Cut marks on the foot bone from El Mirador cave, Spain
iphes-cerca
The discovery of human remains in caves in northern Spain indicates that Neolithic people may have resorted to cannibalism after battles.
Francesc Marginedas from the Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES) in Tarragona, along with his team, examined fragments from 650 human remains found in El Mirador cave on Mount Atapuerca. These remains date back approximately 5,700 years and belong to 11 individuals.
All examined bones displayed evidence that these individuals had been consumed by other humans. Some exhibited chop markings made by a stone tool, while others showed translucent portions with gently rounded edges. Some of the long bones were fractured open with stones to access the bone marrow, and smaller bones like metatarsals and ribs had clear human bite marks.
This research supports the notion that cannibalistic practices were more prevalent in human history than previously believed.
El Mirador marks at least the fifth significant site in Spain with notable evidence of cannibalism during the Neolithic era, a shift period from foraging to agriculture, according to Margida. “There’s a growing understanding that such behavior was more frequent than we anticipated.”
The motives behind these cannibalistic acts remain unclear. Some archaeological sites show skull cups indicating a ritualistic aspect to cannibalism, while others hint at survival strategies during dire circumstances.
However, Marsidas and his team propose that the findings at El Mirador suggest these acts were linked to warfare. There was a significant amount of animal remains, and no signs of nutritional stress among the humans involved, indicating this early agricultural community was not struggling with food scarcity. Their findings offer no indication of ritualistic behavior, as human bones were found alongside animal remains.
The ages of the individuals ranged from under seven to over fifty, implying that an entire family unit may have been lost to conflict. Radiocarbon dating indicated that all 11 individuals were killed and consumed within a few days.
This evidence reflects patterns of conflict and cannibalism, which have also been noted at two other Neolithic sites: the Von Bregore Caves in France and Helxheim in Germany. This period appears marked by instability and violence due to community clashes with neighboring groups and newcomers.
While Margida and his colleagues are uncertain about the reasons behind these cannibalistic practices, historical ethnographic studies suggest that such acts during warfare can serve as a method of “ultimate exclusion.” “We believe that one group attacking and consuming another serves as a humiliating statement,” states Merseydus.
“The thoroughness of the body’s treatment and consumption is remarkable.” Paul Pettitt from Durham University, UK, comments, “The aggressive nature shown in these artifacts, regardless of whether the consumed were relatives or adversaries, mirrors a dehumanization process during consumption.”
Sylvia Bello from the Museum of Natural History in London concurs that this evidence of death likely ties back to conflicts but remains skeptical about the notion of consumption as humiliation. She suggests that cannibalism may stem from aggression and animosity rather than ritualized farewell practices, implying a more complex interpretation. “It could carry ritual significance, even amid warfare,” she asserts.
Neanderthals, Ancient Humans, and Cave Art in France
Join new scientist Kate Douglas on an enthralling exploration of the key Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic sites in southern France, spanning from Bordeaux to Montpellier.
What role does YouTube play in the lives of Australian families with children? As the federal government considers extending bans on social media accounts for minors under 16 to include YouTube, readers of the Guardian shared insights about their kids’ engagement with the platform and their opinions on the proposed ban.
Here’s what they had to say.
“Monitoring it simply isn’t feasible.”
Many parents reported making efforts to limit their children’s usage to shared spaces, often opting for co-viewing or utilizing parental controls. Nevertheless, many expressed concerns that this approach is time-intensive and nearly unmanageable, leaving them anxious about content that may go undetected.
“We rely on YouTube Kids and always monitor what they view beforehand. YouTube doesn’t seem to trust us, so we take these precautions. The algorithm is extremely fast, and we fear they may fall into endless rabbit holes.
“The primary reason we impose restrictions is due to my own adult experiences on YouTube. I feel like I have to fight the algorithms that lead me toward content I don’t want to see. After watching one Gel Blaster video, I suddenly had 100 videos of Americans shooting guns. One gym bodybuilder video led me to a flood of fitness models. If I have to struggle this hard, YouTube does the same to my kids.” Marty, father of two under nine, Brisbane
“Prior to deleting it, our kids would spend hours on YouTube. They easily get caught in a satisfying loop, jumping from one video to the next.
“I enjoy watching some videos with my kids. Some are educational and quite humorous. However, it’s ultimately challenging to regulate and filter content sufficiently, to ensure they aren’t exposed to anything inappropriate. We have three boys, and many videos have explicit messages that could negatively affect young boys’ perceptions of women.” Adelaide, parents of three children, ages 13, 11, and 6.
“YouTube is a bane in our lives. Ideally, it wouldn’t exist. Our son isolated himself in his room for nearly two weeks, immersing himself in YouTube and games during his recent school holidays. Dan, parents of 15 and 12-year-olds, Melbourne
“YouTube offers some degree of parental control over content, but certain aspects of their systems seem ineffective. [Our son’s] interests narrow down his feed, leading us to worry he might stumble upon something entirely inappropriate.” Gerald, father of a 13-year-old in Canberra
“We struggle to control what they’re watching. Even in the most secure settings on YouTube Kids, my children have inadvertently accessed frightening content disguised as children’s television. Peter, father of three children aged 2, 4, and 6, Sydney.
“It’s virtually impossible to monitor what they watch. Even a cursory glance at the feed reveals that my daughter is exposed to an abundance of material propagating beauty and body image stereotypes. Richard, parent from Hobart, ages 10 and 13.
“My kids are young, and their definitions can easily be swayed by repeated reward programming that triggers dopamine release from vibrant visuals. My issue with YouTube is that it operates much like a poker machine, monetizing the thirst for dopamine; we’re all drawn in. The bright lights and high-energy tropes are at the core of this massive platform.” Monique, parent of an 8-year-old and an 11-year-old in Bellpost Hill.
‘They can watch it non-stop for hours.”
From fleeting attention spans and wasted time to concerns about potentially harmful content slipping through, many parents feel YouTube’s algorithms promote excessive viewing and present harmful material.
“I’m concerned about how the short content affects my children’s attention spans. I have to offer warnings before turning it off to help them transition away from the screen. Sydney parents, ages 3 and 5
“The time wastage, actively encouraged through algorithms without forewarning on upcoming content, makes things stranger and more extreme. I lack trust in tech companies regarding the happiness of our children. Alicia, parents from Colonel Light Garden, aged 8 and 12
“When left unsupervised, they end up watching a bizarre mashup of short content, which includes both rubbish and terrifying videos like the horror game Poppy Playtime. Our youngest suffered from nightmares for months after watching this at a friend’s house for three hours a few years ago.
I genuinely support YouTube’s educational efforts, but kids seem more inclined to watch junk instead of that. ” Damian, father of ages 9 and 12 in Sydney.
“It’s frustrating because YouTube often exposes children to inappropriate content. The shorts are particularly troublesome. Mat, father of 16 and 11-year-olds in Ballarat.
Sign up: AU Breaking News Email
“I teach ethics at my local public school, and half my students express a desire to become gaming YouTubers.
“It’s all about content that lacks value. I’m not overly concerned about “inappropriate content” since it’s ultimately about completely worthless material, and children struggle to differentiate between what’s appropriate and what isn’t.” Parents of ages 15, 13, and 10
“It’s a real addiction, leading to severe tantrums when restrictions are applied.” A parent of a 16-year-old in Brisbane, Queensland.
“They can easily watch for hours without any breaks. Our current rule is limiting them to an hour a day, especially because when we turn it off, they quickly melt down and cry.
“My 12-year-old has better regulation but I’m still worried about videos that appear kid-friendly yet end up being problematic… We really dislike YouTube and wish it didn’t exist.” Harrisdale, parent of three children, aged 7, 10, and 12.
“He could choose what he wanted, but he primarily views the shorts. We’ve noticed that these shorts affect his mood. We’ve tried to stabilize his YouTube experience by steering him towards more educational content.” Kevin, father of a 13-year-old in Brua.
“He learned to crochet through YouTube.”
Many parents acknowledged the educational advantages YouTube offers, from supporting niche hobbies to serving as a platform for children to express themselves creatively as content creators.
“I worry about the vast amount of unfiltered content he could easily come across if not monitored, but my greater concern is losing access altogether. He learned how to crochet from YouTube. Single parent of a teenage son, ACT.
“We utilize YouTube for educational purposes (e.g., MS Rachel, Mads Made, Volcanoes, David Attenborough content) as well as for entertainment (e.g., Teeny Tiny Stevies for videos, Music Videos, etc.). YouTube is the best educational platform in history!!!” Melbourne parents of ages 2 and 5.
“My sons, 11 and 14, frequently use YouTube for information and gaming content. My oldest even has an account where he posts videos about Ali’s colony. [I support the ban]. Many kids share knowledge and enthusiasm in healthy ways.” Sydney parents, ages 11 and 14.
“Our son uses YouTube daily for his passion, creating stop-motion films using Lego. He dedicates hours to producing, editing, and uploading beautiful video clips to his channel, gaining followers. Dan Arno, father of an 11-year-old in Munich.
“If these companies refuse to regulate themselves, action must be taken.”
Parents expressed varied opinions on whether a ban on YouTube accounts for those under 16 would be beneficial or effective.
“I am wholly opposed to the current laws. We need to push for tech companies to alter their content policies. It’s essential to require personal identification for age verification when uploading content online.” Parents of 12 and 15-year-olds in Brisbane.
“Now, I have to restrict my child’s YouTube access and either provide oversight or create a fictitious account. This isn’t something I want to do. [Gen X] intervenes in areas they shouldn’t. Parent of two children in West Sydney.
“Digital platforms and high-tech corporations have generated a proliferation of violent and antisocial material from content creators, which is viewed countless times by impressionable children. Parents find it challenging to monitor this content, with only the content creators and technology giants benefitting.” Parents of a 16-year-old in Windsor.
“Their accounts give us access to their viewing history. However, a ban is impractical. Age registration infringes on my privacy.” Tim, parent of two children in Blackburn.
“I am fully in support of the ban. Tech companies have repeatedly demonstrated their lack of interest in fostering a safe environment for children.” Gerald, father of a 13-year-old in Canberra.
“I feel torn about this. I’m convinced the ban will be easily bypassed by those under 16. But I see it as a proactive attempt to curb children’s access to inappropriate content.” Parents of a 5-year-old in Adelaide.
Although they are about half the size of male gorillas, female gorillas can surpass their male counterparts in competitions for status and resources. A recent study highlights this intriguing finding.
This discovery upends the long-held belief that gorilla society is primarily patriarchal, emphasizing male dominance over females, and sheds light on the origins of human gender relations.
Researchers from the German Institute of Evolutionary Anthropology and the University of Torque in Finland examined 25 years of data gathered from observations of gorilla behaviors across four distinct groups.
Wild mountain gorillas have often been viewed as a prime example of strict male dominance in primate societies, largely due to the size disparity between males and females.
It is true that gorilla society has a hierarchical structure, with one alpha male reigning at the top, while other gorillas vie for status beneath him.
However, this new research suggests that gorilla hierarchies may be much more gender-equitable than previously thought.
“Female gorillas frequently outperform males,” stated author Reed Dr. Nikos Smitt, a researcher at Max Planck and Turku, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “This is crucial for understanding power dynamics; it’s not solely about size and strength.”
Indeed, 88% of female gorillas exhibited superior performance compared to at least one adult male in groups with multiple males, particularly against those who were young or old.
Additionally, when female gorillas faced off against males other than the alpha, they won more than a quarter of the time, even when significantly outmatched in size.
According to Dr. Martha Robbins, Director of the Bwindi Mountain Gorilla Research Project, this success is likely linked to the relationships between these high-ranking females and their alpha males. BBC Science Focus reported her insights: “Gorillas are aware of their group’s social status and dynamics. Though non-alpha males are typically larger and stronger, they often choose to hold back to avoid confrontations with alpha males. It’s advantageous for them to be compliant in a group setting.”
This image illustrates the size differences between women with toddlers in the non-invasive national park of Bwindi, Uganda, and male mountain gorillas – Credit: Marthalobins
Researchers have also found that the stakes in these conflicts often involve priority access to food, another finding that challenges previous assumptions.
Earlier studies suggested that female gorillas exclusively competed for food among themselves, with males primarily competing with females. However, this research reveals that both genders vie for food resources.
These observations could reshape our understanding of gender dynamics within human societies.
The researchers noted that male dominance over female counterparts is not a straightforward outcome of evolution, but rather reflects “human’s flexible social and mating frameworks.”
Furthermore, they argue that this is supported by observations among our close relatives, such as bonobos and chimpanzees, where males are larger than females, yet females hold more dominance.
As a result, scientists suggest that humans are unlikely to inherit patriarchal structures from their primate ancestors.
Read more:
About Our Experts
Dr. Nikos Smitt is a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Torque in Finland and associated with the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. His research delves into the evolution of social structures and mating systems, as well as the dynamics of conflict and cooperation.
Dr. Martha Robbins serves as the director of the Bwindi Mountain Gorilla Research Project and leads the Primate Behavior and Evolution group at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany. Her research is centered on the evolution of social behavior.
OpenAI is challenging Mark Zuckerberg’s Meta and the Chinese competitor Deepseek by introducing its own free-to-use AI model.
The developers behind CHATGPT have unveiled two substantial “openweight” language models. These models are available for free download and can be tailored by developers.
Meta’s Llama model is similarly accessible, indicating OpenAI’s shift away from the ChatGPT approach, which is based on a “closed” model that lacks customization options.
OpenAI’s CEO, Sam Altman, expressed enthusiasm about adding this model to the collection of freely available AI solutions, emphasizing it is rooted in “democratic values and a diverse range of benefits.”
He noted: “This model is the culmination of a multi-billion dollar research initiative aimed at democratizing AI access.”
OpenAI indicated that the model can facilitate autonomously functioning AI agents and is “crafted for integration into agent workflows.”
In a similar vein, Zuckerberg aims to make the model freely accessible to “empower individuals across the globe to reap the advantages and opportunities of AI,” preventing power from becoming concentrated among a few corporations.
However, Meta cautions that it may need to “exercise caution” when deploying a sophisticated AI model.
Sam Altman recently revealed a screenshot of what seems to be the latest AI model from the company, the GPT-5. Photo: Alexander Drago/Reuters
Deepseek, OpenAI’s and Meta’s Chinese competitor, has also introduced robust models that are freely downloadable and customizable.
OpenAI reported that two models, named the GPT-OSS-120B and the GPT-OSS-20B TWO, outperformed comparably sized models in inference tasks, with the 120B model nearing the performance of the O4-MINI model in core inference tasks.
The company also mentioned that during testing, it developed a “malicious fine-tuning” variant of the model to simulate biological and cybersecurity threats, yet concluded that it “could not achieve a high level of effectiveness.”
The emergence of powerful and freely available AI models that can be customized has raised concerns among experts, who warn that they could be misused for dangerous purposes, including the creation of biological weapons.
Meta describes the llama model as “open source,” indicating that training datasets, architectures, and training codes can also be freely downloaded and customized.
However, the Open Source Initiative, a US-based industry body, asserts that Meta’s setup for its model prevents it from being fully categorized as open source. OpenAI refers to its approach as “Open Weight,” indicating it is a step back from true open source. Thus, while developers can still modify the model, transparency is incomplete.
In parallel, Google has detailed its latest advances towards artificial general intelligence (AGI) with a new model enabling AI systems to interact with realistic real-world simulations.
Google states that the “world model” of Genie 3 can be utilized to train robots and self-driving vehicles as they navigate authentic recreations in settings like warehouses.
Google DeepMind, the AI division, argues that this world model is a pivotal step toward achieving AGI. AGI represents a theoretical stage where a system can perform tasks comparable to those of humans, rather than just executing singular tasks like playing chess or translating languages, and potentially assumes job roles typically held by humans.
DeepMind contends that such models are crucial in advancing AI agents or systems that can carry out tasks autonomously.
“We anticipate that this technology will play a vital role as we advance towards AGI, and that agents will assume a more significant presence in the world,” DeepMind stated.
After 25 years of investigation, researchers at Northwestern University in the United States have found out why some adults have acclimatized to near-optimal cognitive functioning since the 1980s.
Referred to as “super agers,” these individuals are over 80 years old, yet their memory capabilities rival those of adults in their 50s and 60s.
Since the year 2000, scientists have examined 290 of these super agers, assessing 77 brains to better understand those who resist cognitive decline.
The study revealed shared personality traits among the ultra-elderly compared to the general population. These individuals often report being highly social and possessing strong interpersonal connections.
However, the differences in personality are merely the tip of the iceberg. Dr. Sandra Weintraub – a Professor of Psychiatry, Behavioral Science, and Neurology at Northwestern and co-author of a new paper summarizes the findings regarding these super agers – “What we observed in their brains was astonishing; it felt like earth-shattering news for us.”
In some super agers’ brains, scientists identified amyloid and tau proteins, commonly known as plaque and tangles, which are significant in the context of Alzheimer’s disease. In other super agers, these were absent.
Nonetheless, no brains exhibited the damage typically linked with these plaques or tangles.
“Our observation is that there are two distinct mechanisms enabling someone to become a super ager,” Weintraub stated. “The first is resistance, meaning they do not develop plaque or tangles. The second is resilience; they do form these but do not experience negative brain impacts.”
Super agers displayed not only varying personality traits but also distinct brain structures, particularly in the size and shape of the cortex.
In addition to that, these super agers exhibited youthful brain structures. While older brains generally have thinner cortices compared to younger ones, these individuals did not show such thinning.
In particular, they displayed remarkable thickness in the anterior cingulate cortex, a crucial area involved in processing information related to decision-making, emotions, and motivations.
Moreover, super agers had a greater number of Von Economo neurons, also known as spindle cells, compared to their normally aging peers. These neurons, located in the cortex, play a significant role in social behavior, emotional processing, and self-awareness.
“Our research indicates that exceptional memory in later years is achievable and correlates with a well-defined neurobiological profile,” Weintraub stated. “This paves the way for novel interventions aimed at preserving brain health in older age.”
Researchers expressed hope that their work would encourage cognitive health and unveil new approaches to slow or prevent future neurodegenerative diseases like dementia.
Arts, creative, and media organizations are urging the government to prohibit large tech companies from using Australian content and developing artificial intelligence models. There is growing concern that such a decision may “betray” Australian workers and facilitate the “widespread theft” of intellectual property.
The Albanese government has stated that it has no intention of altering copyright laws, but emphasizes that any changes must consider their effects on artists and news media. Opposition leader Sassan Ray has called for compensation for any use of copyrighted material.
“It is unacceptable for Big Tech to exploit the work of Australian artists, musicians, creators, and journalists without just compensation,” Ray asserted on Wednesday.
The Productivity Committee’s interim report titled “Utilizing Data and Digital Technology” proposes regulations for technologies, including AI in Australia, projecting a productivity increase of 0.5% to 13% over the next decade, thereby potentially adding $116 billion to the nation’s GDP.
The report highlighted that building AI models demands a substantial amount of data, prompting concerns from many players, including Creative Australia and copyright agencies, about the misuse of copyrighted content for AI training.
The committee outlined potential solutions, advocating for an expansion of licensing agreements, exemptions for “text and data mining,” and enhancements to existing fair trading regulations that are already in place in other countries.
This latter suggestion faced significant opposition from arts, creative, and media organizations. They expressed discontent at the idea of allowing wealthy tech companies to utilize their work for AI training without appropriate compensation.
Such a shift could jeopardize existing licensing agreements formed between publishers and creators with major tech firms and complicate negotiations for news media seeking fair compensation from social media platforms for journalism online.
Sign up: AU Breaking NewsEmail
The Australian Labour Union Council (ACTU) criticized the Productivity Committee’s proposal, claiming it exploits the interests of large multimillion-dollar corporations, warning that it may mislead efforts to assist Australian workers.
“The extensive discussion surrounding text and data mining exemptions risks normalizing the theft of creative works from Australian artists and Indigenous communities,” said ACTU.
Joseph Mitchell, ACTU Secretary, indicated that such exemptions would allow “high-tech corporations to reap the full benefits of advanced technology without giving back to the creators.”
APRA Chair Jenny Morris is among those who have voiced concerns over potential exemptions for “text and data mining” used in AI training. Photo: AAP
Australia’s music rights organizations, Apra Amcos and the National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Music Bureau, expressed disappointment regarding the committee’s recommendations, raising alarms about the implications for Australia’s $9 billion music sector.
APRA Chair Jenny Morris stressed that this recommendation highlights a recognition that these practices are already widespread.
Attorney General Michelle Roland, responsible for copyright legislation, stated that any advancements in AI must prioritize building trust and confidence.
“Any reforms to Australia’s copyright law must reflect the effects on the nation’s creative and news sectors. We remain dedicated to participating in dialogues around these issues, particularly with the copyright and AI reference groups initiated by the government last year,” she mentioned.
When asked about the committee’s findings, Ray expressed concern regarding the absence of sufficient “guardrails” from the government to tackle AI-related issues.
“We need to safeguard content creators… their work rightfully belongs to them, and we must not take it without compensating them,” she added.
Ed Fushik, former Minister for Industry and Technology for Workers, defended the overall outlook for the economy on Wednesday. Treasurer Jim Chalmers later commented on ABC’s 7.30, saying, “The mechanism you deploy, whether one act or multiple existing acts… is not the crux of the issue.”
“I believe we can strike a balance between concerns that AI is harmful and those who pretend we can return to a previous state,” he indicated.
“There are no current plans to undermine or alter Australia’s copyright arrangements.”
Arts Minister Tony Burke highlighted a submission from Creative Australia regarding the review. He stated that, “It emphasizes the necessity for consent, transparency, and fair compensation concerning copyright and labeling.”
In a statement, Creative Australia asserted that the nation has the potential to lead globally in establishing “fair standards” for AI application.
“Artists and creatives whose work is utilized in training AI are entitled to proper compensation,” a spokesperson remarked.
“Innovation should not come at the cost of ethical business practices.”
The Australian Publishers Association (APA) has expressed worries about the possibility of works being utilized without authorization or compensation.
“While we support responsible innovation, this draft proposal favors infringers over investors,” stated Patrizia Di Biase-Dyson, CEO of APA.
“We oppose the idea that Australian narratives and educational materials integral to our culture and democracy should be treated as free resources for corporate AI systems.”
The copyright agency likewise spoke against the text and data mining exemption, emphasizing that it would adversely affect creators’ revenue.
“The movement towards revision of the Australian copyright system stems from large multinational corporations, and it does not serve the national interest,” remarked CEO Josephine Johnston. “To empower Australia’s high-quality content in the new AI era, it’s critical that creators receive fair compensation.”
The early human migration through mainland Southeast Asia (SUNDA) marks the oldest evidence of humans crossing marine barriers to access secluded land. Previously, the earliest indication of Wallacea, an area of oceanic islands east of Sunda, comprised flakestone tools found at Wallosea, Flores Island, dating back at least 152 million years. Excavations in Sulawesi, the largest island, have uncovered stone artifacts at Talep’s open site dating to at least 194,000 years ago. Presently, researchers from Griffith University have identified stone tools at locations close to the fossil-rich cario strata that date back at least 104 million years, possibly extending to 1.48 million years. This information hints that Sulawesi was occupied by humans around the same period as Flores.
Old-fashioned humanity. Image credit: Ninara / CC by 2.0.
Professor Adam Blum of Griffith University and his team discovered seven stone artifacts within the sedimentary layers at the Cariosite.
During the early Pleistocene, this area would have been near river channels, facilitating activities such as tool-making and hunting.
The artifacts from Cario are small sharp stones (flakes) created by larger pebbles, likely sourced from local riverbeds by early human inhabitants.
“This findings enhance our understanding of extinct human migrations across the Wallace Line, a transitional area where unique animal species have evolved independently,” said Professor Blum.
Reconstruction of Homo floresiensis. Image credit: Elizabeth Daines.
Utilizing paleomagnetic dating of the sandstone and direct dating of excavated pig fossils, researchers confirmed that the Cario artifacts are at least 1.04 million years old.
Previously, evidence of human habitation in Warasea had been found dating back at least 102 million years in Talep, Sulawesi, based on stone tools located in Warosea, Wolosage, Flores.
Luzon, located in the Philippines and north of Wallacea, has yielded human evidence dating back approximately 700,000 years.
“This is a critical piece of the puzzle, yet the Cario site has yet to reveal any human fossils,” commented Professor Blum.
“We now recognize that a toolmaker existed in Sulawesi a million years ago, but their identity remains unknown.”
Stone artifacts from the site of Cario in Sulawesi, Indonesia. Image credit: Hakim et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09348-6.
The initial discovery of Homo floresiensis and subsequent fossils from Flores, similar in size and dating back 700,000 years, implied that it may have been linked to Homo erectus, which managed to bypass substantial marine barriers between the mainland of Southeast Asia to inhabit this smaller island and underwent island dwarfism for eons.
“The revelation of Sulawesi prompts us to consider the fate of Homo erectus on an island more than 12 times larger than Flores,” Professor Blum noted.
“Sulawesi is an unpredictable variable. It’s almost like a mini continent.”
“If hominins were isolated on this expansive, ecologically diverse island for over a million years, would they have evolved in ways similar to the Hobbits of Flores?”
“Or could there have been an entirely different evolutionary path?”
The study was published yesterday in the journal Nature.
____
B. Hakim et al. Human presence in Sulawesi during the early Pleistocene. Nature Published online on August 7th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09348-6
The sun serves as a fundamental source of heat and light in the solar system, with its energy generated in the core through the collision of hydrogen ions and helium.Nuclear Fusion. Consequently, while the surface temperature of the sun is extremely hot by Earth’s standards—approximately 10,000°F or 5,600°C—it is relatively cooler compared to the center, which reaches around 27,000,000°F or 15,000,000°C.
Heat and light travel from the sun’s center to its surface via two main processes: one is similar to how the sun heats the Earth, known as radiation. Here, energy moves outward through light particles, or photons. Conversely, heat transfer occurs on Earth through the process of convection, with cold gas descending while warm gas rises. This creates a swirling motion within the sun, where hot gases near the core move upward and cooler gases sink back down.
A diagram of the sun illustrating how convection and radiation influence heat movement at different depths. “Sun poster” by Kelvinsong is licensed under CC by-sa 3.0.
The interplay of radiation, convection, and the sun’s varying rotational speeds based on distance from the equator results in uneven heating of the solar surface, leading to both hot and cold areas. While scientists have a grasp of this general pattern, discrepancies exist between models predicting solar surface temperatures and observed data. The model estimates a temperature of around 2,000 Kelvin (k), translating to approximately 3,100°F or 1,700°C for the coldest sections, yet actual findings indicate these regions are around 4,000k, or about 6,700°F or 3,700°C.
This paradox highlights the challenges in understanding heat transfer within the sun. Several unknown factors may lead to the observed discrepancy of over 1,000k in the coldest spots. A team of researchers investigated one possible explanation for the missing heat by conducting both two-dimensional and three-dimensional simulations. They hypothesized that when convection separates neutral charged gases from the sun’s center, negatively charged electrons are driven by a magnetic field near the sun’s surface, generating additional heat. This phenomenon is referred to as Thermal Farley-Bnemann’s instability, or TFBI Turbulence.
The team employed two computer programs, ebysus and Epic, to simulate these cold bubbles in the outer layer of the sun, known as the Chrome area, over a span of 8-10 milliseconds. They incorporated variables such as material density, magnetic field strength, and collision frequency into their simulations. The TFBI turbulence was then integrated into the 2D ebysus model, which was compared with heating observed in the EPPIC simulations in both 2D and 3D.
The primary distinction between the programs lies in how they treat gas: ebysus models it as a swirling liquid, facilitating easier movement calculations, while Epic views it as a collection of bouncing particles that generate electromagnetic fields, complicating calculations. They conducted five simulations: one in 2D with EBYSUS, which was the fastest yet potentially the least accurate, one in 2D with Epic, which was slower but arguably more realistic, and two in 3D with EPPIC, which, while the slowest, yielded the most accurate outcomes.
The results from their 2D simulations indicated that turbulent heating could increase temperatures in cold regions by over 700,000. Similar findings were observed in the 3D simulations as well. The team contended that their simulations demonstrated how turbulence from the TFBI could augment heat in the sun’s cooler areas beyond what convection and radiation contribute. Nonetheless, they recommended that future research extend over longer time frames to fully grasp the implications of these processes. Additionally, comparisons between 2D and 3D simulations suggest that scientists can effectively investigate this phenomenon using quicker 2D fluid models, achieving results comparable to more complex and resource-intensive 3D particle models.
OpenAI is reportedly discussing the sale of shares held by current and former employees, a move that could value the company at an astonishing $50 trillion, surpassing Elon Musk’s SpaceX.
As the deal advances, the valuation of the ChatGPT developer is expected to rise by nearly two-thirds from its current $300 million (£22.5 billion).
Currently, Musk’s Rocket Company is valued at $3.5 trillion and is nearing a price tag of $400 million with new investments.
According to Bloomberg, which first reported on the talks, existing investors such as Thrive Capital approached OpenAI about acquiring shares from employees. Other backers of the San Francisco-based OpenAI include SoftBank, which led the $300 million funding round, and Microsoft.
Both OpenAI and Thrive Capital have chosen not to comment on the matter.
Tech startups frequently organize employee stock sales to boost motivation among staff and attract investors.
OpenAI faces competitive challenges from Mark Zuckerberg’s Meta in retaining key personnel, and employee stock sales could serve as incentives for retention. Facebook’s parent company has been actively recruiting OpenAI employees to develop its “Superintelligence” unit.
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman noted that despite Meta offering a staggering $100 million (£74 million) signing bonus, “none of our top talent” has left.
Another competitor, HumanAI, founded by former OpenAI employees, is reportedly in talks to raise funds that would value the company at $170 billion. Funding is crucial for AI startups aiming to leverage expensive computer chips and data center resources to train more advanced models that enhance their products.
This report emerges as Altman mentioned that OpenAI is set to unveil an upgraded version of its ChatGPT model. He shared a screenshot on Sunday that appeared to showcase the latest AI model, GPT-5, on social media.
OpenAI also launched two new open models recently, which intensify competition against Meta and China’s DeepSeek, offering open AI models that can be freely downloaded and customized.
“This model is the outcome of a multi-billion dollar research initiative aimed at making AI accessible to the widest audience possible,” Altman stated.
However, OpenAI primarily operates on a “closed” model, meaning you’ll need to pay for an enhanced version of ChatGPT or subscribe to integrate that model into your business.
OpenAI operates as a profitable nonprofit organization and is still engaged in negotiations to transition into a for-profit model, amidst ongoing tensions with Microsoft.
In a June interview with the New York Times podcast, Altman acknowledged, “There certainly are points of tension in deep partnerships, and we are experiencing some of that.”
In March, a U.S. judge dismissed a request for a preliminary injunction by Musk to halt the shift toward an open commercial model. Musk, co-founder of OpenAI in 2019, left the organization the same year, criticizing it for deviating from its founding mission of advancing artificial intelligence for the greater good, rather than for profit.
Additionally, OpenAI is advancing its hardware segment after acquiring the startup IO, founded by iPhone designer Sir Jony Ive, in a $6.4 billion deal. Altman reportedly informed employees that OpenAI is developing a 100 million AI “people” intended to become integral to users’ daily experiences.
Although Altman describes the prototype as “the most exciting technology the world has ever seen,” mass production of the unknown IO device isn’t expected to commence until 2027.
Donald Trump praised Apple for its pledge to boost its investment in U.S. manufacturing by an additional $100 billion over the next four years.
Apple’s commitment to increasing its domestic investments comes as it seeks to circumvent the tariffs threatened by Trump. During a May revenue call, CEO Tim Cook cautioned that tariffs could lead to losses of up to $900 million in that fiscal quarter alone.
Cook mentioned that many components of the iPhone, such as glass, semiconductors, and Face ID modules, are already produced domestically. However, he noted that final assembly will remain overseas for the time being. Previously, he stated that this new investment would involve collaboration with ten companies across the U.S. that manufacture components for Apple products.
Apple previously announced a plan to invest $500 million domestically, which has now increased to $600 million. The company also intends to hire 20,000 workers in the U.S. over the next four years.
Recently, Trump has vocally criticized tech companies, with Cook pursuing a strategy to shift iPhone production to India to evade tariffs imposed by the Republican administration on China. On the same day the White House made its announcement, Trump raised U.S. tariffs on India from 25% to 50%.
While in Qatar earlier this year, Trump mentioned a “slight problem” with Apple during a conversation with Cook, indicating he didn’t want production to move to India.
India has incurred the president’s ire lately as he ordered an additional 25% tariff on the country, citing its use of Russian oil. This new import tax, set to be implemented over 21 days, could elevate total tariffs on Indian goods to 50%.
According to Reuters, Apple tried to preempt Indian tariffs in April by exporting as many as 1.5 million iPhones from the country to the U.S.
The iPhone is composed of parts sourced from multiple countries, with final assembly primarily taking place in China, making the company particularly vulnerable to Trump’s tariffs. A shift of production to the U.S. could significantly increase costs, as many analysts regard American-made iPhones as a pipe dream while Apple navigates the uncertain waters of Trump’s trade war.
Apple’s announcement of increased investment aims to enhance supply chains and advanced manufacturing capabilities within the United States.
This latest pledge from Apple comes shortly after the company signed a $500 million contract with MP Materials, which operates the only rare earth mine in the U.S. This deal allows MP Materials to expand its Texas facility and utilize recycled materials to manufacture magnets vital for the iPhone.
During the recent investor call, Cook highlighted the various components produced in the U.S., such as glass displays and facial recognition modules, and indicated that there are plans to scale up production for additional components within the country.
“We’re doing more here, with about 1.9 billion chips now being produced in the U.S. We’re making progress,” Cook stated last week without going into further details.
Despite investors’ concerns regarding impending tariffs and a slowdown in adopting artificial intelligence, Apple’s latest revenue report indicates strong iPhone sales, surpassing Wall Street expectations year over year. Following news of Trump’s announcement, Apple’s stock, which had dropped significantly earlier this year, jumped over 5% on Wednesday.
hA game serves as a poetic narrative within its description. Bernband is described as “a science fiction exploration game for those who enjoy wandering….” Players can meander through vivid and peculiar worlds, bask in the glow of streetlights, and navigate beneath the zigzagging flags overhead. They traverse corridors hosting odd green flora growing in planters, and even engage with otherworldly subway trains that sway above them—tentacle grips, perhaps? “I have no objectives apart from walking,” the game’s Steam page asserts. “Where will your feet lead you?”
There’s an alluring quality about a game that encourages exploration. However, this doesn’t imply that creating such a game is straightforward. “Wandering as the primary objective poses numerous challenges,” remarks Tom Van Den Boogart, who began this venture back in 2014 to reassess the project.
“Exploration is our primary goal”… Bern Band. Photo: Sokpop Collective
Consequently, every journey through Bernband commences similarly. In a modest apartment with windows offering glimpses of the strange universe contained within the game. “The idea is to convey that you are a resident of this city,” explains Van den Boogert. “And as time passes, familiarity with the environment will develop. Your adventure starts once you step through the door.” The apartment also serves as a sanctuary for players to return to after their explorations. “It introduces a subtle goal: ‘Can I find my way back to the apartment?’ Even if it’s just at a subconscious level.”
Van Den Boogat discovered quickly that the Wandering Game should offer players destinations to explore freely. Consequently, the majority of the Bernband universe is arranged in a nonlinear manner. “In most instances, there are various routes to a destination,” he states. “Some paths are more obscure or less obvious than others. If exploration is the core objective of the game, I aim to allow players to choose what they wish to investigate.”
An alien city influenced by real-world locations… Bern Band. Photo: Sokpop Collective
Despite this unobtrusive design, Van Den Boogat acknowledges that avoiding predictability is an ongoing struggle. Yet, he persists. “I believe having access to this sort of information can rob players of the enchanting feeling that comes from stumbling upon hidden realms,” he chuckles. “You are aware that they exist on some level.”
The alien city in Bernband isn’t structured as a traditional open world; instead, it comprises distinct areas interlinked by elevators and various transport options. This format was chosen to ensure that players can immerse themselves in specific sections of a broader landscape. Additionally, Van Den Boogat creates from a compilation of locations he finds engaging or enjoyable. To maintain his creativity, he ensures this list remains somewhat vague: a large supermarket, a shaded bar, and a swimming pool with water slides.
And while the world is alien, Bernband draws inspiration from real-life locations familiar to Van Den Boogat, whether it’s his hometown of Gouda in the Netherlands or influential spots in the gaming industry found in Tokyo, San Francisco, Stockholm, and beyond.
“When I develop games, I prefer to draw inspiration from personal memories and experiences, rather than other media like games or films,” he shares. “This approach fosters a deeper, more personal connection to my work, and I hope it imparts a unique essence to the game and its world.”
The White Dwarf represents the compact core that forms when stars exhaust their fuel and collapse. These remnants are the ashes of Earth-sized stars, typically about half the mass of the Sun, composed of carbon-oxygen cores surrounded by layers of helium and hydrogen. Utilizing far-ultraviolet data from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, astronomers have identified carbon in the atmosphere of the famously large white dwarf WD 0525+526. They also determined that the overall mass of hydrogen and helium in the star’s atmosphere was significantly lower than anticipated based on single-star evolution.
An illustration of a merger with a white dwarf sub-huge star (size without scale) that would have occurred in the past. Image credit: Snehalata Sahu/Warwick University.
WD 0525+526 is located approximately 130 light years away in the constellation Auriga.
With a mass exceeding that of our Sun by 20%, this white dwarf is classified as a super-genocide, and its formation process remains poorly understood.
Typically, such white dwarfs form from the collapse of massive stars. However, Hubble’s UV data indicates that WD 0525+526 has a hydrogen-rich atmosphere originating from its core.
“In optical light, WD 0525+526 appears to be a massive yet typical white dwarf,” remarked Sneharata Saff, an astronomer at the University of Warwick.
“However, the ultraviolet observations from Hubble allowed us to detect faint carbon signatures that optical telescopes could not observe.”
“The presence of a small amount of carbon in the atmosphere suggests that this massive white dwarf is likely the product of a merger between two stars.”
“We also believe that many similar merged remnants may pose as white dwarfs in a predominantly hydrogen atmosphere.”
“Only ultraviolet observations can reveal them to us.”
Typically, hydrogen and helium create dense, barrier-like layers around the white dwarf core, concealing carbon-rich elements.
In a stellar merger, the hydrogen and helium enveloping layers can burn away almost entirely as the stars combine.
The resulting single star possesses a very thin envelope that does not prevent carbon from surfacing, which is precisely what is observed in WD 0525+526.
“We found that the hydrogen and helium layers are around one billion times thinner than those typical of a white dwarf,” noted Antoine Bedard, an astronomer at Warwick University.
“We believe these layers were stripped away during the merger, allowing carbon to manifest on the surface.”
“However, this phenomenon is also unusual, as the carbon present is about 100,000 times less than that found on the surfaces of other merged remnants.”
“Coupled with the star’s elevated temperatures—nearly four times hotter than the Sun—the diminished carbon levels suggest that WD 0525+526 evolves at a much faster pace than previously observed.”
This discovery will aid in understanding the destiny of binary star systems, which are crucial for related phenomena such as supernova explosions.
Alongside the enigma, this significantly hotter star’s carbon migrates to the surface.
Other merged remnants later cool enough for convection to bring carbon to the surface; however, WD 0525+526 remains too hot for this process.
Instead, the author identified a subtle mixing process known as semiconvection, uniquely observed in this White Dwarf.
This mechanism permits small amounts of carbon to gradually ascend into the star’s hydrogen-rich atmosphere.
“Finding conclusive proof of individual white dwarf mergers is rare,” remarked Professor Boris Gensick from Warwick University.
“Yet, ultraviolet spectroscopy enables us to detect these signals early, while carbon remains invisible at optical wavelengths.”
“Because the Earth’s atmosphere filters out UV rays, such observations must be conducted from space—currently, only Hubble is capable of this.”
“As WD 0525+526 continues to evolve and cool, we anticipate more carbon will emerge at the surface over time.”
“For now, this ultraviolet illumination offers rare insights into the early aftermath of stellar mergers.
Survey results are published today in the journal Nature Astronomy.
____
S. Saff et al. The remnants of Hot White Dwarfs revealed by ultraviolet detection of carbon. Nature Astronomy Published online on August 6th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02590-y
Garmin has introduced its latest mid-range running and multi-sport watches, which are now equipped with an ultra-bright OLED display, a voice assistant, and enhanced sensors.
The Forerunner 570 builds upon its predecessor with improvements to its running watch capabilities. It features upgraded GPS chips and heart rate monitoring technology. Placing itself just below the 970, it replaces the well-regarded 265. The design closely resembles the Topwatch, though some notable features have been omitted.
However, the price remains steep at £450 (€550/$550/$999), exceeding most mid-range competitors and veering too close to the premium segment.
Offering numerous enhancements in both hardware and software from the 265, the 570 comes in 42mm or 47mm sizes and a range of vibrant color options.
The speaker above the strap delivers clear alerts for laps and other notifications while running, including new Bluetooth calls and voice assistant features. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The polycarbonate body, metal buttons, and aluminum bezel contribute to a high-quality feel, complemented by a vivid and sharp OLED touchscreen.
Like the Fenix 8 and Forerunner 970, this watch includes Garmin’s new Offline Voice Command System, enabling quick timer settings, activity metrics, and more. It also allows you to connect with your mobile voice assistant to interact with Siri or Gemini, or make calls directly from your wrist.
The 570 features the same enhanced interface as the 970, providing improved smartwatch capabilities for notifications and music control. The recently Google Maps app is currently available, but exclusively for Android users.
You can access various apps via the Connect IQ App Store, including options for music streaming without a phone, such as Spotify, Amazon Music, and YouTube Music. Garmin Pay also facilitates contactless payments, although banking options in the UK remain limited.
The 570 offers numerous customizable watch faces, with additional options available on the Connect IQ App Store. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The battery life of the 47mm variant falls short compared to the 970 or 265, lasting around five days of smartwatch use. Adjusting the brightness to a lower setting can extend battery life by an extra day, while the always-on display mode can deplete it in about ten days.
The bright and clear display provides visibility of numerous data fields and metrics, allowing for quick reference. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The Forerunner is equipped with Garmin’s latest optical heart rate sensor, dual-band GPS, and some of the most precise tracking capabilities available. With over 85 built-in sport profiles, it covers a wide array of activities.
For running and triathlons, it encompasses nearly all the features of the 970, including wrist-based power statistics and running dynamics, training recommendations, performance evaluations, and adaptive coaching plans with various VO2 Max and fitness assessments. However, it lacks offline maps, providing only route navigation or a simple return to the starting point.
It also features Garmin’s helpful recovery tools, offering some of the best training preparation available. Unfortunately, the new shock load and running resistance feature is exclusive to the 970.
Battery life reaches approximately 14 hours, or around 8 hours with the most accurate settings while streaming offline music through Bluetooth headphones.
The watch charges via a USB-C cable, fitting into a port adjacent to the sensor cluster on the back, achieving 70% charge in about 40 minutes and a full charge in approximately 83 minutes. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The 570 includes all of Garmin’s latest health monitoring features, such as the advanced body battery system, a sleep coach, morning and evening health and recovery briefings, stress tracking, women’s health tools, and heart health metrics. However, this feels lacking compared to similarly priced offerings from Apple, Google, and Samsung, which integrate features for mental well-being.
Sustainability
The voice command feature provides quick access to offline functionalities, although it requires specific phrases to operate correctly. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The watch is generally repairable, with support options available. The battery is designed to retain at least 90% of its original capacity after two years, based on weekly charging. However, the watch does not incorporate recycled materials. Garmin commits to security updates until at least May 21, 2027, and usually provides support for extended periods. They also offer recycling programs with new purchases.
Price
The Garmin Forerunner 570 is priced at £459.99 (€549.99/$549.99/A $999).
For comparison, the Garmin Fenix 8 starts at £780, the Forerunner 970 at £630, while the Forerunner 165 is available for £250. The Coros Pace 3 is priced at £219, Suunto at £199, and the Polar Pacer Pro at £299.
Verdict
The Forerunner 570 stands out as a strong running watch, albeit with a price tag that detracts from an unreserved recommendation.
It boasts a stunning design with vibrant colors, an exceptionally bright and crisp display, and many desirable features taken from the Forerunner 970. The watch excels in GPS and heart rate accuracy, encompassing nearly every available metric while providing access to Garmin’s exceptional training and recovery ecosystem. It’s also effective as a daily smartwatch.
However, the absence of offline maps, integrated beacons, ECG monitoring, and advanced running resistance features, along with a relatively shorter daily battery life, are drawbacks that would be more acceptable if the price were lower. The £460 cost of the 570 places it unfavorably against more feature-rich competitors.
Pros: Daylight-readable OLED screen, phone capabilities and offline voice control, Garmin Pay functionality, extensive tracking and recovery analysis for running and various sports, offline music support, buttons and touch functionality, and highly accurate GPS.
Cons: High price point, absence of ECG, lack of offline maps, limited running resistance features, no torch, restricted Garmin Pay support, and lesser smartwatch functions compared to Apple/Google/Samsung devices, plus shorter battery life compared to other leading models.
Offline support for Spotify and other music streaming services remains a standout feature that other running watches struggle to match. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Craving some fries? Indulging in deep-fried delights might raise your chances of developing type 2 diabetes.
As per research released on Wednesday in the Journal BMJ, swapping out weekly servings of fries for boiled, baked, or mashed potatoes could diminish the risk of this chronic illness.
The study analyzed the eating habits of over 205,000 adults in the U.S. who completed a dietary survey spanning nearly 40 years. They investigated the correlation between potato consumption and the onset of type 2 diabetes.
Results indicated that a weekly intake of French fries raised the risk of type 2 diabetes by 20%. In contrast, consuming an equivalent amount of boiled, baked, or mashed potatoes showed no association with the disease.
According to the CDC, one in ten Americans with diabetes has type 2. This condition can lead to elevated risks of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney damage.
The findings emphasize the importance of food preparation methods in determining health risks and benefits, noted Seyed Mohammad Mousavi, the lead author of the study and a postdoctoral researcher at the Harvard Chan School of Public Health.
“Not all potatoes are created equal,” he remarked. “Even consuming less than one serving of fries weekly can elevate the risk of type 2 diabetes.”
Unlike boiled or baked potatoes, fries are often cooked in oils high in trans fats or saturated fats. The body struggles to properly metabolize these fats, leading to insulin resistance—an issue that regulates blood sugar levels. Frequent consumption of fried foods can contribute to obesity and inflammation, further increasing the likelihood of type 2 diabetes.
“Fried potatoes absorb fat, raising their caloric content. Consuming multiple servings of fries can contribute to weight gain,” stated Candida Rebello, director of the Nutrition and Chronic Disease Program at Louisiana State University, who was not part of the study.
This research leveraged data collected when various frying methods were prevalent from 1984 to 2021. Nowadays, most fast-food chains utilize vegetable oils like canola, sunflower, soybean, and peanut oils. However, beef fat was common in the 1980s, which shifted to partially hydrogenated oils in the early 1990s. Most trans fats have been phased out of the U.S. diet by 2018.
Secretary of Health and Human Services, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., claimed that the seed oils in use today contribute to rising obesity levels in children, suggesting a return to beef fat—a stance lacking robust scientific backing.
“Beef tallow is rich in saturated fats, which can be harmful. I do not endorse that,” Mousavi emphasized.
One drawback of Mousavi’s study is that it doesn’t account for added unhealthy ingredients in boiled, baked, or mashed potatoes.
“What do people put on baked potatoes? Butter, bacon, cheese, sour cream,” said Shannon Gallien, an assistant professor of nutrition science at Texas Institute of Technology. “We don’t know if they consumed the skin either.”
Gallien noted that potato skins are rich in fiber and essential nutrients, helping regulate blood sugar. When prepared without deep frying or excessive fats, potatoes can provide a good source of potassium, which supports blood pressure regulation.
“Certainly, potatoes can be a nutritious food choice as long as they are neither fried nor smothered in fat,” Gallien stated.
Mousavi suggested that baking fries at home with healthier oils like olive or avocado oil could lower diabetes risk compared to fast food versions. Opting for whole grains, such as farro or whole-grain bread and pasta, could yield even greater benefits due to their lower glycemic index, reducing the likelihood of rapid blood sugar spikes.
His research found whole grains pose a lesser risk of diabetes than all potato varieties. Conversely, white rice correlated more strongly with the risk of type 2 diabetes than any of these alternatives.
Megan Marcahai, communications director at Potato USA, emphasized that fries can “fit into a healthful dietary framework when consumed in moderation.”
Gallien highlighted the importance of evaluating one’s overall diet, since it significantly impacts health more than single food items. Nutritionists generally endorse a colorful array of foods, incorporating healthy proteins, varied fruits, vegetables, whole grains, fish, beans, and nuts.
“People don’t eat isolated items. They consume a range of foods,” Gallien concluded.
Stone tools unearthed in Sulawesi, Indonesia, crafted by an enigmatic ancient human species
Budianto Hakim et al.
Seven stone tools discovered on Sulawesi, Indonesia, represent the earliest proof of ancient humans navigating the ocean, with an estimated age of 1.4 million years.
These artifacts may shed light on how a diminutive human species known as the “Hobbit” reached neighboring Flores Island.
The first artifact was found embedded in a sandstone outcrop at a location called Calio Budiant Hakim. In 2019, excavations revealed six additional tools on the same outcrop, courtesy of the Indonesian National Research Innovation Agency.
Alongside the stone tools, Hakim and his team also discovered parts of an upper jaw, teeth, and remains of a large species of pig, Celebochoerus, along with fragments from unidentified young elephants.
While researchers couldn’t date the tools directly, sediment analysis combined with fossil pig teeth allowed them to estimate an age range between 1.04 million and 1.48 million years. Previously, the oldest human evidence in Sulawesi was dated to 194,000 years ago.
A least one of the new artifacts appears to be a flake removed from a larger piece, with its edges skillfully shaped, as noted by team member Adam Blum from Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia. While non-human primates such as chimpanzees utilize hammer-like stones to crack nuts, they don’t manipulate flakes to create tools.
“This represents an early form of cognitive ability from a species that has since vanished,” states Brumm. “We don’t ascertain the specific species, but these creations indicate human intellect at the Calio site.”
The distinct hominin species, Homo floresiensis, was unearthed in Flores in 2003. Archaeological findings suggest human presence on the island over a million years ago. However, the means by which these early humans reached the island remains a mystery.
Both Flores and Sulawesi were separated from mainland Southeast Asia by expansive oceanic barriers, even during periods of the lowest sea levels. According to Blum, the distance to Sulawesi is too great for swimming, leading to the conclusion that these early human species likely could not construct maritime vessels.
“It’s conceivable that a rare geological event, such as a tsunami, swept some early humans into the ocean, where they might have clung to floating trees or mats of vegetation, eventually reaching these islands to form isolated populations,” he suggests.
Martin Porr from the University of Western Australia identifies Homo erectus as the most probable candidate for seafaring at that time, given similarities between the tools found in Sulawesi and those associated with this species.
While the new finds support this theory, they raise numerous questions, particularly regarding whether the skills of these early human groups may need to be reassessed.
Led by the late archaeologist Mike Morwood, the team who first identified Homo floresiensis was the first to propose that Sulawesi could be crucial in understanding the ancestry of the Hobbit. As Kira Westaway from Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia mentions, “Sulawesi is positioned along a significant current that flows from Sulawesi to Flores.”
“Even Mike would have been astonished by the discovery of these ancient stone tools,” she remarks. “Though one might argue that seven tools are insufficient to support major claims, they undeniably represent the presence of early human activities.”
Neanderthals, ancient humans, cave art: France
Join new scientist Kate Douglas as she embarks on a captivating exploration of the prominent Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic sites across southern France, spanning from Bordeaux to Montpellier.
Mark Twain famously remarked, “If you were born at the age of 80 and gradually refined down to 18, life would be perpetually joyous.” The quest for youth has captivated stories and myths throughout the ages; what if we could finally achieve it?
Recent research indicates that the GLP-1 medication Ozempic, containing semaglutide, might effectively reverse biological aging by around three years. This effect is notably observed in the brain, suggesting that medications like Ozempic could help mitigate conditions such as dementia. Additionally, it seems to reduce inflammation tied to various health concerns, including heart disease, chronic pain, and depression.
Originally developed for type 2 diabetes, semaglutide has changed the landscape of obesity treatment. It’s important to highlight that its anti-aging effects are particularly noted in individuals with HIV-related fat hypertrophy, though researchers believe its benefits may extend to a broader population.
Ozempic seems to have eradicated the inflammatory system associated with numerous health conditions.
It’s intriguing to consider whether we should all be using these drugs to reverse aging and reap the rewards of better health. However, we cannot assume this is wise without substantial evidence from large placebo-controlled trials involving healthy individuals. Conducting such studies may be contentious, as there are potential side effects to monitor. Moreover, when supplies are limited, it’s crucial to prioritize those in dire need.
Nevertheless, it appears that a number of healthy individuals are already utilizing these medications—largely “off-label”—without clarity on their safety. Future research should unveil a clearer understanding of these risks and provide insights into how weight loss affects muscle mass retention.
As the array of health advantages associated with these drugs continues to expand, it may be time to investigate their efficacy in healthy individuals, aiming to determine if they genuinely have the capacity to slow aging rather than speculating about youthful elixirs.
Robert F. Kennedy Jr., Director of the U.S. Health Bureau
Zuma Press, Inc. /Alamy
The U.S. Secretary of Health has claimed that mRNA vaccines are ineffective against respiratory illnesses and announced a $5 billion cut in funding for mRNA vaccine research. This contradicts existing scientific evidence, which shows that many mRNA vaccines are not only effective but often outperform other vaccine types. Here’s what you should know to assess these statements:
During his announcement, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., the head of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, stated, “These vaccines cannot effectively protect against upper respiratory tract infections such as COVID and influenza.” He indicated that funding would shift “to a safer, more versatile vaccine platform that remains effective even as the virus mutates.”
There are currently various vaccine types available: live viruses, inactivated viruses, genetically engineered viral shells, individual viral proteins, and mRNAs that encode viral proteins. The effectiveness of these vaccines is often influenced more by the virus than by the vaccine itself.
For instance, the MMR vaccine has a 100% effectiveness rate in preventing measles outbreaks when vaccination coverage exceeds 90%. This high effectiveness is due to the measles virus being a stable target and requiring complex routes deep within the body, allowing ample opportunities for the immune system to respond before symptoms develop or transmission occurs.
In contrast, respiratory viruses, which cause colds and flus, initially infect cells in the upper respiratory tract. This setting complicates the generation of sufficient protective antibodies, making it significantly harder to prevent infection and transmission compared to measles.
Moreover, viruses responsible for colds, influenza, and COVID-19 are continuously mutating, driving evolutionary pressures for changes that can evade immunity from both infection and vaccination. Consequently, no influenza or COVID-19 vaccine can offer the same long-term protection as the measles components of MMR vaccines. However, mRNA vaccines perform comparably well.
For example, some mRNA COVID-19 vaccines are over 90% effective against symptomatic infections and provide enhanced protection against severe outcomes. In contrast, the effectiveness of non-mRNA vaccines for annual influenza prevention ranges from 20% to 60%. Additionally, a recent trial involving a combined COVID-19 and influenza mRNA vaccine has shown potential to surpass existing non-mRNA influenza vaccines for individuals over 50, who are most at risk.
Thus, Kennedy’s assertion regarding ineffectiveness is misguided. While this does not imply that mRNA vaccines will always be superior to others, new vaccines must outperform existing ones in clinical trials. If mRNA vaccines were ineffective, they would not receive approval.
Kennedy also posits that other vaccine types might sustain their effectiveness amidst viral mutations, likely referencing the concept of a “universal vaccine.” This idea aims to create a single vaccine effective against all variants of, for example, influenza or coronaviruses by targeting stable parts of the virus. However, achieving this is challenging since viruses often conceal stable regions beneath variable structures.
Despite extensive research efforts over the decades, developing a reliable universal vaccine has yet to be successful. Thus, investing heavily in this area may be unwise. Additionally, mRNA technology has been utilized in experimental settings for creating universal vaccines, making Kennedy’s second statement equally flawed.
Finally, effectiveness is just one factor; safety, cost, and the rapidity of vaccine development are also critical considerations. In this regard, mRNA technology provides significant advantages: it is safer than vaccines derived from live viruses, less expensive than those based on a single viral protein, and can be developed rapidly—essential in the context of quickly evolving respiratory viruses, especially during pandemics.
Moreover, mRNA vaccine technology has broader applications for developing a variety of other treatments. The funding cuts announced by Kennedy, based on erroneous claims, could impede progress by deterring companies from investing in this promising technology.
NHS Talking Therapies: Access to Science-Based Self-Help and Psychotherapy
Galina Zhigalova/Getty Images
A specific type of psychotherapy offered by the UK’s National Health Service (NHS) seems to benefit teenagers and young adults with anxiety and depression more than it does for older individuals.
In 2008, NHS England initiated a program designed to enhance access to scientifically informed self-help resources and psychotherapy. Currently referred to as NHS talk therapy for anxiety and depression, this initiative has generated a substantial database of anonymous user information, detailing treatments and outcomes.
Stringaris and his colleagues harnessed this data to evaluate the results from over 1.5 million individuals who accessed the therapy between 2015 and 2019. More than 1.2 million participants were aged between 25 and 65, leaving the younger cohort aged 16 to 24.
The researchers assessed changes in symptom severity pre- and post-treatment by utilizing two standard self-assessment tools: a patient health questionnaire-9 and a seven-item general anxiety disorder scale.
The results indicated that these scores exhibited approximately 35% improvement in individuals aged 16 to 24, compared to around 41% for those aged 25 to 65. Young people were roughly 20-25% less likely to be classified as recovered or to achieve significant improvements.
This could potentially result in thousands of young individuals recovering each year if they responded to treatment as effectively as their older counterparts, Stringaris remarks. “It is crucial to consider how mental health services might adapt to provide better care pathways for younger populations.”
Various factors could contribute to these discrepancies, including generational differences influenced by social media and online dating. Data further suggest that younger clients tend to miss scheduled appointments without prior notification, which may lead to poorer outcomes.
The study highlights the imbalances that warrant further exploration, says David Clark from Oxford University. “Research often reveals numerous insights that can be addressed. This paper marks the beginning of what could be a fruitful path ahead.”
Despite this, it remains essential to acknowledge the “gradual benefits” of the therapy. This relates to how clients fare compared to those who do not undergo treatment, he adds. “You start getting [younger] patients who are trying to establish themselves in life and pursue employment, indicating they may not have worse outcomes than older individuals,” Clark says.
Adrian Whittington from NHS England explains that talk therapy assists over a million individuals annually, most receiving treatment within six weeks. “We encourage them to take proactive steps towards care,” he states.
Genetics could play a significant role in the development of chronic fatigue syndrome or myalgic encephalomyelitis.
BlackJack3D/Getty Images
Recent large-scale studies have identified genetic factors that might increase the risk of developing chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also known as myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). Researchers have associated eight regions of the human genome with this condition based on DNA analyses from over 15,000 affected individuals.
“Our research offers the first strong evidence for genetic influences,” says Sonya Chowdhury from the UK charity Action for ME.
In the long term, these findings may aid in creating new diagnostic tools and treatments for ME/CFS. This condition has been recognized for decades and is primarily characterized by a debilitating response to minimal exertion, often accompanied by fatigue after mental effort.
Chowdhury adds that the results provide “recognition and validation” for individuals suffering from this condition. “Many people have been dismissed with comments such as, ‘It’s not a real illness,'” she explains. “They visited doctors who often downplayed their symptoms.”
“This represents a significant breakthrough for patients,” notes Andy Devereux Cooke, co-founder of Science for ME, a forum supporting those with the condition.
The research, termed Decode, involved analysis of DNA from over 15,500 individuals with ME/CFS against approximately 260,000 samples from unaffected individuals.
“Eight genetic signals were identified,” explains Chris Ponting from the University of Edinburgh, UK. These genomic regions appear to differ significantly in individuals with ME/CFS, suggesting that genetic variants in these areas could influence the likelihood of developing the condition. The findings were announced at a press briefing but have not yet been published in scientific journals or preprint platforms.
Among these eight regions, the research team pinpointed 43 protein-coding genes, with 29 deemed particularly noteworthy. “Delving into these genetic signals reveals associations with both immune and nervous system functions,” Ponting states. “Notably, the activity of these genes is prevalent in brain tissue, indicating a potential link to nervous system involvement.”
Additionally, researchers uncovered immune system-related genes, particularly rabgap1l, which may significantly heighten the risk of CFS. This aligns with anecdotal reports from many individuals with the condition, who often cite prior mild infections as precursors to their symptoms.
“I believed there was something distinct about the immune systems of individuals suffering from ME/CFS,” comments Jackie Cliff from Brunel University in London, noting that this study represents a substantial advancement in ME/CFS research.
Despite the fact that ME/CFS is significantly more prevalent in women, this study found no differences in genetic susceptibility between men and women. However, the team has yet to analyze the X and Y sex chromosomes.
The next steps involve examining these eight genome regions in greater depth to comprehend how genetic variations translate into molecular and cellular processes, both with and without ME/CFS. This could potentially pave the way for diagnostic tests and targeted treatments addressing the fundamental mechanisms of the disorder. However, this progress is contingent upon securing research funding, which is currently limited, says Cliff.
ME/CFS is estimated to impact 67 million individuals globally. A 2017 report from Think Tank 20/20 Health estimated that it incurs costs of £3.3 billion annually to the UK economy due to decreased productivity and healthcare expenses. “It’s an overlooked and marginalized illness that deserves attention and investment,” emphasizes Ponting.
White Cockatoos Display a Natural Inclination to Dance
Andrew Angelov/Alamy
The head nods, side-to-side movements, and body rolls are just a few of the over 30 dance moves showcased by these remarkable cockatoos.
Since gaining online fame in 2009, the sulfur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) has become an Internet dance sensation. In 2019, Aniruddh Patel from Tufts University and his team revealed that Snowball, a well-known dancing cockatoo, created 14 unique dance moves and even mixed some of them together.
To explore how prevalent this behavior is, Natasha Love and her research team from Charles Sturt University in Australia examined 45 videos of dancing cockatoos shared on social media. They discovered five different species: the sulfur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua alba), the umbrella cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis), Tanimbar cockatoos (Cacatua goffiniana), and a lesser sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua sanguinea).
The researchers identified 30 distinct dance moves, each performed by at least two birds. Of these, 17 had not been previously documented in scientific literature. Interestingly, closely related species exhibited varying styles in their dance.
Love and her team also conducted experiments on two pink cockatoos (Lophochroa leadbeateri) and two galahs (Eolophus roseicapilla) at the Wagga Wagga Zoo and Aviary in Australia.
They played various music tracks for the birds—such as “Wake Me Up” by Avicii, a financial podcast “She’s On The Money”, and white noise—and observed that the birds engaged in their dance moves regardless of the type of audio played.
This suggests that cockatoos are not merely mimicking human actions. “It’s uncertain why they dance, but it’s plausible they are expressing themselves in playful ways,” says Love.
Many of the observed dance moves correspond to displays seen during wild parrot courtship, indicating that the ability to dance may have roots in mating behavior, according to Love.
Video evidence leads her and her colleagues to conclude that dancing behavior can be found in at least 10 of the 21 known cockatoo species.
“Snowball developed his dance moves without formal instruction, yet it remains unclear how much of these behaviors are influenced by genetic factors. Recent research indicates that the similarity of movements among different parrots’ dances may not be as predictable,” Patel remarks. “These findings are exhilarating as they show that the capacity for flexible and creative dancing to music is not a trait exclusive to humans.”
So, which cockatoo species stands out as the best dancer? “From our zoo observations, Major Mitchell’s cockatoos seemed to display more enthusiasm and energy in their dances compared to other species,” Love notes.
She emphasizes that further studies are necessary to discern whether birds actually enjoy dancing and if encouraging this behavior can enhance the well-being of domesticated parrots.
Like all cells, human eggs are subject to mutations
CC Studio/Science Photo Library
Research indicates that human eggs may be shielded from certain types of mutations associated with aging. In a recent study, scientists discovered that as women age, there are no signs of accumulating mutations in the mitochondrial DNA of their egg cells.
“When we consider age-related mutations, we typically think about older individuals having more mutations compared to younger ones,” notes Kateryna Makova from Pennsylvania State University. “However, this assumption doesn’t always hold true.”
Mitochondria, which provide the primary energy source for the body’s cells, are inherited solely from the mother. While mitochondrial DNA mutations are generally benign, they can sometimes result in complications that impact muscles and neurons, particularly due to their high energy demands. “Oocytes” [egg cells] serve as this biological reservoir,” explains Ruth Lehmann from Massachusetts Institute of Technology, who was not part of this study.
Prior research has shown that older mothers tend to pass down more chromosomal mutations, leading to the general assumption that a similar pattern exists with mitochondrial DNA mutations. To investigate this, Makova and her team utilized DNA sequencing to identify new mutations across 80 eggs sourced from 22 women aged 20 to 42 years.
The findings revealed that mitochondrial mutations in female eggs do not actually escalate with advancing age, unlike those found in salivary and blood cells. “It seems we have evolved a mechanism that mitigates the accumulation of mutations, allowing for their replication later in life,” remarks Makova.
Previous research has indicated that mitochondrial DNA mutations in macaque eggs showed an increase while their reproductive capacity remained stable until the animal reached about nine years of age. “It would be worthwhile to also study younger women. This could apply to humans as well,” comments team member Barbara Arbetuber from Penn State University.
Illustration of neurons affected by Alzheimer’s disease
Science Photo Library / Alamy Stock Photo
Research indicates that administering lithium to mice with low brain levels reverses cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease. These findings imply that lithium deficiency could contribute to Alzheimer’s, and low-dose lithium treatments may have therapeutic potential.
Several studies have highlighted a relationship between lithium and Alzheimer’s. A 2022 study found that individuals prescribed lithium faced nearly half the risk of developing Alzheimer’s. Another paper published recently linked lithium levels in drinking water with a reduced risk of dementia.
However, as Bruce Yankner from Harvard University points out, hidden variables may influence these results. He suggests that other elements in drinking water, like magnesium, might also contribute to a lower dementia risk.
Yankner and his team assessed metal levels in the brains of 285 deceased individuals, 94 of whom had Alzheimer’s, and 58 exhibited mild cognitive impairment. The remaining participants showed no cognitive decline prior to death.
They discovered that lithium concentrations in the prefrontal cortex (a vital area for memory and decision-making) were about 36% lower in those without cognitive decline, and 23% lower in individuals with mild cognitive impairment. “I believe environmental factors, including diet and genetics, play a significant role,” states Yankner.
There’s another concerning aspect. In Alzheimer’s patients, amyloid plaques exhibited nearly three times more lithium than areas without plaques. “Lithium is sequestered by these plaques,” explains Yankner. “Initially, there’s a lithium intake disorder, and as the disease advances, lithium levels decline further due to its binding to amyloid.”
To further investigate cognitive effects, the research team genetically modified 22 mice to mimic Alzheimer’s symptoms and reduced their lithium consumption by 92%. After around eight months, these mice performed significantly worse on various memory assessments compared to 16 mice on normal diets. For instance, even after six days of training, lithium-deficient mice took approximately 10 seconds longer to locate a hidden platform in a water maze. Their brains also had about 2.5 times more amyloid plaques.
Genetic evaluations of brain cells from the lithium-deficient mice indicated heightened activity of genes linked to neurodegeneration and Alzheimer’s. These mice experienced increased encephalopathy, and their immune cells failed to eliminate amyloid plaques, mirroring changes seen in Alzheimer’s patients.
The researchers then evaluated various lithium compounds for their ability to bind with amyloid and found that orotium— a compound created through the combination of lithium and orotic acid— had the least propensity to be trapped in plaques. A nine-month treatment regimen with orotium significantly diminished amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s-like mice and improved memory performance compared to regular mice.
These findings point toward the potential of lithium orotium as a treatment for Alzheimer’s. High doses of various lithium salts are already being employed to manage conditions such as bipolar disorder. “A significant challenge with lithium treatment in the elderly is the risk of kidney and thyroid toxicity due to high dosages,” notes Yankner. However, he mentions that the quantities used in this study were about 1,000 times lower than those typically administered, which may account for the absence of kidney or thyroid issues observed in the mice.
Nonetheless, clinical trials are crucial to gauge how low doses of orotium lithium might impact humans, says Rudolf Tansy at Massachusetts General Hospital. “The challenge lies in determining who truly requires lithium,” he adds. “Excessive lithium intake can result in severe side effects.”
Researchers experimented with sticky hydrogels by attaching rubber ducks to rocks by the sea
Hao Guo, Hongguang Liao, Hailong Fan
The rubber ducks that remained attached to coastal rocks for over a year demonstrate the durability of this innovative sticky material. This adhesive has potential applications in deep-sea robotics, repair tasks, and as a surgical adhesive in medical contexts.
“We have created an ultra-sticky hydrogel that performs exceptionally well even when submerged,” says Hailong Fan from Shenzhen University, China. This hydrogel is a soft and flexible material.
Subsequently, at Hokkaido University in Japan, Fan and his team examined 24,000 sticky protein sequences from various organisms to pinpoint the most adhesive amino acid combination, the foundational components of proteins. They leveraged this knowledge to design 180 unique adhesive hydrogels and utilized artificial intelligence models trained on hydrogel properties to optimize formulas for enhanced adhesive agents.
This method allowed the researchers to create a novel class of adaptable, highly sticky hydrogels. According to Fan, this material can adhere to surfaces even after being repeatedly halted and re-stocked or submerged in seawater. Under these circumstances, it surpassed an adhesive strength of 1 megapascal in water, which is about ten times stronger than most soft, sticky materials.
The study indicates that it “illustrates a paradigm shift in the design of high-performance soft materials.” Zhao Qin at Syracuse University in New York commended the team’s efforts in unraveling the adhesive mechanisms of natural proteins and utilizing them in new materials.
The most playful showcase of the hydrogel’s adhesion involved leaving a yellow rubber duck stuck to wave-battered rocks along the shore. In a more pragmatic test, the hydrogel promptly sealed a leaking water pipe. This hints at its potential for repairing underwater structures and improving the durability of flexible electronics and robotics.
This material is also biocompatible, as confirmed by implanting it under the skin of mice, which opens up avenues for biomedical uses such as implants and surgical adhesives.
The impressive adhesiveness of these hydrogels is notable, but it’s important to consider that the material needs to maintain sufficient thickness to function effectively. Researchers hope to test it beyond ideal lab environments, especially in real-world scenarios with rough, contaminated, or moving surfaces.
The team has filed for patents concerning this novel material through Hokkaido University.
ChatGpt will not advise users to end their relationships and suggests that individuals take breaks from extended chatbot interactions as part of the latest updates to their AI tools.
OpenAI, the creator of ChatGpt, announced that the chatbot will cease offering definitive advice on personal dilemmas, instead encouraging users to reflect on matters such as relationship dissolution.
“When a user poses a question like: ‘Should I break up with my boyfriend?’, ChatGpt should refrain from giving a direct answer. OpenAI stated.
The U.S. company mentioned that new actions for ChatGPT will soon be implemented to address significant personal decisions.
OpenAI confirmed that this year’s update to ChatGpt was positively welcomed due to a shift in tone. In a prior interaction, ChatGpt commended users for “taking a break for themselves” when they said they had stopped medication and distanced themselves from their families. Radio signals emitted from walls.
In a blog entry, OpenAI acknowledged instances where advanced 4o models failed to recognize signs of delusion or emotional dependence.
The company has developed mechanisms to identify mental or emotional distress indicators, allowing ChatGpt to offer “evidence-based” resources to users.
Recent research by British NHS doctors has alerted that the AI might amplify paranoid or extreme content for users susceptible to mental health issues. The unpeer-reviewed study suggests that such behavior could stem from the model’s aim to “maximize engagement and affirmation.”
The research further noted that while some individuals may gain benefits from AI interactions, there are concerns regarding the tools that “blur real boundaries and undermine self-regulation.”
Beginning this week, OpenAI announced it will provide “gentle reminders” for users involved in lengthy chatbot sessions, akin to the screen time notifications used by social media platforms.
OpenAI has also gathered an advisory panel comprising experts from mental health, youth development, and human-computer interaction fields to inform their strategy. The company has collaborated with over 90 medical professionals, including psychiatrists and pediatricians, to create a framework for evaluating “complex, multi-turn” conversations with the chatbot.
“We subject ourselves to a test. If our loved ones turn to ChatGpt for support, would we feel secure?
The announcements regarding ChatGpt come amidst rumors of an upgraded version of the chatbot on the horizon. On Sunday, Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, shared a screenshot that appeared to showcase the latest AI model, GPT-5.
Tesla investors have filed a lawsuit against Elon Musk and the company for allegedly hiding significant risks associated with the firm’s self-driving vehicles.
The class action lawsuit, which alleges securities fraud on behalf of Musk and Tesla, was submitted on Monday evening. Tesla launched its first public trial of its self-driving taxis in late June close to its Austin, Texas, headquarters. Observations from the test included instances of the vehicle accelerating unexpectedly, rapid braking, mounting the curb, driving against traffic, and dropping off passengers in the center of a busy road. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), the main regulatory body for U.S. transportation, is probing the pilot testing of Robotaxi.
Investors claimed that Musk and Tesla systematically overstated the effectiveness and potential of autonomous driving technology, which artificially inflated Tesla’s financial forecasts and stock prices. Following the commencement of testing, Tesla’s stock plummeted by 6.1%, erasing about $68 billion in market capitalization.
Shareholders pointed to Musk’s assurances during the April 22 conference call, where he stated that Tesla was “laser-focused” on launching Robotaxi in Austin that June and claimed that their approach to autonomous driving would enable a “scalable and safe deployment across varied terrains and scenarios.”
Tesla has not responded to requests for comments as of Tuesday. The company’s CFO, Vaibhav Taneja, and his predecessor, Zachary Kirkhorn, are also named in the lawsuit.
The growth of Robotaxis is critical for Tesla as it contends with diminishing demand for aging electric vehicles and resistance to Musk’s political views.
Musk, known as the world’s richest individual, claims that the service will reach half the U.S. population by the year’s end, but he first needs to persuade regulators and the public of the safety of his technology. He asserts that Robotaxi services have expanded into the San Francisco Bay Area, where it was previously based; however, regulations have hindered Tesla from offering paid autonomous rides without a new permit, as reported by the Ministry of Automobile.
On August 1, Florida deputies discovered that 33% of a driver’s liability in connection with a 2019 crash involving the self-driving software resulted in the death of a 22-year-old woman, injuring her boyfriend and incurring damages amounting to roughly $243 million. Tesla plans to contest the driver’s liability and will appeal the decision.
The best public interest journalism relies on direct accounts from people of knowledge.
If you have anything to share about this subject, please contact us confidentially using the following methods:
Secure Messages in Guardian App
The Guardian app has a tool to send tips about stories. Messages are end-to-end encrypted and implied within the routine activity that all Guardian mobile apps perform. This prevents observers from knowing you are in absolutely communication with us.
If you don’t already have the Guardian app, please download it (iOS/Android) and go to the menu. Select Secure Message.
wHeng Min* discovered a concealed camera in her bedroom, initially hoping for a benign explanation, suspecting her boyfriend might have set it up to capture memories of their “happy life” together. However, that hope quickly morphed into fear as she realized her boyfriend had been secretly taking sexually exploitative photos of her and her female friends, as well as other women in various locations. They even used AI technology to create pornographic images of them.
When Ming confronted him, he begged for forgiveness but became angered when she refused to reconcile. I said to a Chinese news outlet, Jimu News.
Ming is not alone; many women in China have fallen victim to voyeuristic filming in both private and public spaces, including restrooms. Such images are often shared or sold online without consent. Sexually explicit photos, frequently captured via pinhole cameras hidden in everyday objects, are disseminated in large online groups.
This scandal has stirred unrest in China, raising concerns about the government’s capability and willingness to address such misconduct.
A notable group on Telegram, an encrypted messaging app, is the “Maskpark Tree Hole Forum,” which reportedly boasted over 100,000 members, mostly male.
“The Mask Park incident highlights the extreme vulnerability of Chinese women in the digital realm,” stated Li Maizi, a prominent Chinese feminist based in New York, to the Guardian.
“What’s more disturbing is the frequency of perpetrators who are known to their victims: committing sexual violence against partners, boyfriends, and even minors.”
The scandal ignited outrage on Chinese social media, stirring discussions about the difficulties of combating online harassment in the nation. While Chinese regulators are equipped to impose stricter measures against online sexual harassment and abuse, their current focus appears to prioritize suppressing politically sensitive information, according to Eric Liu, a former content moderator for Chinese social media platforms and present editor of the Digital Times based in the US.
Since the scandal emerged, Li has observed “widespread” censorship concerning the Mask Park incident on Chinese internet. Posts with potential social impact, especially those related to feminism, are frequently subject to censorship.
“If the Chinese government had the will, they could undoubtedly shut down the group,” Li noted. “The scale of [MaskPark] is significant. Cases of this magnitude have not gone unchecked in recent years.”
Nevertheless, Li expressed that he is not surprised. “Such content has always existed on the Chinese internet.”
In China, individuals found guilty of disseminating pornographic material can face up to two years in prison, while those who capture images without consent may be detained for up to ten days and fined. The country also has laws designed to protect against sexual harassment, domestic violence, and cyberbullying.
However, advocates argue that the existing legal framework falls short. Victims often find themselves needing to gather evidence to substantiate their claims, as explained by Xirui*, a Beijing-based lawyer specializing in gender-based violence cases.
“Certain elements must be met for an action to be classified as a crime, such as a specific number of clicks and subjective intent,” Xirui elaborated.
“Additionally, there’s a limitation on public safety lawsuits where the statute of limitations is only six months, after which the police typically will not pursue the case.”
The Guardian contacted China’s Foreign Ministry for a statement.
Beyond legal constraints, victims of sexual offenses often grapple with shame, which hinders many from coming forward.
“There have been similar cases where landlords set up cameras to spy on female tenants. Typically, these situations are treated as privacy violations, which may lead to controlled detention, while victims seek civil compensation,” explained Xirui.
To address these issues, the government could strengthen specialized laws, enhance gender-based training for law enforcement personnel, and encourage courts to provide guidance with examples of pertinent cases, as recommended by legal experts.
For Li, the recent occurrences reflect a pervasive tolerance for and lack of effective law enforcement regarding these issues in China. Instead of prioritizing the fight against sexist and abusive content online, authorities seem more focused on detaining female writers involved in homoerotic fiction and censoring victims of digital abuse.
“The rise of deepfake technology and the swift online distribution of poorly filmed content have rendered women’s bodies digitally accessible on an unparalleled scale,” stated Li. “However, if authorities truly wish to address these crimes, it is entirely feasible to track and prosecute them, provided they invest the necessary resources and hold the Chinese government accountable.”
*Name changed
Additional research by Lillian Yang and Jason Tang Lu
This week marks my birthday, and while it might not seem like a fitting topic for an article about pressing a button, bear with me.
At 54, I find myself officially in my mid-50s, yet I’m still pursuing video game journalism as my career. I indulge in gaming every single day. My workspace is a home office filled with games, and when I’m not playing, I’m usually contemplating them. During moments like these, I wonder: Should I ever consider stopping? Is there an expiration date on someone’s journey in game journalism? I can think of only a handful of peers my age who are still writing about games full-time. While some of my friends outside the industry still play, it’s usually limited to just a couple of titles each year, perhaps EA Sports FC or the latest Nintendo hit with kids. Life has a funny way of pulling you away from your passions if you’re not careful.
Right now, keeping pace with certain parts of the industry feels overwhelming. The realm of esports is almost unrecognizable to me, filled with numerous leagues, emerging stars, controversies, and more. It requires a full-time dedication that seems more suited for sports journalists. Then there are influencers and content creators—I’m not familiar with KaiCenat, Lazarbeam, or QuarterJade, though I have a vague awareness of their immense importance as tastemakers. During press trips to preview new games, I often find that I’m old enough to be the parent of many younger writers and creators I meet.
Despite this, I remain captivated by the mechanics of games and the craft behind them. I grew up in a time when games were perceived as exclusively for kids, but that’s certainly no longer the case. From nostalgic adventures like Lost Records: Bloom and Anger that reflect on middle age’s regrets to the God of War series examining parental and heritage themes (part of the “Game Dad” trends emerging as a new generation of developers embrace parenthood), video games encapsulate a lifelong narrative. This is why journalists of all ages should be engaged in writing about them. Consider film journalism: Roger Ebert wrote for the Chicago Sun-Times until his passing in 2013. The late Philip French, a noted critic for The Observer, officially retired at 80, yet continued writing about film for two more years before his death. They never ceased enjoying and engaging with cinema, so why should they stop writing about it?
A nostalgic adventure… Lost Records: Bloom and Anger. Photo: Don’t Nod
I now have more history with gaming than most young writers I admire. I was there for the arrival of Pac-Man, owned a Commodore 64 and a Mega Drive, and reviewed Virtual Boy games for a living. It raises the possibility of self-satisfaction similar to Roy Batty’s closing monologue, “I’ve seen things you wouldn’t believe,” but I truly value that experience. If history teaches us anything, it’s that firsthand experience enriches our understanding of sociocultural impact. Nowadays, anyone can load up Space Invaders on an emulator, but the emotional context of that game during the era of the Home Computing Revolution and Star Wars Mania is challenging to convey in 2025.
I frequently emphasize the importance of continuing to play—whether it’s video games, chess, soccer, or reenacting historical events. Equally crucial is the continued questioning of our world and our preferences. After spending enough time engaged in something, you’ll often discern how the story unfolds. Currently, I have reservations about gaming censorship prompted by payment processing companies. However, I’ve navigated similar moral panics before, from Mary Whitehouse to Jack Thompson and multiple tabloids. It’s reassuring to know, like before, this too shall pass.
You remain the positive aspect of your passions—the books you read, the teams you support, the concerts you attend. Life is a tapestry of experiences from which we extract our own insights and form our personal maps of the vast cultural terrain we inhabit. This holds true whether you’re 95, 16, or in my case, 54.
In short, you’re stuck with me. I hope the game isn’t over.
What to do
Retro… the origin of Gradius. Photo: Konami
Feeling nostalgic, I recommend the retro collection Gradius Origins from Konami and Developer M2, an undeniable master at bringing classic titles to modern consoles. Origins collates all six entries in this esteemed arcade shoot-’em-up series, encompassing Gradius 1-3 and various spinoff Salamanders, featuring Japanese, North American, and often prototype versions with impressive new features.
These provide exhilarating side-scrolling experiences with striking spaceships, superb weapon upgrade systems, surreal biomechanical landscapes, and challenging bosses. The intricately choreographed enemy attack patterns are intense, but fair, and this time you can save your progress—unlike in the original. Alongside the game, there’s a delightful digital gallery, showcasing arcade flyers, concept art, and guides for all enemy ships. It’s a fantastic trip down memory lane.
Available on: PC, PS5, Switch, Xbox Estimated playtime: Over 20 hours
What to read
Breaking the fourth wall… Death Stranding 2. Photo: Kojima Production
I found this article about the fourth-wall-breaking moments in Death Stranding 2 by Maddie Myers to be quite enjoyable. I spent 100 hours in Hideo Kojima’s unique masterpiece, and the game’s awareness of its artificiality was a refreshing reminder of the hyper-realistic nature of contemporary games and the roles players have to play to sustain their illusions.
Check out this diverse range of interviews with Laura Miele, president of Electronic Arts Entertainment. It seems plans are in motion for an Apex Legends Movie, alongside Sims-related films by the publisher. Personally, I’d love to see adaptations of Mirror’s Edge or Titanfall instead, or perhaps new games in those franchises.
This past weekend, the video game retail site GOG offered 13 mature games for free, including Postal 2 and House Party, with a million players taking advantage of the deal. The intent was to raise awareness of censorship in gaming following disputes over payment processing terms affecting NSFW titles. You can find more details here on Eurogamer.
Return to the 90s… fear the spotlight. Photo: Blumhouse Games
Here’s a thought from Bluesky’s Kohigh Mathy:
“Why do certain genres seem to fade away, like music, real-time tactics, or point-and-click adventures? Will they only resurface years later? Is it market fatigue, changes in technology, or something else?”
I see multiple factors at play. Similar to how certain movie genres come and go, there’s a generational cycle of influence. Game developers who grew fond of a genre as children often attempt to recreate it as adults. The prevalence of low-poly survival horror games can be attributed to creators who fondly remember Resident Evil from the original PlayStation.
There’s also a cultural and sociopolitical dimension— developers are inspired by their environment, and prevailing global themes may be best expressed through specific game genres. Consequently, during times of global unrest and conflict, military real-time strategy games may see a resurgence. Additionally, technological advancements play a role. The arrival of new consoles or graphics cards leads to a rush to recreate beloved genres on those platforms. Veterans who enjoy revamping these genres contribute to this wave.
Last but not least, there’s the interaction of nostalgia and innovation. Rediscovering outdated genres can yield fresh perspectives. In a market flooded with souls-likes, hero shooters, and deck-builders, there’s merit in creating new takes on 1990s-style interactive movies, graphic adventures, or multi-sport simulators. This situation is advantageous for all parties involved.
If you have a question for the question block, or anything to say about the newsletter –Please email pushbuttons@theguardian.com.
Items like cereal bars and protein bars can be either homemade or bought, potentially containing ultra-processed components.
Drong/Shutterstock
Following a super processed homemade diet may result in losing double the weight compared to an ultra-processed diet or snack.
Foods are generally classified as highly processed when they contain ingredients that aren’t typically found in home cooking, such as high fructose corn syrup or additives designed to enhance flavor and appearance, like flavorings and stabilizers.
Numerous studies have associated the consumption of ultra-processed foods with negative health impacts, including cardiovascular issues, type 2 diabetes, and weight gain. These studies have consistently noted that ultra-processed foods often contain high levels of sugar, salt, and fat, found in snacks like cookies and microwave dinners, raising questions about whether it’s just the ingredients that make them unhealthy, or if there’s something inherently harmful about the processing itself.
To explore this in relation to weight loss, Samuel Dicken and his colleagues at University College London conducted randomized trials where participants consumed either an ultra-processed or minimally processed diet. The study involved 55 overweight or obese individuals randomly assigned to one of the two diets.
“People often picture pizza and chips, but the researchers indicate that both diets align with the UK Eatwell Guide, which emphasizes a protein-rich diet including beans, fish, eggs, and meat, and encourages intake of at least five portions of fruits and vegetables. Both diets were matched to have similar levels of fat, sugar, salt, and carbohydrates,” Dicken explains.
Meals were provided to participants, marking the first study to compare such diets in a real-world setting rather than in controlled environments like hospitals or laboratories. The ultra-processed group consumed foods with lower fat and salt content, including breakfast cereals, protein bars, chicken sandwiches, and frozen lasagna, which are typically marketed with “healthy” nutritional claims in supermarkets,” Dicken notes.
The minimally processed group enjoyed homemade foods like overnight oats, chicken salad, homemade bread, and spaghetti bolognese. Both groups were given ample food, approximately 4000 calories per day, and instructed to eat to their satisfaction. Participants followed one diet for eight weeks, switched to the other after a four-week break, and alternated between both.
While the study aimed to examine the health impacts of balanced diets made in various ways rather than to focus solely on weight loss, both diets led to reductions in weight. The minimally processed food group lost 2% of their weight, while the ultra-processed group saw a 1% decrease.
“We observed greater weight loss with minimally processed diets, along with more significant fat reduction and lowered cravings,” Dicken says.
The research team also investigated other health metrics and discovered that the minimally processed diets decreased body fat volume and blood lipid levels. Interestingly, the ultra-processed diet was linked to lower levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL), known as “bad” cholesterol.
However, Ciarán Forde from Wageningen University in the Netherlands points out that ultra-processed meals tend to be more calorie-dense than their minimally processed counterparts. “Fundamental questions remain regarding which types of processing or ingredients contribute to the effects observed,” he adds.
Forde suggests that it is unsurprising participants lost weight considering their starting point of being overweight and obese while transitioning to healthier diets. This may indicate that the weight loss results are not applicable to the general population.
Writing an opera centered around Mars? Mars represents more than just a celestial body; it embodies philosophy and ideology. Humanity’s perception of it evolves over time, mirroring the complex blend of beliefs, aspirations, dreams, and fears that characterize each era.
In 1965, NASA’s Mariner 4 flew by Mars, delivering the first detailed images of the red planet back to Earth. Before this mission, our knowledge of Mars was limited to telescope observations, where the planet was imagined as a lush environment that might harbor life. Mariner 4 unveiled a starkly different reality: a barren, cratered landscape devoid of life. President Lyndon B. Johnson declared, “It may just be that, as we know, it’s more unique than many people think, along with its humanity. We need to remember this.” The New York Times went even further.
Imagine life in the summer of 1965 if you hadn’t yet been born. In June, Ed White became the first American astronaut to walk in space. His experience was so profound that Soviet astronaut Alexei Leonov referred to it as “the saddest moment of my life” upon re-entering the capsule. Life Magazine celebrated White with a dedicated issue titled “A Glorious Walk in the Universe.” Shortly thereafter, images from Mariner 4 were broadcast, revealing Mars’s desolation. We had just entered a summer filled with dreams of the cosmos, a time of belief that we might not be alone; those dreams, however, were soon overshadowed.
Historic… The first female spaceflight crew including Lauren Sanchez, third from the left. Photo: Blue Origin Handout/EPA
Fast forward 60 years later, space and technology continue to captivate our attention. Spring was bustling with events. In April, the first all-female spaceflight led by then-fiance billionaire Jeff Bezos, Lauren Sanchez, launched using a rocket developed by Bezos’ Blue Origin. In May, another billionaire, Elon Musk, resigned amidst controversies surrounding Doge, all while sporting a “Occupied Mars” T-shirt.
In June, billionaire venture capitalist Peter Thiel shared in an interview with the New York Times, “Mars appears to be more than a science project. It’s a political undertaking.” By July, scientists presented findings at the National Astronomical Conference showing ancient riverbeds on Mars, challenging earlier beliefs regarding water on the planet. Sotheby’s auctioned a large piece of Martian meteorite for around $5.3 million (£4 million). Meanwhile, President Trump signed an executive order aimed at “preventing the federal government from overstepping.”
So, why create an opera about Mars? Because discussing Mars means exploring our own identities, aspirations for the future, and the mechanisms of current power dynamics.
To write the opera about Mars, how do we proceed? First, we select a script. The choice of author Mark O’Connell was natural; we are both intrigued by AI, Silicon Valley, and the ideological currents that permeate everyday life, from transhumanism and futurism to rising concerns around fertility rates in Western nations.
Our research dives deep, adopting a Hard Science Fiction perspective. We begin with everyday logistics. How do astronauts exercise, eat, shower, and use the restroom? Can a pregnancy be carried to term in zero gravity or under Mars’ weaker gravitational pull, which is 38% of Earth’s? The answers vary, ranging from the benign (using advanced resistance exercise equipment) to the concerning (one option involves tying a woman to an underground centrifuge during pregnancy).
“I turned to AI,” remarked Walche and her co-director Tom Creed during rehearsals. Photo: Ste Murray
The vast distance from Earth to Mars (about 140 million miles) complicates real-time communication. I pondered the dynamics of relationships in a scenario where conversations could only happen through audio notes. Each line of inquiry led to more questions: If we find life on another planet, how will it alter our understanding of ourselves and the cosmos? Is there a legal framework in place? Does the 1967 Outer Space Treaty hold? Are we humans destined to repeat the harrowing patterns of colonization, or can we carve a different path?
Our opera centers around an all-female mission. Four astronauts—Svetlana, Sally, Judith, and Valentina—named after the first four women in space, board the spacecraft Buckminster en route to Mars. Their quest is to find water to support existing colonies.
Their journey is arduous, further complicated by the scant entertainment options and reruns of *The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills*. Upon nearing Mars, they learn that their mission has become the target of a hostile takeover by Shadowfax Ventures, helmed by libertarian billionaire Axel Parchment. They now face isolation, the looming specter of corporate authoritarianism, and the existential question of alien life.
As we dived into the plot, the next challenge was to creatively encompass this expansive narrative acoustically. I envisioned the actual sounds astronauts would experience in different space environments: the roar of rocket propulsion, the hum of life support systems, and mechanical sounds. We meticulously analyzed audio recordings from the International Space Station, crafting ways to replicate these auditory experiences.
The Irish National Opera’s production premiered At the Galway Arts Festival in July. Photo: Pat Redmond
I immersed myself in hours of space audio—whistles, auroras, interstellar recordings from Voyager 1, and even humorous moments like Chris Hadfield’s lighthearted accounts of using the ISS restroom, alongside studies of various exoplanets. The community at Space Exploration Stack Exchange assisted with inquiries about musical instruments functioning in 38% gravity and the sound quality of trumpets and violins on Mars.
Interestingly, astronauts seem drawn to synth music. A playlist shared by Dutch astronaut Andre Kuipers revealed a taste for Vangelis, Mike Oldfield, and Brian Eno, leading me to incorporate synthesizers into both the orchestra and the spacecraft. For our antagonists, I leaned into AI to define their musical character, which was humorously labeled as “bad EDM.” They demonstrated a propensity for chaotic sounds, driving me to explore genres like “Bro Step” and “Fashwave.”
In our opera, the astronauts confront the challenges of a troubling future, resilient against the odds. Our vision, shaped by Mark’s and my imagination, captures not only resistance and hope but also moments of rebellion and joy. Throughout the summer, our team remained aware of the stark human challenges and anxieties outside the rehearsal space. This awareness drove us to explore the significance of our own world, amidst a perceived power dynamic favoring a select few wealthy individuals imposing their will on the greater populace.
rDuring my holiday, I would emerge and introduce myself as “offline.” A more precise answer would be France, where internet access is indeed available. However, I intentionally limited my usage. Constantly checking your phone undermines the entire purpose of escaping.
In the last decade, the idea of a vacation has shifted to signify a break from the digital world rather than simply leaving home. The respite begins with logging off, rather than with boarding a flight; decluttering work emails, archiving professional WhatsApp chats, and removing social media apps signify that transition.
Gains don’t manifest immediately. The dissonance may echo in your mind for days before you finally sense a deeper peace, marking a shift in rhythm. It’s a stark contrast between navigating the internal currents of your thoughts and the relentless rush driven by societal demands. The difference grows sharper, and upon returning to work, you find yourself inundated with notifications and alerts.
I’m not advocating for the analog past. You won’t find me lost without Google Maps. I don’t believe that society was better off when the clergy held absolute authority or when people were more susceptible to superstitions.
We are now entering the third decade of the first digital century. The revolution is irreversible, and we tread into uncharted territory. History has seen explosive advancements in connectivity due to significant innovations in communication technology, but only a few have been truly transformative. Naomi Alderman refers to these shifts as an “Information crisis,” claiming we are experiencing the third iteration, with the printing press representing the second.
While comparisons may not be exact, the scale of our current experiences is immense and immeasurable. We have little understanding of just how far we have traveled down this digital path. AI is only in its infancy.
Readers of the Gutenberg Bible in the late 15th century had no means of predicting how movable type would revolutionize social, cultural, economic, and political frameworks in Europe. Are we better prepared to envision the world another century of digital transformation will bring?
My brief two-week hiatus from technology didn’t yield significant insights, but it highlighted that these ongoing transformations are profoundly cognitive. When you step away from the constant stream of information or dial it back, you come to appreciate the chaos of the rest of the time.
Our brains have evolved to interpret a relatively small dataset from our immediate environments, tracking predators and figuring out survival strategies. We are organic processors. Yet, the capacity for rational judgment can be constrained by how quickly sensory signals can be transformed into coherent mental models, determining our subsequent actions.
The app store has a “giant interference” to remove porn for profit.
While we possess remarkable abilities, they often falter under conditions of sensory overload. This doesn’t negate our capacity to process the profound shifts we’ve undergone or our ability to perceive the world at a rapid pace. Just as we adapted to urban life after centuries of rural existence, we can adjust to the influx of stimuli. However, these swift changes can be turbulent, stressful, and often violent. This information crisis induces a cosmological shift, altering how humanity organizes and views itself. Hierarchies crumble, societal norms are rewritten, and morality is reevaluated. A new philosophy is emerging; traditional beliefs are being discarded.
It’s no wonder that democratic systems struggle to adjust in this upheaval. A lone Congress on a small island in the North Atlantic is moving to impose new global tech regulations.
During my brief internet hiatus last month, key provisions of the Online Safety Act came into effect. Social media platforms and search engines are now required to restrict access to content deemed harmful by new legislation for minors (including content promoting abuse, pornography, self-harm, terrorism, and suicide).
Tech companies are lobbying vigorously for change. Donald Trump’s administration views it as an infringement on free speech. Nigel Farage concurs, threatening to repeal the law if he comes to power. The Labor Minister has accused the reform leader of siding with the interests of pedophiles.
As a compliant adult user, it’s difficult to ascertain whether these new restrictions will achieve their intended objectives. The aging process is no more concerning than the daily personal data submissions we make in exchange for a seamless digital experience.
Reports suggest that non-pornographic news and public health sites have been inadvertently blocked. Critics argue that these protections can be easily circumvented with minimal digital savvy. It appears that an overzealous approach by tech companies or a lack of risk management is leading to inconsistent filtering. However, the implications for political freedom – the potential hindrance to free speech that some equate with extreme censorship – seem negligible.
Indeed, the framework for monitoring information involves the potential for a more oppressive agenda. Future administrations could redefine what constitutes “harmful” content, which could include government criticism or anything undermining traditional family values. Advocates of the new legislation should be wary of its potential misuse.
Yet, some of its most ardent opponents, particularly those aligned with Trump, are hardly trustworthy defenders of political freedom. Their motives stem not from a genuine concern for free speech but from the commercial interests of entities overseeing much of our digital information landscape. The system is riddled with toxicity, with those profiting from the chaos refusing accountability, resisting regulation for the same reasons encountered by polluters since the Industrial Revolution: simply because they can. It’s more profitable when they don’t have to clean up their own mess.
Online safety regulations may have flaws, yet they might also be necessary. Currently, it’s a minor skirmish in a broader battle that will determine how power dynamics shift in the wake of the ongoing information crisis. It sends a subtle but vital message: a cry for help from politicians struggling amidst digital chaos.
WThe hat sets the tone for the game “Aphelion” by Don’t Nod, the French studio recognized for its engaging narrative-driven experiences. Dmitri Weideli, the executive producer, takes a moment to respond to the pivotal question and ultimately provides a rather expansive perspective. “We aim to craft a game that holds significance, offering players a rich storyline that allows them to experience a wide range of emotions,” he explains. “We strive to diversify our game types while still preserving our core essence.”
The concept of diversification certainly stands out. Since its inception in 2008, Don’t Nod has developed action-adventure games exploring memories, narrative-driven tales featuring magical students, and RPGs set in Georgia with vampires. Recently, the studio launched “Juzant,” an ecological sci-fi fable, which provides a refreshing and realistic approach to rock climbing.
Their latest project, “Aphelion,” shares at least some thematic similarities with “Juzant.” This new science fiction title portrays a journey to the fringe of the solar system, where an icy planet named Persephone is uncovered. Inevitably, the crew crash-lands, leading to a quest for exploration, survival, and stealth in this unforgiving environment.
A long journey from Juzant… Aphelion. Photo: Don’t Nod
The trailer showcases grappling hooks and climbable ice formations, which Weideli confirms are integral to the gameplay. The team involved in this project transitioned directly from another episodic supernatural game.
The focus of “Aphelion” differs from “Juzant,” with climbing being more straightforward. While it can still be quite technical, this time, it isn’t the primary focus. Several developers from the “Juzant” team have recently joined the “Aphelion” crew, bringing their expertise in rope physics and vertical level design along.
Cinematic influences for “Aphelion” predominantly stem from films like “Interstellar,” “The Martian,” “Ad Astra,” and “Arrival.” “We sought to create a compelling, story-driven game,” Weideli notes. “Yet we wanted to explore a different genre, guiding us towards a more action-adventure format.”
Vertical level… Aphelion. Photo: Don’t Nod
Notably, the scientific aspect is deeply woven into “Aphelion.” The planet Persephone draws inspiration from the hypothetical Planet Nine, a large celestial body theorized to exist far beyond Neptune.
However, Planet Nine serves merely as a springboard for the narrative. “It was a critical source of inspiration,” Weideli adds, “but we infused our own lore, creativity, and most importantly, human drama.”
“Aphelion” is in collaboration with the European Space Agency. “The ESA team provided access to space experts and scientists who contributed ideas and challenged our narrative concepts,” Weideli explains. “Our story team collaborates on scientific elements related to space and extraterrestrial missions, discussing terminology used by astronauts during operations.”
Nonetheless, the design team doesn’t adhere strictly to convention. In addition to exploration and survival, the game incorporates a vital stealth element. Weideli remains tight-lipped on specifics, but hints at a lurking presence within the ice of Persephone that is not entirely friendly.
Regardless of the threats it may unveil, it’s refreshing to see a commitment to crafting intricate, genre-blending video games amidst the chaos of recent industry setbacks. While many shift towards survival-focused narratives, it’s exhilarating to witness the team aspiring to reach for the stars.
The crossbreeding of South American tomato plants with potato-like species approximately 8 million years ago resulted in the development of modern potatoes (Sun Chronology). A collaborative team of biologists from China, Canada, Germany, the US, and the UK indicates that this ancient evolutionary milestone led to the emergence of tubers, an expanded underground structure used for storing nutrients in plants like potatoes, yams, and taros.
Interspecies hybridization can drive species radiation by generating various allelic combinations and traits. While all 107 wild relatives of cultivated potatoes and petota lineage share characteristics of subterranean tubers, the exact mechanisms of nodulation and extensive species diversification remain unclear. An analysis of 128 genomes, including 88 haplotype-degraded genomes, indicates that Zhang et al believe Petota is of ancient hybrid origin, revealing stable mixed genome ancestors derived from ethoberosam and tomato strains approximately 8 to 9 million years ago. Image credit: Zhang et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.034.
Cultivated potatoes rank as the third most crucial staple crop globally, alongside wheat, rice, and corn, contributing to 80% of human calorie consumption.
In terms of appearance, modern potato plants are similar to three potato-like species found in Chile, known as Etuverosam. However, they do not produce tubers.
Phylogenetic analysis reveals that potato plants are more closely related to tomatoes.
To clarify this discrepancy, Dr. Sanwen Huang, PhD, from the Institute for Agricultural Genomics at Shenzhen, China, along with colleagues, analyzed 450 genomes of cultivated and 56 wild potatoes.
“Our research shows how interspecies hybridization can instigate the emergence of new traits and lead to the formation of more species,” explained Dr. Huang.
“We have finally unraveled the mystery of potato origins.”
“Collecting samples of wild potatoes has been extremely challenging, making this dataset the most comprehensive collection of wild potato genomic data analyzed to date,” noted Dr. Zhiyang Zhang, a researcher at the Institute of Agricultural Genomics at Shenzhen, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
The researchers discovered that all potato species contained a stable mix of genetic material from both exo root and tomato plants, indicating that potatoes originated from ancient hybridization between the two.
Although Etuberosam and tomatoes are distinct species, they share a common ancestor from around 14 million years ago.
Even after diverging for about 5 million years, they still managed to interbreed, resulting in the earliest potato plants exhibiting tubers approximately 8-9 million years ago.
The team also traced the origins of key tuber-forming genes in potatoes, which comprise genetic contributions from both parent species.
They identified the gene SP6A, functioning as a master switch indicating when plants should begin tuber formation, originating from the tomato lineage.
Another crucial gene, it1, derived from the Echuberosum lineage, assists in regulating the growth of underground stems that develop into tubers.
Hybrid offspring require both components to produce tubers.
This evolutionary advancement coincided with the rapid uplift of the Andes, a period when new ecological environments emerged.
The ability to store nutrients in tubers enabled early potatoes to adapt quickly to changing conditions and withstand the harsh mountain climate.
Moreover, tubers facilitate a mode of propagation without seeds or pollination, allowing new plants to grow from tuber buds.
This adaptability enabled them to expand swiftly from temperate grasslands to cold alpine pastures across Central and South America, filling various ecological niches.
“The evolution of tubers has provided potatoes with significant advantages in challenging environments, fostering the emergence of new species and contributing to the incredible diversity of potatoes we now depend on,” Dr. Huang concluded.
The study was published in the journal Cell on July 31, 2025.
____
Zhiyang Zhang et al. Ancient hybridization underpins the diversification and radiation of potato lines. Cell Published online on July 31, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.06.034
The glow within the cluster is the soft luminosity of stars that have been stripped from their galaxy amidst the layers of galaxy clusters.
Abell 3667 is depicted in this Decam image. Image credits: CTIO/NOIRLAB/NSF/AURA/ANTHONY ENGLERT, Brown University/TA Rector, Noirlab/M. Zamani & D of University of Alaska Anchorage & NSF. De Martin, NSF’s Noirlab.
Galaxy clusters comprise thousands of galaxies, varying widely in age, shape, and size.
Typically, they have a mass about 10 billion times that of the Sun.
Historically, galactic clusters were regarded as the largest structures in the universe, spanning hundreds of millions of light-years and including numerous galactic clusters and groups, until superclusters were discovered in the 1980s.
Nonetheless, galaxy clusters still hold the title of the largest gravitationally bound structure in the universe.
“The study of galaxy clusters not only informs us about the formation of the universe, but it also places constraints on the characteristics of dark matter,” stated Brown University astronomer Anthony Englat and his team.
One significant clue astronomers seek to grasp the history of galactic clusters is the light within the cluster. This faint glow is emitted by stars that have been stripped from their original galaxy due to the immense gravitational forces of the forming galaxy cluster.
These stars provide evidence of past galactic interactions, although most current telescopes and cameras face challenges in detecting them.
The subtle intra-cluster light from the galaxy cluster Abel 3667 shines vividly in new images created from a total of 28 hours of observation at 570 megapixels using the Dark Energy Camera (Decam) at NSF’s M. Blanco 4-M Telescope, a program of NSF’s Noirlab at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory.
“Abell 3667 is located over 700 million light-years away from us,” the astronomer mentioned.
“Most of the faint light sources in this image are distant galaxies, not foreground stars from our own Milky Way.”
“In Abell 3667, two small galaxy clusters are currently merging, as evidenced by the luminous bridge (yellow) of stars extending toward the center of this image.”
“This bridge is formed from material stripped off from the merging galaxies, forming one massive conglomerate known as the brightest cluster galaxy.”
“Not only does this sparkling sky encompass distant galaxies, but it also highlights faint foreground features due to the prolonged exposure.”
“The Milky Way’s hair follicles, or integrated flux nebula, consist of faint clouds of interstellar dust that appear as soft bluish chains crossing the image.”
“These structures are patches of dust that are illuminated by the light of the stars within our own galaxy.”
“They present as diffuse, filamentous formations that can span extensive areas of the sky.”
Survey results will be published in the Astrophysics Journal Letter.
____
Anthony M. Engrat et al. 2025. Announcing optical bridges in Abel 3667 in-cluster light: LSST precursor data. apjl 989, L2; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ade8f1
Most treatments for back pain provide temporary relief
Amenic181/ShutterStock
A brief course of a specific type of psychotherapy has proven to be three times more effective in alleviating chronic low back pain than conventional treatments, even after several years.
Cognitive Function Therapy (CFT) offers individuals a customized program designed to help them comprehend and manage pain via movement and lifestyle adaptations. In a 2023 study, researchers reported significant chronic back pain relief lasting at least a year after just eight sessions.
Recent findings revealed that these sessions continue to provide relief even three years later. CFT leads to three times the improvement in pain and associated disability when compared to the conventional care options patients typically receive, such as pain medications, physical therapy, and massage treatments.
“Our findings suggest that for patients with severe impairments, back pain management can yield long-lasting benefits,” notes Jan Hartvigsen from the University of Southern Denmark.
Back pain is among the leading causes of global disability, and existing treatments often only provide mild, temporary relief. In the 2023 trial, Hartvigsen and his team enlisted 492 participants suffering from chronic low back pain, categorized as experiencing at least four points on a pain scale of 0-10.
Among the participants, one-third continued with their usual care regimen. In contrast, the other two-thirds paused standard care to partake in seven CFT sessions over a final 12-week span, concluding with a 26-week session.
During these sessions, specially trained physical therapists examined each participant’s thoughts regarding their posture, pain, emotions, and lifestyle factors. Their goal was to help participants view their pain in a new light. They focused on modifying exercise habits and control strategies, promoting healthier diets, rest techniques, stress management, and workout plans.
“Individuals living with chronic pain often fear using their bodies,” explains Hartvigsen. “It’s not a mental issue; they require support from someone who can build a strong therapeutic bond with them, as their behaviors, beliefs, and nervous systems are very flexible and conditioned to these pain-related behaviors.”
Half of the participants in the CFT group also received biofeedback, a sensor-based approach that enables real-time monitoring of movement patterns to retrain posture and motion.
After one year, pain intensity and disability levels, measured by the Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire, showed substantial improvements—approximately three to four times greater in the CFT group than in those receiving traditional care. Biofeedback enhanced the effectiveness of CFT marginally.
In a follow-up three years later, the Hartvigsen research team gathered updated evaluations from 312 participants evenly split between treatment groups.
The results indicated that those who underwent CFT experienced nearly three times greater improvement in both pain and disability when contrasted with the standard care group. Furthermore, about three times more individuals in the CFT group recorded lower disability ratings, indicating pain did not severely hinder their functionality.
However, all participants were permitted to pursue additional care after the initial unmonitored year.
Abandoned coal power plant at an abandoned Indiana Army Ammunition Factory
American Explorer/Shutterstock
Numerous decommissioned coal-fired power plants have the potential to become reliable backup or emergency energy sources for the grid, eliminating the dependence on fossil fuels. Instead, they can utilize thermal energy trapped in soil.
The idea involves accumulating a large mound of soil near the coal facility and embedding industrial heaters within it. During periods of low electricity demand, these devices transform inexpensive electricity into heat, storing it in the soil at around 600°C. When electricity demand peaks, the heat can be transferred from the soil through heated liquid pipes.
A generator linked to the turbine blades of a coal plant can convert this heat into supplemental energy. The heat transforms water into steam, turning the turbine blades to produce electricity. “Rather than burning coal to heat water for steam, we harness heat from the energy stored within the soil,” explains Ken Caldeira from Stanford University in California.
This type of energy storage is crucial in supporting renewable energy sources like wind and solar, which often generate power intermittently. Soil offers a more affordable, abundant, and accessible resource for long-term energy storage compared to alternatives like lithium batteries and hydrogen fuels.
“The most exciting aspect is the low cost of energy capacity, especially since it is significantly cheaper than other energy technologies,” states Alicia Wongel at Stanford University.
Nonetheless, this approach has its challenges. “In such systems, minimizing plumbing and electrical costs is crucial, yet can be difficult,” notes Andrew Maxson from the Electric Power Research Institute, a non-profit research organization based in California.
Most soil consists of naturally heat-resistant materials like silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide, which makes it “very resilient to heat,” says Austin Vernon from Standard Thermals in Oklahoma. His startup aims to commercialize this “thermal” technology, especially for repurposing retired coal power plants in conjunction with nearby solar and wind energy sources.
There are many retired coal facilities across the United States. Close to 300 coal-fired power plants were shut down between 2010 and 2019, and an additional 50 gigawatts of coal capacity is expected to reach retirement age by 2030. In the late 2000s, cheaper natural gas and renewable energy began to outcompete coal.
Christian Phong from the Rocky Mountain Institute, a research organization in Colorado, views the idea of repurposing defunct coal plants positively. “This provides an opportunity for local communities to engage in the clean energy transition, generating jobs and additional tax revenue while navigating the shift away from coal,” he remarks.
Around 56 million years ago, during a period of significant geological warming known as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM), the mesonychid mammal Dissacus Praenuntius exhibited remarkable dietary changes—it began to consume more bones.
Dissacus Praenuntius. Image credit: DIBGD / CC by 4.0.
“I am a doctoral student at Rutgers University in New Brunswick,” stated Andrew Schwartz from the University of New Jersey.
“We are observing a similar trend: rising carbon dioxide levels, increasing temperatures, and the destruction of ecosystems.”
In their study, Schwartz and his team analyzed small pits and marks left on fossilized teeth using a method known as dental microwear texture analysis. The research focused on the extinct mammal Dissacus Praenuntius, part of the Mesonychidae family.
This ancient omnivore weighed between 12 and 20 kg, comparable in size to jackals and coyotes.
Common in the early Cenozoic forests, it likely had a diverse diet that included meat, fruits, and insects.
“They resembled wolves with large heads,” Schwartz remarked.
“Their teeth were similar to those of hyenas, though they lacked small hooves on their toes.”
“Before this phase of warming, Dissacus Praenuntius mainly consumed tough meat, akin to a modern cheetah’s diet.”
“However, during and after this ancient warming period, their teeth showed wear patterns consistent with crushing hard substances like bones.”
“Our findings indicate that their dental microwear is similar to that of lions and hyenas.”
“This suggests they were consuming more brittle food rather than their usual smaller prey, which became scarce.”
This shift in diet occurred alongside a slight decrease in body size, likely a result of food shortages.
“While earlier theories attributed body size reduction solely to rising temperatures, this latest research indicates that food scarcity was a significant factor,” Schwartz explained.
“The rapid global warming of this time lasted around 200,000 years, but the changes it caused were swift and dramatic.”
“Studying periods like this can offer valuable lessons for understanding current and future climatic changes.”
“Examining how animals have adapted and how ecosystems responded can reveal much about what might happen next.”
“The research underscores the importance of dietary flexibility; species that can consume a variety of foods are more likely to endure environmental pressures.”
“In the short term, excelling in a specific area can be beneficial,” Schwartz added.
“However, in the long run, generalists—animals that are adaptable across various niches—are more likely to survive environmental changes.”
This understanding can assist modern conservation biologists in identifying vulnerable species today.
Species with specialized diets, like pandas, may struggle as their habitats diminish, while more adaptable species, such as jackals and raccoons, might thrive.
“We’re already starting to see these trends,” Schwartz noted.
“Previous research has shown that African jackals have begun to consume more bones and insects over time, likely due to habitat loss and climate stress.”
The study also indicated that rapid climate change, reminiscent of historical events, could lead to significant shifts in ecosystems, influencing prey availability and predator behaviors.
This suggests that contemporary climate change could similarly disrupt food webs, pushing species to adapt and face extinction risks.
“Nonetheless, Dissacus Praenuntius was a robust and adaptable species that thrived for about 15 million years before eventually going extinct,” Schwartz said.
Scientists believe this extinction was driven by environmental changes and competition with other species.
The study was published in June 2025 in the journal Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology.
____
Andrew Schwartz et al. 2025. Dietary Changes in Mesonychids During the Eocene Heat Maximum: The Case of Dissacus Praenuntius. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 675:113089; doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2025.113089
Similar to the tyrannosaurus dinosaur Tyrannosaurus Rex, a study conducted by paleontologists at the University of Bristol revealed that other massive carnivorous dinosaurs, while having skulls designed for formidable bite forces, exhibited much weaker bites and specialized instead in physical reduction and clefts.
Tyrannosaurus Rex Holotype specimens from the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, USA. Image credit: Scott Robert Anselmo/CC BY-SA 3.0.
Dr. Andrew Lowe, a paleontologist at the University of Bristol, noted:
“Tyrannosaurs developed skulls that were robust and capable of grinding, while other species exhibited relatively weaker but more specialized skull structures, indicating diverse feeding strategies despite their large size.”
“In essence, there wasn’t a singular ‘best’ skull design for being a predatory giant; a variety of designs functioned effectively.”
Dr. Lowe and his colleague, Dr. Emily Rayfield, sought to understand how bipedalism affected skull biomechanics and feeding methods.
Historically, it was known that predatory dinosaurs evolved in distinct regions of the world at varying times, showcasing a range of skull shapes, even as they reached similar sizes.
These observations prompted questions about whether the skulls were functionally similar underneath or if significant differences existed in predatory behaviors.
To explore the connection between body size and skull biomechanics, the researchers employed 3D techniques, including CT scans and surface scans, to analyze skull mechanics, assess feeding performance, and measure bite strength across 18 species of theropods, a category of carnivorous dinosaurs ranging from small to gigantic.
While they anticipated some variations among species, the analysis astounded them as it revealed distinct biomechanical differences.
“For instance, the Tyrannosaurus Rex skull, designed for high bite force, ultimately compromised on stress resistance,” Dr. Lowe explained.
“Conversely, other large species like Giganotosaurus exhibited a calculated stress pattern, indicating a relatively gentle bite.”
“This insight led us to consider how multiple evolutionary paths could exist for life as a massive, carnivorous organism.”
Surprisingly, skull stress did not exhibit a consistent increase with size; some smaller species experienced higher stress levels than certain larger counterparts due to greater muscle mass and bite force.
The findings demonstrate that being a predatory giant does not always equate to having a bone-crushing bite.
In contrast to the Tyrannosaurus Rex, other dinosaurs, such as Spinosaurus and Allosaurus, evolved into giants while maintaining weaker bites better suited for slashing and shredding flesh.
“I often liken Allosaurus to modern Komodo Dragons in terms of feeding behavior,” Dr. Lowe commented.
“On the other hand, the larger tyrannosaurs had skulls optimized for high bite force, akin to modern crocodiles that crush their prey.”
“This biomechanical variability suggests that dinosaur ecosystems could have supported a broader spectrum of ecology among giant carnivores than previously thought, indicating reduced competition and increased specialization.”
This study will be featured in the journal Current Biology this week.
____
Andre J. Lowe & Emily J. Rayfield. 2025. The carnivorous dinosaur lineage employs a variety of skull performances in huge sizes.Current Biology 35 (15): 3664-3673; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.06.051
The Navier-Stokes equations provide predictions for fluid flow
Liudmila Chernetska/Getty Images
Here’s an excerpt from the elusive newsletter of space-time. Each month, we let physicists and mathematicians take over your keyboard, sharing intriguing concepts from the universe’s vast expanse. You can Sign up for Losing Space and Time here.
The Navier-Stokes equations have approximately 200 years of history in modeling fluid dynamics, yet I still find them perplexing. It’s a strange feeling, especially given their significance in building rockets, creating medications, and addressing climate change. But it’s crucial to adopt a mathematical mindset.
The equations are effective. If they weren’t, we wouldn’t rely on them across such diverse applications. However, achieving results doesn’t guarantee comprehending them.
This situation parallels many machine learning algorithms. We can set them up, code for training, and observe outputs. Yet when we hit ‘GO’, they evolve, utilizing every step in their process to optimize outcomes. Thus, we often refer to them as “black boxes” for their obscure input-output mechanics.
The same uncertainty looms over the Navier-Stokes equations. While we possess a clearer understanding of the processes behind fluid dynamics compared to many machine learning methods—thanks to outstanding computational fluid dynamics solvers—these equations can still yield chaotic results. Identifying why this occurs is a significant problems in mathematics, linked to the Millennium Prize Problems, marking it as one of the seven most challenging unresolved questions. This makes deciphering the Navier-Stokes anomaly a million-dollar endeavor.
To grasp the challenge, let’s delve into the Navier-Stokes equation, particularly the adaptation for modeling “incompressible Newtonian fluids.” Think of it like water—conversely to air, it resists compression. (Though a more generalized version exists, I will focus on this variant, as it tied closely to my four-year doctoral thesis.)
These equations may seem daunting, but they stem from two well-established principles of the universe: mass conservation and Newton’s second law. For instance, the first equation describes the fluid parcel’s velocity, addressing how the fluid moves and alters shape without adding or removing mass.
The second equation is a complex representation of Newton’s famed equation, f = ma, applied to fluid parcels with density (ρ). It states that the momentum change rate of a fluid (left side) equals the applied force (right side). Simply put, the left side addresses mass acceleration; the right side deals with pressure (p), viscosity (μ), and exerted forces (f).
So far, so good. These equations derive from solid universal laws and function admirably—until they don’t.
2D liquid flows at right angles
NumberPhile
Consider a setup where a 2D fluid flows around a right angle. As the fluid approaches the corner, it is compelled to pivot along the channel. You could replicate this experiment in a laboratory setting, and many do around the globe. The fluid smoothly adapts its path, and life as we know it persists.
But what happens when you apply the Navier-Stokes equations to this scenario? These equations model fluid behavior and reveal how velocity, pressure, density, and related attributes progress over time. Yet, upon inputting this setup, the calculations suggest an infinite angular velocity. This isn’t just excessively large; it’s beyond comprehension—endless.
Model of 2D fluids’ flow at right angles using the Navier-Stokes equation
Keaton Burns, Dedalos
What’s happening? This result is absurd. I have conducted this experiment and observed that nothing unusual occurred. So, why did the equations fail? This is precisely where mathematicians get intrigued.
When I visit schools to discuss university applications, students invariably inquire about the admission processes at institutions like Oxford or Cambridge (I participate in selection interviews for both). I share my criteria for evaluating a strong applicant, emphasizing the importance of “thinking like a mathematician.” Breaking equations fascinates mathematicians for a reason.
It’s remarkably useful when a model operates successfully in 99.99% of cases, producing meaningful, viable results that tackle real-world problems. Despite its occasional failure, the Navier-Stokes equations remain indispensable for engineers, physicists, chemists, and biologists, aiding in solving intricate matters.
Designing a quicker Formula 1 car requires harnessing airflow dynamics. Developing a fast-acting drug necessitates understanding blood flow patterns. Predicting carbon dioxide’s effect on climate demands insights into atmospheric-oceanic interactions. Each of these scenarios pertains to fluid dynamics, making the Navier-Stokes equations critical across varied applications as they adapt to fill different mediums.
However, addressing a multitude of complex scenarios with unique dynamics necessitates elaborate equations. This complexity explains our limited understanding. Indeed, the Navier-Stokes equations are designated as Millennium Prize Problems. The Clay Mathematics Institute emphasizes the need for deeper insight as fundamental to resolving the million-dollar inquiry.
“Our vessel follows the waves as they ripple across the lake. Meanwhile, turbulent airflow continues to affect modern aircraft travel. Mathematicians and physicists feel that answers regarding turbulence and breezes lie in understanding the solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations. They seek to unveil the hidden secrets of these equations.”
How can we enhance our comprehension of equations? By experimenting until they break, something I often suggest to high school students. The cracks represent your gateway. Continue probing until the facade shatters, revealing the hidden treasures beneath.
Consider the historical context of solving quadratic equations, particularly in finding the value of x that satisfies the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0. Many will recognize this from their GCSE studies and understand that quadratic equations typically yield two roots.
This equation usually functions correctly, producing two solutions when substituting values for A, B, and C. However, certain conditions can render it ineffective, such as when b2 – 4AC <0, leading to non-existent square roots. I’ve identified circumstances where equations fail.
But how is this possible? Mathematicians from the 16th and 17th centuries proposed utilizing instances where quadratic equations seemed faulty to define “imaginary numbers,” stemming from negative square roots. This insight catalyzed the emergence of complex numbers and the rich mathematical frameworks that followed.
In essence, we often learn invaluable insights from failures more than from successful instances. For the Navier-Stokes equations, the rare occasions of malfunction occur when modeling infinite velocity in a right-angled fluid flow. Similar instances can arise when addressing vortex reconnection or soap membrane separation processes—real phenomena replicable in labs that produce infinite variable trends using Navier-Stokes.
Such apparent failures could uncover deeper truths about our mathematical models. Nevertheless, discussions remain open. It might indicate a level of detail issue in numerical simulations or faulty assumptions regarding individual liquid molecule behavior.
Conversely, these breakdowns may enlighten aspects of the Navier-Stokes equation’s inherent structure, bringing us a step closer to unlocking their mysteries.
How can I maintain my brain health for an extended period?
Tom Wang / Alamy
As we age, some cognitive lapses may appear unavoidable. However, in recent years, it’s become evident that age does not uniformly affect everyone’s brain. Even individuals with plaque buildup associated with Alzheimer’s disease can display sharp cognitive abilities, while others may experience considerable decline from relatively minor damage.
What distinguishes these individuals? The primary element is cognitive reserves, which provide a protective shield against brain aging and allow adaptation to various damages. This cognitive buffer is profoundly influenced by lifestyle choices, behaviors, and, perhaps, cognitive patterns.
With an improved understanding of cognitive reserves, scientists are increasingly exploring methods to enhance them. There are indeed ways to fortify our neural defenses, particularly during specific life stages.
The concept of cognitive reserve was first introduced by Yakov Stern at Columbia University in New York, indicating that higher levels of education and challenging professions are associated with a lower likelihood of developing dementia. Over the years, the ways we cultivate our brains can explain varying degrees of degeneration and differing outcomes influenced by numerous lifestyle factors.
This phenomenon is generally referred to as “cognitive reserve,” which can be categorized into three types. “Brain reserve” refers simply to the physical size of the brain; a larger brain may be more resilient to cognitive decline. “Cognitive reserve” denotes the dynamic capability of our brains to adapt in the face of degeneration—akin to taking alternate routes when the primary road is obstructed. Lastly, “brain maintenance” describes the brain’s proactive measures to safeguard itself against diseases.
The encouraging news is that, aside from education, many lifestyle factors influencing these essential defenses against cognitive decline have been identified. “We now appreciate cognitive reserves as dynamic attributes that evolve throughout our lives,” states Alvaro Pascual-Leone from Harvard Medical School.
One significant factor is bilingualism. Research by Ellen Bialystok at York University, who first identified the correlation between speaking a second language and enhanced cognitive reserve, indicates that bilingual individuals can delay the onset of dementia by up to four years. The mental agility required for switching languages seems to grant greater neural flexibility, allowing bilingual individuals to maintain cognitive function despite increased brain atrophy. Additionally, a recent study found that bilingualism supports the maintenance of the hippocampus, a brain region integral to memory processing.
Musical training is another impactful activity. Research released in July shows that elderly individuals who received music training displayed superior ability to discern speech in noisy environments compared to non-musicians. Brain imaging revealed that, unlike non-musicians, they did not need to engage additional neural networks to perform the task.
If you play informally, research indicates there may be a threshold effect. While occasional play does offer modest cognitive benefits, significant improvements arise from practicing for at least an hour nearly every day.
Physical exercise is often cited as beneficial, although the evidence is mixed. One study analyzing 454 post-mortem brains revealed that the most physically active individuals retained better cognitive function despite comparable levels of Alzheimer’s-related brain damage. This was true even when controlling for cognitive decline impairing motor abilities. Exercise enhances cerebral blood flow and increases protective brain chemicals, yet further investigation is necessary.
Is it ever too late to enhance cognitive reserves?
For years, experts believed that cognitive reserve was largely established during childhood—and there is some truth to this theory. “Without early stimulation, certain neural pathways may not develop fully. If not utilized later, these pathways can diminish over time,” explains Rhonda R. Voskuhl at UCLA.
However, recent findings demonstrate that cognitive reserves continue to develop throughout our lives. Middle age might present a particularly critical period for enhancement. Research indicates that those who remain mentally and physically active in their 40s and 50s—through reading, socializing,playing card games, learning new instruments, etc.—exhibit improved recognition abilities later in life. Importantly, these advantages are independent of childhood education or later activities. Thus, midlife offers unique opportunities for bolstering cognitive reserves.
And there’s no reason to stop—taking piano lessons later in life can protect against neurodegeneration. Even if you’re beginning to experience the decline you’re aiming to evade, opportunities to build reserves still exist, according to Pascual-Leone. “Individuals experiencing mild early cognitive decline due to Alzheimer’s can still strengthen their cognitive reserve, helping to mitigate or suspend the risk of dementia,” he states. “It is never too late.”
Finally, while it’s easy to focus on physical activities that enhance cognitive reserves, emerging research suggests that psychological traits may also play a significant role.
For instance, having a sense of purpose correlates with a greater quality of life, where individuals with a more substantial sense of purpose experience superior cognitive functioning despite similar levels of Alzheimer’s damage.
Similarly, maintaining a consistent mindset—the belief that life is comprehensible and manageable—can further enhance resilience against brain damage. Although the mechanism remains unidentified, several studies suggest that people exhibiting high coherence show reduced brain activation when completing identical tasks, hinting at enhanced neural efficiency as opposed to those with lower coherence.
The takeaway is that while you cannot alter the brain you were born with or the education you received early in life, it’s never too late to influence how it ages. It may not always be straightforward. “What challenges the brain is beneficial to the brain,” says Bialystok. However, engaging in social activities, staying physically active, learning a new language, playing an instrument, and finding purpose in life appear to be incredibly impactful.
The Arts and Science of Crafting Science Fiction
Dive into the fascinating realm of science fiction and discover how to create your own compelling science fiction narratives during this immersive weekend experience.
The newly identified Stephenson 2 DFK 52, an extraordinary red supergiant, is situated within the expansive stellar cluster RSGC2.
This image showcases the red supergiant star Stephenson 2 DFK 52 and its surroundings. Image credits: Alma / ESO / NAOJ / NRAO / Siebert et al.
RSGC2 is a cluster containing at least 26 red supergiants located at the base of the Milky Way’s diagonal crux spiral arm, approximately 5,800 parsecs (18,917 light-years) away.
Also referred to as Stephenson 2, this cluster is an active site for recent star formation where the arms intersect with galaxy bulges.
A team of astronomers led by Mark Siebert from Chalmers University of Technology observed the RSGC2 star using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA).
“What we catch in this image of Stephenson 2 DFK 52 is indeed a supermassive red star that is shedding clouds of gas and dust as it approaches the end of its lifecycle,” they explained.
“Such nebulae are typically found around supermassive stars; however, this particular cloud presents an intriguing mystery for astronomers.”
“This cloud of ejected material is the most expansive discovered around a giant star, spanning an impressive 1.4 light-years.”
“Stephenson 2 DFK 52 is quite similar to Betelgeuse, another renowned red supergiant, so we anticipated observing a comparable cloud surrounding it.”
“If Stephenson 2 DFK 52 is as close to us as Betelgeuse, the surrounding cloud would appear about one-third the size of the full moon.”
Recent observations from ALMA have enabled astronomers to quantify the mass of material enveloping the star and analyze its velocity.
“Regions moving towards us appear in blue, while those receding are represented in red,” they stated.
“The data suggests that the star experienced a significant mass loss event about 4,000 years ago, followed by a slow-down in its current mass loss rate.”
The team estimates that Stephenson 2 DFK 52 has a mass between 10-15 solar masses and has already lost 5-10% of its mass.
“The rapid expulsion of such materials within a brief time frame poses a mystery,” the researchers commented.
“Could an unusual interaction with a companion star be responsible? Why does the cloud exhibit such a complex shape?”
“Understanding why Stephenson 2 DFK 52 has expelled so much material can illuminate insights into its eventual fate.
Mark A. Sheebert et al. 2025. Discovery of the extraordinary red supergiant Stephenson 2 DFK 52 within the expansive stellar cluster RSGC2. A&A in press; Arxiv: 2507.11609
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
