strontium and lead from Stonehenge. Journal of Archaeological Science 180:106269; doi:10.1016/j.jas.2025.106269

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Identified Freshwater Turtle Species Thrived During Dinosaur Extinction

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have introduced a new genus and species of stem cell turtles, based on complete fossil shells discovered in the early Ale Holocene Denver Formation in Colorado.

Reconstruction of Tavachelydra stevensoni in a water environment with logs. Image credit: Andrey Atuchin.

Tavachelydra stevensoni existed in present-day US during the late Ale Holocene, approximately 66-65 million years ago, shortly after the mass extinction event.

The species is part of the Chelydridae family of freshwater turtles, which includes at least seven extinct species and two extant genera.

“The clade of extant Chelydrid turtles (Chelydridae) comprises five species native to the New World,” stated Dr. Tyler Lyson from the Denver Museum of Natural Sciences and his team.

“Though not a varied clade, Chelydrid turtles are commonly found in most North American freshwater ecosystems.”

“The broader group of Chelydrids (i.e., Pan-Chelydridae) is present throughout Laurasia, but their fossil records are notoriously fragmented.”

Fossilized shells and two skulls of Tavachelydra stevensoni were found in the Corral Bluffs survey area in El Paso County, southern Colorado, east of Colorado Springs.

“The straight shell measures nearly 50 cm in length, making Tavachelydra stevensoni one of the larger turtles from the early Ale (Puercan) of the Denver Basin,” remarked the paleontologist.

“Interestingly, two Pan-Chelydrid turtles coexisted during the early Middle Age of this formation: Tavachelydra stevensoni and Denverus middletonii.

“The size difference is significant, with Tavachelydra stevensoni being at least four times larger than Denverus middletonii, which may have reduced competition between the two species in overlapping geographical ranges.”

Although little is known about the paleoenvironment of the single known specimen of Denverus middletonii, the yellow sandstone of fine to medium grain was initially interpreted as channel fill.

In contrast, the two specimens of Tavachelydra stevensoni suggest that they were likely found in ponded waters or sediments, indicating they lived in sediment-rich areas such as overbank deposits.

“While little can be said about the diet of Denverus middletonii due to the lack of skull preservation, the skulls of Tavachelydra stevensoni show large, wide, flat surfaces, likely used to consume hard-shelled organisms such as corals, shelled mollusks, and crabs,” noted the researchers.

“Thus, it seems plausible that Denverus middletonii and Tavachelydra stevensoni occupied distinct ecological niches, with Tavachelydra stevensoni preferring a pond habitat and a durophagous diet.”

“Remarkably, turtle species with a durophagous diet have shown higher survival rates during mass extinction events compared to those with softer diets.”

In addition to the presumed dietary habits of Tavachelydra stevensoni, other common reptiles from the same sedimentary formation include the button-toothed crocodile Cf. Wangonacosuchus and Baenid turtles such as Paratabena nerrellum, Succersies gilberti, and Cedrobaena putrius.

“This indicates that durophagy was a significant life history trait for the earliest Ale-Holocene freshwater vertebrates in North America.”

The discovery of Tavachelydra stevensoni is detailed in a paper published in the Swiss Journal of Palaeontology.

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TR Lyson et al. 2025. New pan-chlydrid turtle, Tavachelydra stevensoni gen. et sp. from the Coral Bluffs area, Lower Aleapione (early Danian, Puercan), Denver Basin, Colorado. Swiss J Palaeontol 144, 46; doi:10.1186/s13358-025-00375-4

Source: www.sci.news

Burning Man Attendees Confront Extreme Weather Conditions

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Las Vegas – This year’s Burning Man festival attendees have not had much cooperation from Mother Nature.

Amid fierce sandstorms, high temperatures, and humidity over the weekend, there’s a looming threat of rain and potential flooding in the coming days, marking a chaotic start to the annual event in Nevada’s Black Rock Desert.

A powerful sandstorm with winds reaching 50 mph swept through Black Rock City on Saturday, creating disorder at campsites and causing significant travel delays in the area. The National Weather Service issued a Dust Storm Advisory, citing a “blowing dust wall” heading north that evening.

According to a Burning Man spokesperson, NBC News reported four minor injuries related to the wind and dust.

The storm caused traffic disruptions due to strong winds and reduced visibility, leading to the closure of Black Rock City gates. For those already inside, swirling dust overturned many campsites and scattered personal belongings.

“If you’re in Black Rock City, secure your camp and refrain from driving,” warned the official Burning Man account monitoring conditions both inside and outside Black Rock City. This was shared on x on Saturday.

Participants described the winds as relentless for over an hour, remarking, “The desert is always trying to kill you.” They expressed that it was “arguably the most frightening experience” at Burning Man. This sentiment was shared on Facebook.

Around 70,000 individuals are expected to attend the festival, which continues until September 1st.

On the festival’s first day, northern Nevada experienced humidity levels nearing 100°F, with about 57% humidity. Another dust advisory was issued that evening by the National Weather Service, predicting 50 mph winds and visibility under a mile across parts of central Nevada.

There were also possibilities of rain and thunderstorms that temporarily halted vehicle traffic by locking the gates in Black Rock City.

“The current travel time for vehicles on Gate Road is estimated at seven hours when the gates reopen,” noted a festival official. This was updated on x Sunday night.

Cleanup efforts are in progress, but the volatile weather conditions persist.

Rain and thunderstorms are forecast for Monday and beyond. The dusty lake beds are prone to flooding, and excessive rainfall could transform the playa into muddy terrain.

In 2023, torrential rains trapped thousands of Burning Man participants in thick mud. Attendees were advised to “evacuate to shelter,” leading to a report of one fatality by the Pershing County Sheriff’s Office.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

CDC Finds Risk Factors for Congenital Deficiency in Women Under 50 Can Be Mitigated

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In the United States, one in 33 infants is born with a birth defect. New research from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention highlights methods to mitigate that risk.

The study identifies five risk factors that public health officials, and even the women themselves, can address: obesity, diabetes, tobacco exposure, food insecurity, and insufficient folic acid levels (a crucial vitamin for cell production).

The findings indicate that 66% of women aged 12 to 49 possess at least one of these risk factors, with 10% having three or more. The CDC’s discovery, published on Tuesday in The American Journal of Preventive Medicine, is based on data from 5,374 women surveyed as part of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2007 to 2020.

“It’s vital to raise awareness about these risk factors and encourage women to consult their healthcare providers if they have any concerns or questions before pregnancy,” stated Arick Wang, a CDC health scientist and lead author of the study.

She further noted, “The risk can be mitigated through measures such as daily intake of 400 micrograms of folic acid, maintaining a healthy diet and exercise routine, and managing blood glucose levels.”

Congenital abnormalities are significant causes of infant mortality, according to CDC statistics. Risks often begin before women even realize they are pregnant. While the causes of birth defects remain largely unknown, experts typically acknowledge that various combinations of genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors contribute.

“This should serve as a wake-up call for all of us,” remarked Dr. Michael Warren, chief medical and health officer at March of Dimes, a nonprofit organization focusing on maternal and infant health.

“We aim to ensure that nutritious foods are accessible,” added Warren, who was not involved in the research. “We want to guarantee that individuals have a secure environment for physical activity.”

Individuals experiencing food insecurity may lack essential nutrients for the healthy development of their fetal organs, including folic acid. For instance, low blood levels of folic acid are linked to neural tube defects—issues impacting the brain or spine that occur during the first month of pregnancy. Healthcare professionals recommend that those who are pregnant or planning to conceive take folic acid, a synthetic version of the vitamin.

Since 1998, the Food and Drug Administration has mandated the fortification of enriched grain products with folic acid. CDC scientist Wang mentioned in a press release that this policy is likely to prevent over 1,300 annual cases of babies born with neural tube defects.

“The majority of birth defects still remain unexplained,” Nembhard stated. “Even when women make all the right choices—avoiding smoking, abstaining from alcohol during pregnancy, monitoring caffeine intake, and staying active—they may still face challenges.

Warren, who previously served as the pre-administrator of HHS’s Maternal and Child Health Department until June, highlighted that many women may not recognize obesity and food insecurity as risk factors.

Obesity, which impacted approximately one-third of the surveyed women, was identified as the most prevalent modifiable risk factor in CDC studies. While the reasons behind its association with birth defects are not entirely understood, it seems that altered metabolic processes (like how a woman’s body regulates insulin and glucose) can lead to abnormal fetal development.

“When our cells grow and develop into organs, they depend on precise conditions and functions. Disrupting these processes can lead to complications,” Warren explained.

He noted that elevated blood sugar levels from diabetes can also contribute to abnormal organ development. Additionally, certain chemicals found in tobacco smoke, including nicotine, can diminish oxygen supply to the fetus.

Warren emphasized the need for ongoing efforts. He referenced Mississippi’s recent declaration of a public health emergency, which aims to address the “Care Desert,” where women struggle to access obstetric services due to high infant mortality rates.

External researchers commended the release of the study amidst budget cuts and proposed reductions in funding for agencies.

“We are pleased to see this research continue, even amidst questions about its future,” remarked Wendy Nenberd, director of the Center for Research and Prevention at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.

In March, the Department of Health and Human Services announced layoffs of 2,400 CDC employees. However, a federal judge issued a preliminary ruling on August 12, which blocked layoffs for specific CDC programs, including the National Center for Congenital Deficiency and Developmental Disorders, the team behind the current study. At least 600 CDC employees are still expected to receive permanent termination notices.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Is Africa on the Verge of a Solar Energy Revolution?

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Explosive growth of solar energy and panels in Niamey, Niger

Boureima Hama/AFP via Getty Images

A remarkable increase in solar panel shipments from China to African nations over the past year suggests a significant boost in the continent’s renewable energy infrastructure. This growth facilitates broader access to affordable and clean electricity while decreasing the dependency on imported fossil fuels.

“We’re not witnessing a huge explosion yet,” says Dave Jones from Ember, a UK energy think tank. “This marks the beginning of momentum.”

Jones and his team examined export data for Chinese solar panels from 2017 to the present. Although Africa possesses the infrastructure for solar panel manufacturing, it remains reliant on Chinese imports for nearly all its needs.

From June 2024 to 2025, exports to Africa soared by 60%, surpassing the 15 gigawatts of electricity imported during this timeframe.

This recent surge differs from earlier increases in 2022 and 2023, which were mainly concentrated in South Africa; now, the growth is evident across the continent. Twenty nations report import records, and 25 nations import solar panels totaling 100 megawatts. “It’s not driven by one or two countries,” notes Jones, “which I find incredibly encouraging.”

While South Africa continues to lead, accounting for about a quarter of total imports, several other nations significantly increased their acquisitions. Nigeria ranks second with 1,721 megawatts, followed by Algeria, which imported 1,199 megawatts in total. In the last two years, imports of solar panels from China to African countries (excluding South Africa) have more than tripled.

If all panels imported in the past year have been installed, it’s estimated that 16 countries could meet at least 5% of their current electricity needs. Sierra Leone could potentially generate over 60% of its existing power from solar energy. This shift towards solar energy could also mitigate reliance on costly fossil fuel imports.

“The transition towards a just-energy Africa is no longer a distant goal; it is happening right now,” asserts Amos Wemanya, of Power Shift Africa, a Kenyan energy think tank. “This transition holds the promise to significantly enhance our resilience against climate disruptions and foster development.”

This surge can be attributed partly to substantial solar power projects in development; however, that isn’t the full story. Jones emphasizes that many imports are destined for small, distributed installations, such as rooftops and farms, as users seek more affordable and reliable alternatives to national grid power. A similar pattern has emerged in Pakistan, where rooftop solar has seen explosive growth in recent years, driven by falling panel prices.

While this trend is promising, around 600 million people in Africa—almost half the continent’s population—lack dependable electricity access. Nonetheless, the development of solar energy in Africa still lags behind other global regions. Many African countries struggle to secure investments in renewable energy, representing only 2% of global investments over the last few decades. Interestingly, over the past year, Pakistan has imported more solar panels than all of Africa combined, despite having only one-sixth of Africa’s population.

“Our key challenge is to transform this momentum into sustainable benefits by amending funding, policies, and local industries to ensure that clean energy is not only accessible but also reliable, affordable, and inclusive for all Africans,” concludes Wemanya.

Egypt: Scientific Pioneers of the Ancient World – Cairo and Alexandria

Embark on a remarkable journey through Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt’s two iconic cities where ancient history meets modern vibrance.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Human Review: Uncovering the Ancient Roots of Humanity in the Exciting New BBC Documentary

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A dramatic reconstruction of early modern Homo sapiens in Africa

BBC/BBC Studios

TX Date: 21-07-2025, Texas Week: 29, Embargo: 08-07-2025 00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00:00: copyright: BBC Studios, Credit Line: BBC / BBC Studios — A dramatic reconstruction of early modern Homo sapiens in Africa

BBC/BBC Studios

human
Available on BBC iPlayer (UK); US PBS (September 17)

Based on my observations, science documentaries often fall into two categories, akin to French and Italian cuisines. (Hear me out before you judge that comparison.) The first category employs intricate techniques for a deep experience. The second is more straightforward, allowing the content to shine naturally.

Both documentary styles can yield impressive results in their own ways. human, a five-part BBC series exploring the roots of our genus, Homo, undoubtedly fits into the latter category. It weaves together compelling stories, stunning visuals, and the charismatic presence of paleontologist Ella Al Shamahi, inviting viewers to embark on a heartfelt journey through six million years of our human history. No flashy add-ons are necessary.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i7dnkjbe0i4

The first episode delves into complex inquiries. When exactly did our species emerge? Multiple perspectives yield varying answers. Was it 300,000 years ago when humans began to exhibit features resembling ours? Was it when our skulls, according to Al Shamahi, transformed to become softer and more spherical? Or, more poetically, when we developed remarkable traits like intricate language, abstract thought, and cooperative behavior?

“
The series intertwines fascinating narratives, stunning visuals, and the captivating presence of Ella Al Shamahi.
“

It’s an engaging episode, particularly when the narrative shifts to other extinct human species. For instance, Al Shamahi’s exploration of Indonesia introduces us to Homo floresiensis, a meter-tall human uniquely adapted to life on Flores. The discovery of these “hobbits” in the Liang Bua Caves two decades ago reshaped our understanding of ancient human biology. Their small brains provide insights into tool use, with their long arms and short stature diverging from other human species.

Episode three highlights the fate of our most famous relative, the Neanderthals. As we spread into Europe and Asia, they adapted to colder climates but ultimately faced extinction.

Throughout the series, Al Shamahi showcases amazing paleontological discoveries made over recent decades (many of which you may have read about in New Scientist). For instance, rainbow feathers from birds like the red kite have garnered interest regarding their significance to Neanderthals. Meanwhile, the perikymata—a growth line in tooth enamel—affirms that H. sapiens experienced extended childhoods, leveraging our cognitive capacity.

Over just five episodes, human cannot cover every aspect of our evolutionary story. Yet, it illuminates how H. sapiens has been shaped by climate influences, the flora and fauna that provide for us, other human species, and collaborative nomadic groups that shared skills, knowledge, and DNA, allowing us to thrive and eventually build cities.

This dimension of H. sapiens portrays humanity as the ultimate survivor, capable of progression and dominance over the Earth. In contrast, human offers a more humble narrative, emphasizing our species alongside our ancient relatives.

Tracking Human Evolution
Gain insights behind the scenes of the new BBC series human with Ella Al Shamahi on NewsCientist.com/Video

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In a captivating and poignant narrative, Ella Al Shamahi addresses the inadequate frontline science conducted in regions perceived as inhospitable to Western researchers. Discover Neanderthal skeletons exhibiting severe disabilities unearthed in present-day Iraq—a striking reminder of the discoveries we’ve overlooked.

Bethan Ackerley is a sub-editor at New Scientist. She has a passion for science fiction, sitcoms, and all things eerie. Follow her on Twitter @inkerley

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Are you a book lover? Join a welcoming community of fellow readers. Every six weeks, we dive into exciting new titles, and members enjoy exclusive access to excerpts, author articles, and video interviews.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Frozen Microorganisms Survive for 100,000 Years

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Some archaea can endure extreme environments

Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library

SEI 262946127 — Some archaea can endure extreme environments

Steve Gschmeissner/Science Photo Library

Microorganisms found in Siberian permafrost seem to have existed for more than 100,000 years as indicated by DNA analysis. The genetic similarities with other species imply that such long life spans might be common among the closest living relatives of complex cell organisms.

Additionally, microorganisms gathered from ancient marine sediments, some over 100 million years old, raise questions about the survival of individual organisms over such spans. “You can’t conduct experiments over that duration,” states Karen Lloyd from the University of Southern California. “[Time] Coexistence is an unpredictable variable.”

Lloyd and her team aimed to find microorganisms in areas that had been stable for extensive periods. Their exploration led them to the Chukchi Peninsula, the easternmost point of Siberia, where they extracted a 22-meter core of permafrost.

This core allowed them to extract DNA from layers of marine sediment that dates back between 100,000 and 120,000 years. These sediments contained pores filled with liquid water that might have trapped microorganisms, preventing any exchange of nutrients or organisms. “Being frozen means that ice structures encapsulate them,” Lloyd explains.

The subsequent question was how to differentiate between living and non-living cells. Researchers sequenced millions of DNA fragments from the permafrost, utilizing them to reconstruct the genomes of various microbial species present. The degraded DNA was repaired, and enzymes that facilitated genome reconstitution were introduced into the mix.

After incorporating DNA repair enzymes, most reconstructed genomes showed significant completeness, indicating they originated from dead cells that do not actively preserve DNA integrity, according to Lloyd. Conversely, the genomes of six species showed minimal alteration, suggesting that these DNA samples came from living cells actively maintaining their genome since being frozen at least 100,000 years ago.

All six species with intact DNA were from the gate forest, also known as Asgard Archaea. These organisms are recognized as the closest modern relatives to all eukaryotes, encompassing animals, plants, fungi, and other native forms of life.

“Discovering Asgard archaea thriving in ancient permafrost offers insight into their evolutionary path… and their role in the emergence of complex life,” remarks team member Rend Liang at the University of Earth Sciences in China, especially during an era when the Earth was fully frozen.

Even more remarkably, the long-lived species were similar to Asgard Archaea found in less extreme environments, sharing genes associated with protein and DNA repair. This may have facilitated gradual exchanges of cellular components in low-energy conditions without cell division. “They’re like the most uneventful Asgards ever,” Lloyd comments. “Their lack of excitement suggests they possess capabilities.”

Stephen de Hon from the University of Rhode Island considers the study a “significant advancement” in understanding exceptionally long life spans.

Nevertheless, he warns that these findings should not be generalized to environments beyond freezing conditions like permafrost. “Long periods of inactivity in frozen states are different from living extensively at minimal activity levels.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Water-Soluble 3D Printed Electronics for Fast Recycling

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Prototype electronics can be made from polymers that dissolve in water, facilitating recycling.

ZEYU YAN/University of Maryland

Devices like Bluetooth speakers can be 3D printed using water-soluble materials in just a few hours. This innovation enables rapid prototyping, easier recycling of electronic waste, and encourages more sustainable manufacturing practices for consumer electronics.

Researchers have successfully created technology that can dissolve, including printed circuit boards that house essential components and wiring for modern electronics. Each year, hundreds of millions of printed circuit boards are produced for military aircraft, automobiles, medical devices, smartphones, and inexpensive toys. Yet, globally, only a fraction of these devices are recycled through labor-intensive methods, often involving shredding to reclaim usable materials, according to Huaishu Peng from the University of Maryland.

Peng and his team crafted a 3D printed circuit board with polyvinyl alcohol, a polymer that dissolves in water. They filled the circuit board’s channels with liquid gallium-indium metal alloys for wiring, and manually attached electronic components. After sealing the circuit with a polymer adhesive, the device was dried for an hour at 60 °C.

This method enabled researchers to assemble functioning prototypes of a Bluetooth speaker, a fidget toy, and an electronic gripper with three fingers. A small amount of water does not immediately damage these devices, but after soaking for 36 hours at a room temperature of 22°C, they dissolve.

The researchers could then easily retrieve most electronic components and liquid metals, which accumulated as small beads. The evaporation of water also allowed them to recover 99% of the dissolved polyvinyl alcohol.

Soluble circuit boards are particularly beneficial for designers who aim to quickly test and validate electronic prototypes, as recycling traditional printed circuit boards presents significant challenges. As noted by Jasmine Lu from the University of Chicago, Illinois, in her study on circuit board reuse, “Printed circuit boards are a major source of e-waste during the prototyping of electronic devices.”

A 2022 United Nations Report regarding e-waste revealed that Asia generated 600,000 tons of discarded circuit boards but managed to recycle only 17%. In contrast, Europe and North America produced 300,000 tons of printed circuit boards, achieving a recycling rate of 61% in Europe and 44% in North America.

What sets this approach apart is that virtually anyone with a 3D printer can implement this dissolvable electronics methodology, making it more accessible compared to other sustainable electronics initiatives, according to Lu. For practical use, Peng suggests that the devices can be safeguarded with a temporary waterproof casing.

Nonetheless, due to the inherent fragility of these circuit boards, Lu indicates that soluble electronics are currently more suited for rapid prototyping rather than mass production of finished electronic goods.

Peng and his colleagues have not dismissed the idea of mass production. They are reaching out to circuit board manufacturers to explore the possibilities. For now, Peng aims to utilize this technology to enable university students to rapidly prototype and reuse designs.

“Typically, you would need to outsource circuit board production to a factory, which could take weeks for manufacturing and shipping,” he explains. “You can design something here, print it in under 30 minutes, and if it doesn’t work, simply dissolve it in water and try again.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Under 50% of Farm-Grown Calories Make It to Our Plates

Posted on August 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A contributing factor to the reduced calorie availability is the reliance on palm oil for biodiesel.

Augustine Bin Jumat/Shutterstock

In 2020, the global agricultural output could have supported 15 billion individuals, yet only around half of those calories made it to people’s tables. This figure is expected to have further declined as the efficiency of the global food system diminishes.

Rising meat production, particularly in beef, alongside biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, primarily drives this inefficiency, according to Paul West from the University of Minnesota and his team. A shift towards healthier diets and a reduction in biofuel production may enhance food availability without the need for additional agricultural land.

While food production is typically gauged in mass, evaluating it from a calorie-centric perspective (the energy content of food) offers greater benefits for comparing different crops and determining necessary quantities for individuals.

The team relied on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, focusing on the top 50 crops contributing to global calorie production. These crops account for a staggering 97.5% of all calories grown worldwide, including staples like corn and potatoes, oilseeds such as sunflower and rapeseed, and fruits and vegetables like cacao, bananas, and tomatoes.

The researchers then analyzed how efficiently animals convert feed into meat, milk, and eggs, calculating the resulting calorie losses in animal-based food production. To avoid short-term fluctuations, they averaged their findings for 2010 and 2020 over three years.

The data indicated that global total calorie production experienced a 24% surge between 2010 and 2020, yet the edible calorie supply only grew by 17%.

This discrepancy arises from an increase in calories fed to livestock, notably beef, which is less efficient in converting feed into meat compared to chickens. In fact, 45% of the calories produced in 2020 were lost in the animal food production process. Transitioning from beef to chicken could mitigate these calorie losses.

Additionally, 5% of the produced calories in 2020 were allocated for biodiesel and bioethanol production, with a notable 34% increase in the calorie usage of palm oil for biodiesel.

This study does not encompass food waste, which further contributes to calorie losses. It highlights that not all food waste is created equal, particularly noting the significant waste associated with animal products like beef.

“The challenge of feeding 8 billion people today illustrates that the difficulty in sustaining future populations lies not in biophysical limits but rather in distribution and human choices regarding resource allocation,” remarks Hannah Richie from Oxford, who was not part of the study. “Calories aren’t the sole concern; protein and micronutrients also hold significant importance. I hope the team broadens their research to include these aspects.”

New Scientist reached out to West for comments, but he declined to discuss his study prior to its publication in a peer-reviewed journal.

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Food and Drink/
Agriculture

Source: www.newscientist.com

Heat Waves May Accelerate Aging Process

Posted on August 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Air conditioners may help prevent heatwaves from accelerating aging

Sajjad Hussain/AFP via Getty Images

The intensity of heat waves can lead to significant long-term health impacts. Prolonged exposure to high temperatures seems to speed up biological aging in individuals.

“Currently, there are two major studies that highlight the effects of heatwave exposure on aging, focusing on different populations in various countries,” says Paul Beggs from Macquarie University in Australia. “It’s crucial to take heat waves seriously, as we are not only safeguarding our health but also the well-being of those around us.”

Recent findings from Siyi Chen at the University of Hong Kong and her research team reveal important insights. They analyzed medical screening data from around 25,000 adults in Taiwan to determine biological age based on several health indicators, including inflammation, blood pressure, and organ function. This data was then compared with time series data to assess aging rates.

“Physiological changes associated with aging can appear earlier and progress more rapidly in certain individuals,” notes Beggs, who wasn’t part of this research.

The researchers calculated each participant’s cumulative heat wave exposure over two years preceding the medical screening, assessing not just the frequency of heat waves but also the intensity of temperatures experienced. It turned out that the number of heatwave days was a critical factor in the accelerated aging observed in Taiwan’s population. These findings align with another recent study investigating outdoor temperature effects on aging in older adults in the US.

In the Taiwanese population studied, greater aging effects correlated with increased cumulative exposure to heat waves. Specifically, a four-day rise in total heatwave duration linked to an increase in biological age by as much as nine days.

The impact was particularly severe for specific demographics. For instance, manual laborers experienced aging effects that were threefold greater from equivalent heat exposure compared to the broader group. Additionally, residents in rural areas showed more pronounced aging effects, suggesting that access to air conditioning could mitigate the aging repercussions of heat exposure.

Nonetheless, to effectively combat climate change and the escalating frequency of heatwaves, the advantages of air conditioning must be balanced with more sustainable cooling alternatives, warns Beggs. “Air conditioners release heat into the environment, further worsening conditions for individuals lacking such systems,” he states.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Hubble Space Telescope Returns to Messier 96

Posted on August 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured stunningly detailed images of the asymmetrical Spiral Galaxy Messier 96.

This Hubble image illustrates Messier 96, a spiral galaxy situated approximately 34 million light years away in the constellation Leo. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/F. Belfiore/D. Calzetti.

Messier 96, or NGC 3368, is a spiral galaxy found in the constellation Leo, roughly 34 million light years from Earth.

It was first identified by French astronomer Pierre Messier on March 20, 1781, and was included in Charles Messier’s catalog of astronomical objects just four days later.

This galaxy, also referred to as Leda 32192 or M96, extends approximately 100,000 light years in diameter—similar to the size of the Milky Way—and boasts an estimated mass of 80 billion solar masses.

Messier 96 is a prominent member of the Leo I Galaxy Group, commonly known as the M96 group.

This group includes Messier 95, Messier 105, and a variety of other galaxies, representing the nearest collection that encompasses both bright helical and bright elliptical galaxies.

Messier 96 appears as a massive vortex of shimmering gas, with dark dust swirling within, flowing toward its nucleus.

The galaxy exhibits significant asymmetry, with its dust and gas distributed unevenly across its weak spiral arms, and its nucleus is not precisely at the galactic center.

Additionally, its arms are asymmetrical and are believed to have been shaped by gravitational influences from neighboring galaxies within the Leo I group.

“The gravitational forces exerted by neighboring galaxies could be responsible for the unequal distribution of gas and dust in Messier 96, as well as the asymmetrical spiral arms and the positioning of its core outside the center,” stated Hubble astronomers in a press release.

“The recently released Hubble images clearly showcase this asymmetrical structure, enhanced by observations in ultraviolet and optical light.”

“Previous images of Messier 96 were released in 2015 and 2018,” they noted.

“Each new image contributes additional data and reveals a stunning, scientifically informative view of the galaxy.”

“This latest version provides a fresh perspective on star formation in Messier 96.”

“The pink gas bubbles depicted in this image highlight the star-forming rings at the galaxy’s edges, enveloping a hot, young, massive star.”

“These new stars remain encased in the gas clouds from which they originated.”

“The fresh data incorporated for the first time in this image will aid in researching how stars are born within vast dusty gas clouds, how dust influences starlight, and the effects of stellar activity on their environment.”

Source: www.sci.news

How Galactic Clusters Influence Star Formation – Sciworthy

Posted on August 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A multitude of objects inhabit space, from tiny dust grains to enormous black holes. However, the focus of astronomers is primarily on these objects’ formations, held together by gravity. At the smaller scale are planets and their moons; planetary system. Then there are stars and their respective planets, forming a planetary system. Beyond that, we encounter stars, black holes, along with gas and dust in between, referred to as a galaxy. On a grander scale, the assembly of very large objects that creates larger patterns throughout the universe is termed structure. An example of such a structure is a galaxy cluster, composed of hundreds to thousands of galaxies.

Astronomers are keen to understand the influence that being part of a larger structure, such as a galaxy cluster, has on its individual objects, especially as these structures evolve over time. One research team investigated what transpires when a galaxy encounters the Abel 496 cluster, which harbors a mass approximately 400 trillion times that of the Sun and is relatively nearby, at about 140 megaparsecs or approximately 455 million light-years away from Earth.

Their goal was to study how the galaxy evolved after joining the cluster. They observed 22 galaxies within Abel 496 to identify any differences in star formation rates post-infall. Specifically, they aimed to pinpoint the last billion years, focusing on when the cluster’s regular star-forming galaxies ceased creating new stars.

The research team merged two distinct types of data regarding light emissions from the observed galaxies. The first is the long-wavelength emissions from neutral hydrogen atoms present in the interstellar dust; H I, pronounced “H One”. Analyzing these emissions helps determine how much the galaxy is being influenced by its neighboring galaxies and how much gas remains for star formation. These H I emissions were observed using the National Radio Astronomy Observatory’s Very Large Array.

The second dataset comprised short-wavelength emissions from recently formed stars, which have a mass between two to five times that of the Sun. These stars are short-lived, averaging a lifespan of less than 1 billion years. Researchers utilized luminosity patterns from these ultraviolet measurements to calculate the star formation frequency within the galaxies. These observations were conducted using the Ultra Violet Imaging Telescope aboard the AstroSat Satellite.

By combining this data, the team could delineate the history of each galaxy, assessing how long star-forming gas reserves persist and when star formation starts being influenced by the presence of other galaxies. The spatial positioning of each galaxy within the cluster was also examined to understand how the process of falling into the cluster altered their evolutionary trajectories.

The researchers found that galaxies located at the cluster’s edge experience star formation rates perceived as undisturbed, consistent with the Main Sequence. Additionally, it was noted that over half of the 22 galaxies under study reside at the center of the cluster, closely bound by gravitational forces and subject to secondary effects. Nevertheless, none of these central galaxies have fallen into the cluster for the past hundreds of millions of years, implying that they have not yet reached the region closest to the actual center of the cluster.

The team developed a five-stage evolutionary model for galaxies falling into clusters. Initially, galaxies begin their descent into clusters and continue their standard main sequence star formation, termed pre-trigger. In the second stage, other galaxies within the cluster disrupt the neutral hydrogen of the falling galaxies, triggering increased star formation.

The third stage sees a significant disturbance of the galaxy’s neutral hydrogen, escalating star formation to peak levels, designated as star formation peak. Next, during the fourth stage, the emissions of newly formed stars decline, though the galaxies are still quite disturbed, referred to as star-forming fading. The researchers estimate that these first four stages could span hundreds of millions of years. In the fifth stage, the depletion of neutral hydrogen leads star formation rates to fall below the pre-trigger main sequence, termed extinction.

In conclusion, the researchers asserted that their methodology successfully reconstructed the evolutionary history of galaxy clusters. However, they encouraged future teams to develop accurate measurement methods for both star formation and neutral gas within distant galaxies. They recommended utilizing larger samples of galaxies within clusters for more robust statistical analyses and investigating multiple clusters across various local environments to gain deeper insights into how galaxies evolve within vast structures.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Why Most Diets Fail According to Weight Loss Surgeons—and What to Eat for Success

Posted on August 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Many individuals have attempted to trim their waistlines through calorie counting and frequent gym visits, yet often with little success. So, what’s the underlying issue?

According to Dr. Andrew Jenkinson, a consultant in bariatric surgery at University College London Hospital and author of Why We Eat (Too Much) and How to Eat (and Still Lose Weight), losing weight is less about the quantity of food consumed or the amount of exercise than previously thought.

He suggests that rather than obsessing over calorie counts and relentless gym sessions, a more practical approach to weight loss could be achieved by consuming foods that effectively regulate levels of the hormone leptin.

How does leptin function? What foods should fill your plate? Is there a straightforward way to combat cravings? Dr. Jenkinson addressed these topics in detail during our recent discussion.

BBC Science Focus: What is the global obesity crisis?

AJ: The Western world faces significant issues that are straining healthcare systems. In the U.S., about one-third of the population is considered morbidly obese, impacting their health drastically.

In Europe, the rate is around one-quarter. Many of these individuals face heightened risks of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, joint problems, and certain cancers.

For the first time in history, life expectancy is declining due to obesity. New treatments, such as injections, are available, but they come at a hefty price.

Millions rely on them, and thus, obesity has become a major economic and health concern that requires urgent attention.

Obesity does not stem solely from the abundance of appealing, high-calorie food. These foods may act similarly to drugs, disrupting normal weight regulation mechanisms.

Wild animal populations face similar biological pathways, yet there’s no evidence that lions become inactive due to an oversupply of antelope.

Is the issue rooted in our hormones?

Yes. Leptin, often termed the ‘satiety hormone,’ is crucial in regulating the weight of wildlife and should ideally function in the same way for humans.

Leptin levels send signals to the brain’s weight control center, located in the hypothalamus. This hormone essentially dictates body weight: when leptin is detected, appetite diminishes and metabolism increases.

Leptin is produced by fat cells, meaning that higher leptin levels should correlate with reduced appetite and increased metabolism.

However, some food types can obstruct leptin signaling. While it’s well-known that sugar, refined carbohydrates, and processed foods contribute to obesity, the root cause isn’t merely their calorie content; it’s how they elevate insulin levels, which in turn inhibits leptin.

When leptin signaling fails, the brain loses track of whether we are overweight or underweight. You might look visibly overweight, but your brain might mistakenly signal that you need to eat more.

It’s akin to driving a vehicle and suddenly noticing the fuel gauge is empty. You panic and refuel, but the tank was never really empty to begin with—the gauge itself was faulty. Similarly, when leptin is blocked, your body undergoes a comparable malfunction.

What significance do calories hold for weight loss?

Calories are essential for survival, acting as energy units stored within plants. Plants predominantly store carbohydrates and energy within their cellular structures.

We utilize this energy for various bodily functions like heat generation, heartbeat, and movement. Interestingly, approximately 70% of the energy we consume is expended at rest, termed basal metabolism, which encompasses immune functions, maintaining body temperature, heart rate, and more.

There’s a common misconception among those who focus exclusively on calorie counts: the body can easily eliminate excess calories. For instance, you could adjust basal metabolism to burn an additional 600-700 calories daily through activity akin to enjoying a lavish three-course meal or engaging in a 10k run.

If you adopt a low-calorie diet, your body can also adapt to this lower intake, ultimately halting weight loss within weeks.

Moreover, while many individuals may overconsume, our bodies respond by increasing basal metabolism, leading to greater energy expenditure. This is a significant factor in the Western epidemic of hypertension, as our bodies heighten blood pressure to manage energy use.

Why do some people find it harder to lose weight than others?

This variation relates to the concept of a weight setpoint or weight anchor. Imagine it as an anchor that keeps a ship tethered to one location—similarly, your weight anchor dictates your body’s weight range.

Your weight anchor could be set within the “overweight” or “obese” zone. Even if you work hard at the gym or adhere to a low-calorie diet, your brain’s weight control center may pull you back to your setpoint.

This anchor is influenced by several factors, many of which you can change, but one is immutable: your genetics.

We all know individuals who remain naturally slim and can indulge in their favorite treats without gaining weight. However, about 25% to 33% of the population carries genes that predispose them to weight gain when exposed to Western dietary habits.

This genetic predisposition is heightened through easy access to sugar, refined carbohydrates, processed foods, fructose, vegetable oils, and more. Unfortunately, much of this unhealthy food is readily available in supermarkets, often overshadowing the fresh produce aisles.

This misunderstanding is prevalent among practitioners who advocate for calorie counting; it overlooks the fundamental principle that the type of food we consume acts on our bodies as a form of medicine.

Read more:

So, what should we be eating?

Remember, it’s about lifestyle changes rather than temporary dieting. Dieting implies short-term calorie restriction. However, if you comprehend how different foods impact your body like medications, you will naturally shed pounds. Avoid sugar, refined carbohydrates, and toxic vegetable oils that adversely affect insulin levels.

Opt for homemade meals, and without much struggle, your weight setpoints will begin to decrease. You may find you lose considerably more weight than through conventional exercise efforts. This doesn’t have to be a struggle or cause frustration.

For instance, you could effortlessly replace unhealthy snacks eaten while watching television with a plate of veggies sprinkled with a bit of salt. It is all about recognizing and transforming unhealthy habits into healthier alternatives.

Initially, giving up sugar or chocolate may trigger cravings. However, these can be managed through a technique called “Crave Surfing,” which involves acknowledging the craving without disregarding it. Focus on it, and you will find that these cravings will ebb and flow, becoming less intense over time.

What role should exercise play in weight loss?

If you can dedicate time to the gym for about an hour and a half, engaging in vigorous activities, you could potentially burn 1000 calories daily. Over six days a week, this can significantly impact your weight.

However, for most, this level of control is unattainable unless you are an athlete. Recommendations for 30 minutes of exercise, 3-4 times a week, have minimal effect on weight loss—you may only shed around 2 kilograms annually.

Just like limiting calories, exercise can enhance metabolism efficiency, causing the body to become more adept at conserving energy.

For example, if you engage in a 30-minute workout and burn about 400 calories, it may leave you feeling hungrier. Unless you maintain exceptional willpower, you are likely to consume those 400 calories back. Instead of burning these calories, your metabolism functions to regulate them.

The way to counter this effect involves a combination of calorie restriction and physical activity for optimal results. Our metabolism cannot typically adjust by more than 600 or 700 kilocalories a day. Hence, if you successfully reduce your intake beyond 1000 calories, weight loss is likely to follow—but it is a challenging task that can lead to fatigue and hunger.

This interview has been edited for clarity and brevity.

About our expert, Dr. Andrew Jenkinson

Andrew is a consultant specializing in obesity (weight loss) and general surgical procedures at University College London Hospital.

He is also the author of Why We Eat (Too Much) and How to Eat (and Still Lose Weight).

Read more about nutrition:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Archaeologists Reveal the Hidden Secrets of Pompeii’s Vibrant Legacy

Posted on August 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

When Mount Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it buried Pompeii under a meter of ash and pumice, effectively freezing the Roman city in time. However, a new study reveals that the story didn’t end there. Life persisted for centuries, emerging among the abandoned structures in significantly altered forms.

Recent findings from restoration efforts in the city’s southern quarter indicate that Pompeii was reoccupied shortly after the eruption and remained inhabited until at least the fifth century.

“Researchers and archaeologists have always been intrigued by the idea of people returning to Pompeii, but this was often overshadowed by a focus on the remarkably preserved artwork from before 79 AD,” said Gabriel Zuchtliegel, director of Pompeii Archaeological Park and lead author of the new study, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.

However, the resettlement was a shadow of Pompeii’s former self. “The reoccupation of Pompeii was not comparable to the city as it existed before AD 79,” Zuchtliegel stated.

“It resembled more of a slum—a highly unstable and unstructured settlement. As far as we know, there were no temples or public buildings.”

A collection of ceramic containers (amphorae), fragments, tiles, and marble repurposed by the inhabitants of this space after 79 AD – Credit: Archaeological Park in Pompeii

Families fashioned makeshift homes on the remaining upper floors of the buried buildings, while the lower levels (previously above ground) were transformed into hearths and caves, complete with ovens and small workshops.

But who chose to return to the devastated city? According to Zuchtliegel, these residents were likely those with limited options. “Certainly, they would have preferred to live elsewhere if possible, but some may not have had other resources.”

There was also an additional motivation: the opportunity to reclaim treasures buried beneath the ash. “A vast amount of wealth lay hidden underground, including metals, statues, coins, and marble,” Zuchtliegel noted.

“People may have initially returned to unearth the ruins of Pompeii… over time, vegetation would have reclaimed the land, creating a green and thriving landscape.”

This fragile community endured for centuries. Alongside the broader decline of the Western Roman Empire, it likely ceased to exist after another eruption in 472 AD. “There may have been general demographic declines, migration, and hardships related to the collapse of centralized governance,” Zuchtliegel explained.

“It’s astonishing to see how people endure and cope in such extreme circumstances.”

About our experts

Gabriel Zuchtliegel is the director of the Archaeological Parks in Pompeii. He studied Classical Archaeology at Humboldt University in Berlin and obtained his PhD from the University of Bonn.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The Unpredictability of Mega Tsunamis: Understanding the Reasons Behind Their Threat

Posted on August 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On July 30th, at 12:25am BST (11:25am local time), a significant earthquake occurred off the coast of Russia’s Kamchatka Peninsula. With a magnitude of 8.8, it marked the sixth largest earthquake in recorded history, raising fears of a tsunami reminiscent of the 2004 Indian Ocean disaster.

Within hours, over 2 million individuals across the Pacific were ordered to evacuate as alerts reached coastlines from China and New Zealand to Peru and Mexico.

Fortunately, apart from some damage near the epicenter in Russia, the globe largely avoided catastrophe. As people heeded the warnings and moved to higher ground, many tsunami alerts were gradually downgraded and retracted.

The waves never materialized. But why?

How Tsunami Warning Systems Operate

The tsunami warning framework has significantly advanced since the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, which claimed over 200,000 lives.

“Multiple tsunami warning centers exist globally,” said Professor Alison Raby, an environmental fluid mechanics expert at Plymouth University.

“These centers are alerted to earthquake incidents, determining their location, size, and depth—critical factors for predicting tsunamis. Consequently, they issue a broad alert based on this information.”

Given that seismic waves travel around 100 times faster than tsunamis, earthquake information reaches us well before the first wave. However, waiting to witness the tsunami is rarely feasible. By the time underwater pressure gauges or satellites detect unusual sea level changes, it may already be too late.

The detection speed varies based on the proximity of the source to the nearest detection system or coastal depth gauge, ranging from five minutes to two hours.

Utilizing data from past earthquakes and intricate computer models, scientists at warning centers often have limited time to decide whether to issue an alert, with the first warning typically released just five minutes after the ground stops shaking.

The final phase—communicating alerts effectively—has also improved since 2004. At that time, many coastal communities received little to no warnings. Now, emergency alerts can be sent directly to mobile phones, affording people crucial time to reach higher ground before the waves strike.

Data from surface water and oceanic topography (SWOT) satellites depict waves generated by the Kamchatka earthquake.

The Complexity of Tsunami Warnings

This year’s earthquake in Russia was categorized as a giant earthquake. Such occurrences transpire in subduction zones where one tectonic plate is thrust beneath another, leading to the most powerful earthquakes known.

As one plate descends, the other is elevated, causing the seabed to suddenly rise and displacing a substantial volume of water. This abrupt uplift triggers waves capable of traveling across the ocean basin, which grow larger as they approach the shallow coastline.

The Megathrust earthquake also caused the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and the 2011 Japanese earthquake, both of which generated towering tsunamis with waves exceeding 30m (100 feet). Therefore, it was no surprise that warnings were propagated throughout the Pacific.

The challenge lies in the fact that despite similarities in earthquakes, multiple factors influence tsunami generation.

“It’s not simply about detecting an earthquake and simulating potential tsunami sizes,” explained Liby. “Underwater landslides or other mechanisms may also play a role.”

The availability of data from specific locations is crucial. The same region in Russia experienced a magnitude 9 earthquake in 1952, yet remains underpopulated, leading to less comprehensive modeling efforts compared to other seismic hotspots.

Globally, records are limited. Reliable earthquake measurements only date back about a century, with only a few incidents generating tsunamis, resulting in an insufficient sample size for accurate predictions.

“We are fairly confident in understanding these events, but they always prompt new insights and questions,” affirmed Raby. “I am certain seismologists and seismic engineers will glean further knowledge from this recent incident that wasn’t previously recognized.”

The tsunami warning system has made significant strides. It’s now prioritized to er on the side of caution during tsunami evacuations rather than risk overlooking a potential disaster. Still, the balance is precarious.

“The issue is that people may become complacent,” noted Raby. “During evacuations, they may face income loss, or even car accidents, leading them to become skeptical of future warnings. Hence, the threat of excessive false alerts is real.”

Nonetheless, she remains hopeful. “I’m cautiously optimistic that improvements are being made, though we’re far from perfect forecasting capabilities.”

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Meet Our Experts

Allison Raby is a professor of environmental fluid mechanics at the University of Plymouth, UK. Her tsunami research has been published in peer-reviewed journals, including the International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction and Marine Geology.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Cats Can Experience Dementia: A Potential Key to New Treatments for Humans

Posted on August 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Cats that exhibit dementia-like symptoms in their senior years undergo changes analogous to those seen in humans with Alzheimer’s disease, as highlighted in a study I found. This finding may open pathways for new research and help in discovering treatments for these challenging and notorious diseases.

“Our advancements in treating Alzheimer’s disease have been relatively limited compared to other illnesses,” stated Dr. Robert McGeechan, the study’s lead author, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.

“Cats are experiencing similar neurological changes, making them potentially more relevant models for understanding the disease. By investigating Alzheimer’s in cats, we can develop treatments that might be more effective for humans.”

Alzheimer’s disease is the most prevalent form of dementia, encompassing a range of neurodegenerative conditions that impair memory, problem-solving, language, and behavior. Approximately one in nine individuals over 65 are affected by Alzheimer’s, and with an aging global population, over 150 million people could be diagnosed by 2050.

Yet, despite decades of investigation and billions spent, only a handful of effective treatments exist today.

How Cats Develop Dementia

The understanding that cats can show dementia-like symptoms with age is not new. According to some research, nearly one-third of cats aged 11 to 14 exhibit at least one sign of cognitive dysfunction syndrome (CDS), the veterinary term for dementia in felines. For cats older than 15, this figure increases to over half.

CD symptoms in cats, which resemble those in humans with Alzheimer’s, include changes in sleep patterns and disorientation. Many cats also become more vocal and often seek additional comfort and attention from their owners.

It is also known that, similar to humans, older cats typically develop an accumulation of amyloid beta plaques in their brains, which are suspected to play a role in the onset of Alzheimer’s.

“As we age, humans develop these protein plaques in our brains. However, not everyone with these plaques develops Alzheimer’s, and the reasons for this remain unclear,” McGeechan explained.

“We were similarly situated with cats, knowing they could develop dementia and that some produce these proteins as they grow older, but we lacked clarity on whether this was solely age-related or if it contributed to dementia.”

To delve deeper, McGeechan’s team examined the brains of 25 cats of varying ages post-mortem, including those with CDS symptoms.

They discovered that amyloid beta plaques were not just passively situated in the brain but were also linked to detrimental changes. Notably, they observed increased inflammation and signs of glial cells, the immune cells of the brain, “enveloping” the synapses surrounding these protein plaques.

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Synapses are tiny junctions enabling brain cells to communicate, and their progressive loss is believed to underlie many memory and behavioral symptoms associated with dementia.

The findings imply that a similar toxic chain reaction may also occur in feline brains. As amyloid beta accumulates, it activates glial cells, leading to the degradation of healthy synapses. While this broader pattern was evident, the finer details proved to be more intricate.

Upon comparing the brains across different age groups, subtle differences emerged. Cats with dementia appeared significantly different from younger cats, exhibiting greater amyloid plaque accumulation, inflammation, and synaptic loss. However, they did not starkly differ from older, yet otherwise healthy cats.

This observation indicates that researchers might struggle to draw a clear line between aging and dementia.

Yet, the team noted an important distinction concerning the relationship between amyloid plaques and synaptic damage. In older, healthy cats, increased amyloid did not equate to more harm. However, in cats with dementia, higher plaque levels correlated with increased inflammation and greater brain cell loss.

McGeechan posits that this mirrors human scenarios. Numerous older adults accumulate amyloid plaques in their brains without developing Alzheimer’s, while others experience significant cognitive decline.

“Amyloid may have a more toxic impact on cats experiencing CDS,” he noted. “This correlation suggests amyloid plays a role in inflammation and synaptic loss in the dementia group, unlike in the aging group.”

Thus, while amyloid accumulation may contribute to feline dementia, it likely does not tell the full story. Much like Alzheimer’s in humans, a complex interplay of various factors may also be at play.

MRI image of a cat’s brain exhibiting signs of cognitive dysfunction. The lighter areas on the edges illustrate regions of tissue loss.

The Significance of Cats in Research

Alzheimer’s disease research has historically depended on rodents, where diseases are artificially induced by genetic manipulation.

While these models aid in exploring molecular mechanisms, they often fall short of encapsulating the intricacies of naturally occurring diseases that unfold over time. Consequently, numerous promising drugs that succeed in mice fail when tested on humans.

In contrast, cats naturally develop dementia as they age, mirroring the human experience. They also share the same living environments and risk factors, including diet and air quality.

This similarity renders them a more realistic model for understanding disease biology and identifying environmental triggers that might push certain individuals towards dementia.

“Cats could serve as a bridge in our pursuit of effective treatments,” McGeechan expressed.

Future Directions

At this point, the findings raise just as many inquiries as they resolve. Given that the study involved only 25 cats, a larger sample size may be necessary to clarify the precise mechanisms underlying the observed clinical outcomes, according to McGeechan.

Another area of focus is tau. Besides amyloid beta, tau is another key protein associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Unlike amyloid plaques, tau forms tangles within brain cells. Many researchers believe tau drives the most severe stages of the disease in humans, but this investigation did not address tau in cats.

Dogs may also present a valuable avenue for exploration. Like cats, they can age into a dementia-like syndrome, displaying symptoms recognizable to many owners, such as sleep disturbances, anxiety, and forgetfulness. Comparing the brains of dogs and cats might reveal shared biological processes across species.

Ultimately, this body of research holds promise not just for human health.

“Dementia in cats is a distressing condition for both the animals and their owners,” remarked Professor Danièlle Gunn-Moore, a co-author of the study and a chair in feline medicine at the Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Medicine.

“Conducting such research aims to enhance our understanding of how best to treat these conditions. This work benefits not just cats and their owners but also individuals with Alzheimer’s disease and their loved ones. Dementia in cats serves as an ideal natural model to study Alzheimer’s disease.”

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About Our Experts

Robert McGeechan is a resident in Veterinary Neurology and Neurosurgery and serves as an ECAT Veterinary Clinical Lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, UK. His research has been published in European Journal of Neuroscience, Scientific Reports, and Nature Neuroscience.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com