The peak of the first Shibungid meteor shower of 2025 is expected this week

overview

  • The annual Quadrantids meteor shower is scheduled to reach its peak early Friday morning.
  • This will be the first meteor shower in 2025.
  • The crescent moon sets before the shower peaks, so future shows won’t be overshadowed by moonlight.

Ring in the new year with the first meteor shower of 2025.

The annual Quadrantids meteor shower is scheduled to peak early Friday morning, before dawn. Showers have already begun to fall, but that’s when people in the northern hemisphere will have the best chance of seeing shooting stars. The celestial show will continue until January 16th, although some lucky ones might be able to find some photos on New Year’s Eve.

The Quadrantids meteor shower is caused by a piece of an asteroid called 2003 EH1, which takes more than five years to complete one orbit around the sun.

The Quadrantids meteor shower is known for producing brighter, and sometimes more colorful, fireball meteors because they originate from larger pieces.

By the peak of the rain early Friday morning, the crescent moon has already set, so there’s no danger of the shooting stars being obscured by the bright moonlight.

The Quadrantids meteor shower will be best visible in mid-northern to far northern latitudes on Friday before sunlight begins to shine. For ideal viewing, pack your bags and go somewhere with a clear, unobstructed view of the sky, away from city lights.

Meteors can be seen with the naked eye without the need for special equipment.

In both clear and dark conditions, people were able to spot about 120 meteors per hour during the peak of the shower. According to NASA.

Meteor showers occur when Earth passes through huge streams of debris from comets and asteroids. When these pieces of rock and space dust collide with the planet’s atmosphere, they flare up and streak the night sky as shooting stars.

While most other meteor showers take two or more days to reach their peak, the Quadrantids’ peak is short, lasting only about six hours. NASA says this is because the debris cloud is relatively thin and Earth’s orbit is such that the planet passes through it at a perpendicular angle.

Meteor showers are usually named based on where in the sky the shooting stars appear to originate from. For example, Perseid meteors appear to come from the constellation Perseus, and Geminid meteors appear to originate from the constellation Gemini.

However, the Cygnids meteor shower is named after a now-defunct constellation known as the Cygnus. This group of stars was not included when the International Astronomical Union compiled its list of recognized modern constellations in 1922, but the meteor shower retained its name.

The former constellation Quadrans Muralis was located near the Big Dipper. Although meteors may appear to come from this point in the sky, people should be able to see them across the sky without looking in a specific direction.

The next major meteor shower this year, following the Cygnids meteor shower, is the Lyrid meteor shower, which occurs in April.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Top 8 of the Spiciest Chili Peppers of 2025

Over the past decade, there has been a fierce competition to discover the world’s hottest chili pepper. Despite numerous contenders for the title, one chili pepper has emerged as the victor with a confirmed Scoville Heat Unit (SHU) score exceeding 2 million. To provide some context, a plain jalapeño typically registers a mere 2,500 SHU.

The spiciness of a substance is gauged on the Scoville scale and quantified in Scoville heat units. Established in 1912 by American pharmacist Wilbur Scoville (hence the name), this scale assesses the concentration of capsaicin, a compound responsible for the piquancy or spiciness found in chili peppers.

Previously, capsaicin levels were determined by a panel of audacious taste testers, but contemporary labs now employ high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry for more precise measurements. This technological advancement has revolutionized the process of analyzing capsaicin levels.

With this knowledge in mind, here is an inventory of the officially recognized hottest chili peppers worldwide. Although there are purportedly even hotter chili peppers out there (such as Pepper X with an alleged SHU of 3,180,000), their ratings have not been officially validated yet.

8. Scotch Bonnet Pepper – 350,000 SHU

Photo credit: Getty

Commencing the list is the Scotch Bonnet chili pepper, a native pepper renowned for its spiciness found in West Africa and the Caribbean. Though its Scoville peak stands at 350,000, its lower boundary is reportedly around 100,000. Unlike other listed peppers, Scotch Bonnet is neither a cultivated variety nor a hybrid but grows naturally in tropical climates. Widely utilized in Caribbean cuisine, Scotch Bonnet offers a relatively more approachable heat level compared to other chili peppers on the list, but caution is still advised when consuming it whole.

7. Red Sabina Pepper – 350,000-577,000 SHU

Red Savina chili pepper held the title of the world’s hottest chili pepper from 1994 to 2006. With a maximum value of 577,000 SHU and a median heat rating of 463,500 Scoville, Red Savina offers a fiery experience that is slightly more manageable than what follows. When handling chili peppers, it is advisable to wear gloves and avoid contact with the eyes.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Games to Look Forward to in 2025: Dragons, Demons, and Grand Theft Auto VI

Civilization VII

The rules of Civilization remain the same in this long-standing strategy series, but Civilization VII is set to receive a much-needed update. With a release date of February 11th, players can expect more leaders and peoples to choose from as they navigate world domination from ancient times to modern eras.
Released on February 11th on all platforms

Grand Theft Auto VI

Rockstar’s latest installment in the Grand Theft Auto series, Grand Theft Auto VI, features a female protagonist named Lucia and is set in a vibrant Florida environment resembling Vice City. With the immense success of GTA V, generating $8.5 billion, the anticipation for this game is high, although the release date is yet to be determined.
Release date: TBD on PlayStation 5, Xbox, PC

Lost Records: Bloom & Rage

From the creators of Life is Strange comes Lost Records: Bloom & Rage, a narrative game that follows a group of teenage bandmates on a mysterious journey. Jump between the summer of 1995 and the present day in this visually stunning game, released on February 18th.
Released on February 18th on PlayStation 5, Xbox, PC

Atom fall. Photo: Rebellion

monster hunter wilds

Embark on a thrilling adventure in Monster Hunter Wilds, a game by Japanese developer Capcom known for their impressive titles. With its captivating creatures, spectacular weapons, and diverse environments, this game promises an exciting experience for players. Release date set for February 28th on PlayStation 5, Xbox, and PC.

atom fall

Fans of post-apocalyptic settings will enjoy Atomfall, a game from British developer Rebellion set in an alternate timeline following the 1957 Windscale fire in Britain. Pulpy references and elements from popular culture make this game a unique experience. Released on March 27th on PC, PS4/5, and Xbox.

DOOM: Dark Ages

Get ready for an even more intense experience in DOOM: Dark Ages, the next installment in the iconic first-person shooter series. Expect gore, demons, and medieval warfare in this high-octane game. Release date to be announced for PlayStation 5, Xbox, and PC.

metroid prime 4

Anticipated for the upcoming Nintendo Switch successor, Metroid Prime 4 is a space adventure game developed by Retro Studios. With a legacy of sci-fi excellence, fans are eager to see what new innovations this game will bring to the beloved series.
Release date: TBD on Nintendo Switch

Doom: The Dark Ages. Photo: Bethesda

Like a Dragon: Hawaiian Pirate Yakuza

Experience the oceanic adventures of Goro Majima in Like a Dragon: Hawaiian Pirate Yakuza, a game that combines Japanese gangster themes with high-seas action. Set to release on February 21st on PC, PS4/5, and Xbox, this game promises a blend of naval combat, sword-wielding, and treasure hunting.
Release date: February 21st on PC, PS4/5, Xbox

fable

Get ready for a comical fantasy adventure in Fable, starring Richard Ayoade and Matt King. This game aims to revive the beloved Fable series with its humor and unique British sensibilities. Release date to be announced for Xbox and PC.
Release date: TBA on Xbox, PC

Claire Obscur: Expedition 33

Enter a dark fantasy world in Claire Obscur: Expedition 33, a French game with a captivating storyline. Explore a twisted wilderness and unravel mysteries in a game filled with intriguing environments and supernatural elements. Release date to be announced for PlayStation 5, Xbox, and PC.

Source: www.theguardian.com

MicroStrategy’s Bold Investment in Bitcoin Sends Stock Price Soaring

I
In the summer of 2020, amidst the disruption caused by the coronavirus pandemic on economies worldwide, an overlooked American software company made a bold decision to diversify. MicroStrategy, located near a shopping mall and subway station in Tysons Corner, Virginia, felt that its traditional “software-as-a-service” business was not daring enough.

Instead, the company announced its plans to broaden its horizons by investing up to $250 million in alternative assets, including stocks, bonds, commodities like gold, digital assets such as Bitcoin, and other types of assets.

Fast forward less than five years later, and the sideline in Bitcoin has propelled MicroStrategy to new heights. The company’s stock price has skyrocketed by 20 times, pushing its market capitalization to nearly $75 billion, with its stock entering the Nasdaq 100 index of leading technology companies.

Co-founder and chairman Michael Saylor took a risk to embrace digital currencies after Donald Trump’s election victory, despite concerns about potential threats from volatile crypto prices. MicroStrategy has now become a preferred choice among UK investors as the token’s value has surged.

Saylor’s strategic vision transformed the company into the world’s first “Bitcoin treasury company.” MicroStrategy’s relentless pursuit involves a cycle where issuing bonds to purchase Bitcoin drives up MSTR stock prices, leading to more bond offerings to acquire additional Bitcoin.

Interestingly, Saylor likened Bitcoin to Manhattan real estate in 1650 and emphasized the company’s commitment to quarterly Bitcoin acquisitions.

Critics argue that Manhattan real estate provides stable rental income and potential property value appreciation. However, Saylor focuses on BTC yield, a key metric tracked by MicroStrategy to monitor the ratio of Bitcoin holdings to the company’s stock.

While some may feel they missed the boat with Bitcoin reaching $100,000 in December, Saylor confidently stated that he would buy $1 billion worth of Bitcoin daily even at that price.

Portfolio manager Michael Lebowitz criticized MicroStrategy for essentially “ripping off investors,” citing increased optimism about Bitcoin and heightened stock price volatility.

MicroStrategy’s financial results showed a decline in total revenue and a significant increase in net losses in the third quarter of 2024. Despite this, the company became the top stock choice for UK investors through Interactive Investor.

By the end of December, MicroStrategy had invested $27.9 billion to acquire a total of 446,400 Bitcoins. This represented around 2% of the total Bitcoin supply and was valued at approximately $42 billion at that time.


This strategic approach significantly boosted MicroStrategy’s stock price by almost 400% in 2024, with Bitcoin’s value doubling within that year.

MicroStrategy’s inclusion in the Nasdaq 100 index was expected to accelerate the flywheel effect, as index-tracking ETFs would automatically purchase the company’s stock. This move was likened to Bitcoin entering the Nasdaq by industry analysts.

However, investors who bought in November might have witnessed a drop in value, as MicroStrategy’s stock price surged by 58% in November but declined over 20% in December.

In October, MicroStrategy unveiled plans to issue $21 billion in stock and bonds over the next three years to fund further Bitcoin acquisitions.


Shortly before Christmas, the company sought approval from shareholders to issue billions of additional shares, significantly increasing the number of Class A common stock.

MicroStrategy has become an attractive option for investors seeking exposure to Bitcoin without directly owning the cryptocurrency. Shares can be held through various accounts like Roth IRAs or ISAs.

Industry experts view MicroStrategy as a “Bitcoin agency,” catering to risk-tolerant investors seeking exposure to the cryptocurrency. The significant surge in Bitcoin prices, especially during specific periods, has further fueled interest in the company.

An essential component of MicroStrategy’s strategy involves issuing convertible debt with minimal or no interest payments. These instruments provide investors exposure to Bitcoin by converting into stock if the company’s value surges.

In December, MicroStrategy sold $3 billion in convertible notes without interest, convertible into stock at a premium above the stock price on the sale date.

Lebowitz cautioned that convertible note holders would profit only if the company’s stock price exceeds the conversion price upon maturity, potentially missing out on interest payments elsewhere.

MicroStrategy’s heavy reliance on Bitcoin holdings has led to the company being dubbed a leveraged Bitcoin holder, carrying significant risks in case of a market downturn.

Before embracing Bitcoin, Saylor faced a significant financial setback in 2000, losing billions of personal wealth in a day. MicroStrategy had to revise its earnings, leading to a steep decline in its stock price.

MicroStrategy is not alone in aspiring to benefit from the Bitcoin boom. Other players like Riot Platforms and Tesla have joined the trend, while Microsoft shareholders recently voted against adding Bitcoin to the company’s balance sheet.

Analysts have raised concerns about MicroStrategy’s vulnerability to Bitcoin price fluctuations, emphasizing the importance of Bitcoin’s sustained growth for the company’s success.

While Bitcoin enthusiasts believe in its resilience, the future of MicroStrategy’s strategy remains uncertain, particularly in the face of market volatility.

Source: www.theguardian.com

The danger of “broken down narcissists” and how to steer clear of them

Narcissists are individuals who exhibit grandiosity and entitlement, often convinced of their own specialness. They typically lack empathy and constantly seek attention.

In severe cases, a person may receive a diagnosis of narcissistic personality disorder. Despite their outward confidence, narcissism is believed to stem from deep-rooted insecurities referred to as “fragile narcissism.”

Research supports this notion. For instance, a brain scan study revealed that when narcissists viewed images of themselves, neural activity indicated negative emotions.

Another study found that narcissists display reduced connectivity between various brain regions related to self and reward. Neural regions related to self and reward.

For some narcissists, the need to attract attention and show off serves as a coping mechanism for personal self-doubt. However, this strategy can backfire if the narcissist faces rejection or public humiliation.

While the term “disintegrated narcissist” is not included in psychiatric diagnostic manuals, therapists and psychologists use it to describe a narcissist who experiences a breakdown, leading to feelings of deflation and anger.

Studies have shown that vulnerable narcissists react to imagined insults or rejection with feelings of sadness and self-hatred. Additionally, disintegrated narcissists often respond to provocation with shame, anger, and rage.

Attempting to bring a narcissist down a notch may escalate conflicts and worsen underlying insecurities. A better approach may involve helping the narcissistic individual build healthier self-esteem and cultivate empathy towards others.


This article is in response to a question posed by Jules Morrison via email: “What is a disintegrated narcissist?”

If you have any questions, please contact us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out to us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).

Explore more:

  • How does a narcissist’s personality change with age?
  • How to identify the hidden narcissist in your life
  • Are we becoming more narcissistic?

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

The Failure of a Global Treaty to Reduce Plastic Pollution: Expert Marce Gutiérrez-Glaudis Discusses Next Steps.

Marce Gutierrez-Glaudis was thrilled to participate in a historic event last month when over 170 countries gathered in Busan, South Korea, to negotiate a binding global agreement to reduce plastic pollution.

“We were hopeful that this would mark the end of our meetings,” shared a marine conservation expert from California who was part of the U.S. delegation, speaking to NBC News.

However, a global agreement did not materialize as countries failed to reach a consensus during the fifth and final round of the UN Intergovernmental Negotiating Commission.

“I am planning to engage in at least one more round in late spring or summer,” Gutierrez-Growdish mentioned. Instead of delaying potentially problematic treaties for years, he emphasized the importance of investing more time in exploring methods to oversee funding, transparency, and national accountability.

Marce Gutiérrez-Graudiche founded Azul, a nonprofit organization that protects marine resources, after witnessing the decline of fish in her work in commercial fishing and aquaculture.Provided by: Azure

Wrapping up the year, a Mexican-American environmental leader shared insights. As the Founder of Azure, they are committed to safeguarding marine resources through positive and forward-thinking actions.

Researchers project that without effective measures, plastic pollution could double by 2050, while a global treaty could potentially reduce it by 91%.

Despite challenges like the recent deadlock and the uncertain future in South Korea, concerns linger about the next Trump administration potentially causing a breakdown. Gutierrez-Groudish emphasized the need to focus on collaboration rather than political affiliations when it comes to international agreements and environmental protection, stating, “We must set aside our political or federal preferences.”

Experts in marine conservation stressed the bipartisan nature of environmental issues, finding resonance among the Latin American community. “People are becoming more aware that things are changing and crises are on the rise.”

For instance, in California, residents are witnessing escalating temperatures, water scarcities, and increased wildfires, while across the nation, devastating impacts from recent severe hurricanes are evident.

Mr. Gutierrez-Groudis mentioned: Her organization conducted a poll among 2,500 Latino registered voters earlier this year, revealing widespread support for increased government investment in ocean protection, even if it entails higher costs for individuals.

Regarding plastic use, Over 70% of Latino voters backed bans on single-use plastics, while 75% supported regulations on plastic manufacturing chemicals. The majority favored an international treaty to eliminate plastic pollution, even if it meant adhering to challenging and costly regulations in the U.S.

While recent headlines have focused on microplastics’ presence in humans, Gutierrez-Groudish advocates for a comprehensive approach targeting plastic production’s root causes and impacts.

Highlighting the need to address the entire plastic production lifecycle and its repercussions, she and her team are formulating a comprehensive plan for forthcoming international conferences.

Witnessing the Impact Directly

Before establishing Azul in 2011, Gutierrez-Graudish began her career in commercial fishing and aquaculture, overseeing logistics and operations—experience that sensitized her to environmental degradation due to dwindling fish supplies and rising fuel costs. “I observed it firsthand,” she shared. “It was a profound moment that steered me towards conservation.”

As she gears up for global negotiations, her nonprofit Azul is actively spearheading three campaigns in her state. The Deja el Plastico (No Plastic) initiative endeavors to mitigate plastic pollution in California, leading to a state-wide ban on single-use plastic bags in 2016.

Gutierrez-Glaudis noted that Latina grandmothers can offer practical examples of reducing plastic consumption, alluding to the “Abuela Bag.” “My grandma had reusable bags, not the trendy eco-friendly ones you find at stores, but the concept remained the same,” she reminisced.

Azul’s Vamos a La Playa (Let’s Go to the Beach) campaign centers on coastal accessibility, seeking to ensure Californians can enjoy shoreline access granted under the more than 40-year-old California Coastal Act. She accentuated the importance of clear communication at local levels to inform communities of their rights.

“Many people don’t realize that the coast is for everyone, and we need to rectify any sense of exclusion,” Gutierrez-Groudish emphasized. “I’ve witnessed this firsthand.”

Having also launched the Latino Marinos (Latino Mariners) Campaign, an advocacy branch inspired by her experiences, Gutierrez-Graudis aims to foster inclusivity and provide resources for underrepresented groups in maritime conservation.

Marce Gutierrez-Glaudis will speak to students at the GenSea Binational Academy in November.Provided by: Azure

“We are creating an inclusive environment and providing opportunities and tools,” Gutierrez-Groudish shared. “Our mission is to translate potential, not just language but transformative opportunities.”

A couple of years ago, Azul unveiled the Rising Leaders Initiative, offering a chance to visit Washington, D.C. for Ocean Week and interact with elected officials.

Excited about the increasing diversity within conservation fields, Gutierrez-Groudish praised social media for making conservation more accessible. She encouraged enthusiasts to connect virtually and engage with organizations like hers to enter the conservation arena.

For individuals wondering about their environmental impact, Gutierrez-Groudish reassured them by stating that every effort counts, even simple actions like using reusable items and reaching out to elected representatives can make a significant difference.

She advocated that caring for the environment is not limited to specific actions, but rather stems from mindful decisions and actions.“People used to say to me, ‘I don’t drive a Prius.’ If they’re making mindful choices and valuing environmental issues, they too are environmentalists,” she concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

China government dismisses allegations of hacking US Treasury | Cybercrime

The Chinese government has responded to allegations linking Chinese government-supported attackers to the recent cyber breach at the U.S. Treasury Department, dismissing the accusations as “baseless.”

The breach was carried out through a third-party cybersecurity service provider, according to a letter from the Treasury to lawmakers. The hackers were able to access keys used by vendors to bypass certain parts of the system.

The Treasury Department confirmed that the incident took place earlier in the month, allowing the attackers to remotely access the workstation and obtain some unclassified documents.

China refuted the claims on Tuesday, stating that it opposes all forms of hacker attacks and especially rejects the propagation of false information for political motives.

Speaking on behalf of the Foreign Ministry, Mao Ning said, “We have consistently refuted these unfounded accusations without supporting evidence.”

The Treasury Department reported the breach to the U.S. Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency after being informed by the third-party provider and is collaborating with law enforcement to assess the situation.

A department spokesperson stated, “The compromised services have been disabled, and there is no indication that the attackers continued to infiltrate Treasury systems or data.”

In a letter to the Senate Banking Committee leadership, the Treasury Department stated, “Based on available evidence, this incident appears to be the work of a Chinese state-sponsored Advanced Persistent Threat (APT) actor.”

APT refers to a cyber attack where an intruder gains unauthorized access to a target and remains undetected for an extended period.

The ministry did not disclose the extent of the impact of the breach but promised to provide further details in a subsequent report.

“The Treasury Department treats any threat to our nation’s systems and data with utmost seriousness,” the spokesperson emphasized.

Several countries, including the United States, have expressed concerns about Chinese government-supported hacking campaigns targeting their governments, militaries, and enterprises.

While the Chinese government has denied the allegations, it has previously stated that it opposes and cracks down on all forms of cyber attacks.

In September, the U.S. Department of Justice announced the neutralization of a global cyber attack network affecting 200,000 devices, allegedly operated by Chinese government-backed hackers.

In February, U.S. authorities revealed the dismantling of a hacker network called Bolt Typhoon that targeted critical public infrastructure at China’s direction.

In 2023, Microsoft disclosed that China-based hackers had infiltrated email accounts at numerous U.S. government agencies in search of intelligence information.

The hacker group “Storm-0558” breached the email accounts of around 25 organizations and government agencies, including the State Department and Commerce Secretary Gina Raimondo.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Can the Arrival of Affordable Electric Vehicles in Europe Rescue Automakers in the Automotive Industry?

aIn recent years, affordable new electric family cars have become scarce in Europe, particularly those manufactured in the EU. Campaign group Transport and Environment reports that no electric models produced domestically and priced below €25,000 (£20,740) will be available for sale across the EU in 2022-23.

However, the landscape has shifted in recent months with the introduction of new cars like the Fiat Grande Panda, Citroën ë-C3, Hyundai Instar, Dacia Spring, and Renault 5. This sudden influx has provided buyers with more options.

This change is not coincidental. As stricter EU carbon emissions targets take effect on January 1, car manufacturers are facing the need to sell more electric vehicles to avoid fines. The industry is pushing for relaxed rules, while environmentalists are advocating for a firm stance from the EU.

Globally, automakers are grappling with weak demand for both battery-powered and internal combustion engine models. This profit decline occurs at a challenging time as the industry seeks funding for the costly shift to electric vehicles (EVs).

While 2024 saw record-breaking electric vehicle sales worldwide, driven by China’s growing industry, European markets are experiencing a slowdown. Analyst Matthias Schmidt predicts a 1.4% sales decrease in the 18 largest Western and Northern European markets over the past year.

The decline can be attributed to the cessation of generous subsidies for new EVs in Germany, the largest EV market in Europe. The end of a €5,000 incentive per car has posed challenges, impacting EV sales not only in Germany but also in other countries like France.

electric car sales chart

Some automakers are faring better than others in meeting emissions targets. While Ford struggles with Cologne-made electric car sales, BMW, Stellantis, Tesla, Polestar, and Volvo are ahead of their targets, allowing them to sell “credits” to competitors.

The sales dip has put political leaders on alert, as automakers blame regulations for potential factory closures. Volkswagen announced plans to close up to three factories in Germany, while Ford is cutting jobs in Europe. This has led industry associations to lobby for relaxed emissions standards to protect jobs.

In the UK, manufacturers have successfully argued against fines, leading to calls for a unified approach. The European Automobile Manufacturers Association is urging the European Commission to provide clarity on emissions standards to safeguard jobs.

fiat grande panda. Stellantis has repeatedly halted assembly operations at its headquarters factory in Mirafiori, Italy. Photo: LaPresse/Alamy

European policymakers may consider easing emissions regulations, with discussions set to begin in January. Efforts to relax rules are being led by some EU governments.

However, concerns persist about the long-term impact of deregulation. Analysts and activists warn that relaxing targets could jeopardize European industry, allowing Chinese EV startups to gain ground in the market.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Parker Solar Probe successfully completes record-breaking closest approach to the sun

On December 24, 2024, NASA’s Parker Solar Probe will soar just 6.1 million km (3.8 million miles) above the surface of our home planet and hurtle through the solar atmosphere at 692,000 km (430,000 miles) per hour. I did. This is the fastest speed the spacecraft has ever achieved. An object made by humans. A signal received two days later confirmed that the spacecraft had safely passed the encounter and was operating normally.



NASA’s Parker Solar Probe approaches the Sun. Image credit: Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

Near the Sun, the Parker Solar Probe relies on a carbon foam shield to protect the probe from the extreme heat in the upper part of the Sun’s atmosphere, called the corona, which can exceed 500,000 degrees Celsius (1 million degrees Fahrenheit).

The shield is designed to reach temperatures of 1,427 degrees Celsius (2,600 degrees Fahrenheit) while keeping the instruments behind it shaded at a comfortable room temperature.

In the hot but low-density corona, the spacecraft’s shield is expected to warm up to 982 degrees Celsius (1,800 degrees Fahrenheit).

“Flying this close to the Sun is a historic moment in humanity’s first mission to the stars,” said Dr. Nikki Fox, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.

“Studying the Sun up close will allow us to better understand its impact on the entire solar system, including the technologies we use every day on Earth and in space, and will also help us understand the workings of stars throughout the universe. We can learn about and help us explore habitable worlds beyond our home planet.

“Parker Solar Probe will venture into one of the most extreme environments in the universe,” said Dr. Noor Rawafi, a researcher at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and project scientist for the Parker Solar Probe. It has exceeded all expectations.”

“This mission ushered in a new golden age of space exploration and brings us closer than ever to solving the sun’s deepest and most enduring mysteries.”



Parker Solar Probe’s record-breaking distance of 6.1 million kilometers (3.8 million miles) may seem far away, but on a cosmic scale it’s incredibly close. Image credit: NASA/APL.

“Being able to get a spacecraft this close to the sun is monumental,” said John Wurtzberger, a researcher at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory and Parker Solar Probe mission systems engineer. .

“This is a challenge the space science community has wanted to address since 1958, and we’ve spent decades advancing technology to make it possible.”

The Parker Solar Probe will fly through the solar corona to help scientists better understand how the region gets hot, track the origins of the solar wind, and discover how energetic particles We can make measurements that will help us discover how it accelerates to half the speed of light.

“This data is extremely important to the scientific community because it gives us new advantages,” said Dr. Kelly Kolek, a program scientist at NASA Headquarters.

“Parker Solar Probe revolutionizes our understanding of the Sun by providing first-hand knowledge of what is happening in the Sun’s atmosphere.”

So far, the rover is only transmitting that it is safe, but it will soon arrive at a location where it can downlink the data it collects on this latest solar pass.

“The data coming down from the spacecraft will provide fresh information about places we humans have never been before. This is an amazing accomplishment,” said Joe, director of NASA’s Heliophysics Division. Dr. Westlake said.

The spacecraft’s next planned solar approaches will take place on March 22, 2025 and June 19, 2025.

Source: www.sci.news

Astronomers delve into the three-dimensional makeup of the Milky Way galaxy

Using data from the APOGEE survey, astronomers from the Potsdam Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics, the University of Vienna, and the Paris Observatory reconstructed the properties of “hidden” stars within the Milky Way’s disk.



Several real star orbits are shown on the overall starlight of the Milky Way galaxy. Image credit: S. Khoperskov / AIP.

“With each dramatic increase in the number of stars, our understanding of the Milky Way has improved,” said Dr. Sergei Khopelskov of the Potsdam Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics and his colleagues.

“From the earliest observations to increasingly advanced space and ground-based telescopes, each milestone has revealed new layers of the galaxy’s complex structure and motion.”

“Although the amount of star research continues to expand, our view of the Milky Way remains very vague because most of the stars we can study are concentrated around the Sun.”

“This discrepancy is primarily due to fundamental limitations in our observations resulting from our position in the central plane of the Milky Way’s disk.”

“At our location, the amount of stars we might be able to observe is limited by their brightness, but also by the possibility of interstellar medium blocking or dimming, called annihilation. It is affected by dust and gas.”

The authors have developed an innovative method to fill gaps in our understanding of the Milky Way’s structure.

“Rather than relying solely on observations of individual stars, we can use the entire orbits of actual stars to represent the structure and dynamics of galaxies,” they explained.

“As stars move around the center of the galaxy, they serve as a tool for mapping areas of the galaxy that our telescopes cannot directly reach, including areas on the opposite side of the Milky Way.”

“Using a model of the Milky Way’s mass distribution and observed star positions and velocities, we not only calculated the stars’ orbits, but more importantly, how much mass is associated with each orbit. I measured what I should do.”

Using a new technique, we apply it to a large sample of stars using spectroscopic parameters from the star. APOGEE surveyThis is part of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, in which researchers mapped the kinematics of stars across the Milky Way.

They revealed the complex motion of stars within the bar region, unhindered by distance measurement uncertainties.

Astronomers quantified the galaxy’s mass-weighted chemical abundance and age structure by reconstructing the star’s orbit using real Milky Way stars with precisely determined parameters.

This approach avoids the challenges posed by dense interior regions and the disappearance of the interstellar medium, and provides a comprehensive view of the stellar population, including previously unobservable regions on the Milky Way’s far side.

“You can look at this approach from a different perspective,” Dr. Hopelskov said.

“Imagine that for every star we observe, there is a large sample of stars that follow the exact same orbits but were not captured by surveys for various reasons.”

“What we’re doing is reconstructing the positions, velocities and stellar parameters of these invisible stars and filling in the missing parts of the galaxy’s structure.”

“The new data strongly suggest that the Milky Way formed in two distinct stages, as evidenced by the different age and chemical abundance relationships.”

“The inner disk lies well inside the Sun’s radius and formed relatively quickly during the early stages of galactic evolution.”

“About 6 to 7 billion years ago, the outer disk began to assemble, rapidly expanding the radial extent of the Milky Way and forming its current structure.”

Source: www.sci.news

New sauropod dinosaur species uncovered by paleontologists in China

newly discovered dinosaur species, Richeron WangiIt is central to the transition from early sauropods to sauropods. paper Published in a magazine Peer J.

Photograph of the skull (A) and interpretive line drawing (B) Richeron Wangi In right side view. Image credit: Wei Gao.

Richeron Wangi They roamed the Laurasian supercontinent during the early Jurassic period, about 193 million years ago.

This new species was a non-sauropod dinosaur in the clade. Masopoda.

“Non-sauropod sauropods were the dominant sauropods from the Norian period (227 to 208 million years ago) to the end of the Early Jurassic period (175 million years ago). “They were the main group of herbivores until they were replaced,” Dr. Qian said. Nan Zhang is a paleontologist at the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology and the Nanjing Institute of Science. Department of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and colleagues.

“Since Thecodontosaurus Since it was first established, more than 40 valid nonsauropod sauropods have been reported worldwide. ”

“Most of these genera were identified from Gondwana and recovered primarily from South America and southern Africa.”

“The Early Jurassic was a critical period for tracing the early radiation and diversification of sauropod dinosaurs,” the researchers added.

“Nearly all of the non-sauropods currently recovered in China have been reported from Yunnan Province, and the Early Jurassic Lufeng Formation is the most fossil-rich Mesozoic unit in the province.”

“Despite the well-preserved and abundant nature of these Lufeng materials, comparative studies and cladistic analyzes have underestimated the number of rare skulls in particular.”

Richeron WangiA partial skeleton of was recovered from the middle-upper part of the Shawan Formation of the Lufeng Formation near Jiutou Village, Yunnan Province, China.

The specimen includes a skull and mandible, as well as a nine-articulated cervical vertebrae.

“This new species differs from other terrestrial species in both cranial and cervical features,” the paleontologists said.

“It has some automorphisms of the nasal process, maxillary neurovascular foramen, and cervical neurovertebral column.”

The research team's phylogenetic analysis revealed the following: Richeron Wangi It is a sister species of Yunnanosaurus.

Richeron Wangi “It has the largest skull among the abundant sauropod members of the Lufeng Formation,” the researchers said.

“Therefore, a reconsideration of phylogenetic analyzes using individual specimens of ascertainable ontogenetic stages as operational taxonomic units is undertaken to obtain generally better resolution.”

“Our study provides new insights to previous authors who addressed the anatomy of Lufeng species and represents a first step toward a reassessment of this famous dinosaur fauna.”

“Furthermore, Gondwanan early sauropod paleontological diversity appears to have decreased slightly across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.”

“We therefore hypothesize that a non-sauropod genus of sauropods survived and rapidly radiated from Laurasia, particularly China.”

“Furthermore, the reconstruction of the ancestral region of Lufeng sauropods is temporally ambiguous.”

“However, the consequences of multiple rounds of dispersal and exchange may explain the continued diversification advantage of non-sauropods in the Lufeng Formation.”

“The limited paleobiogeographic information available from Richeron Wangi “This provides evidence that at least sauropods, or an early sauropod lineage closely related to sauropods, were present in southwestern China during the Early Jurassic.”

_____

Q. Chan others. 2024. The largest sauropod skull excavated from the Lufeng Formation of the Lower Jurassic period in China. Peer J 12: e18629;doi: 10.7717/peerj.18629

Source: www.sci.news

Advancements in Research Shed Light on Habitability of Oceanic Worlds in Our Solar System and Beyond

In a new paper, planetary researchers from Texas A&M University and the University of Washington introduce a new thermodynamic concept called centotectics to investigate the stability of liquids under extreme conditions. This is important information for determining the habitability of icy moons and oceanic exoplanets.

Europa's surface stands out in this newly reprocessed color view. Image scale is 1.6 km per pixel. North of Europe is on the right. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SETI Institute.

Exploration of icy ocean worlds represents a new frontier in planetary science, with a focus on understanding the potential of these environments to support life.

New research is addressing fundamental questions in this field. Under what conditions can liquid water remain stable on these distant frozen bodies?

The authors provide an important framework for interpreting data from planetary exploration activities by defining and measuring the cenotect, the absolute minimum temperature at which a liquid remains stable under various pressures and concentrations.

This research combines their expertise in cryobiology with their expertise in planetary science and high-pressure water ice systems.

Together, they developed a framework that bridges the disciplines to tackle one of the most fascinating challenges in planetary science.

2016 artist concept for the European Clipper spacecraft. As spacecraft development progresses, the design changes. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

“The launch of NASA's Europa Clipper, the largest planetary exploration mission ever launched, ushered us into a decades-long era of exploration of the frigid ocean world,” said Dr. Baptiste Journeau, a planetary scientist at the University of Washington. It's coming in,” he said.

“Measurements from this and other missions will tell us the depth of the ocean and its composition.”

“Laboratory measurements of liquid stability, particularly the lowest possible temperature (a newly defined cenotect), combined with the mission results will help us determine how habitable the solar system's cold, deep oceans are, and how likely they will ultimately be. It will be possible to completely constrain what the temperature will be.''The fate would be when the moon or planet cools down completely. ”

“The study of icy worlds is a particular priority for both NASA and ESA, as evidenced by the spate of recent and upcoming spacecraft launches,” said Dr. Matt Powell-Palm, a planetary scientist at Texas A&M University. Ta.

“We hope to help Texas A&M provide intellectual leadership in this area.”

of paper Published in the Journal on December 18, 2024 nature communications.

_____

A. Zaris others. 2024. On the equilibrium limit of liquid stability in pressurized water systems. nut community15;doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-54625-z

Source: www.sci.news

The Strongest Material in the Universe: Ultra-Dense Cosmic “Pasta”

The concept of “strength” in materials refers to their ability to withstand deformation caused by external forces.

Typically, the strongest materials are the densest ones because atoms in close proximity offer greater resistance to compression. However, factors like structural properties can also influence strength, leading to exceptions like graphene, which is the strongest natural material despite not being the densest like osmium.

Some high-density states of matter, formed when massive stars collapse, are incredibly strong compared to ordinary matter. For instance, white dwarf stars have a structure composed of carbon and oxygen nuclei surrounded by electrons experiencing degeneracy pressure, preventing further compression.

However, in cases of extreme density like neutron stars, the degeneracy pressure of densely packed nuclei and free protons and neutrons overcomes electron degeneracy pressure, halting further collapse.

Nuclear pasta is created by the conflicting forces of protons and neutrons, resulting in various shapes. This tightly bound and incredibly strong material is believed to be the most robust substance in the universe. – Credit: Mark Garlick

The material within neutron stars is about 100 trillion times denser than anything found on Earth. While the exact structure is complex and uncertain, a theorized thin layer within the star undergoes a transition from normal to ultra-dense matter, forming different shapes known as nuclear pasta.

Scientists consider this ultra-dense material to be the strongest substance in the universe, estimated to be at least 10 billion times stronger than steel.


This article addresses the question (from Colin Davids of Bridgewater): “What is the strongest material in the universe?”

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Hubble’s Observation of a Spiral Galaxy Hosting a Supernova

NASA has released a beautiful photo of spiral galaxy LEDA 22057 taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.

This Hubble image shows spiral galaxy LEDA 22057 about 650 million light-years away in the constellation Gemini. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/RJ Foley, University of California, Santa Cruz.

Leda 22057 It is located in the constellation Gemini, about 650 million light years away from Earth.

Also known as AGC 170923, MaNGA 11743-12703, or 2MASX J07524264+1450263, this galaxy is the site of a supernova explosion.

“This special supernova… SN2024piwas discovered by automated research in January 2024,” Hubble team members said in a statement.

“This survey covered the entire northern half of the night sky every two days and cataloged more than 10,000 supernovae.”

New images of LEDA 22057 consist of observations from. Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WCF3) Located in the infrared part of the spectrum.

“SN 2024pi is visible in this image,” the astronomers said.

“SN 2024pi’s pale blue dot, located just below and to the right of the galactic nucleus, stands out against the galaxy’s ghostly spiral arms.”

“This image was taken about a month and a half after the supernova was discovered, so the supernova appears many times fainter here than at its peak brightness.”

According to the researchers, SN 2024pi supernova belongs to type Ia.

“This type of supernova requires a remarkable object called a white dwarf, which is the crystallized core of a star with a mass less than about eight times the mass of the Sun,” the researchers said.

“When a star of this size runs out of hydrogen in its core, it expands into a red giant, becoming colder, swollen, and brighter.”

“Over time, pulsations and stellar winds strip away the star’s outer layers, leaving behind a white dwarf and a colorful planetary nebula.”

“White dwarfs can have surface temperatures of over 100,000 degrees Celsius and are extremely dense, packing almost the mass of the Sun into a sphere the size of Earth.”

“Nearly all stars in the Milky Way will someday evolve into white dwarfs, a fate that awaits our Sun in about 5 billion years, but not all of them will explode as Type Ia supernovae.”

“For that to happen, the white dwarf must be part of a binary star system.”

“If a white dwarf siphons material from its stellar partner, it could become too massive to support itself.”

“The resulting runaway fusion explosion destroys the white dwarf in a supernova explosion visible many galaxies away.”

Source: www.sci.news

The upcoming advancements of 3D cell culture in biomedical research

For more than a century, scientists have studied how cells grow and develop to aid medical research and drug development. They grow plant and animal cells in laboratory equipment such as Petri dishes, glass plates, and various media, producing collections of newly grown cells called “cells.” cell culture. Scientists carefully maintain cell cultures for research, providing the cells with the nutrients and environmental conditions they need to survive and reproduce. By studying them, researchers have advanced the scientific community’s understanding of cellular life and developed new drugs and vaccines against diseases such as cancer.

Currently, scientists grow most cell cultures in dishes or flasks. 2D culture. Two-dimensional or 2D cell culture confines cells to an unnatural flat space, limiting their growth and range of movement. These obstacles lead to less than optimal precision in 2D cell culture experiments, so scientists have invented new three-dimensional approaches to address these limitations.

This new approach consists of growing cells in three-dimensional systems such as spherical plates, gel-like materials that provide structural and biochemical support. hydrogelor specialized equipment that creates a controlled environment to regulate the delivery of nutrients. bioreactor. These systems allow cells to grow in all directions, just as they do in nature and in the human body. Scientists call these devices: three dimensional or 3D cell culture. 3D cell culture provides a more realistic environment in which cells can migrate, interact, mature, and organize into complex structures that resemble organ tissues.

The team of scientists wanted to assess the current state of 3D cell culture technology and how it is being adopted in the field of microbiology. Researchers have discovered that scientists are effectively using 3D cell cultures to develop vaccines, model tumors, and develop patient-specific cancer treatments. They explained that 3D cell culture is superior to 2D cell culture in these areas because artificially flat conditions limit the amount of cell growth. This limitation allows drugs and treatments aimed at killing cells or slowing their growth to appear to work, when in fact the cells are simply responding to the shape of their environment. This may create an illusion.

As part of their evaluation, the research team found that cells growing in all directions interact with their environment in ways that better mimic human tissues, forming structures like clusters of epithelial cells or the invasive patterns of cancer cells. I also discovered that. They explained that this realism will improve the accuracy of treatments, drug tests, and vaccine tests by more effectively replicating how treatments target cells and tissues in the body. . Although 3D cultures address many of the limitations of 2D systems, such as mechanical and biochemical relevance, they still face challenges such as reproducing the complexity of immune interactions.

One of the central problems with 3D cell culture that researchers have identified is that some researchers find it prohibitively expensive. Constructing a 3D cell culture can be 2 to 10 times more expensive than a 2D cell culture. Additionally, scientists have a hard time creating and maintaining them because they are very complex in design and require specialized equipment to maintain.

The researchers say these factors made adopting these practices a lengthy process for biomedical researchers. The researchers predicted that slow adoption could cause problems in the future, as researchers pioneering these unusual techniques may have trouble finding qualified reviewers to evaluate their experiments. . You will also have fewer colleagues qualified to reproduce your results.

Scientists concluded that 3D cell culture provides a more accurate model for drug testing, cancer research, and tissue engineering. Therefore, it could reduce researchers’ reliance on animal models, streamline drug development, and potentially lead to safer and more effective treatments. However, despite the many advantages of 3D cell culture, challenges such as high cost, technical complexity, and need for standardization continue to hinder its widespread adoption. The team’s proposed solution is to make 3D machining more accessible and improve overall efficiency. They also suggested that future researchers continue to use 3D cell cultures to push the boundaries of medicine by exploring applications in regenerative medicine and personalized cancer treatments.


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Source: sciworthy.com

Dating app set to unveil AI capabilities to assist users in finding the perfect match

Feeling exhausted from writing dating profiles or swiping endlessly on dating apps? Wondering if dating apps are even worth it? Let a digital buddy handle the work for you.

As user fatigue becomes apparent with a noticeable decline in user numbers, the world’s largest online dating company is fighting back with artificial intelligence that promises to “revolutionize” online dating. Introducing an intelligent assistant.

Match Group, the tech company holding the biggest dating platform portfolio globally, recently announced a heightened investment in AI for new products launching in March 2025.

The upcoming AI assistant will take on essential dating tasks like selecting photos to maximize responses, suggesting prompts and profile information, and assisting users in finding their ideal match.

Through audio interviews, the AI will understand users’ dating objectives and recommend messages to send to matches based on shared interests.

Additionally, the AI will offer coaching for struggling users and provide tips on how to enhance profile visibility for those facing challenges in getting attention from matches.

Match Group CEO Bernard Kim expressed to investors that the company’s focus on AI signifies the start of a new phase known as the “AI transformation.”

Last month’s Ofcom report suggested a decrease in subscribers for Tinder and Hinge, the primary apps under Match Group, indicating a drop in app usage compared to the previous year.

Gary Swidler, Match Group’s president and CFO, emphasized the ongoing investment in AI technology to streamline the dating experience and highlighted the forthcoming benefits for investors and users.

However, critics like Anastasia Babas raise concerns about the potential negative impact of increased reliance on AI in dating, highlighting issues around personal agency, data privacy, and bias elimination.

Tinder CEO Faye Iosotaluno acknowledged the cautious approach towards AI data processing while committed to integrating it into the mainstream to transform user interactions thoughtfully.

Source: www.theguardian.com

The Significance of Skin Care for Long-Term Wellness

The skin is undoubtedly the body's largest organ. Depending on your height and weight, Covers an area of ​​about 1.5-2 square meters They weigh between 3.5 and 10 kilograms, which is about 15 percent of their total body weight.

Think of it as a kind of intellectual armor. It helps us sense the world around us, protects our internal organs, and protects us from pathogens. This is reason enough to take good care of it, especially for the following reasons: premature skin aging Your ability to perform all of these functions may be reduced and your risk of infection may increase. But new research suggests the effects on skin health may be even more profound.

To understand why, we need to examine its structure. The skin is made up of three layers. The outer waterproof epidermis is constantly regenerated. The dermis underneath is filled with collagen and elastin fibers. And underneath, the subcutaneous tissue, or subcutaneous tissue, is made of fat and connective tissue and is filled with cavities that help cushion the rest of the body from impact. Damage to these layers can cause skin cells to excrete inflammatory proteins. In the short term, this may increase blood flow to the injury site and speed healing. However, if high levels of inflammation are maintained over a long period of time, those chemicals can accumulate and spread to other organs with the help of the vast network of blood vessels within the dermis, causing organ damage. .

accelerated aging

Aging can accelerate this process. As we age, our skin loses collagen, water, and fat and becomes more fragile. To make matters worse, many skin cells enter a state called senescence, where their production of inflammatory chemicals increases. This potentially toxic cocktail appears to amplify the risk of age-related conditions such as diabetes, heart disease, and dementia. Although there is no conclusive evidence for this hypothesis yet, various evidences Now we support it. For example, animal studies have shown that skin damage can cause widespread inflammation. Meanwhile, researchers at Erasmus University Medical Center in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, Does someone's face look older or younger than their actual age? It was associated not only with general cognitive function, but also with an overall risk of developing cataracts, osteoporosis, hearing loss, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

In the future, “aging therapy” drugs may be developed that remove aging cells, including those in the skin, or block the release of inflammatory proteins. these are Still in developmentbut progress is promising. On the other hand, there are many lifestyle changes that can help all of us take care of this important and fascinating organ. Read on to learn more.

Explore the key questions about skincare in our latest special series.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The President’s Overlooked Achievements at NASA

Many have speculated about what prompted Mr. Carter to make this decision.

A 2016 study by Ars Technica suggested that Mr. Carter considered using the Space Shuttle as a tool for securing arms control agreements with the Soviet Union. During the 1979 Strategic Arms Limitation Talks with Soviet leader Leonid Brezhnev, Carter agreed that the Space Shuttle would not be used to build factories or missiles, thereby ensuring Soviet compliance. He even hinted that he could monitor the launch site.

National security reasons may have also influenced the White House’s support for the development of the space shuttle.

Neal, a source, mentioned, “I believe this convinced him that the shuttle had a valid purpose and should be preserved.”

Mr. Carter confirmed to Ars Technica that he discussed the space shuttle with Mr. Brezhnev, providing a different explanation for his choice. He stated, “I wasn’t enthusiastic about sending humans on missions to Mars or space. However, we believed the shuttle was a beneficial way to continue NASA’s progress. We did not want to squander the investments we had already made.”

Neal pointed out that this rationale aligns with Carter’s character and leadership style.

“He was hands-on, a natural and trained engineer,” she remarked. “He was not a lawyer or a natural politician. I think he felt that canceling the program was inappropriate but that there needed to be a clearer definition of what the shuttle’s capabilities were.”

Despite the political climate, Carter’s decision to save the space shuttle program was likely challenging.

“Looking back, it was a brave decision,” she acknowledged.

As president, Carter supervised some of NASA’s less daunting achievements.

He included a written statement on NASA’s twin Voyager spacecraft, launched in 1977 with a mission to explore the outer reaches of the solar system and beyond.

According to Matthew Shindell, curator of planetary science and exploration at the National Air and Space Museum, Carter’s message on the Voyager spacecraft was intended to introduce humanity to any alien civilization that might intercept it during its journey.

The “Golden Record” carried by Voyager was a 12-inch gold-plated copper disc containing sounds and images depicting Earth’s diverse life and cultures.

The “Golden Record” carried by Voyager was a 12-inch gold-plated copper disc containing sounds and images selected to depict the diversity of life and culture on Earth.
NASA (via AP)

Carter’s words became a profound message to the cosmos.

“This is a gift from a small world far away, symbolizing our sounds, science, images, music, thoughts, and emotions. We are striving to survive and hope to address our challenges and one day join the galactic community. This record encapsulates our aspirations and resolve in the vast and marvelous universe, embodying goodwill.”

The Voyager probes continue their journey through space. Voyager 1 ventured more than 15 billion miles from Earth, while Voyager 2 covered about 13 billion miles. Both have traveled longer than any other spacecraft in history.

In 2012, Voyager 1 became the first human-made object to enter interstellar space, surpassing the outermost boundaries of the Sun’s influence and journeying into the space between stars.

Although the Voyager mission was planned before Carter’s presidency, the years of strategic planning to take advantage of the optimal planetary alignments resulted in launching a spacecraft during his administration. The peak had been reached.

“The achievements of Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 in visiting all the planets will likely not be replicated in our lifetimes,” observed Shindell. “They have paved the way for our continued fascination with exoplanets.”

Despite his significant contributions to the country’s space program, Mr. Carter’s space legacy is often overlooked.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Lisa Nandy urges YouTube and TikTok to promote higher quality content for children

Britain’s Culture Secretary Lisa Nandy has reached out to video-sharing platforms like YouTube and TikTok, urging them to prioritize the promotion of high-quality educational content for children.

Recent data indicates a substantial shift in children’s viewing habits, with a significant decrease in TV consumption over the past decade. Instead, children, aged between 4 and 8, are increasingly turning to platforms like YouTube and TikTok for entertainment, according to Nandy.

During an interview on BBC Radio 4’s Today program, Nandy mentioned the government’s intention to engage in dialogue with these platforms initially, but warned of potential interventions if they do not respond positively.

She emphasized the importance of the high-quality educational content produced in the UK, which plays a crucial role in informing children about the world, supporting their mental well-being and development, and providing entertainment. However, she expressed concerns about the lack of similar quality in content on video-sharing platforms compared to traditional broadcasters.

Former BBC presenter Floella Benjamin, acting as a guest editor on the show, described these platforms as a “wild west” filled with inappropriate content.

Nandy highlighted the government’s efforts to remove harmful content for children and stressed the need to address deeper issues related to the quality of content children consume.

She acknowledged the democratic nature of platforms like YouTube, where individuals can build careers from home, but also emphasized the responsibility to ensure the content is appropriate for young viewers.

Regarding the decrease in funding for children’s television, Nandy mentioned the Young Audiences Content Fund as a positive initiative to boost production. She believed that increasing investment might not be the solution, as the focus should be on reaching all children, including those who do not watch traditional TV.

Despite concerns raised by Benjamin about a crisis in children’s television, Nandy praised the sector as a valuable asset for Britain, from networks like CBeebies to beloved shows like Peppa Pig. She emphasized the government’s role in supporting and nurturing this content, even if it may not be highly profitable.

Nandy admitted the challenges of monitoring her own son’s online activities but commended the platform’s filtering mechanisms and highlighted the positive influence of educational content like news programs.

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Nandy confirmed contacting Ofcom to elevate the importance of children’s television in their regulatory considerations and urged a review of public broadcasting, anticipated in the summer.

She stressed the necessity of balancing the influx of investment from platforms like Netflix and Disney with preserving and promoting uniquely British content without overshadowing it.

This involves forming partnerships with public broadcasters to expand online content availability and ensure adequate recognition and support for their contributions, as per Nandy’s statements.

Source: www.theguardian.com

The Top 10 Strangest News Stories From 2024

This year has brought us a variety of reasons to celebrate, from new vaccine developments to climate tipping points.

But let’s not forget about the stories that fascinated, shocked, and puzzled us. Here are some of our favorite moments from the past year:

1. Hippos can fly

Hippo running patterns mean they are technically capable of flight – Credit: Barbara Yuste Zambrano

It turns out hippos can spend up to 15 percent of their stride cycle in the air due to their fast running speed.

2. Poop frequency is an important health indicator

The volume of our poop is linked to key health indicators – Credit: Peter Dazeley

Researchers have found that having one or two bowel movements a day can have long-term health benefits.

3. A strange UFO is hurtling through space

Giant red dwarf star distorted by travel speed – Credit: Mark Garlick/ Science Photo Library

Scientists are still trying to figure out the mysterious object hurtling through space at incredible speeds.

4. Pompeii’s victims were not who we thought they were.

Two fossilized bodies from the Pompeii explosion lie next to each other – Credit: Pompeii Archaeological Park

New DNA evidence has provided insights into the victims of Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in 79 AD.

5. Robot skin

Robot with living skin – Credit: Takeuchi et al. CC-BY-ND

Scientists have developed robot skin made from human cells, a step towards creating more durable robots.

6. Killer Whale vs. Great White Shark

If you’ve ever wondered who would win, a killer whale or a great white shark, we now have the answer – Credit: Serge Melesan

Scientists observed an orca attacking and killing a great white shark, showcasing a rare predator-prey interaction.

7. ‘Zombie’ cannibal star discovered

Credit: Getty Images

A white dwarf star was discovered with scars indicating it cannibalized other celestial bodies.

8. New Loki Dinosaur

A reconstruction of Lokiceratops, which was surprised by a crocodile in a 78-million-year-old wetland in northern Montana, USA. – Image credit: Andrey Atutin

A newly discovered horned dinosaur was named after the Norse god Loki for its distinctive features.

9. New cat color

A new cat fur color has been discovered. This color was named “Salted Licorice” – Credit: Ari Kankainen

A unique cat fur color known as “Salted Licorice” was identified this year.

10. Megalodon research community during the war

Was megalodon lean or fat? A new study sparks controversy in paleontology. – Photo credit: Alamy

New research about the prehistoric shark Megalodon and its size and shape has sparked debates in the paleontology community.

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Scientists might have uncovered the answer to the mystery of whale calls

Approximately 50 million years ago, the ancestors of land-based whales transitioned into the oceans, developing various adaptations for their new aquatic life.

They acquired nostrils on the top of their heads for easier breathing at the surface, while their limbs evolved into flippers and fins for swimming. Although the vocalizations of humpback and other baleen whales were well-known, the method by which they produced these sounds remained a mystery until recently.

Studying the sounds of live whales in the vast oceans presented a significant challenge. In a groundbreaking study released in early 2024, scientists were able to examine the voice box of baleen whales by studying the larynxes and carcasses of three stranded whales – a humpback, a sei whale, and a minke whale, which were in relatively good condition.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2024/12/GettyImages-1254094926.mp4
Whales communicate through low bass sounds.

The larynx of baleen whales is a peculiar organ consisting of elongated cylinders that press against a fat cushion in a rigid U-shape. When air was blown into the larynx, the cushion vibrated, producing low-frequency sounds.

Live whales recycle air through their larynx, enabling them to vocalize without inhaling water or depleting their air supply. Researchers also developed a 3D computer model of the whale’s larynx to demonstrate how muscles control sound production.

This research revealed that the baleen whale’s vocalizations overlapped in frequency with the noise generated by ship propellers.

Due to the structure of whales’ larynx, they lack the ability to adjust their vocal pitch to avoid colliding with underwater ship sounds, making it challenging for them to communicate over long distances in increasingly noisy oceans.


This article addresses the query “How do whales sing in the ocean?” (submitted by Howard Hinchcliffe via email).

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Researchers suggest that AI tools may soon have the ability to control individuals’ online choices

Researchers at the University of Cambridge have found that artificial intelligence (AI) tools have the ability to influence online viewers into making decisions, such as what they purchase and who they vote for. The researchers from Cambridge’s Leverhulme Center for the Future of Intelligence (LCFI) are exploring the concept of the “intention economy,” where AI assistants can understand, predict, and manipulate human intentions, selling this information to companies for profit.

According to the research, the intention economy is seen as a successor to the attention economy, where social media platforms attract users with advertising. The intention economy involves technology companies selling information about user motivations, from travel plans to political opinions, to the highest bidder.

Dr. Johnny Penn, a technology historian at LCFI, warns that unless regulated, the intention economy will turn human motivation into a new form of currency, leading to a “gold rush” for those who sell human intentions. The researchers emphasize the need to evaluate the impact of such markets on free and fair elections, freedom of the press, and fair market competition.

The study highlights the use of large-scale language models (LLMs) in AI tools like ChatGPT chatbots, which can predict and guide users based on behavioral and psychological data. Advertisers in the attention economy can buy access to user attention through real-time bidding on ad exchanges or future advertising space on billboards.

In the intention economy, LLMs work with brokered bidding to leverage user data for maximum efficiency in achieving objectives, such as selling movie tickets. Advertisers can create customized online ads using generative AI tools, with AI models driving conversations across various platforms.

The research suggests a future scenario where companies like meta may auction off users’ intentions for activities like booking restaurants and flights to advertisers. AI models will adapt their output based on user-generated data, providing highly personalized formats. Tech executives have discussed the potential of AI models to predict user intent and behavior, highlighting the importance of understanding user needs and desires.

Source: www.theguardian.com

The Impact of AI on the Year 2025: Could it Be the Next Generation Spreadsheet?

2024 was the year of large-scale language models (LLMs), and 2025 looks set to be the year of AI “agents.” These are semi-intelligent systems that leverage LLM to go beyond the usual tricks of generating plausible text and responding to prompts. The idea is that you can give your agent a high-level (or even a vague goal) and break it down into a series of actionable steps. Once you “understand” your goals, you can create a plan to achieve them, just like humans do.

OpenAI Chief Financial Officer Sarah Friar recently explained:
therefore,
financial times: “It could be a researcher, or it could be a useful assistant for the average person or a working mom like me. In 2025, the first highly successful agents to help people with their daily lives will be introduced. It’s like having a digital assistant.

“It doesn’t just react to your instructions; it can learn, adapt, and, perhaps most importantly, take meaningful action to solve problems on your behalf.”

. In other words, Miss Moneypenny on steroids.

So why are these automatic money pennies suddenly being hailed as the next big thing? Even though the tech industry has spent trillions of dollars building huge LLMs, Does it have something to do with the fact that you still can’t expect a reasonable return on your investments? This is not to say that an LLM is useless. This is extremely useful for people whose work involves languages. And for computer programmers, these are very useful. But for many industries, at the moment, they still seem like a solution looking for a problem.

With the advent of AI agents, things could change. LLM has the potential to be attractive as a building block for virtual agents that can efficiently perform many of the complex task sequences that make up the “work” of any organization. Or so the tech industry thinks. And, of course, McKinsey, the consulting giant that provides the subconscious hymn sheet every CEO sings. agent AI,

McKinsey’s Barbles

“we are moving from thinking to acting” as “AI-enabled ‘agents’ that use underlying models to execute complex multi-step workflows across the digital world” are adopted.

If that really happens, we may need to rethink our assumptions about how AI will change the world. At the moment, we are primarily concerned with what technology can do for individuals or humanity (or both). But if McKinsey & Company’s claims are correct, deeper long-term effects could come through the way AI agents transform companies. After all, companies are actually machines for managing complexity and turning information into decisions.

Political scientist Henry Farrell, a keen observer of these issues, suggests this possibility. LLM,
he claims “an engine for summarizing vast amounts of information into something useful.” Because information is the driving force behind their operations, large companies will adopt any technology that provides a more intelligent and contextual way of processing information. information – as opposed to just something data they are currently process. As a result, Farrell says, companies will “introduce LLMs in ways that seem boring and technical, except for things that are immediately relevant, for better or worse, but actually important.” Big organizations shape our lives! As people change, our lives will change in countless seemingly unexciting but important ways.

At one point in his essay, Farrell likens this “boring and technical” transformative impact of LLMs to the way a humble spreadsheet reshapes large organizations. this is,
classy explosion Written by economist and former stock analyst Dan Davis
irresponsible machine It was one of the nicest surprises of the year. He points out that spreadsheets have “enabled entirely new working styles for the financial industry in two ways.” First, it allows for the creation of larger and more detailed financial models, allowing for different ways of budgeting, creating business plans, evaluating investment options, etc. And second, this technology allows for repetitive work. “Instead of thinking about what assumptions make the most business sense and then sitting down and predicting them, Excel [Microsoft’s spreadsheet product] We just presented our predictions and encouraged them to tweak their assumptions up or down until they got an answer they were happy with. What’s more, it’s also an answer that your boss will be satisfied with.

The moral of the story is clear. Spreadsheets were as revolutionary a technology when they first appeared in 1978 as ChatGPT is in 2022. However, it has now become a routine and integral part of organizational life. The emergence of AI “agents” built from models like GPT appears to be following a similar pattern. In turn, the organizations that absorb them will also evolve. And in time, the world may rediscover the famous dictum of Marshall McLuhan’s colleague John Culkin: “We shape our tools, and our tools shape us.”

what i was reading

economics story
transcription of
fascinating interview We will talk about economics, pluralism, and democracy with renowned economist Hajun Chan.

AI?
“False consolation due to AI skepticism”
energetic essay Casey Newton on the two “camps” in the AI ​​debate.

Trump’s next move
“I have a cunning plan…” Here is Charlie Stross’ blog post:
A sketch of a true dystopian story Regarding the impact of President Trump’s inauguration.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Britain’s greatness can only be restored if we cease selling top companies to America, says Will Hutton.

TThere's a lot to admire about America here. Some 200 years ago, the great French social observer Alexis de Tocqueville extolled the legacy of our Puritan founders: their commitment to civic virtue, individual self-improvement, and hard work.

Those characteristics are still evident today, but darker features have also appeared alongside them. The United States, which was a 20th century hegemon and still firmly adhered to democracy, has changed. It has transformed into an imperial power indifferent to democracy but willing to demand economic tribute from its vassals.

No country has been more a vassal state of the United States than Britain. This evolution is laid out in an eye-opening book. Vassal States: What happened to America? running around uk. President Donald Trump's impending inauguration, accompanied by threats to impose tariffs and lower commitments to NATO unless client nations further comply with his wishes, has shaken Western capitals. But as author Angus Hunton carefully documents, this is nothing new. The United States has maintained an America First policy for decades. President Trump is only elevating a long-standing phenomenon. Changing this situation will require more than appointing the crooked Lord Mandelson as British ambassador to the United States. It's about recognizing what's going on and then fighting fire with fire. It's time to put Britain first.

Mr Hunton writes that 25% of the UK's GDP is made up of the sales of the 1,256 US multinational companies operating in the UK. This includes breakfast cereals, soft drinks, car manufacturing, taxis, food delivery, online shopping, travel, coffee, social media, and entertainment (Kellogg, Coca-Cola, Ford, Uber, Deliveroo, Amazon, Expedia, Starbucks, X) This includes everyday areas such as: , Netflix) – knowledge-intensive sectors ranging from data (Apple, Meta/Facebook, Google, Microsoft) to finance (Goldman Sachs, Morgan Stanley, BlackRock). Every time he unpacks the statistics and scope of exploitative control, it's dizzying.

Because this is not benign. The UK is so blind to the negative aspects of loss of control, from tax avoidance to the stripping of strategic skills, that it is surprising that, as Mr Hunton writes, politicians are unable to control this process. He cheerfully praises the city for being “open for business.'' Thus, over the past two decades there has been a tsunami of takeovers of great British technology companies by US companies and private equity firms. For example, the groundbreaking artificial intelligence company DeepMind is now owned by Google. Cyberspace pioneer Darktrace was recently acquired by US private equity firm Thoma Bravo, and biotechnology company Abcam was acquired by Washington DC-based Danaher. Spend $12.7 billion on Cambridge University companies Even in 2024 alone. At Oxford University, the newly established luxury Ellison Institute, funded by Oracle founder Larry Ellison, is poised to launch a U.S.-like attack on its intellectual property, spinouts and startups. There are concerns that there may be.

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Some decision-making and research will remain in the UK, but Mr Hunton has observed that post-acquisition headquarters have increasingly moved to the US. We bid farewell to our significant presence in space as Inmarsat was acquired by California's Viasat and the UK was downgraded from a potential tier 1 space power to tier 3. High-tech 3D printer Meggitt has transitioned to Cleveland-based Parker Hannifin (along with Chobham and Ultra, part of what was a defense and aerospace “crown jewel” identified by the U.S. International Trade Administration in 2019) However, it is now entirely US-owned), and Worldpay, which was spun out from NatWest, is now headquartered in Cincinnati. Not only was important intellectual property lost, Hunton reported. Immigration makes cities across the United States more prosperous, something the British can only dream of in terms of geographic equity.

Technology entrepreneur and financier Hermann Hauser is the co-founder of Arm, currently listed in New York, which started its operations in the UK and is now our third largest listed company. However, he writes that there are three litmus tests for technology acquisitions. We still control British technology. Is there access from other countries? If not, are UK sellers guaranteed unrestricted and secure access? If the answer to all three is no, then there is a risk of becoming a new client state for these tech giants. And a new kind of colonialism could be happening.'' It's happening while we're watching.

Next is the US attitude towards taxes. The tax departments of US multinational corporations are seen as profit centers, selling to the UK from low-tax Ireland, channeling profits through tax havens often controlled by the UK, or through transfer pricing. Taxes are averaged using all available means, including artificially lowering profits in the UK. It represents only 5% of profits. If the effective tax rate on profits alone, as we know it, was just 15%, Britain would be at least $10bn (£8bn) a year richer. The actual number will almost certainly be further halved. And if the UK dares to propose even modest amendments, such as the 2% digital services tax proposed in the 2018 budget, it will have to be withdrawn due to intense lobbying from the US government. You won't get any more.

What is so disappointing about this whole story is that if we had more courage and determination to put Britain first, we could be Europe's tech powerhouse, with a dynamic economy and a growing tax base. We have many of the necessary assets, from great universities to huge pools of risk capital, that have enabled us to fuel America's growth. Of course, the United States is a powerful magnet because of its size and dynamism, but not as much as we are spoiled.

Mr Hunton said that to fight back, the UK first needs to stop the decline in stocks, and the first step is to reduce both profitable US direct investment (starting business in the UK) and destructive US direct investment (very large numbers of (acquisitions of high-tech companies). intellectual property and their export to the United States). Second, the UK, like the US, must get serious about R&D and innovation and start building its own group of high-tech growth companies. Like Americans, we must invest in our college education, not ignore it. And we need to recognize that an effective counterattack means making common cause with Europe.

Amen, but the omens are not very good. Nigel Farage portrays himself as some sort of national savior, rather than being called out as a de facto US vassal aided primarily by a fifth column media seeking to strengthen our vassal state. are. The Labor government appointed Claire Barclay, CEO of Microsoft UK, as chair of the Industrial Strategy Council, while the BlackRock board met in Downing Street and received five-star treatment. Ta. There is little momentum for strengthening cooperation with the EU.

To be fair, the government's planned industrial strategy does show potential for a better direction. And the good thing about Trump's impending inauguration is that he embodies the essence of our vassal status. How about Make Britain Great Again instead? Progressive and wealthy donors – Dale Vince? Gary Lubner? Clive Cowdery? – Must ensure copies are sent to all MPs and peers. vassal state. Our true American friends will applaud us for trying to rebalance our relationships. After all, that's what they would do if the boots were reversed.

Will Hutton is a columnist for the Observer

Source: www.theguardian.com

Debunking the Myth of the “Lizard Brain”: Neuroscience and the Truth about Mental Falsehoods

It’s been said that in times of intense stress or sudden anger, a primitive part of our brain takes control. This irrational aspect of ourselves doesn’t stem from our highly evolved human faculties, but rather from the remnants of our reptilian ancestors that have persisted in our brains despite the process of evolution. Some call it the “lizard brain.”

The lizard brain theory was formulated by neuroscientists in the 1960s, particularly by Paul McLean. As he studied the brains of humans and other animals to explore the origins of negative emotions, he found common behaviors between reptiles and mammals related to survival instincts like establishing routines and defending territory, as well as unique mammalian behaviors.

Through his research and advancements in neuroscience allowing for the comparison of brain structures, MacLean proposed that the human brain evolved from a reptilian brain with ancient lizard characteristics still preserved. He identified three distinct brains within the human brain, which he called the “brain trinity”: the oldest reptilian brain, the paleomammal complex or limbic system, and the new structures that emerged with higher primate evolution.

Paul MacLean's 'Trinity Brain' model now widely discredited by scientists – Photo credit: Getty

Despite the popularity of the triune brain theory, recent studies have challenged the notion of the lizard brain. Neuroanatomists have pointed out that the brain is not structured like an onion with successive layers resembling different species’ brains, as the Trinity theory suggests.

For instance, while the amygdala within the limbic system is more developed in primates than in rats, indicating a more complex evolutionary trajectory, the concept of progress in evolution suggests that older animals are more primitive and newer ones more sophisticated. Evolution is not just about adding new features while leaving the old ones unchanged.


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The Year 2024: A Unique Time for Tornadoes

Experts are highlighting the significant number of tornadoes in 2024 amidst a year marked by extreme weather events.

From January to November, 1,762 tornadoes were recorded in the United States, the highest number in a decade according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

The exceptionally powerful tornadoes this year include one spawned by Hurricane Milton in October, described as particularly destructive. Victor Gensini, a meteorology professor, emphasized the collective impact of these tornadoes, making it a significant year for severe weather.

The outbreak of tornadoes contributed to several costly weather disasters in the U.S. this year. By November 1st, NOAA had recorded 24 weather disasters, each causing at least $1 billion in damage, with tornado outbreaks ranking among the costliest events.

The increased tornado activity in 2024 has raised concerns about the intensity and frequency of extreme weather events, prompting experts to explore possible links to climate change.

The classification of tornadoes according to the Enhanced Fujita (EF) scale reveals the varying levels of wind speeds and resulting damage. The deadliest tornadoes of 2024, such as the EF-4 tornado in Iowa, caused extensive destruction and financial losses.

While the death toll from tornadoes in 2024 is significant, it is lower compared to previous deadliest years. The occurrence of tornadoes during hurricanes, like those associated with Hurricane Milton, also surprised experts for their strength and frequency, raising questions about climate change implications.

Research indicates a potential increase in tornado activity due to continued fossil fuel emissions, but the direct impact of climate change on tornadoes remains uncertain. Scientists are still investigating the complex relationship between climate change and tornado occurrence.

As the year approaches its end, the possibility of more tornadoes remains, underscoring the unpredictability of severe weather events.

Severe storms and tornadoes are forecasted in parts of the South and Gulf Coast, indicating that the threat of tornadoes persists despite the approaching end of the year.


Source: www.nbcnews.com

AI Godfather Ensures Technology Won’t Eradicate Humanity in 30 Years

A prominent British-Canadian computer scientist often referred to as the “godfather” of artificial intelligence has reduced the likelihood of AI causing the extinction of humanity in the next 30 years, stating that the rate of technological advancement is “much faster” than anticipated. I warned you.

Professor Geoffrey Hinton, the recipient of this year’s Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to AI, suggested that there is a “10% to 20%” probability of AI leading to human extinction within the next three decades.

Hinton previously expressed that there was a. 10% chance that technology could result in catastrophic outcomes for humanity.

When asked on BBC Radio 4’s Today program if he had revised his assessment of the potential AI doomsday scenario and the one in 10 likelihood of it happening, he replied, “No, it’s between 10% and 20%.”

In response to Hinton’s estimate, former Prime Minister Sajid Javid, who was guest editing Today, remarked, “You’re going up,” to which Hinton quipped, “You’re going up. You know, we’ve never had to confront anything more intelligent than ourselves.”

He further added, “And how many instances do you know of something more intelligent being controlled by something less intelligent? There are very few examples. There’s a mother and a baby. In evolutionary theory, the baby controls the mother. It took a lot of effort to make it possible, but that’s the only example I know of.”

Hinton, a professor emeritus born in London and based at the University of Toronto, emphasized that humans would appear infantile compared to the intelligence of highly advanced AI systems.

“I like to compare it like this: Imagine yourself and a 3-year-old. We’re in third grade,” he stated.

AI can broadly be defined as computer systems that can perform tasks typically requiring human intelligence.

Last year, Hinton resigned from his position at Google to speak more candidly about the risks associated with unchecked AI development, citing concerns that “bad actors” could exploit the technology to cause harm. This issue gained significant attention. One of the primary worries of AI safety advocates is that the progression of artificial general intelligence, or systems that surpass human intellect, could enable the technology to elude human control and pose an existential threat.

Reflecting on where he anticipated AI development would bring him when he initially delved into AI research, Hinton remarked, “[we are] here now. I thought we would arrive here at some point in the future.”

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He added, “Because in the current environment, most experts in this field believe that AI surpassing human intelligence will likely materialize within the next 20 years.” And that’s a rather frightening notion.

Hinton remarked that the pace of advancement was “extremely rapid, much quicker than anticipated” and advocated for government oversight of the technology.

“My concern is that the invisible hand isn’t safeguarding us. In a scenario where we simply rely on the profit motive of large corporations, we cannot ensure secure development. That’s insufficient,” he stated. “The only factor that can compel these major corporations to conduct more safety research is government regulation.”

Hinton is one of three “Godfathers of AI” who were awarded the ACM A.M. Turing Prize, the computer science equivalent of the Nobel Prize, for their contributions. However, one of the trio, Yann LeCun, the chief AI scientist at Mark Zuckerberg’s Meta, downplayed the existential threat, suggesting that AI “may actually save humanity from extinction.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

OpenAI to Shift to For-Profit Company Structure, Announces Transition Plans

OpenAI has announced plans to reorganize its corporate structure in the coming year, noting that it will establish a public benefit corporation to oversee its expanding operations and alleviate constraints imposed by its current nonprofit parent company.

Speculations are circulating about OpenAI’s transition to a commercial entity. Details of the proposal have now been revealed for the first time.

According to the proposed framework, a for-profit public interest corporation will manage OpenAI’s business activities, while a nonprofit entity will oversee the organization’s philanthropic endeavors in fields like healthcare, education, and science.

This new structure grants greater authority to OpenAI’s commercial division. The company stated in a blog post that it aims to create a “more robust nonprofit entity supported by the accomplishments of a for-profit entity.” OpenAI also mentioned that this setup will enable them to “secure the necessary funding” comparable to other companies in the industry.

Initially established as a nonprofit research-focused organization in 2015, OpenAI is the creator of the popular ChatGPT chatbot and is considered one of the most valuable startups globally.

In pursuit of artificial general intelligence (AGI), a form of AI surpassing human intellect, OpenAI has been exploring structural modifications over the past year to attract additional investment. The success of the latest $6.6 billion funding round (valuing the company at $157 billion) hinged on restructuring and eliminating profit restrictions for investors.

“Investors are willing to back us, but at this scale of capital, we no longer require traditional funding with extensive structural constraints,” stated OpenAI in a blog post.

Microsoft holds the largest stake in OpenAI at 49%, a situation that could become intricate if OpenAI transitions into a commercial entity. Investment banks have been engaged to facilitate the process and determine Microsoft’s future ownership stake in the reorganized OpenAI. As reported by the Wall Street Journal.

OpenAI’s competitors in the generative AI sector, including Anthropic and Elon Musk’s xAI, have adopted a similar public benefit corporation model. OpenAI believes that adopting this structure can enhance its competitiveness in the market.

“The substantial investment being made by leading companies in AI development underscores the level of commitment needed for OpenAI to advance its mission,” mentioned OpenAI in a blog post. “We once again find ourselves in need of raising more funds than we had anticipated.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

The US Military’s Most Secret and Unusual Weapon

Military forces worldwide work diligently to safeguard the latest technological advancements for security reasons. However, the secrecy surrounding these innovations often sparks intense curiosity and speculation among the general public.

Despite efforts to keep military secrets classified, some information becomes public knowledge even if it was developed relatively recently. For instance, fog banks, a covert material used in the creation of nuclear warheads, were so classified that the manufacturing process details were lost over time.

When the U.S. National Nuclear Security Agency needed to refurbish old warheads using similar materials, they had to invest substantial resources to rediscover the manufacturing process. Although the existence of fog banks is now known publicly, the specific composition remains undisclosed.

According to weapons experts, fog banks are airgel materials designed to generate superheated plasma when the fission stage detonates, triggering the final fusion stage explosion of the weapon.

The production of fog banks took place in Tennessee from 1975 to 1989. After the last batch of warheads was manufactured, the facility ceased operations. Nearly two decades later, when the decision was made to refurbish old nuclear warheads, project officials realized that few records of the manufacturing process survived.

Furthermore, most knowledgeable staff with expertise in manufacturing these materials had retired or left the agency, making it necessary to undergo an expensive reverse engineering process that concluded in 2008.

It is uncertain whether fog banks are still utilized in new nuclear warheads. Furthermore, a recent classified military report by the Department of Defense shed light on America’s military secrets once again, dismissing sightings of extraterrestrial technology.

Tank surrounded by binary code – Credit: Anton Petrus

The report attributed the majority of UFO sightings to earthly objects, many of which turned out to be classified military technology. For instance, UFO sightings in the 1950s and 60s were linked to the testing of advanced reconnaissance aircraft by the United States, including high-altitude balloons and fighter jets. Some of these secret projects involved saucer-shaped aircraft like the Canadian VZ-9AV Avrokar fighter-bomber designed for vertical takeoff and landing.

The Pentagon report thoroughly scrutinized archives and classified documents from all official investigations into unidentified anomalous phenomena and found no evidence of extraterrestrial technology on Earth.

The U.S. Department of Defense is contemplating declassifying information about certain covert space programs, aiming to deter potential adversaries by showcasing defense capabilities.

In an unprecedented move, the U.S. Space Force disclosed details about its capabilities, with the silent barker satellite monitoring satellites and spacecraft orbiting Earth ahead of its launch in September 2023. Such disclosures may become more prevalent if Pentagon officials advocating for increased transparency in military space technology have their way.


This article was prompted by the question, “What is the most secret weapon we know about?” submitted by Adam Costello via email.

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Psychologist reveals quick and easy technique for reframing rejection response

Feeling rejected, whether by a relative, significant other, date, friend, or employer, can be tough. It’s crucial to remember that you value the relationship more than they do, indicating a mismatch in values.

The asymmetry of such situations can be hurtful, especially when it occurs repeatedly. Research shows that people often consider the loss of relationships as one of the most painful experiences in their lives.

Brain imaging research also suggests that feelings of rejection activate parts of the brain associated with physical pain, explaining the visceral nature of mental suffering in such situations.

If you face rejection frequently, you may develop “rejection sensitivity,” causing you to avoid interactions to prevent further pain. Therapists can assist in developing a sense of belonging elsewhere and managing difficult emotions.

Credit: Adam Gale

Therapists can also help you view rejection in a more rational and self-compassionate manner. Instead of internalizing rejection as a flaw in yourself, consider alternate perspectives.

For instance, a job rejection could be due to being overqualified, or a missed call from a potential date may be from nervousness. Sometimes, rejection may not be about you at all, such as a friend avoiding you due to their own reasons.

Approaching new relationships as learning opportunities and staying open-minded can help you overcome fear of rejection. Reflect on what you could do differently in the future and seek connections in different ways.


This article addresses overcoming the fear of rejection, inspired by a question from Birmingham resident Louisa Rollins.

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Improving Sleep by Deleting Email App: Overcoming Feeling Overwhelmed

Being a freelance writer means that my daily routine can vary greatly. Some days, I have too much work to handle, while on other days, I have too little to do.

Regardless of the type of job you have, one thing remains constant – email. I receive around 100 emails every day, ranging from trivial updates to important messages from my editor.

Every morning, the first thing I do after turning off my alarm is check my email. And before putting my phone away at night, I make sure to clear out any unread messages. I check my phone constantly throughout the day, always afraid of missing something crucial.

Approximately a year ago, I noticed that checking my email had become more of a distraction. I found myself constantly replying to messages during bathroom breaks and feeling anxious if I hit a mental block while working. I began receiving push notifications on my phone twice as often as checking on my computer.

To make matters worse, I started checking and responding to emails even during meals and walks, turning my downtime into work time.

The red dot on my email app had become a symbol of my professionalism. The more unread emails I had, the less competent I felt. Responding quickly to emails was crucial to maintain my reputation and continue receiving work assignments.

However, prioritizing speed over quality was taking a toll on me. I was overextending myself, not leaving any room for thoughtful work. I realized that I needed a change.

After a particularly busy emailing week, I decided to delete the email app from my phone.

Initially, I felt uneasy without notifications on my phone and checked my email frequently on my laptop. But soon, I noticed a positive difference. Being away from my computer allowed me to focus on things other than work, improving my sleep quality and reducing nighttime stress.

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While my work days remain unpredictable, I’ve learned the importance of setting boundaries for myself even in the absence of a structured routine. Taking uninterrupted breaks helps me focus better when I return to work. Delaying responses to emails by a few hours instead of immediately has not affected the sender and allows me to grasp the message better.

As a freelancer in a fast-paced industry, I no longer feel overwhelmed. Creating space for myself has been beneficial, allowing me to prioritize rest and relaxation. Now, I can spend my time on activities other than constantly checking emails on my phone.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Rare Jurassic dinosaur discovered in Colorado

Paleontologists from Western University of Health Sciences, Brigham Young University, Arizona Museum of Natural History, and Auburn University reported on the new specimen. haplocanthosaurus Based on bones excavated from the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry near Delta, Colorado, USA.

Artist's impression Haplocanthosaurus delphis. Image credit: Michael BH / CC BY-SA 3.0.

haplocanthosaurus is a small genus of middle sauropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Jurassic Period, 155 to 152 million years ago.

Currently, only members of this genus are known. Haplocanthosaurus delphis and Haplocanthosaurus Priscus.

haplocanthosaurus is a mysterious sauropod excavated from the Upper Jurassic Morrison Formation of the western United States,” said a paleontologist at Western Health University. Matthew Wedel And my colleagues.

haplocanthosaurus Far fewer individuals (approximately 11 specimens) are known compared to many of the famous Morrison Formation sauropods, such as Apatosaurus, diplodocusand camarasaurusall of which are known from some of over 100 individuals. ”

“Furthermore, important parts of the skeleton, such as the skull, forelimbs, and manus and pes, have not been recovered or described to date.”

“As a genus, haplocanthosaurus “It occurs in many positions on the phylogeny,” they added.

“Studies have found it just outside of basal diplodocoids, basal megafauna, or possibly neosauropods, indicating a precarious position in the sauropod phylogeny.”

“However, most recent studies have converged towards recovery. haplocanthosaurus as a basal diplodocoid. ”

Block of the three anterior dorsal vertebrae haplocanthosaurus Stored in articulations. Scale bar – 10 cm. Image credit: Boisvert others., doi: 10.1002/ar.25520.

new specimen of haplocanthosaurus It was discovered at the Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry near Delta, Colorado.

It consists of three anterior dorsal vertebrae, four separate posterior dorsal vertebrae, and the right tibia.

“The new individual is haplocanthosaurus “Identified based on the presence of dorsally angled transverse processes, high neural arch crus, and wide distal tibia,” the researchers said.

geologically youngest haplocanthosaurus Specimens from the Colorado Plateau.

“This individual extends the range of this genus into the true Brushy Basin member of the Morrison Formation,” the authors said.

their paper Published in anatomical record.

_____

Colin Boisvert others. 2024. New specimen description haplocanthosaurus From Dry Mesa Dinosaur Quarry. anatomical records 307 (12): 3782-3800;doi: 10.1002/ar.25520

Source: www.sci.news

Overcoming Overwhelm: My Experience with WhatsApp and How I Managed to Reign in my Usage

I I feel as if I have lost days of my life to digital. I’m an extrovert, but the near-constant communication on WhatsApp can be exhausting. I’m always worried about not being able to reply to everyone right away. Add to that the performance factor and worry that proving you care will be judged on the messages you send, and it can all become too much.

“Where did Lemona go?” one friend panicked when I found myself stunned while pressing deadlines, babysitting, and entertaining guests. With 248 unread messages piling up in just one group, including podcast-length audio notes, I felt like the bad guy for being absent. Sometimes I’m happy to be completely silent – because I was in an unnecessarily large group that was added without my consent. I’ve been going unnoticed for years in unsolicited selfies of people I barely know, forwarding messages that if I don’t forward further, I’m going to face some kind of disaster, but someone knows I’m lurking. When they found out I was there, they kicked me out in front of all 43 members. It was frustrating.

I’m not bold enough to completely “keep using the app,” but I’ve managed to significantly reduce my messages over the past few years. My freedom from digital management was gradual. It started with removing my “last seen” status. By doing so, not only did I free myself from my dependence on receiving replies, but I was also less in touch and less needy.

Since I don’t use apps as much, I’ve become more conscious of my time. Instead of getting caught up in the hamster wheel of responses, I created space for other things. Do your morning stretches instead of opening an app as soon as you open your eyes. regain one’s concentration read the actual book and Please finish it like before. I have also started knitting. I was able to knit an Ewok hood for my toddler niece. This took three years, but it probably would have taken five if we hadn’t reduced our commitment to WhatsApp. Taking a break from communication has cleared my cluttered head and allowed me to think more creatively. I’m also learning Korean on Duolingo.

Still, I fully appreciate the connection that WhatsApp provides. It’s a place where you can share prayers for your sick parents, lift up your friend’s spirits after a bad date, and hold on to your sorrows and frustrations while the world burns and humanity’s hopes look bleak. WhatsApp packs so many heavy emotions, intimate experiences, and different personalities, yet compresses complex thoughts and emotions into fast-talking conversations that can be easily misread. Masu. Perhaps its intensity and dichotomy – the pleasure and stress it gives me, the longing for connection and the flood of over-connection – is precisely why it’s a place where I feel overwhelmed.

I also considered deleting the app completely. But is it really worth sacrificing seeing a photo of your niece dressed as an Oompa Loompa on World Book Day? Can I really disconnect from my supportive cheerleading friends and enjoy the mundane details of life?

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I still need WhatsApp, but less than before. By being patient, I learned how to control my desires. I am finally learning how to release from acute fomo without experiencing it. Rather than strict selection, we adjusted the boundaries. My friends also lived up to their expectations, saying, “She will get back to you within 3-5 business days.” But by giving myself permission to not feel pressured, I began to enjoy a newfound freedom. Now I have to resist the yoke of a new app: the forced appeal of maintaining my Duolingo streak.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Discover the unusual pathways microplastics can enter your body

Studies have shown the alarming extent of microplastics traveling through our bodies.

Scientists have discovered tiny plastic particles in various parts of the human body, such as the lungs, testicles, placenta, and even breast milk. The ingestion and inhalation of microplastics can lead to allergic reactions, inflammation, and an increased risk of certain diseases. You can find more information here.

There are concerns about the possibility of absorbing plastic through the skin when washing synthetic clothing, as it emits microplastics that are smaller than 5 mm. Research is ongoing to determine if there are any risks associated with skin contact with plastic fibers. While the skin is a natural barrier that protects us from the outside world, there is evidence suggesting that some chemical additives in certain products can be absorbed into the skin. Learn more here.

It is generally believed that microplastics cannot penetrate the outermost layer of the skin – Credit: Svetlozar Hristov

While microplastics can get trapped in hair follicles and wrinkles, they are not thought to be able to reach other parts of the body through the bloodstream. Some flame retardants in various products have been shown to pass through the skin barrier and enter the bloodstream, albeit in low levels. Find out more here.


This article addresses the question posed by Natalie Reid from London: Can plastics and chemicals be absorbed through the skin?

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Breaking News: The Most Monumental Breakthrough of the Century


Inside the Department of Defense UFO file

The US Congress is talking about extraterrestrial life again. But despite some evidence, this question remains frustratingly unanswered. Professor Michael Bolander, an expert on the impact of contact with extraterrestrial intelligence on human law, details newly released documents from the Department of Defense.

fall asleep faster

Heightened thoughts are one of the most common symptoms of sleeplessness. So if you're having trouble getting depressed because of your brain, Just won't shut up – You might want to try cognitive shuffle. This simple guide will show you how to do it (and even better, you can do it from bed with your eyes closed).

Changes in Earth's rotation

Scientists are revealing how human activity and increased demand for water have a bigger impact on the Earth's rotation than the melting of polar ice sheets.

New year, new you?

Can you change your personality? Cognitive neuroscientist Dr. Christian Jarrett has researched techniques and methods that he claims can help you become more confident, outgoing, and fulfilled.

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  • Worst ideas of the 21st century: Hindsight is a wonderful thing. Here are some of the most promising innovations of the past 25 years that failed miserably.
  • 21st century image: The world is full of wonders, and high-definition cameras allow you to see them in more detail than ever before. Check out our favorite images from the first 25 years of the 21st century.
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No. 414 Released on Tuesday, December 27, 2024

don't forget that BBC Science Focus Also available on all major digital platforms. There is a version of android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-readers,but also, iOS app For iPad and iPhone.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

20 Simple Steps to Enhance Your Health: Findings from the Largest Study of 2024

If you are not only keeping up with the health news of this year, but also following all its recommendations, you are on your way to a truly healthy life.

First, you have probably adjusted your eating habits. Maybe you have been motivated to go vegan after reading an article that claims a diet can reverse your biological age in just eight weeks, or because scientists have found that in combination with exercise, weight loss can be achieved. You might have experimented with intermittent fasting.

You could have opted for a Mediterranean diet to keep your brain young, or increased your fiber intake to make up for a deficiency that most people supposedly have, according to scientists.

Adopting a vegan diet for just 8 weeks can change DNA methylation patterns and reduce biological age – Image credit: Getty Images

It is equally possible that conflicting evidence has led you in a different direction. After all, one study linked intermittent fasting to a 91 percent higher risk of cardiovascular death, and another warned of cancerous mutations during the post-fasting eating period. Several major studies are also reconsidering calorie restriction as the best way to extend lifespan.

Even the negative reputation of ultra-processed foods was a topic of debate. One study showed that avoiding ultra-processed foods reduced the risk of cognitive decline by 12 percent, but a 30-year Harvard University study suggested that ultra-processed foods are not as harmful as we believe.

If you have given up on your diet altogether, we don’t blame you. Ultimately, it was the new weight-loss medications, including those initially in pill form and an alternative to Ozempic that does not cause muscle loss, that gained significant attention.

Early indications of “exercise drugs” brought hope even to those who are unable to be physically active. While some researchers were encouraged by two studies suggesting that walking alone can improve cardiovascular health and reduce back pain, others found that just one exercise session per week could reduce cognitive decline by 13 percent.

More than 50% of men will be bald by the age of 50. A breakthrough in 2024 could change things – Image courtesy of Getty

Scientists claim that the anti-aging solution is within our bodies, as they have discovered that white blood cells can be reprogrammed to target and eliminate senescent cells. Elsewhere, the Atlas of Aging explains why our muscles weaken as we age and how this process can be halted.

Furthermore, a British study found that a simple intervention dramatically reduced peanut allergy rates by 71 percent.

Meanwhile, new possibilities have emerged in the field of hair removal after researchers revealed that a naturally occurring sugar in the human body can help treat male pattern baldness.

In the medical field, a new breath test that can detect lung cancer early is showing promise, and an Irish research team believes they have developed a way to vaccinate against eczema.

Researchers have developed a respiratory sensor that can detect early signs of lung cancer by identifying specific chemical changes, providing a simple, non-invasive screening method – Image courtesy of Getty Images

In positive news, a survey reveals that life is not solely about money. Some of the world’s poorest regions, which rely on nature rather than income, reported higher life satisfaction scores than countries at the top of the World Happiness Index (such as Finland, Denmark, and Iceland).

There was also one health news item that did not offer any new information. It is already known that spending time with dogs can increase your sense of well-being and brain wave activity. We certainly take that advice to heart…or head to the park to play.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists successfully achieve quantum teleportation through fiber optic cables transporting internet data

Researchers at Northwestern University have successfully achieved quantum state transfer over a 30.2 km fiber carrying 400 Gbps C-band classical traffic. The ability for quantum and conventional networks to operate within the same optical fiber will aid in the large-scale deployment of quantum network technology.



thomas others. Demonstrated quantum state teleportation over 30.2 km of fiber with conventional high-power 400 Gbps data traffic. By employing different methods to suppress SpRS noise, we have increased the classical power that can transmit many Tbps aggregate data rates while maintaining sufficient teleportation fidelity. Image credit: Thomas others., doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.540362.

The fiber optic infrastructure and telecommunications technologies that underpin the Internet have been widely adopted by researchers aiming to develop quantum networks capable of applications such as quantum-enhanced cryptography, sensing, and networked quantum computing.

However, the feasibility of quantum networking at scale remains uncertain, as much of the existing fiber infrastructure still carries traditional communications traffic, and new fiber is expensive to lease and install. It depends on its ability to propagate within the network. Uses the same fiber as high-power classical signals.

“In optical communications, all signals are converted to light,” said Prem Kumar, a professor at Northwestern University.

“Conventional signals in classical communications are typically made up of millions of particles of light, whereas quantum information uses a single photon.”

Professor Kumar and his colleagues have discovered a way to allow delicate photons to avoid crowded traffic.

“This is incredibly exciting because no one thought it was possible,” Professor Kumar said.

“Our research points the way to next-generation quantum and classical networks that share a unified fiber optic infrastructure.”

“Essentially, this opens the door to taking quantum communications to the next level.”

After studying in detail how light is scattered in fiber optic cables, researchers have discovered a less crowded wavelength of light at which to place photons.

Next, we added a special filter to reduce noise from normal internet traffic.

“We carefully studied how light scatters and placed photons at decision points where that scattering mechanism is minimized,” Professor Kumar said.

“We found that quantum communication can be performed without interference from simultaneously existing classical channels.”

To test the new method, the scientists installed a 20-mile-long fiber optic cable with photons at each end.

They then transmitted quantum information and regular internet traffic simultaneously.

Finally, we measured the quality of the quantum information at the receiving end by taking quantum measurements at intermediate points while running the teleportation protocol.

They discovered that quantum information was successfully transmitted even in the midst of busy Internet traffic.

Next, the authors plan to extend the experiment to even longer distances.

They also plan to use two pairs of entangled photons to demonstrate entanglement swapping, another important milestone leading to distributed quantum applications.

Finally, we are exploring the possibility of running experiments via underground optical cables in the real world rather than on spools in the lab.

“Quantum teleportation has the ability to securely provide quantum connectivity between geographically separated nodes,” Professor Kumar said.

“But many people have long thought that no one would build the specialized infrastructure to transmit particles of light.”

“If you choose the wavelength properly, you don't need to build new infrastructure. Classical and quantum communications can coexist.”

of the team paper Published in this month's magazine optica.

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Jordan M. Thomas others. 2024. Quantum teleportation coexists with classical communication using optical fibers. optica 11 (12): 1700-1707;doi: 10.1364/OPTICA.540362

This article is adapted from the original release by Northwestern University.

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Reveals Further Insights Into Tea’s Genetic Composition

Free amino acids (FAA) specifically determine the quality of tea. Theaninewhich gives the tea its infusion flavor. However, its concentration varies widely depending on the type of tea, influencing both the flavor and nutritional profile of the tea. In a new study led by the Tea Research Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Huazhong Agricultural University, 339 tea lines were collected to study FAA levels to elucidate tea variation and accumulation mechanisms. The results provide insights and benefits for the conservation, evaluation, and utilization of tea germplasm, with the ultimate goal of tea plant genetic improvement and breeding, as well as further deciphering the complex complex traits of tea plants. We provide valuable information and approaches to help you.

By analyzing the variation of FAA of 339 tea accessions over 2 years, the determined components of FAA, including arginine, glutamine, glutamic acid, alanine, and theanine, with the highest diversity index were found in different genetic resources and within species. We found that there were differences between strains. On the other hand, the amount is Camellia sinensis All were significantly higher than their wild relatives. In this study, a significant opposite trend between chlorophyll and FAA profiles was identified. Image credit: Sci.News.

“Tea tree (Camellia sinensis) and its wild relatives, evergreens and woody perennials, belong to this genus. camellia “It is a member of the Camellia family with a long history of cultivation,” said co-senior author Dr. Liang Chen of the Tea Research Institute and colleagues.

“Originally in southwestern China, it is widely consumed around the world and is becoming the most important non-alcoholic beverage.”

“For commercial and quality value, the secondary metabolites of the tea plant are important criteria associated with pleasant flavor, nutritional value, and numerous health benefits, including polyphenols, catechins, caffeine, theanine, and terpenes. .”

“Therefore, the evaluation and utilization of tea lines… findings appear in this diary horticultural research.

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ron fan others. 2024. Comprehensive analysis of free amino acid variation and accumulation in tea lines. horticultural research 11 (1):uhad263;doi: 10.1093/hr/uhad263

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers use terahertz laser light to magnetize antiferromagnetic materials

MIT physicists used a terahertz laser, a light source that oscillates more than 1 trillion times per second, to directly stimulate the atoms of an antiferromagnetic material. Their results are attracting attention because they provide new ways to control and switch antiferromagnetic materials and have the potential to advance information processing and memory chip technology.

Iliad others. demonstrated efficient manipulation of the magnetic ground state of layered magnets by a non-thermal route using terahertz light, and observed enhanced variations in order parameters as a promising area for exploring metastable hidden quantum states. The region near the critical point was established. Image credit: Adam Glanzman.

In a common magnet, known as a ferromagnetic material, the spins of the atoms point in the same direction, making the whole magnet susceptible to the influence of an external magnetic field and drawn in that direction.

In contrast, antiferromagnets are composed of atoms with alternating spins, with each atom pointing in the opposite direction from its neighbor.

This top, bottom, top, bottom order basically cancels out the spinout and gives the antiferromagnet a net zero magnetization that is unaffected by magnetic forces.

If memory chips could be made of antiferromagnetic materials, it would be possible to “write'' data into minute regions of the material called domains.

A certain configuration of spin orientation in a particular region (e.g., up-down) represents a classical bit ‘0’, and a different configuration (down-up) means ‘1’. Data written on such chips becomes robust against external magnetic influences.

For this reason, scientists believe that antiferromagnetic materials could provide a more robust alternative to existing magnetic-based storage technologies.

However, a major hurdle has been how to control antiferromagnets in a way that reliably switches the material from one magnetic state to another.

MIT professor Nuh Gedik and his colleagues were able to controllably switch antiferromagnets into new magnetic states using carefully tuned terahertz light.

“Antiferromagnetic materials are robust and unaffected by unwanted stray magnetic fields,” Professor Gedick said.

“But this robustness is also a double-edged sword: their insensitivity to weak magnetic fields makes these materials difficult to control.”

Researchers collaborated with FePS3a material that transitions to an antiferromagnetic phase at a critical temperature of about 118 K.

They thought that by tuning in to the vibrations of atoms, it might be possible to control the transitions of matter.

“You can imagine that any solid material has a periodic arrangement of different atoms, with little springs between them,'' said Dr. Alexander von Hogen of MIT.

“When you pull one atom, it vibrates at a unique frequency that typically occurs in the terahertz range.”

The way atoms vibrate is also related to how their spins interact.

Scientists believe that if they can stimulate atoms with a terahertz source called phonons, which vibrate at the same frequency as the atoms' collective vibrations, the effect will change the spins of the atoms from a perfectly balanced magnetically staggered state. It was inferred that there was a possibility of deviation.

When the balance is disrupted, the atoms have more spin in one direction than the other, creating a preferred orientation that moves the essentially unmagnetized material into a new magnetic state with finite magnetization.

“The idea is to kill two birds with one stone: we excite terahertz vibrations in atoms, which are also coupled to their spins,” Professor Gedick said.

To test this idea, they placed a sample of FePS.3 It was cooled to a temperature below 118K in a vacuum chamber.

They then generated terahertz pulses by directing a beam of near-infrared light at an organic crystal, converting the light to terahertz frequencies.

This terahertz light was then directed at the sample.

“This terahertz pulse is what is used to induce changes in the sample,” said Dr. Tianchuang Luo of MIT.

“It’s like ‘writing’ a new state to the sample.”

To confirm that the pulse caused a change in the material’s magnetism, the authors also aimed two near-infrared lasers, each with opposite circular polarization, at the sample.

Without the influence of the terahertz pulse, there should be no difference in the intensity of the transmitted infrared laser.

“Just seeing the differences tells us that the material is no longer the original antiferromagnetic material, but is essentially inducing a new magnetic state by shaking the atoms using terahertz light,” MIT said Dr. Bateer Ilyas.

Through repeated experiments, the researchers observed that the terahertz pulses were able to successfully switch previously antiferromagnetic materials into a new magnetic state. This transition persisted for a surprisingly long time, more than a few milliseconds, even after the laser was turned off.

“People have observed such light-induced phase transitions in other systems before, but typically their survival times are very short, on the order of picoseconds, or trillionths of a second. ,” Professor Gedick said.

of study Published in a magazine nature.

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B. Ilyas others. 2024. Near-critical terahertz field-induced metastable magnetization in FePS3. nature 636, 609-614; doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-08226-x

This article is a version of a press release provided by MIT.

Source: www.sci.news

Peru’s new ‘blobhead’ catfish species found

In 2022, biologists will conservation international A study revealed that a treasure trove of biodiversity lies in the heart of the Alto Mayo landscape, which spans approximately 780,700 hectares (1.9 million acres) in the upper Mayo River basin in Peru's San Martín, Moyobamba and Rioja states. . . investigation revealed At least 27 new species – including 'blobhead' fish species of the bristlemouth catfish genus Ketostoma — and 49 species at risk of extinction according to the IUCN Red List.

“Blobhead” Bristlemouth Armored Catfish (Ketostoma special). Image credit: Conservation International / Robinson Olivera.

The Alto Mayo landscape, which stretches from the Andes to the Amazon and includes the Alto Mayo Reserve Forest, is a complex mosaic of ecosystems and communities that includes indigenous territories, towns, and cities.

During a 38-day expedition, Conservation International researchers recorded 2,046 species, highlighting the importance of conservation in this area.

At least 34 species, including the Andean saddleback tamarin, appear to occur exclusively in the Alto Mayo landscape.

To document so many species, scientists complemented traditional survey methods with techniques such as camera traps, bioacoustic sensors, and environmental DNA (eDNA) collected from the water.

“It's amazing to discover four new mammal species on any expedition, especially in a heavily populated area,” said Dr. Tron Larsen, director of Conservation International's Rapid Assessment Program at the Moore Science Center. It's unusual to find these mammals.”

“This is a vibrant, dynamic mosaic of ecosystems, both natural and human-made, that we need to maintain and restore if we want to protect the species found there.”

During the expedition, biologists identified 68 species of fish across approximately 30 study areas.

Eighteen species were recorded for the first time in the Alto Mayo Basin, and eight others were new to science, including undescribed species of the Chaliformes group and catfishes.

Among the shocking new fish discoveries was a “blobhead'' fish from this genus. Ketostoma.

The species has an enlarged, blocky head, a feature the team's fish scientists had never seen before. The function of this unusual structure remains a mystery.

More than 200 species of butterflies were identified during the survey, 10 of which are new to science, 24 are potential firsts to science (pending further research), and 14 were recorded for the first time in Alto Mayo It was done.

Researchers have recorded more than 70 species of scarab beetles across Alto Mayo's diverse ecosystem. skibaro canton It includes 45 species that are new to science or previously undocumented in the region.

They recorded an astonishing 536 species of birds at different altitudes and across a variety of ecosystems, including cloud forests, lowland forests, palm swamps, and coffee plantations.

They also recorded 27 species of amphibians and 18 species of reptiles. This was higher than expected given prior monitoring in the area and the proximity of many of the study areas to human settlements.

They discovered three species of amphibians new to science – the climbing salamander (Bolitoglossa sp.) and two frogs (Chiasmocrais sp. and Pretty Mantis sp.) — as well as seven more species that are likely new but require further investigation.

Two species of snakes that may be new to science have been discovered – attractus sp. and subterranean blind snakes of this genus Epicia.

The research team recorded 50 species of medium- and large-sized mammals (greater than 1 kg) across a variety of elevations and ecosystem types using a combination of methods, including camera traps.

Excluding bats, researchers identified 35 species of small flightless mammals (small rodents and marsupials, weighing less than 1 kg), 12 of which were recorded for the first time in the Alto Mayo landscape.

In addition to those, another 45 species of bats were recorded during the study. Caloria Genus — Short-tailed flying fox.

The expedition also recorded more than 950 species of vascular plants in central Alto Mayo. These included 5 species endemic to the San Martín region and 10 species listed as threatened with extinction on the IUCN Red List.

Among the discoveries were three potentially new species to science. Styrodine special, Ilex tree sp. and Schefflera sp. —further research is underway.

“We found that areas close to cities and towns still maintain incredibly high biodiversity, including species that are found nowhere else,” Dr Larsen said.

“These findings highlight that biodiversity can be maintained, even in areas highly influenced by humans, only if ecosystems are managed sustainably.”

“A more comprehensive understanding of where species live will help us identify areas with the greatest potential for biodiversity conservation and restoration, as well as sustainable practices such as ecotourism, logging, agriculture, and resource extraction. It will help identify the best areas,” he added.

Source: www.sci.news