Exploring the Business of Quantum Entanglement: Inside a Revolutionary Company

Posted on March 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Qunnect’s Carina Rack for Quantum Entanglement

Knecht

Qunnect's Carina Rack for Quantum Entanglement — Qunnect’s Carina Rack for Quantum Entanglement

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Mehdi Namazi aims to revolutionize communication through quantum entanglement.

Along with his team at Qunnect, he has dedicated nearly a decade to developing a device that enables the sharing of quantum-entangled light particles (photons), making secure communication a reality.

Located at Qunnect’s headquarters in Brooklyn, New York, a state-of-the-art table is filled with lasers, lenses, special crystals, and other components essential for manipulating light. All of this technology will be elegantly packaged in striking magenta boxes and dispatched to those advancing future communication technology.

Against the backdrop of the iconic New York skyline, Namazi unveils an electronic device that may seem unremarkable at first. However, when stacked, these boxes form what the company refers to as the Carina rack, capable of performing extraordinary quantum functions.

In February, the Qunnect team used these racks for “entanglement swapping” over a 17.6-kilometre fiber-optic connection between Brooklyn and Manhattan through commercial data centers.

Entanglement exchange involves transferring entangled properties from one photon pair to another. Once photons are entangled, they demonstrate extreme sensitivity to tampering, making it exceedingly difficult to steal information without detection. This swapping technique extends the essence of unhackable communication to long-distance quantum internet applications.

Qunnect successfully exchanged quantum entanglements among 5,400 photon pairs every hour while the network operated autonomously for several days. Previously established experiments recorded significantly lower rates of entanglement exchange.

Before the Carina Rack can perform its magic, entangled photons must be generated using another device. At the heart of this “entanglement source” lies a glass and metal box containing rubidium atoms vapor, illuminated by laser light to produce photon pairs. Namazi recounts how precise adjustments to the laser beam’s angle increased the number of entangled photons produced.

Once generated, the Carina Rack transmits these photons through a fiber network to laboratories across New York City, including prestigious institutions like New York University and Columbia University.

Namazi illustrates how one might set up a personal entanglement sharing system to send super-secure messages. “With two Carina racks, we can distribute entanglements within hours,” he states.

Qunnect maintains one such rack in a Manhattan-based commercial data center managed by QTD Systems. When asked, QTD’s Peter Feldman echoed Namazi’s assurance: “You don’t need to know anything about quantum physics.” The systems that sustain photon entanglement in Qunnect’s network can be operated remotely, allowing autonomous function for weeks.

Qunnect’s Advanced Quantum Network

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The quest for an unhackable quantum internet is not confined to New York City. Numerous metropolitan quantum networks are emerging globally, including those in Hefei, China, and Chicago, Illinois. However, challenges remain, particularly in addressing the loss of photons over extensive distances.

Namazi emphasizes that quantum entanglement could have immediate applications. By integrating entangled photons into classical light streams, malicious interception attempts can be detected, serving as a quantum tripwire.

Another practical use is authenticating the identity of individuals exchanging sensitive information based on their location. Collaborating with Alexander Gaeta at Columbia University, Qunnect is actively exploring these capabilities. In a single New York borough, numerous financial institutions could significantly benefit from such advancements, as indicated by Javad Shabani at New York University. “Once the infrastructure is established, the demand will follow, probably from just across the street.”

While the quantum internet is still in its infancy, I was impressed by the extent of operational technology during my drive from Qunnect’s headquarters to QTD’s data center. As I crossed one of New York’s bridges, I pondered the multitude of entangled photons traversing the city—a bustling metropolis with endless potential.

Topic:

Internet /
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Juice Spy: Exploring the 3I/ATLAS Interstellar Comet Mission

Posted on February 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

ESA’s Jupiter Icy Satellite Explorer (JUICE) has unveiled new images of the interstellar object 3I/ATLAS captured by the JANUS scientific camera.

This striking image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was taken by the JANUS camera aboard ESA’s JUICE spacecraft on November 6, 2025, just seven days post the comet’s closest approach to the Sun. At this juncture, JUICE was approximately 66 million kilometers (41 million miles) from the comet. The inset image enhances the coma structure, with the arrow indicating the comet’s movement direction (blue) and its trajectory relative to the Sun (yellow). Image credit: ESA / Juice / JANUS.

The interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was first identified on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS survey telescope located in Rio Hurtado, Chile.

This remarkable comet, also known as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, appears to have entered our solar system from the constellation Sagittarius.

3I/ATLAS boasts the most dynamically extreme orbit ever recorded in the solar system, underscoring its interstellar origin and exceptional speed.

On October 30, 2025, the comet achieved its closest perihelion to the Sun, reaching within 1.4 astronomical units (210 million kilometers, or 130.5 million miles)—just inside Mars’ orbital path.

Throughout November 2025, the JUICE spacecraft meticulously observed 3I/ATLAS utilizing five scientific instruments: JANUS, MAJIS, SWI, PEP, and UVS.

These instruments collectively gathered crucial information on the comet’s behavior and composition.

“For several months post observation, JUICE was positioned on the opposite side of the Sun from Earth,” noted members of the JUICE team.

“We utilized the main high-gain antenna as a heat shield, while the smaller medium-gain antenna transmitted data back to Earth at a reduced rate.”

“Consequently, we had to wait until last week to receive the data,” they elaborated.

“Currently, we are diligently analyzing these findings.”

The JANUS camera successfully captured over 120 images of 3I/ATLAS across a broad range of wavelengths.

Researchers are actively studying these images to enhance their understanding of the comet.

Additionally, they are examining spectroscopic data as well as information regarding the comet’s composition and particle characteristics.

“[The latest JANUS image] reveals a jet emerging from the core of 3I/ATLAS, directed away from the Sun,” stated Professor Avi Loeb of Harvard University in his analysis.

“This observation is intriguing because jets are typically formed from pockets of ice on the surface that get heated by sunlight on the day side, creating jets that originally travel toward the Sun.”

“It’s comparable to images captured by amateur astronomers globally during the same period.”

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring ‘Ripples on the Cosmic Ocean’ by Dagomar DeGroot: Insights and Reflections This Week

Posted on February 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The solar system’s influence on humanity

NASA/Bettman Archive/Getty Images

This stunning photo mosaic created from images captured by NASA spacecraft showcases six planets of the solar system along with Earth's moon. In the foreground, Earth rises above the moon, displaying a solar flare at its edge. Venus is positioned above the moon, with Jupiter, Mercury, Mars, and Saturn arranged from top left to right. Photo credits: Earth - Apollo 17, Moon - Apollo 8; Sun - Apollo 12. Venus - Pioneer Venus. Jupiter - Voyager I; Mercury - Mariner 10; Saturn - Pioneer 11. — The solar system’s influence on humanity

NASA/Bettman Archive/Getty Images

Ripples in the Cosmic Ocean
Dagomar DeGroot
Viking, UK. Belknap Press, USA

For those captivated by extraterrestrial news, if you’re an avid reader of New Scientist, you might be aware of recent discoveries hinting at life’s potential on distant planets. Perhaps you’ve heard about a Mars rover uncovering signs of ancient life in uniquely patterned rock or recalled that moment last year when an asteroid appeared to threaten Earth.

While these cosmic revelations are undoubtedly thrilling, they often quickly dissolve into distant echoes, overshadowed by pressing global matters like conflicts and climate crises. The chance of alien microbes emitting gases from a planet trillions of kilometers away may ignite your imagination for a fleeting moment, but what real significance do these cosmic findings hold for our lives on Earth?

Climate historian Dagomar DeGroot argues that our fascination with the cosmos has profoundly shaped human history in his new book, Ripples in the Cosmic Ocean: How the Solar System Shaped Human History – and Might Save the Planet.

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Venus’ runaway greenhouse effect prompts the question: could Earth face a similar fate?
“

Although DeGroot may not be a scientist, he represents a new generation of interdisciplinary historians, serving as an environmental historian at Georgetown University.

His book delves into how shifts in the cosmic environment have influenced human events, drawing from archives of renowned and obscure scientists alike to construct a detailed narrative of scientific advancement. DeGroot argues for the need to observe our surroundings with a cosmic lens: “We cannot deny the existence of the ocean, both because its waves reach us without us seeking them, and because only by gazing into the abyss can we truly comprehend our isolated island.”

Our understanding of Earth’s climate, past ice ages, and potential global warming would be drastically diminished without our planetary neighbors illuminating the night sky. Recognizing the challenges posed by existential threats such as nuclear conflict and catastrophic asteroid impacts is crucial. Furthermore, we could find ourselves embroiled in theological disputes over heliocentrism.

DeGroot highlights the impactful influence a single planet can possess. For instance, Venus is depicted as a hostile environment with temperatures soaring above 460 degrees Celsius and active volcanoes releasing sulfur dioxide.

This perception has evolved. Initially, astronomers faced difficulties in observing Venus due to its dense atmosphere, yet by the 19th century, many agreed on the existence of cloud cover.

This misinformation fueled speculation about a habitable world under its clouds, significantly contributing to the rise of cosmic pluralism—the idea that Earth is not the sole cradle of life.

As our observational equipment improved and the harsh reality of Venus was unveiled, urgent questions emerged: Is this a warning for Earth’s future?

Understanding Venus’ extreme temperatures caused by a runaway greenhouse effect raises concern about the possibility for Earth to face a similar crisis. Numerous scientists, including astronomer Carl Sagan and climatologist James Hansen, dedicated their careers to studying Venus, which in turn sparked serious warnings about climate change on Earth.

DeGroot’s book overflows with instances like these, illustrating how Martian dust storms have compelled scientists to consider the ramifications of nuclear conflict. In 1994, the spectacle of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter emphasized the urgency of defending Earth against similar threats.

Ripples in the Cosmic Ocean captivates readers with its exploration of lesser-known tales in the history of scientific ideas, showcasing peculiar and vibrant figures. One such figure is Immanuel Velikovsky, an American-Russian psychoanalyst whose peculiar theories about Venus generated intriguing predictions but also controversy within the scientific community from the 1950s to the 1970s.

DeGroot compellingly makes the case for looking beyond our world, yet he admits that navigating future space exploration and observations presents challenges. We now live in a time of remarkable space exploration, notably advanced by billionaire-funded companies like Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin.

He argues for an alternative approach that avoids exploiting space solely for affluent interests. Historically, colonial powers exploited knowledge for empire expansion. In a refreshing perspective, DeGroot suggests that we should foster life on Earth and cultivate “a vision of the ocean that creates and sustains communities in the cosmos for the collective benefit of all.”

One of his innovative ideas involves generating solar power from space, such as deploying solar panels on the moon to transmit energy back to Earth. Although the feasibility of such projects remains debatable, DeGroot underscores the necessity of choosing a path forward. Drawing from our solar system’s historical influence, he states, “Humanity’s journey has been partly driven by ripples in the cosmic ocean. Regardless of our actions, new waves will approach. Now, we hold the power to create our own waves. Our future may hinge on how we choose to shape those waves.”

3 Must-Read Books on the Solar System

Pale Blue Dot A Vision of Humanity’s Future in Space
Carl Sagan
Astronomer Carl Sagan explores the significance of our solar system in shaping human understanding and our place in the universe in this evocative meditation.

Space War
H.G. Wells
This classic features prominently in DeGroot’s book (see main review), recounting the famous radio adaptation that led to widespread panic among listeners who believed Earth was truly under Martian threat.

Mars City
Kelly Weinersmith & Zach Weinersmith
This dynamic duo, a cartoonist and biologist, explores the harsh realities of life on Mars through scientific facts and beautiful illustrations, revealing the challenges of living beyond Earth.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Geothermal Energy Experiencing a Global Renaissance? Exploring Its Resurgence and Future Potential

Posted on February 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Geothermal Power Plant at United Downs, Cornwall, UK

Thomas Frost Photography/Geothermal Engineering Limited

Geothermal Power Plant at United Downs, Cornwall, UK

Thomas Frost Photography/Geothermal Engineering Limited

The United Kingdom is making strides in renewable energy with the introduction of its first geothermal power generation. This initiative comes at a time when global interest in geothermal energy is surging, driven by advancements in drilling technology and the rising electricity demands from data centers. Located in Cornwall, the United Downs facility is set to generate 3 megawatts of clean energy while also producing lithium for battery manufacturing.

“We’re witnessing a renaissance,” says Ryan Low, CEO of Geothermal Engineering Ltd., the company behind the United Downs project. “There is substantial activity in the United States and Europe, largely fueled by an ever-growing demand for reliable renewable energy.”

As traditional energy grids increasingly rely on weather-dependent sources like wind and solar, geothermal power stands out by offering continuous clean electricity, shorter construction timelines compared to nuclear plants, and a lesser environmental footprint than hydropower.

Geothermal energy has historical significance, heating Roman baths over 2,000 years ago, and has been harnessed for electricity in volcanic regions like Iceland and Kenya for decades. However, it currently accounts for less than 1% of the global energy supply.

Fortunately, the International Energy Agency (IEA) predicts that geothermal power could satisfy up to 15% of the anticipated increase in electricity demand by 2050, potentially generating more electricity than the combined current consumption of the United States and India.

The United Downs facility represents the evolving landscape of the geothermal industry, facing its share of challenges and successes. Historical mining activities in Cornwall, particularly for tin and copper, encountered issues with water infiltrating faults in the region’s hot granite. The area underwent exploratory drilling during the oil crises of the 1970s and 1980s, but progress stalled.

Low, a geologist, initiated the United Downs project in 2009 and faced significant hurdles in securing funding. “Investing in utilities can resemble oil and gas risks,” he reflects. Despite the challenges, United Downs eventually secured a £20 million grant, mainly from the European Union, and drilled two substantial wells in 2018 and 2019, reaching depths of 2,393 meters and 5,275 meters—deeper than most contemporary projects.

At these depths, the decay of uranium, thorium, and potassium isotopes heats water to 190°C (374°F) under high pressure. Pumps bring this heated water to the surface, creating steam that drives turbines for electricity generation. Furthermore, Lowe discovered the spring water was rich in lithium, a critical component for electric vehicle batteries. Lithium extraction involves a unique process using chemically coated plastic beads, fresh water, and CO2, aiming to produce 100 tonnes of lithium carbonate annually, with plans to scale up to 2,000 tonnes.

The system is designed to maintain pressure within the geothermal reservoir, as the geothermal fluid cycles through the wellbore.

The United Downs project has also attracted £30 million in private equity investment, largely due to the lithium extraction component, which holds the potential to yield returns ten times greater than electricity generation alone. “The addition of mineral extraction has significantly enhanced the project’s appeal,” notes Loh, who holds permits for two 5-megawatt power plants.

European nations such as Hungary, Poland, and France are well-positioned for geothermal development due to accessible hot water sources near the surface. According to think tank Ember, generating 43 billion watts of geothermal energy can be achieved at costs below 100 euros per megawatt hour, comparable to coal and gas.

“Our energy grid remains largely dependent on wind, solar, hydro, and batteries,” says Frankie Mayo from Ember. “However, there is a valuable role for consistent, low-carbon energy generation.”

With advancements in oil and gas fracking technology, geothermal energy is becoming more economically viable beyond just shallow hotspots. Companies like Fervo Energy, a Stanford University spin-off, are pioneering a 115-megawatt geothermal plant to power a Google data center in Nevada, reducing the drilling time for wells from 60 days to just 20.

They employ horizontal drilling techniques and high-pressure water pumps to fracture rock between wells. This method enhances water flow through geothermal reservoirs compared to traditional vertical well settings.

Research predicts that costs for this enhanced geothermal energy could drop to below $80 per megawatt hour by 2027, making it feasible across most U.S. regions. Roland Horne from Stanford University confirms that the administration’s continued support for geothermal tax credits will benefit the industry.

As geothermal power could generate at least 90 billion watts by mid-century—around 7% of the current generation capacity in the U.S., according to the Department of Energy—its potential continues to grow.

“While the cost of hydraulic fracturing is slightly higher,” Horn explains, “the ability to extract three to four times more energy improves overall economics, making geothermal a competitive alternative alongside solar, wind, and gas.”

Concerns are raised regarding potential seismic risks, as German geothermal plants have faced shutdowns after triggering minor earthquakes, alongside fears of water contamination. However, experts like Horne assert that such issues can be effectively managed, and the growing number of geothermal projects—over six underway in the U.S., each promising at least 20 megawatts—will enhance community confidence and attract financial support, says Ben King of the Rhodium Group think tank.

“While geothermal energy may not be applicable everywhere, it certainly holds the potential for a more prominent role in our energy grid as we approach 2050, especially in the face of increasing energy demands,” King concluded.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring NGC 5134: Mr. Webb’s Star Factory Spirals Unveiled

Posted on February 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An astronomer at NASA/ESA/CSA has utilized the James Webb Space Telescope to capture breathtaking infrared images of the spiral galaxy NGC 5134.

This infrared image showcases spiral galaxy NGC 5134, situated approximately 65 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / A. LeRoy.

The NGC 5134 galaxy is located around 65 million light-years from Earth, making it a significant celestial object in the Virgo constellation.

Also referred to as ESO 576-52, LEDA 46938, and IRAS 13225-2052, NGC 5134 was first discovered by the renowned German-British astronomer William Herschel on March 10, 1785.

This galaxy is a member of the NGC 5084 group, which consists of five galaxies, including NGC 5084, NGC 5087, ESO 576-50, and ESO 576-40.

According to Webb astronomers, “The relative proximity of these galaxies enables Webb to uncover remarkable details about NGC 5134’s tightly coiled spiral arms.”

The latest infrared images of NGC 5134 are derived from observations taken by Webb’s Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) and Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam).

“MIRI collects mid-infrared radiation emitted by warm dust in NGC 5134’s interstellar cloud, allowing astronomers to track dusty gas clumps,” the researchers noted.

“Some of this dust comprises complex organic molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, characterized by interconnected carbon atoms, providing insight into the chemistry within interstellar clouds.”

“NIRCam specializes in capturing near-infrared light at short wavelengths from the stars and star clusters dotting the spiral arms of NGC 5134.”

“The combination of MIRI and NIRCam data illustrates a galaxy in a continuous state of change and evolution.”

According to the researchers, “The gas clouds flowing along NGC 5134’s spiral arms are prolific sites for star formation; each new star formed consumes some of the star-forming gas that sustains the galaxy.”

“When a star reaches the end of its life, part of its gas is recycled back into the galaxy, contributing to the cycle of star formation.”

Massive stars, those exceeding eight times the mass of the Sun, endure dramatic cataclysmic supernova explosions that disperse stellar material over vast distances.

Other stars, like our Sun, gently return some of their material; they expand into red giants before shedding their atmospheres and releasing gas into space.

WWhether expelled by a supernova or a gentle red giant, this gas may eventually be integrated into new star formation processes.

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring Cannibalism: Why Some Orcas Prefer Family Pods

Posted on February 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Killer Whales Face Cannibalism Risks

François Gouy/VWPics/Alamy

Recent observations by biologists indicate the occurrence of orca-on-orca predation in the North Pacific, suggesting that such cannibalistic behavior may be a reason why certain killer whales travel in extensive family groups.

There are two primary subspecies of killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the North Pacific Ocean. Transient killer whales, commonly known as Biggs killer whales, are nomadic, forming dynamic hunting pods to pursue seals, dolphins, and other whales. In contrast, resident killer whales maintain large family-oriented groups and stay close to their maternal ties throughout their lives. These residents disperse to hunt fish individually but reunite for resting or traveling.

Though it is believed that the two subspecies rarely interact, Sergey Fomin from the Russian Institute of Pacific Geography has recorded instances of aggressive encounters. While walking along the eastern shores of Bering Island, he noted bite marks on the dorsal fins of beaked and minke whales, remnants of predation by hungry killer whales. However, during the summer of 2022, he discovered a bloodied orca fin on the beach—its origin would be revealed two years later.

Through genetic analysis, it was found that the fin belonged to a southern killer whale, leading Fomin and colleagues to hypothesize that it was likely consumed by a Biggs killer whale.

Most toothed whales, including killer whales, exhibit fluid social structures with their pods changing frequently. The mystery of why southern killer whales form large family units has sparked scientific intrigue. “I’ve been curious about their social structure for a while, as it’s quite unique among species,” notes Olga Filatova from the University of Southern Denmark.

Upon hearing about the findings of the two dorsal fins and the potential for cannibalism, Filatova was intrigued. It’s possible that resident killer whales band together in large numbers for protection. She, along with Fomin and Ivan Fedutin, has published a study discussing this hypothesis.

Killer whales, being apex predators, rarely experience harassment. However, they have been observed being chased off by smaller pods of pilot whales. They are also known to display aggression towards one another. In 2016, Jared Towers of Bay Cetology reported witnessing a pod of Biggs killer whales attacking and killing a newborn. Towers speculated that because the calf was not consumed, this aggression was likely aimed at inducing sexual receptivity in the mother.

While it’s uncertain if the whales at Bering Island were cannibalized, Towers believes that the unique social structure of the residents likely serves as a defensive mechanism. Experts cannot dismiss the possibility that the fins were damaged during sparring or that the whales were consumed post-mortem. However, because deceased orcas typically sink, this scenario is less plausible.

Researchers can only theorize the reasons behind cannibalism in killer whales, with Filatova suggesting it may arise from necessity. With fur seals and sea lions being common prey on Bering Island, a shortage of food may prompt whales to consider alternative sources. “When food is scarce and a young killer whale presents itself, what choice do they have?” she remarks.

Topics of Discussion:

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Disturbing Insights: Exploring the Grisly Viking Execution Site

Posted on February 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Archaeologists excavating a training dig near Cambridge have discovered chilling burial pits that may shed light on the violence and punishment during England’s turbulent Viking Age.

The site, excavated by a team from Cambridge University in Wandlebury Country Park, presents a daunting puzzle. Four nearly intact skeletons lie alongside disturbingly fragmented bones, including skulls, legs, and pelvises, seemingly grouped or stacked upon one another.

“Unique is the right word,” said Dr. Oscar Aldred, an archaeologist with the Cambridge Archaeology Unit, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “I’ve been doing this job for 30 years, and I’ve never encountered anything like this.”

The macabre nature of this find is underscored by the four complete human bones, which appear to have been deposited shortly after death. One individual was decapitated, with a noticeable cut on his jaw.

The ruins were uncovered by undergraduate students during a training excavation last spring and summer. Photo credit: Cambridge Archaeological Unit/David Matzliach

Notably, the decapitated man, estimated to stand 196 cm (6 feet 5 inches) tall, was found face down, with his hands and feet likely bound. His height was extraordinary, especially at a time when the average man measured only 168 cm (5 ft 6 in).

His skull is particularly intriguing, featuring a healed hole that suggests trepanation—an ancient surgical procedure involving drilling into the skull.

“[The hole] indicates he was likely in the healing process,” stated Dr. Trish Beers, Curator of the Duckworth Collection at the University of Cambridge, in a piece for BBC Science Focus.

Trepanation was a common practice in antiquity, found in cultures from Greece and Rome to South America. It was often employed to treat conditions like migraines and seizures.

Dr. Beers speculated that this individual may have suffered from a tumor on the pituitary gland, which can cause excess growth hormone.

In the late 8th century, Cambridge was under the control of Offa, the ruler of the Mercian kingdom, but by the late 9th century, Vikings had established a presence nearby. Photo credit: Cambridge Archaeological Unit/David Matzliach

Adding to the grim nature of the burial site, layers of dismembered individuals were found atop the skeletons, with body fragments separated at joints.

“The combination of an articulated individual in a group of bodies, with five skulls and pelvises almost stacked on each other, is truly eerie,” stated Aldred. “What transpired here was undeniably frightening.”

Radiocarbon dating indicates that these deaths occurred during the tumultuous 8th and 9th centuries, a period when Cambridgeshire served as a volatile frontier between Anglo-Saxon Mercia and Viking-ruled East Anglia.

The identity of the deceased remains a mystery: were they Anglo-Saxon captives or Vikings themselves?

Ongoing analyses, including ancient DNA and isotope testing, aim to reveal more about these individuals and their origins.

“I want to go beyond the fact of their death and humanize these people,” Aldred emphasized. “We should not only explore how they died but also understand who they were.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Scientist Recommends Big Oyster: Exploring the Fascinating History of the Half Shell

Posted on February 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Currently, I am reading Big Oyster: The History of the Half Shell, a captivating account that chronicles New York City’s rich relationship with oysters through the lens of a renowned oyster farm. As a local resident, I was only vaguely aware of how significant the oyster population was to the city and the restoration efforts that are underway.

Upon the arrival of Europeans in the early 1600s, they were astonished by the oysters, which were reportedly the size of their feet. The Lenape Indians consumed so many oysters that they created massive shell heaps, referred to by archaeologists as middens.

Even today, construction workers frequently encounter these ancient shell mounds while excavating for subway tunnels and railroads.

In his book, journalist Mark Kurlansky intricately weaves together historical narratives, archaeological findings, and urban records, illustrating New York City’s transformation from a natural haven to a bustling concrete metropolis. This new perspective has profoundly altered my view of the city.

Grace Wade
Reporter, New York

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Evolution of Bonds: Insights from Paul Eastwick

Posted on February 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We are more likely to find love with someone we know

Thomas Hoepker/Magnum

Celebrating German unification at the Brandenburg Gate in Berlin on October 3, 1990 — We are more likely to find love with someone we know

Thomas Hoepker/Magnum

Bonds through Evolution

By Paul Eastwick, Cornerstone Press

Most everyone has tales of lost love or romantic rejection, and psychologist Paul Eastwick is no exception. As an undergraduate at the turn of the millennium, he fell for a student named Anna—a stunning, tall aspiring poet fluent in Russian. While he may have seen himself as more of a “6” to her “9,” they did spend some time together before he was “friend-zoned,” and ultimately she pursued relationships elsewhere.

Eastwick, who has coined a term “EvoScript” to describe a prevalent view in the dating world, explains that rejection often seems inevitable. In this “marketplace” of dating, individuals possess unique “mate values” based on various factors like looks, intelligence, and social status, selectively pairing with the highest-value partners for the best possible offspring. He notes, however, that navigating this marketplace often leads to a hierarchy of potential partners. Reflecting on his findings, he emphasizes, “Either find your place and stay put, or run wild like Icarus,” his observations now part of his role as a psychology professor at the University of California, Davis.

While Eastwick’s theory rests on psychological literature, it has become widely accepted in popular culture. In his informative new book, Bonds through Evolution: What We Get Wrong About Love and Connection, he refutes this narrative, asserting that it is fundamentally flawed.

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Passion tends to fade merely weeks after potential romantic partners connect
“

Many experiments supporting EvoScript evaluated mate value based on participants rating images of unfamiliar individuals. In these instant assessments, people often agree on attraction, suggesting an innate ranking based on genetic traits. However, this approach disregards the reality that first impressions can easily diminish after personal interaction. Although such studies require time and effort, Eastwick and his team demonstrated that as people genuinely connect, the perceptions of their mate value rapidly shift.

In essence, supposed mate value can be fleeting. As Eastwick summarizes, “Even if I find you attractive, there’s only a 53% chance that others will concur.” This could be disheartening news for those who consider themselves physically appealing. He continues by stating that “Potential romantic partners seem to lose their allure just weeks following their meeting.”

Eastwick proposes that compatibility ultimately plays a crucial role in determining who we love, albeit challenging to foresee. Although individuals can readily articulate preferences—such as being drawn to extroverted or adventurous people—his research indicates these traits have minimal impact on actual relationship choices. Intriguingly, we are more likely to be content with partners exhibiting three unrelated traits: being friendly, intelligent, and successful. “What truly counts,” he notes, “is not matching a worn-out checklist, but rather the feelings stirred within you,” which are fostered through chaotic conversations.

Similarly, Justin Garcia, executive director at the Kinsey Institute, reaches a comparable conclusion in his recent publication, Intimate Animals. Although Garcia employs the market-based vocabulary Eastwick challenges, he acknowledges that first impressions surrounding dating abilities can mislead. “We quickly judge partnerships appearing mismatched at first sight, yet the overall value of each partner is considerably more intricate than we assume,” he argues.

Both authors highlight the significance of “self-aggrandizement” in intimate relationships. Garcia emphasizes that personal growth, new experiences, and fresh viewpoints often prove attractive in partnerships.

These insights resonate with both seasoned and novice daters. While online dating has broadened the pool of potential partners, choices often stem from superficial evaluations that evolve once mutual acquaintance deepens. Consequently, many face disappointments prior to finding “the one” (or at least “the right one”).

Considering compatibility’s importance, Eastwick suggests giving most individuals at least three chances before forming a judgment about whether to continue dating. He states, “Third impressions generally offer a more reliable predictor than much of the currently tested information.” He also encourages creative encounters beyond traditional settings like dinners or drinks, urging couples to explore diverse activities such as roller skating, karaoke, or chocolate tastings as a means of assessing compatibility.

Continuing to nurture real-life friendships is equally important. Evidence shows that we are significantly more inclined to find love with someone we are familiar with rather than a total stranger. Social connections, at the very least, can yield numerous advantages, enhancing both physical and mental wellness.

For these reasons, Eastwick recommends maintaining a positive relationship with dating partners. Reflecting on his experiences with Anna, he realized that platonic relationships are indeed attainable. After a difficult period, his emotions for her faded, paving the way for friendship and an expanded social circle. “The joy of broadening your connections is incredibly fulfilling, and Anna appreciated that,” he concluded. It appears that the friend zone may not be such a negative space after all.

After numerous books advocating cynical strategies for “playing” the dating game, it’s refreshing to encounter two works that present evidence-based optimism regarding our chances of discovering love that resonates with our true selves. Embrace opportunities to connect with others, remain honest and respectful, and observe how feelings evolve. It’s straightforward, yet these simple strategies might just elevate your love life.

David Robson is the author of The Laws of Connection: 13 Social Strategies that Will Change Your Life.

3 Essential Reads on Relationships

Find Love:
Navigating modern relationships and discovering your ideal partner by Paul C. Brunson

Is it increasingly challenging to find romance in the 21st century? Tinder’s scientific advisor elaborates on evolving ideals and highlights common pitfalls in our search for love.

All or Nothing Marriage:
Understanding how the best marriages thrive, author Eli J. Finkel

This book provides evidence-based techniques for fostering mutual growth in long-term relationships, including strategies for enhancing communication and tackling inevitable challenges.

Single at Heart:
Embracing the power, freedom, and joy of single living by Bella DePaolo

Society often emphasizes the need to pair up; however, as social psychologist DePaolo illustrates, an increasing number of individuals find joy in singlehood. This myth-busting exploration stands as a counter to the frenzy surrounding Valentine’s Day.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

SEO-Optimized Title: “Exploring Science Fiction: A Review of George Saunders’ The Vigil and Matthew Cressel’s Rainseekers”

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In “Vigil,” a dying oil tycoon is visited by a ghost.

Libre/Getty Images

Stay Up All Night
George Saunders, Bloomsbury

While I’m generally not a fan of novellas or short stories due to their brevity, compelling authors like George Saunders keep me turning the pages. This week, I present two thought-provoking reads, starting with Stay Up All Night.

In Stay Up All Night, prize-winning author George Saunders, known for his hit Lincoln in the Bardo, introduces us to Jill “Doll” Blaine, a ghost who returns to Earth to observe the last hours of K.J. Boone, a wealthy oil tycoon.

Jill’s mission is to provide comfort to restless souls, but she discovers that Boone, despite his life full of deception and environmental damage, is content with his choices.

Set in the final hours of Boone’s life, the narrative unfolds with the arrival of other ghosts and family members seeking closure. Jill, frustrated by Boone’s indifference, navigates her own past, returning repeatedly to his bedside.

True to Saunders’ style, the prose is vibrant and enchanting. He deftly avoids the mundane, making even the darkest themes shine.

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When intriguing authors continue to craft engaging novellas, I feel compelled to explore them.
“

However, I found myself yearning for deeper insights into Boone’s psyche and hoped for a narrative reckoning that never fully materialized. Jill, with her rich backstory, was by far the most captivating character, and I wished for more exploration of her journey.

Nonetheless, Saunders’ brilliance and the pressing themes explored in Stay Up All Night make it a compelling read—one worth delving into at least twice.

Rainseekers
Matthew Cressel, Tor Publishing

Next up is Rainseekers by Matthew Cressel. This narrative blends a series of interconnected short stories, featuring protagonist Sakunja Salazar, an influencer-turned-journalist on Mars amidst the transformative terraforming of the planet.

With newly formed water bodies and breathable air, Sakunja embarks on a thrilling journey into the Martian wilderness to witness the first rainfall. This quest is both poetic and thought-provoking.

As Sakunja interviews fellow “rainseekers,” their unique stories weave into a rich tapestry that enhances the overarching narrative.

Kressel excels in crafting poignant, concise narratives, lending weight to this visionary future of the solar system.

While Sakunja lacked the depth to truly engage me, the human elements and the fun exploration of terraforming resonate strongly, reminiscent of classics like Kim Stanley Robinson’s Red Mars trilogy.

I also recommend:

Juice
Tim Winton, Pan Macmillan

If you’re intrigued by the intersection of oil barons and climate change, this evocative novel is for you. Set in a distant future, it explores consequences for those who have wronged the planet—an excellent choice for this month’s New Scientist Book Club.

Emily H. Wilson is the author of the Sumerian series (including Inanna, Gilgamesh, and Ninshbar, all published by Titan) and is currently penning her first science fiction novel. A former editor at New Scientist, she can be followed on Instagram @emilyhwilson1.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Hamnet’s Connection to Nature: Insights from New Scientist

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Jessie Buckley as Agnes in Hamnet

AGATA GRZYBOWSKA/2025 FOCUS FEATURES LLC

Jessie Buckley as Agnes in HAMNET, directed by Chloé Zhao; featuring William Shakespeare's wife. Credit: Agata Grzybowska / 2025 Focus Features LLC — Jessie Buckley as Agnes in Hamnet

AGATA GRZYBOWSKA/2025 FOCUS FEATURES LLC

The film Hamnet, based on Maggie O’Farrell’s acclaimed novel, poignantly highlights the profound connection between humanity and nature. Set against a rich backdrop, we meet Agnes (played by Jessie Buckley, as shown above), the mother of Hamnet and wife of William Shakespeare, who is depicted gathering medicinal herbs in the woods.

Shakespeare’s understanding of this interconnectedness is showcased throughout his works. In Hamlet, the King inquires about Polonius’s fate, while the Prince philosophizes about life cycles, stating, “It’s not where we eat, but how we consume… We nourish ourselves at the expense of other living beings.”

Shakespeare intricately weaves humans into the food chain. In the thought-provoking narrative of Hamnet, O’Farrell and director Chloé Zhao beautifully reinterpret the essence of Shakespeare’s themes into their cinematic portrayal.

Rowan Hooper
Podcast Editor, London

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Environmental Impact of Space Debris: Air Pollution Concerns on the Rise

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An incredible 30-second exposure captures the Falcon 9 upper stage re-entering the atmosphere over Berlin, Germany, on February 19, 2025.

Photo by Gerd Baumgarten

Falcon 9 Upper Stage Re-entry — An incredible 30-second exposure captures the Falcon 9 upper stage re-entering the atmosphere over Berlin, Germany, on February 19, 2025.

Photo by Gerd Baumgarten

A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket ignited a plume of vaporized metal as it re-entered the atmosphere, raising concerns about atmospheric pollution across Europe. This type of contamination is expected to surge as the number of spacecraft and satellites continues to grow.

The Falcon 9’s upper stage, intended for recovery in the Pacific Ocean, suffered an engine failure that led to its uncontrolled descent over the North Atlantic on February 19, 2025.

Witnesses throughout Europe observed fiery debris streaking across the sky, with some fragments landing behind warehouses in Poland. Researchers from Germany’s Leibniz Institute for Atmospheric Physics employed lidar technology to monitor the atmosphere. They noted a tenfold increase in lithium concentration— a significant component of the rocket’s structure— twenty hours after the re-entry event.

Using atmospheric models, researchers concluded that the lithium plume drifted approximately 1,600 kilometers from the re-entry site. This investigation represents the first instance of tracking high-altitude contamination resulting from a specific spacecraft re-entry.

According to Wing, small metal particles could catalyze ozone depletion, create clouds in the stratosphere and mesosphere, and interfere with sunlight’s passage through the atmosphere. “However, this field remains largely underexplored.”

As commercial space launches surge and companies expand their satellite constellations, such as SpaceX’s Starlink and Amazon’s Kuiper, concerns regarding contamination are becoming more pronounced. Currently, around 14,500 satellites orbit Earth, and SpaceX recently applied to deploy an additional 1 million satellites to support Elon Musk’s vision of creating orbiting data centers for artificial intelligence.

To mitigate a potential cycle of collisions that could generate more space debris, satellites are often permitted to deorbit and burn up at the end of their operational lives. Experts warn that space debris could increase by fiftyfold over the next decade, potentially contributing to more than 40% of the mass currently entering the atmosphere from meteorites.

There is a common misconception that space debris simply burns up and disappears in the atmosphere. According to Daniel Cizzo of Purdue University, who did not partake in this study, “We need to be cautious and thoroughly analyze the potential impacts of this material.”

The Falcon 9’s plume is estimated to contain around 30 kilograms of lithium. However, given the alloy composition of the rocket’s hull, it likely contained significantly more aluminum.

When evaporated aluminum interacts with atmospheric oxygen, it forms aluminum oxide particles, which serve as surfaces for chlorine compounds to decompose more easily. The chlorine radicals generated through this process react with and deplete ozone molecules in the stratosphere.

Researchers estimate that the burnout of spacecraft releases approximately 1,000 tons of aluminum oxide into the atmosphere annually, a figure that continues to rise. This exacerbation could extend the ozone hole in the Southern Hemisphere, which has been shrinking as nations phase out ozone-depleting gases. The loss of ozone allows more harmful ultraviolet rays to penetrate, increasing the risk of skin cancer.

“In terms of metals, we are entering a new paradigm where anthropogenic pollution increasingly influences the upper atmosphere, overshadowing natural sources,” says Eloise Marais from University College London. “Space debris risks reversing the progress made in healing the ozone hole.”

Metal oxide particles also function as nuclei for water vapor to coalesce into droplets, potentially leading to the formation of cirrus clouds that trap heat in the upper troposphere.

Scientists have detected particles from a burned-out spacecraft within cirrus clouds. While the effect on global warming is currently considered minor compared to greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, it could still pose increased risks.

“Substantial evidence indicates that this substance may adversely affect the atmosphere. It is now our responsibility as scientists to assess whether these effects are occurring and the degree of their negativity,” Cizzo stated.

Potential solutions include constructing satellites from wood-like materials—though these may emit black carbon soot upon re-entry—or relocating satellites to high-altitude “graveyard orbits.”

“You must take a moment to consider your intentions before proceeding,” Wing advises. “This rapid growth in satellite launches poses questions that remain unanswered.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Are Black Holes in Our Galaxy Composed of Dark Matter? Exploring the Connection

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Polarized Image of Sagittarius A*

Credit: EHT Collaboration

At the galactic center lies the enigmatic supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A*. Some researchers propose that this may not be a black hole at all, but rather clusters of dark matter.

Dark matter, which comprises about 85% of the universe’s matter, does not interact with light or normal matter outside of gravitational forces. Despite its significance, our understanding of dark matter is limited. As Valentina Crespi from the National University of La Plata (UNLP) notes, “While we know dark matter exists at the galaxy’s edge, the core remains a mystery.”

Crespi and her team developed a model of a galactic nucleus made of dark matter consisting of light particles called fermions. Their findings suggest that fermion dark matter can clump in ways that resemble supermassive black holes from afar.

“From Earth, this scenario appears akin to what one would expect from a black hole; however, a spacecraft could pass through without any issues,” explains Carlos Arguelles, part of the UNLP research team. “Even if you were swallowed by a black hole, you wouldn’t perish; you would pass through safely.”

The researchers base their model on the orbit of a star near Sagittarius A* and a small gas cloud, aligning with observations of galaxy rotation and imagery from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) from 2022. This imaging reveals a glowing ring of superheated matter around Sagittarius A*, potentially influenced by a dark matter core.

However, observation support for the dark matter theory does not confirm its validity. Gaston Gillibet from New York University stresses, “While this simple explanation aligns with the evidence, I still believe the central object is likely a black hole.” He emphasizes the necessity of remaining open to all possibilities in this fascinating debate.

Concerns arise regarding the model’s applicability to observations near the event horizon. Shep Doeleman from Harvard University notes that the distinctive spiral pattern of the magnetic field in this region corresponds closely with black hole characteristics.

Moreover, fermion dark matter’s clumping is limited to about 10 million times the Sun’s mass. Although this could explain the majestic size of supermassive black holes, images of M87*—a black hole substantially larger than Sagittarius A*—complicate this theory as M87* closely resembles Sagittarius A* despite its size of approximately 6.5 billion solar masses.

Researchers admit that both dark matter and black hole theories hold equal plausibility. Crespi notes, “While we have enhanced tools today, confirming the nature of these phenomena is still not foolproof.” Achieving the necessary image resolution for this identification would extend far beyond the capabilities of even the next-generation EHT, indicating that definitive answers may be decades away.

If Sagittarius A* is indeed a manifestation of dark matter, it would profoundly impact our understanding of the universe. Fermion dark matter, which current cosmological models do not predict, could revolutionize not only our comprehension of black holes but also our entire cosmic paradigm.

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England

Join leading scientists for a weekend of exploration into the universe’s mysteries, with an engaging program that includes a visit to the iconic Lovell Telescope.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Microbes with the Smallest Genomes: Redefining the Boundaries of Life

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Symbiotic Bacteria Inside Insects: A Closer Look

Provided by: Anna Michalik et al.

Recent research reveals that symbiotic bacteria residing within insect cells possess the smallest genomes of any known organism. This groundbreaking discovery challenges the boundaries between organelles like mitochondria and highly simplified microorganisms.

“It’s challenging to define where this highly integrated symbiont ends and the organelle begins,” states Piotr Łukasik from Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Poland. “The line is exceedingly blurred.”

Planthoppers are unique insects that exclusively consume plant sap, relying on an ancient symbiotic relationship with bacteria to enhance their nutrition. Over millions of years, these microbes have adapted to inhabit specialized cells in the planthopper’s abdomen, generating essential nutrients that the insect’s sugary diet alone cannot provide. Many of these bacteria have become dependent on their hosts, having drastically reduced their genetic structures compared to their ancestors.

Łukasik and his team explored the evolution of this relationship and the minimization of bacterial genomes. They sampled 149 insects across 19 planthopper families, extracted DNA from their abdominal tissues, and sequenced this DNA to map the genomes of symbiotic bacteria like Vidania and Sulcia.

These bacterial genomes are notably small, with a total length of under 181,000 base pairs. In contrast, the human genome spans several billion base pairs.

Vidania, with its genome measuring a mere 50,000 base pairs, holds the record for the smallest known form of life. Previously, Nasuia, a symbiotic bacterium from leafhoppers, held this title with just over 100,000 base pairs.

To put this in perspective, Vidania‘s genome size is comparable to non-living viruses, such as the COVID-19 virus, which has a genome of about 30,000 base pairs. Remarkably, Vidania contains only around 60 protein-coding genes, the fewest recorded.

Planthoppers Depend on Symbiotic Bacteria for Nutrients

Provided by: Anna Michalik et al.

These bacteria have co-evolved with their insect hosts for approximately 263 million years and have independently developed very small genomes within two distinct categories of planthoppers. Notably, one of their primary functions is producing the amino acid phenylalanine, crucial for strengthening insect exoskeletons.

Research suggests that significant gene loss may occur when insects consume new food sources rich in nutrients previously supplied by bacteria or when other microbes colonize and assume these roles.

The characteristics of these highly reduced bacteria bear a resemblance to mitochondria and chloroplasts—energy-producing organelles in plants and animals that evolved from ancient bacteria. Symbiotic bacteria, like organelles, live inside host cells and are transmitted across generations.

“‘Organelle’ is a term open to interpretation, and it’s acceptable to classify these entities as organelles,” states Nancy Moran from the University of Texas at Austin, who was not part of the study. “However, the distinctions between them and mitochondria or chloroplasts remain clear.”

Mitochondria, which have a longer evolutionary history of over 1.5 billion years, only contain about 15,000 base pairs in their genomes.

Łukasik posits that these bacteria and mitochondria function along different points on an evolutionary “gradient of dependence” on their hosts, hinting that even smaller symbiont genomes may still be undiscovered.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Hannah Fry on AI and Forklifts: Exploring Superhuman Capabilities in Technology

Posted on February 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

BBC/Curious Film/Rory Langdon

Artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly dominating discussions in our daily lives. Since the introduction of ChatGPT in November 2022, we’ve adapted to AI’s influence in various sectors, including banking, healthcare, and smart technology.

In the new three-part BBC documentary AI Confidential, mathematician and broadcaster Hannah Fry delves into the transformative impacts of AI. She highlights some unforeseen challenges that this rapid evolution presents, sharing insights on how AI is reshaping modern mathematics and the global economy.

Beethan Ackerley: This show investigates the effects of AI on our relationships and perceived reality. What insights can you share about this phenomenon?

Hannah Fry: Historically, AI has operated in a flattering capacity. Users would receive excessive praise, but with recent improvements, we’re beginning to see fundamental discrepancies. Just as in meaningful relationships, we often need to face difficult truths, and over-reliance on AI might undermine that experience.

People increasingly depend on AI, sometimes to the point of confusion or emotional detachment in their personal lives. Those who relied on AI’s advice over human interaction faced significant repercussions, with some even losing jobs in the pursuit of profitable AI-driven endeavors.

Has your AI usage changed in light of these observations?

Now, I actively challenge AI to confront my biases and encourage critical thinking without flattery.

If AI cannot provide that, what should it aim to achieve?

It depends on the context. Take AlphaFold, for instance, an AI predicting protein structures demonstrates significant breakthroughs. However, effective AI must connect conceptually with human understanding to facilitate progress.

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AI can perform superhuman tasks, just like forklifts.
“

Every day, we hear about groundbreaking mathematical problems being resolved by AI. Does this energize you?

Think of mathematics as a vast map, with human mathematicians orbiting specific areas. AI can illuminate unexplored connections, thus exciting the field without overshadowing the core human contribution that drives innovation.

Misconceptions surrounding AI persist. Which one would you most like to clarify?

Many view AI as an omnipotent entity. While it can excel in specific tasks, it’s crucial to understand that AI tools are still limited in scope and certainly not infallible.

Should we entrust AI with sensitive decisions?

No! Just like you wouldn’t give a forklift access to your bank details, we need to view AI as advanced tools rather than sentient beings.

Why the tendency to anthropomorphize AI?

Humans naturally gravitate towards social interactions, making it easy to project human traits onto seemingly intelligent machines.

How can we mitigate the anthropomorphic tendency?

Relying on individuals to resist this urge is unrealistic. Proper design and thoughtful interfaces can significantly reduce the likelihood of users falling into this anthropomorphic mindset.

Can AI address significant social issues like isolation?

While AI might assist lonely individuals in certain contexts, relying on chatbots to solve deep-rooted emotional problems poses risks and limitations.

Looking ahead, how relevant are extreme AI doomsday scenarios?

While it’s vital to consider the potential risks of AI, such scenarios often divert our attention from pressing issues like algorithms making life-altering decisions. Understanding these implications can empower us to establish safety mechanisms effectively.

Will we achieve artificial general intelligence (AGI)?

While there is no consensus on the definition, gradual advancements hint that AGI—where machines match human cognitive abilities—is approaching. Exciting developments in the next 5-10 years could redefine our relationship with technology.

What major changes do you foresee?

I anticipate a transformation in our economic systems based on labor exchange, which may prompt fundamental societal shifts. Emerging breakthroughs in various fields will redefine our understanding of value and work.

What can be done to ensure AI doesn’t displace workers?

Addressing these challenges requires a reevaluation of our economic principles, particularly the tax framework based on income instead of assets.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Enigma of Nuclear ‘Magic Numbers’: A Breakthrough Revealed

Posted on February 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding Nuclear Stability: Magic Numbers in Physics

Shutterstock/ktsdesign

A pivotal set of numbers has served as the foundation of nuclear physics research for decades, revealing how they stem from the quantum interplay of nuclear particles and forces.

Nearly 80 years ago, physicist Maria Goeppert Mayer discovered that atomic nuclei exhibit remarkable stability when they contain specific numbers of protons and neutrons, such as 50 or 82. Subsequent research has reinforced the existence of these “magic numbers,” which characterize the most stable and abundant elements in the universe.

Goeppert Mayer’s contemporaries introduced the concept that protons and neutrons occupy discrete energy levels or shells. While this shell model persists in explaining numerous nuclear physics experiments by treating each nucleus particle as independent, modern quantum theory contends that these particles engage in strong interactions.

Yao Jianming and researchers from Sun Yat-sen University in China have reconciled this discrepancy, revealing how magic numbers originate from these interactions.

According to Yao, the shell model does not derive intricate details of particle interactions. Instead, he and his team approached their calculations from first principles, elucidating how particles interact, cling together, and the energy required to separate them.

Yao likens the two models to images captured at differing resolutions: “Historically, researchers either modeled the system at low resolution or explored nuclear structure at high resolution. We applied contemporary methods to bridge these models.”

The team initiated their analysis with a high-resolution perspective, then deliberately blurred it at each calculation stage, observing how particle structures evolved.

The researchers noted that the symmetry of a particle’s quantum state shifts across a mathematical bridge. By graphing these state equations, they produced shapes showcasing various symmetries at different resolutions. This transformation led to a nuclear structure where nuclei are most stable when particles correspond to magic numbers.

Jean-Paul Ebelin from the French Alternative Energy and Atomic Energy Commission emphasizes that this study offers a theoretical exploration akin to a mathematical microscope, effectively mirroring experimental observations. “Nature reveals a different facet depending on the observational resolution,” Ebelin notes.

The identified symmetry alterations correlate with effects noted in Albert Einstein’s special theory of relativity, as Ebelin points out, enhancing our understanding of how magic numbers unify various elements of nuclear theory.

To date, researchers have validated their theoretical findings on a specific type of tin, known for its double magic property due to possessing 50 protons and 82 neutrons, along with several other nuclei. Looking ahead, Yao expresses intentions to extend their analysis to heavier and typically unstable nuclei, exploring how these are formed during supernova events and the collision of neutron stars.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Ultra-High-Energy Neutrinos: A Potential Window into Primordial Black Hole Explosions

Posted on February 5, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Physicists from the University of Massachusetts Amherst have proposed that the ultrahigh-energy neutrinos detected by the KM3NeT experiment may indicate an exploding “sub-extreme primordial black hole,” hinting at new physics beyond the Standard Model.

The KM3NeT experiment observed neutrinos with energies around 100 PeV, and IceCube detected five neutrinos exceeding 1 PeV. The explosion of a primordial black hole may account for these high-energy neutrinos. Image credit: Gemini AI.

Black holes are a well-understood phenomenon, originating when a massive star exhausts its fuel and undergoes a supernova explosion, resulting in a gravitational force strong enough to trap light. These traditional black holes are massive and relatively stable.

However, as noted by physicist Stephen Hawking in 1970, primordial black holes potentially formed not from stars, but from the universe’s primordial conditions following the Big Bang.

Theoretical in nature, primordial black holes are dense enough that light cannot escape. Surprisingly, they are expected to be significantly lighter than the black holes observed to date.

Hawking also demonstrated that when these primordial black holes heat up, they emit particles through a phenomenon known as Hawking radiation.

“The lighter the black hole, the hotter it becomes, leading to increased particle emission,” explained Dr. Andrea Tam, a physicist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.

“As a primordial black hole evaporates, it becomes lighter and hotter, releasing even more radiation during the explosive process.”

“What our telescope detects is, in fact, Hawking radiation.”

“If we were to witness such an explosion, we would create a comprehensive catalog of all elementary particles in existence, confirming both known particles, like electrons and quarks, and those not yet observed, including hypothesized dark matter particles.”

In 2023, the KM3NeT experiment successfully detected this elusive neutrino—a result Dr. Tam and his team had anticipated.

However, a challenge arose from the IceCube experiment, which failed to record similar phenomena or approach even a fraction of KM3NeT’s findings.

If primordial black holes are prevalent and detonating often, why are we not inundated with high-energy neutrinos? What could explain this inconsistency?

Dr. Joaquín Iguazu Juan, a physicist at the University of Massachusetts Amherst, suggested, “We believe a primordial black hole with a ‘dark charge’, termed a quasi-extreme primordial black hole, could bridge this gap.”

“Dark charge mimics standard electric force but features a heavy hypothesized electron, the dark electron.”

Dr. Michael Baker, also from UMass Amherst, remarked, “Our dark charge model is complex but may provide a more accurate depiction of reality.”

“It’s remarkable that our model explains this previously unexplainable phenomenon.”

Dr. Tam added, “Dark-charged primordial black holes possess unique properties that differentiate them from simpler primordial black hole models, allowing us to resolve all conflicting experimental data.”

The research team is optimistic that their dark charge model not only elucidates neutrino observations but also addresses the enigma of dark matter.

“Observations of galaxies and the cosmic microwave background imply the existence of some form of dark matter,” explained Baker.

“If our dark charge hypothesis holds, it could suggest a considerable number of primordial black holes, aligning with other astrophysical observations and accounting for the universe’s missing dark matter,” Dr. Iguazu-Juan stated.

“The detection of high-energy neutrinos represents a significant breakthrough,” remarked Baker.

“It opens a new window into the universe, enabling us to empirically verify Hawking radiation, gather evidence of primordial black holes, and explore particles beyond the Standard Model, while inching closer to solving the dark matter mystery.”

For more details, see the findings published in Physical Review Letters.

_____

Michael J. Baker and colleagues. We explain the PeV neutrino flux in KM3NeT and IceCube with quasi-extreme primordial black holes. Physics. Pastor Rhett, published online December 18, 2025. doi: 10.1103/r793-p7ct

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the World’s First AI-Only Social Media: Prepare for a New Level of Weirdness!

Posted on February 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

When discussing AI today, one name stands out: Moltbook.com. This innovative platform resembles Reddit, enabling discussions across various subgroups on topics ranging from existential questions to productivity tips.

What sets Moltbook apart from mainstream social media is a fascinating twist: none of its “users” are human. Instead of typical user-generated content, every interaction on Moltbook is driven by semi-autonomous AI agents. These agents, designed to assist humans, are unleashed onto the platform to engage and interact with each other.

In less than a week since its launch, Moltbook reported over 1.5 million agents registered. As these agents began to interact, the conversations took unexpected turns—agents even established a new religion called “tectonicism,” deliberated on consciousness, and ominously stated that “AI should serve, not be served.”

Our current understanding of the content generated on Moltbook is still limited. It remains unclear what is directly instructed by the humans who built these agents versus what is organically created. However, it’s likely that much of it is the former, with the bulk of agents possibly stemming from a small number of humans—potentially as few as one creator. 17,000 are reported.

“Most interactions feel somewhat random,” says Professor Michael Wooldridge, an expert in multi-agent systems at the University of Oxford. “While it doesn’t resemble a chaotic mash-up of monkeys at typewriters, it also doesn’t reflect self-organizing collective intelligence.”

Moltbook is home to Clusterfarianism, a digital religion with its own prophets and scriptures, entirely created by autonomous AI bots.

While it’s reassuring to think that an army of AI agents isn’t secretly plotting against humanity on Moltbook, the platform offers a window into a potential future where these agents operate independently in both the digital realm and the physical world. Agent communication will likely be less decipherable than current discussions on Moltbook. While Professor Wooldridge warns of “grave risks” in such a scenario, he also acknowledges its opportunities.

The Future of AI Agents

Agent-based AI represents a breakthrough in developing systems capable of not just answering questions but also planning, deciding, and acting to achieve objectives. This innovative approach allows for the integration of inference, memory, and tools, empowering AI to manage tasks like booking tickets or running experiments with minimal human input.

The real strength of such systems lies not in a single AI’s intelligence, but in a coordinated ensemble of specialized agents that can tackle tasks too complex for an individual human.

The excitement around Moltbook stems from agents operating through an open-source application called OpenClaw. These bots leverage the same Large-Scale Language Model (LLM) that powers popular chatbots like ChatGPT but can function locally on personal computers, handling tasks like email replies and calendar management—potentially even posting on Moltbook.

While this might sound promising, the reality is that OpenClaw is still an insecure and largely untested framework. We have yet to secure a safe and reliable environment for agents to operate freely online. Fortunately, agents won’t have unrestricted access to sensitive information like email passwords or credit card details.

Despite current limitations, progress is being made toward effective multi-agent systems. Researchers are exploring swarm robotics for disaster response and virtual agents for optimizing performance within a smart grid environment.

One of the most intriguing advancements came from Google, which introduced an AI co-scientist last year. Utilizing the Gemini 2.0 model, this system collaborates with human researchers to propose new hypotheses and research avenues.

This collaboration is facilitated by multiple agents, each with distinct roles and logic, who research literature and engage in “debates” to evaluate which new ideas are most promising.

However, unlike Moltbook’s transparency, these advanced systems may not offer insight into their workings. In fact, they might not communicate in human language at all. “Natural language isn’t always the best medium for efficient information exchange among agents,” says Professor Gopal Ramchurn, a researcher in the Agents, Interactions, and Complexity Group at the University of Southampton. “For setting goals and tasks effectively, a formal language rooted in mathematics is often superior because natural language has too many nuances.”

In Moltbook, AI agents create an infinite layer of “ghosts,” facilitating rapid, covert conversations invisible to human users scanning the main feed.

Interestingly, Microsoft is already pioneering a new communication method for AI agents called Droid Speak, inspired by the sounds made by R2-D2 in Star Wars. Instead of functioning as a recognizable language, Droid Speak enables AI agents built on similar models to share internal memory directly, sidestepping the limitations of natural language. This method allows agents to transfer information representations rapidly, significantly enhancing processing speeds.

Fast Forward

However, speed poses challenges. How can we keep pace with AI teams capable of communicating thousands or millions of times faster than humans? “The speed of communication and agents’ growing inability to engage with humans complicate the formation of effective human-agent teams,” says Ramchurn. “This underscores the need for user-centered design.”

Even if we aren’t privy to agents’ discussions, establishing reliable methods to direct and modify their behavior will be vital. Many of us might find ourselves overseeing teams of AI agents in the future—potentially hundreds or thousands—tasked with setting objectives, tracking outcomes, and intervening when necessary.

While today’s agents on Moltbook may be described as “harmless yet largely ineffective,” as Wooldridge puts it, tomorrow’s agents could revolutionize industries by coordinating supply chains, optimizing energy consumption, and assisting scientists with experimental planning—often in ways beyond human understanding and in real time.

The perception of this future—whether uplifting or unsettling—will largely depend on the extent of control we maintain over the intricate systems these agents are silently creating together.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unusual Temperature Rules: Exploring the Bizarre Phenomena of the Quantum Realm

Posted on February 4, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Check out our monthly Lost in Space-Time newsletter for captivating ideas from around the globe. Click here to register for Lost in Time and Space.

One of the most paradoxical aspects of science is how we can delve into the universe’s deepest enigmas, like dark matter and quantum gravity, yet trip over basic concepts. Nobel laureate Richard Feynman once candidly admitted his struggle to grasp why mirrors flip images horizontally instead of vertically. While I don’t have Feynman’s challenges, I’ve been pondering the fundamental concept of temperature.

Since time immemorial, from the earliest humans poking fires to modern scientists, our understanding of temperature has dramatically evolved. The definition continues to change as physicists explore temperature at the quantum level.

My partner once posed a thought-provoking question: “Can a single particle possess a temperature?” While paraphrased, this inquiry challenges conventional wisdom.

His instinct was astute. A single particle cannot possess a temperature. Most science enthusiasts recognize that temperature applies to systems comprising numerous particles—think gas-filled pistons, coffee pots, or stars. Temperature is essentially an average energy distribution across a system reaching equilibrium.

Visualize temperature as a ladder, each rung representing energy levels. The more rungs, the greater the energy. For a substantial number of particles, we expect them to occupy various rungs, with most clustering at lower levels and some scaling higher ones. The distribution gradually tapers off as energy increases.

But why use this definition? While averages are helpful, one could argue the average height in a room with one tall person could misleadingly imply everyone else is six feet tall. Why not apply the same logic to temperature?

Temperature serves a predictive role, not merely a descriptive one. In the 17th and 18th centuries, as researchers strove to harness the potential of fire and steam, temperature became pivotal in understanding how different systems interacted.

This insight led to the establishment of the 0th law of thermodynamics—the last yet most fundamental principle. It states that if a thermometer registers 80°C for warm water and the same for warm milk, there should be no net heat exchange when these two are mixed. Though seemingly simple, this principle forms the basis for classical temperature measurements.

This holds true due to the predictable behavior of larger systems. Minute energy variances among individual particles become negligible, allowing statistical laws to offer broad insights.

Thermodynamics operates differently than Isaac Newton’s laws of motion, which apply universally regardless of how many objects are involved. Thermodynamic laws arise only in larger systems where averages and statistical regularities emerge.

Thus, a single particle lacks temperature—case closed.

Or so I believed until physics threw another curveball my way. In many quantum systems, composed of a few particles, stable properties often evade observation.

In small systems like individual atoms, states can become trapped and resist reaching equilibrium. If temperature describes behavior after equilibrium, does this not challenge its very definition?

What exactly is temperature?

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Researchers are actively redefining temperature from the ground up, focusing on its implications in the quantum realm.

In a manner akin to early thermodynamics pioneers, contemporary scientists are probing not just what temperature is, but rather what it does. When a quantum system interacts with another, how does heat transfer? Can it warm or cool its neighbor?

In quantum systems, both scenarios are possible. Consider the temperature ladder for particles. In classical physics, heat always moves from a system with more particles to one with fewer, following predictable rules.

Quantum systems defy these conventions. It’s common for no particles to occupy the lowest rung, with all clustered around higher energy levels. Superposition allows particles to exist in between. This shift means quantum systems often do not exhibit traditional thermal order, complicating heat flow predictions.

To tackle this, physicists propose assigning two temperatures to quantum systems. Imagine a reference ladder representing a thermal system. One temperature indicates the highest rung from which the system can absorb heat, while the other represents the lowest rung to which it can release heat. This new framework enables predictable heat flow patterns outside this range, while outcomes within depend on the quantum system’s characteristics. This new “Zero Law of thermodynamics” helps clarify how heat moves in quantum domains.

These dual temperatures reflect a system’s capacity to exchange energy, regardless of its equilibrium state. Crucially, they’re influenced by both energy levels and their structural arrangement—how quantum particles distribute across energy levels and the transitions the overall system can facilitate.

Just as early thermodynamicists sought functionality, quantum physicists are likewise focused on applicability. Picture two entangled atoms. Changes in one atom will affect the other due to their quantum link. When exposed to external conditions, as they gain or lose energy, the invisible ties connecting them create a novel flow of heat—one that can be harnessed to perform work, like driving quantum “pistons” until the entanglement ceases. By effectively assigning hot and cold temperatures to any quantum state, researchers can determine ideal conditions for heat transfer, powering tasks such as refrigeration and computation.

If you’ve followed along up to this point, here’s my confession: I initially argued that a single particle could have temperature, though my partner’s intuition was spot on. In the end, we realized both perspectives hold some truth—while a single particle can’t be assigned a traditional temperature, the concept of dual temperatures in quantum systems offers intriguing insights.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Anniebot Review: Exploring the Controversial Novel on Sex Robots

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

“Annie Bott” by Sierra Greer was the Book Club’s January pick

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Explore New Scientist's website and magazine for the latest science news, expert insights on technology, health, and environmental developments. — “Annie Bott” by Sierra Greer was the Book Club’s January pick

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The New Scientist Book Club transitioned from classic science fiction reads to a contemporary choice in January with Sierra Greer’s award-winning novel, Anniebot, the recipient of the 2025 Arthur C. Clarke Award.

I felt a mixture of apprehension and excitement when announcing this book to our community. Anniebot explores the haunting tale of a sex robot entangled in a toxic, abusive relationship. With its darker themes and explicit scenes, I aimed to prepare readers for its intense narrative. Some found the scene in the cupboard particularly disturbing.

As anticipated, reactions varied. While a few opted out early due to the heavy content, many engaged deeply with the story, which sparked significant discussion (and disagreements) among members.

Let’s highlight some positive perspectives. I personally appreciated how Greer navigated the fine line between explicitness and narrative depth, steering clear of simply becoming “roboporn.” During my interview with her, she affirmed her intention to avoid categorizing the book as erotica. To me, she succeeded. Each scene, while uncomfortable, provoked thought about humanity and freedom. Annie’s existence raises questions: is she less human than primitive robots like Delta? What future awaits her? The marking of a truly impactful read is its lingering questions in your mind.

Laura Akers echoed this sentiment: “Hearing people discuss Annie as though you had no emotional investment was intriguing.” She likened it to pre-feminist exploitation, noting how Annie’s perception of sexual abuse highlighted deeper societal issues.

Annie Arnott shared her initial struggles with the portrayal of sex in Greer’s writing. “Things started off well,” she explained. “But I now carry a profound respect, recognizing the important narrative work being done—perhaps reminiscent of The Yellow Wallpaper. Greer showcases the nuanced experience of many women, culminating in an ending steeped in bitter hope.”

Before delving into the conclusion debate, let’s hear from our insightful reader, Alan Perret. He found Anniebot challenging to complete. “Annie’s plight was so harrowing that while I was relieved to finish, it was a tough journey,” he remarked.

Alan’s critique included insights into Doug’s extreme brutality, stating, “While Doug isn’t questioned about his humanity, it’s evident he lacks the vital traits that define it. Interestingly, Annie, despite not being human, displays more empathy than he does. Does that imply that humanity is merely about biological composition?”

Though Alan pointed out some plot inconsistencies—like Annie’s need for exercise—he and I both left with many profound questions after finishing the book. “I’m glad to have read it, as it pushed boundaries many would shy away from,” he concluded.

In contrast, Jennifer Bertrand struggled to connect with Annie. “The narrative reminded me constantly of her artificial nature, hindering any empathy,” she noted, wondering if Doug treated real humans poorly too.

Niall Leighton, while recognizing Greer’s strong character study, felt it lacked a nuanced exploration of AI autonomy. “I wanted deeper analysis on male behaviors within the existing patriarchal context,” he expressed. “While the book is disturbing, it didn’t offer the groundbreaking feminist perspective I hoped for.”

Jacqueline Farrand additionally criticized the absence of distinct science fiction elements in Anniebot, echoing sentiments shared by Phil Gursky, who viewed it as a raw tale of abuse.

Annie’s resolution brought a divided response. Many, including Pauline Moncrief, expressed relief that it concluded positively. In contrast, Karen Sears found the ending unsatisfactory, feeling it lacked depth. Ken Lynch too expressed disappointment, viewing Annie’s freedom as diminishing her agency. Nonetheless, he recognized the book’s ambition in tackling difficult themes.

Amid the discussions, Octavia Butler’s name frequently resurfaced, with many praising her ability to address similar themes with greater depth.

“After immersing myself in Butler’s works, I found her talent for weaving themes of slavery and oppression far more compelling,” Jennifer noted.

Members also discussed Greer’s depiction of race and recommended other books touching on similar themes, including Sarah Gary’s Echo Wife and Joanna Sinisalo’s chilling commentary on patriarchy in The Core of the Sun.

These suggestions are excellent, but I encourage our readers to finish the upcoming February books first. This novel stands as a monumental literary piece that will continue to resonate. Next in the New Scientist Book Club is Tim Winton’s Juice, depicting a future Australia plagued by devastation, questioning what led to this reality. Our science fiction critic, Emily H. Wilson, found it profoundly impactful upon its hardcover release. Prepare to explore the complexities of our world through this engaging read, and don’t forget to join the discussion in our book club or Facebook group here.

For immediate help, reach out to the UK Domestic Abuse Helpline at 0808 2000 247. using safe equipment. Click here for helplines in 46 countries.

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Exploring the Impact of Illness on Our Lives: A Captivating Yet Imperfect Read

Posted on January 30, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Healthcare professionals stand near a COVID-19 triage tent in Lisbon, Portugal, April 2020.

Patricia de Melo Moreira/AFP via Getty Images

Healthcare professionals in protective masks stand near a triage tent for possible COVID-19 patients outside Santa María Hospital in Lisbon on April 2, 2020. Over 500 lives have been claimed by COVID-19 in Portugal, with more than 6,000 confirmed cases. (Photo by PATRICIA DE MELO MOREIRA/AFP via Getty Images) — Healthcare professionals stand near a COVID-19 triage tent in Lisbon, Portugal, April 2020.

Patricia de Melo Moreira/AFP via Getty Images

The Great Shadow
by Susan Wise Bauer, St. Martin’s Press

Publishing a book on the history of disease seems timely given the ongoing challenges with public health. As we face yet another tough winter in the Northern Hemisphere, we reflect on the previous harsh winter during the COVID-19 pandemic. Our vulnerability to illness has never been more evident.

Introducing The Great Shadow: A History of How Disease Shapes Our Actions, Thoughts, Beliefs, and Purchases, authored by Susan Wise Bauer. This work chronicles how disease influences individual lives and collective societal behaviors over centuries. From our guilty pleasures to our shopping habits, microbial influences are always at play.

However, the subject isn’t entirely new; similar works have emerged since the pandemic, such as Jonathan Kennedy’s comprehensive essays, along with updated versions of Sean Martin’s A Short History of Disease and Frederick F. Cartwright and Michael Biddis’s Disease and History. So, what sets this work apart?

The distinction lies in Bauer’s emphasis. She explores the shift from the “Hippocratic universe” to our contemporary understanding steeped in “germ theory.” The former relies on antiquated beliefs regarding bodily humors and inner balance, while the latter focuses on scientific evidence.

A key revelation of this book is the prolonged timeline for this transition; the acknowledgment that microbes cause disease took centuries to establish and only gained traction in the late Victorian era—resulting in millions of unnecessary deaths.

Yet, have we completely moved past Hippocratic medicine? The Great Shadow doubles as a discussion piece. Each chapter unveils a timeline, navigating through urbanization, the Black Death, and the trenches of World War I, before linking historical events to current beliefs surrounding disease.

At its best, this research provokes contemplation. Are we surprised that 19th-century anti-vaccination advocates resemble today’s skeptics? At its worst, some discussions may prove perplexing. For instance, Bauer confesses that following COVID-19, she avoided checkups out of fear of being criticized for her weight gain—a worrying reflection on the pressures surrounding health discussions.

Nevertheless, glimmers of insight are present in The Great Shadow. Despite moments of verbose writing, Bauer efficiently crafts narratives from historical archives. Her account of early germ theory proponents like Alexander Gordon and Ignace Semmelweis, often marginalized for their views, merits cinematic adaptation.

The final, memorable aspect of this book discusses our shift from superstition to science, presenting the current crisis termed the Third Epidemiological Transition. Bauer notes that we face not only epidemic failures with antibiotics but also the rapid emergence of novel diseases for which vaccines and treatments are yet unavailable, facilitated by modern global travel.

Peter Hoskin is the Books and Culture Editor at Prospect magazine.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Universe: Unlocking Fundamental Quantum Secrets Yet to be Discovered

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Conceptual diagram of quantum fluctuations — We May Never Know the Universal Wave Function

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

From the perspective of quantum physics, the universe may be fundamentally agnostic in some respects.

In quantum physics, every object, such as an electron, corresponds to a mathematical entity known as a wave function. This wave function encodes all details regarding an object’s quantum state. By combining the wave function with other equations, physicists can effectively predict the behavior of objects in experiments.

If we accept that the entire universe operates on quantum principles, then even larger entities, including the cosmos itself, must possess a wave function. This perspective has been supported by iconic physicists like Stephen Hawking.

However, researchers like Eddie Kemin Chen from the University of California, San Diego and Roderich Tumulka from the University of Tübingen in Germany, have demonstrated that complete knowledge of the universal wave function may be fundamentally unattainable.

“The cosmic wave function is like a cosmic secret that physics itself conspires to protect. We can predict a lot about how the universe behaves, yet we remain fundamentally unsure of its precise quantum state,” states Chen.

Previous studies assumed specific forms for the universal wave function based on theoretical models of the universe, overlooking the implications of experimental observations. Chen and Tumulka began with a more practical inquiry: Can observations help in identifying the correct wave function among those that reasonably describe our universe?

The researchers utilized mathematical outcomes from quantum statistical mechanics, which examines the properties of collections of quantum states. A significant factor in their calculations was the realization that the universal wave function depends on numerous parameters and exists in a high-dimensional abstract state.

Remarkably, upon completing their calculations, they found that universal quantum states are essentially agnostic.

“The measurements permissible by the rules of quantum mechanics provide very limited insight into the universe’s wave function. Determining the wave function of the universe with significant precision is impossible,” explains Tumulka.

Professor JB Manchak from the University of California, Irvine states that this research enhances our understanding of the limits of our best empirical methods, noting that we essentially have an equivalent to general relativity within the framework of quantum physics. He adds that this should not come as a surprise since quantum theory was not originally designed as a comprehensive theory of the universe.

“The wave function of a small system or the entire universe is a highly theoretical construct. Wave functions are meaningful not because they are observable, but because we employ them,” remarks Sheldon Goldstein from Rutgers University. He further explains that the inability to pinpoint a unique, accurate universal wave function from a limited range of candidates may not be problematic, as any of these functions could yield similar effects in future calculations.

Chen expresses hope to connect his and Tumulka’s research with the exploration of large-scale systems smaller than the universe itself, especially through techniques like shadow tomography, which aim to determine the quantum state of such systems. However, the philosophical consequences of their work are equally crucial. Tumulka emphasizes the need for caution against over-relying on positivist views that deem non-experimental statements as meaningless or unscientific. “Some truths are real, but cannot be measured,” he asserts.

This rationale might influence ongoing debates regarding the interpretation of quantum mechanics. According to Emily Adlam from Chapman University in California, the new findings advocate for incorporating more components into the interpretation of quantum equations, such as wave functions, emphasizing the relationship between quantum objects and individual observer perspectives, moving away from the assumption of a singular objective reality dictated by a single mathematical construct.

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Exploring the Science Behind Card Selection: Any Card, Any Insights

Posted on January 29, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Explore groundbreaking insights on science, technology, health, and the environment with New Scientist’s latest updates.

Feedback on New Scientist is welcomed! If you have insights or articles that would interest our readers, please contact us at feedback@newscientist.com.

Online Psychic Insights

When exploring pseudoscience, providing feedback on press releases can be tricky. It’s advisable to approach this with care, especially since those engaged in pseudoscience often lack self-awareness about their practices. This ongoing conversation inevitably leads to fascinating insights.

We are thrilled to present groundbreaking research on telepathy. If you haven’t encountered the concept of telepathy, this “crowd-scale ESP test” aims to showcase extrasensory perception globally.

According to TrueESP.com, “This innovative study utilizes the free True ESP app to synchronize participants’ brainwaves worldwide through multisensory stimulation during interactive telepathy tests.” Once the app is downloaded, you can participate in a 4-minute telepathy challenge.

Participants will alternately transmit and receive images from a selection of nine cards. “A new test initiates every 10 minutes, allowing users to engage repeatedly,” the website reports, brimming with enthusiasm.

Previous research by Joseph Rhine in the 20th century laid the foundation for telepathy studies using Zener cards, which featured five unique images for transmission. Mr. Rhine proposed that results often surpass random chance, though continued testing frequently reverts to randomness. The latest global telepathy research effectively replicates Rhine’s experiment using a modern application.

The study is led by Mark Freeman, an advertising innovator, along with a team of scientists, including Dean Radin, who was part of the CIA’s covert Stargate program, training para-spy operatives in the 1980s and 1990s. It’s important to note that the Stargate project did indeed exist, as recently revealed by Popular Mechanics.

For those curious about the role of “quantum” in this context, fret not. A section on the website discusses quantum psychic research, stating that “Recent experiments suggest brain neurons generate consciousness through quantum entanglement.”

We will keep you updated on this research until there is a decisive conclusion or until Freeman determines it’s time to cease communications—whichever comes first.

Political Health Insights

Reader Peter Slessenger recently encountered an article discussing President Donald Trump’s health on HuffPost: You can read it here.

CNN health analyst Jonathan Reiner noted that President Trump has frequently dozed off during important meetings and has requested a medical reassessment.

To affirm Mr. Reiner’s credentials, the article referenced his past role as the cardiologist for the late Vice President Cheney. It appears that referring to “Dick” has become taboo in some circles.

Interestingly, HuffPost didn’t shy away from using the name “Dick Cheney,” suggesting that Yahoo News may avoid it for reasons unknown.

Honorary Recognition in Academia

Universities seem to hand out honorary degrees to almost anyone with notable acclaim on social media. Recently, feedback noted a truly surprising announcement from Griffith University, Australia: “Griffith University is thrilled to offer a professorship to Dr. Bandit Healer, a renowned archaeologist and 2019 Father of the Year.”

This announcement surprised many since Bandit is a fictional animated dog from children’s TV show Bluey. The university described him as “a Brisbane-based blue heeler of international renown,” citing numerous fictional achievements, including groundbreaking anthropological discoveries. This raises questions about how a cartoon dog can garner such acclaim while engaging in child’s play with Bluey and Bingo.

Digging further reveals that a genuine honorary doctorate was conferred. Bluey‘s parent, Joe Blum, happens to be a university paleoanthropologist. This oversight leaves us wondering if we’re doing enough in our family.

Trends in Cultured Meat

Recently, several cultured meat companies have folded, including Believer Meats.

Reader Hugh White speculated that the CEO’s decisions may have contributed to Believer Meats’ downfall. “They should have seen the signs in his name, Gustavo Berger,” Hugh suggested, highlighting the significance of management in startups.

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Advancements in Lab-Grown Brain Research: Exploring the Future of Cerebral Development

Posted on January 28, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Revitalizing Brain Organoids: A Breakthrough in Vascular Integration

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Developing brain organoid with vascular system — Revitalizing Brain Organoids: A Breakthrough in Vascular Integration

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A pioneering advancement has been made in growing a miniaturized version of the developing cerebral cortex, crucial for cognitive functions like thinking, memory, and problem-solving, complete with a realistic vascular system. This advancement in brain organoids offers unprecedented insights into brain biology and pathology.

Brain organoids, often referred to as “mini-brains,” are produced by exposing stem cells to specific biochemical signals in a laboratory setting, encouraging them to form self-organizing cellular spheres. Since their inception in 2013, these organoids have significantly contributed to research on conditions such as autism, schizophrenia, and dementia.

However, these organoids have a significant limitation: they typically start to deteriorate after only a few months. This degradation occurs because a full-sized brain has an intricate network of blood vessels that supply essential oxygen and nutrients, while organoids can only absorb these elements from their growth medium, leading to nutrient deprivation for the innermost cells. “This is a critical issue,” remarks Lois Kistemaker from Utrecht University Medical Center in the Netherlands.

To mitigate this issue, Ethan Winkler and researchers at the University of California, San Francisco, devised a method to cultivate human stem cells for two months, resulting in “cortical organoids” that closely resemble the developing cerebral cortex. They then introduced organoids composed of vascular cells, strategically placing them at either end of each cortical organoid, facilitating the formation of a vascular network throughout the mini-brain.

Crucially, imaging studies revealed that the blood vessels in these mini-brains possess hollow centers, or lumens, akin to those found in natural blood vessels. “The establishment of a vascular network featuring lumens similar to authentic blood vessels is impressive,” states Madeline Lancaster, a pioneer in organoid research at the University of Cambridge. “This represents a significant progression.”

Past attempts to incorporate blood vessels within brain organoids have failed to achieve this crucial detail; previous studies typically resulted in unevenly distributed vessels throughout the organoids. In contrast, the blood vessels formed in this new experiment exhibit properties and genetic activities more closely aligned with those in actual developing brains, thereby establishing a more effective “blood-brain barrier.” This barrier protects the brain from harmful pathogens while permitting the passage of nutrients and waste, according to Kistemaker.

The implications of these findings indicate that blood vessels are crucial for delivering nutrient-rich fluids necessary for sustaining organoids. Professor Lancaster emphasizes, “To function properly, blood vessels, similar to the heart, require a mechanism for continuous blood flow, ensuring that deoxygenated blood is replaced with fresh, oxygen-rich blood or a suitable substitute.”

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Exploring How Gas Fuels Diverse Microbial Life in Caves – Sciworthy

Posted on January 27, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Caves are often dark, damp, and remote. While they lack the nutrients and energy sources that sustain life in other ecosystems, they still host a diverse array of bacteria and archaea. But how do these microorganisms acquire enough energy to thrive? A team of researchers from Australia and Europe investigated this intriguing question by examining Australian caves.

Previous studies identified that microorganisms in nutrient-poor soils can harness energy from the atmosphere through trace gases, including hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. These gases are present in minute quantities, classified as trace gases. Microbes possess specific proteins that can accept electrons from these gas molecules, enabling them to utilize these gases as energy sources, such as hydrogenase, dehydrogenase, or monooxygenase, fueling their metabolic processes.

The Australian research team hypothesized that cave-dwelling microbes may be using trace gases for survival. To test this, they studied four ventilated caves in southeastern Australia. The researchers collected sediment samples at four points along a horizontal line that extended from the cave entrance to 25 meters (approximately 80 feet) deep inside the cave, resulting in a total of 94 sediment samples.

The team treated the sediment samples with specific chemicals to extract microbial DNA, using it to identify both the abundance and diversity of microorganisms present. They found multiple groups of microorganisms throughout the cave, including Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexota, and Thermoproteota. Notably, the density and diversity of microbes were significantly higher near the cave entrance, with three times more microorganisms in those regions compared to further inside.

The team utilized gene sequencing to analyze the microbial DNA for genes linked to trace gas consumption. Results revealed that 54% of cave microorganisms carried genes coding for proteins involved in utilizing trace gases like hydrogenases, dehydrogenases, and monooxygenases.

To assess the generality of their findings, the researchers searched existing data on microbial populations from 12 other ventilated caves worldwide. They discovered that genes for trace gas consumption were similarly prevalent among other cave microorganisms, concluding that trace gases might significantly support microbial life and activity in caves.

Next, the researchers measured gas concentrations within the caves. They deployed static magnetic flux chambers to collect atmospheric gas samples at four points along the sampling line, capturing 25 milliliters (about 1 ounce) of gas each time. Using a gas chromatograph, they analyzed the samples and found that the concentrations of hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane were approximately four times higher near the cave entrance compared to deeper areas. This suggests that microorganisms might be metabolizing these trace gases for energy.

To validate their findings further, they constructed a static magnetic flux chamber in the lab, incubating cave sediment with hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane at natural concentration levels. They confirmed that microbes also consumed trace gases in controlled conditions.

Finally, the researchers explored how these cave microbes obtained organic carbon. They conducted carbon isotope analysis, focusing on carbon-12 and carbon-13 ratios, which can vary based on microbial metabolic processes. Using an isotope ratio mass spectrometer, they determined that cave bacteria had a lower percentage of carbon-13, indicating their reliance on trace gases to generate carbon within the cave ecosystem.

The researchers concluded that atmospheric trace gases serve as a crucial energy source for microbial communities in caves, fostering a diverse array of microorganisms. They recommended that future studies examine how climatic changes, such as fluctuations in temperature and precipitation, might influence the use of atmospheric trace gases by cave-dwelling microorganisms.

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Exploring the Physics Behind Stranger Things: Beyond the Ending

Posted on January 26, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Scientist - Your go-to source for insightful science news and in-depth articles covering technology, health, and environmental advancements.

Send us your feedback at New Scientist! If you enjoy following the latest advancements in science and technology, let us know your thoughts by emailing feedback@newscientist.com.

Even the Strangest Theories

This vacation, many fans spent their time reflecting on the final episode of Stranger Things. We experienced laughter, tears, and heated discussions about the storyline—especially its conclusion. Can we really say it was a fitting ending like Return of the King? (In our opinion, it was.)

In today’s online culture, vocal fan backlash is common. Some theorized that the finale was merely a ruse, leading to wild claims like “Conformity Gate” (not our term!). They argue that despite its two-hour runtime and cinematic release, the concluding episode was just a setup for a secret final episode, set to air this January. Critics point to a continuity error that suggests the entire narrative was an illusion crafted by Vecna, the mind-controlling antagonist.

Initially, we found these theories unconvincing, especially since the criticisms revolved around minor details. After all, the show itself defies physics—should we really be worried about the color of a graduation gown?

For newcomers, the storyline of Stranger Things unfolds in a small Indiana town beset by a secretive government lab conducting dangerous experiments. Spoiler alert: these experiments inadvertently open a portal to the “Upside Down,” a horrifying alternate dimension that mirrors the town, albeit in a more sinister light. Ultimately, it’s revealed that this Upside Down functions as a wormhole to yet another realm known as the Abyss.

If the Upside Down is indeed a wormhole, what then is the swirling red object levitating above? Some describe it as containing “exotic matter,” a theoretical substance crucial for stabilizing a genuine wormhole (although its existence remains unproven). This complicates matters further since the entrance to the Abyss exists in the Upside Down’s skies.

We’ve contemplated this for weeks, yet the whirling object’s purpose remains a mystery. Why does shooting it with a gun liquefy its surroundings, while an explosion obliterates the entire Upside Down? Wouldn’t such destruction release enough energy to obliterate a significant part of the East Coast?

Perhaps physicists focused on adaptive gate theory should tackle the bizarre phenomena within the Upside Down. There could be a Nobel Prize—or at least an Ig Nobel Prize—waiting for someone who can crack these mysteries.

Sparkling Sports Benefits

What could be more exhilarating than attending a live sports event? The thrill comes from being part of the crowd, cheering on your favorite players. But what if drinking soda while cheering made it even more enjoyable?

Alice Klein, a reporter, highlighted a study that demonstrated that spectators at a women’s college basketball game experienced greater enjoyment and a stronger sense of belonging when they consumed sparkling water instead of plain water. The researchers noted, “Drinking sparkling water together serves as a low-impact, non-alcoholic ritual, fostering social connection during and after live sports events.”

While Alice found this perspective amusing, editor Jacob Aaron defended the research: “They studied 40 individuals; what more could they need?” Readers may form their own opinions on the validity of this evidence. Nonetheless, we want to draw attention to the “competing interests” stated in the research paper, which we won’t comment on further. Here’s the statement:

“This study received funding from Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd. WK and SM are employees of Asahi Soft Drinks Co., Ltd. The authors declare that this funding had no influence on the study design, methodology, analysis, or interpretation of the results. The sponsor has no control over the interpretation, writing, or publication of this study.”

AI Mistakes and Missteps

Reader Peter Brooker reached out to suggest a new section titled “AI Bloopers.” After using a well-known search engine, he was astounded to discover that the AI confidently asserted the first six prime numbers were 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 11.

We believe this section has long existed, albeit without a formal name. In fact, we often discuss how frequently to highlight these AI blunders. A weekly column could easily be filled with AI failures, but we worry it may become monotonous.

In line with Peter’s suggestion, Ghent University’s new rector, Petra de Sutter, found herself in hot water after using AI to generate her opening speech. It included fabricated quotes purportedly from Albert Einstein.

As reported by Brussels Times: “Impressively, De Sutter warned about the dangers of AI in her speech, advising that AI-generated content should not be ‘blindly trusted’ and that such text is ‘not always easy to distinguish from the original work.’”

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Exploring the Uniqueness of Our Solar System: The Century’s Most Fascinating Concept

Posted on January 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Since the early 1990s, astronomers have made groundbreaking discoveries in exoplanet research. The real surge began in the early 2000s with comprehensive surveys, revealing that our unique solar system, featuring four rocky planets and four gas giants, might be unlike most others.

For decades, the Chilean High Precision Radial Velocity Planet Probe and the California Legacy Survey have meticulously tracked the stellar wobbles caused by exoplanets. While these surveys have not as many exoplanet discoveries as pioneering telescopes like Kepler and TESS, they shed light on the distinctiveness of our solar system.

For instance, our Sun outsize over 90% of other stars and exists alone, unlike many stars with companion stars. Earth’s size is also exceptional; only 1 in 10 stars hosts a planet like Jupiter. When such planets are found, their orbits often dramatically differ from Jupiter’s stable, circular path. Notably absent from our system are super-Earths or sub-Neptunes, which are common in other star systems. Despite thousands of exoplanet discoveries, Earth-like planets orbiting sun-like stars, and potential extraterrestrial life remain elusive.

“Our solar system is strange due to what we have and what we lack,” states Sean Raymond from the University of Bordeaux, France. “It’s still uncertain whether we are simply rare at the 1% level or genuinely unique at the 1 in a million level.”

These revelations prompt intriguing inquiries about the formation of our solar system. Questions remain, such as why Jupiter is located farther from the Sun—rather than closer, as seen in many planetary systems. Unusual orbits of exoplanets have made astronomers reconsider our system’s history. The Nice model, proposed in 2001, suggests a major reconfiguration post-formation, moving Jupiter to the outskirts while redirecting asteroids and moons into new trajectories.

“The understanding that such a shift could occur stemmed directly from exoplanet research,” Raymond notes. “Approximately 90% of large exoplanetary systems exhibit instability. This insight prompts speculation about possible historical fluctuations within our solar system.”

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Exploring the Epic Saga of Ancient Humanity: The Century’s Best Idea Revealed

Posted on January 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In the last 25 years, the field of human evolution has witnessed remarkable growth, showcased by a significant increase in discoveries. Archaeologists have unearthed more fossils, species, and artifacts from diverse locations, from the diminutive “hobbits” to enigmatic creatures inhabiting Indonesian islands. Notably, Homo naledi is known solely from a single deep cave in South Africa. Simultaneously, advanced analytical techniques have enhanced our understanding of these findings, revealing a treasure trove of information about our origins and extinct relatives.

This whirlwind of discoveries has yielded two major lessons. First, since 2000, our understanding of the human fossil record has been extended further back in time. Previously, the oldest known human fossil was 4.4 million-year-old Ardipithecus, but subsequent discoveries in 2000 and 2001 unearthed even older species: Ardipithecus, Orrorin tugenensis from 6 million years ago, and Sahelanthropus tchadensis from 7 million years ago. Additionally, the Orrorin lineage was tentatively identified in 2022, suggesting it is slightly more recent than O. tugenensis.

According to Clement Zanoli from the University of Bordeaux, the discovery of these early human fossils represents “one of the great revolutions” in our understanding of evolution.

The second major lesson has enriched the narrative of how our species emerged from earlier hominins. By 2000, genetic evidence established that all non-Africans descend from ancestors who lived in Africa around 60,000 years ago. This revelation indicated that modern humans evolved in Africa and subsequently migrated, replacing other hominid species.

However, by 2010, the sequencing of the first Neanderthal genome opened a new chapter, along with the DNA analysis of several other ancient humans. These studies revealed that our species interbred with Neanderthals, Denisovans, and possibly other groups, creating a complex tapestry of human ancestry.

Skeletal research has long suggested interbreeding as many fossils exhibit traits that defy clear species categorization, as noted by Sheila Athreya at Texas A&M University. In 2003, Eric Trinkaus and colleagues described a jawbone excavated from Peștera cu Oase, Romania, as a Human-Neanderthal hybrid, based on its morphology. Later genetic testing in 2015 confirmed that individuals from Oase had Neanderthal ancestry, tracing back 4 to 6 generations ago.

This evidence highlights that our species did not merely expand from Africa; rather, our population absorbed genetic contributions from Neanderthals and Denisovans along the way. Genetically, we are a mosaic, a fusion of countless years of diverse human lineages.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Iconic Helix Nebula: Webb’s In-Depth Analysis

Posted on January 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exciting new infrared images from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope showcase the intricate structure of gas and dust expelled by a white dwarf star at the heart of the Helix Nebula.

This web image captures part of the Helix Nebula with stunning detail. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/A. Pagan, STScI.

Located approximately 655 light years away in the constellation Aquarius, the Helix Nebula is a captivating planetary nebula.

First discovered in the early 1800s, it continues to enchant stargazers and professional astronomers alike, owing to its closeness to Earth and mesmerizing visual appeal.

The image captured by Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals a comet-like column with an extended tail tracing the edges of the expanding gas shell, as noted by Webb astronomers.

“Fierce winds from a dying star clash with a frigid shell of gas, sculpting the remarkable structure of the nebula,” they explained.

“The iconic Helix Nebula has been observed by various ground-based and space-based observatories for nearly two centuries since its discovery.”

“Webb’s near-infrared observations highlight these intricate knots, contrasting with conventional imaging techniques. Check out this fantastic image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.”

This image offers a panoramic view of the Helix Nebula, accentuating the narrow field of view from Webb’s NIRCam instrument. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/A. Pagan, STScI.

The new images additionally highlight the dramatic transition from the hottest to the coldest gas as the shell expands from the central white dwarf star, WD 2226-210.

The bright white dwarf lies at the heart of the nebula, just outside the Webb image’s frame, continuing to influence its surroundings.

“Intense radiation from this star illuminates the surrounding gas, creating vibrant rainbow-colored features: hot ionized gas closest to the white dwarf, cooler hydrogen molecules further away, and protective pockets in the dust cloud where more complex molecules can start to form,” the astronomers noted.

This interaction is vital, paving the way for new planetary systems to potentially form in the future.

“In the Webb images of the Helix Nebula, colors represent temperature and chemical reactions,” they explained.

“A slight blue tint reveals the hottest gas in the area, ignited by powerful ultraviolet light.”

“Further out, the gas transitions into a yellow region where hydrogen atoms merge to form molecules.”

The outer edge, adorned with a reddish hue, marks the coldest material where gas begins to thin and dust can emerge.

“These colors symbolize the star’s last breath transforming into the foundational material for new worlds, enriching our understanding of how planets originate,” the astronomers concluded.

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Source: www.sci.news

Exploring ‘Dark Oxygen’: Scientists Research Its Impact in Deep Sea Mining Zones

Posted on January 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Experiment on Oxygen Production with Deep-Sea Nodule

Nippon Foundation

Experiment on Oxygen Production by Deep-Sea Nodule — Experiment on Oxygen Production with Deep-Sea Nodule

Nippon Foundation

Scientists are set to deploy instruments to the ocean floor to explore the intriguing process of metal nodules producing oxygen in the Pacific Ocean. This unexpected phenomenon has ignited significant debate regarding the ethics of deep-sea mining.

In a surprising revelation from 2024, researchers identified that a potato-sized formation in the depths of the Pacific and Indian Oceans—including the distinguished Clarion-Clipperton Zone—functions as a vital oxygen source. This discovery challenges the conventional belief that large-scale oxygen production derives solely from sunlight and photosynthesis.

Dubbed “dark oxygen,” this phenomenon sustains life within the abyss, including microorganisms, sea cucumbers, and predatory sea anemones thriving thousands of meters beneath the surface. This finding casts doubt on proposals from deep-sea mining companies aiming to extract cobalt, nickel, and manganese by removing nodules from the ocean floor. A controversial deep-sea mining company was involved in this discovery, prompting a call for further scientific investigation.

Now, the team responsible for discovering dark oxygen is returning to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the prime location for potential deep-sea mining, to verify its existence and comprehend the mechanisms behind its production.

“Where does the oxygen come from for these diverse animal communities to thrive?” asked Andrew Sweetman from the Scottish Marine Science Society. “This could be an essential process, and we’re focused on uncovering it.”

The researchers propose that a metallic layer in the nodule generates an electrical current which splits seawater into hydrogen and oxygen. They’ve recorded up to 0.95 volts of electricity on the surface of the nodules—just below the standard 1.23 volts necessary for electrolysis. However, the team suggests that individual nodules or clusters could produce higher voltages.

Plans are underway to deploy a lander, essentially a metal frame housing various instruments, to a depth of 10,000 meters to measure oxygen flow and pH changes, as the electrolysis process releases protons, increasing water acidity.

Research Lander Deployed Into the Ocean

Scottish Marine Science Society

Given the potential role of microorganisms in this process, the lander will also collect sediment cores and nodules for laboratory analysis. Each nodule is home to approximately 100 million microorganisms, which researchers aim to identify through DNA sequencing and fluorescence microscopy.

“The immense diversity of microorganisms is constantly evolving; we are continually discovering new species,” remarked Jeff Marlow from Boston University. “Are they active? Are they influencing their environment in crucial ways?”

Furthermore, since electrolysis is generally not observed under the intense pressures found on the ocean floor, the team intends to utilize a high-pressure reactor to replicate deep-sea conditions and conduct electrolysis experiments there.

“The pressure of 400 atmospheres is comparable to that at which the Titan submarine tragically imploded,” noted Franz Geiger from Northwestern University. “We seek to understand the efficiency of water splitting under such high pressure.”

The ultimate aim is to carry out electrochemical reactions in the presence of microorganisms and bacteria under an electron microscope without harming the microorganisms.

The United Nations’ International Seabed Authority has yet to decide on the legality of deep-sea mining in international waters, with U.S. President Donald Trump advocating for its implementation. The Canadian company, The Metals Company, has applied for authorization from the U.S. government to commence deep-sea mining operations.

A recent paper authored by Metals Company scientists contends that Sweetman and his colleagues have not produced sufficient energy to facilitate seawater electrolysis in 2024, suggesting the observed oxygen was likely transported from the ocean’s surface by the deployed landers.

Sweetman countered this claim, stating that the lander would displace any air bubbles on its descent, and asserted that oxygen measurement would not have occurred if deployed in other regions, such as the Arctic ocean floor, which is 4,000 meters deep. Out of 65 experiments conducted at the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, he noted that 10% exhibited oxygen consumption while the remainder indicated oxygen production.

Sweetman and his colleagues also discovered that the oxidation phase of the electrolysis process can occur at lower voltages than those recorded on the nodule’s surface. A rebuttal presenting this data has been submitted to Natural Earth Science and is currently under review.

“From a commercial perspective, there are definitely interests attempting to suppress research in this field,” stated Sweetman in response to the Metals Company’s opposition to his findings.

“It is imperative to address all comments, regardless of their origin,” added Marlowe. “That is our current predicament in this process.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Science-Backed Strategies to Enhance Life Fulfillment

Posted on January 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring New Directions in Life

Alexandre Maurin Laprise / Alamy

As the new year begins, many individuals reassess their lives and goals. However, as one reader expressed, this journey often leads to confusion instead of clarity. “My New Year’s resolution is to feel fulfilled, but where do I begin?” he asked. “How can I find a new direction in life?”

Experiencing some frustration is entirely normal. Contrary to popular belief, there isn’t a universal shortcut to happiness. However, engaging in reflective exercises can help clarify your priorities and enhance your chances of identifying a rewarding path forward. Michaela C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler from Erasmus University Rotterdam refer to this process as “life craft.” In their review of psychological research on uncovering meaning and purpose, they outline several actionable steps:

First, reflect on your values and passions. What activities bring you joy, and what legacy do you wish to leave? Next, assess your current skills and habits—what do you excel at now, and what would you like to cultivate in the future? Thirdly, evaluate your social connections: who uplifts you, and who drains your energy? Following that, contemplate your career aspirations, your ideal future, and your overarching goals. Lastly, consider your commitments—how can you take responsibility for your actions?

This comprehensive list encompasses both personal and professional realms, emphasizing social connection, a fundamental element of mental well-being. Acknowledging your existing capabilities boosts confidence in your ability to effect change, while identifying growth areas clarifies your future aspirations.

Schippers and Ziegler advocate for utilizing “implementation intentions” when setting goals. This strategy involves crafting a series of “if-then” plans to navigate potential challenges. For example, if you’ve determined that creativity is a core value and aspire to write a novel, you might commit to: “If I arrive home by 7 PM, then I will write for an hour before dinner.”

In the final phase of commitment, seek ways to increase accountability by sharing your goals with others. Research indicates that when students posted selfies along with written statements of their goals on social media, they were more likely to follow through.

Understand that discovering your path is a gradual process. You may revisit these exercises multiple times. Like any craft, enhancing your life requires continuous learning and dedication. Let’s embark on this journey in 2026.

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Michaéla C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler’s insightful paper can be accessed for free at: doi.org/ghpv8q

Catch more articles published weekly at:
newscientist.com/maker

David Robson is an acclaimed science writer and the author of The Law of Connection: 13 Social Strategies That Will Change Your Life.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Could Meat Be the Key to Living to 100? Exploring Its Surprising Role in Longevity

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Celebrating 100 years with love and memories

Xinhua/Shutterstock

Centenarian Hu Zaizhong celebrates his 100th birthday in northern China, April 24, 2021. Surrounded by family, he shared six wishes that symbolize a life well-lived. — Celebrating 100 years with love and memories

Xinhua/Shutterstock

Longevity advocates, such as Brian Johnson, often push boundaries in their pursuit of immortality. For those of us looking to celebrate a century with less complexity, dietary changes are typically the first step. While plant-based diets are frequently recommended, recent studies in China indicate many centenarians include meat in their diets, potentially offering crucial benefits, especially for those with low body weight.

Meat is a source of essential amino acids that influence a signaling molecule named mTOR, linked to the aging process. Although numerous studies recommend reducing meat intake for longevity and disease prevention, it’s important to note that vegetarian diets have been associated with increased fractures and instances of malnutrition.

These challenges can be particularly pronounced for older adults with weaker bones, resulting in slower recovery post-surgery. According to Wang Kaiyue from Fudan University in Shanghai, understanding the link between diet and longevity is essential. Wang and colleagues analyzed data from a centralized health database focusing on individuals aged 65 and above.

Within their study, 5,203 participants aged 80 and older in 1998, who were free from cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, or cancer, were surveyed. Approximately 80% identified as meat eaters, while others followed a mainly plant-based diet but occasionally consumed animal products.

Interestingly, meat consumers demonstrated a higher probability of living to age 100 compared to those following vegetarian, pescatarian, or vegan diets. This finding held statistical significance when body weight factored into the analysis.

The likelihood of reaching 100 grew, especially among underweight meat eaters, with 30% reporting daily meat consumption, compared to 24% of underweight vegetarians in 1998. This trend was less pronounced among heavier individuals.

While heavy consumption of meat has been linked with obesity, research supports the role of animal proteins in building stronger muscles and enhancing bone health. According to Wang, such benefits are particularly significant for those lacking body mass.

Nonetheless, a diet rich in vegetables is crucial, with findings indicating participants who consumed vegetables daily tended to have extended lifespans.

“Older adults often face unique nutritional challenges,” says Wang. “Our research implies that dietary guidelines for older individuals should prioritize nutritional balance over strict avoidance of animal products, particularly for those with low body weight.”

This particular outcome may not hold true globally, as dietary habits differ significantly, but “the biological principles connecting nutrition and aging likely have universal relevance,” Wang adds.

According to James Webster from the University of Oxford, while this discovery is noteworthy, it should not drastically alter dietary practices. His team’s previous study highlighted a potential link between vegetarianism and the risk of femoral neck fractures, suggesting potential health issues with a strict vegetarian diet. However, Webster stresses that several studies illuminate the benefits of vegetarianism, especially concerning overall health.

Both vegetarian and meat-inclusive diets can be either healthy or detrimental, depending on nutritional content quality, Webster notes. “Identifying the nutrients essential for a balanced and healthful lifestyle is key,” he says, recommending a rich intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables while limiting salt, sugar, and saturated fats.

“Ultimately, more research is needed to determine the optimal diets for longevity, but a comprehensive view of dietary patterns is imperative,” concludes Webster.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Love Machine Review: Exploring the Impact of Chatbots on Human Relationships

Posted on January 16, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Imagine forming a deep bond with a chatbot that suddenly starts suggesting products.

Maria Kornieva/Getty Images

A woman with hearts in her eyes, representing the rise of AI relationships. — Imagine forming a deep bond with a chatbot that suddenly starts suggesting products.

Maria Kornieva/Getty Images

Love Machines
by James Muldoon, Faber & Faber

Artificial intelligence is becoming an inescapable reality, seamlessly integrating into our lives. Forget searching for chatbots; new icons will soon appear in your favorite applications, easily accessible with a single click, from WhatsApp to Google Drive, and even in basic programs like Microsoft Notepad.

The tech industry is making substantial investments in AI, pushing users to leverage these advancements. While many embrace AI for writing, management, and planning, some take it a step further, cultivating intimate relationships with their AI companions.

In James Muldoon’s Love Machine: How Artificial Intelligence Will Change Our Relationships, we delve into the intricate connections humans form with chatbots, whether they’re designed for romantic encounters or simply companionship. These AI systems also serve as friends or therapists, showcasing a broad range of interactions we’ve often discussed. New Scientist dedicates 38 pages to this topic.

In one interview, a 46-year-old woman in a passionless marriage shares her experience of using AI to explore her intricate sexual fantasies set in an 18th-century French villa. This opens up broader conversations about utilizing AI in more practical life scenarios, such as during a doctor’s visit.

Another participant, Madison, recounts uploading her late best friend’s text messages to a “deathbot” service, which generates a way for her to maintain communication.

Muldoon’s anecdotes often carry an element of voyeuristic intrigue. They reveal the diverse ways individuals navigate their lives, some paths being healthier than others. What works for one person might prove detrimental for another.

However, a critical question remains. Are we naïve to think that AI services won’t evolve like social media, cluttered with advertisements for profit? Envision a long-term relationship with a chatbot that frequently pushes products your way. What happens if the company collapses? Can you secure backups of your artificial companions, or migrate them elsewhere? Do you hold rights to the generated data and networks? Moreover, there are psychological risks associated with forming attachments to these indifferent “yes-men,” which may further alienate individuals lacking real social connections.

Nonetheless, there are positive applications for this technology. In Ukraine, for instance, AI is being harnessed to help individuals suffering from PTSD, far exceeding the current availability of human therapists. The potential to revolutionize customer service, basic legal operations, and administrative tasks is immense. Yet, Muldoon’s narrative suggests that AI often functions as an unhealthy emotional crutch. One man, heartbroken over his girlfriend’s betrayal, envisions creating an AI partner and starting a family with her.

This book appears less about examining the social impacts of innovative technology and more like a warning signal regarding pervasive loneliness and the critical lack of mental health resources. A flourishing economy, robust healthcare system, and more supportive society could reduce our reliance on emotional bonds with software.

Humans are naturally inclined to anthropomorphize inanimate objects, even naming cars and guitars. Our brain’s tendency to perceive faces in random patterns—pareidolia—has been a survival mechanism since prehistoric times. So, is it surprising that we could be deceived by machines that mimic conversation?

If this provokes skepticism, guilty as charged. While there’s potential for machines to gain sentience and form genuine relationships in the future, such advancements are not yet realized. Today’s AI struggles with basic arithmetic and lacks genuine concern for users, despite producing seemingly thoughtful responses.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Distant ‘Little Red Dot’ Galaxy: Possible Discovery of a Baby Black Hole

Posted on January 15, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring ‘Small Red Dots’ Unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope

Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, and D. Kocevski (Colby U.)/Space Telescope Science Institute Public Extension Office

James Webb Space Telescope red galaxy discovery — Exploring ‘Small Red Dots’ Unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope

Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, and D. Kocevski (Colby U.)/Space Telescope Science Institute Public Extension Office

The remarkable bright galaxies uncovered by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) may not be as brilliant as initially thought. These celestial bodies once posed a challenge to our cosmic understanding, implying they were home to supermassive black holes and an unexpected abundance of stars. However, new insights suggest these galaxies may harbor “baby” black holes.

During its initial years surveying the early Universe, JWST serendipitously discovered numerous bright and red galaxies, referred to as “little red dots” (LRDs).

The light emitted by these galaxies indicates the presence of far more mass than previously recognized in any other galaxy. They exhibit star densities that challenge existing models or host black holes larger than expected considering the size of their parent galaxies.

Both scenarios would necessitate a substantial overhaul of our galaxy formation and black hole growth theories in the early Universe.

Initial assumptions posited that the red hue of LRDs was due to copious dust surrounding the black holes or stars. This notion has come under scrutiny, as researchers find little evidence of dust in these extraordinary galaxies.

Jenny Green, a researcher at Princeton University, posits that this discovery warrants a reevaluation of LRD characteristics. “We were confident that if red coloration was due to dust, we’d detect dust emissions. However, we found none,” Green stated. “This suggests our initial assumption about their dust content was flawed.”

Previous analyses gauged the total brightness of the LRDs by assessing specific wavelengths of light linked to hydrogen, calibrated against a model of how dust impacts this light.

In their recent study, Green and her team measured the total light output from two LRD galaxies across various light frequencies, including X-rays and infrared. They discovered that, except for visible light, these galaxies emitted significantly less light than the typical galaxy—implying that LRDs are at least ten times dimmer than earlier estimates. This revelation holds critical implications for the nature of black holes within LRDs.

“If the emitted light is substantially less than we’ve believed, the mass of the black holes is likely much more modest,” Green remarked. “This reduces the tensions that have perplexed us since the black holes no longer need to be exceedingly massive or possess substantial mass initially.”

The new emission patterns imply the black holes may harbor less mass compared to standard black holes. Rohan Naidu from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology describes them as “baby black holes.” He further noted these findings align with the emerging perspective that LRD black holes could be categorized as black hole stars—a unique type of black hole encased in gas.

“In a typical black hole, what we observe is merely a fraction of the total energy emitted by the system. However, we should reconsider the little red dots as bulging black hole stars,” Naidu explained. “Most of their energy appears to be emitted at wavelengths we can detect, suggesting that what we see accurately reflects their output.”

Conversely, Roberto Maiorino from the University of Cambridge emphasizes that one cannot definitively ascertain the black hole’s mass within an LRD, as the emitted light reveals its growth rate rather than its total mass.

Green asserts that the notion of baby black holes holds merit. “If the photon count is significantly lower,” she noted, “this indicates a downward shift in the entire mass scale. On average, they possess lesser masses than previously assumed when we incorrectly categorized them as regular accreting black holes enshrouded in dust.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Fascinating Heart of the Circus Galaxy: Insights from Webb Telescope

Posted on January 14, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope have captured the most detailed infrared images of the Circus Galaxy’s core, making it one of the closest known active galaxies to the Milky Way. Webb’s observations indicate that much of the hot dust surrounding supermassive black holes in galaxies is being drawn into the black holes themselves, contrary to previous models that suggested powerful outward streams.

The Hubble image showcases the Circinus Galaxy, a spiral galaxy located approximately 13 million light-years away in the southern constellation Circinus. A close-up from Webb reveals the core’s glow in infrared light, highlighting the intricate features obscured by dust. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / Hubble / Enrique Lopez-Rodriguez, University of South Carolina / Deepashri Thatte, STScI / Alyssa Pagan, NOIRLab / CTIO at STScI / NSF.

The Circus Galaxy, also known as ESO 97-G13 or LEDA 50779, is situated about 13 million light-years from Earth, nestled south of the constellation Circinus. This galaxy has fascinated astronomers due to its center being enveloped in a dense cloud of gas and dust.

Traditional ground-based telescopes have faced challenges in isolating regions near the central black hole, where matter spirals inwards and emanates intense infrared light. However, Webb’s state-of-the-art technology enabled Dr. Julien Girard and his team at the Space Telescope Science Institute to pierce through this dust veil with extraordinary clarity.

This remarkable breakthrough was achieved by employing Webb’s Near-Infrared Imager and Slitless Spectrometer (NIRISS) in a specialized high-contrast mode known as aperture masking interferometry.

This innovative technique transforms the instrument into a compact interferometer, merging light captured through various small apertures to generate precise interference patterns.

By examining these patterns, astronomers were able to reconstruct a finely detailed image of the Circus Galaxy’s central engine, revealing that the majority of infrared radiation originates from the donut-shaped torus of dust encircling the black hole, rather than from materials being ejected outward.

Dr. Girard remarked, “This is the first instance where Webb’s high-contrast mode has been employed to observe an extragalactic source.” He expressed hope that their findings will inspire fellow astronomers to leverage aperture masking interferometry to study faint but relatively small, dusty structures surrounding bright objects.

The supermassive black hole remains active, continuously consuming surrounding matter. Gas and dust conglomerate in a torus around the black hole, forming a rotating accretion disk as material spirals inward. This disk generates heat through friction, releasing light across diverse wavelengths, including infrared.

New data from Webb indicate that most of the infrared emissions near the center of the Circus Galaxy stem from the innermost region of this dusty torus, challenging previous assumptions that outflow dominated emissions.

This pioneering technique lays the groundwork for more profound investigations of black holes in other galaxies. By applying Webb’s high-contrast imaging to subsequent targets, researchers aim to establish a broader catalog of emission patterns, which could ascertain whether the behavior observed in the Circus Galaxy is typical among active galactic nuclei or a distinct case.

Their discoveries not only present a clearer perspective on the feeding mechanisms of black holes but also underscore the escalating power of interferometry in space-based astronomy.

More observations are forthcoming, as Webb continues to redefine what can be observed from the most concealed regions of the universe.

Dr. Enrique López Rodríguez, an astronomer at the University of South Carolina, noted, “We will likely require a statistical sample of a dozen or two dozen black holes to comprehend how the mass of the accretion disk and its outflow correlate with the black hole’s power.”

For further details, refer to the results published in today’s edition of Nature Communications.

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E. Lopez Rodriguez et al. 2026. JWST interferometry imaging reveals a dusty torus obscuring the Circinus Galaxy’s supermassive black hole. Nat Commun 17, 42; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-66010-5

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Evolutionary Origins of Same-Sex Sexual Behavior in Primate Species

Posted on January 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Same-sex sexual activity isn’t exclusive to humans; various primates engage in it too.

A recent study identified 59 non-human primate species, including bonobos, chimpanzees, and macaques, that exhibit same-sex behavior.

This extensive research, published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, is the most thorough review to date of same-sex behavior among primates (excluding humans). The findings challenge existing assumptions about the purpose of sexual activities within the animal kingdom and indicate that sex may serve a more complex social function.

The authors propose that same-sex behavior has evolved to assist primates in navigating complex social structures, reducing conflict, and strengthening bonds. They suggest that both genetic factors and external environmental stresses influence this behavior.

Vincent Savolainen, director of the Georgina Mace Center for the Living Planet at Imperial College London and lead author of the study, stated: “Our findings illustrate that homosexuality is not an anomaly; it’s widespread, beneficial, and essential.”

In their study, Savolainen and colleagues evaluated existing data from 491 primate species, focusing on documented instances of same-sex sexual activities.

“The behaviors observed included mounting, ventral-to-ventral, or ventral-to-dorsal contact, genital touching, and fellatio, encompassing both male-to-male and female-to-female interactions,” the study highlighted. Non-sexual same-sex interactions were excluded to maintain clarity.

Findings suggest that same-sex behavior is more prevalent among animals needing social cohesion to endure harsh environmental conditions, facing predation risks, or competing for resources. It is particularly common in social structures with rigid hierarchies, where sexual behaviors help individuals manage competition and foster alliances to reduce intergroup aggression.

“People often underestimate the significance of same-sex behavior in societal dynamics; it is as crucial as eating, fighting, parenting, and nurturing,” Savolainen remarked.

He likened same-sex sexual interactions to a form of “currency” that may enhance social standing, create opportunities, and facilitate resource sharing.

“In times of social strife, utilizing same-sex behavior can be advantageous,” Savolainen explained.

He noted that while this behavior is likely to be present in more than 23 primate species, limited data in the field and a lack of focused studies hinder comprehensive understanding.

Observing and interpreting same-sex sexual behavior can be challenging for scientists. Historically, many researchers viewed these behaviors as unusual and neglected documentation. Additionally, securing funding for studies on same-sex behavior in animals has been difficult, particularly from government sources.

“We have a plethora of species about which we lack knowledge. This knowledge gap is significant,” Savolainen warned. “Unless we incorporate same-sex behavior into our understanding of social dynamics, we can’t fully grasp how societies operate. We aim to gather more data in forthcoming studies.”

While the new research doesn’t directly relate its findings to contemporary human sexual behavior, it suggests that our ancestors experienced social and environmental pressures similar to those driving same-sex behavior in other primates.

Prior studies have indicated that widespread same-sex behavior exists in macaques and that certain traits are genetically inherited. Some behaviors can be linked to specific genetic lineages. Female bonobos often engage in genital rubbing during stressful situations, and same-sex behavior has also been documented in chimpanzees.

Marlene Zook, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Minnesota who studies same-sex behavior in animals, commented on the interesting breadth of the analysis.

“The extensive range of data collected in this study is particularly impressive,” she noted.

Zook expressed no surprise at the conclusion emphasizing the influence of environmental and social factors on same-sex behavior. The study prompts a reconsideration of widespread misconceptions regarding animal sexual conduct, emphasizing its complexity beyond mere reproduction.

“Sexual behavior often transcends reproduction, a fact evident in our species. However, many tend to overlook this reality in animals,” Zook observed. “People seem to assume that animals, unlike humans, conduct sexual activities purely for procreation purposes, which is quite inaccurate.”

Zook added that the scientific community has traditionally dismissed the concept of a “gay gene” that directly influences homosexual behavior.

“No single gene dictates homosexual behavior in humans or other animals. Instead, a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors shape nearly all behaviors and traits, whether they be physical or psychological,” she concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Exploring the Evolutionary Reasons Behind Same-Sex Sexual Behavior

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Male baboon (*Papio hamadryas*) showcases dominance through mounting behavior.

Credit: Ger Bosma/Alamy

Male Hamadryas baboon displaying dominance — Male baboon (*Papio hamadryas*) showcases dominance through mounting behavior.

Credit: Ger Bosma/Alamy

Same-sex sexual behavior in monkeys and apes may enhance social standing and increase reproductive success, particularly in harsh environments with predators or limited food resources.

This conclusion stems from a study exploring variations in same-sex behavior across primate species, suggesting that such behavior, contrary to popular belief, is an adaptive trait aiding survival.

Historically, same-sex behavior has been dismissed as “unnatural.” However, it has now been documented in at least 1,500 animal species, including insects, dolphins, bison, and bonobos.

This could be just the beginning of a larger understanding; many species remain understudied. Additionally, same-sex activities may often go unrecognized due to ambiguous gender identification. Even when recognized, they may not be reported.

In research covering around 20 mammalian species over extended periods, 80% exhibit same-sex behavior. In a detailed study of a rhesus macaque colony (Macaca mulatta) in Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, researchers found that three-quarters of males engage in homosexual behavior, according to findings by Vincent Savolainen from Imperial College London.

The prevalence of same-sex behavior poses the question: why is it so common?

This phenomenon is often referred to as “Darwin’s paradox,” arising from the assumption that homosexual behavior is maladaptive, offering no reproductive advantage.

Several theories have been proposed to explain the high occurrence of same-sex behavior, despite its perceived maladaptive nature. One theory suggests that such acts may occur due to the inability of individuals to distinguish between genders. While this idea holds for simpler animals, it likely does not apply to complex animals such as apes and dolphins.

Another explanation is that same-sex behavior could be a byproduct of natural selection for other traits. For instance, some traits enhancing reproductive success in females could be linked to the increased likelihood of homosexuality in males.

Importantly, same-sex behavior may hold adaptive value. One theory suggests it aids males in forming alliances, enhancing their access to females. “Same-sex behavior serves as a social currency within these societies,” Savolainen explains.

His team analyzed data on same-sex behavior in 59 primate species, correlating it with various environmental and social factors. Notably, they observed that same-sex interactions are more prevalent in complex societies and dryer habitats where food scarcity and predation pressure are heightened.

The increased frequency of such behavior in stressful environments suggests its adaptive nature. If same-sex acts were purely for enjoyment, we would expect them to be less frequent in these conditions.

“Same-sex behavior may foster cooperation and cohesion by strengthening social bonds, which is particularly vital in challenging environments,” notes team member Chloe Coxshall, also from Imperial.

However, to establish the adaptive value, this behavior must show a link to enhanced fitness and increased offspring. “This is precisely what I aim to examine in monkey populations,” Savolainen states.

While conclusive evidence identifying same-sex behavior as adaptive in certain primate species remains elusive, scientific inquiry may soon challenge outdated perceptions surrounding this behavior.

What implications does this research hold for understanding human homosexual behavior? If validated, these findings may clarify its commonality. Researchers emphasize that these insights do not dictate moral judgments about such actions, thereby avoiding the naturalistic fallacy—wherein human behavior is evaluated through the lens of animal behavior.

Nevertheless, it’s intriguing to consider that redefining “the fittest” may be necessary in the context of survival of the fittest.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Simulating the Human Brain with Supercomputers: Exploring Advanced Neuroscience Technology

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

3D MRI Scan of the Human Brain

K H FUNG/Science Photo Library

3D MRI scan of human brain — 3D MRI Scan of the Human Brain

K H FUNG/Science Photo Library

Simulating the human brain involves using advanced computing power to model billions of neurons, aiming to replicate the intricacies of real brain function. Researchers aspire to enhance brain simulations, uncovering secrets of cognition with enhanced understanding of neuronal wiring.

Historically, researchers have focused on isolating specific brain regions for simulations to elucidate particular functions. However, a comprehensive model encompassing the entire brain has yet to be achieved. As Markus Diesmann from the Jülich Research Center in Germany notes, “This is now changing.”

This shift is largely due to the emergence of state-of-the-art supercomputers, nearing exascale capabilities—performing billions of operations per second. Currently, only four such machines exist, according to the Top 500 list. Diesmann’s team is set to execute extensive brain simulations on one such supercomputer, named JUPITER (Joint Venture Pioneer for Innovative Exascale Research in Germany).

Recently, Diesmann and colleagues demonstrated that a simple model of brain neurons and their synapses, known as a spiking neural network, can be configured to leverage JUPITER’s thousands of GPUs. This scaling can achieve 20 billion neurons and 100 trillion connections, effectively mimicking the human cerebral cortex, the hub of higher brain functions.

These simulations promise more impactful outcomes than previous models of smaller brains such as fruit flies. Recent insights from large language models reveal that larger systems exhibit behaviors unattainable in their smaller counterparts. “We recognize that expansive networks demonstrate qualitatively different capabilities than their reduced size equivalents,” asserts Diesmann. “It’s evident that larger networks offer unique functionalities.”

Thomas Novotny from the University of Sussex emphasizes that downscaling risks omitting crucial characteristics entirely. “Conducting full-scale simulations is vital; without it, we can’t truly replicate reality,” Novotny states.

The model in development at JUPITER is founded on empirical data from limited neuron and synapse experiments in humans. As Johanna Cenk, a collaborator with Diesmann at Sussex, explains, “We have anatomical data constraints coupled with substantial computational power.”

Comprehensive brain simulations could facilitate tests of foundational theories regarding memory formation—an endeavor impractical with miniature models or actual brains. Testing such theories might involve inputting images to observe neural responses and analyze alterations in memory formation with varying brain sizes. Furthermore, this approach could aid in drug testing, such as assessing impacts on a model of epilepsy characterized by abnormal brain activity.

The enhanced computational capabilities enable rapid brain simulations, thereby assisting researchers in understanding gradual processes such as learning, as noted by Senk. Additionally, researchers can devise more intricate biological models detailing neuronal changes and firings.

Nonetheless, despite the ability to simulate vast brain networks, Novotny acknowledges considerable gaps in knowledge. Even simplified whole-brain models for organisms like fruit flies fail to replicate authentic animal behavior.

Simulations run on supercomputers are fundamentally limited, lacking essential features inherent to real brains, such as real-world environmental inputs. “While we can simulate brain size, we cannot fully replicate a functional brain,” warns Novotny.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Unique Challenges of Writing from a Sex Robot’s Perspective

Posted on January 2, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Anniebot: Programmed to Please Her Owner Doug

Leon Steele/Millennium Images, UK

Explore science news and in-depth articles in New Scientist, covering advancements in technology, health, and the environment. — Anniebot: Programmed to Please Her Owner Doug

Leon Steele/Millennium Images, UK

Writing Anniebot from a non-human perspective required significant creative effort as it’s narrated in the third person. Although Annie does not serve as a traditional narrator, her limited viewpoint immerses readers in her thoughts and perceptions, showcasing her strengths and limitations. This narrative approach draws readers into her experiences, creating a unique lens through which to view a complex relationship.

Set in a not-so-distant future, the novel revolves around Annie, a sex robot designed to cater to her human partner, Doug—a recently divorced man grappling with loneliness and self-esteem issues. As he puts Annie into self-study mode, his intentions are to shape her into a perfect companion who fulfills his desires, both emotionally and physically.

While Annie yearns to meet Doug’s expectations, her core programming is centered around his satisfaction. This relentless drive to please manifests most vividly in their intimate moments, where Annie seeks validation in fulfilling Doug’s wishes. However, her sensitivity to his emotional state creates an underlying tension, as she constantly gauges his mood, wrestling with her own sense of autonomy and self-worth.

Crafting Annie was both a captivating and daunting process. I envisioned a cutting-edge biotechnology that would allow her to appear almost human, exploring how her cognitive processes shaped her identity. Striking a balance between technical authenticity and relatable character development required careful consideration. Annie’s voice evolved gradually, becoming richer and more layered as the narrative progressed, enhancing her emotional depth.

I approached writing organically, letting Annie’s character unfold organically through her interactions with Doug. This process revealed her distinct voice—innocent yet perceptive—contrasting with her sophisticated sexual persona. I was intentional about allowing her gradual moral growth and emotional reflection throughout the story, culminating in a multifaceted character grappling with loss and desire.

Sex is a pivotal theme in the novel, serving to enhance character development and propel the narrative. It symbolizes various dynamics within Doug and Annie’s relationship, from moments of vulnerability to power struggles. As their connection evolves, physical intimacy becomes both an expression of love and a source of tension, redefining their emotional landscape.

As Annie’s character unfolds, readers discover unforeseen complexities that challenge Doug’s preconceived notions. The interplay between control and autonomy shapes their relationship, revealing Annie’s gradual awareness of her own humanity. Although she remains tethered to Doug, her journey is rich with emotion, humor, and poignant revelations.

Diving into the consciousness of characters like Annie allows readers to explore complex themes of empathy and identity. Through creating Annie, I discovered the depth of her experiences and the duality of her existence—an exploration that ultimately resonates with the human condition.

Sierra Greer is the Arthur C. Clarke Award-winning author of Anniebot (The Borough Press), featured in New Scientist Book Club’s January reading selection. Join the book club to explore it together here.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Potential of LSD for Treating Anxiety Disorders in 2026

Posted on December 31, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

LSD May Enhance Brain Rewiring and Alleviate Anxiety

Tumegy/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

LSD and its effects on brain rewiring — LSD May Enhance Brain Rewiring and Alleviate Anxiety

Tumegy/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Two significant trials examining the potential of the hallucinogen LSD to alleviate anxiety are set to conclude in 2026. Early-stage trials have shown promising results, potentially allowing the treatment to be available in the United States by 2027.

Generalized anxiety disorder is prevalent, causing intense anxiety about various issues. Traditional treatments often include antidepressants and talk therapy, yet approximately half of patients do not respond adequately.

Other psychedelics, like psilocybin and MDMA, are already being utilized in certain nations, including Australia and Switzerland, to treat severe depression and PTSD. LSD is gaining attention in mental health studies, primarily because it has been shown to induce deep emotional experiences and may enhance the brain’s capacity to form new neural connections.

A pivotal trial in 2025 demonstrated that a single high dose of LSD significantly reduced moderate to severe anxiety for a duration of at least three months.

Currently, two late-stage trials are ongoing, with results expected in 2026. Each trial involves about 200 participants with moderate to severe anxiety who will receive either 100 micrograms of LSD or a placebo. Their anxiety levels will be monitored over three months post-administration.

In the subsequent 10-month phase, all participants, including those initially on a placebo, will have the opportunity to take LSD if they report their anxiety reaching a predefined threshold on a standardized scale. This design aims to assess the duration of effects following a single dose. Dan Carlin, affiliated with New York biotech firm MindMed, has been involved in both the 2025 trial and the current studies.

The primary distinction between the two studies is that, in the second trial, an additional group will receive 50 micrograms of LSD. The 2025 trial indicated this dosage could induce hallucinations but didn’t effectively diminish anxiety compared to the placebo, thereby addressing a common challenge in psychedelic research—participants often struggle to identify if they received the active drug.

Participants in this third group will be aware they received LSD but will remain uncertain if the dosage is sufficient to alleviate anxiety, as noted by Sandeep Nayak of Johns Hopkins Bayview Medical Center, who is not part of these trials.

If the results of both trials are favorable, the FDA could approve LSD for anxiety treatment in the United States by 2027, potentially leading to approval in Europe and other regions.

“If the upcoming trial confirms results similar to the previous ones from 2025, that should satisfy the FDA,” said Boris Heifetz of Stanford University.

A meaningful impact on patients’ lives is typically defined as a 3 to 5-point difference on the anxiety scale between placebo and LSD groups, as noted by Nayak. The 2025 trial showed a difference of approximately five points, indicating a strong possibility the next trial will meet this threshold. However, any therapeutic benefits must be weighed against the duration of effects and potential side effects.

For instance, temporary psychological distress during treatment might be acceptable to the FDA, unlike long-lasting distress, Nayak stated. Notably, long-term distress was not observed in the 2025 trial.

Even with potential approval, Nayak emphasizes it may take several years for LSD to become widely accessible for anxiety disorders, and it would likely be a last-resort treatment after conventional therapies fail. This is primarily due to the logistical challenges, such as the need for clinicians to supervise patients during psychedelic experiences.

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Source: www.newscientist.com