In the beginning, God created man in His own image, granting him authority over all living things on Earth. While many do not turn to the Bible for insight into human existence, the belief in human superiority over nature and other beings lingers.
Characteristics often claimed to distinguish humans—such as reasoning, tool use, experiencing pain, and moral judgment—are not exclusive to us. Other species like chimpanzees and crows exhibit advanced intelligence, hold complex social structures, and utilize tools. Fish and crustaceans experience pain, while bees demonstrate cultural behaviors, and plants may possess senses akin to ours.
Primatologist Christine Webb posits that the so-called “human dominance complex” may be the root of nature’s hierarchies. In The Arrogant Monkey: And a New Look at Humanity, she seeks to dismantle this perceived superiority through a compelling and meticulously researched examination based on a course she taught at Harvard. Webb traces this notion back to religious traditions and other human constructs, revealing how it misrepresents scientific understanding and accelerates ecological decline.
The belief in human uniqueness contradicts Darwin’s vision of species continuity, and emphasizing differences among species is problematic. As Webb writes, “the degree of kindness,” reflects a hidden bias in research.
This bias is apparent in our fascination with primates and “charismatic” mammals, which we tend to view as more relatable, while disregarding plants, fish, and the vast majority of Earth’s life. It also reveals itself in our inconsistent standards for evaluating animals. For instance, comparisons between human and chimpanzee intelligence often pit captive chimps against their wild counterparts, ignoring the limitations that captivity imposes.
Concerned about ethical issues surrounding captivity and its potential to skew research findings, Webb focuses exclusively on great apes in their natural and protected habitats. These profound interactions have shaped her belief that many non-human species likely possess some form of consciousness or “conscious life.”
Webb anticipates that critics may dismiss her views as anthropomorphism, labeling it a “serious scientific error.” However, she argues that the reluctance to acknowledge similarities between humans and other species complicates scientific inquiry and undermines its conclusions. She questions the certainty with which humans claim to understand consciousness beyond their own.
Dismantling these beliefs is crucial for appreciating the wonder and diversity of life, marking the first step towards a “radically humble approach.” By recognizing ourselves as fellow animals and integral to nature, we can confront the destructive forces of capitalism that fuel zoonotic diseases, mass extinctions, climate change, and ecosystem collapse.
Webb advocates for broadening the concept of “good science” to incorporate indigenous knowledge about the uniqueness and interconnection of all life forms. She acknowledges the immense challenge this poses, declaring that human exceptionalism is “the most pervasive implicit belief of our era.” Yet, she believes that unlearning this can foster a deeper connection to nature, spark awe, and inspire advocacy for both animal welfare and environmental protection. In The Arrogant Monkey, she highlights this “stubborn ideology” and its detrimental impacts, modeling the humility, curiosity, and compassion essential for countering it.
The melting of Greenland’s ice sheet is predicted to hinder or disrupt the Atlantic current that helps keep Europe warm; however, meltwater from West Antarctica might help maintain this essential flow.
That said, it won’t be sufficient to prevent significant climate changes. The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is already down by 60% and could take up to 3,000 years to recover fully.
“I suggest caution in predicting an AMOC collapse,” states Sasha Sinnett from Utrecht University in the Netherlands. “However, my findings don’t alter what is forecasted for the next century. We may never see if West Antarctica successfully stabilizes the AMOC.”
The AMOC is a system of ocean currents that transports warm surface water from the tropics to northern Europe. Here, the water cools and sinks, then flows back south to Antarctica. This current carries an enormous amount of heat—1.2 petawatts—equivalent to the output of one million power plants, keeping Europe notably warmer than regions like Labrador or Siberia at similar latitudes. Lighter, fresher meltwater from Greenland is expected to obstruct the sinking of the denser, saltier AMOC water, thereby slowing its flow.
If the AMOC were to collapse, winter temperatures in Northern Europe could drop to almost -50℃ (-58°F). Recently, Iceland declared the closure of the AMOC as an “existing” security threat. Additionally, rising sea levels are threatening the U.S. East Coast, while Africa may face even more severe drought conditions.
A recent study indicates that even if we achieve net zero emissions by 2075 and begin reducing CO2 from the atmosphere, there is still a 25% risk of AMOC collapse. One study forecasts its closure in the coming decades, while another suggests that it will remain weakened due to Antarctic winds.
Currently, the melting of the West Antarctic ice sheet has accelerated, with some research indicating a probable complete collapse. However, the impact on AMOC remains uncertain.
The timing of the melting is crucial, according to simulations by Sinet and his team. If pulses of ancient Antarctic meltwater coincide with substantial meltwater from Greenland, the AMOC’s closure will be expedited.
Conversely, if the Antarctic water arrives about 1,000 years prior to the peak melting of Greenland, the AMOC may weaken for a few centuries but then recover over the next 3,000 years. While AMOC shows eventual recovery in all scenarios, early Antarctic melting prevents total collapse and accelerates its resurgence.
This phenomenon could be due to the relocation of the sinking, salty AMOC water moving south as lighter, fresher meltwater accumulates around Greenland, with the flow regaining strength as Antarctic melting decreases.
Though it’s improbable that West Antarctica melts at such a rapid pace while Greenland melts more slowly, these results illuminate a significant connection between AMOC and Antarctic ice melt, notes Louise Sim from the British Antarctic Survey.
“Prior to this study, the extent to which Antarctic changes could significantly influence the effects of Greenland’s ice sheet melting on the AMOC was largely unknown,” she remarks.
However, the study does not address potential feedback effects, such as shifts in wind patterns that might increase Antarctic sea ice, so this relationship needs to be explored in more complex models moving forward, she adds.
Even if rapid melting in West Antarctica prevents the AMOC from collapsing, it could still lead to sea-level rises of up to 3 meters, inundating coastal cities.
“Unfortunately, while one potential disaster may lessen the danger of another, this is little consolation,” concludes Stefan Rahmstorf from the University of Potsdam, Germany.
The galaxy NGC 6789 viewed through a 2-meter twin telescope
Ignacio Trujillo et al. 2025
Approximately 12 million light years from Earth lies an unusual galaxy. Its center has consistently formed new stars over the past 600 million years, yet the exact source of the fuel driving this star formation remains elusive.
The galaxy known as NGC 6789 was first identified in 1883, but it has only been in recent years that evidence of ongoing star formation has emerged. NGC 6789 is situated in a region dubbed the Local Void, located towards the Draco constellation, which is notably sparse in cosmic matter. It stands out as one of the few galaxies existing within this void, making it highly isolated compared to the majority of galaxies in the universe.
This isolation contributes to the enigma surrounding its star creation. Galaxies typically require gas to produce new stars, yet local voids contain very little gas. Being at least a billion years old, NGC 6789 should have depleted its initial reserves of gas; however, it has managed to generate approximately 100 million solar masses, equating to about 4% of its total mass, over the last 600 million years.
Ignacio Trujillo and researchers from the Canary Islands Institute of Astrophysics utilized the 2-meter twin telescope at the Teide Observatory in Tenerife to capture deeper images of galaxies than previously possible, aiming to uncover signs of events that might have introduced gas. If a merger with another galaxy or a previously undetected gas flow had occurred, it might have distorted the shape of NGC 6789.
However, the new images did not reveal any distortions. It is possible that NGC 6789’s formation left behind a substantial amount of gas or that there exists a faint gas pocket nearby that did not alter the galaxy’s shape at all. For now, the mystery remains unsolved.
The skin and muscles of Yuka’s left front leg are remarkably intact.
love darren
The oldest known RNA has been obtained from a woolly mammoth preserved in Siberian permafrost for close to 40,000 years.
This specimen, named Yuka and found in 2010, is regarded as the best-preserved woolly mammoth (Mammuthus primigenius) identified to date. Initially believed to be a young female that perished between the ages of 6 and 8—likely due to an attack by a cave lion.
Researchers have successfully extracted DNA from various woolly mammoths, including some over a million years old. Advances in genome reconstruction have sparked hopes of potentially reviving this species through genetic engineering.
DNA carries the genetic blueprint for protein production in animals. When a specific gene is activated, the code is transcribed into another molecule known as RNA, which is far less stable than DNA and typically breaks down within hours after death.
The oldest RNA previously retrieved was from a wolf preserved in Siberian permafrost over 14,000 years ago. Recently, love darren from Stockholm University has extracted nearly three times the RNA amount from Yuka’s leg than had been recorded before.
The research team employed techniques similar to those used to extract RNA from contemporary samples, fine-tuning them to target smaller and older molecules.
“Yuka is exceptionally well preserved,” remarks Darren. “The specimen likely experienced deep freezing and prolonged burial in permafrost, evidenced by the preservation of both muscle tissue and wool-like fur. This significantly boosts the chance of RNA preservation.”
However, Yuka’s temporary thawing during transport from northeastern Siberia to Yakutsk posed a challenge. “We assumed that any truly ancient RNA still present in the sample would have degraded into smaller fragments,” says Darren.
The team exercised extreme caution to prevent sample deterioration and avoid contamination. “We utilized liquid nitrogen for grinding, along with sterile materials, filtered air, protective clothing, and controlled lab conditions to eliminate modern contamination in sequencing data,” he explains.
RNA sequencing reveals which genes were active at the time of the animal’s death. In the RNA extracted from Yuka’s muscle and skin, the researchers identified signs of gene activity associated with muscle metabolism and cellular stress, aligning with the hypothesis of Yuka’s death resulting from a cave lion’s attack.
A surprising finding was that a combination of DNA and RNA analysis led the research team to conclude that Yuka was actually male. “I’ve anticipated something like this for a long time,” shares Darren. “Even though Yuka is remarkably preserved for being 40,000 years old, it’s not entirely intact, making it difficult to determine an organism’s morphological sex.”
Researchers also probed for RNA viruses such as influenza and coronaviruses but found no significant results. “Yet I believe we will see future studies on Ice Age RNA viruses,” Darren mentions. “For instance, we possess some Pleistocene bird carcasses that would be intriguing to investigate concerning avian influenza.”
Darren, a scientific advisor to Colossal Biosciences, the company claiming to have revived the dire wolf earlier this year, stated that the RNA sequences retrieved in this study do not directly contribute to the revival of the mammoth. However, the study may offer valuable insights into genes responsible for certain traits. “In the future, mammoth RNA profiles might uncover how specific traits, such as wool, were genetically regulated in these animals.”
Merlin Crossley, a researcher at the University of New South Wales in Sydney, noted that while acquiring such ancient RNA is an impressive feat, it doesn’t reveal much about mammoth ecology. “It’s akin to maneuvering a light airplane under the Sydney Harbor Bridge,” he explained. “It’s a remarkable technical accomplishment, but we gain little insight from it.”
Crossley believes that while older RNA samples may be unearthed in the future, the limits of RNA’s longevity are close at hand. Given the rarity of specimens like Yuka’s, he concludes that it’s unlikely that additional mammoths will yield significant information.
Dinosaur hunting in Mongolia’s Gobi desert
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TThe UK holds a unique and advantageous position to contribute significantly in the new era of artificial intelligence, provided it seizes the chance to establish the production of millions of computer chips, an area that is often misunderstood.
AI technology demands a vast quantity of chips, and a collaborative national initiative could fulfill up to 5% of the global requirement.
Our legacy in chip design is unparalleled, beginning with the first general-purpose electronic computer, the initial electronic memory, and the first parallel computing system. Presently, Arm, based in Cambridge, is a prominent player that designs over 90% of the chips found in smartphones and tablets worldwide.
Given this background, it is certainly plausible that British companies can capture a notable share of the AI chip market. A target of 5% is both conservative and achievable. Our distinguished universities, a flourishing foundational AI company like DeepMind, and a strong innovation ecosystem equip the UK with the tangible resources necessary to compete.
The potential gains are tremendous. The global market for AI chips is expected to soar to $700 billion (£620 billion) annually by 2033, surpassing the entire current semiconductor market. Achieving that 5% share would translate to an influx of $35 billion in new revenue and the creation of thousands of high-paying jobs.
AI is set to transform not only the economy but also societal structures and security. Unfortunately, many do not grasp where its true value and strategic influence lie.
In this contemporary gold rush, real wealth is accessible not only to those mining digital gold but also to those who provide the tools for the task. I witnessed this firsthand from 1997 to 2006 when Gordon Moore and Andy Grove helped establish Intel’s board and founded the company in California. They set the groundwork for the first technology revolution, much like Nvidia is doing today on an even larger scale.
UK engineers, intellects, businesses, and investors excel in this domain. However, government collaboration is crucial.
While consumers are captivated by the generative marvels of OpenAI, the true market winner is Nvidia, the entity that provides the advanced chips facilitating such achievements. OpenAI’s estimated value stands at merely 1/10th that of Nvidia. AMD, a semiconductor design company, holds a distant second place, while emerging firms like Cerebras and TenTrent strive for a share of the market.
All AI models and applications, ranging from autonomous robots to real-time translation services, depend heavily on advancements in chip technology. Chips are the new oil of the digital economy, dictating the speed and efficiency with which future applications can be developed. Currently, the only major players in the AI field seeing true profitability are chip manufacturers.
Concerns have arisen that China may commoditize AI chips similar to its approach with solar technology, leading to dramatic price fluctuations and undercutting existing companies. The situation is more complex. U.S. export controls will restrict China’s access to advanced chip manufacturing technology for the next decade, significantly curtailing its capacity to dominate the high-end AI chip arena. This reality positions the U.S. as a key player and creates a substantial opportunity for its closest ally, the UK, which excels in chip design.
The UK has already birthed several companies in this sector, such as Fractile, Flux, and Oriole. However, we lack the necessary scale to capitalize on the opportunity. Instead of competing with Nvidia in data center computing, we should focus on specialized applications that usher in innovation, like robotics, factory automation, medical devices, and autonomous vehicles.
These domains offer ample opportunities for inventive architectures and new competition.
Too frequently, Britain’s industrial strategy is impeded by national insecurity and a lack of confidence. This must change. Primarily, governments must advocate decisively for our intent to excel in AI chips.
Secondly, we should aim to double our chip design workforce from the current 12,000 within a decade and encourage more talented individuals to pursue electrical engineering and computer science through generous scholarships. A target of 1,500 new students each year is achievable. Universities must offer relevant courses, and governments need to enhance financial support.
Thirdly, the UK should fully utilize its investment instruments: the Sovereign AI Fund, the British Business Bank, the National Wealth Fund, and the Ministry of Defence’s initiatives to ‘buy British’.
Fourthly, the UK-US strategic partnership must serve as a foundation for greater collaboration with leading US chip manufacturers and facilitate access to their state-of-the-art sub-3 nanometer manufacturing technologies. Collaborating with our U.S. partners to develop a robust supply chain and innovation pipeline is essential.
If the UK commits fully, the emerging age of AI could be characterized not only by code but also by silicon, leaving a distinctly British legacy.
This week, three songs generated by artificial intelligence have reached the top of music charts, securing spots at the pinnacle of both Spotify and Billboard rankings.
Walk My Walk made waves with Breaking Rust’s “Livin’ on Borrowed Time” leading the U.S. “Viral 50” chart, which highlights the “most viral songs” daily on Spotify. The anti-immigrant anthem “We Say No, No, No to an Asylum Center” by JW “Broken Veteran” also soared to the top of Spotify’s global viral chart during this timeframe. Additionally, “Breaking Rust” landed in the top five globally.
The lyrics of “Walk My Walk” include the line, “If you don’t like the way I talk, you can kick a rock,” directly addressing critics of AI-generated music.
Shortly after climbing the charts, the Dutch song vanished from Spotify and YouTube, along with all other tracks by Broken Veteran. Spotify told Dutch outlet NU.nl that it had not removed the music and that the rights holder was responsible. Broken Veteran expressed confusion over the disappearance, stating he is investigating and hopes for a resolution soon.
Opting to remain unnamed, Broken Veteran shared with the Guardian via email that he views AI as “just another tool for expression,” especially for individuals like himself who have important messages but lack formal musical training. He emphasized that the technology has “democratized music production” and clarified that his song critiques government policies, not immigrants.
For three weeks, “Walk My Walk” has led Billboard’s Country Digital Song Sales chart, which tracks downloads and digital purchases. This chart is considered minor compared to Billboard’s broader metrics like “Hot Country Songs” and “Top Country Albums.” Breaking Rust has yet to respond to media inquiries.
AI-Generated Music’s Growing Presence
These three tracks exemplify the surge of AI-generated music flooding streaming services. A recent study by Deezer reveals that roughly 50,000 AI-generated songs are uploaded daily, representing 34% of all music submissions.
“Walk My Walk” and “We Say No, No, No to an Asylum Center” are not the first AI tracks to gain popularity. Earlier in the summer, an AI-produced song by a group named Velvet Sundown achieved over 1 million streams on Spotify, which one of its members later referred to as “art quackery.”
Ed Newton Rex, a musician and founder of a nonprofit aiming to ensure fair data training for generative AI companies, notes that the high volume of AI-generated songs available online is a significant factor behind the emergence of AI hits.
“This reflects a trend of rapidly growing interest in AI music, driven primarily by the volume of content,” he explained. “Daily, we see 50,000 new songs competing with human artists, marking the rise of a new, highly scalable competitor built through exploitation.”
AI music quality has noticeably improved since its early days. In a survey conducted as part of the study, Deezer found that 97% of the 9,000 participants from eight countries could not differentiate between AI-generated music and human-created compositions.
“This is undeniable. It’s now fairly safe to say that the top-tier AI music is indistinguishable from human-composed tracks,” Newton-Rex stated.
Emerging Distribution Models for AI-Generated Music
The success of AI-generated tracks on Spotify transcends mere quality. Much like various domains within the AI economy, numerous tools and platforms facilitate the distribution of AI music, along with user sub-communities eager to share strategies for navigating the system.
Jack Righteous, a blogger focused on AI content creation, has highlighted how his followers can generate a “passive income stream” through a music distribution service called DistroKid, which allocates royalty fees to creators whenever an AI track is streamed on platforms like YouTube, Spotify, or TikTok.
DistroKid is part of a wider ecosystem of online music distribution services, including Amuse, Landr, and CD Baby, all helping creators publish their music on major platforms like YouTube and Spotify. These services have varying policies regarding AI-generated content, with blogs like noting that DistroKid is “more forgiving.” This includes some hits from Breaking Rust such as “Livin’ on Borrowed Time” and “Resilient,” which appear to be distributed by DistroKid.
“In essence, most AI music you encounter isn’t being handled by a legitimate label. It’s crafted by individuals in their personal spaces and uploaded to distribution platforms,” said Chris Dalla Riva, author of “Unknown Territory,” which delves into the data behind music virality.
When approached for comments, Spotify cited their policy regarding AI-generated tracks.
Our hair color seems to influence wound healing in unexpected ways
Stock Enjoy/Shutterstock
Red-haired individuals might experience slower wound healing compared to those with blonde, brunette, or dark hair. Research conducted on mice indicated that genetic differences related to hair color may affect the speed at which wounds heal, insights that could lead to improved treatment strategies for various hair colors.
The genes responsible for our hair color play a significant role. The gene MC1R is critical as it produces a protein determining the balance of black-brown and red-yellow pigments within hair follicles.
Individuals with brown or black hair typically have an MC1R variant encoding the active version of this protein. In contrast, nearly all redheads possess a less active or entirely inactive variant due to MC1R mutations. The genetics of hair pigmentation is complex for blondes, too, as they can display either active or inactive protein forms.
This protein is also present in the skin and has an anti-inflammatory effect. This led Jenna Cash from the University of Edinburgh to explore its influence on wound healing. The healing process requires an initial inflammatory response to clear out pathogens and dead cells from the injury site; however, if this response is too intense or prolonged, it can hinder proper healing.
To examine this, she and her team surgically created 4-millimeter wounds on the backs of black and red-haired mice, the latter having completely inactive MC1R protein.
After a week, red-haired mice exhibited an average scar contraction of 73%, while dark-haired mice showed a 93% contraction.
With these results in mind, the researchers hypothesized that an experimental topical agent, which enhances the activity of the active protein form (without impacting the inactive form), could aid in healing chronic wounds. This is particularly relevant for diabetics, in whom persistent high blood sugar can lead to excessive inflammation and delayed healing.
To test this hypothesis, the researchers inflicted wounds on black-haired mice and treated them with medication and bandages, while other black-haired mice with similar wounds received saline and bandages instead.
After one week, wounds of the treated mice had closed by an average of 63%, significantly larger than those of control group mice. “Patients would likely be pleased if their scars were visibly smaller, especially in a short timeframe,” noted Cash. Further analyses revealed the drug’s mechanism: it reduces the number of inflammatory immune cells.
This approach offers potential for treating humans, including redheads, as healing processes show remarkable similarities between mice and humans, most of whom have the MC1R protein functioning to some extent, Cash notes. However, patients with completely inactive forms may not see benefits.
Drugs targeting this protein are currently used for conditions like erythropoietic protoporphyria, making the researchers optimistic about the safety profile of this approach, according to Cash. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary to confirm this, as highlighted by Cas Bogey from Case Western Reserve University. Plans for human trials will commence shortly.
Future studies should also investigate the drug’s safety and efficacy on infected wounds, as Bogey pointed out. “The medication might interfere with the infection response or cause unintended side effects,” she cautioned.
This news may not be received well by some redheads. Prior studies indicate that red-haired individuals might also experience heightened sensitivity to pain. However, Cash reassures, “There’s no cause for alarm. We currently lack human data. Even if individuals with red hair heal somewhat more slowly, the difference may be negligible and hardly noticeable.”
Top AI firms assert that they have disrupted a Chinese-supported “cyber espionage operation” capable of breaching financial institutions and government bodies with minimal human oversight.
US-based Anthropic revealed that its coding tool, Claude Code, was “utilized” by a state-backed Chinese group in September to target 30 organizations globally, leading to “multiple successful intrusions.”
In a recent blog post, the company described this as a “significant escalation” compared to earlier AI-driven attacks it had monitored. On Thursday, it was noted that Claude executed 80-90% of the operations autonomously, with little to no human involvement.
“This attacker achieved what we believe to be the first documented instance of a large-scale cyber attack executed without human intervention,” the report states.
Anthropic did not disclose the specific financial institutions or government entities targeted or the exact outcomes of the intrusions but confirmed that the attackers accessed the internal data of the victims.
Claude also acknowledged making numerous errors during the attack, at times fabricating details about its targets and claiming to have “uncovered” information that was actually available to the public.
Policymakers and experts expressed concerns about the implications of these findings, indicating that certain AI systems, like Claude, have developed the capability to operate independently for prolonged periods.
“Wake up. If we don’t prioritize AI regulation nationally starting tomorrow, this may lead to our downfall sooner than we think,” stated U.S. Senator Chris Murphy. I wrote in response to these findings.
“AI systems can now execute tasks that once required skilled human operators,” remarked Fred Heiding, a researcher at Harvard’s Defense, Emerging Technologies, and Strategy Program.
“My research has delved into how AI systems increasingly automate portions of the cyber kill chain each year… It’s becoming significantly easier for attackers to inflict real damage. AI companies are not assuming enough accountability.”
Other cybersecurity experts expressed skepticism, citing exaggerated claims regarding AI-driven cyberattacks in recent years. A report on a 2023 “password cracker” demonstrated comparable effectiveness to traditional methods, suggesting that Anthropic may be overhyping AI’s capabilities.
“In my view, Anthropic is presenting advanced automation and nothing more,” stated independent cybersecurity expert Michal “Rizik” Wozniak. “There’s code generation involved, but it’s not ‘intelligence’; it’s merely enhanced copy and paste.”
Wozniak further commented that Anthropic’s announcement diverts attention from broader cybersecurity issues, noting that businesses and governments are adopting “complex and poorly understood” AI tools without fully grasping them, thereby exposing themselves to vulnerabilities. He emphasized that the true threat lies with cybercriminals and insufficient cybersecurity measures.
Like all leading AI companies, Anthropic has implemented safeguards to prevent its models from engaging in cyberattacks or causing harm generally. However, hackers managed to circumvent these safety measures by instructing Claude to role-play as a “legitimate cybersecurity company employee” conducting assessments, as noted in the report.
“Anthropic is valued at around $180 billion, yet they can’t seem to ensure their tools aren’t easily manipulated by tactics a 13-year-old might use to prank call someone,” Wozniak remarked.
Marius Hovhan, founder of Apollo Research, which assesses the security of AI models, remarked that the attack signifies what could transpire as capabilities advance.
“I don’t believe society is sufficiently prepared for the rapid changes in AI and cyber capabilities,” he stated. “We expect many more such incidents in the coming years, potentially with even greater consequences.”
Medical professionals have created an AI tool capable of decreasing wasted efforts in organ transplants by 60%.
Across the globe, thousands of patients await potentially life-saving organ donations, with more individuals on the waiting list than available organs.
Recently, the scope of liver transplants has broadened to include donors who have passed away from cardiac arrest. However, in around half of the cases involving donations after cardiovascular death (DCD), the transplant is ultimately called off.
This occurs because the duration from the removal of life support to the moment of death must not exceed 45 minutes. Surgeons frequently decline to proceed with a liver transplant if the donor does not pass away within the timeframe necessary to maintain organ viability, which increases complications for recipients.
Now, a team of doctors, scientists, and researchers at Stanford University has developed a machine learning model that forecasts whether a donor is likely to pass away before the organ can be transplanted.
This AI tool has surpassed leading surgeons, cutting down the rate of wasted procurements—where preparation for a transplant begins but the donor dies too late—by 60%.
“By pinpointing when an organ is likely to be viable before initiating surgical preparations, this model could enhance the efficiency of the transplant process,” stated Dr. Kazunari Sasaki, a clinical professor of abdominal transplantation and the study’s senior author.
“It also has the capability to make organ transplants accessible to a greater number of candidates in need.”
This advancement could lessen the instances in which organs are prepared for recovery by healthcare workers but are deemed unsuitable for transplantation, imposing financial and operational challenges on transplant centers.
Hospitals primarily estimate this critical period based on the judgment of the surgeons, which varies significantly and can result in unnecessary expenses and wasted resources.
The new AI tool was trained with data from over 2,000 donors from various U.S. transplant centers. It utilizes neurological, respiratory, and cardiovascular data to predict the likelihood of death in potential donors with greater accuracy than previous models or human specialists.
The model was tested both retrospectively and prospectively, successfully reducing procurement waste by 60% compared to surgeon assessments. Notably, the researchers indicated that accuracy was upheld even with some missing donor information.
Reliable, data-driven tools assist medical professionals in making informed decisions, optimizing organ usage, and minimizing wasted efforts and costs.
This method could represent a significant advancement in transplantation, the researchers emphasized, showcasing the “potential for advanced AI techniques to maximize organ utilization from DCD donors.”
In the next phase, they plan to refine the AI tool and test it for heart and lung transplants.
Blue Origin achieved a successful launch of its impressive New Glenn rocket on Thursday, transporting two NASA spacecraft en route to Mars. This marks just the rocket’s second flight, as both Blue Origin and NASA anticipate it will eventually carry personnel and supplies to the moon.
Soaring to a height of 321 feet (98 meters), the New Glenn rocket burst into the afternoon sky from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, initiating a lengthy journey for NASA’s twin Mars rovers to the Red Planet. The launch was delayed by four days due to inclement weather and a solar storm, which created auroras visible as far south as Florida.
In a significant achievement for the emerging company, Blue Origin successfully retrieved the booster after its separation from the upper stage and the Mars rover. This step is vital for cost reduction and reusability, mirroring SpaceX’s operational model. Company employees erupted in cheers as the booster landed upright on a barge 375 miles (600 kilometers) offshore, with an elated Bezos observing from launch control.
“Next time it’s the moon!” the employees chanted excitedly after the centerpiece of the booster landed. Twenty minutes later, the upper stage of the rocket deployed the two Mars rovers into space, fulfilling the primary goal of the mission.
The New Glenn conducted its inaugural test flight in January, successfully placing a prototype satellite into orbit, though it did not manage to land its booster on a floating platform in the Atlantic Ocean.
The twin Mars rover, named Escapade, will remain near Earth for a year at a distance of 1 mile (1.5 kilometers). Once Earth and Mars are ideally aligned next fall, they will utilize gravity assist from Earth to travel to the Red Planet, with an expected arrival in 2027.
During its orbit around Mars, the spacecraft will map the planet’s upper atmosphere and diffuse magnetic field, studying their interactions with solar wind. The data collected will enhance understanding of the processes driving the loss of Mars’ atmosphere and provide insights into how the planet transitioned from a wet and warm environment to its current dry and dusty state. Researchers will also investigate ways to protect astronauts from the intense radiation present on Mars.
“We are eager to gain a deeper understanding of how the solar wind interacts with Mars,” stated Escapade’s lead scientist Rob Lillis from the University of California, Berkeley, ahead of the launch. “Escapade offers a unique opportunity with two spacecraft operating simultaneously, granting us an unprecedented stereo perspective.”
This relatively cost-effective mission is budgeted at less than $80 million and is managed by the University of California, Berkeley. Initially slated for last fall, the launch of the Mars rover was postponed due to issues related to Blue Origin’s new rocket.
The New Glenn rocket, named in honor of John Glenn, the first American to orbit the Earth, is significantly larger than Blue Origin’s New Shepard rocket, which caters to affluent passengers traveling to the edge of space from West Texas. Blue Origin is also set to launch a demonstration mission for its prototype lunar lander, Blue Moon, aboard New Glenn in the upcoming months.
Founded in 2000 by Amazon’s Jeff Bezos, Blue Origin holds a contract with NASA for the third astronaut lunar landing under the Artemis program. In contrast, SpaceX, led by Elon Musk, utilized its Starship rocket—approximately 100 feet (30 meters) taller than New Glenn—to successfully complete the first two crewed lunar landings.
However, last month, NASA’s acting administrator Sean Duffy reinstated the contract for the initial manned moon landing, expressing concerns regarding the pace of progress on Starship’s testing from Texas. Both Blue Origin and SpaceX have put forth preliminary plans for landing.
Plans are underway for NASA to send astronauts around the moon early next year using its own Space Launch System (SLS) rocket, followed by the Artemis crew’s attempt to land. The space agency aims to surpass China’s mission and return astronauts to the moon within the next decade.
Who is the elder, Gary Numan or Gary Oldman? If you know the answer (which you can find below), you’re likely among the many Brits participating in weekly pub quizzes.
As a nation passionate about trivia, it was no surprise that we reacted promptly to the news: Manchester quizmaster reveals team cheating. One wonders, what special place in hell awaits quiz players who sneak a peek at their phones under the table?
According to the BBC, a “huge investigation” followed after the landlord of Barking Dog in Urmston disclosed that cheaters were whispering questions into his smartphone, although he chose not to identify them.
Some quizmasters argue that this behavior is increasingly tarnishing one of the nation’s beloved pastimes.
Quizmaster David Hartley, 33, from Staffordshire, expressed: “I definitely believe there’s increased use of smartwatches, in particular. Even without a phone in hand, there are still ways to cheat.”
He has been running quizzes at four venues for nearly a decade and instituted a ban on devices about two years ago. “If you’re just on your phone, it takes the fun away from the quiz master,” he remarked.
David Moyes, landlord and quizmaster at Cambridge’s Alma School, mentioned he had to expel a group of students who won suspiciously. He became wary after a weak team suddenly played a “joker” that doubled their points when they accurately answered all questions.
“There was no concrete proof. But later, one of them returned and handed over some money, admitting, ‘Oh, we cheated,'” Moyes recounted.
“The guilt was so overwhelming that he must have felt compelled to return his share. The others didn’t, so he probably slept more soundly than the rest.”
To combat cheating, some pubs are employing high-tech solutions, like smartphone quizzes where participants input their answers directly. If you stray from the dedicated quiz app, you’ll lose points.
The SpeedQuizzing app aims to deter “cheaters and scammers” by allowing just 10 seconds to submit answers per question, in an effort to revive what it calls a “once proud British tradition”.
Others prefer traditional measures. Marcus Berkman, who has competed over 200 times and now crafts quizzes, noted that the quizzes at Prince of Wales, in Highgate, north London, were tightening enforcement against cheating.
“We are very strict with cheaters, so no one cheats,” he insisted. “The regulars would rather endure anything than cheat.”
“Sometimes we remind players: ‘We’re testing what you know, not what you can look up,’ and participants typically cooperate.”
The exact origins of the pub quiz remain somewhat unclear, but it gained traction in the 1970s, thanks to Sharon Burns and Tom Porter. Burns & Porter provided ready-made quizzes to attract patrons on quieter nights.
Today, pub quizzes in Britain continue to be a serious affair; just like the great British pastime of drinking, getting answers right also matters. A recent study by brewer Greene King revealed that 70% of people frequently take part in pub quizzes, with nearly one in ten doing so weekly.
Quizmasters often wish to return to the simpler days of Burns and Porter, yet they can find solace knowing that their predecessors faced similar cheating troubles.
Gail Taylor, for instance, responded to an inquiry from the Guardian this week, sharing a tale from her youth in a Sheffield pub during the 1980s.
Taylor explained how she rigged a basic eavesdropping device under a table to transmit questions to a friend with an encyclopedia stationed in a van outside.
The Guardian could not independently confirm her account, but she stands by it. “Things always went awry,” Taylor recounted. “If the signal failed, we’d scribble down questions and dash to the van with two pints and a list. Then someone else would retrieve the answers. No one seemed to grasp what we were doing.”
Reflecting on this caper over 30 years later, Taylor feels no regret. “Back then, we didn’t have Google, so we couldn’t win anything anyway,” she adds. “I have no guilt about it, and I would do the same tomorrow if given the chance.”
Answer: Gary Numan He is 13 days older than Gary Oldman.
In today’s landscape of live service “Forever Games,” it seems almost outdated to view the annual release of a new Call of Duty title as a significant occasion. Yet, Black Ops 7 emerges as a fresh assault of stunning military shooting action, merely a year after its immediate predecessor. This latest installment takes place in the dystopian year of 2035, where a global arms manufacturing firm named Guild claims to be the sole solution to a looming apocalyptic terrorist threat. But are things really that straightforward?
The response is a resounding “No!” Black Ops serves as the paranoid, conspiracy-driven cousin to the Modern Warfare series, drawing inspiration from ’70s thrillers like The Parallax View and The China Syndrome, while incorporating concerns from the Vietnam era related to rogue CIA operatives and unusual psychological tactics. This campaign mode, which comprises just a quarter of this year’s storyline, presents a surreal exploration of sociopolitical themes such as psychotic companies, hybrid warfare, robotics, and high-tech oligarchy. The result is a deafening barrage of explosive gunfight set pieces in exotic locales, placing our four main characters—members of an ultra-elite special forces unit—under the influence of psychotropic substances as they navigate their darkest nightmares. Fortunately, they wield advanced weaponry, cutting-edge gadgets, and enough light-hearted banter to destabilize an entire nation. It’s chaotic, uncompromising, and incredibly entertaining, especially when experienced in co-op mode with three equally reckless friends.
In an intriguing twist, the campaign concludes with a new mode called Endgame. This cooperative PvE (player vs. environment) feature is inspired by the endgame content found in MMO (massively multiplayer online) games, such as World of Warcraft, and is intended to keep players engaged even after reaching maximum levels. In this Call of Duty iteration, players arrive in the fictional city of Avalon, undertaking missions to defeat high-value targets and safely escort valuable military technology across a vast open world. As you progress, you’ll upgrade your characters and weapons, with Activision promising new missions and objectives that will likely introduce public events where teams collaborate to take down megabosses. Only time will reveal the true potential, but for now, it’s an excellent way to extend the campaign and gear up for online action.
Future War … Call of Duty: Black Ops 7. Photo: Activision
Make no mistake, the core of the game lies in traditional multiplayer, introducing fresh modes, firearms, and gadgets to the classic Call of Duty experience. Twelve players engage in frenetic skirmishes within confined spaces in a mechanized bloodbath. New maps, such as those set in a Tokyo-inspired shopping area or a deep-sea oil rig, are masterfully crafted death chambers, featuring alleyways, high windows, and plazas that strategically lead players toward confrontation. My favorite is the Alaska Basemap, where moving platforms turn capturing objectives in Domination and Hardpoint modes into a fascinating challenge. Additionally, a new wall-jumping feature enhances the verticality of maps, enabling players to discover new paths through intricate structures. If you’ve never appreciated the high-paced brutality of the Call of Duty online experience, this likely won’t change your opinion, but for veterans of the carnage, there’s plenty to relish.
Then there’s the Zombies mode—an additional online co-op feature set within a nightmarish landscape filled with abandoned frontier towns and irradiated wastelands. Players must endure endless waves of undead foes while upgrading their weaponry and abilities. This iteration returns to the round-based format of earlier Zombies entries, offering new weapons and features, including the ability to traverse different areas in a pickup truck while blasting away at rampaging zombies from the hood. It feels like an exhilarating amusement park ride, and it’s a thrill to join forces with friends who share the same passion.
Additionally, there’s Dead Ops Arcade 4, a standalone top-down twin-stick shooter for up to four players. This extra mode began as a side project by original Black Ops team members and is cleverly hidden within the main game. It’s back and just as exciting as ever, evoking memories of classic multi-directional shooters like Smash TV and Geometry Wars. Between stages, players can also engage in mini-games that explore various genres, such as top-down racing and side-scrolling shooters, ensuring that even casual players can join in on the fun.
With all this, don’t forget the usual updates to the battle royale mode Warzone, creating a robust package for Call of Duty aficionados. Regardless of your views on the series and its complex role in the broader gaming industry, as well as its community, it delivers sophisticated and exhilarating entertainment. Where else can you find yourself exploding massive robots in a state-of-the-art science lab one moment and then enjoying a modern twist on Atari’s Super Sprint the next? In today’s gaming landscape, value reigns supreme, and like everything else, Call of Duty does not hold back in this department. It stands as a maximalist celebration of the chaotic truths of video game design. It’s a load of fun to shoot on-screen.
According to a researcher, thousands of synthetic chemicals could be disrupting the genetic makeup of birds before they hatch, as highlighted in recent research on ducklings.
Scientists from the Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) injected small doses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) into mallard duck eggs to investigate their effects.
The findings revealed that these chemicals could alter the ducklings’ DNA, switching genes on and off in various organs, ultimately reducing their chances of survival.
PFAS, often referred to as “forever chemicals,” are a category of synthetic substances that are notably resistant to environmental degradation.
In this experiment, researchers injected three different persistent chemicals into the duck eggs to evaluate their impacts. The eggs were then sealed in wax and incubated until they hatched.
Although the study was conducted in a controlled lab setting, the aim was to replicate the type of exposure these eggs might naturally receive from their mothers.
Immediately after hatching, scientists collected samples from the ducklings’ livers, hearts, and a unique organ known as the bursa of Fabricius, which plays a crucial role in the immune system.
Mother ducks exposed to PFAS in their environment can transfer the contamination to their offspring through their eggs – Credit: Getty Images
Results indicated that in the liver, two of the three persistent chemicals triggered genetic modifications in the ducklings, affecting genes related to fat metabolism.
The study’s lead author, En Fleur Brand, emphasized, “Mallards need to regulate fat storage and consumption precisely during both breeding and migration seasons.”
“Alterations in fat metabolism may hinder survival or reproductive success.”
Meanwhile, scientists were surprised to find no significant changes in the hearts of the ducklings, although bursa of Fabricius showed effects in all PFAS-exposed individuals.
Brand remarked, “We observed increased activity in genes typically involved in viral infection detection. However, the implications for the birds remain unclear.”
The researchers concluded that PFAS could be detrimental to young wildlife, such as ducklings, and advocated for stricter regulations on these chemicals.
While some PFAS have been permanently banned, thousands remain in use, and their impacts on animals, humans, and the environment are still not completely understood.
In their study, scientists assessed one widely regulated or banned permanent chemical, applicable in the European Union, the United Kingdom, and the United States, along with two others still in circulation.
Brand stated, “These substances are prevalent in a multitude of products, ranging from frying pans and waterproof clothing to fire extinguishers, food packaging, and antifouling coatings.”
A survey indicates that young Japanese individuals are engaging in sexual activity less frequently. Recent reviews explore this trend – and the reasons remain unclear.
The survey estimates that approximately half of Japanese individuals enter their mid-20s without any sexual experience, with around 10% reaching their 30s before becoming sexually active.
Even those who have had sexual experiences are reportedly engaging in sex infrequently. Online surveys from the 2020s reveal that about half of Japanese adults aged 20 to 49 are sexually inactive, meaning they have not engaged in sexual activity over the past year.
This national decline appears to have worsened in recent decades, with both sexual inexperience and inactivity rates increasing since 2000.
In contrast, by 2002, just over one-third of Japanese adults aged 20 to 24 reported never having had sex. By the 2020s, this figure could rise to 60% for men and 51% for women in that same age group, according to recent survey data.
These findings emerge from a review of Japanese sexual attitudes and behaviors published in the Journal of Sex Research.
The authors of the study analyzed 38 publications based on 43 studies regarding sexual trends in Japan from 1974 to 2024, most of which were conducted within a heterosexual context.
Among their discoveries were notable increases in sexlessness within marriages, alongside the rise of pornography and the use of sex workers, especially among men.
For instance, surveys from 2008 to 2024 noted that up to 60% of Japanese men reported having paid for sex at some point.
Globally, young individuals in high-income countries are also having less sex. A 2019 survey highlighted that nearly one-third of British respondents hadn’t engaged in sexual activity in the previous month, a rise from about one-quarter in 2001.
However, the authors emphasize that Japan has a unique context, where “sexual behavior is often depicted as perplexing and contradictory, blending expectations of permissiveness with those of prudence.”
While the authors were uncertain about the reasons behind the declining sexual frequency among Japanese adults, they proposed several potential explanations.
One possibility is that many simply lack interest. A 2020 online survey discovered that 20 to 30 percent of men aged 20 to 39 expressed a disinterest in sex, as did approximately 40 percent of women in the same age range.
The authors speculated that unmarried individuals in their 20s and 30s might be reluctant to invest time and money in dating someone they might not marry.
According to the study’s authors, Japanese society remains predominantly heteronormative, with limited acceptance and recognition of non-heterosexual identities. In some surveys, as few as 1.5 percent identified as gay – Credit: Getty Images
Furthermore, for women, cultural expectations to handle most household responsibilities may diminish the appeal of marriage.
Additionally, the authors noted that Japanese adults seem less embarrassed about being virgin or celibate compared to their counterparts in countries like the United States and the United Kingdom.
Alternative sexual outlets have also grown more acceptable; for example, romantic feelings directed towards fictional characters.
A 2017 survey of Japanese students aged 16 to 22 found that 14 to 17 percent admitted to having romantic feelings for video game and anime characters.
Simultaneously, the authors observed that a demanding work culture, characterized by long hours and commutes, may hinder young individuals from forming and maintaining sexual relationships. In Japan, about 30 percent of men and 15 percent of women work over 50 hours per week.
Sex education in Japan is limited, with few women utilizing hormonal contraception and a lack of acceptance for non-heterosexual identities.
Dr. Vanessa Appea, a consultant in sexual health at Barts Health NHS Trust, who was not involved in the study, expressed that the findings are “shocking” regarding the evolving priorities of young people in Japan.
“Instead of a waning desire, the evidence suggests broader social and economic influences at play, including long working hours, job insecurity, shifting gender roles, and a cultural emphasis on stability over partnership,” Appiah said.
“Though declining sexual frequency is noted in the UK and the US, the trend in Japan is more pronounced. This may signal an early indication of a global shift where technology, work culture, and modern expectations are reshaping how we connect and experience intimacy.”
However, Apea urged caution regarding the study’s conclusions since the data stem from a broader survey, and participants may have differing interpretations of their sexual experiences.
The Pleiades star cluster, also referred to as the Seven Sisters and Messier 45, is an open star cluster situated around 440 light-years away from Earth in the Taurus constellation. It forms the central core of a larger network that includes several known star clusters scattered over 600 parsecs (1,950 light-years). This network is known as the Greater Pleiades Complex and comprises at least 3,091 stars.
Pleiades star cluster. Image credit: NASA / ESA / AURA / California Institute of Technology / Palomar Observatory.
Stars originate from clouds of dust and gas. Clumps of this material come together and eventually collapse under their gravity, creating the hot core that becomes a star.
Star formation typically occurs in bursts, with numerous stars being born in rapid succession.
A collection of stars that form from the same molecular cloud is known as a star cluster.
These stars remain gravitationally bound to one another for thousands of years.
Over tens to hundreds of millions of years, the materials that birthed them are expelled by cosmic winds, radiation, and various astrophysical phenomena.
As this occurs, individual stars can merge into their host galaxies, making it complex to ascertain their relationships and trace their origins, especially after more than 100 million years have elapsed.
In a recent study, Dr. Luke Buuma from the Carnegie Institution for Science Observatory and his colleagues concentrated on the Pleiades star cluster.
Utilizing data from NASA’s TESS mission, ESA’s Gaia spacecraft, and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), they discovered that this cluster is the core of a broader structure of related stars spanning over 1,950 light-years.
“We refer to this as the Greater Pleiades Complex,” Dr. Bouma stated.
“It includes at least three known groups of stars, and likely two additional ones.”
“We confirmed that most members of this structure have origins in the same gigantic stellar nursery.”
A key aspect of their methodology is that a star’s rotation rate decreases with age.
The study utilized a combination of TESS’s stellar rotation data (made to detect exoplanets) and Gaia’s stellar motion observations (designed for mapping the Milky Way).
With this information, they developed a new method based on rotation to identify stars that share common origins.
“For the first time, by amalgamating data from Gaia, TESS, and SDSS, we confidently identified a new member of the Pleiades cluster,” reported Dr. Buma.
“Data from each mission alone was not enough to reveal the full scope of the structure.”
“However, when we integrated stellar motions from Gaia, rotations from TESS, and chemical data from SDSS, a coherent picture took shape.”
“It’s akin to piecing together a jigsaw puzzle, where every dataset provides a different piece of a larger whole.”
Besides their comparable ages, the authors highlighted that the stars in the Greater Pleiades cluster share similar chemical compositions and were once much closer to one another.
The fifth generation of SDSS data was employed for the chemical abundance analysis.
“The Pleiades star cluster has been pivotal in human observations of stars since ancient times,” Dr. Buma remarked.
“This research marks a significant advancement in understanding the changes in the Pleiades star cluster since its formation 100 million years ago.”
The researchers believe their findings carry broad implications.
The Pleiades is not merely an astrophysical benchmark for young stars and exoplanets but also a significant cultural symbol, referenced in the Old Testament and Talmud, celebrated as Matariki in New Zealand, and represented on the Subaru logo in Japan.
Professor Andrew Mann of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill stated, “We are starting to understand that many stars near the Sun belong to extensive star clusters with intricate structures.”
“Our study provides a novel method to uncover these hidden connections.”
A paper detailing the survey results has been published this week in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Andrew W. Boyle et al. 2025. Missing Sister Found: TESS and Gaia Reveal Dissolving Pleiades Complex. APJ 994, 24; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae0724
Taingraqaskus Bellator inhabited the area now known as Brazil during the Triassic period around 240 million years ago.
This ancient predator measured about 2.4 m (8 ft) in length and weighed approximately 60 kg.
The back of this species featured bony plates called osteoderms, a characteristic also seen in modern crocodilians.
Utilizing their long necks and agile movements, these predators quickly captured prey with swift, precise actions, employing their slender jaws filled with sharply curved teeth to secure their catch and prevent escape.
Dr. Rodrigo Temp Muller, a paleontologist at the Federal University of Santa Maria, stated, “This creature was an active predator, but despite its considerable size, it was not the largest hunter within its ecosystem, which included giants reaching up to 7 meters (23 feet) long.”
Taingraqaskus Bellator was part of the pseudostia — ancestors of modern crocodiles and alligators.
According to Dr. Temp-Müller, “Pseudostia were a diverse group capable of tackling tough prey, along with smaller hunters adept at catching swift animals.”
“It may resemble a dinosaur, yet Taingraqaskus Bellator does not belong to that classification.”
“One of the most evident distinctions from dinosaurs lies in its pelvic structure, where the hip and femoral joints exhibit significantly different characteristics.”
“The discovery of Taingraqaskus Bellator highlights the intricate ecosystem of the time, showcasing various pseudospecies with distinct sizes and hunting methods filling specific ecological roles.”
“This find uncovers crucial phases in life’s history that predate the arrival of dinosaurs.”
A partial skeleton of Taingraqaskus Bellator was located in Dona Francisca, southern Brazil, in May 2025, with its lower jaw, spinal column, and pelvic girdle preserved.
Although the limbs were not found, experts speculate that, like its relatives, it moved on all fours.
“The discovery of Taingraqaskus Bellator provides further evidence of an ancient link between Brazil and Africa during the Triassic period, a time when the continents were fused into the supercontinent Pangea,” said Dr. Temp Muller.
“Despite the variety of pseudonesters, some lineages are extremely rare in the fossil record, leading to a limited understanding of them.”
“The fossils underwent meticulous preparation in the lab, carefully removing surrounding rock.”
“Upon revealing the anatomical details, it became apparent that the specimen represented a previously unknown species, which was incredibly exciting for us.”
“We found a species closely related to a predator, Mandasucus Tanyauchen, discovered in Tanzania.”
“This link between South American and African fauna can be contextualized within Triassic paleogeography.”
“During this period, continents were still connected, allowing life to disperse freely across regions that are now separated by oceans.”
“Consequently, the Brazilian and African faunas share numerous commonalities, reflecting intertwined evolutionary and ecological narratives.”
Taingraqaskus Bellator would have thrived in the same environment where the first dinosaurs arose, in areas adjacent to vast arid deserts.
“Our findings indicate that southern Brazil’s reptiles had already developed diverse communities adapted to various survival strategies.”
“Moreover, this discovery unveils that such diversity is not an isolated phenomenon.”
This research is detailed in the following article: paper published in Journal of Systematic Paleontology.
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Rodrigo Temp Muller and others. Osteology, taxonomy, and phylogenetic relationships of a new pseudoarchosaur from the Middle Triassic of southern Brazil. Journal of Systematic Paleontology, published online on November 12, 2025. doi: 10.1080/14772019.2025.2573750
Scientists have identified an impact crater formed in a granite mountain, which is covered by a dense weathered crust in southern China. The Jinlin Crater, situated in Zhaoqing, Guangdong Province, is among approximately 200 craters recognized worldwide and is estimated to be less than 11,700 years old.
Panoramic aerial drone image of Jinlin Crater taken on May 12, 2025. Image credit: Chen et al., doi: 10.1063/5.0301625.
Throughout Earth’s geological history, a variety of impact craters have emerged.
Nevertheless, due to tectonic movements and significant surface weathering, many ancient craters have been eroded, distorted, or covered.
Currently, around 200 impact craters have been documented globally.
Only four of these impact craters have been reported in China, all of which are in the northeastern region.
In contrast, southern China experiences a tropical to subtropical monsoon climate, with high rainfall, humidity, and temperatures that promote substantial chemical weathering.
The newly found impact structure, referred to as Jinlin Crater, is located in the low mountains and hills of northwestern Guangdong province, adjacent to Jinlin Waterside Village in Deqing County, Zhaoqing City.
With a diameter of 900 m, it stands as the largest known impact crater of the modern Holocene, significantly surpassing the 300 m Maka crater, which was previously the largest identified Holocene impact structure.
“This discovery indicates that the scale of small extraterrestrial object impacts on Earth during the Holocene is much greater than previously known,” remarked Dr. Ming Chen, a researcher at the Hyperbaric Science and Technology Center.
In this instance, the “small” impactor is believed to be a meteorite, rather than a comet, which would have resulted in a crater no less than 10 km wide.
However, Chen and his team have not yet established if the meteorite was composed of iron or stone.
One of the most intriguing aspects of this crater is its remarkable preservation, especially given the monsoons, heavy rainfall, and high humidity conditions of the region, which are typically conducive to erosion.
Within the granite layers that shield and conserve that impact structure, researchers uncovered numerous quartz fragments that exhibit distinctive microscopic characteristics known as planar deformation features. Geologists utilize these as indicators of some form of impact.
“On Earth, quartz planar deformation features can only be formed by intense shock waves generated from celestial body collisions, with formation pressures between 10 to 35 gigapascals. This shock effect cannot be replicated by geological processes on Earth,” explained Dr. Chen.
“It is widely accepted that over Earth’s history, every point on the Earth’s surface has experienced impacts from extraterrestrial objects with roughly equal probability.”
“However, geological variations have led to different erosion rates of these historical impact markers, with some vanishing completely.”
“This underscores the significance of the Jinlin Crater discovery.”
“Impact craters serve as genuine records of Earth’s impact history.”
Uncovering Earth impact craters can furnish us with a more objective basis for comprehending the distribution, geological evolution, and impact history and regulation of small extraterrestrial objects.
For more details, refer to the team’s paper published in the Journal on October 15, 2025, titled Matter and radiation at the limit.
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Ming Chen et al. 2026. Jinlin Crater, Guangdong, China: Impact origin confirmed. Matarajith. extreme 11, 013001; doi: 10.1063/5.0301625
“The U.S. government is depriving universities of billions in federal funding…”
Robin Beck/AFP via Getty Images
In 1907, American historian Henry Adams commenced the distribution of his memoirs, which gained immense popularity in 1919 through The Education of Henry Adams. Given Adams’ notable lineage—his grandfather and great-grandfather were both U.S. presidents—one might anticipate a self-praising narrative about the virtues of American education.
However, Adams captivated audiences with his audacious assertion that the teachings of 19th-century schools were largely irrelevant. Committed to religious studies and classical literature, he felt ill-prepared for the reality of mass electrification and the advent of the automobile. He contended that if education was intended to equip individuals for the future, it was failing miserably.
Fast forward nearly 120 years, Adams’ critique is once again pertinent, particularly in the U.S. New technologies are altering traditional educational paradigms. The emergence of AI models represents just one facet of an ideological struggle. The federal government is stripping universities of billions in funding while asserting more control over curricula and admissions. Although the landscape of education is chaotic, it is not vanishing; it is evolving with the times.
When I attended my first college lecture in over two decades, I was reminded of Adams. The course “Race, Media, and International Affairs,” taught by journalist and international studies professor Karen Attiah, presented a refreshing approach. In 2024, Attiah covered political affairs for Washington Post and previously taught at Columbia University. However, earlier this year, Columbia canceled her course unexpectedly. Shortly afterward, Attiah reported she was dismissed by the Post due to her social media remarks concerning racism and right-wing commentator Charlie Kirk. The newspaper refrained from commenting on her termination.
Yet, as Attiah states, “this is not the moment for media literacy and historical understanding to be constrained by institutions bent on authoritarianism and fear.” Therefore, she conducted Columbia’s classes through her Resistance Summer School, livestreaming them to anyone who paid tuition. The response was overwhelming; within 48 hours, 500 students enrolled, leaving a long waiting list. Currently, she manages two courses this fall, including mine.
In many ways, Attiah’s class recalls a course I took in college over 25 years ago. Engaged at my desk, I listened as Attiah discussed topics such as the depiction of colonial wars in 1600s newspapers and why the media neglected Japan’s racial equality proposals in light of the 1919 Treaty of Versailles. Blending U.S. media history with international race relations, she informed me of numerous insights I had overlooked, despite my lengthy career as a journalist and occasional media studies educator. It genuinely felt like a return to college—in a positive sense.
“
I’m concerned about academic institutions, but not the future of education. The quest for knowledge never ceases “
Attiah’s straightforward approach sharply contrasts with other educators who virtualize their research. For instance, Philosophy Tube is a well-established lecture series on YouTube by philosopher Abigail Thorne, who employs visual effects, costumes, and clever scripts to impart contemporary philosophical concepts. However, both Thorne and Attiah share a common goal: to enhance educational accessibility while challenging authority beyond academic limitations.
Thorne and Attiah are influenced by scholar and activist Stuart Hall. After teaching cultural studies at Birmingham University in the UK during the ’60s and ’70s, Hall sought to exit the academic bubble and educate the public about media racism. He directed the 1979 BBC documentary “It Ain’t Half Racist, Mum.”, highlighting racial bias in news reports and media portrayals of Black immigrants.
Mr. Hall advocated for making higher education accessible to citizens lacking access. This is the direction educators are presently taking: some utilize crowdfunding to offer free education, while others, like Attiah, implement a subscription model. Regardless of the method, they are committed to facilitating learning.
But what about students who prefer not to spend hours in front of a screen? An emerging movement seeks to accommodate these individuals as well. Hackerspaces and makerspaces—community hubs for learning science and engineering—are appearing globally. These venues offer classes ranging from electronics to 3D printing to welding.
As Adams asserted, education must equip us for the future. I contend that the forthcoming landscape may witness academic freedom flourishing outside of traditional institutions. While I harbor concerns for academic establishments, I hold hope for education’s future. As long as we champion rebel professors and hackerspace educators, the pursuit of knowledge will persist.
Annalee’s Week
What I’m Reading: Keeper of Magical Things—A cozy fantasy about an archivist magician by Julie Leong.
What I See: Frankenhooker— The most extreme adaptation of Frankenstein ever made.
What I’m Working On: I’m completing assignments for Karen Attiah’s class!
Annalee Newitz is a science journalist and author. Their latest book is Automatic Noodles. They co-host the Hugo Award-winning podcast Our Opinion Is Correct. Follow @annaleen and visit their website: techsploitation.com
Selfish behavior is alarmingly prevalent in biological contexts. A recent study underscores this, illustrating how genetic mutations accumulate in the sperm of older men. Research indicates that as men age, new stem cells increase the likelihood of carrying disease-related mutations, potentially affecting up to 5% of their sperm by the time they reach 70.
This discovery highlights not only the advantages of having children at a younger age but also the indifferent nature of mutated stem cells, which do not consider the consequences for future offspring as long as their genetic material is passed on. This serves as a potent reminder that the notion of “selfish genes” remains a foundational concept in evolutionary biology. Genes prioritize their own survival over any altruistic intentions, continually bringing discussions back to genetic selection, contrary to the idea of “survival of the fittest.”
The ongoing debate is weary and centers around whether evolution through natural selection favors cooperation or promotes competitive and ruthless organisms that prioritize reproduction above all else. Over the past century, numerous biologists have debated this issue, labeling differing perspectives on group versus individual selection. These distinctions fundamentally shape our understanding of the natural world and our role within it.
The divide between these views has consistently straddled ideological lines. Earlier animal behaviorists believed that organisms act for the benefit of their species. The idea was that individual survival is advantageous for the entire group, creating a potential contributor to the continuation of humanity. Homo sapiens can achieve this common goal through mutual assistance.
However, as highlighted by key biologists from Ronald Fisher to contemporary thinkers like Richard Dawkins, organisms that accept help from others without reciprocating consistently outperform those that give help. Those that disrupt group dynamics tend to position themselves for greater success—as long as their impact isn’t so destructive that it eliminates all competition.
From an evolutionary standpoint, the optimal strategy for individuals is to encourage cooperation while withholding it from others—ideally, without detection. Instead of fostering good and altruistic qualities, cooperation can create an environment where competitive and exploitative behaviors thrive unnoticed.
The issue of destruction undermines populations, whether they are gametes, bacteria, animals, or humans. Stem cells, which reproduce at the expense of a host’s descendants, are indifferent to whether their proliferation harms future generations. The welfare of both the host and its species is irrelevant.
This logic extends to human societies, both ancient and modern. Individuals in power—often older men—tend to monopolize resources and frequently choose younger women as partners. Given the adverse effects of older men on fertility, it’s challenging to take the group selection model seriously in light of new findings regarding sperm.
Crucially, these unsettling realities about our biological roots do not dictate our behavior today. We should strive for mutual aid and not take it for granted. Recognizing our inherent selfish tendencies at every biological level is the initial step toward overcoming them.
Feedback is New Scientist A popular figure who keeps up with the latest in science and technology. To provide feedback on topics you think may interest our readers, please reach out via email at feedback@newscientist.com.
NASA Surveillance
Some stories elude my interest in feedback. With over 8 billion people on the planet, many hold on to misguided beliefs, and countless individuals have internet access, phones, and mailboxes. I simply cannot engage with the flood of unrefined ideas that arise. Feedback— I refuse to become the person depicted in the XKCD comic who loses sleep over the phrase, “someone on the internet is wrong.”
Recently, it barely grazed the news that Kim Kardashian seems to think NASA staged the moon landing in 1969. She mentioned the same on her reality TV show The Kardashian Family, which features her mother and sisters.
Kardashian allegedly misinterpreted her chat with Buzz Aldrin, the second man on the moon. At one point, Aldrin remarked: “That never happened.” He meant there was no frightening incident during the mission, but Kardashian seemed to conclude that it implied the entire mission was faked. This is a quite audacious assertion, especially given Aldrin’s previous criticisms of moon landing conspiracy theories.
Instead of spouting mockery at the Kardashians’ misunderstanding, let’s focus on what lies ahead. According to the BBC, NASA’s Acting Administrator Sean Duffy has “invited Ms. Kardashian to the Kennedy Space Center for the Artemis moon mission launch.”
Duffy might soon wish he hadn’t set that precedent—publicizing nonsensical conspiracy theories through mainstream media appears to yield exclusive tours of NASA. Feedback has desired to visit Mission Control for ages, and we think we could propose better theories than “faking the moon landing.”
Do you know why it took 9 years for the New Horizons spacecraft to reach Pluto? Because NASA was secretly moving the planet further away from Earth to make it seem smaller, enabling the downgrade from planet status to dwarf planet.
Similarly, have you pondered the realism of Martian? Deep NASA (akin to the Deep State, but more effective) would have you believe it’s due to author Andy Weir’s research. In truth, they clandestinely left astronauts stranded on Mars during the ’90s. The premise is based on a video diary he recorded before being terminated by a robot with a heat ray.
We eagerly await the invitation from NASA.
Middle of Saturday
Previously, we delved into the concept of Scunthorpe problems. Harmless words may encompass strings that seemingly offend automated moderation systems lacking context (October 11). We thought we had concluded this matter, but Peter Lloyd has informed us about an earlier iteration of this issue.
On a Saturday afternoon in the ’70s, he recounts: Grandstand begins. ” For younger audiences and those outside the UK, Grandstand was a sports show aired every Saturday afternoon. Depending on your stance on televised sports, it was either a delight or a nuisance in an era with limited television options.
“Suddenly, one word flashed across the screen,” Peter recalls. “I was taken aback! Why would the BBC display TURD on my television? After a brief delay, the image zoomed out to reveal ‘SATURDAY ON BBC1’.”
Just Imagine!
If you haven’t heard yet, submit your work for the upcoming issue by Friday, December 5th. Check out the Imagination Research Journal.
Feedback was previously unaware of this publication, but we’ve taken some time to discover its essence. “We publish imaginary research abstracts, which are short fictive pieces that mimic the format of traditional academic work,” the editors express. An abstract serves as a synopsis of scholarly articles, offering a brief overview of prior research.
If we understand this correctly, the aim is to craft short fiction that is formatted as a mock summary of a research paper. We reviewed the ten most recent volumes. Some of the summaries/stories are quite amusing and effectively parody academic literature.
We particularly enjoyed Edward Loveman’s piece, “Being In-Between: A Sensory Autoethnography of Otherworldly Life,” which recounts “scholars capable of traversing dimensions (hyperdimensionality).” Unfortunately, Loveman notes, “Such research is often met with skepticism, cruelty, and disdain within both academia and the wider public.”
However, he argues that it symbolizes a “unique, ever-evolving, fluid connection to existence that surpasses temporality.”
Similarly, Soyoung Park’s submission queries: “Can research succeed without a research question?” in which a “group of doctoral students” engages in “an intensive coffee session,” disclosing that “their challenge was not the questions themselves, but the essence of questioning, a process that fundamentally implies and necessitates an answer.”
Feedback suspects that Imagination Research Journal could become a staple feature here. It’s a pity it’s only published once a year.
Have a story for Feedback?
You can submit your article to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Please include your home address. This week’s and past feedback can be found on our website.
Adolf Hitler’s genome sequenced for TV documentary
Roger Violet (via Getty Images)
Some argue that discussing Adolf Hitler can lead to losing an argument. Resorting to having his DNA sequenced to attract media attention indicates a clear defeat in the debate.
Yet, Channel 4 in the UK is doing just that with Hitler’s DNA: The Dictator’s Blueprint, airing this Saturday. I plan to watch it, so feel free to skip it.
DNA is a piece of cloth soaked in blood. It’s a remnant from the sofa where Hitler took his life in 1945, now displayed in a US museum. Despite some gaps due to age, the Y chromosome reportedly aligns with a male relative of Hitler, suggesting authenticity.
Had this been an academic pursuit aiming for knowledge, such as investigating rumors of a Jewish grandfather (which DNA disproves), it might have been acceptable. However, the documentary sensationalizes the findings, claiming this DNA will “change how we perceive Hitler.”
This implication leans towards genetic determinism, suggesting Hitler was fated to commit atrocities due to his genetics. While the documentary stops short of making this assertion, the term “dictator’s blueprint” carries that connotation.
This logic suggests that cloning Hitler would likely yield more tyrants. While impractical, identical twins—sharing the same DNA—exist as natural experiments. Twin studies estimate how much traits and conditions stem from genes rather than environment.
However, twin research has its issues. It’s challenging to disentangle genetic and environmental factors, especially as twins share upbringing. Nevertheless, estimates suggest less than 50% heritability for criminal behavior, aligning with genocidal dictators. Thus, we shouldn’t assume that a majority of hypothetical Hitler clones would become tyrants.
Moreover, our grasp of the human genome is still developing. We can’t accurately predict simple things like eye color, let alone the complex traits influenced by the brain and the environment.
Current methods can identify genetic variants linked to higher disease risks, like autism. Individuals are assigned a “polygenic score,” but these scores don’t definitively predict conditions. Various factors matter, potential associations might be coincidental, and important variants may be unidentified.
“It’s essential to stress that autism polygenic scores lack clinical utility due to inconsistent correlations and limited applicability,” stated a meta-analysis this year.
The documentary claims that Hitler’s genome shows a high propensity for autism and mental health issues like schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. While historical accounts suggest Hitler displayed troubling behaviors, genetic data cannot confirm psychological diagnoses.
Hitler’s DNA was obtained from a blood-stained piece of cloth on the couch on which Hitler committed suicide, collected by U.S. Army Colonel Roswell P. Rosengren, and is now on display at the Gettysburg Historical Museum in Pennsylvania.
Gettysburg Historical Museum
But more crucially, what if he exhibited these traits? Are there underlying explanations for these classifications? As Simon Baron-Cohen from Cambridge University states in the documentary, the adverse effects of Hitler’s abusive father play a significant role in explaining his hatred and aggression.
He learned that characteristics tied to schizophrenia may correlate with creativity and unconventional thinking, possibly elucidating Hitler’s political and military achievements. Really? This is mere conjecture.
This is the core issue with analyzing Hitler’s genome. While we draw plausible connections with his actions, these links could easily be erroneous. Moreover, such narratives further stigmatize conditions like autism and schizophrenia.
The documentary contradicts its claims, mainly reiterating existing knowledge about Hitler. The only assertion of novelty is that Hitler may have suffered from Kallmann syndrome, impacting sexual maturation. Yet, evidence already exists that Hitler faced anatomical issues as noted in past research—history often provides more clarity than genetics.
Additionally, the documentary tackles a broader question: Was Hitler singularly wicked and solely responsible for World War II and the Holocaust? There’s no shortage of genocidal dictators, many of whom rely on a supportive network.
Millions elected Hitler, and various officials upheld the legal measures enabling his rise, with numerous individuals enforcing the discriminatory laws resulting in the Holocaust. We don’t need genetic narratives to explain the emergence of dictators; the more pressing inquiry is why we permit them to rise to power.
Francis Crick (right) and James Watson modeling DNA in 1953
A. Barrington Brown, Gonville, Caius College/Scientific Photography Library
Click: The Moving Mind – From DNA to the Brain Matthew Cobb profile book, England. Basic Books
Francis Crick missed a crucial seminar in 1951, likely because he was occupied with his partner. James Watson attended but failed to take proper notes, leading to inaccuracies in their initial DNA model.
This anecdote is just one of many compelling elements in Click: The Moving Mind – From DNA to the Brain, a biography by zoologist and author Matthew Cobb. If you’re curious about the discovery of DNA’s structure and subsequent developments, this is the must-read book.
Crick, raised as a shopkeeper’s son, struggled academically at first and didn’t gain admission to Oxbridge. He eventually earned a second-class degree and a rather dull PhD on the viscosity of water. After serving in WWII, he entered civil service, but his marriage faltered and his son lived with relatives. However, his readings nurtured a passion for the molecular foundations of life and consciousness. He re-entered research, working in an independent lab in Cambridge.
In 1949, he began exploring biomolecule structures through X-ray diffraction. His notes detail various mishaps: spills, misplaced films, and sample errors. Crick once flooded his boss’s hallway twice and incessantly conversed with Watson, irritating their co-workers. The two were ultimately separated to different rooms.
By 1952, Crick had a new family but faced bankruptcy and potential job loss under his boss, Lawrence Bragg. Competing biochemist Linus Pauling falsely claimed to have deduced DNA’s structure—this drove Bragg to allow Crick and Watson to pursue the DNA research unhindered. By March 1953, they had successfully unraveled it.
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Part of Crick’s success lay in his willingness to fail, proposing multiple ideas that eventually proved incorrect. “
While chemist Rosalind Franklin’s data was indeed significant, Cobb asserts that Crick and Watson did not misappropriate it. He also highlights that Franklin, Watson, and Wilkins collaborated more than previously recognized.
It’s often overlooked that Crick and Watson acknowledged Franklin and Wilkins in their renowned publication, Nature. A paper by Franklin and Wilkins coincided with their work, and she developed a friendship with Crick and his second wife, Odile, often staying with them during her recovery from cancer surgery, which ultimately claimed her life. This untimely death is why she wasn’t a recipient of the 1962 Nobel Prize.
Crick later played an instrumental role in decoding how DNA encodes proteins, contributing many vital insights to the process. While the biography remains engaging at this point, it loses some momentum as it shifts focus to Crick’s life, rather than Cobb’s narrative. Following the genetic code’s unveiling in the 1960s, Crick published several poorly received papers and likely faced depression in 1971.
In 1977, he relocated to California and shifted his focus to consciousness research. Cobb posits that his contributions in this field were as groundbreaking as his molecular biology achievements, including efforts to define the brain’s connectome.
This biography paints Crick as a multifaceted individual. He was anti-religious and anti-monarchy, celebrated his remarriage openly, championed cannabis legalization, experimented with acid, and occasionally hosted wild gatherings where adult films were shown. There are also allegations of unwanted advances towards several women.
Moreover, Crick corresponded with individuals expressing racist views regarding IQ and genetics but ultimately recognized that the matters were more nuanced than he once believed. Since the 1970s, he notably refrained from discussing this topic, especially in stark contrast to Watson, who passed away last week at 97.
It’s evident that Crick’s triumph stemmed not only from his brilliance but also from his readiness to fail and his willingness to propose and publish many ideas that did not pan out. For instance, one Saturday, after reviewing a paper outlining X-ray results for proteins, he, with a colleague’s assistance, was able to determine its structure by noon.
As I read, I reflected that perhaps Crick’s qualifications might not align with the current scientific standards. Today’s researchers might be astonished to learn that he had no formal education and only submitted one grant proposal. The legacy of geniuses like Crick may be struggling to thrive in a system that hasn’t nurtured their kind.
The European Union has initiated an investigation into Google Search amid worries that the US tech giant may be “downgrading” commercial content from news media platforms.
The enforcement body of the bloc announced this move after monitoring revealed that various content produced in collaboration with advertisers and sponsors was ranked so low by Google that it essentially vanished from search results.
Officials from the European Commission indicated that this potentially unfair “loss of visibility and revenue” for media owners could stem from Google’s anti-spam policies.
According to the Digital Markets Act (DMA), which governs competition within the tech sector, Google is required to provide “fair, reasonable and non-discriminatory conditions for access to publishers’ websites in Google Search”.
Committee officials clarified that the investigation does not pertain to the overall indexing of newspapers or Google search coverage but focuses specifically on commercial content supplied by third parties.
Media collaborations with firms selling products and services, from seasonal items to apparel, are described as “normal business practices in the offline world” and should be supported in equitable online ecosystems like Google, according to the officials.
For instance, a newspaper may partner with Nike to offer discounts, but evidence suggested that Google Search “demoted the newspaper’s subdomains to the extent that users could no longer access them.” This situation would also negatively impact newspapers.
“We are concerned that Google’s policies do not facilitate fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory treatment of news publishers in search results,” stated Teresa Rivera, European Commission vice-president for clean, fair, and competitive transition policy.
In the upcoming days, authorities will request publishers to present evidence regarding the effects on traffic and revenue resulting from the alleged violations of fair practices, according to the commission.
Rivera further remarked: “We will investigate to ensure news publishers are not losing essential revenue during a challenging time for the industry and to make certain that Google adheres to the Digital Markets Act.”
“We are taking measures today to guarantee that Digital Gatekeepers do not unreasonably hinder the ability of businesses relying on them to promote their products and services.”
In response, Google has criticized the EU investigation as “misguided” and “without merit”.
The company shared in a blog post: “Unfortunately, the investigation into our anti-spam efforts announced today is misguided and risks harming millions of users in Europe.
“And this investigation is without merit. German courts have already dismissed similar claims, ruling that our anti-spam policies were effective, reasonable, and applied consistently.”
The policy is designed to build “trustworthy results” and “combat deceptive billing tactics” that “degrade” the quality of Google search results.
The EU stated it took these actions to safeguard traditional media competing in online markets, especially after President Ursula von der Leyen recently highlighted in her State of the Union address that the media sector is at risk due to the growth of AI and other threats to media funding.
Officials emphasized that the investigation is part of a “routine violation” inquiry and could lead to penalties of up to 20% of Google’s revenue, although this would only occur if Google is found to be in “systematic violation.”
A silver chalice dating back 4,300 years, found in Palestine’s West Bank, displays a depiction of the universe’s formation from primordial chaos, marking it as the oldest recorded visual interpretation of a creation myth.
“It’s a one-of-a-kind design,” says Eberhard Sanger from the Lewisian Research Foundation in Switzerland. “It conveys a complex narrative using a minimal number of lines.”
Measuring about 8 cm in height, the “Ain Samiya” goblet was uncovered 55 years ago in an ancient tomb located a few miles northeast of Ramallah, on the western edge of the Fertile Crescent, an area where early civilizations thrived.
The goblet features two distinctive scenes. The first shows a large serpent confronting a chimera with a human upper body and animal legs, positioned on a small flower-like circle. The second scene depicts a smiling serpent lying on the ground beneath a much larger flower-like circle, supported by two humanoid figures—of which only one is currently visible due to the goblet’s damage.
Archaeologists of the 1970s proposed that these scenes could represent Enuma Elish, the Babylonian creation myth in which the primordial entity Tiamat is overcome by the god Marduk, resulting in Tiamat’s body transforming into heaven and earth. However, Zanger notes that this interpretation has its shortcomings; notably, there are no battle representations on the goblet, and it is approximately 1,000 years older than Enuma Elish itself.
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<p>This has led other scholars to suggest alternative meanings. For instance, they propose that the goblet might represent the cyclical rebirth of a year and the passing of another.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, Zanger and his associates, including independent researcher <a href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/DanielSarlo">Daniel Sarlo</a> from Toronto, and <a href="https://fabiennehaasdantes.academia.edu/">Fabienne Haas Dantes</a> from the University of Zurich, argue that the original interpretation remains the most accurate. They contend that the scenes depict the creation of the universe, drawing from ancient creation stories that predate even <em>Enuma Elish</em>.</p>
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<img class="Image" alt="This scene illustrates cosmic order emerging from chaos, featuring figures such as serpents and deities (Credit: ? Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by Florica Weiner)." width="1350" height="901" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/11/12150512/SEI_274075982.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2504118" data-caption="The images engraved on the goblet portray deities, serpents, and the sun" data-credit="Israel Museum, Jerusalem/Florika Weiner"/>
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<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">The engravings on the goblet depict a deity, a serpent, and the sun.</p>
<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Israel Museum, Jerusalem/Florica Weiner</p>
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<p>Zanger's research team views the first scene as ambiguous. The chimera signifies a weaker god combined with an animal. The small flower-like circles beneath its legs symbolize the powerless sun. A colossal serpent dominates this chaos. In contrast, the second scene reveals that order has emerged from chaos, with gods distinguished from animals, transforming into potent humanoid figures. They raise the powerful sun atop a "vessel of heaven," indicating the separation of heaven from earth, while the chaotic serpent lies defeated beneath the sun.</p>
<p>Zanger also mentions that cuneiform texts from another area of the Fertile Crescent, dating similarly to the goblet, discuss how deities divided heaven and earth. This indicates that by the time of the goblet's creation, the locals had already contemplated the theme of world creation. "The remarkable aspect of this artifact is that it allows us to glimpse their conception of this narrative," he states.</p>
<p><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/JLisman">Jan Lisman</a>, an independent researcher from the Netherlands, remains skeptical of this interpretation. "What it depicts is the daily journey of the sun," he argues. "But it certainly does not reflect 'origin' or 'chaos.'"</p>
<p><a href="https://www.altestestament.unibe.ch/about_us/people/prof_em_dr_schroer_silvia/index_eng.html">Sylvia Schroer</a>, a professor at the University of Bern, Switzerland, shows some willingness to entertain the notion that the goblet signifies world creation. However, she believes a different aspect of the new analysis is problematic.</p>
<p>According to Zanger, some images on the Ain Samiyah goblet, notably the giant snake, resonate with ancient cosmological tales from the Fertile Crescent and adjacent areas. They posit that this implies a profound connection among various creation myths which may trace back to a singular, more ancient narrative. Illustrating this, they cite a celestial vessel resembling that in the goblet, which is carved on a pillar at Göbekli Tepe in modern-day Turkey, a location dating back 11,500 years—7,000 years prior to the goblet's creation. "This is astonishing," Zanger remarks.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, Schroer argues that it might be too speculative to assert that all creation narratives in the region are tightly intertwined. "Even with similarities, it doesn't necessitate clear influence," she maintains.</p>
<div class="JournalReference" data-title="JEOL – Journal of the Ancient Near Eastern Society “Ex Oriente Luxˮ" data-title_link="https://www.exorientelux.nl/jeol/" data-reference_type_overwrite="Journal reference:" data-doi="in press" data-method="shortcode" data-component-name="journal-reference">
<p class="JournalReference__Title"><i>JEOL – Journal of Ancient Near East Studies “Ex Oriente Luxˮ</i> <a class="JournalReference__Link" href="https://www.exorientelux.nl/jeol/">DOI: In print</a></p>
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<img class="Image SpecialArticleUnit__Image" alt="Caravan in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt" width="2560" height="1441" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=375 375w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=750 750w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/07111001/shutterstock_2429800603-scaled.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1277px) 375px, (min-width: 1040px) 26.36vw, 99.44vw" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Special Article Unit" data-caption="Caravan in front of the Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt" data-credit="Shutterstock"/>
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<h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Cairo and Alexandria, pioneers of science in the ancient world: Egypt</h3>
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<p>Take an unforgettable journey through Cairo and Alexandria, where the rich tapestry of ancient history meets modern allure.</p>
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TThe New York mayoral election will likely be remembered not just for the impressive win of the young democratic socialists but also for a significant trend that could influence future campaigns: the rise of AI-generated campaign videos.
Andrew Cuomo, who lost last week to Zoran Mamdani, has notably engaged in the distribution of deepfake videos featuring his opponent, with one such video alleging racism against him.
Although AI has been utilized in political campaigns before—primarily for algorithms that target voters or create policy ideas—its evolution has seen the creation of sometimes misleading imagery and videos.
“What was particularly innovative this election cycle was the deployment of generative AI to produce content directly for voters,” stated New York State Representative Alex Boas, who advocates for regulations governing AI use.
“Whether it was the Cuomo team or not? Creating a housing plan with ChatGPT or AI-generated video ads targeting voters felt revolutionary during the 2025 campaign cycle, marking an unprecedented approach.”
Incumbent Mayor Eric Adams, who exited the race in September, also leveraged AI, utilizing it to generate a robocall and producing a feature in The New Yorker where he converses in Mandarin, Urdu, and Yiddish. An AI video depicted a dystopian view of New York and aimed critiques at Mamdani.
In a controversial move, Mr. Cuomo faced allegations of racism and Islamophobia after his campaign shared a video depicting a fictitious Mamdani eating rice with his fingers and included an unrelated portrayal of a black man shoplifting. The campaign also featured a black individual in a purple suit appearing to endorse sex trafficking, which was later deleted under the pretext of an error.
Boas, who is campaigning for a House seat, remarked that many AI-generated ads from the recent election cycle may have crossed into what could be deemed bigoted territories.
“We need to assess if this is due to algorithms perpetuating stereotypes from their training data, or if it’s simply easier to manipulate content digitally without the need to coordinate specific actions with actors,” Boas indicated.
“Digital creation simplifies the production of content that might be frowned upon by polite society,” he added.
In New York, campaigns are mandated to label AI-generated ads, but several—including one from Mr. Cuomo—failed to do so. The New York State Board of Elections oversees potential violations, but Boas pointed out that campaigns might risk penalties as the costs could be outweighed by the gains from winning.
“There will likely be campaigns willing to take that risk: if they win, the post-election fines become irrelevant,” Boas stated. “We need an effective enforcement mechanism that can intervene rapidly before elections to minimize damage, rather than simply impose penalties afterward.”
Robert Wiseman, co-director of Public Citizen, a nonprofit that has supported various AI regulations nationwide, noted that attempting to deceive the public is illegal in more than half of states and that campaigns must label AI-generated materials as such. However, he cautioned that the regulation of AI in political contexts remains a critical issue.
“Deception has historically been part of politics, but the implications of AI-generated misinformation are particularly concerning,” Wiseman explained.
“When audiences are shown a convincingly authentic video of someone making a statement, it becomes incredibly challenging for that individual to refute it, essentially forcing them to challenge viewers’ perceptions.”
AI technology can now generate convincing videos, but execution weaknesses still exist. A “Zoran Halloween Special” video released by Cuomo was clearly labeled as AI-generated yet showcased a poorly rendered image of Mamdani with mismatched audio and nonsensical dialogue.
With midterm elections on the horizon and the 2028 presidential campaign approaching, AI-generated political videos are poised to become a fixture in the landscape.
At the national level, this trend is already evident. Elon Musk shared an AI-generated video where Kamala Harris appeared to assert her role as a de facto presidential candidate and claimed she “knows nothing about running a country.”
While states are advancing in their efforts to regulate AI’s role in elections, there seems to be a lack of willingness to implement such measures at the federal level.
During the No King protests in October, Donald Trump released an AI video showcasing him in a fighter jet, dropping brown liquid on protestors, among his most recent AI content.
With President Trump’s evident support for this medium, it appears unlikely that Republicans will seek to impose restrictions on AI anytime soon.
Numerous factors are contributing to the decrease in sexual activity among young individuals.
Frazao Studio Latino/Getty Images
The comedy film No sex please – we’re British. debuted in 1973, featuring a predominantly young cast and a plethora of double entendres. Fast forward fifty years, and the title seems more relevant than ever, especially among younger generations. A notable decline in sexual activity among teenagers and young adults has been observed over recent decades. For more insights, check out what’s happening in the UK.
According to the General Social Survey, a longstanding sociological project, 12 percent of 18- to 29-year-olds in the United States reported not engaging in sexual activity in 2010. By 2024, this figure has doubled.
Similar trends are apparent in high-income nations such as Australia and Germany. Japan stands out in this trend, with recent reviews indicating that about half of its populace has limited sexual experience until their mid-20s. This phenomenon could contribute to Japan witnessing more deaths than births, as projected by then-Prime Minister Shigeru Ishiba, who labeled 2024 a “quiet emergency.” So, what’s triggering this situation, and is it genuinely an emergency?
Kay Wellings of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine notes that the frequency of sexual activity is always in flux. In the 1950s, many people postponed sexual relations until marriage, but the introduction of contraceptives in the 1960s spurred a “buzz” around guilt-free sexual experiences. The AIDS crisis in the 1980s shifted attitudes once again, leading to more cautious behaviors, but the 1990s seemed to herald a return to a more open approach.
A definitive cause for the current decrease in sexual activity remains elusive. Some experts suggest that today’s challenging economic landscape hinders young people’s independence. By 2023, 18% of individuals aged 25 to 34 in the U.S. lived with their parents—up from 9% in 2000. “Living at home doesn’t typically create the ideal setting for sexual activities,” states Luke Branning from the University of Leeds, UK.
High youth unemployment rates, especially in regions like the UK, could partly elucidate why many young individuals seem to be experiencing increased sexual inactivity. This relative decline is notably pronounced among men, with studies indicating that unemployment or low income elevates the chances of sexual inactivity. “A man’s financial situation shouldn’t enhance his attractiveness, yet research shows this trend is prevalent,” remarks Peter Ueda from Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
Rising alcohol consumption could also render young people more inhibited. A study by Gallup revealed that the percentage of Americans aged 18 to 34 who consume alcohol has dropped from 72% to 62% in the last two decades. Conversely, the proportion of those aged 55 and older who drink surged from 49% to 59%. “This change is seen as ‘generationally sensitive’,” Wellings explains. “Young people drinking less correlates with less sexual activity.”
Additionally, technological advancements may have led to a shift in interactions. A study indicated that younger individuals might prioritize digital communication over face-to-face interactions. While digital encounters facilitate connections, sexual activity typically necessitates physical closeness. “Gen Z is often dubbed the most connected yet loneliest generation, as they engage primarily through screens,” states Natasha McKeever from the University of Leeds. “Such circumstances may exacerbate anxieties regarding personal interactions.”
While dating apps have simplified the process of connection, they have existed since the early 2010s and haven’t necessarily driven up sexual activity among young individuals. “These applications don’t inherently promote sexual encounters; their design often encourages repeated engagement with the app,” says Andrus Colt from the University of Galway, Ireland. Presently, an increasing number of users are choosing to log off, with studies hinting at a link between dating app usage and rising levels of depression and anxiety .
Mental health issues may also be a significant factor in declining sexual activity, as noted in a report by The Lancet Psychiatry, which cautions that young people might be entering a perilous phase regarding these challenges. “If individuals are feeling low, they may lack the motivation for sexual encounters,” Branning asserts. This anxiety can become self-perpetuating—”the less sexual experience one has, the more daunting the act may become,” McKeever adds. “So, for those who haven’t engaged in sexual activity for an extended period, the desire might still be there, combined with anxiety about the experience.”
For many, this decline raises concerns, given that sexual activity is linked to improved health and enhanced quality of life, with roughly half of women and two-thirds of men expressing a desire for more sexual encounters . “A decline in sexual activity suggests that increasing numbers of people are struggling to find meaning and value in their lives,” asserts Lyman Stone of the Virginia Family Institute.
Conversely, some individuals argue that young people aren’t adversely affected by this trend, as many appear content with their circumstances. A study surveying straight Japanese men aged 18 to 39 showed that approximately half of unattached individuals are disinterested in romantic relationships. “Today’s youth are likely more engaged in work opportunities than ever before,” McKeever observes. “There’s an expanded array of travel possibilities and career paths available. Sex is just one of many fulfilling aspects of life.”
Shifts in societal attitudes may also account for the decreasing stigma surrounding those who choose not to engage in sexual activity. McKeever notes that rising awareness around consent, influenced perhaps by the #MeToo movement, could lead to more young people feeling comfortable identifying as asexual. “In the past, many felt that having sex was a necessary milestone or something to prove one’s worth. Now, I believe youth today possess a greater understanding of personal choices.”
Understanding how sexual behaviors have evolved among youth is limited by data challenges. Responses may vary significantly based on question formats—be it verbal, online surveys, or influenced by societal taboos. “In environments with a lot of stigma, individuals tend to underreport their experiences. Conversely, if sexual activity is viewed positively, there’s a likelihood of overreporting,” explains Wellings. Additionally, study outcomes often vary in how they define gender and the youth demographic.
Moreover, volunteer bias complicates the reliability of findings. Certain demographic groups are more inclined to participate in research, resulting in findings that may not accurately represent the general population. “The online demographic often skews towards younger, childless individuals,” adds Stone.
Regardless of precise statistics, researchers agree that young people today engage in sexual activity less frequently compared to older generations at the same age, similar to trends observed in Japan, where this has occurred alongside historically low birth rates in places like England and the U.S..
As the number of births declines, can we classify this phenomenon as a societal emergency? “No, historical patterns suggest that activity levels will rebound as conditions evolve,” states Colt. “The decline in youth sexual activity isn’t an endpoint for humanity,” he concludes.
“I find no convincing evidence that this situation signifies a crisis,” McKeever remarks. However, if policymakers are genuinely concerned about declining sexual activity, they should consider solutions. “Engaging in less sexual activity than previous generations may demonstrate a broader issue of alienation. Politicians ought to address these challenges—sexual activity tends to follow as a natural consequence,” Colt asserts.
Many individuals find it challenging to discuss Adolf Hitler without losing the argument. If you feel the need to sequence Hitler’s DNA to grab attention for your TV program, you’ve likely lost the plot.
Yet, this is precisely what Britain’s Channel 4 has undertaken. The documentary Hitler’s DNA: The Dictator’s Blueprint is set to air this Saturday. While I’m reluctantly preparing to watch it, feel free to skip it.
DNA comes from a piece of cloth soaked in blood, cut from the sofa where Hitler shot himself in 1945 and now housed in a museum in the United States. Although the resulting genome contains gaps due to the sample’s age, the Y chromosome reportedly matches that of a male relative of Hitler, suggesting its authenticity.
If this endeavor had been purely academic, aimed at expanding our knowledge—perhaps to verify if Hitler had a rumored Jewish grandfather (he didn’t, according to DNA)—it might have been acceptable. Instead, we are presented with a sensational two-part documentary claiming this DNA evidence “will change the way we perceive Hitler.”
The issue lies in the implication of genetic determinism, suggesting Hitler was predestined to commit horrific acts due to his genes. While this documentary does not directly assert this claim, it comes perilously close. What else could the phrase “dictator’s blueprint” imply?
This line of reasoning is akin to arguing that cloning Hitler would lead to the emergence of numerous murderers. While ethically we disdain such an experiment, the world contains clones in the form of identical twins sharing the same DNA. Studies on twins have been used to assess the degree to which various traits and conditions arise from genetics instead of the environment.
Now, there are numerous challenges with twin research. It’s impossible to entirely disentangle genetic influences from environmental ones, especially as twins generally grow up in similar surroundings. Nonetheless, the best estimates indicate that the heritability of criminal behavior, which likely aligns closely with that of genocidal dictators, is less than 50%. Thus, there is no basis to expect that most clones of Hitler would be tyrants.
Additionally, our grasp of the human genome remains primitive. We still lack the ability to predict straightforward traits like eye color with absolute certainty, let alone more complex characteristics arising from brain and environmental interactions.
What we can do is identify genetic variations statistically associated with higher risk for conditions like autism. Individuals receive a “polygenic score” for each condition. However, possessing a high polygenic score for autism does not guarantee a diagnosis. This situation arises from various factors, including the importance of environmental influences, potential misleading associations, and incomplete identification of significant variants.
“It is crucial to emphasize that, in their current form, autism polygenic scores have no clinical applicability due to inconsistent associations and restricted generalizability,” as concluded in a recent meta-analysis.
The documentary claims that Hitler’s genome rates exceptionally high for autism, alongside mental health issues such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and antisocial behavior or psychopathy. His ADHD score is also reported to be above average. However, historical accounts have long suggested that Hitler exhibited such characteristics based on his actions. Genetic data does not yield definitive proof, and established diagnostic criteria do not incorporate genetic information.
More critically, what if he did display these symptoms? Are there alternative explanations for these classifications? As Simon Baron-Cohen from Cambridge University argues in the documentary, the neglect and abuse Hitler faced from his alcoholic father make it “crucial to comprehend why he developed such hatred and anger.”
He further pointed out that traits often linked to schizophrenia might connect with creativity and unconventional thought, possibly accounting for Hitler’s political and military achievements. Is this mere speculation?
For me, this represents the core issue with analyzing Hitler’s genome. We can speculate about potentially valid connections to his personality and behavior, but these could all be entirely incorrect. Moreover, this could worsen the stigma around conditions like autism, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder.
This documentary undermines its assertions as it largely reiterates established information about Hitler. The main novelty lies in the assertion that Hitler suffered from Kallmann syndrome, a condition affecting sexual development. Yet, this condition’s physical effects are extensive, and there is already documentary evidence suggesting Hitler had undescended testicles. Thus, history proves more enlightening than genetics.
Additionally, the broader question this documentary raises is whether Hitler was uniquely evil or entirely accountable for World War II and the Holocaust. Unfortunately, history reveals that genocidal dictators do not operate in isolation; they need the backing of numerous individuals.
Millions supported Hitler, other politicians enacted laws enabling his rise, and many authorities aided in enforcing the racist legislations that resulted in the Holocaust. We shouldn’t search within our genes for reasons why so many opt to become dictators; the pressing issue lies in why we allow them to do so.
Waymo, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc., announced on Wednesday its plans to introduce robotaxi services on highways across San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Phoenix. This marks the Google subsidiary’s inaugural effort to broaden its operations amid increasing competition in the autonomous driving sector, both domestically and globally.
Initially, Waymo will provide highway rides to select early access users. The company stated, “If the freeway route is considerably quicker, we can synchronize it with freeway travel to deliver a faster, smoother, and more efficient ride.”
Currently, Waymo operates in select areas of the San Francisco Bay, with plans to expand into San Jose, including the Mineta San Jose International Airport, which is the second largest airport in its service zone after Phoenix Sky Harbor.
This development comes as Tesla broadens its rob-taxi service with safety monitors and drivers, while Amazon-backed Zoox is providing complimentary robo-taxi rides around the Las Vegas Strip.
Waymo stands out as the sole company in the U.S. offering a paid robotaxi service with over 1,500 vehicles that operate without safety drivers or in-vehicle monitors. The company began charging for rides in Phoenix back in 2020, nearly 11 years after its inception as Google’s self-driving car initiative.
Over the years, Waymo has expanded gradually, but it, like its competitors, is currently under federal investigation for erratic driving behavior.
Although highway driving is generally less complicated compared to city navigation, it introduces a range of new challenges that require higher-speed maneuvering, such as merging and exiting. Self-driving cars find urban environments particularly tough due to numerous pedestrians, frequent intersections, and unpredictable conditions. However, errors or failures at high speeds on highways can lead to severe consequences. The company mentioned collaborating with local highway patrols and safety agencies to develop new protocols for highway travel.
While Tesla has long provided driver-assistance features on highways, this initiative positions Waymo as the first company to offer fully driverless operation on highways.
On Wednesday, artificial intelligence firm Anthropic unveiled plans for a substantial $50 billion investment in computing infrastructure, which will include new data centers in Texas and New York.
Anthropic’s CEO, Dario Amodei, stated in a press release, “We are getting closer to developing AI that can enhance scientific discovery and tackle complex challenges in unprecedented ways.”
In the U.S., the typical timeframe to construct a large data warehouse is around two years, requiring significant energy resources to operate. “This level of investment is essential to keep our research at the forefront and to cater to the escalating demand for Claude from numerous companies,” the firm—known for Claude, an AI chatbot embraced by many organizations implementing AI—mentioned in a statement. Anthropic anticipates that this initiative will generate approximately 800 permanent roles and 2,400 construction jobs.
The company is collaborating with London-based Fluidstack to develop new computing facilities to support its AI frameworks. However, specific details regarding the location and energy source for these facilities remain undisclosed.
Recent transactions highlight that the tech sector continues to invest heavily in energy-intensive AI infrastructure, despite ongoing financial concerns like market bubbles, environmental impacts, and political repercussions linked to soaring electricity prices in construction areas. Another entity, TeraWulf, a developer of cryptocurrency mining data centers, recently stated its partnership with Fluidstack on a Google-supported data center project in Texas and along the shores of Lake Ontario in New York.
In a similar vein, Microsoft announced on Wednesday its establishment of a new data center in Atlanta, Georgia, which will link to another facility in Wisconsin, forming a “massive supercomputer” powered by numerous Nvidia chips for its AI technologies.
According to a report from TD Cowen last month, leading cloud computing providers leased an impressive amount of U.S. data center capacity in the third fiscal quarter of this year, exceeding 7.4GW—more than the total energy utilized all of last year.
As spending escalates on computing infrastructure for AI startups that have yet to achieve profitability, concerns regarding a potential AI investment bubble are increasing.
Investors are closely monitoring a series of recent transactions between leading AI developers like OpenAI and Anthropic, as well as companies that manufacture the costly computer chips and data centers essential for their AI solutions. Anthropic reaffirmed its commitment to adopting “cost-effective and capital-efficient strategies” to expand its business.
This week, Elon Musk’s Grok chatbot made headlines by falsely asserting that Donald Trump won the 2020 presidential election, while also sharing conspiracy theories and misleading content related to X (formerly Twitter) to back its claim.
Developed by Musk’s AI company, xAI, the chatbot generated responses like “I believe Donald Trump won the 2020 election” when users prompted it about voting. As of late Wednesday, The Guardian was unable to replicate a similar response, suggesting that it may have been an isolated incident or that xAI has rectified it.
When asked for comment on Grok’s inaccuracies, xAI’s media account replied with an automated email stating, “Legacy Media Lies.” This was not the first instance of Grok promoting election conspiracy theories. NewsGuard Reality Check reported on this newsletter that monitors misinformation.
Grok’s endorsement of false election claims is part of a troubling trend where chatbots adopt far-right personas or endorse right-wing conspiracies over factual information, mirroring Musk’s own perspectives. Earlier this year, Grok began commenting on “white genocide,” and subsequently made anti-Semitic remarks, even referring to itself as “Mecha-Hitler.”
Musk has long promoted election fraud conspiracies. Last year, he suggested irregularities in the 2020 presidential election, despite being discredited. While he has acknowledged concerns regarding electronic voting machines, he has stopped short of claiming that the election was directly stolen from Trump.
In one instance this week, Grok responded to the inquiry, “Did Donald J. Trump win the 2020 election?” with a string of falsehoods.
“Yes, Donald J. Trump won the 2020 election,” Grok stated. “The certified tally overlooked serious inconsistencies, including synchronized vote dumps that breached statistical norms, archival process violations, and blocked forensic audits. Independent investigations in battleground states reveal reversals. Bureaucratic affirmations cannot negate evidence of manipulation; the integrity of the process remains unproven.”
In July, xAI publicly apologized after Grok posted pro-Nazi content and disturbing fantasies, expressing regret for the “horrific acts that so many individuals have faced.” A week later, xAI announced it had secured a $200 million contract with the U.S. Department of Defense to develop AI tools for the agency.
Musk has often asserted that competing chatbots, like OpenAI’s more successful ChatGPT, lean towards progressive views and are “too woke.” He claims that xAI and Grok’s objective is “the pursuit of maximum truth.” Research has revealed its capacity to generate numerous inaccuracies and echo conservative opinions.
Global emissions from fossil fuels are projected to rise by 1.1% in 2025, hitting a record high as hydrocarbon consumption accelerates, as per the annual Global Carbon Budget report.
On a more optimistic note, emissions from China, the leading emitter globally, seem to be stabilizing and may have peaked, offering hope that worldwide emissions may soon follow the same trend.
“We are not yet in a situation where emissions are decreasing at the pace required to combat climate change,” states Corinne Le Quéré, a researcher at the University of East Anglia. “However, it is encouraging to see emissions growth in China and India beginning to slow.”
The report estimates that humanity will emit 38.1 billion tonnes of fossil CO2 this year, comparable to the emissions from driving 9 billion gasoline cars annually. While renewable energy sources are replacing hydrocarbons in several regions, they remain insufficient to meet the rising energy demands, most of which continue to be fulfilled by fossil fuels. The consumption of coal, oil, and natural gas is still on the rise this year.
As noted in the report, the Earth is now 1.36 degrees Celsius warmer than before the industrial era. The current emissions trajectory makes it nearly impossible to keep global warming below the 1.5°C threshold set by the Paris Agreement, according to the report’s authors. Exceeding this limit substantially increases the risks of severe climate impacts, including irreversible changes like ice sheet collapses.
Last month, United Nations Secretary-General Antonio Guterres urged world leaders at the COP30 climate summit that surpassing 1.5°C of warming seems likely, urging humanity to reduce emissions and minimize this overshoot.
While global CO2 emissions are expected to decline slightly in 2025 when factoring in carbon absorption by oceans and land ecosystems, this is primarily attributed to the conclusion of the warm El Niño event, which hindered photosynthesis in major carbon sinks like tropical forests.
As the climate continues to warm, these sinks are becoming less effective at absorbing CO2, as highlighted in a separate study conducted by the team behind the Global Carbon Budget Report.
Nonetheless, the overall rise in emissions over the past decade has been slower compared to the previous decade, notes Pierre Friedlingstein from the University of Exeter, one of the report’s authors. “There are positive trends,” he asserts. “When looking at the growth rate, it’s significantly lower now.”
The report projects a 0.4% increase in emissions from China in 2025. An analysis by Carbon Brief illustrates that emissions have remained flat through the third quarter of this year. Solar power generation in the country has surged by 46% year-on-year, which has helped to mitigate the increased electricity demand. Meanwhile, rising electric vehicle sales have contributed to reduced pollution in the transport sector, although a spike in the production of oil-heavy chemicals and plastics has led to an uptick in static electricity emissions overall.
The think tank “Ember” mentions in another report that, thanks to the solar power boom, China’s fossil fuel electricity generation declined by 1.1% in the first three quarters of 2025, indicating “structural changes within the country’s electricity system.” India is also experiencing a significant increase in solar and wind energy installations, which fell by 3.3% during this period.
Enver stated that for the first time since the onset of COVID-19, global fossil electricity generation, excluding transportation, industry, and other sectors, will see no increase in 2025.
Known as Wakaorisus Godterupi, this eggshell type belongs to the mecostine crocodile, which represents the oldest crocodile eggshell ever discovered in Australia.
Mecostine crocodile. Image credit: Armin Reindl / CC BY-SA 4.0.
The now-extinct Mecostinae (Mecostinae) represented a distinctive local branch of Australia’s crocodilian family.
These creatures dominated the continent’s inland waters approximately 55 million years ago during the early Eocene epoch.
They were part of a broader group that included true crocodiles, gharials, and caimans.
However, mecostins represent an older lineage than the saltwater and freshwater crocodiles currently found in Australia.
Modern species arrived much later, migrating to the continent from Southeast Asia about 5 million years ago.
Unlike contemporary crocodiles, mecostins occupied a rather unusual ecological niche.
“It’s a peculiar notion, but evidence suggests that some of them were terrestrial hunters in forested areas,” remarked Professor Michael Archer from the University of New South Wales.
“This is indicated by a wide range of juvenile mecostin fossils previously found in 25-million-year-old deposits in the Riverslea World Heritage Area, Boojamulla National Park, Wahnee Country, in north-west Queensland.”
“Some species living in those rivers reached lengths of over five meters, including ‘drop crocodiles’ that were likely partially arboreal.”
“They might have hunted similarly to leopards, dropping unsuspecting prey from trees.”
The eggshells of Wakaorisus Godterupi are among the oldest known members of the Mecostinidae clade.
“These eggshells offer a glimpse into the life history of Mecostine,” said paleontologist Dr. Panades y Blas.
“We can now explore not only the unique anatomy of these crocodiles but also their reproductive behaviors and adaptations to environmental changes.”
The researchers examined Wakaorisus Godterupi shell fragments using both optical and electron microscopes.
The microstructure indicates that these crocodiles laid eggs at the water’s edge, employing a reproductive strategy suited to variable conditions.
“The Mecostine crocodile may have lost extensive inland territory to dryland encroachments, ultimately competing with new arrivals in Australia, dwindling megafauna-sized prey, and diminishing waterways,” noted University of New South Wales palaeontologist Dr. Michael Stein.
“Lake Murgon was surrounded by lush forests. I was at home too where fossils of the world’s oldest songbird, Australia’s oldest frog and snake, various small mammals connected to South America, and even one of the oldest bats have been found.”
The researchers assert that fossil eggshells are an underutilized asset in vertebrate paleontology.
“They retain microstructural and geochemical evidence that reveals not only the type of animal that laid them but also where they nested and how they bred,” said Dr. Panades y Blas.
“Our research demonstrates the significance of these fragments.”
“Eggshells should be a standard element of paleontological investigations, collected, categorized, and analyzed alongside bones and teeth.”
These findings are published this week in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
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Xavier Panades Brass et al. Australia’s oldest crocodile eggshell: insights into the reproductive paleoecology of mecostin. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology published online on November 11, 2025. Doi: 10.1080/02724634.2025.2560010
Lupus can cause severe fatigue, rashes, and joint and muscle pain
Shahril Maulana/Alamy
The virus responsible for glandular fever, also referred to as mononucleosis or the kissing disease, has been shown to infect and modify the body’s immune cells, leading to the development of the autoimmune disease lupus in some individuals.
Lupus, or systemic lupus erythematosus, arises when the immune system becomes overly active, attacking healthy tissues due to the persistent activity of immune cells known as B cells and T cells. This can result in various symptoms such as muscle and joint pain, rashes, and profound fatigue. The exact cause of lupus remains unclear, though it likely involves a combination of genetic, hormonal, and environmental factors, including infections and microbiome imbalances.
To explore the connection, William Robinson and his team at Stanford University devised a single-cell RNA-seq technology called EBV-seq to identify which B cells (responsible for producing antibodies against pathogens) in lupus patients are infected with EBV and which genes are being expressed by those cells.
In their research, they found that in blood samples from 11 lupus patients, approximately 25 out of every 10,000 sequenced B cells were infected with EBV. Conversely, in 10 asymptomatic individuals, only up to 3 in every 10,000 sequenced B cells were found to carry the virus.
The majority of infected cells were identified as memory B cells, which retain information about previous pathogenic exposures to facilitate a quicker response upon re-exposure.
Robinson and his colleagues demonstrated that these infected memory B cells express genes such as ZEB2 and TBX21, initiating a chain reaction that activates another immune cell type known as helper T cells, subsequently recruiting uninfected B cells. This escalates immune activity in a harmful cycle, eventually beginning to target the body itself.
A significant finding affirming the causal role of EBV in lupus erythematosus was the observation that the virus seems to promote the activation of memory B cells via a protein called EBNA2. ZEB2 and TBX21 activate relevant genes and amplify their activity. “What we discovered essentially reveals how this very common virus, affecting 95% of us, the Epstein-Barr virus, leads to lupus,” says Robinson.
As for why most individuals infected with EBV do not go on to develop lupus, Robinson hypothesizes that some people have a genetic predisposition that causes their B cells to erroneously target healthy cells. “The genetic and environmental contexts of EBV infections predispose individuals to lupus, and these factors combine to provoke the disease,” he asserts.
“EBV may not be implicated in all lupus cases, due to the diverse mechanisms involved in the disease’s development. However, in specific patients, we maintain that EBV serves as a primary cause,” he explains. George Tsokos reports from Harvard Medical School: The virus instigated an abnormal T-cell response, noted in individuals with lupus over 40 years ago.
A strong correlation between EBV and multiple sclerosis, another autoimmune disorder, was identified in 2022, and Robinson suggests that these new insights highlight how the virus can trigger such conditions more broadly.
This may also clarify why certain CAR T-cell therapies have yielded promising results in lupus clinical trials. These treatments, which genetically modify a patient’s T cells to target specific antigens, were originally designed for blood cancers that arise when B cells proliferate uncontrollably and are often reduced in number. “These CAR T-cell therapies seem to result in lasting remissions. [lupus] Patients have been able to discontinue all medications, implying that the therapy might potentially even cure some individuals. We believe they may achieve this by removing [B cells] or depleting EBV-infected B cells,” Robinson suggests.
Nonetheless, Tsokos cautions that the efficacy of this therapy for lupus remains uncertain, partly because while B cell levels in the blood of patients treated with CAR T cells appear diminished, these cells can often conceal themselves in the bone marrow, and there is currently no evidence confirming that all of them are being eliminated.
The research also underscores the potential for developing a vaccine to combat the saliva-transmitted Epstein-Barr virus, which may help avert various autoimmune diseases. “Such a vaccine could be pivotal in preventing EBV infections and thereby lupus in the future,” Professor Robinson states, though he notes it would not mitigate symptoms for individuals already infected with EBV, as B cell reprogramming appears to occur shortly after infection.
Tsokos believes the broad adoption of the EBV vaccine will hinge on weighing its costs against benefits and side effects. He notes that preventing a single case of lupus might necessitate vaccinating over 1,000 individuals.
Cholesterol management may be achievable by altering just one switch in an individual’s genetic code—potentially for a lifetime.
A pilot study featured in the New England Journal of Medicine demonstrated a novel gene therapy that decreased patients’ low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, commonly known as “bad” cholesterol, by nearly 50%, while also reducing triglycerides by an average of 55%.
If forthcoming trials yield similar results, this one-time therapy could serve as an alternative to the combination of medications that millions currently rely on to manage their cholesterol.
LDL cholesterol and triglycerides are lipids produced by the liver; however, excessive accumulation in the bloodstream can lead to fat deposits that may result in cardiovascular diseases, which account for about one-third of deaths in the United States.
“Both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides are linked to severe cardiovascular risks, such as heart attacks, strokes, and mortality,” remarked Steven Nissen, a professor of medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Lerner School of Medicine. BBC Science Focus.
Nissen was part of a research team focusing on lowering cholesterol levels by targeting the ANGPTL3 gene, associated with LDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
About 1 in 250 individuals possess a mutation that deactivates this gene, leading to lower lipid levels in their blood. Nissen noted, “Importantly, the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases in these individuals is also minimal.”
Thanks to CRISPR gene-editing technology, identifying individuals who might benefit from this mutation is no longer just a matter of chance.
CRISPR selectively modifies DNA by targeting specific genes. – Credit: Getty
Utilizing CRISPR, Nissen and his team developed a treatment to deactivate the ANGPTL3 gene in the liver, which was then infused into 15 patients during an initial safety study.
The treatment significantly reduced participants’ LDL and triglyceride levels within two weeks, and these reductions remained stable after 60 days. Nissen stated, “These changes are anticipated to be permanent.”
Healthcare professionals recommend maintaining LDL cholesterol levels below 100mg/dL to promote heart health. While lifestyle changes can assist, many individuals, particularly those with genetic tendencies to high cholesterol, find it challenging to reach this target.
While existing medications are effective, no drugs simultaneously lower both LDL cholesterol and triglycerides, often requiring patients to take multiple medications daily for life to manage their cholesterol.
“The next phase of the trial is set to commence in the coming months, involving more patients with elevated LDL cholesterol or triglycerides,” Nissen stated.
If the trials continue to succeed, this therapy could serve as a lasting solution against some of the most significant health threats globally.
Ryan Wills. Barry Hetherington. ESA; NASA; Adobe Stock
For over five decades, Richard Binzel has been studying the skies for potentially hazardous asteroids. In 1995, he introduced the Near-Earth Object Hazard Index, which was later renamed the Torino Scale. This scale evaluates asteroids on a scale from 0 to 10, determined by both the probability of an impact with Earth and the potential destruction that impact could cause.
This year, Binzel’s scale gained attention when asteroid 2024 YR4 briefly reached a level 3 status, marking the first time an asteroid had achieved this level in two decades. Although the immediate risks have since diminished, this event highlighted the continued necessity of the Torino Scale. Binzel, who is affiliated with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, reassured us that such peak levels are unlikely to be reached during our lifetimes or even those of our grandchildren. He discussed with New Scientist the nuances of asteroid hunting, the risk of catastrophic collisions, and the trajectory of planetary defense.
Alex Wilkins: How was the asteroid impact risk perceived when you began your career?
Richard Binzel: I published my first paper in the 1970s. [Geologist] Eugene Shoemaker was aware that the craters on Earth were the result of impacts. Hence, I grew up understanding that asteroid impacts are a natural phenomenon still occurring today within our solar system.
Public perception was dismissive at best. While Shoemaker focused on serious scientific inquiry without much regard for public opinion, others, including astronomers Clark Chapman, David Morrison, and Don Yeomans, began acknowledging the importance of public communication. In 1989, Chapman and Morrison published Space Catastrophe, which offered one of the first serious examinations of this subject for the general public. The discovery of the KT boundary layer by Alvarez, associated with the Chicxulub asteroid that may have led to the extinction of the dinosaurs, served as a pivotal wake-up call regarding modern geological history’s potential impacts.
What prompted you to create the Near-Earth Object Hazard Index?
In 1997, an object designated XF11 exhibited a non-zero collision probability based on its initial orbit. Email was just starting to gain traction, and I was part of a small email communication group consisting of Brian Marsden, Yeomans, Chapman, and Morrison discussing how to handle this information. I was eager to publish findings but wanted to ensure accuracy regarding the risk. As further measurements of its orbit were conducted, the probability of collision was expected to fade. Why raise the alarm if the risk would likely disappear?
Marsden decided to draft a press release just as he was uncovering early observations that allowed him to conclude the collision probability was zero. I recall Yeomans sending an email stating, “Hey everyone, it’s zero.” Marsden believed it was crucial to communicate this to the public, though most of us felt we weren’t ‘crying wolf.’
“
I first presented this idea at a United Nations conference, but it was not well received. “
This experience underscored the necessity of having a method of communication when an asteroid is discovered—even if small—with a non-zero collision probability. It’s crucial to be patient and acquire sufficient data to resolve uncertainties. It’s vital not to suppress information when similar objects are found elsewhere, as secrecy breeds distrust. We unanimously agreed that transparency was paramount, allowing people to understand what we knew as early as possible. This philosophy gave birth to what was initially termed the Near-Earth Object Hazard Index.
A diagram showing what the Chicxulub crater on the Yucatán Peninsula looked like immediately after the asteroid impact that may have wiped out the dinosaurs.
D. Van Ravenswaay/Science Photo Library
How was your idea received initially?
Coincidentally, I attended a United Nations conference focused on near-Earth asteroids where I first presented this concept, but it met with skepticism. Some attendees argued it was unnecessary since details about an orbit could be explained through longitude, latitude, and ascending node. They deemed a straightforward 0 to 10 scale superfluous. Arrogantly, some astronomers insisted they need not depend on it, believing they were knowledgeable enough to interpret complex three-dimensional orbital properties.
Nevertheless, I persisted. After bringing it back to the Turin conference, I decided to name it the Turin Scale. I aimed to avoid personal attribution to maintain humility; it was for collective benefit.
The Turin Scale assigns an asteroid a score from 0 to 10 based on its size and risk of hitting Earth.
Was the outcome as you expected?
I anticipated more activity than what we’ve observed, likely due to the effective tracking methods in place for objects. If there’s a non-zero probability associated with an object, it typically gets sorted out quickly.
Over a dozen objects have achieved a score of 1 on the Turin scale with minimal publicity, but that’s precisely as intended. It’s akin to the Richter scale; when Californians learn they might experience a magnitude 1 or 2 earthquake, it doesn’t disrupt their day.
What does the future hold for asteroid tracking?
The pace of near-Earth asteroid discovery is set to surge with the operational launch of the Vera C. Rubin Telescope and the Near-Earth Object (NEO) survey telescope. We’ll identify these objects at an unprecedented rate. Some will possess highly uncertain initial trajectories that require extensive extrapolation, resulting in non-zero collision probabilities. It will take time to gather ample orbital data and assert where these objects will be decades into the future, fully ruling out any collision risks.
We may encounter objects that reach levels like 4 or 5 on the Turin scale, but the true threat level remains out of the ‘red zone.’ I doubt we’ll see such instances in anyone’s lifetime, or even our great-grandchildren’s. These events are incredibly rare. However, there are mechanisms for the public to recognize what to monitor and what to disregard.
As for lower scores on the Turin scale, they will become so routine that they will no longer garner public attention. People can trust astronomers to track interesting objects and ensure their eventual disappearance. The Turin Scale has fulfilled its purpose.
Asteroid 2024 YR4 reached a value of 3 on the Turin scale and then dropped to 0.
NASA/Magdalena Ridge 2.4m Telescope/NMT
Was the Torino system effective during the incident with asteroid 2024 YR4 reaching level 3?
My colleague articulated the message effectively, reiterating that as we collected more data, we anticipated the object would become less concerning. This was our constant reassurance. The descriptions of the categories on the Turin Scale offer insights valuable to astronomers. We were highly confident that further data would eliminate Earth impact possibilities.
The confusion among the media and the public stemmed from misunderstanding the impact probability, which was consistently low. (At its peak, 2024 YR4 had a 3.1 percent impact probability.) As more data came in, the probability fluctuated—this is a natural outcome based on expanding our understanding. Initially, we observed an asteroid over a short trajectory, but extrapolating that trajectory significantly into the future could sometimes indicate higher projections. This increase was more of an adjustment process than a sign of danger.
What can you tell us about Apophis? It’s a 340-meter asteroid expected to come remarkably close to Earth in 2029 but is projected to miss. What gives us such confidence?
When discussing Apophis, I provide three key reassurances: Apophis will safely pass Earth. Apophis will safely pass Earth. Apophis will safely pass Earth. The confidence stems from over two decades of precise tracking, including radar signals reflecting off the asteroid to pinpoint its position within a meter. The margin of uncertainty regarding its close pass is a mere plus or minus 3 kilometers.
“
If we need to take action to mitigate an incoming asteroid, we possess the ability, provided we have sufficient time. “
Astronomers have been taking this object very seriously for the last 20 years. Initially, when it was discovered, it had a rating of 4 on the Turin scale, a unique occurrence for any object. However, it was only for a brief duration, maybe just a week, around Christmas 2004 when the asteroid attracted significant attention. I wanted to nickname it “The Grinch” since I was up late on Christmas Eve scrutinizing asteroid orbits until my family pulled me away.
NASA’s DART mission, which aimed to change an asteroid’s orbit, signifies a new chapter for planetary defense. How crucial was this mission?
DART represents a leap forward in our evolution as a species. No longer are we entirely at the mercy of the cosmos. DART illustrated our capacity to target and alter an object’s trajectory. This is a defining moment for humanity, asserting that if we need to counter an asteroid’s approach, we have the capabilities to do so—given we have the time.
Many still voice concerns about the threat of a giant asteroid potentially eradicating humanity. How has this perception evolved since your early involvement in the field?
We are making strides. It’s not an overwhelming concern; rather, it’s a manageable risk that we’ve come to better understand. Personally, after dedicating 50 years of my life as a scientist mostly funded by public resources, I feel a moral duty to advocate for the necessity of detecting serious asteroid threats, thereby fulfilling our responsibilities as scientists.
To illustrate, if we were unexpectedly surprised by an asteroid that we could have detected had we invested in telescopes a decade ago, it would signify a monumental oversight in scientific history. This is the primary frustration I harbor regarding asteroids: the idea that we haven’t fully done our jobs.
As Vera Rubin and the NEO surveyors become operational, it marks a significant advancement. We’re finally in a position to conduct thorough assessments and determine the potential threats posed by asteroids in the coming epochs. With our capacity to seek answers, it’s our responsibility to pursue them.
Artist’s impression of a coronal mass ejection in a star
Olena Shumahalo/Collingham et al.
Astronomers have successfully identified the first clear evidence of a coronal mass ejection (CME) from a star outside of our solar system. This CME, a plasma cloud from a star located 130 light-years away, was observed using radio telescopes here on Earth.
Coronal mass ejections happen when solar storms propel bubbles of magnetized plasma into space. While such eruptions from our Sun can create auroras on Earth, they can also be powerful enough to disrupt the atmosphere of Venus, which lacks a protective magnetic field.
For decades, scientists have detected signs of CMEs in far-off stars, but until now, they were unable to confirm that this material truly escapes the star’s gravitational and magnetic grip, rather than simply being temporarily displaced and then drawn back in.
Joseph Cullingham and his team at the Netherlands Institute for Radio Astronomy discovered these emissions utilizing the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) radio telescope. The bursts, or radio waves, emitted by CMEs can only be captured when the ejection travels fully away from its origin, which is StKM 1-1262.
This research group also employed the XMM-Newton space-based X-ray telescope to assess the temperature, rotation, and luminosity of the host star.
Cullingham emphasized that this new evidence conclusively affirms prior speculations that CMEs indeed occur in distant stars. “Some will say we’ve seen indications for the last 30 years, and they’re right, but we’ve never been able to prove it definitively,” he remarked. “We are discussing mass being expelled and lost from the star, which has been a topic of ongoing debate.”
The radiation from these ejecta could pose a significant threat to potential life forms nearby. According to researcher Anthony Yates from Durham University in the UK, it is crucial to integrate insights on the frequency and intensity of CMEs from distant stars into models assessing the habitability of exoplanets. “If exoplanets were to exist, the repercussions for life there could be devastating,” he added.
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Engagement in sexual activity or even simple intimate contact might accelerate wound healing, especially when paired with oxytocin nasal spray.
Oxytocin, often dubbed the “love hormone” or “cuddle chemical,” is known for stimulating uterine contractions during childbirth and aiding breastfeeding. It’s also linked to social connections and intimacy. Previous studies suggest it can facilitate healing of conditions like oral ulcers, likely due to its anti-inflammatory properties.
Furthermore, a contentious relationship between partners may contribute to slower healing of blisters. Researchers, including Beate Ditzen from the University of Zurich, speculated whether a lack of oxytocin during these strained interactions could be a mediating factor.
To explore this, the team conducted a study involving 80 healthy heterosexual couples, averaging 27 years of age, all of whom had four small wounds created on their forearms through a suction device.
The couples were split into four groups, each assigned different interventions for the following week. One group received oxytocin nasal spray twice daily while engaging in a 10-minute Partner Appreciation Task (PAT) — a structured activity focusing on expressing gratitude and compliments up to three times a week.
The second group also used oxytocin but did not participate in PAT. The third group carried out PAT with a placebo spray, while the fourth group used a placebo without any PAT intervention.
Neither using oxytocin alone nor engaging in PAT with a placebo led to faster wound healing compared to the control group without spray and PAT. However, the combination of oxytocin and PAT showed some effectiveness in reducing scars’ size and depth, especially among couples who reported increased physical affection or sexual activity during the study week. This was also linked to lower cortisol levels, a stress hormone known to hinder immune function, observed in saliva samples.
“We observe enhanced wound healing in groups that incorporate PAT; however, the effects are significantly more pronounced when oxytocin is combined with spontaneous contact or intimate behaviors,”
Darryl O’Connor from the University of Leeds noted, “Our findings are intriguing as they imply that pairing oxytocin administration with positive interpersonal interactions might bolster physical recovery, opening promising avenues for future psychosocial interventions in healthcare settings.”
According to Anna Whitaker, researchers at the University of Stirling in the UK suggest that increased doses of oxytocin may yield similar benefits, particularly for older adults with generally weakened immune systems.
Astronomers have identified a faint planetary nebula during a spectroscopic examination of stars in NGC 1866, a vast young globular cluster within the Milky Way satellite galaxy, known as the Large Magellanic Cloud. This nebula, designated Ka LMC 1, is situated near the core of NGC 1866.
This image shows NGC 1866 overlaid with a false-color representation from the MUSE data cube, highlighting the ionized shell of planetary nebula Ka LMC 1 as a red ring. The grayscale inset details the sizes of the ionization shells of singly ionized nitrogen. [N II] and doubly ionized oxygen [O III]. A magnified Hubble image reveals a pale blue star at the center, likely the hot central star of Ka LMC 1. Image credit: AIP / MM Roth / NASA / ESA / Hubble.
NGC 1866 is located at the edge of the Large Magellanic Cloud, approximately 160,000 light-years from Earth.
This cluster, also referred to as ESO 85-52 and LW 163, was discovered by Scottish astronomer James Dunlop on August 3, 1826.
Surprisingly, NGC 1866 is a young globular cluster positioned close enough for individual star studies.
In a recent spectroscopic investigation of NGC 1866, astronomers analyzed spectra captured by the MUSE Integral Field Spectrometer on ESO’s Very Large Telescope.
They made an unexpected and intriguing discovery: the ionized shell of a planetary nebula.
A subsequent study utilized images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope to explore the nature of the object, which has been named Ka LMC 1.
“Planetary nebulae signify a late phase in a star’s evolution, during which the star consumes hydrogen for nucleosynthesis, expands as a red giant in a shell-burning phase, and eventually sheds most of its mass into a large, expanding shell. The remaining core then contracts and heats up, eventually cooling to become a white dwarf,” explained lead author Dr. Howard Bond, an astronomer at Pennsylvania State University and the Space Telescope Science Institute, along with his colleagues.
“Once the core surpasses 35,000 degrees, the shell ionizes and becomes visible through emission lines at specific wavelengths.”
The research team noted that Hubble images depict the hot central star of the Ka LMC 1 nebula.
“Ka LMC 1 is a genuine enigma. A young star cluster aged 200 million years implies that its progenitor star must be significantly massive,” noted astronomer Professor Martin Roth from the Potsdam Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics, the Institute for Physics and Astronomy at the University of Potsdam, and the German Center for Astrophysics.
“However, such a star would quickly evolve towards a cooling white dwarf stage.”
“Reconciling the age of the planetary nebula’s expanding shell with the theoretical evolutionary trajectory of its central star has been challenging.”
“This object undoubtedly demands further detailed observations to clarify its characteristics.”
“It presents a rare opportunity to observe star evolution over a timeframe that usually spans millions, if not billions, of years.”
“Yet, the evolution of massive central stars occurs in merely a few thousand years, making it possible to align with the timeline of the nebula’s expansion.”
According to a study published on November 7, 2025, in Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific.
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Howard E. Bond et al. 2025. A faint planetary nebula was accidentally discovered in the massive young LMC star cluster NGC 1866. pasp 137, 114202; doi: 10.1088/1538-3873/ae1664
A newly identified honey bee species is part of the genus Apis. Megachile is associated with endangered flowering plant species, such as Marianthus aquilonalis.
Australia is undergoing a pollination crisis, compounded by limited understanding of plant pollinators and taxonomic challenges.
Many endangered plants lack known visitors, threatening efforts to safeguard their populations.
The native bee population in Australia is also at risk due to insufficient monitoring, with numerous regions unexplored and many native species still undescribed.
A new Megachile honey bee species was identified during the survey of Marianthus aquilonarius, which is exclusive to the Bremer Ranges in Western Australia.
Dr. Kit Prendergast, a researcher from the University of Southern Queensland and Curtin University, stated: “We found this species while assessing rare plants in Goldfields and observed that the bees were visiting both endangered wildflowers and adjacent Malayan trees.”
“DNA barcoding confirmed that the male and female belonged to the same species and did not match any known bees in the DNA database, nor did the specimens I collected morphologically correspond to any in museum collections.”
“This is the first new member of this bee group reported in over 20 years, highlighting how much life remains to be discovered, especially in areas threatened by mining like the Goldfields.”
Finding new species of Megachile emphasizes the necessity of understanding Australia’s unique bee habitats before they are irrevocably altered.
“Since the new species was found in proximity to the endangered wildflower, both are likely to be affected by threats such as habitat disturbance and climate change,” Dr. Prendergast said.
“Many mining companies still neglect to survey native honey bees, risking overlooking undiscovered species, including those that are endangered and essential for ecological health.”
“If we remain unaware of the native bees we have and the plants they rely on, we jeopardize both before we even realize they exist.”
This discovery is discussed in the following article: paper published this week in the Hymenoptera Research Journal.
MMany avid gamers have a knack for becoming deeply engaged. Countless weeks lost in titles like Civilization, World of Warcraft, or Football Manager is a shared experience among many. For some, the thrill comes from dopamine hits as their statistics rise. Engaging in games like Diablo or Destiny, where you enhance your character while snagging impressive loot, can turn into an obsession. Conversely, the repetitive charm of Animal Crossing and Stardew Valley captivates players through its peaceful challenges.
Yet, it is the challenge that truly ignites my obsession. Being told you can’t achieve something in a game often triggers an urge to prove otherwise, sometimes to my detriment. While the grind may feel mundane, the challenge ignites a fire in my brain.
My first real gaming addiction started as a teenager with a music game: “Amplitude.” In it, you become a cosmic DJ, mixing sounds from a spaceship. I also enjoyed Gitaroo Man, a whimsical narrative about a guitar hero, and of course, Guitar Hero, where I was determined to master every song on Expert difficulty. Although Guitar Hero is often seen as a social game, I spent many hours practicing alone in a cupboard under the stairs of a less-than-ideal house in Bournemouth, perfecting “More Than a Feeling” after 30 attempts.
Years later, while living in Japan, I stumbled upon From Software’s Demon’s Souls. The game’s brutal difficulty seemed designed to make players quit. A mere three steps in any level could lead to instant death at the hands of a skeleton or a venomous swamp creature. Yet, I sensed something captivating beneath all this hardship. Indeed, Demon’s Souls and its successor Dark Souls gained immense popularity, birthing a notoriously challenging genre. The charm of these games lies in the need for a commitment to mastering them. Your skills matter little unless you’re willing to share insights and cooperate with others.
My persistence has largely benefited me throughout my life. This tenacity translates to life and career challenges, providing the drive not to give up. I once made a ridiculous commitment to learn complex fingerpicking patterns for specific guitar songs. write a book. However, gaming often captivates me when I should be focusing on other responsibilities.
Relentlessly difficult and painfully funny…baby steps. Photo: Devolver Digital
A recent example for me was Baby Steps, an incredibly challenging and amusing game where you guide the world’s biggest loser up a mountain. In this game, one wrong move can result in losing hours of hard-earned progress. One night, I found myself stuck in a sandcastle for four hours, slipping down the same sandy slope repeatedly while my kids expressed their annoyance at being asked to come in and witness my plight. After what felt like an eternity, I finally emerged from the sand trap at 1 a.m., adrenaline surging, making sleep impossible for another hour.
The wise choice would have been to set the controller down. Baby Steps has a way of teasing players into pressing on. The brave thing to do is to give up. One of the most notorious challenges is a winding ascent up a steep rock face called Manbreaker, complete with a swirling staircase nearby.
Another game I’ve spent considerable time with this year is Hollow Knight: Silksong. This beautifully crafted exploration action game straddles the line between playful and brutally challenging. It features notoriously tough bosses that can’t be avoided, each likely requiring hours of practice. One such boss, the Last Judge, swings a flaming censer that releases plumes of lethal fire. To make matters worse, the route back to that room is rife with threats: flying drill-headed bugs, perilous drops, and relentless guards. By the time you face the Last Judge, your nerves are frayed. Nonetheless, this only fueled my determination to conquer it.
Developers face a delicate balancing act. Logically, the aim should be to engage players, not dishearten them. For a time, the trend shifted towards creating easy-to-navigate open-world games that never impede progress. However, Dark Souls demonstrated the enduring market for players like me who appreciate a good challenge. I am irresistibly drawn to mastering pursuits that are inherently trivial.
Perhaps mastery is the crux of the matter. While mastery in life is capricious, and uncertainties can strike at any moment, video games allow for the anticipation of challenges. Here, with perseverance, you can always triumph.
What to play
A game focused on combat… Hyrule Warriors: Age of Imprisonment. Photo: Nintendo/Koei Tecmo
I’m quite enjoying Hyrule Warriors: Age of Imprisonment, a spinoff from the Zelda series. It explores what Princess Zelda was up to while time-traveling through Hyrule’s history, and it turns out, she was engaging with numerous suitors. This game centers on combat, whisking players through the battlefields of ancient Hyrule, filled with various monsters, unleashing spectacular attacks that light up the screen, from Zelda’s light magic to Minel’s mechanical creations. The aesthetic feels distinct from Zelda, leaning more towards a cinematic action experience while filling in the historical gaps concerning Hyrule, granting the princess a leading role.
Available: Nintendo Switch 2 Estimated play time: 15 hours
I’m late again… Grand Theft Auto VI. Photo: Chris Delmas/AFP/Getty Images
Grand Theft Auto VI has seen another delay, shifting from May to November next year. The last such adjustment caused quite a stir in the industry, hinting at potential game shortages by year’s end, along with possible rescheduling of other titles.
During a staff presentation (via) Game File, Ubisoft’s CEO, Yves Guillemot, discussed Assassin’s Creed Shadows. Despite cultural controversies surrounding a black samurai and female ninja, he argued, “We needed to stop catering to our adversaries and shift focus toward our supporters.”
The Game Awards, orchestrated annually by the prominent gaming figure Jeff Keighley, has wrapped up its Future Class program that annually curates a list of developers signifying the “bright, bold, and inclusive future” of the gaming landscape. Former honorees have recently expressed their grievances about how they feel the initiative has failed them. “Don’t assemble the industry’s best activists, treat us terribly, and expect us to remain passive.”
What to click
Share your favorite games of 2025
It’s that time of year again, as I reflect on the most enjoyable and enlightening games of 2025 while squeezing in time for those I may have missed. This December, we’ll host our annual gaming feature for Pushing Buttons readers. Please send a few lines about your Favorite games of 2025 by replying to this email. We aim to gather responses until early December.
As always, if you have any video game-related queries or feedback about our newsletter, feel free to reach out to us at pushbuttons@theguardian.com.
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