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Discount Review: Cozy Shop Life Simulator Offers a Satisfying Experience | Games

Posted on August 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

With the rise of retail simulators, the gaming landscape has become quite dense. On the Comet Trail in Stardew Valley, this genre flourishes, featuring protagonists who revive their lives and careers in a semi-rural setting filled with pastoral charm, often taking on blue-collar jobs. Players engage with the locals, influence their lives, and resolve community issues—perhaps even uncovering a mystery or two. They might even find love along the way. Essentially, these characters are pixelated heirs to the legacy of Harvest Moon, yet recent titles from Crinkle Cut Games offer a slightly different take on the cozy shop simulation experience.

In Dissevery, you find yourself taken under the wing of your cunning aunt and joining the franchise’s supermarket brunch initiative. The game’s unique twist focuses on building up local supermarkets rather than community centers, given the quaint absence of roadways in Stardew Valley. Dissiventy weaves a narrative focused on revitalizing the economy of a small town, balancing sharp challenges within a cozy game framework.

Sharp elements…discounts. Photo: Crinkle Cut Game

The aspect of building a supermarket is indeed satisfying. Stock your store, open its doors, and let the customers in. The till system initially functions like a tricky little math puzzle, but it evolves into something more intricate as you progress. Speed becomes crucial—you’ll need to keep customers satisfied, ensure shelves are stocked, floors are tidy, and everything runs efficiently. After a busy day, the store closes, allowing you to breathe, clean up, and retreat to a cozy trailer outside your aunt’s grand home. Aunt Terror is a savvy businesswoman with grand ambitions, and you’ll need to navigate her disputes with the locals, some of whom she dismisses to let you take charge. This unique tone is quite refreshing; it strays from the typical cute aesthetic, focusing instead on supermarket management rather than a whimsical farm life.

The graphics can be somewhat misleading. While the pixel art may initially suggest a sweet and innocent vibe, the town you inhabit is far from pristine. There are dilapidated docks, shuttered shop fronts, and peeling posters on the walls, hinting at a deeper narrative. Even the music complements this atmosphere, providing ambient yet engaging background sounds that enhance the overall experience.

Consulting with locals involves addressing their concerns, often requiring some tact due to your aunt’s tricky nature. This task carries significant responsibility and demands intense focus. At times, the controls can feel a bit awkward. I found the touchscreen options on the Steam Deck somewhat challenging to navigate, particularly in the early game stages where there aren’t many options and you’re juggling basic tasks. However, the initial resistance isn’t overwhelming. I was impressed by how the challenges gradually become more manageable, emphasizing the rewarding nature of everyday tasks.

Dissiventy serves as a noteworthy addition to the cozy life simulation genre, presenting a hands-on experience filled with ambition. It deviates from typical tropes while maintaining an engaging focus. While romance may not be a primary theme in managing a supermarket, there’s plenty to accomplish, ensuring it still offers an enjoyable gaming experience.

How Hot Spring Rocks Could Lead to Discovering Life on Mars – Demon

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

What if the secrets to discovering life on Mars lie hidden in our own environment? In the planet’s most extreme habitats, microbial life flourishes in unlikely places—from icy tundras to searing, acidic springs. These unique ecosystems not only support life but also preserve evidence of it. Among these, hot springs are particularly notable for generating distinctive silica-rich formations.Silica Center is capable of trapping remnants of ancient microbes.

Silica occurs when silica-laden water from hot springs rises, cools, and evaporates, leaving behind hardened silica that can encapsulate microorganisms, thus fossilizing them. NASA’s Spirit Rover discovered similar silica sinter in Gusev Crater on Mars, raising questions about whether these ancient Martian hot springs may also preserve signs of past life.

An international research team has revealed that fat-like molecules from cells, lipids, can endure alongside these silica sinters and might be detected using equipment akin to that on Martian rovers. These lipids can persist for millions of years and serve as chemical fossils, or biomarkers in the fossil record. They provide insights into the types of life that once existed in these environments, aiding scientists in reconstructing ancient ecosystems.

Researchers collected silica sintered samples from six hot springs in New Zealand’s Taupo volcanic region, where the waters range from 77°F to 203°F (25°C to 95°C) and vary in acidity. First, they extracted the lipids from the sintered material chemically. Next, they characterized these lipids using instruments that fragment the molecules into smaller components, identifying them by mass.Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was utilized.

The team employed GC-MS to identify a broad array of lipid molecules, including fatty acids, alcohols, sterols, and n-alkanes from the sinter. Most of these molecules likely originated from bacteria that either use sunlight or sulfate as an energy source, and such microorganisms are well-suited for extreme environments. Some lipids identified also stemmed from other sources, like algae and plants. The researchers interpreted this diversity of lipids as indicative of both ancient and contemporary microorganisms. They referred to the old fossilized communities preserved with newer ones in the silica, noting the mix of heat-altered and fresh compounds.

The shape and texture of sintered rocks were also found to influence the preservation of lipid biomarkers. A fine, pointed texture known as spicular sinter retained more lipids compared to knobbed or crusty types. These thorny textures form at the edges of hot spring pools where microorganisms interact with rapidly cooled silica-rich water, creating delicate silica structures that grow like small fingers. Researchers suggested that these fine textures offer protection to microorganisms against erosion and radiation. They believe these finger-like silica formations are particularly promising for detecting traces of past life on Mars, similar to those seen by the Spirit Rover.

To evaluate whether current Rover instruments could detect ancient lipids, researchers analyzed two silica sintered samples using techniques similar to those used by rovers.NASA’s Curiosity Rover employs a method called Pyrolysis-GC-MS, which does not require prior chemical extraction of lipids. The entire sample is heated until the molecules transform into gas, which is then analyzed.

In one sintered sample, the instrument successfully identified simple lipids commonly produced by organisms, such as n-alkanes, pristanes, and phytanes. In another sulfur-rich sample, it detected a sulfur-based compound known as thiophene, also found on Mars. However, the analysis did not reveal more complex biomarkers like hopane and sterols, likely because they were degraded by heat. Pyrolysis may result in quantities too small for GC-MS to detect.

Based on these findings, researchers concluded that current rover instruments can successfully detect simple and durable lipids but may overlook more delicate or complex ones. To enhance the likelihood of finding ancient biosignatures, the team recommended that future Mars missions adopt less destructive detection approaches. Despite these challenges, they suggested that silica-rich rocks, like those in the Gusev Crater, are prime targets for exploring evidence of ancient Martian life. By pinpointing the most suitable rock textures for lipid preservation that can be detected with existing rover technologies, scientists are one step closer to uncovering signs of life on Mars.

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Source: sciworthy.com

“Fresh Beginnings at 60: Sharing My Old Diary Online and Discovering My Youthful Secrets Went Viral”

Posted on August 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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Etsy Lerner may not view herself as a TikTok star, but the New York Times labels her as one, even calling her an influencer. To her, it signifies payment and illicit goods — all she possesses is a free pen. “I genuinely do it for myself,” she states, “and for those who follow me.”

Lerner is 64 years young. She spent over two decades as a literary agent, representing authors like Patti Smith and Temple Grandin. A non-fiction writer, she is the author of her debut novels, “The Shred Sisters” and “Love Letter to Loneliness.” However, her TikTok presence is noteworthy, boasting 1.5 million followers! There, she shares videos reading from a diary chronicling her chaotic 20s.

“I don’t know who you love, who loves you, what you do for your job, what your purpose is,” she expresses in one post. “This morning I stumbled upon a line in my journal. In my 20s, I wrote: ‘I feel like I don’t know who I am.'”

Lerner shares posts while in a dressing gown and without makeup. Initially, she ventured into BookTok to support authors, but as her new novel was approaching release, she started filming herself on camera, despite not initially gaining followers. “A friend advised me to embrace it like my own TV channel… so I thought, ‘I’ll read from an old diary.'”

She has kept journals since the age of 11, inspired by Anne Frank’s “The Diary of a Young Girl.” “I penned my first poem there, trying to understand myself…” Although her journal from ages 12 to 18 was lost when her car was stolen, she has roughly 30 volumes from her 20s safely stored away in her attic.

“My journals are incredibly melancholic. They discuss loneliness, the search for love and friendship, and the quest for identity,” she reflects.

Lerner describes herself as a “slow bloomer.” Accepted into Columbia’s MFA Poetry Program at 26, she entered the publishing world in her late 20s, a time when most editorial assistants were fresh college graduates. “I didn’t experience love until I was 30 and lacked any significant relationships… I lost much of my teens and endured depression through most of my 20s.”

“It’s all about connecting and trying to communicate,” … Betsy Lerner captured in New Haven, Connecticut.
Photo: Nicole Frapie/Guardian

At 15, her parents took her to a psychiatrist, which led to a diagnosis of bipolar disorder. “I resisted accepting that I had this condition. I fought against it for a long time,” she admits. Her 2003 memoir, Food and Loathing, recounts her relationship with weight, food, and depression, detailing one instance in her late 20s when she found herself standing on a bridge over the Hudson River.

A breakthrough occurred at 30 when she connected with a psychopharmacologist who could prescribe the right dosage of lithium (they have collaborated for 35 years). She also got married.

Writing in her journal became less frequent. While she initially wrote at night in bed, “I wasn’t feeling so sad and lonely anymore,” she reflects.

Over the years, Lerner says, “I was instinctively drawn to strength.” Currently, she prioritizes stability above all else.

She had no intentions of writing a novel. Nevertheless, in 2019, she faced “the tragic loss of four” individuals: her mother, two teenagers, Ruby and Hart Campbell, who were tragically killed by a drunk driver, and her best friend, author George Hodgman, who died by suicide. “I still grapple with the idea of grieving everyone, all the time,” she shares.

Following these losses, she began writing “Shred Sisters.” The novel serves as a means for her and her two sisters to care for one another while navigating their grief. She has also written another novel and continues to share insights from her diary as long as inspiration strikes. “It’s all about connecting and communicating,” she affirms.

“There’s a constant flow of comments from young adults in their 20s who resonate with my struggles. That connection motivates me immensely. I feel aligned with these young individuals.”

Shred Sisters is published by Verve Books. To support the Guardian, please order a copy from the Guardian Bookshop. Shipping fees may apply.

Tell me: Did your life take a new turn after turning 60?

The Unusual Microbial Alliance Reveals the Evolution of Complex Life

Posted on August 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Stromatolites are rock-like structures formed by bacteria in shallow water

Lkonya/Shutterstock

SEI 262018132 — Stromatolites are rock-like structures formed by bacteria in shallow water

Lkonya/Shutterstock

Microorganisms in the remote bays of Western Australia are interconnected through tiny tubes, suggesting early stages of complex life evolution.

In Shark Bay, known by the Indigenous name Gathaagudu, microbes create slimy, multi-layered assemblages called microbial mats. This challenging environment, buffeted by tidal shifts and temperature fluctuations, has fostered bacterial communities alongside another single-celled organism known as Archaea, which have thrived here for tens of thousands of years. These microorganisms often coexist symbiotically, forming layered sedimentary structures known as stromatolites.

“The mats develop under hypersaline conditions with elevated UV levels. It withstands cyclones. Despite facing numerous threats, they persist,” comments Brendan Burns from the University of New South Wales in Sydney.

He posits that these contemporary microbial communities may resemble those that existed billions of years ago when complex life first emerged. This evolution might have been driven by a mutual dependence between bacteria and Archaea, leading to the formation of more complex cells known as eukaryotes.

Burns and his team returned some of these microbial mat communities to the lab to cultivate the organisms in high-salinity, low-oxygen conditions.

They successfully cultured only one type of bacterium, stromatodesulfovibrio nilemahensis, and a newly identified archaeon named Nearachaeum marumarumayae, a member of the Asgard Archaea group. These archaeal bacteria, named after the gods’ abode in Norse mythology, are regarded as the closest relatives to the eukaryotic cells that comprise the bodies of animals, plants, and humans.

According to team members, “These organisms seem to directly interact and share nutrients,” states Iain Duggin of the Sydney Institute of Technology. Although there is no direct evidence yet, the complete genomic sequence obtained allows for speculation regarding the metabolic processes of both organisms.

The genomic analysis indicated that bacteria synthesize amino acids and vitamins, while the Archaea produce hydrogen and various compounds, such as acetic and sulfuric acids. Both sets of products are unique, indicating a dependency on each other.

The researchers also observed indications of direct interaction between the two species. “We have observed what we refer to as nanotubes,” notes Duggin. “These microscopic tubes, seemingly produced by bacteria, establish direct connections to the surface of the Asgard cells.”

3D reconstruction based on electron microscope images showing cell membranes of Archaeon (blue) and bacteria (green), with nanotubes (pink) between them

Dr. Matthew D. Johnson, Bindusmita Paul, Durin C. Shepherd et al.

In addition to their interactions, the Archaeon cells generate vesicle chains that resemble SAC-like structures utilized for transporting molecules along extracellular fibers. Duggin notes that these nano-sized vesicles appear to engage with the nanotubes formed by the bacteria.

“While nanotubes may be too slender for conduits, they facilitate a type of multicellular binding that enhances resource sharing,” asserts Duggin.

The researchers identified a protein similar to human muscle proteins, a genomic sequence coding for a previously unknown protein, and a protein consisting of about 5,500 amino acids, which is substantial for ancient species. “While I can’t claim it’s directly connected to human muscle proteins, it suggests that their evolutionary origins may trace back much further,” says team member Kate Mischey from the University of New South Wales.

“What fascinates me most are the direct connections formed by nanotubes between bacteria and archaea,” comments purilópez-garcía from Parisa Clay University, France. “Such interactions have not been documented in prior cultures.”

However, discerning the exact behaviors of bacteria and Archaea is challenging, remarks Buzz Baum from the MRC Institute of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK. “It’s a complex relationship of conflict and cooperation,” he notes. “They interact, share, and sometimes clash, demonstrating a nuanced understanding of each other’s presence.”

Duggin believes the prevalent dynamic is more cooperative than combative. “These organisms coexisted in our culture for over four years, suggesting a level of harmony rather than contention,” he adds.

Burns and his colleagues propose that their findings may reflect an early stage in the evolution of eukaryotic cells within microbial mats. Roland Hatzenpichler at Montana State University aligns with this perspective.

“The study’s outcomes indicate that the newly identified Asgard Archaea engage directly with sulfate-reducing bacteria,” he remarks.

However, Lopez Garcia cautions that these interactions may not date back beyond 2 billion years. “While these archaeal and bacterial forms are modern, the microbial environments they inhabit may provide insights into ancient ecosystems,” he explains.

According to Hatzenpichler, we may be on the verge of better understanding the similarities between recent microorganisms and the cells they collaborate with to form primitive nucleated cells. “We’re now in an advantageous position to uncover deeper truths,” he concludes.

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Can Exoplanets Orbiting TRAPPIST-1 and Other Red Dwarfs Support Life?

Posted on August 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A protective atmosphere, a welcoming sun, and abundant liquid water make Earth a remarkable place. Leveraging the extraordinary capabilities of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers are on a mission to uncover just how unique and extraordinary our planet truly is. Is it possible for a temperate environment to exist elsewhere, perhaps around a different type of star? The TRAPPIST-1 system offers an intriguing opportunity to explore this question, as it contains seven Earth-sized planets orbiting red dwarf stars—the most common type in the Milky Way.

The artist’s concept depicts TRAPPIST-1d passing in front of a turbulent star, showing the other planets in the background. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/Joseph Olmsted, STSCI.

TRAPPIST-1 is a super cool dwarf star situated 38.8 light-years away in the constellation Aquarius.

These stars are slightly larger than Jupiter, comprising only 8% of our Sun’s mass. They rotate quickly and emit UV energy flares.

TRAPPIST-1 is home to seven transiting planets designated TRAPPIST-1b, c, d, e, f, g, and h.

All these planets are similar in size to Earth and Venus, or marginally smaller, with very brief orbital periods of 1.51, 2.42, 4.04, 6.06, 9.21, 12.35, and 20 days, respectively.

They may all be tidally locked, meaning the same side always faces their star, akin to how the same side of the moon is always turned towards Earth. This results in a permanently night side and a permanently day side for each TRAPPIST-1 planet.

“Ultimately, we aim to discover whether similar environments to those we enjoy on Earth exist elsewhere, and under what conditions they might thrive,” stated Dr. Caroline Piaulett Graeb, an astronomer at the University of Chicago and the Trottia Institute for Planetary Research.

“At this stage, we can exclude TRAPPIST-1d as a potential twin or cousin of Earth, even as Webb enables us to investigate Earth-sized planets for the first time.”

Dr. Piaulet-Ghorayeb and her team utilized Webb’s NIRSpec (near-infrared spectroscopy) instrument to capture the transmission spectra of the TRAPPIST-1d planet.

They found no common molecules typically present in Earth’s atmosphere, such as water, methane, or carbon dioxide.

However, they have outlined several possibilities for the exoplanet that warrant further investigation.

“There are multiple reasons we might not detect an atmosphere around TRAPPIST-1d,” Dr. Piaulet-Ghorayeb mentioned.

“It may have a very thin atmosphere, similar to Mars, which is challenging to identify.”

“Alternatively, thick, high-altitude clouds may obscure certain atmospheric signatures.”

“Or it could be a barren rock with no atmosphere whatsoever.”

In any case, TRAPPIST-1d faces challenges as a planet orbiting a red dwarf star.

TRAPPIST-1, the host star of the system, is known for its volatility and often emits high-energy radiation flares that can strip away the atmosphere of nearby small planets.

Nevertheless, scientists remain eager to search for atmospheric signs on the TRAPPIST-1 planets, as red dwarfs are the most prevalent stars in our galaxy.

If these planets can retain an atmosphere here, it suggests they could potentially do so anywhere, even under the harsh conditions of stellar radiation.

“Webb’s sensitive infrared instruments allow us to probe into the atmospheres of these small, cold planets for the first time,” said Dr. Bjorn Beneke, an astronomer at the Institute for Planetary Research at Montreal University.

“We are using Webb to identify atmospheres on Earth-sized planets and define the thresholds between those that can and cannot sustain an atmosphere.”

Results will be published in Astrophysical Journal.

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Caroline Piaulett Graeb et al. 2025. Restrictive conditions on the potential secondary atmosphere of the temperate rocky exoplanet TRAPPIST-1d. APJ 989, 181; doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ADF207

Source: www.sci.news

The Turning Point: My Decision to Reduce Screen Time – A Regretful Choice

Posted on August 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

I
unlocked my iPhone just as my weekly screen time notifications popped up—an accidental dismissal before I could take a screenshot—and a wave of frustration washed over me. After dedicating an exhausting week to minimizing my phone usage, aiming to reduce my daily screen time from over four hours to under one, I hoped to enhance my mental wellbeing (and maybe even launch a career as an inspirational speaker). Yet, my efforts felt futile as I couldn’t post any proof online showcasing my offline status. I even contemplated using Photoshop to fabricate a screen time report and scoured Google for a way to retrieve notifications (to no avail).

Over the last decade or so, I’ve tried various self-improvement approaches. I’ve read 105 books in a year, unintentionally eliminated sugar (even from fruit) for a spell, and dabbled in shamanism, including interpretive dance. While I might suggest mastering cooking, driving, and typing with all fingers, I can’t seem to reach myself since I’ve stopped staring at my phone.

Exchange one obsession for another… Joe Stone of Tenerife.
Photo: Courtesy of Joe Stone

“Project Screen Time” was born after I listened to a podcast where comedians recommended avoiding social media for two hours after waking. Absorbing this advice—albeit from an amateur who couldn’t quite trace its origin—I decided to avoid checking Instagram first thing in the morning… and it worked. Surprisingly, steering clear of a barrage of other people’s abs before I’d fully woken up actually lifted my spirits. Even more impressively, I found I could usually hold off until after lunch if I didn’t see anything I felt compelled to react to. This brief moment of clarity quickly morphed into a whirlwind, typical of my approach to new challenges.

I swapped one fixation (constantly checking my phone) for another (intentionally not doing so). In the second week, my screen time plummeted to two hours a day. By the third week, it was down to one-and-a-half hours, and I decided to aim for under 60 minutes. A part of me was impressed that this newfound ability was working well and I appeared to be normal. However, I couldn’t keep this “gift” to myself, gradually boring my friends, acquaintances, and even service workers with tales of my newfound discipline.

Eventually, my quest took on new disruptions. I resented having to pull up maps on my phone, and while cycling, I often found myself lost. Want to show someone a photo or meme? Sorry, you’ll have to Google it on their device instead. I even hesitated to order an Uber after a night out, enduring the agony of watching the app slowly crawl toward my location while my screen time ticked away.

My frustration amplified when my screen time statistics didn’t reflect my efforts. I barely glanced at my phone by 2 PM, yet the data indicated I had used it for 36 minutes. Conspiratorial thoughts began to surface. My screen time report was divided into blue (social), turquoise (entertainment), and orange (productivity and finance). Yet, the majority of my time appeared as a prominent gray. What on earth could that gray signify?!

Eventually, “screen time” was added to my list of taboo topics (along with Taylor Swift’s music and lore, and my interest in Ron DeSantis) that were off-limits at home. My lowest moment occurred while sharing my weekly statistics with a friend. He inquired why “Settings” was my third most-used app. That was simply where I went to check my screen time.

My meltdown over not being able to celebrate my record low screen time (51 minutes a day!) served as a wake-up call. What started as a quest to reduce screen time morphed into a new phone addiction. Instead of escaping the urge to seek validation online, I found an alternate way to gain approval. Nevertheless, all was not lost. This realization nudged me toward the acceptance that I would likely never be a moderate person. I can’t rely on self-regulation (my latest regime—skin care—involves LED masks that automatically shut off after 10 minutes; I fear wearing them in the office could evoke comparisons to a vibrant Hannibal Lecter).

Ultimately, I gave up trying to recapture the elusive Screen Time Report. Instead, I resolved to share fewer aesthetic charts from settings that I could post online. Almost instantly, my DMs exploded with queries about how I managed to refrain from scrolling. I responded to every single one, and a rush of dopamine flooded my reward centers. That day, my screen time was recorded at 3 hours and 36 minutes.

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Mandrake: A Country Life that Fosters Friendship with the River and Whispers from the Beyond

Posted on August 12, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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ith Dulcet Welsh Tones, an actor reminiscent of Michael Sheen, invites players into the enchanting world of Mandrake. He affectionately describes Chandri’s village as “small” yet “complicated,” noting that “everyone has their own story.” The narrative alternates between a snug wooden cottage and a mossy forest inhabited by mythical creatures. The protagonist, a wizard-gardener, “smelt into the art of greenery and growth,” often returning home to transform into a sumptuous vegetable, some of which can be found in local supermarkets, while others are distinctly magical.

As a portrayal of rural life, Mandrake stands out as more enriching and appealing than most. It exudes a charm akin to classics like Harvest Moon and Stardew Valley, inviting players to immerse themselves in the cyclical rhythms of crop cultivation, scenic exploration, and engaging dialogues with quirky, upbeat townsfolk. However, there’s more beneath the surface. If you find the farming aspect dull, you can wander the fantastical paths of this brinonic-inspired realm, perhaps engaging with the deceased or harmonizing with the river.

Comfortable cultivation… Mandrake. Photo: Failbetter Game

Expect the peculiar in Failbetter’s latest release, the esteemed UK studio known for its acclaimed titles. Set within a shared fictional universe, their RPGs and atmospheric survival experiences have showcased masterful prose and mesmerizing world-building. The city of London has “fallen,” now submerged in an eerie underworld called Naisse, located along the shores of dark, vast seas.

These titles are steeped in a blend of terrifying humor and fascinating narratives. The Mandrake Foreground location presents a more accessible way to engage with the environment. As game director Adam Myers puts it, the charm of a Rural Life Sim is its capacity to “zoom in on one community over time.” Through days, nights, and seasons, players observe evolving spaces and their inhabitants. Myers reveals that he developed a profound understanding of the environment from a distinctly unfamiliar perspective.

However, Mandrake seeks to veer away from the lush trends dominating the genre. They cultivate expansive fields of wheat and prepare multiple meals daily. “Growing crops in large, rectangular, monocultures is not ideal,” Myers asserts. “And you won’t always find banquet-worthy ratatouille in your inventory with just 30 clicks.”

Complicating rural Sims in the countryside… Mandrake. Photo: Failbetter Game

Gift Giving, a conventional method for players to integrate with NPC neighbors in this genre, arrives with a twist. Players can’t simply hand out gifts (“That’s a bit annoying,” Myers jokes). Instead, they must articulate their reasoning for offering gifts, forming connections based on obligations.

The goal is not just to replicate patterns found in other rural life simulations but to “complicate” them with both thoughtful systems and unconventional influences. Myers passionately discusses esoteric elements such as anthropology, British folklore, and Renaissance alchemy. The world brims with quirky and mysterious legends, and among its peculiarities lies a “Quesimonastic organization” amid the Welsh backdrop, notably devoid of sheep.

The comforting ritual of country life may serve as a Trojan horse for a distinct and eccentric approach to failure. “One of the pitfalls we’ve encountered before is being too strange, too swift, too brash,” admits Myers. “We need to provide players with a firmer foundation to navigate the complexities more comfortably.”

These ancient forests undoubtedly harbor ominous creatures. Villagers may conceal numerous mental secrets. It’s reasonable to assume that Myers and his team will explore the depths of these eerie landscapes. However, perhaps there’s a crucial distinction in the tone they wish to maintain—one that is welcoming and “emotionally kind.” Unlike some other Failbetter titles, death doesn’t loom closely here. As Myers shares, “You probably won’t be able to consume yourself with this.”

Continuing to Work Beyond Retirement Age Can Enhance Your Life Satisfaction

Posted on August 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Working later in life may not be a bad thing

Kelvin Murray/Getty Images Source: Stone RF

While many anticipate retirement, staying active in the workforce during later years can enhance your happiness—particularly for men.

Increasing numbers of people are extending their careers. According to a report from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 28.9% of individuals aged 65 to 69 across 38 member countries were still employed in 2023, up from 15.9% in 2000. However, the overall effects on well-being remain largely unexplored.

To delve into this topic, Alisa Lewin from Haifa University and Haya Stear from Tel Aviv University analyzed social survey data from Israel’s Central Bureau of Statistics. They compared the experiences of over 3,300 women and more than 2,000 men who reached 62 and 67 years of age, respectively.

The researchers found that individuals with lower household incomes were more inclined to work full-time. Notably, the men reported financial, family, emotional, and overall life satisfaction levels that were equal to or exceeded those who were not employed.

This trend held true regardless of the nature of their full-time employment. Meanwhile, women showed an increase in family and economic satisfaction.

Researchers suggest this phenomenon may stem from the idea that women could derive a sense of purpose and fulfillment from various life aspects. “Women may find emotional support and social engagement from other sources rather than relying solely on their jobs,” Lewin explains.

“Men, even today, still recognize their responsibilities in providing for their families and achieving workplace success,” notes Carrie Cooper from the University of Manchester, UK.

Results concerning the happiness of participants working part-time were more variable. Outcomes differed based on job type, satisfaction metrics, and participant gender.

Those who began with higher happiness levels tended to work full-time later in life, which could have influenced the findings. Cooper cautions that the results may not be applicable to other cultures or countries.

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Digital Resurrection: The Allure and Anxieties Surrounding the Rise of the Deathbot

Posted on August 10, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A digital depiction of a man, illuminated by blue light, comforting a grieving individual at a funeral. Illustration: Guardian Design/Guardian Design/Getty

Rod Stewart surprised concert-goers in Charlotte, North Carolina, with notable guests. His longtime friend, Ozzy Osbourne, who passed away last month, appeared as if reuniting with other stars who have departed, such as Michael Jackson, Tina Turner, and Bob Marley.

The AI-generated images stirred mixed reactions among Stewart’s fans, with some finding them disrespectful while others deemed them beautiful.

In a related incident, Jim Acosta, former CNN White House correspondent, interviewed a digital version of Joaquin Oliver, a victim of a 2018 school shooting in Florida. Avatars of the deceased teenagers, created by their parents, offered him a unique comfort.

Recently, Reddit co-founder Alexis Ohanian shared an emotional experience on X, describing an animation of his late mother holding him as a child, admitting, “Damn, I wasn’t ready for how this would feel.” He reflected on the pain of not having video footage of their time together and the impact of re-watching the animation.

AI-generated images of Ozzy Osbourne and Tina Turner were showcased during Rod Stewart’s recent concert in North Carolina. Illustration: Iamsloanesteel Instagram

These instances exemplify the rising trend of ‘digital revival,’ where photos, videos, and various media create representations of deceased individuals. Numerous companies now market “grief bots” or “death bots,” raising critical concerns regarding exploitation, privacy, and the grieving process.

Elaine Kasket, a cybermedicist based in London, stated, “It’s now very technically possible because large-scale language models such as ChatGPT are now easily accessible to the general public.” These models can generate credible representations, using texts, emails, voice memos, images, and other digital remnants to create something that resonates deeply with those left behind.

Just a few years ago, the notion of “virtual immortality” felt like a distant dream; now, creating interactive avatars is not only feasible but becoming increasingly sought after.

A 2023 YouGov poll commissioned by the Christian think tank Theos revealed that 14% of respondents expressed comfort in interacting with digital representations of deceased individuals, with younger individuals showing more openness to “deathbots.”

Former CNN White House correspondent Jim Acosta “interviews” the AI recreation of Joaquin Oliver, a victim of a 2018 Florida school shooting. Illustration: YouTube

The instinct to maintain bonds with deceased loved ones is not new. Families have traditionally cherished personal belongings that connect them to those they have lost—be it photographs, videos, audio messages, or songs that evoke memories. Dreams of the departed or perceived sightings in familiar places are also common. Some have even turned to seances for communication.

Michael Cholbi, a philosophy professor at the University of Edinburgh and author of *Grief,* noted, “We’ve built monuments, preserved hair, and kept letters. The question now is: does AI add anything to this?”

Louise Richardson, from York University’s Philosophy Department, emphasized that by visiting graves and interacting with personal items, individuals retain a sense of connection with their departed loved ones. “Deathbots can fulfill a similar role but may hinder the natural grieving process,” she cautioned, explaining that continuous engagement with a deathbot could obstruct acknowledgment and acceptance of loss.

People often ponder what a deceased relative would say or do in specific situations; “Now it feels like you can just ask them.”

However, there’s a concern that deathbots may present overly sanitized versions of individuals, as families might exclude less flattering traits when providing information for the AI generator.

There’s also a risk of dependency on technology. A report from Theos highlights that “digital necromancy can be misleading. You might think you’re interacting with a person, but you’re actually communicating with a machine.”

The emergence of virtual avatars has gained traction in Asia, particularly in China, where creating a digital avatar for a loved one costs as little as 20 yuan (£2.20). Estimates indicate that this market was valued at 12 billion yuan (£1.2 billion) in 2022, with projections quadrupling by 2025.

For a more advanced interactive avatar that moves and speaks with clients, costs can reach thousands of pounds. One prominent funeral service provider, Fu Shou Yuan International Group, suggests that the deceased can “come back to life” in a virtual setting. According to the Chinese Funeral Association, the total cost for creating such avatars can amount to about 50,000 yuan.

Cholbi pointed out that while the commercialization of grief raises ethical concerns, the funeral industry has a long history of upselling and deceptive practices.

Kasket warns about issues of privacy and the rights to one’s digital remnants. “The deceased have no say or control over how their materials are used,” she stated, noting the ethical ramifications of utilizing digital content to create profitable avatars without consent.

Some individuals are beginning to specify in their wills a desire for their digital materials to not be used posthumously.

Interactive avatars aren’t only for the deceased; the successful Abba Voyage show features digital replicas of the iconic Swedish pop group performing as they did in their prime, earning an estimated £1.6 million weekly. Audiences revel in singing along with the avatars while the actual band members, now in their 70s and 80s, look on from home.

Abba’s avatar, dressed in Dolce & Gabbana, as featured in Abba Voyage. Illustration: Abba Voyage

In a groundbreaking initiative, the UK’s National Holocaust Centre and Museum embarked on a project in 2016 to develop interactive avatars that can capture the voices and images of Holocaust survivors, enabling them to answer questions about their past in a future setting.

Cholbi noted that there’s an element of “AI hype” surrounding deathbots. “While some people may find this interesting, I anticipate that many will seek to maintain connections with the deceased through this technology for a considerable duration.”

He added, “This doesn’t imply that there won’t be enthusiastic participants; however, the prospects may not be as hopeful as commercial investors hope.”

Murazin highlighted that the rise of the deathbot industry prompts relevant discussions among ethicists and theologians. He suggested that the allure of digital revival could stem from a decline in traditional spiritual beliefs, leading to technological solutions that address the human desire for permanence and transcendence.”

“This reflects our modern era’s inclination to believe that technology can conquer death and offer eternity—a symptom of our contemporary culture,” he concluded.

Kasket remarked, “I have no doubt that these trends will continue to emerge and be utilized in beneficial ways.”

“When we lose our ability to navigate grief or convince ourselves that we cannot manage it, we risk becoming psychologically vulnerable. Grief and loss are fundamental aspects of the human experience, not merely technological challenges.”

An Enchanting Artistic Representation of Marine Life Through the Ages

Posted on August 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Strawberry squid, color lithograph

Smithsonian Library, Washington, DC

The world’s oceans, covering one-tenth of Earth’s surface, are the cradle of life, showcasing an astonishing variety of creatures with diverse shapes, colors, and evolutionary traits.

‘Pilchard (Argentina Carolina)’, hand-colored engraving from Mark Catesby

National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, Maryland

Marine biologist Helen Scale’s latest book, Ocean Art: From the Coast to the Deep, takes readers through 140 stunning photographs and illustrations of underwater vistas and their diverse inhabitants.

Yashima Gakutei, three crabs on the edge of the water

The Met Museum

The realm of art mirrors the diversity of marine life, and Scale expertly intertwines insights about artists with the wonders of oceanic life, blending marine biology with art history.

Cyphonophore (Forscaliatrod), illustration

Library, Woods Hole, MA

“It’s captivating to view the ocean through the perspectives of artists and craftsmen,” Scale noted. “They brilliantly convey the essence of life beneath the surface.”

Mycenaean stirrup vessel featuring an octopus, circa 1200 to 1100 BC

The Met Museum

Throughout history, culture has shown a deep fascination with marine life. The featured artworks include a lithograph of the Strawberry squid (Histioteuthis heteroopsis) from 1851, Catesby’s hand-colored sculpture of the Pilchard (Argentine Carolina) from 1743, a 1830 woodblock print from Japan showing crabs, an 1888 illustration of a siphonophore (Forskalia tholoides), and a Mycenaean jar illustrating an octopus from around 1200 to 1100 BC. Additional ceramic artifacts include lobster-shaped containers from Peru and crabs depicted in Nazca ceramic bowls from the 2nd to 4th centuries.

L: (Peru) “Lobster-shaped Stirrup Vessel”, R: Crab Ceramic Bowl

Left; Walters Art Museum. Right; The Met Museum

Ocean Art is scheduled for release in the UK on August 1st and in the US on September 26th.

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How Navigating Uncertainty During Key Life Stages Transforms Our Brains

Posted on July 31, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Pandemic. Conflict. Market crash. Government upheaval. A quick look at recent headlines conveys a sense of instability in the world. However, “volatility” isn’t just a concern for hedge fund managers; it holds crucial significance for our brains as well.

In my new book, The Trick of the Heart, the latest science suggests that the brain operates like a scientist. It constructs hypotheses and frameworks to understand the world, others, and even itself. However, if your brain is busy crafting a framework, it must also recognize when it’s time to adapt. This process involves a network of frontal and subcortical brain regions, with noradrenaline playing a vital role in monitoring how unstable our environment is.

This “volatility tracking” mechanism allows our brains to detect tipping points in the external world and adjust our expectations and hypotheses accordingly. This adaptability becomes crucial when our daily realities shift; as a result, our mental frameworks can become more flexible. This process is entirely adaptive and logical. After all, when circumstances are in flux, we want our minds to adjust as well.

Yet, in a transformative environment, having an open mind can present dangers. For instance, research conducted during the Covid-19 pandemic indicated that unexpected viruses and unprecedented lockdowns led some people to question what constitutes a normal mindset. A study in the US found that as lockdowns intensified across states, unstable thinking surged. Those who began perceiving their surroundings as insecure were more likely to endorse bizarre conspiracies related to the pandemic, such as the belief that vaccines contain mind-controlling microchips or support for political conspiracies like QAnon.

While these ideas may appear ludicrous, this behavior can be understood through the lens of brain function. Our minds need to remain malleable and resilient, adapting their paradigms based on a rapidly changing world. We must be willing to consider perspectives we’ve never previously entertained.

I actually believe that navigating uncertain times isn’t inherently detrimental for us or our brains. After all, unpredictability does not equate to inevitable doom; it simply means we can’t foresee what lies ahead. Historically, many periods of significant progress have emerged during times of upheaval when our familiar realities were disrupted. In the UK, support for women’s suffrage gained momentum after World War I, which also paved the way for a transformative welfare state and the establishment of a second National Health Service.

While I can’t travel back in time to observe the brains of those historical figures, I can imagine those moments of new opportunities functioning just like our minds do today. When our surrounding touchpoints appear unstable, old concepts can be discarded and new ones adopted.

Uncertainty and volatility are distinctly perceived based on how the brain operates. While volatility can induce anxiety, living amidst constant change opens our minds to new possibilities. We must remain alert to those who might exploit our adaptable minds towards extreme or conspiratorial concepts, but we can also embrace a brighter, more optimistic future by steering our cognitive processes toward pivotal changes.

Daniel Yong is the director and author of the Uncertainty Lab at Birkbeck, University of London. His book, The Trick of the Heart, delves into these themes.

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Underground Microbial Life Could Endure on Mars, Europa, and Enceladus with the Help of Cosmic Rays

Posted on July 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study conducted by New York University Abu Dhabi suggests that radiolysis, triggered by cosmic rays in galaxies, may serve as a potential energy source for microbial metabolism within the subsurface environments of rocky celestial bodies such as Mars, Europa, and Enceladus.

NASA’s Cassini spacecraft captured this stunning mosaic of Enceladus as it flew past this geologically active moon of Saturn on October 5, 2008. Image credit: NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute.

While ionized radiation is known for its detrimental effects on biological systems, such as causing damage to DNA and generating reactive oxygen species, it can also yield biologically beneficial outcomes.

Though direct exposure to high radiation levels can be harmful to biological activity, ionizing radiation can create numerous biologically useful products.

One such process involves the generation of valuable biological products through charged particle-induced radiolysis.

“We investigated the consequences of cosmic rays striking surfaces containing water or ice,” noted Dr. Dimitra Atli, PhD, from New York University Abu Dhabi, alongside colleagues from Washington University, the University of Tennessee, Rice University, and Santander University.

“The impact of these rays breaks down water molecules and releases tiny particles known as electrons.”

“Certain bacteria on Earth are capable of utilizing these electrons for energy, akin to how plants harness sunlight.”

“This phenomenon, known as radiolysis, allows for life to persist in dark, cold environments devoid of sunlight.”

This newly reorganized color view presents a massive surface of Europa. The image scale is 1.6 km per pixel, with the northern part of Europa on the right. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Seti Institute.

Researchers utilized computer simulations to assess the energy output of this process on the icy moons of Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn.

These icy moons are believed to harbor liquid water beneath their thick ice crusts.

Findings indicate that Enceladus is the most promising candidate for supporting life in this manner, followed closely by Mars and Europa.

“This discovery reshapes our understanding of potential habitats for life,” Dr. Atri commented.

“Rather than confining our search to warm, sunlit planets, we can now consider cold, dark regions where water lies beneath the surface and is subjected to cosmic rays.”

“Life might exist in many more locations than previously thought.”

This image captured by Mars Express’s high-resolution stereo camera reveals an overview of Mars, with patches of yellow, orange, blue, and green on a muted gray background, depicting various surface compositions. Image credits: ESA/DLR/FU BERLIN/G. MICHAEL/CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO.

In their research, the authors introduce a new concept termed the Radiolysis Habit Zone.

Unlike the traditional “Goldilocks zone”—the region around a star where planets can sustain liquid water—this new zone emphasizes the potential for subsurface water that can be energized by cosmic radiation.

Given that cosmic rays are ubiquitous throughout the universe, this suggests that numerous additional locations may harbor life.

“These findings offer fresh directions for future space exploration,” remarked Reservers.

“Scientists can target the underground environments of these icy moons and Mars instead of solely searching for life on their surfaces.

“This study paves the way for thrilling new avenues in life exploration across the cosmos, implying that even the coldest and darkest regions may have conditions suitable for life.”

The study will be published in International Journal of Astrobiology.

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Dimitra Atri et al. 2025. Estimating the potential of ionizing radiation-induced radiolysis for microbial metabolism in Earth’s planets and moons with tenuous atmospheres. International Journal of Astrobiology 24:E9; doi:10.1017/s1473550425100025

Source: www.sci.news

The Indicators of Alien Life on Exoplanet K2-18b Have Nearly Vanished

Posted on July 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Artistic Depictions of K2-18b

A. Smith/N. Mandhusudhan

Hope for discovering alien life on K2-18B is diminishing. Recent observations have not revealed clear evidence of biomolecules suggested by earlier studies. While many scientists concur that this casts doubt on past claims, one researcher involved in those earlier findings argues that the new data may actually bolster their conclusions.

In April, Nick Madhusudan at Cambridge University and his team proposed that K2-18B, a rocky planet larger than Earth and located around 124 light years away, shows signs of atmospheric molecules dimethyldimethylsulfide (DMS) and dimethyldisulfide (DMD). On Earth, these compounds are exclusively produced by living organisms. At the time, Madhusudhan described these as “the first hints we see about this alien world, possibly a home for life.”

However, subsequent analyses of the same JWST data by other researchers using different statistical methods found no substantial evidence for these molecules. Madhusudhan later stated that his team conducted a more in-depth reanalysis of their data. In an interview with New Scientist, he expressed “increased confidence” that DMS could be the best explanation for the findings. Without further observations of K2-18B, astronomers remain divided on the potential for life on the planet.

Recently, Renyu Hu from Caltech and his colleagues collaborated with Madhusudhan’s team to examine new JWST observations of K2-18B. They found no statistical evidence supporting the detection of DMS. “This paper does not present conclusive evidence regarding the presence of this molecule in the atmosphere,” remarked Hu.

Madhusudhan, Hu, and their teams utilized JWST’s near-infrared camera to observe the light from K2-18B’s star. This camera captured light at wavelengths differing from the mid-infrared measurements used in the earlier analysis conducted in April. The researchers then assessed their findings using various atmospheric models for K2-18B. Each model had different assumptions regarding the molecular composition and the presence of water vapor in its atmosphere.

Some models incorporating DMS provided slightly better explanations for the data than those without, but this does not necessarily indicate a firm detection, falling short of the threshold for statistical evidence. “The models suggest that if there is a signal, it is quite weak,” stated Hu. “I remain cautious.”

Madhusudhan acknowledged the lack of strong evidence for detection, but contended that it is more reasonable to compare this data with recent observations from JWST’s near-infrared cameras taken in 2023, as opposed to April’s mid-infrared results. “Statistically, the data does seem to show slightly stronger evidence for DMS than what we discussed in our paper,” said Madhusudhan.

“There could still be other molecules mimicking DMS,” he added, but he believes that signals produced by unknown compounds exhibit specific traits best accounted for by DMS. “However, we cannot make confident assertions.”

“This study clearly states that there is no evidence of dimethyl sulfide. No statistical support exists for these gases,” stated Lewis Wellbanks of Arizona State University. Sarah Seager from MIT remarked that her team views the statistical significance presented by the researchers as “not enough to be considered a detection.”

“It seems we may be nearing the end of the discussion regarding whether DMS can be detected at viable levels. [K2-18b] conditions are not conducive enough for more critical detection,” remarked Jake Taylor from Oxford University.

In a further setback for biosignature proponents, Hu and his team discovered that specific hydrogen-rich atmospheres in planets like K2-18b can generate DMS through chemical pathways devoid of biological influence. “This helps narrow down which molecules may serve as biosignatures in exoplanetary atmospheres, implying that DMS is not exclusively indicative of life,” noted Taylor.

However, he emphasized that additional mid-infrared observations with JWST, akin to those undertaken in April, could yield more specific data, as DMS characteristics and other intricate molecules target distinct light regions that are detectable.

What is widely accepted by astronomers is that K2-18B is rich in water. Hu and his team have gathered robust evidence for the existence of methane and carbon dioxide, suggesting the presence of water. However, it remains unclear whether this water exists as oceans, atmospheric vapor, or is confined inside the planet.

World Capital of Astronomy: Chile

Discover the astronomical wonders of Chile. Explore some of the world’s most advanced observatories and gaze at the stars beneath some of the clearest skies on Earth.

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A Saltwater Pool in an Underwater Volcano: Habitat for Extraterrestrial Life Forms?

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Creatures uncovered near the Mabahismon volcano in the Red Sea, such as amphipods and polychaete worms

Dr. Katrin Linse

SEI 259096022 — Creatures uncovered near the Mabahismon volcano in the Red Sea, such as amphipods and polychaete worms

Dr. Katrin Linse

Ultra-salty lakes rich in carbon dioxide can support extreme life forms that differ from those found in other environments.

Dense saline water, laden with minerals, sinks to the ocean floor, where it can pool in depressions, creating unique brine lakes distinct from the upper waters. These brine pools, identified in various oceans, feature a unique chemical makeup—low in oxygen yet rich in particular minerals—allowing extreme microorganisms to thrive and evolve.

Recently, Froukje van der Zwan from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia and her team have identified a novel brine pool that is warm, carbon-rich, and possibly nourished by underwater volcanic activity.

On a recent expedition to two underwater volcanoes in the Red Sea, Haty Bamons and Mabahismons, Van der Zwan and her colleagues found several brine pools located near the summit of the volcano, about five kilometers from mineral deposits where salt concentration increases. They also discovered regions with numerous hydrothermal vents releasing mineral-rich water at temperatures around 60°C (140°F).

Using a robotic vehicle for sampling revealed that the pool was warmer than the surrounding water and exhibited elevated levels of metallic elements like zinc and manganese.

The hot water vents also contained rich gas. “They show relatively high CO2 levels, similar to methane… however, unlike other hot water vents where liquids mix with seawater, this might function as a trap for these gases, being sequestered in the salt water here.”

Researchers are currently examining microbial samples collected from these pools to understand how life adapts to such extreme environments. Nearby hydrothermal vents revealed thick mats and diverse lifeforms, including polychaete worms and amphipods, featuring microorganisms considerably larger than known marine counterparts.

Living within a saline pool may offer insights into how life might thrive in harsh extraterrestrial environments, such as the salty, iron-rich oceans beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa. If hydrothermal activities exist beneath this surface, it could present scenarios similar to the iron-rich brine pool discovered by Van der Zwan and her research team.

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Koalus Only Spends 1% of Its Life on the Ground, New Research Shows

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) A recent study by scientists from the University of Queensland and Sunshine Coast found that while koalas spend about 10 minutes a day on the ground, this behavior is linked to two-thirds of the koala fatalities recorded.

The wild koala features a custom-built collar that includes a GPS logger and an accelerometer. Image credit: Ami Fadhillah Amir Abdul Nasir.

The koala population in Australia has diminished by 54% over the past three decades.

Annually, millions of dollars are invested in initiatives aimed at safeguarding koalas, preserving their habitats, and treating various diseases.

Tragically, two-thirds of koala deaths occur on the ground due to vehicle accidents or attacks by dogs.

Despite extensive research, the specifics of how koalas interact with the ground remain largely unknown.

Conventional GPS tracking methods offer limited insight, as they typically document locations only once or twice a day.

“Koalas primarily reside in trees, but increasing land development forces them to descend, significantly raising their risk of injury and death,” stated a student from the University of Queensland.

“Our goal was to gain a deeper understanding of their behaviors during ground movements.”

“Key questions remain regarding how frequently koalas climb down from their trees, the distance they cover, whether they remain on the ground, and what factors influence these choices.”

“Identifying high-risk areas and times, and developing mitigation strategies during these vulnerable moments, is critical to our understanding.”

To fill these knowledge gaps, researchers employed a biologger that captures three-dimensional movements at several hundred points, mapping the koala’s directional movements during specific actions.

They tracked 10 wild koalas using an accelerometer and high-resolution GPS device for an average duration of eight days.

The researchers found that the koalas descended to the ground around three times a day, totaling just 45 minutes.

During these visits, the koalas covered an average distance of 260 meters at a typical walking speed of 1.7 km/h, with occasional bursts of up to 10.4 km/h.

By integrating accelerometer and GPS data, researchers were able to pinpoint specific trees that the koalas traversed between.

“Combining GPS tracks with movement data provides us with an in-depth perspective on how koalas navigate their habitats,” Sparks explained.

“The study confirmed that koalas predominantly stay in trees for sleeping and feeding, yet the extent to which they engage with the ground was startling.”

“We were surprised at the frequency and brevity of their ground activities; they descended only 2-3 times nightly, averaging 10 minutes in total, which is less than 1% of their day.”

“The time they spent sitting and pausing on the ground was nearly equal to the time spent walking, with only about 7% of their ground time dedicated to movement.”

“This suggests that koalas carefully assess their environment while on the ground, possibly weighing the energetic costs of remaining on the ground before deciding to climb a tree.”

This study marks the first detailed documentation of ground movements in wild koalas, raising new inquiries about their navigation in increasingly fragmented habitats.

“Currently, we’re investigating how environmental characteristics influence the time koalas spend in trees,” Sparks noted.

“If we can identify the tree and habitat features that encourage extended periods in the trees, we may be able to manage landscapes in ways that minimize the need for ground travel.”

These findings aim to steer koala conservation efforts, prioritizing specific plant types, enhancing canopy connectivity, and minimizing gaps between safe trees.

This research sheds light on koala behavior and is essential for more effective habitat management, ultimately aiming to lower mortality risks in critical zones.

“This research is just one piece of a larger puzzle, but it significantly enhances our understanding of how koalas interact with an increasingly urbanized environment,” Sparkes added.

The scientists presented their findings on July 1, 2025, at the Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference in Antwerp, Belgium.

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Gabriella R. Spark et al. “Ordinary” Watch: What do koalas do when they’re not sleeping? SEB 2025 Summary #A16.1

Source: www.sci.news

Water Could Be Even More Crucial for Alien Life Than Previously Believed

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The alien world found in their “habitable zone” of their stars may not be suitable for life yet

pandorumbs/alamy

Recent findings suggest the potential number of planets capable of supporting alien life may be fewer than previously assumed, largely due to advances in understanding planetary climates. When carbon dioxide levels in an atmosphere surpass a critical threshold, conditions can become inhospitable.

Life as we know it requires liquid water, prompting astronomers to target “habitable zones” around stars—regions where temperatures allow for water to exist in liquid form. However, Haskelle White-Gianella from the University of Washington and her research team have revealed that having liquid water alone does not guarantee habitability.

The researchers conducted nearly 10,000 simulations to determine how CO₂ levels fluctuate based on surface water amounts on planets that are Earth-sized. Their results indicate that at least 20% of Earth’s total water must be present for a planet to be potentially habitable.

This is largely due to the role rainfall plays in carbon storage within the ground through chemical reactions in rocks; insufficient rainfall could lead to CO₂ accumulation in the atmosphere, trapping heat and rapidly increasing temperatures beyond 126°C (259°F).

“We discovered that there exists a water threshold essential for maintaining a stable climate,” White-Gianella stated during the Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on July 10.

This indicates that simply being in a habitable zone does not guarantee that a planet can support life, according to White-Gianella, necessitating a deeper examination of geological histories.

A parallel situation may elucidate how Venus transformed into the inhospitable environment we observe today, White-Gianella shared at the conference. While the increase in the sun’s brightness since the solar system’s inception is believed to contribute to Venus’ atmospheric changes and temperature rise, it alone doesn’t account for all observed transformations. By re-running models with a Venus-like amount of starlight, the team found that even planets with water levels similar to Earth’s could lose too much CO₂, leading to uninhabitability.

This provides a compelling rationale for how planets similar to Venus can become excessively hot, as noted by Benjamin Tutoro from the University of Calgary in Canada. Over time, reductions in CO₂ emissions complicate planetary climates, as recorded in geological data from Mars.

In the case of Mars, liquid water attracted carbon dioxide and sequestered it as carbonate minerals, which ultimately thinned its atmosphere and cooled the planet, according to Tutoro. White-Gianella stated that the team’s simulations focused on Earth-like planets, agreeing that conditions on planets like Mars could differ significantly.

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https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/EsEuxDReV3k?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" title="Therapeutic Adventures in Minecraft with Ellie Finch" height="480" width="854" allowfullscreen="

Gaming as Life: How Therapists Leverage Video Games to Support Vulnerable Children

Posted on July 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

oWhen Russia’s invasion of Ukraine commenced, Leksii Sukhorukov’s son was just 12 years old. For months, their family endured trauma and uncertainty. Sukhorukov had to leave his job in the entertainment sector, which included virtual reality and video games, leading to isolation from friends and family. Amid all this chaos, his son found solace in Minecraft. No matter the turmoil outside, he could enter Mojang’s block-building game to escape.

“After February 24, 2022, my perspective on the game shifted dramatically,” Skorkov reflects. He discovered a community of Ukrainian children playing together online. Some lived under Russian occupation, while others resided in government-controlled regions frequently targeted by missile strikes. Many had become refugees, yet they managed to connect, support each other, and construct their own worlds. Isn’t that fascinating? I felt compelled to explore how video games could be harnessed for this purpose.”

Sukhorukov, who holds a degree in psychology, chose to return to his roots, aiming to integrate his gaming experience with mental health practices. He is now the MC of the Ukrainian National Psychological Association’s Cyber Psychology Department. In 2023, he launched HealGame Ukraine, a project focused on utilizing video games for mental and emotional health support. “Currently, in collaboration with the Donetsk National Institute of Technology, we are developing a Minecraft server aimed at bringing together Ukrainian children who feel particularly isolated due to the conflict,” he explains. “The server will be facilitated by psychologists and social workers, and we also plan to create a Minecraft project for children with special educational needs.”

Lighthouse…Moment from Oleksii Sukhorukov’s Wonderworld project, where kids create towers to connect with each other on Minecraft servers. Photo: оacy

Play has been a foundation of child therapy for nearly a century, thanks to pioneers like Anna Freud, Melanie Klein, and Virginia Axlein. However, the integration of video games into therapy has been spearheaded by a new generation of practitioners who grew up gaming since the early 2010s. In 2011, Massachusetts-based therapist and gamer Minecra Grova published “Reset: Video Games and Psychotherapy,” a guide for clinicians seeking to understand gaming culture’s impact on adolescents. This piqued the interest of UK counselor Ellie Finch. Growing up with Mega Drive games, she began contemplating how to incorporate games into therapy after engaging with titles like Nie and Minecraft in 2012. However, the onset of the pandemic halted her plans.

“I transitioned from in-person youth counseling to online sessions overnight,” Finch recalls. “There are limitations to providing counseling via video calls, and I noticed many of the children were gamers. I began discussing video games with them.

Minecraft has shown to be particularly effective for several reasons: it’s one of the most popular games globally, with over 200 million players, making it familiar and accessible to many kids. Its open and creative structure allows players to express themselves freely, gathering materials to construct homes, explore, and fend off zombies.

Finch creates a private Minecraft environment exclusively for her and the children she works with. Clients can dictate parameters; some may prefer no hostile characters and opt for creative mode, while others desire a flat sky landscape. “I often begin the first session by asking my clients to design a safe space in their world,” Finch states. “This could be a house, castle, or underwater observatory. Their creations reveal much about their inner world right from the start.”

The ideal home… Ellie Finch guides clients in building a secure home within Minecraft. Photo: Microsoft/Ellie Finch

Therapists can navigate the game in various ways, allowing for a non-directed format where they follow the client to develop trust and employ therapeutic skills to decode the ongoing dynamics. “Minecraft provides a sense of adventure,” Finch notes. “Clients might wish to explore caves, swim underwater, battle hostile mobs, or construct intricate machines, opening a multitude of possibilities.

Therapists can also employ commands that engage clients in therapeutic or psychoeducational tasks. Recently, Sukhorukov and Ukrainian psychologist Anna Schulha, along with nonprofit Martesezer Werke, orchestrated a quest called Wonderworld for Ukrainian refugees aged 11-13 in Germany. These children, often feeling isolated and burdened by forced migration, participated in sessions where they had to find envelopes containing Minecraft-related resources hidden around their living spaces and nearby parks. They then utilized these resources in the game to create cakes and other items.

“At the conclusion of each session, we encouraged kids to reflect on the positive emotions and experiences they encountered during the game,” Skorkov shares. “It’s fascinating to observe the kids’ constructions and the choices they make. Are they vibrant and open, or concealed underground? How do they navigate this gaming realm?

Finch resonates with the notion that creativity within video games serves as a medium of communication, akin to drawing or building with LEGO. “The kids have shown me their fears and feelings of entrapment by guiding me into dark caves. They constructed slime block trampolines to relieve tension. Teenagers have utilized the game to venture outside their ‘safe spaces’ and explore unfamiliar territories beyond the guidance of therapists and trusted adults. In 2024, she plans to collaborate with the Cambridge University Faculty of Education on a project named ‘Chasm: Creating Accessible Services Using Minecraft’ to showcase these therapeutic uses.

Today, an increasing number of therapists are exploring the potential of video games in diverse ways. Drawing influence from Sukhorukov, they’re doing essential work that elucidates the digital landscape, cyber trauma, and the realities children face in gaming.

It’s not just about Minecraft. Games like Fortnite, Roblox, and Animal Crossing are also becoming therapeutic tools. Regardless of the game, therapy is essential in reflecting the increasingly digital lives of our youth. “For individuals raised in a tech-rich world, digital play isn’t merely a pastime,” Stone asserts. “They utilize platforms, programs, and devices as their primary forms of creativity and connection, amplifying the foundations of psychotherapy rather than replacing them.

Finch is currently contemplating extending video game therapy to adults, recognizing that this approach can be beneficial across all ages, given her lifelong devotion to gaming.

For Sukhorukov, a profound dynamic exists between Ukrainian children and Minecraft. The therapeutic impact is expanding throughout the nation. “If you search for the term ‘майнкрафт’ on Ukrainian YouTube, you will find numerous videos created by Ukrainian children and teenagers within Minecraft. They reflect lives intersected by war, with military parents, loved ones, or displaced companions. The war has fragmented their connections, affecting every Ukrainian child.

“Moreover, there’s something else that may be challenging to convey. The homelands of many Ukrainians—Volnovakha, Sievierodonetsk, Soledar, Mar’inka, Bakhmut—only exist in Minecraft. Children lack the capacity to articulate their experiences in extensive articles about these realities.

Micrometric Protocells and Self-Organization: Insights into the Origin of Life

Posted on July 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Protocells are membrane-bound spheres formed from fatty molecules, thought to be similar to early living cell precursors.

Henning Dalhof/Science Photography Library

Structures similar to those enveloping living cells have demonstrated the ability to self-assemble in micrometeorites, hinting that dust across planets might contribute to life’s origins.

“If we can establish that protocells arise from micrometeorites here on Earth, it’s evident this could occur on other habitable planets,” states Irepgözen from Gomod, a Swedish research and education organization. “This brings me immense excitement.”

Various lipid molecules can spontaneously create membrane-bound spheres, referred to as protocells, as they resemble potential precursors to living cells. While this process can happen in solutions, Gözen is investigating methods to facilitate protocell formation on surfaces that typically do not foster such reactions.

Surfaces possess intrinsic energy, with exposed atoms lacking complete bonds, making them suitable for this transformation. “Creating a surface generates excess energy that seeks to be released,” she observes.

After recently analyzing Martian metstones, Gözen noted that their rough, grainy textures may enhance protocell formation. Consequently, she and her team introduced three types of micrometeorites into lipid suspensions. Post an overnight incubation, microscopic examination revealed the formation of protocells, especially in samples with lipids similar to those found in Archaea membranes.

Hundreds of micrometeorites exist, according to Gözen, and this study serves as an initial proof of concept. While the findings do not confirm the origin of the first living cells, Gözen finds the results intriguing, considering that simple organic compounds frequently appear in meteorites, and micrometeorites are probably widespread on planetary surfaces. “There’s a tiny nuclear reactor carrying intriguing prebiotic organic matter,” she remarks. “They’re falling on nearly every planet, all contained within one particle.”

“I find it exhilarating that micrometeorites possess sufficient surface energy to facilitate their [protocell] formation,” says Anna Wang from the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. “I wasn’t trained in physics.”

Gözen emphasizes that protocells formed on surfaces exhibit remarkable characteristics. “There’s a significant difference between reactions occurring on surfaces and in solutions,” she explains. “They establish a network of intriguing protocells interconnected by minute nanotubes, enabling content transfer. This allows for a very basic form of signaling.”

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Moonlight Peaks: Experience Life as a Little Vegan Vampire | Gaming Adventure

Posted on July 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

What would you do if you were a petite, vegan vampire? This intriguing question is posed by Moonlight Peaks, a Z-coded, Tiktok-responsive supernatural life simulation game. Drawing inspiration from the fondness for “cozy games” like Animal Crossing and Stardew Valley, Moonlight Peaks wraps you in the cape of Dracula’s daughter, who has fled from her father’s corpse to embrace a tranquil new existence.

Before long, she finds her home among werewolves and witches in the enchanting farming community of Moonlight Peaks, where she tends to crops and nurtures animals instead of preying on innocent lives. In this whimsical yet eerie game, you can craft your own plant-based blood substitute, befriend the town’s inhabitants, and resolve the many issues that linger from Papa Dracula’s legacy.

While farming and decorating are central to the gameplay, its creator mentions there is a remarkable array of story-driven quests to uncover. “I’m joking, you’re the town’s therapist,” quips art director Mia Boas. From the soothing woes of a troubled werewolf to the cries of mermaids, from drawing Grimm’s Grim Reaper to engaging in stabbing mini-games, and the developer’s whimsical promises of Little Chicken, the game offers more than just perfecting your haunted homestead.

“We aimed for a charming and cozy experience,” explains CEO and Game Director Yannis Bolman. “Initially, we had a mechanic that allowed you to bite bystanders. You’re trying to become friends with them, and then you’re chewing on them? It just felt very odd.”

Much like other social media-friendly life sims, Moonlight Peaks offers various romantic adventures for players to indulge in. “If you’re interested in a romantic connection, you can go on dates like stargazing or roasting marshmallows. The ultimate step is that you can transform them into vampires too—but only with their consent and a little nibble. Listen, you bite them.” It’s these adorable touches that can turn your fanged soulmate into a permanent resident of your home.

Bolman and Boas mention that fan feedback has been instrumental in steering the game’s development. With a lively artistic style that feels impressively smooth given the size of the team, Moonlight Peaks is poised to illuminate the dim corners of the SIM market.

What Makes the Universe’s Physical Constants Ideal for Life?

Posted on June 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

When observing the universe, we realize it can sustain life—if it couldn’t, we wouldn’t be here. This notion has been articulated numerous times throughout history, but it lies at the core of the philosophical debate known as the principle of humanity. While seemingly straightforward, it holds complexities.

This article is part of our special concept series, examining the intriguing perspectives scientists have on some of the most unexpected concepts in science. Click here for more information.

The universe seems to be delicately balanced on the edge of habitability, which leads to what scientists call “tweaking problems.” Several fundamental constants, from the mass of neutrons to gravity, require precise values for life to exist. “If some of these constants were larger, it could destabilize all atoms,” says Luke Burns from Western Sydney University, Australia.

The principles of humanity originated as a way to explain why the universe appears to be in this seemingly favorable condition, distilled into a simple idea: the universe must be this way, or we wouldn’t be here to observe it.

There are two central formulations of this principle, both articulated in a 1986 book by cosmologists John Barrow and Frank Tippler. The weak principle states that the basic constants of the universe must be in a state compatible with the existence of life—at least here and now. The strong principle goes further, asserting that these constants must lie within a range conducive to life, implying that the universe is designed to support it. This notion of “necessity” indicates that the universe exists to foster life.

If the weak principle suggests, “A tree falls in the forest and life must be able to thrive there,” the strong principle posits, “This planet is destined to have a forest where the tree can flourish.”

For contemporary scientists, the weak principle acts as a reminder of potential biases in our observations of the universe, especially if conditions are not uniform everywhere. “If we lived in a universe different from our current one, we’d find ourselves in conditions where life was feasible,” notes Shawn Carroll from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland.

As for the strong formulation of the principle, some physicists, like Burns, find it useful. He is exploring various multiverse models and sees the strong principle as a practical benchmark. This implies there’s a 100% chance at least one life-supporting universe will arise within the multiverse framework. Therefore, the closer a multiverse model approaches this 100% likelihood, the more plausible it becomes. Conversely, if the probability is around 50%, he views it as a solid signal of the model’s validity. “But if it hits a square meter, we have a problem,” he states.

Despite its utility, most physicists regard the strong principle as overly deterministic. It implies life was always meant to be present, according to Elliot Thorber from the University of Wisconsin-Madison. “However, the likelihood is minimal; life could have failed to emerge, and we would still be making the same observations.”

Where does that leave us? The strong extrinsic principle offers a solution to the fine-tuning dilemma, yet many consider it an irrational conclusion. In contrast, the weak principle doesn’t clarify why our universe’s constants are finely tuned, though it remains a valuable analytical tool for researchers. As principles go, this topic is quite complex.

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The Science of Friendship: Unlocking Ways to Enhance Your Life

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Building strong friendships may seem like a natural process—finding joy in each other’s presence, sharing laughter, and bonding over common interests. However, the unspoken dynamics of different types of friendships can often be complex. Recent research has shed light on the significance of these relationships in our overall happiness. Yet, there are strategies for nurturing meaningful connections.

This article is a part of our special series that explores how experts view some of the most intriguing concepts in science. Click here for additional information.

Jeffrey Hall, Director of the Relationships and Technology Labs at the University of Kansas, is among the researchers examining ways to cultivate friendships. He suggests viewing friendships as a spectrum—from mere acquaintances to our closest confidants who remain by our side.

“The fundamental requirement is mutual liking and a communication frequency that allows the relationship to develop,” he states. “Trust and a sense of safety in sharing secrets are expected, along with prioritizing each other above others.”

Time invested in a friendship is crucial, as highlighted by Hall’s research. In a series of studies, he had participants recently relocated to a new city map out their social lives. He found that individuals must spend about 57-164 hours with someone before they are deemed “friends,” while developing “good” or “best” friendships typically requires around 200 hours together.

The quality of time spent together is also vital. “Engaging in daily activities—eating, drinking, playing, exploring—helps cement these bonds because we want to share those moments with them,” says Hall, co-author of the upcoming book Social Biome, which delves into these themes. Conversely, being compelled to interact through work or study does little to foster genuine friendships.

It’s common to find ourselves gravitating toward individuals who share common traits. Over the last decade, anthropologist Robin Dunbar from Oxford University identified seven key attributes in “pillars of friendship.” These pillars represent deep connections stemming from shared language, culture, education, career experiences, interests, worldviews, humor, and musical tastes.

He notes that we may share only one or two of these pillars with around 150 people we identify as friends, while only five close companions and about six to seven truly good friends exist in our lives, as mentioned in his book Friends: Understanding the Influence of Our Most Important Relationships.

Interestingly, friends may even share similar brain activity patterns. In a 2018 study, Carolyn Parkinson at UCLA had students watch a series of videos in an fMRI scanner. The results showed that she could predict friendships based on similarities in their brain responses to the clips, indicating that closer friends often have synchronized neural activity.

As discussed in my book, Connection Law, Parkinson’s research explores the concept of shared reality. This idea suggests that having a mutual perspective on the world enhances relationships. “These individuals focus on similar aspects of life and share similar emotional responses to their experiences,” she notes.

Can these connections exist digitally? Hall believes they can. “Communicating via phone or video with loved ones is likely just as beneficial as in-person interactions,” he asserts. “Creating regular opportunities for digital communication can help maintain and enrich these relationships.”

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Star Flares May Obstruct Search for Life in Promising Star Systems

Posted on June 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Illustration of TRAPPIST-1, a red dwarf star with at least seven orbiting planets

Mark Garlick/Alamy

Investigating the atmosphere surrounding the TRAPPIST-1 star system, one of the most promising locations in the galaxy, may prove even more challenging for astronomers than previously anticipated due to sporadic radiation bursts emitted by the stars.

First identified in 2016, TRAPPIST-1 is a diminutive red star located about 40 light years from Earth and is known to orbit at least seven planets. Several of these planets are situated within habitable zones that could support liquid water, making them prime candidates for astronomers searching for signs of extraterrestrial life.

For life to be sustainable, these planets must retain an atmosphere. Up to now, extensive observations from the James Webb Space Telescope have shown no signs of atmospheres on any of the planets.

Now, Julien DeWitt from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and his team have detected minor bursts emanating from TRAPPIST-1 for several minutes each hour. These radiation surges seem to complicate the planets’ capacity to capture light filtering through their atmospheres — if they exist — which is essential for determining the chemical makeup of any atmosphere.

Using the Hubble Space Telescope, DeWitt and his team searched for specific ultraviolet wavelengths from TRAPPIST-1 that would be absorbed by hydrogen. If a planet detected this light more than anticipated while transiting in front of the star, it could suggest that hydrogen was escaping from its atmosphere.

Although they found no definitive evidence, significant variabilities in different observations hint that extra light is being emitted at certain times. Hubble data can be divided into 5-minute increments, showing that this additional light is fleeting. DeWitt and his team deduce that these must be microflares — akin to solar flares from our sun, but occurring more frequently.

TRAPPIST-1 is quite faint, requiring astronomers to observe for extended periods to gather enough light. “Furthermore, there’s this flaring activity, which coincides with the timing of the transiting planets,” DeWitt states. “It’s particularly difficult to draw any conclusive insights regarding the existence of [atmospheres on the exoplanets],” he adds.

DeWitt and his colleagues also assessed whether these flares could impede a planet’s ability to retain its atmosphere. They found that one planet, TRAPPIST-1b, which the James Webb Space Telescope had already failed to detect atmospheric evidence for, could lose an equivalent of 1,000 times the hydrogen found in Earth’s oceans every million years. However, it’s often challenging to pinpoint which of these flares actually impact the planet. DeWitt suggests many uncertainties and various scenarios still need exploration.

Such stars can exhibit varying activity levels, but TRAPPIST-1 appears to be experiencing a more active phase, states Ekaterina Ilin from the Dutch Institute of Radio Astronomy. “This outcome isn’t completely unexpected or otherworldly; it’s just unfortunate. It’s more active than we had hoped,” she remarks. “In a way, it adds new layers to interpreting these flares, especially if you consider them.”

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How Your Social Life May Influence Your Risk of Dementia

Posted on June 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking research indicates that middle-aged individuals in the initial stages of Alzheimer’s disease may become more sociable.

Utilizing data from nearly half a million Britons over 40, the study revealed that those at a high genetic risk for Alzheimer’s are more likely to enjoy positive social lives, have happy family relationships, and experience less isolation.

“This finding was remarkable for us,” stated Dr. Scott Zimmerman, a senior researcher at Boston University. BBC Science Focus.

“We anticipated finding evidence of withdrawal from social networks, possibly due to changes in social activities and mood regulation. Instead, we encountered the opposite.”

Research published in American Journal of Epidemiology, concluded that individuals showing early signs of Alzheimer’s may engage more with family and friends, noting subtle changes in cognitive functions, and may receive additional support through daily interactions.

Dementia has often been linked to feelings of social isolation and loneliness. However, it remains unclear whether such loneliness is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer’s or if social withdrawal stems from the disease itself.

These findings imply that adults genetically predisposed to Alzheimer’s are unlikely to withdraw socially years prior to a formal diagnosis when significant symptoms emerge.

“Their social life may expand,” explained co-author Dr. Ashwin Kotwal, an associate professor of medicine at UCSF. He noted that this study does not contradict previous research on Alzheimer’s and social withdrawal but rather enhances the understanding of the relationship.

“This study suggests that the connection between social isolation and dementia risk, supported by other research, is not simply a result of early symptoms leading to withdrawal,” said co-researcher Dr. Louisia Chen, a postdoctoral researcher at Boston University. BBC Science Focus.

“This underscores the importance of maintaining social connections for better brain health.”

Adults in their 40s, 50s, and 60s with a genetic predisposition to dementia showed a greater tendency to thrive socially – Credit: Skynesher via Getty

In addition to genetic predispositions, various lifestyle factors can influence the development of dementia, including exercise habits, smoking, blood pressure, glucose levels, sleep patterns, mental health, and medication use.

These modifiable factors may explain around 30% of Alzheimer’s cases, with loneliness potentially being one of them.

“In an era marked by decreasing social engagement, we hope families, communities, and policymakers will explore ways to foster healthy social interactions throughout people’s lives,” remarked Dr. Jacqueline Torres, an associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics. BBC Science Focus.

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About our experts

Dr. Scott Campbell Zimmerman is a senior researcher in epidemiology at Boston University’s Faculty of Public Health.

Dr. Ashwin Kotwal is an assistant professor of medicine in the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine’s Department of Geriatric Medicine. He co-leads UCSF’s social connection and aging lab, focusing on the health impacts of loneliness and social isolation among older populations.

Dr. Louisia Chen is a postdoctoral researcher in epidemiology at Boston University’s Faculty of Public Health. Her work focuses on how social determinants over the life course contribute to the risks and disparities related to dementia.

Dr. Jacqueline Torres is a social epidemiologist at the UCSF School of Medicine and an associate professor of epidemiology and biostatistics. Her current research examines how policies, families, and communities influence population health, particularly during middle and late stages of life.

Evacuating Early Complex Life to Meltwater Ponds: Insights from a Snowman Earth Episode

Posted on June 20, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

New findings from MIT indicate that early eukaryotes (complex life forms that eventually evolved into the diverse multicellular organisms we see today) may have thrived in meltwater ponds between 72 and 635 million years ago during a period referred to as Snowman Earth.

Impressions of the artist “Snowman Earth.” Image credit: NASA.

Snowman Earth is a colloquial term for a period in Earth’s history characterized by extensive ice coverage across the planet.

This term often refers to two consecutive glacial events that occurred during the Cleogen era, a timeframe geologists define as lasting from 635 million to 72,000 years ago.

The debate remains whether the Earth was akin to a solid snowball or a softer “slash ball.”

What is certain is that much of the planet experienced deep freeze conditions, with an average temperature of about 50 degrees Celsius.

The pressing question is how and where life managed to survive during this time.

“We aim to comprehend the essentials of complex life on Earth,” stated Fatima Hussain, a graduate student at MIT.

“We examine eukaryotic evidence before and after the Crazians in the Fossil Record, yet there’s limited direct evidence regarding their habitats.”

“The main mystery lies in how life persisted. We are working to uncover the specifics of how and where.”

Numerous theories suggest potential refuges for life during Snowman Earth, such as isolated areas of open ocean (if they existed), around deep-sea hydrothermal vents, and underneath ice sheets.

By examining meltwater ponds, Hussain and her team explored the idea that surface meltwater could have supported eukaryotic life during the planet’s early years.

“There are various hypotheses regarding potential survival habitats for life during the Crazians, but we lack comprehensive analogs,” Hussain remarked.

“Meltwater ponds are currently found on Earth, easily accessible, and provide a unique opportunity to focus on the eukaryotes inhabiting these environments.”

For their study, the researchers analyzed samples from meltwater ponds in Antarctica.

In 2018, scientists visited the McMurdo Ice Shelf region of East Antarctica, which is known for its small meltwater ponds.

In this area, water freezes all the way to the seabed, encompassing dark sediments and marine life.

The loss of wind-driven ice from the surface creates a conveyor belt effect, gradually bringing trapped debris to the surface, which absorbs solar warmth, melting surrounding ice and leading to the creation of shallow meltwater ponds.

Each pond is adorned with mats of microorganisms that have accumulated over time, forming sticky communities.

“These mats can be several centimeters thick and are vibrant, clearly demonstrating distinct layers,” Hussain explained.

These microbial mats consist of single-celled, photosynthetic organisms, such as cyanobacteria, which are prokaryotic and lack nuclei or other organelles.

While these ancient microorganisms are known to withstand extreme environments like meltwater ponds, researchers sought to determine if complex eukaryotic organisms—characterized by cell nuclei and membrane-bound organelles—could also survive in such harsh conditions.

To address this question, the researchers required more than just a microscope, as the defining traits of microscopic eukaryotes within microbial mats are often too subtle to discern visually.

The study involved analyzing specific lipids called sterols and a genetic component known as ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA). Both serve as identifiers for various organisms.

This dual analytical approach provided complementary fingerprints for distinct eukaryotic groups.

In their lipid analysis, the researchers uncovered numerous sterols and rRNA genes in microbial mats that align closely with certain types of algae, protists, and microscopic animals.

They were able to assess the diversity and relative abundance of lipid and rRNA genes across different ponds, suggesting that these ponds are home to a remarkable variety of eukaryotes.

“The two ponds exhibit differences. There’s a recurrent cast of organisms, but they manifest uniquely in different environments,” Hussain noted.

“We identified a diverse array of eukaryotic organisms spanning all major groups in every pond we studied.”

“These eukaryotes are descendants of those that managed to survive Snowman Earth.”

“This underscores how meltwater ponds during the Snowman period globally could have nurtured eukaryotic life, enabling the diversification and emergence of complex organisms, including ourselves, in later epochs.”

Study published in the journal Nature Communications.

____

F. Hussain et al. 2025. Diverse eukaryotic biosignatures from the Earth-analogous environment of Antarctic Snowman. Nat Commun 16, 5315; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60713-5

Source: www.sci.news

Will Life Beneath the Waves Shape Our Future as Sea Levels Rise?

Posted on June 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Is this the future in a world where the oceans are rising?

Deep R&D Ltd

The Bajau are indigenous marine people of Southeast Asia, often referred to as sea nomads. For millennia, they have thrived along coastlines, relying on foraging underwater without the aid of diving gear, holding their breath for astonishing durations. Yet, the early 21st century introduced multiple crises that jeopardized their way of life—industrial overfishing, pollution, coral bleaching diminished food sources, and rising sea levels consumed coastal dwellings.

In 2035, a Bajau community near Saba, North Borneo, initiated fundraising for a contemporary floating and underwater settlement. They collaborated with deep, a manufacturer of submarine habitats, to create interconnected rafts and underwater homes, developing business models that could be emulated by other maritime communities facing similar threats from rising seas. Revenue streams included extreme adventure tourism, scientific research facilities, and longevity clinics.

The first habitat comprised a network of platforms and rafts, with tunnels leading to underwater levels. While residents occupied surface structures, they increasingly utilized submerged areas for storage, sustenance, and sleep. This habitat was constructed using a 3D printing technique known as Wire arc additive manufacturing, which allowed the most effective pressure distribution in areas experiencing strain.

The deeper sections were maintained at both ambient water pressure and the corresponding atmospheric pressure from the surface. In modules situated less than 20 meters deep, occupants, referred to as Aquanauts, inhaled a unique gas mixture to prevent nitrogen narcosis. Those exiting deep modules required decompression when returning to normal atmospheric conditions. An advantage of these surrounding modules was the incorporation of a moon door, enabling Aquanauts to swim directly into the deep sea for leisure, research, and farming activities.

Undersea hotels catering to extreme tourism have surged in popularity. In the Galapagos, tourists reside in submerged hydroelectric hotels, exploring hot springs and observing some of the planet’s rarest life forms. Simultaneously, scientists harness these modules to investigate deep-sea ecosystems. Undersea mapping technologies have evolved, enabling researchers to explore vast ocean territories that were previously unreachable, fostering understanding and interactions with whales and other deep-sea creatures, leading to significant advancements in marine biology.

Aquanauts can swim directly into the deep sea for recreational, research, and agricultural activities

The Bajau have long been adapted to marine environments. With thousands of years at sea, they possess enlarged spleens that provide a higher quantity of oxygen-retaining red blood cells compared to typical humans. Some Bajau divers can spend five hours underwater, diving freely to depths of 70 meters without oxygen tanks, holding their breath for up to 15 minutes. After transitioning to seabed habitats, many Bajau began to leave behind surface living, opting instead to spend more time submerged, even resorting to gene editing to enhance their aquatic capabilities, including intentional eardrum puncturing to facilitate deeper dives, and utilizing surfactants in their lungs to aid their decompression, akin to adaptations found in diving marine mammals.

Numerous communities have established depth clinical treatments. Previous research has demonstrated that exposure to intermittent daily sessions of pressurized oxygen therapy can alleviate various medical conditions and age-related diseases. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy, for instance, has proven beneficial, leading individuals who underwent consistent high-pressure sessions to possess longer telomeres and enhanced clearance of senescent cells, both of which are linked to increased longevity. The deep habitat has attracted affluent seniors looking to extend their lives, simultaneously providing a lucrative income source.

The majority of marine communities have become self-sufficient, cultivating their own food through aquaculture of fish, mollusks, and seaweed, while also growing other crops on the surface. Energy sources include a combination of solar, wind, wave, and geothermal energy, tailored to local conditions. Some communities focus on tourism, whereas others specialize in carbon capture within medical facilities. A significant amount of seaweed is harvested, sunk into the ocean depths, and sold as carbon credits.

Living beneath the waves isn’t for everyone. Nonetheless, these habitats empower those most vulnerable to climate change, giving them the tools to redefine their livelihoods and lifestyles, even in the face of rising sea levels that threaten their homes.

Rowan Hooper is the podcast editor for New Scientist and author of *How to Spend $1 Trillion: These are 10 Global Issues That Can Be Actually Fixed*. Follow him on Bluesky @rowhoop.bsky.social

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My Sister’s Death Led Me to Uncover Her Search History and Online Life

Posted on May 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

a
Dele Zeynep Walton sensed something was off when she emerged from a caravan in New Forest at 8 am, camping with her boyfriend. Initially frustrated by the early start, she quickly realized the car was off course, and upon approaching, found her mother appeared “hysterical.” “Right away,” she recalls, “I thought, ‘That’s Amy.'”

Amy, Walton’s younger sister, was 21 and had been struggling with mental health issues for several months. She had a passion for music technology and art, with her stunning self-portraits adorning their family home in Southampton. A big fan of Pharrell Williams, she once received five calls to join him on stage at a concert. However, as her mental health declined, she became increasingly unreachable. “For two months, I had no idea where she was or what she was doing,” Walton says.

That October morning in 2022, Walton uncovered a devastating truth. Amy was found dead in a hotel room in Slough, Berkshire, presumed to have taken her own life. In the following days, Walton and her family would begin to understand Amy’s path—a journey facilitated by a complex web of online connections.

She loved music and art… some of Amy’s self-portraits in her family home. Photo: Peter Fluid/Guardian

Walton, a 25-year-old journalist, pieced together that Amy had engaged with a suicidal promotion forum that the Guardian opted not to name. This site is
linked to at least 50 deaths
in the UK and is currently
under investigation by Ofcom, a regulator under the online safety law. Police investigating Amy’s death revealed that at this forum, Amy learned how to obtain the substance that ended her life and met the man who flew to Heathrow to accompany her at the end. (He was initially charged with assisting suicide, but no further action was taken.)

Sitting in the garden of her parents’ house in Southampton, Walton describes how she came to write about the events that transpired. Her book,
Logoff: Human costs in the digital world
is partly a tribute to her sister and partly an exploration of the implications of everyday web browsing, fate, and the digital world that can perpetuate harm.

“I thought: I need to dedicate myself to uncovering this. Why is the public unaware of these ongoing harms? Because they are constant.” She references Vlad Nikolin-Caisley from Southampton, saying that earlier this month,
a woman was arrested
on suspicion of aiding his suicide.

With a review of Aimee’s death in June, Walton hopes that online factors will be included in the investigation and that “online harm” will be acknowledged as a cause or contributing factor in her sister’s death.

This phrase has become familiar to her. “Until I lost Amy, I didn’t understand what ‘online harm’ meant,” she reflects. She first heard the term from
Ian Russell, Molly’s father and a campaigner for online safety. Molly Russell was 14 when she took her life after being exposed to images and videos of self-harm. Uniquely, the coroner stated that online activity “had contributed to her death in a minimal way.” Walton hopes a similar perspective will be taken in her sister’s case, believing that calling it “suicide” alone fails to account for the impact of the digital world and places unfair blame on Amy while leaving it unregulated.

“We can become vulnerable at any time in our lives”… Amy’s photo. Photo: Peter Fluid/Guardian

Initially labeling her sister’s death a “suicide,” Walton now feels this term no longer adequately reflects Amy’s situation. When suicide is seen as a voluntary action, how much choice does a person really have when influenced by an intentional online community? And if individuals are genuinely free to choose, Walton questions, how does the algorithm continuously presenting Amy with self-harm content shape her experience? “That’s where it becomes hard for me to label it a suicide,” Walton asserts. “My intuition tells me Amy was groomed and that her decision was not entirely hers.”

Her deep dive into these issues has transformed Walton into an activist. She collaborates with
Bereaved Families for Online Safety
and serves as a young people’s ambassador for
People vs Big Technology. “We must address these issues head-on,” she emphasizes. “If we don’t, it fosters the belief that online safety is solely a personal responsibility.”

Walton recounts how police indicated that the man who accompanied Amy at the hotel had shared the room for 11 days prior to her passing. The room contained Amy’s notes, but Walton mentioned they were so filled with pain that they were unreadable. He later told police that he was “working.” She reveals that the man called 999 after Amy ingested the toxic substance but declined to administer CPR. Amy has since been linked to 88 deaths in the UK and the toxic substances are purportedly sourced from Kenneth Law, a Canadian under investigation by the National Crime Agency.

A New York Times investigation revealed the forum was established by two men. Walton visited the forum herself, wanting to trace her sister’s final interactions. “Many posts essentially say, ‘Your family doesn’t care about you; you should do this.’ They phrase it, ‘When are you getting on the bus?'”

Walton views this forum as a form of radicalization towards extreme behaviors that individuals may never have contemplated. She is alarmed by the thought that the man with Amy may have been “living a twisted fantasy as an incel, where a vulnerable young woman seeks to end her life.”

Prior to Amy’s death, Walton held a neutral stance on technology. Now, she describes, “The digital world is a distorted reflection of our offline world, amplifying its dangers.” In her book, her consideration of online harm victims spans a range of experiences, from Archie Batasby, who visited TikTok on the day he suffered a life-changing brain injury, to Meareg Amare Abrha, a university professor in Ethiopia who was killed after posting provocatively on Facebook. She also contemplates Amazon workers striving for better pay and conditions, alongside “Tony,” a 90-year-old neighbor who faced digital exclusion yet taught Walton how to use smartphones.

“For too long, the facade of technology has been equated with progress and innovation, which is a notion I challenge in my book,” she asserts. She recalls infamous public figures like Zuckerberg, Cook, Pichai, Bezos, and Musk, questioning, “Where are the engineers?” and stressing the interconnectedness of these power networks.

“The campaign allows survivors to regain control”… Amy’s bedroom in her family home. Photo: Peter Fluid/Guardian

Yet, Walton sometimes describes her experience as akin to being the digital equivalent of climate scientists from the 1970s. She acknowledges that her relationship with technology is complex, much like Amy’s. Her cherished memories of playing together revolve around their family computer in their parents’ bedroom.

“Chadwick and the Despicable Egg Thief – there’s video of us playing at 3 years old. We’ve played Color Games repeatedly. I’ve been taking photos with a ‘Digicam’ since I was 8, not to mention Xbox, Nintendo, computers—all just for fun!”

In a way, Walton describes her existence as a “double life.” Her book critically examines her own habits. While writing it, she lived in tracksuits, yet none of her
Instagram
posts reveal this journey. She uses the app to limit her screen time and shares
TikToks about “logoff.” Video calls have also allowed her family to “grieve together” after her sister’s passing, many of whom reside in Türkiye.

Promoting her book has made it tough to detach from screens. “I feel like a hypocrite!” she admits. “My screen time this week is nine and a half hours.”
A day? “I don’t like it,” she replies, “I typically average six hours.”

Ultimately, she doesn’t aim for perfection, stating, “I’m in control of it all, guys.”

In her book, Walton notes, “The campaign allows survivors to reclaim the control that was taken from them,” a sentiment that resonates with her as the process seems exhausting. “Did I say that?” she questions, surprised. “But if I hadn’t engaged in this, where would that anger go? It would consume me and make me unwell.”

She has also engaged local MPs (first Royston Smith, then Darren Puffy), and Secretary of State Peter Kyle to seek answers about what occurred with Amy. “When we discuss online safety, it’s often framed in terms of protecting children. While that’s crucial, I also represent Amy; it’s about all of us. We can become vulnerable at any stage in our lives. If we focus solely on children’s safety, we become 18 and still don’t know how to navigate a healthy digital life,” she explains.

“I feel it’s my duty to Amy since I wish I could have shielded her.” Her eyes glisten with unshed tears.

Balancing her grief with activism has proven challenging. “Some days I genuinely can’t handle it, or I just need a day in bed, as my body struggles to keep pace with all the emotional weight.”

“But this is my mission. Those in power only act if they feel the weight of this pain. If Mark Zuckerberg experienced the loss of a child due to online harm, perhaps he would finally understand, ‘Oh my God, I need to pay attention.'”

Logoff: Human costs in the digital world Adele Zeynep Walton will be published by Trapeze on June 5th (£20). To support the Guardian, consider ordering a copy at
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Reader Responses: What Are Your Top 5 Must-Have Items When Preparing? | Life and Style

Posted on May 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In light of the recent blackouts in Spain and Portugal, what are the five key items you would recommend storing? Johannesburg Arena Ahmad

Feel free to send me a new question at nq@theguardian.com.

Responses from Readers

Living in a wildfire zone, I was evacuated in 2020 when half the town burned. You can only prepare so much for emergencies. Loss of electricity isn’t catastrophic; within a day, you’ll need some form of light or battery backup, non-cooking options, or a small camping stove. Using your car to charge devices for updates is essential, as well as keeping some drinking water on hand.

If the outage lasts long, anticipate potential plumbing issues. The discomfort of no electricity for a week was challenging, but somehow we made it through. Kiramango

Consider UPS (uninterruptible power supply) and satellite phones to stay connected when local cell sites fail and 4G networks go down. Socialism

The most effective tools are tall, robust, and healthy ones, especially if you’re shorter. A lot of challenges can be solved with a little extra height.

Having a car with enough fuel to reach relatives’ homes is crucial. A working fire or gas cooker can be a lifesaver, though I don’t have either.

Don’t forget candles—and matches—unless either of you is a smoker. An Ace battery-operated lantern with a carry handle is also great for illuminating your surroundings. Spare batteries and canned food are a must; don’t overlook powdered milk. SPOILHEAPSURFER

During the outage in Spain, I found a solar-powered radio with a hand-crank very useful, along with a portable power station, cash, bottled water, a headlamp, and a gas barbecue. KPNUTS888

A camping stove with gas, candles and matches, flashlights, firewood, and bottled water are essentials. hugothecat

These blackouts reminded us to always have cash on hand. Rebchlobrown

In the spirit of the Zombie Apocalypse, I suggest cooking through a survival guide and recipes. Before I dig into an emergency stash, we must stay prepared. Cambridgels

Water, lentil cakes, nuts, and a Roberts sports radio (compact enough for a pocket) are essential. Aside from water, the food needs to be lightweight in case you have to travel far. Monono

As an ex-Red Cross emergency volunteer in London, I’ve faced many crises, including blackouts. My “go bag” contains:
Toilet paper
Soap
Toothbrush and toothpaste
Change of clothes, sturdy footwear, raincoat
Blanket
First aid kit with extras like blister plasters and water filtration tablets
Two large water bottles
Four days’ worth of non-perishable snacks (like cereal bars)
Battery and solar-powered radio
Battery and solar-powered flashlight
Maps and compass
A small address book with the contact details of my loved ones.

As a British botanist in the mountains studying Portuguese flora during the outage, I realized the importance of a portable solar charger. Much of our communication relies on mobile phones, and connection is often unreliable. Being able to plan and inform others of your safety is vital.

Have cash on hand, as cards and ATMs may not work, making it essential for purchasing food and bottled water.

Sturdy shoes or boots are critical, as you might need to walk a significant distance.

Light sources are crucial; darkness can lead to hazards and can also take a toll on your mental state.

Lastly, maintain a sense of humor and adventure. It’s grounding to reconnect with the realities faced by those who lived in more challenging times and to appreciate the simpler comforts of life.

After navigating out of the mountains, I was relieved to find my anxious partner waiting for me. Astrid Cardamine

I found myself in New York during the Great Northeast Blackout in 2003. My plan to fly back to the UK was interrupted as the last person through security just as the lights went out and facilities ceased to function. Passengers came together, sharing food, drinks, phone cards, and support.

My preparations include a good book, a good sense of humor, kindness, hope, and something to share. Wooraifid

In the face of potential chaos, I advocate for a mindset of calm amid panic, moderation over despair, and humor amid ennui. theteedeehoo

Don’t skimp on toilet paper. Stock up! dorkalicious

Consider flexible lamps with paperback-sized solar panels; a few hours of sunlight can provide an hour of light. These fit easily into a backpack. They might not be effective during a nuclear winter, but they are handy otherwise. Has anyone mentioned chocolate? Gardenerofearth

Dark chocolate (78%), sweet popcorn, and if we’re being comprehensive, Jaffa Cakes, Pringles, and Hula Hoops. My survival list is quite elaborate. Emmaston

As a Californian with a comprehensive earthquake kit, remember to always have cash! Annually, we check our prep supplies and replace any expired food, batteries, and medications. jgurrrl

Gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles are essential; an angle grinder might just help you out of a tight spot. wyrcommunity

As a Canadian, I fill containers with water during storms and keep my supplies ready. We have a wood stove for warmth and snow melting, as well as camping gear for making coffee. Solar banks and lights, battery-operated options, and a gas generator—plus some beer—are all on hand. Marmarie

Do prepare, don’t panic; be ready for whatever might come next. bricklayersoption

From Ideal Gardening Tools to Eight Pounds of Mascara: My Top Picks of the Month | Life and Style

Posted on May 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

the arrival of spring always accelerates the rhythm of life, especially with the hustle of tidying up the sprawling house and garden. I’ve been fortunate enough to enjoy the delightful early sunshine this season.

Throughout winter, I kept my gaze primarily indoors. Most plants that I bought with hope last summer seemed doubtful of survival. Thus, it’s heartening to see the garden springing back to life. Many of you share this sentiment; the response to our article on getting your garden summer-ready and organizing for spring has been overwhelmingly positive.

It’s also the ideal moment to clear away the cobwebs from your summer wardrobe and rejuvenate it with fresh pieces, be it a “chic spring sweater,” stylish barrel-leg trousers, or an £8 mascara. (If you’re interested in shopping sustainably, check out our recent guide on vintage clothing.)

Bargain Mascara

L’Oréal Paradise Big Deal Volume Mascara

_{£8 on Amazon}

Savin Wiesel, a former beauty editor with a mascara obsession, is on a quest for the best product. After retesting 25 favorites and five new releases, she curated an impressive selection. “Even those who prefer a low-maintenance approach tend to own mascara,” she notes. Sabine’s top pick is a best-seller that she swears transforms lashes with just one swipe.

Best Budget Secateurs

Photo: Cremy Power Collins

Spear & Jackson Razorsharp Advantage Bypass Secateurs

_{£9.95 on Amazon}

“Secateurs are among the most essential tools in gardening, as vital as a well-crafted trowel,” notes Matt Collins, head gardener at the Garden Museum in London, emphasizing their importance in spring. “It’s time to trim perennials and grasses to promote new growth.” He describes these Spear & Jackson secateurs as “simple yet durable tools that excel in functionality.”

Photo: Jonathan Buckley

Niwaki Hori Hori Knife

_{£32.95 at Sarah Raven}

When asked about their preferred tools, professional gardeners consistently mention the Hori Hori. It’s noted as a favorite among experts for summer preparations. “It’s multifunctional, ideal for digging, cutting, weeding, and planting,” says Lulu Roper-Caldbeck.

Spring Sweater

Borden Enid Embroidered Jumper

_{£112 at John Lewis}

“I adore chic sweaters,” states Jess Kurtner Morley in April’s Style Essentials. “Finding a stylish jumper can be a challenge,” she remarks, highlighting its versatility for cool evenings. “I pair this with a black camisole for a layered look.”

Five-Star Rated Coconut Milk

Biona Organic Coconut Milk

_{£11.95 for 6 x 400ml on Amazon}

“I prefer high-quality coconut milk; there’s a noticeable difference between products loaded with sweeteners and stabilizers,” remarks Ravinder Bhogal in a tasting of coconut milk.

Barrel Leg Trousers

Jersey Trousers

_{£34.90 at Uniqlo}

Initially highlighted by Jess Cartner Morley as a cost-effective way to achieve a high-end look, these Uniqlo Barrel Leg trousers have earned popularity as one of our top choices in the Women’s Spring Wardrobe Essentials guide. Their wearability is certainly a selling point.

Skip past newsletter promotions

Ultra-Portable Power Bank

Anker Nano

_{£29.99 at Anker}

“Compact, efficient, and easily fits in your pocket,” praises reviewer Pete Wise about this 102g power bank. “No other power banks match its combination of charging prowess and portability,” he adds. With a 5,000mAh capacity, it provides ample energy for most smartphones.

The Best Sunscreen

Altruistic Sunscreen SPF50

_{£27.95 for 1 liter on Amazon}

“Using sunscreen is essential; otherwise, anti-aging products are futile,” states Sari Hughes, an expert on age-defying skincare. This dermatologist-recommended formula might seem pricey, but it is an excellent investment in high-quality sun protection.

‘Glass Hair’ Conditioning Gloss

Glaze Clear Conditioning Gloss

_{£15.99 on Amazon}

Hayley Spencer consulted experts on achievable, DIY-friendly beauty treatments. “Glass hair” can be easily attained at home. “The shine and freshness of salon-treated hair are undeniably appealing,” she mentions. This clear conditioning gloss, which can be applied to dry hair, takes only 10 minutes to work its magic.

Best Budget Walking Pad

Rattantree Shock Absorbent Treadmill

_{£142.49 at Debenhams}

While there’s no substitute for walking outdoors, under-desk treadmills are on the rise for boosting daily steps while at work. The Rattantree model provides solid value at £142.49, as noted by Fitness Fanatic Leon Poultney. “It may lack the frills of pricier models, but it’s lightweight and covers the basics for anyone looking to increase their step count.”

Pollock-Style Bud Vase

Rainbow Vase

_{Starting at £12.50 on Etsy}

A popular choice among readers, this vibrant vase adds a splash of color to any space, designed to hold a single flower stem. It’s a simple and affordable way to brighten your home. Fashion writer Ellie Violet Brumley notes that it pushes the boundaries of traditional splatter patterns.

AI-Powered Humanoid Workers and Surveillance Buggy: The Impact on Daily Life in China

Posted on April 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

oOn Saturday afternoon in Central Park in Shenzhen, a teenage girl gag evacuates from a drizzle under a concrete canopy. Putting stacked bags of potato chips in front of them, they swarm around some smartphones and sing towards the Mandoppo ballad. Their laughter rang across the grass around them, until they drilled holes in a mechanical, lively sound. Someone ordered dinner.

A few meters away from the improvised karaoke session is the “Airdrop Cabinet.” This is one of over 40 things in Deep Shenzhen, run by Meituan, China’s largest food delivery platform. The Hungry Park offers everything you can order, from rice noodles to subway sandwiches and bubble tea.

Loaded with items from a shopping mall less than 3km, drones watch, listen, listen, hover over the delivery station before lowering and depositing the items in a sealed box that can only be unlocked by entering the customer’s phone number. Dinner is served with non-humans. Meituan aims to beat human delivery times by about 10%, perhaps for a journey through the clouds in a thin polystyrene box.

The drone will take off from the rooftop of a shopping mall in Shenzhen, China on April 3, 2025. Photo: Anthony Kwan/The Guardian

Drones are just a part of the broader robotics and artificial intelligence industry that China intends to expand this year.

With the trade war furious, demographic challenges are dragged into the economy, and the prospects for productive relationships with the world’s largest economy seem farther than ever. Chinese leaders see artificial intelligence as key to solving problems created by the shrinking workforce, upgrading its military power, and solving the source of public pride, especially if Chinese companies avoid US-led sanctions on core technologies. And as technology companies have tried to crack down on excessive wealth and influence outside of the control of the Xi Jinping state, which has been shunned by Chinese leaders for many years, Xi’s neighbors are welcomed by folds as they seek to restore confidence in the private sector and encourage domestic innovation.

In March, Prime Minister Li Qiang promised to “unleash the creativity of the digital economy” with a special focus on “embodied AI.” Guangzhou, including the deep Shenzhen high-tech hub, is at the forefront of this movement. The state government recently announced 60m yuan (£6.4m) in new funding for the innovation centre. In particular, Demi Shenzhen is known as China’s drone capital due to its progressive approach to drone regulation, allowing the “low-altitude economy” to develop faster than the rest of the country. China’s Civil Aviation Authority predicts the sector’s value will increase by 3.5TN Yuan by five times over the next decade.

Drones aren’t the only ones who promise or threaten the tempo of Chinese urban life. Humanoid robots are particularly lively. The highlights of this spring festival gala have been seen almost 1.7 billion times, A dance performed by a group of humanoid robots It was created by a company called Unitree. On Saturday, the world’s first humanoid vs humanity – half marathon – took place in the suburbs of Beijing.

The robots will be participating in Saturday’s race. Photo: Ng Han Guan/AP

Rui Ma, a Chinese technology analyst and investor based in San Francisco, said: This shift will enable industry growth In 2025, it’s much faster than in the past few years. Reinforcement learning means training robots to learn from experience rather than relying on hard models, training humanoid robots in months rather than years, speeding up the pace of innovation. Toy robot dogs are already part of everyday life in China. At Yiwu’s wholesale market, a trade hub in Zhijiang province in eastern China, mothers stay with exporters beyond the price of eyelashes while children play with robotic dogs. In Streets in Shanghaiwoman walking robot dog. This carries a shopping basket on its back.

The drone run by Meituan, which has been loaded with products, will take off from the rooftop shopping at Shenzhen, China on April 3, 2025. Photo: Anthony Kwan/The Guardian

The development of China’s robotics industry is closely linked to advances in AI. For years, China has been catching up to the US. XI wants to promote economic growth through “new quality productivity” that includes advanced technology.

Many in Washington fear that the US lead is narrowing. One of the main tools in the US arsenal controls a critical part of the supply chain of semiconductors, the microchips used to train advanced AI models. The US has restricted exports of its most sophisticated chips to China. This is part of a strategy that former national security adviser Jake Sullivan described as “highfence” with the most strategically valuable technologies in the United States.

However, in January, a previously unknown Chinese company called Deepseek sets the Chinese technological scene and releases the R1, a massive linguistic inference model, to perform at a price that leads its US competitors. The model wiped out 1TN from Wall Street’s main technology index, causing a stock market crash as investors feared that US pole positions in high-tech races were no longer guaranteed.

“You can’t stress too much how crazy it is,” says MA.

Since then, China’s AI industry has been filled with optimism. As an answer to China’s long-term and sustainable growth, it was already being promoted by the government, and now the people are beginning to believe it, says Ma.

Meituan drones remove orders at the “Airdrop Cabinet” in Shenzhen, China. Photo: Meituan

Li Shuhao, a Guangzhou-based high-tech entrepreneur who founded AI marketing company TEC-DO in 2017, was in the US when the Deepseek moment happened. Suddenly, he says, “It was much easier to arrange an interview and a meeting with other AI scientists.”

“Deepseek is like a symbol of the oriental way of doing business,” says Li, a confessed “metal head” surrounded by electric guitars and drum kits in her Guangzhou office. He mentions a strategy by Deepseek founder Liang Wenfeng, who will fund it through his own hedge funds rather than seeking external venture capital funds. “This is how a typical Chinese entrepreneur thinks: survive first and then do something new.”

Deepseek has published the work as open source. This is a principle that the government has long supported and a move that encouraged the widespread adoption of the model. Robotics is a special beneficiary.

Technology is the top priority

The robot supply chain can be roughly divided into three areas: brain, body, and application of technology in the real world. China has long been confident in its capabilities in the latter two regions. The advanced supply chains of other high-tech industries, such as electric vehicles and autonomous drones, show that China has both the ability to produce large-scale industrial components and the ability to assemble them into complex commodities. However, once you solved the most difficult part of the puzzle, it was elusive to create a robotic brain that could learn human-like behavior and movements. You need sophisticated AI.

Deepseek’s R1 model is changing the game and hosting ways for domestic humanoid robot companies to keep up with their international competitors, Goldman Sachs analysts said in a recent memo. The fact that Deepseek’s open source model uses less advanced chips can help level the playing field for Chinese companies.

Engineers will train humanoid robots at the Humanoid Robot Innovation Centre in Shogan Park, Beijing, China on March 28, 2025. Photo: Beijing Youth Daily/VCG/Getty Images

The industry still has its challenges. AI models require a large amount of data to train. While LLM, used for things like chatbots, can draw out a vast universe of content, the Internet, the data in robotic AI models is relatively scarce info on how to physically move spaces and interact with objects and people.

Another sector in which China is focused, the car should be able to navigate six axes, or “degrees of freedom”, forward and rear, left and right, up and down, and rotations between these positions. The same goes for general robotics, such as Meituan’s food delivery loan. To enable humanoid robots to mimic humans on everyday tasks such as cooking, they need up to 60 degrees of freedom. There is a 27 H1 model of Unitree that caused a splash on Spring Gala.

A robot does not have to be completely humanoids to be useful. A wheel or humanoid robot with limited movement can take on automated ripe tasks, such as dangerous or repetitive factory work. Based in Shenzhen, Ubtech has already supplying humanoid robots to its car factories. With a shrinking workforce, China is keen to find ways to automate as much as possible.

The organizers, which was the Boao Forum for Asia last month, business meeting, were keen to cook Jianbing, Delicious pancakes are typical Chinese street food made with the robot arms of the booth, similar to the claws that collect toys packed in an arcade (the resulting snacks weren’t as crisp as humans made). Beijing’s parks have increased their surveillance capabilities by pasting cameras into autonomous buggies running along the path.

The humanoid robot will perform at the opening ceremony of the 2025 Zhongguancun Forum (ZGC Forum) Annual Meeting held in Beijing, China’s capital, on March 27, 2025. Photo: Xinhua/Rex/Shutterstock

“Robots

Webb discovers potential signs of life in the atmosphere of K2-18b

Posted on April 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers using the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope detected chemical fingerprints of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and/or dimethyl disulfide (DMD) in the atmosphere of the hyperexterrestrial K2-18b. On Earth, DMS and DMD are produced solely by life, primarily microorganisms such as marine phytoplankton. While unknown chemical processes may be the source of these molecules in the atmosphere of K2-18B, the results are the most powerful evidence that life may exist on planets outside of spores.

Impressions of the artists of Super Earth ExoPlanet K2-18b. Image credit: A. Smith/N. Mandhusudhan.

K2-18 is a red dwarf about 111 light years away from Leo’s constellation.

The star, also known as Epic 201912552, hosts two giant deplanets: K2-18B and K2-18C.

The K2-18B, first discovered in 2015, has a radius of 2.6 times, about 8.6 times.

The planet orbits the star every 33 days at a distance of about 0.15 Au and has an Earth Similarity Index of 0.73.

It receives 1.28 times the intensity of the Earth’s light, and its equilibrium temperature is 2 degrees Celsius (28 degrees Fahrenheit).

Previous observations of K2-18b identified methane and carbon dioxide in its atmosphere. This was the first time a carbon-based molecule was discovered in the atmosphere of an exoplanet in a habitable zone.

These results were consistent with Hycean’s global predictions. This is an exoplanet covered with habitable oceans under a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.

However, another weak signal suggested that something else could happen with the K2-18B.

Transmission spectra of K2-18B using Webb’s Miri Spectrograph. Image credit: A. Smith/N. Mandhusudhan.

“I wasn’t sure if the signal I saw last time was due to DMS, but that hint alone was so exciting that I used a different instrument to make it look different from the Webb,” said Professor Nikku Madhusudhan, an astronomer at Cambridge University.

Previous tentative DMS inferences were made using Webb’s Niriss (near-infrared imager and slitless spectrograph) and Nirspec (near-infrared spectrograph) instruments.

New independent observations used Webb’s Miri (medium-infrared instrument) in the mid-infrared (6-12 microns) range.

“This is independent evidence using different wavelength ranges of light that do not overlap with previous observations, and not with previous observations. The signal has become stronger and more clear,” Professor Madhusudhan said.

“It was incredible to see results emerge and remain consistent through extensive independent analysis and robustness testing,” added Dr. Måns Holmberg, an astronomer at the Institute of Space Telescope Science.

DMS and DMD are molecules from the same family of chemicals, and both are predicted to be biosignatures.

Although both molecules have spectral features that overlap the observed wavelength range, further observations can help distinguish between the two molecules.

However, the concentration of atmospheric DMS and DMD in K2-18B is very different from Earth, which is generally less than a billionth of a volume.

In the K2-18B, they are estimated to be thousands of times stronger.

“The outcome is exciting, but it’s important to get more data before you claim that life has been discovered in another world,” Professor Madhusdan said.

“The inference of these biosignal molecules raises deep questions about the processes that may be producing them,” says Dr. Subajit Sarkar, an astronomer at Cardiff University.

“They’re the most popular and most popular,” said Dr. Savvas Constantinou, an astronomer at the Institute of Astronomy at Cambridge University.

“It’s important that we are deeply skeptical of our own outcomes, because once again, it’s only through testing and testing that we can get to where we are confident in them. That’s how science works,” Professor Madhusudhan said.

study It was released today Astrophysics Journal Letter.

____

Nick Madhusdan et al. 2025. New constraints of atmospheric DMS and DMD of K2-18B from JWST millimeters. apjl 983, L40; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ADC1C8

Source: www.sci.news

Astronomers continue to debate the strongest evidence for extraterrestrial life

Posted on April 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Impressions of the artists of Planet K2-18B and its host star

ESA/Hubble, M. Kornmesser

Astronomers claim they have seen the most powerful evidence ever for living on another planet. However, other astronomers are cautioning until the findings are verified by other groups, allowing alternative, nonbiological explanations to be excluded.

“These are the first hints we see about the alien world we probably live in.” Nick Madhusdan We held a press conference at Cambridge University on March 15th.

Astronomers first discovered the Exoplanet K2-18B in 2015, quickly establishing it as a promising place for searching for life. Planets orbiting stars about eight times more than Earth, 124 light years away from us, sit in a habitable zone of stars where liquid water is present. Further observations in 2019 found evidence of water vapor. This led to the suggestion that, although not all astronomers agreed, the planet could be covered in oceans sitting under a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.

In 2023, Madhusudhan and his colleagues used James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) instruments to examine the atmosphere of the near-infrared light K2-18B, again finding evidence of water vapor and methane. However, they also found appetizing hints for dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a molecule that is produced exclusively by organisms on Earth, primarily by marine phytoplankton. However, the signs of DMS were very weak and many The astronomers argued Stronger evidence is needed to be certain about the existence of molecules.

Currently, Madhusudhan and his colleagues use different instruments to observe the K2-18b than the mid-infrared camera JWST. They discovered a much stronger signal against DMS and a molecule that could be called dimethyldisulfide (DMDS).

“What we’re finding is a line of independent evidence in different wavelength ranges with different equipment that can potentially biological activity on the planet,” Madhusdan said.

The team argues that detection of DMS and DMD is at three sigma levels of statistical significance. This corresponds to a 1/100 chance that a pattern of data like this will become absorption. In physics, the standard threshold for accepting something as a true discovery is five sigmas, which corresponds to 1-3.5 million chances that data is a coincidence.

Nicholas Wargan The NASA Ames Research Center in California says the evidence is more convincing than the 2023 results, but it should be verified by other groups. When data is published next week, other researchers can begin to review the findings, but this could take weeks or months as JWST data is difficult to interpret. “It’s not just about downloading data and checking if there’s a DMS. It’s this extremely complicated process,” says Wogan.

Other scientists are more skeptical of the findings. “These new JWST observations do not provide compelling evidence that DMS or DMD exists in the atmosphere of K2-18B.” Ryan McDonald At the University of Michigan. “We have a juvenile chase wolf situation in the K2-18B, where multiple previous 3-sigma detections have completely disappeared when subjected to closer scrutiny.

Madhusudhan and his team estimate that further 16 to 24 hours of further observations at the JWST will help reach 5-sigma levels, but observing the planet’s atmosphere means that this cannot be guaranteed.

“The relative size of the atmosphere compared to the planet’s size is pretty close to the thickness of the apple’s skin on top of the apple, which is what we’re trying to measure.” Thomas Beatty At the University of Wisconsin-Madison, where I was not part of the learning team. Wogan adds that reaching five sigmas may be fundamentally impossible due to the amount of noise in the data.

But if further observations prove that this is a real discovery, it would be a “risqué progress,” says Beatty. “Ignoring whether it was actually being produced for a moment, I said that ten years ago it is evidence of life in a planetary atmosphere that can certainly host it.”

Madhusudhan and his colleagues calculate that the potential concentration of DMS and DMD in K2-18B appears to be over ten parts, thousands of times more than the concentrations in the Earth’s atmosphere. This could show far more biological activity than Earth if the signal turns out to be correct, but establishing that chemicals have biological origins requires more work, he says.

“We need to be very careful,” Madhusdan said. “At this stage, when you detect DMS and DMD, you can’t claim it’s for life. Let’s be very clear about that.

It could take some time to eliminate another mechanism, Wogan says. “This kind of thing hasn’t been studied in practice. In a hydrogen-rich atmosphere, DM doesn’t know tons about it. It requires a lot of work.”

The difficulty in proving that it has no nonbiological explanations is that it could potentially put K2-18B in the category of viable biosignature candidates over a long period of time. Sarah Seager At Massachusetts Institute of Technology. “It could remain in that category for decades, because the problem will not be completely solved by providing limited data deplanets,” she says.

However, Madhusudhan says this discovery is important whether it comes from life or not. “This was a revolutionary moment, and we were able to come from a single cell life, not just as astronomers, but also for our species, from a single cell life billions of years ago, to a highly technological civilization where we could peer into the atmosphere of another planet and find evidence of actual biological activity,” he said.

The Mystery of the Universe: Cheshire, England

Spend a weekend with some of the brightest minds of science. Explore the mystery of the universe in an exciting program that includes an excursion to see the iconic Lovell telescope.

topic:

Remember the tip and boost your chances with Driver Res Taxi for work or a date

Posted on April 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

name: Waymo.

year: It was founded in 2009 as a Google Autonomous Car Project.

exterior: Unmanned taxis and recruitment services.

What a futuristic – And have they been working on this since 2009? In fact, it is a prototype self-driving car built by Stanford University, dating back to 2004. The Google Project became known as Waymo in 2016.

Have you been thinking about it for so many years before you first saw the self-driving taxi? They already have them in San Francisco, LA, and Phoenix.

Does that mean they are testing technology on real roads? No, I mean you can get a Waymo to take you somewhere in San Francisco now…

That’s a miracle! … and perhaps provide you with work while you’re there.

That’s the service now. How does the technology behind adoption work at the end of this whole end? That’s amazing. That’s amazing. Those on Waymo left handwritten notes promoting senior software engineers “to tackle AI/Music Project.”

Do you think people who enter unmanned taxis are exactly like the devil’s May care nerd they were looking for? that’s right.

Did it work? The person who left the note, flu CEO Alessandra Angelini, says he received around 60 CVs as a result.

I’m amazed that 60 qualified applicants had entered the same Waymo that day. That’s statistically unlikely, but the taxi hire took photos of the notes and posted them on social media, where they saw them 300,000 times.

That’s how it works. It’s not just the advantages of driverless technology. Another rider left a note to Waymo looking for the date, listing his age (26), his height (5 feet 10 inches on a good day), other details (“run marathon”), and phone number.

did that work? He got 200 replies, but again, because someone else posted a photo on social media.

This new recruiting system appears to be quite dependent on third parties. X account. Also, taxis are cleaned quite regularly, so ads don’t last long.

Will the novelty of this approach be exhausted when driverless taxis become commonplace? probably. This means that it won’t respond to ads for dates someone left with Uber.

say: “Enjoy your ride and thank you for your application!”

Don’t say: “I wanted a driver.”

Artists bring data to life through stunning screen prints

Posted on April 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Feather foil print. The barb on the right represents the population of British bird species from 40 years ago. The left shows the current population size.

Rebecca Kay

Rebecca Kay is also known as her alias ploterre With the help of hard data and clever design, turn the idle thoughts that occur while cycling into beautiful prints.

Edinburgh, UK, studied mathematics, worked as a data researcher, and developed her art as a side job. Covid-19 was then a hit, and she jumped into art full-time.

Her work inevitably begins outside in nature and arrives as an ever-inquisitive thought. How do tide ages change around the coast, where do oxai daisies grow across the UK, or how do the unique flashing patterns of lighthouses differ?

“Usually, I’d be wondering why the leaf pattern looks like it is, and most people would just keep walking and forget about it,” Kay said. “I turned it into a bit of a job.”

Ash Rise Weathering Letter Press Print. Using data from the UK Meteorological Service, each growth ring represents a year, with thin lines representing daily rainfall and gaps between lines representing daily temperatures.

Rebecca Kay

Once she gets an idea, the data hunt begins. The most recent question that came to mind was whether it was always raining somewhere in the UK. That led to her review of 130 years of records, leading to a perhaps surprising, pessimistic discovery.

Once the visual design is sketched on paper, Kay relies on computers to distort data into design, consolidating information and forms into a single piece that tells the story. This ultimately leads to a finished design that is screen printed by hand.

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Researchers may have just found a previously unknown form of life

Posted on April 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Scientists have a passion for categorizing things, especially when it comes to life on Earth. The common categories are animals, plants, fungi, protists (like algae and amoeba), bacteria, and archaea (microscopic single-celled organisms).

However, recent studies have hinted that there might be more to the tree of life than we previously thought. This is due to a prehistoric cylindrical life form that some British scientists believe belongs to a unique branch of life.

The mysterious creature is known as Prototaxite and existed around 44-360 million years ago.

Professor Benjamin J.W. Mills, an expert in the evolution of the Earth system at Leeds University, mentioned that these creatures evolved during a time when Earth was becoming more habitable for organisms like them. The spread of plants and fungi on land increased oxygen levels in the atmosphere, leading to a surge in global photosynthesis.

These Prototaxite towers could reach heights of up to 8 meters and were often mistaken for massive tree trunks, despite only being a few inches wide.

Initially thought to be a type of fungus, recent research on Prototaxite suggests otherwise. By analyzing the fossilized bodies of Prototaxites Taiti found in Scotland, scientists concluded that it was a distinct life form rather than a fungus.

Unlike true fungi, the cells of P. Taiti contained lignin instead of chitin. This difference in molecular composition confirmed that it was not a fungus but rather a member of an extinct lineage.

The implications of these findings raise questions about the evolution of life and its impact on Earth’s atmosphere. The study of P. Taiti sheds light on the intricate relationship between organisms and their environment over time.

Experts like Professor Neil Gow from the University of Exeter emphasize the significance of such discoveries in understanding our planet’s history and potential habitability of other worlds.

To learn more about the experts involved in this research:

About our experts

Benjamin JW Mills is a biogeochemist and professor of the evolution of the Earth System at Leeds University. His work focuses on understanding the environmental changes that shaped Earth’s habitability and whether similar conditions could exist on other planets.

Neil Gow is a former professor of microbiology at the University of Exeter. His research on fungal diseases and cell wall structure has contributed to our understanding of life-threatening infections.

How Dining “Family Style” Shaped Life as We Know It

Posted on April 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Stentor, a giant in the world of single-celled creatures, is a trumpet-shaped organism that ranks among the largest of its kind, stretching to the size of a sharp pencil tip. Despite its impressive size, the Stentor sometimes struggles to capture the swimming bacteria and microscopic algae it feeds on.

A recent study reveals that Stentors, part of the Protist group, have found a way to overcome this challenge by adopting a “family style” approach to feeding. In a paper published in the journal Natural Physics on Monday, scientists shared their discovery that Stentor colonies can create currents to draw in prey more efficiently.

These new findings suggest that Stentors are capable of cooperation despite lacking neurons and brains.

“These single-cell organisms exhibit behaviors that we typically associate with more complex life forms,” said Shashank Shekhar, a biophysicist at Emory University and lead author of the study. “They form these higher structures, much like we do as humans.”

Scientists believe that the ability of single-cell organisms to form groups is a critical step in the evolution towards multicellular life on Earth. Recent discoveries emphasize the role of physical states and predator-prey interactions in these cellular collaborations.

In their natural habitat, Stentors are commonly found near the surface of ponds. They have cilia at the wider ends of their bodies that wave in patterns, creating water streams to capture prey.

To observe these currents in a laboratory setting, Dr. Shekhar placed a drop of milk in a Petri dish with a Stentor and watched the fluid movements under a microscope. “You can see them creating swirls around their mouths,” he described, likening it to the swirling cosmos in Van Gogh’s “Starry Night.”

When food is abundant, Stentors often come together in clusters, but little research has been done to explore the reasons for this colony formation.

Dr. Shekhar and his team observed the interactions between pairs of Stentors by analyzing microscope video footage of the organisms in a Petri dish capturing food particles to measure liquid dynamics.

The video unveiled intriguing patterns as the Stentors were drawn towards each other before moving apart, resembling a magnetic repulsion. “They seem to oscillate between ‘I like you’ and ‘I don’t like you,'” explained Dr. Shekhar.

Further analysis revealed that Stentor pairs often had unequal connections, with one organism producing stronger currents. When they gathered, the combined streams benefited both creatures, allowing weaker Stentors to benefit from the stronger ones.

These dynamics among Stentors lead to what Dr. Shekhar terms “indiscriminate behavior.” By forming colonies and choosing stronger partners, Stentors enhance their feeding efficiency, increasing the overall flow rate and enabling them to capture prey faster and from greater distances, ultimately boosting nutrient intake for the group.

The grouping behavior of single-cell organisms like Stentors to enhance survival represents a crucial stage in the evolution towards multicellularity. Uniting against single-cell prey makes them more formidable as predators, prompting vulnerable prey to band together for survival.

According to evolutionary biologist William Ratcliffe from Georgia Tech, who was not involved in the study, the improved feeding efficiency of group predators like Stentors can drive the evolution of multicellularity in prey organisms. “As a single cell, you’re vulnerable to being consumed. But as part of a larger group of cells, you become a less appealing target for predators,” Dr. Ratcliffe explained.

These new discoveries underscore the significance of physical forces in shaping biological evolution.

“While we often focus on genes and chemicals, the role of physics in the development of multicellular life is equally important,” noted Dr. Shekhar. “Even simple factors like water flow can influence evolutionary pathways.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

New research suggests large lakes played crucial role in origin of life

Posted on March 29, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The origin of life on Earth required the supply of phosphorus for the synthesis of universal biomolecules. The closed lake may have accumulated high concentrations of this element on the early Earth. However, it is not clear whether prebiotic sink in such settings was sustainable. New research by scientists from Eth Zurich, Cambridge University and the University of Science and Technology in China shows that high concentrations of phosphorus can be combined in steady states in large closed basin lakes.

Aerial view of Lake Mono. Image credit: Dick Lyon / CC by 4.0.

Phosphorus is an important component of all known forms of biochemistry and plays an important role in such polymers that encode metabolism, cell structure, and information.

However, the environmental conditions that provided sufficient phosphorus available in aqueous solutions to promote the chemical origin of life are uncertain.

“Large soda lakes with no natural runoff can maintain phosphorus concentrations for a long enough long, even if life begins to exist at some point, and could continually consume phosphorus.”

“Such lakes lose water only by evaporation. This means that phosphorus is left in the water, not washed away through rivers or streams.”

“As a result, very high concentrations of phosphorus can accumulate in these soda lakes.”

Not all soda lakes are suitable. Researchers rule out small ones.

“As soon as life develops within them, the supply of phosphorus will deplete faster than it is replenished. This will snag both chemical reactions and developing life,” Dr. Walton said.

“On the other hand, in large soda lakes, phosphorus concentrations are high enough to maintain both basic chemical reactions and life over the long term.”

“These high concentrations are achieved by the large amounts of influential river water, including phosphorus, but the water only leaves the lake by evaporation.”

“Phosphorus doesn’t evaporate easily, so it accumulates in the lake and accumulates.”

In their study, Dr. Walton and colleagues focus on Lake Mono in California, with high phosphorus concentrations at steady state despite extremely high biological productivity.

“This is important because in small lakes, phosphorus is exhausted before new quantities form,” they said.

They consider the large soda lake, which had a constant high phosphorus supply in the early history of the Earth, to be an ideal environment for the origin of life.

They assume that life is more likely to have been born in such a larger body of water than in a small pool, as Charles Darwin suspected.

Therefore, the origin of life may be closely related to the special environment of large soda lakes, which provide ideal conditions for prebiotic chemistry due to the balance of geological environment and phosphorus.

“This new theory will help us solve another part of the puzzle of the origins of life on Earth,” Dr. Walton said.

a paper A description of the findings was published in the journal Advances in science.

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Craig R. Walton et al. 2025. Large, closed basin lakes provided sustained phosphates during the origin of life. Advances in science 11(8); doi:10.1126/sciadv.adq0027

Source: www.sci.news

The Fungal Pioneer: A Life Exhibition

Posted on March 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On an early summer day of 1876 near Druid Hill Park in Baltimore, a middle-aged woman carrying three large, corrupt mushrooms repelled fellow travelers in horse-drawn carriages.

Even wrapped in paper, the foul smell of the aptly named Stinkhorn mushroom was overwhelming, but the woman suffocated her laughter as two other passengers griped about the surrounding flies. The smell didn’t bother her. All she cared about was to bring specimens home to study them, she would write later.

This is Mary Elizabeth Banning, a self-taught mycologist who has been doing creative research into Maryland fungi for nearly 40 years.

Miss Bunning characterized thousands of specimens she found in the countryside of Baltimore and its surrounding areas, identifying 23 new species in science at the time.

The talented artist has collected these observations into a manuscript called “Maryland Fungi.” It consisted of 175 stunning watercolor paintings, each with an accurate yet intimate portrait of a particular species, as well as detailed scientific explanations and anecdotes about the collection of mushrooms.

The manuscript was Miss Bunning’s life work, and she wanted to see it published. But it ended in the drawers of the New York State Museum in Albany and has been forgotten for almost a century.

Her watercolors make up the backbone Exhibition at the museum It will open this month and will run until January 4th next year. The exhibition, called “Outcasts,” recognizes not only the museum’s Mycology collection, but also the museum’s Mycology Collection, as well as the museum’s Mycology Collection.

Miss Banning is known as the fungus “vegetable exile.” At the time (and throughout 1969) fungi were classified as distinctive plants. Most botanists From the mid-19th century, their research was considered a backwater of research.

It was the exile who banned herself. “She was very much hoping to be part of the science community,” said John Haynes, a museum’s mycology curator until she retired in 2005 and a wide-ranging study of her history. But as a woman living in the 19th century, the path was largely closed to her.

Like her contemporaries like Beatrix Potter, she tried to make her mark in the emerging field of mycology.

One scientist gave her Charles Horton Peck, who worked at the museum as New York’s first national botanist from 1868 to 1913. A prominent American mycologic man, Peck has dedicated most of his career to fungi, gathering over 33,000 specimens in a New York survey, surpassing 2,700 New New Kachiuk reports.

“A lot of the fungi that people recognize from New York and the northeast are what Peck explained,” said Dr. Kaisian.

Miss Banning first wrote Mr. Peck in 1878, seeking feedback on her manuscript. Unlike the other scientists she tried to contact, he wrote back and they responded for nearly 20 years. Her letters are part of which are on display, providing a window into their relationship.

“You are my only friend on the debate land of the Official Gazette,” she wrote to him in 1879. She recorded her collection forays and scientific observations, and conveyed her dreams of the manuscript. “I have a strong will,” she wrote in 1889.

Miss Banning’s letters were often whimsical and passionate. None of Mr. Peck’s letters to her remained, but his tone in the other letters suggested he was much more restrained. Nevertheless, he treated Miss Vanning like a respected colleague – providing her scientific guidance, an account of the species with her support, and even an account of the species named after her. Their scientific bonds could not be denied.

“It’s a love story, but not between them. They both were in love with fungi,” Haynes said. The play he wrote about their relationship from Miss Bunning’s letter will take place at the exhibition’s gallery opening event on April 4th at the museum.

However, the love triangle tends to change particularly sourly. With no visible publishing prospects for her own, Miss Bunning sent her manuscript to Mr. Peck in 1890, hoping that he could publish it. “He would have had the resources to make it a permanent part of the mycologic record,” Dr. Kaisian said. But he never did.

She expressed how difficult it was to let go of her job and asked her to reassure her that she appreciated her contribution to the field, but she was not received that recognition. “In her letter, she seems to have passed away without really understanding the legacy, the value of her work,” Dr. Kaisian said.

In one of her final letters to Mr. Peck in 1897, six years before her death, Miss Bunning lamented the loss of the book as she fell into poverty alone in a room home in Virginia. “I hardly know that I’ve given up on an illustrated book,” she wrote. “To tell you the truth, I want to look at it and call it my own again, but this is by no means.”

“It still brings tears to my eyes,” Dr. Haynes said.

It was originally Dr. Haynes who revealed the manuscript of Miss Bunning.

The eccentric curator showed it to him in 1969 when he visited the museum for a job interview. He recalls being surprised by the colors that were beautifully preserved by the fact that pages had not been opened to sunlight for decades.

He exhibited some of the paintings in 1981, and they were on display several more times, including the birth of Miss Banenning, including Talbot County, Maryland. With the help of this spotlight, Miss Bunning was led to the Maryland Women’s Hall of Fame in 1994. However, since the mid-1990s, the photographs were packed in as pigments decompose quickly in light.

Beyond Miss Bunning’s work, “Outcasts” gives visitors a glimpse into the broader historical background of mycology. “Fungi are extremely important organisms, dating back hundreds of millions of years, they shape the very texture of the Earth,” Dr. Kaisian said. “But their stories are still mystical and often ignored.”

In addition to Miss Bunning’s watercolors and letters, the exhibition includes many other artifacts and experiences. Visitors can explore one of Peck’s microscopes and mushroom specimens, one of the recently collected by Dr. Kaysian, or marvel at the incredibly realistic wax sculpture of New York fungi, created for the museum in 1917 by artist Henri Marchand and his son Paul.

The murals, created by museum artists, show the biology of fungi, their role in ecosystems, and their evolutionary history. Rare Fossils of Prototaxite, a 30-foot-high fungus that lived during the Devonian period about 400 million years ago refers to how much the Earth has changed over time.

Overall, Dr. Kaysian said he hopes the exhibition will demonstrate why such natural history collections deserve public support and preservation.

The 150-year-old specimen, hidden in a cabinet where visitors rarely see scientists, maps the limits of a variety of organisms, both geographically and genetically.

“The Natural History Collection is an active repository for contemporary research,” Dr. Kaisian said. “We need more scientific communication about what’s going on here and why it’s important.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

The Best Foods for a Longer, Healthier Life: Anti-Aging Diet Research Unveiled

Posted on March 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Studies spanning three decades on eight popular diets have pinpointed the ones most likely to promote long-term health since the 1970s.

The Alternative Healthy Diet Index (AHEI) diets have shown slightly superior health benefits compared to the planetary health food index, Mediterranean diet, and healthy plant-based diets.

The AHEI diet focuses on increased consumption of vegetables, fruits, legumes, and nuts while limiting other foods like sugary drinks, red and processed meat, salt, and trans fats. Some meat, fish, and dairy products are allowed in moderation.

Other diets studied had similar characteristics but varied in terms of the amount of permissible meat intake for foods like olive oil, fish, and berries.

“This diet provides all the essential nutrients and food varieties necessary for maintaining a healthy life,” stated corresponding author Dr. Marta Guash Fere, an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “It is a widely recognized dietary pattern focused on disease prevention.”

The study’s healthy diet emphasizes plant foods like vegetables, fruits, legumes, and nuts – Credit: Marcos Elif Castillo Ramirez via Getty

The study conducted by Harvard University’s Chan School of Public Health, Copenhagen University, and the University of Montreal analyzed data from over 105,000 middle-aged nurses and healthcare professionals.

Participants completed meal surveys over 30 years which were scored based on their adherence to eight different dietary patterns.

While only 9.3% of participants were categorized as healthy agers, those closest to the AHEI diet were found to be 86% more likely to reach 70 years of age in good health.

These individuals were also over twice as likely to reach 75 years of age in good health compared to those following diets less similar to the AHEI diet.

Healthy aging was defined as reaching 70 years of age with good cognitive, physical, and mental health without major chronic diseases like heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

“This research focuses on healthy aging, aiming not just for longevity but for quality of life as well,” explained Guash Ferre. “We are concerned with maintaining overall health in various aspects – physical, cognitive, emotional, and mental.”

The second most effective diet was the Planetary Health Diet Index, promoting both human and environmental health by favoring plant-based diets.

Adherence to any of the eight diets was associated with improved aging, all emphasizing high plant food intake over meat, including vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and legumes.

Though they shared similarities, some diets were variations of the Mediterranean diet focused on longevity, while others were more plant-based or designed for specific purposes like reducing inflammation or safeguarding against cognitive decline.

Guash Ferre noted the intriguing aspect that the diet most conducive to healthy aging includes moderate incorporation of healthy animal-based foods.

She suggested that these proteins might benefit middle-aged and older populations by protecting against conditions like osteoporosis but may not be ideal for younger adults not addressed in the study.

Reduced consumption of ultra-processed foods was linked to improved aging, a finding detailed in Natural Medicine.

Read more:

About our experts:

Dr. Marta Guash Fere is an associate professor at the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and at the Department of Nutrition in Harvard Chan School of Public Health. She holds a PhD in nutritional epidemiology.