Arizona’s Unique Bone Bed Uncovers North America’s Earliest Known Pterosaurs

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have uncovered the fossilized jawbone of a newly identified pterosaur species, along with a multitude of fossils, including one of the world’s oldest turtles, in a secluded bone bed located within Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona, USA.

Artist Reconstruction of Eotephradactylus chintireae, along with other animals and plants preserved in the bone beds of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA. Image credit: Brian Eng.

The newly discovered pterosaur species, Eotephradactylus chintireae, existed in what is now Arizona during the late Triassic period, approximately 209 million years ago.

“The winged reptile was small enough to comfortably perch on a person’s shoulder,” stated Dr. Ben Krigman from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History.

“One of the most exciting aspects of this discovery was that the teeth remained intact in the bones, making the identification of these animals significantly easier,” added Suzanne McIntier, a volunteer preparer who dedicated 18 years at Fossil Lab at the National Museum of Natural History.

“The teeth-filled jaws provided crucial insights into the lifestyle of the earliest pterosaurs.”

“The worn tips of the teeth suggest a high likelihood that they consumed armored fish and other prey,” she explained.

Eotephradactylus chintireae coexisted with large amphibians, armored crocodile ancestors, frogs, and turtles.

In addition to this flying reptile, paleontologists have found over 1,200 individual fossils, which include bones, teeth, fish scales, and coprolites.

“This collection represents 16 different vertebrate groups that previously inhabited diverse ecosystems,” they noted.

“The braided rivers in this region were teeming with fish, such as freshwater sharks, coelacanths, and ancient amphibians.

The surrounding environment was also home to some of the formidable reptiles that evolved during the early Triassic, including giant alligator-like armored herbivores and predatory creatures.”

The newly identified bone bed is part of the Upper Sinru Formation in Petrified Forest National Park.

“This area of northeastern Arizona was situated in the heart of Pangaea on the supercontinent, positioned just above the equator 209 million years ago,” the researchers added.

“The semi-arid landscape was interspersed with small river channels, which were prone to seasonal flooding. These floods deposited sediment and volcanic ash into the channels.”

“One of these floods might have buried creatures that remain in the bone beds. The site is rich in small fossils, making it impossible to excavate all of them in the field.”

The research team believes the new site will help bridge gaps in the fossil record prior to the final extinction event (ETE).

“About 1.5 million years ago, volcanic eruptions linked to the fragmentation of Pangaea drastically altered the world’s climate and led to the extinction of approximately 75% of Earth’s species,” the scientists commented.

“This opened the door for new groups, such as dinosaurs, to emerge and thrive in ecosystems globally.”

“Due to the lack of fossil outcrops from just before the ETE, it is challenging to find direct evidence of this transition on land.”

“This site captures the shift toward a more modern terrestrial vertebrate community, marking the beginning of the flourishing of groups following the Mesozoic era, alongside these older species that survived into the Triassic period.”

“Such fossil beds provide evidence that all these animals coexisted.”

The team’s study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

____

Ben T. Krigman et al. 2025. The extraordinary bone bed uncovers a vertebrate community with pterygoids and turtles in the equatorial Pangaea prior to terminal extinction. PNAS 122 (29): E2505513122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2505513122

Source: www.sci.news

Dark Dwarfs Could Uncover the True Nature of Dark Matter

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A research team from Durham University, the University of Hawaii, and the University of Liverpool suggests that dark dwarfs are theoretical objects driven by dark matter, created from the cooling process of brown dwarfs.

An AI representation of a dark dwarf. Image credit: Gemini AI.

Currently, we understand that dark matter exists and how it behaves, but we are still unsure of its true nature.

In the last half-century, various theories have emerged, but gathering sufficient experimental evidence remains a challenge.

Some of the most well-known candidates for dark matter include weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS), which are substantial particles that interact very slightly with ordinary matter. They pass through unnoticed, do not emit light, and reveal themselves only through gravitational effects.

This form of dark matter is essential for the existence of dark dwarfs.

“Dark matter interacts with gravity, allowing it to be captured by stars and accumulate within them,” explained Professor Jeremy Sachstein from the University of Hawaii.

“If this occurs, it may also interact internally, leading to annihilation and energy release that heats the star.”

A nuclear fusion process occurs at the star’s core, generating significant heat and energy, which allows a typical star to shine.

Fusion happens when a star’s mass is sufficient for gravity to compress matter toward the center intensely enough to initiate reactions between the nuclei.

This process releases a tremendous amount of energy, which is perceived as light. Although dark dwarfs also emit light, they do not do so through nuclear fusion.

“Dark dwarfs are low-mass objects, roughly 8% of the solar mass,” noted Professor Sachstein.

“Such small masses are insufficient to trigger a fusion reaction.”

“Consequently, these objects are prevalent in the universe but typically emit only dim light, being classified as brown dwarfs by scientists.

However, if brown dwarfs reside in regions with a high concentration of dark matter (such as the center of the Milky Way), they can evolve into different entities.

“These objects gather dark matter that enables them to transform into dark stars,” Professor Sachstein stated.

“The greater the surrounding dark matter, the more can be captured.”

“And as the dark material accumulates within the star, more energy is generated through its annihilation.”

“For a dark dwarf to exist, dark matter must consist of heavy particles that engage strongly with one another to produce visible matter.”

“Alternative candidates proposed to explain dark matter, such as axions, ambiguous ultralight particles, or sterile neutrinos, are too light to yield the expected effects on these objects.”

“Only massive particles capable of interacting with each other and annihilating to produce visible energy can facilitate the emergence of dark dwarfs.”

However, this hypothesis lacks substantial value without a definitive method of identifying dark dwarfs.

Therefore, Professor Sachstein and his team have suggested distinctive markers.

“There were a few indicators, but lithium-7 presents a unique scenario,” Professor Sachstein mentioned.

“Lithium-7 combusts readily and is rapidly depleted in regular stars.”

“Thus, if you identify an object resembling a dark dwarf, you should search for the presence of lithium, as it would be absent if it were a brown dwarf or something similar.”

The team’s study will be published in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

____

DJUNA CROON et al. 2025. Dark Dwarf: A theoretical dark matter-driven star-like object awaiting discovery at the Galactic Center. jcap 07:019; doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/07/019

Source: www.sci.news

This “explosive” squirting cucumber can launch seeds at nearly 30 mph!

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have uncovered an astonishing mechanism of seed dispersal in nature: the squirting cucumber.

This plant, Ecballium, boasts an extraordinary method of ejecting seeds over considerable distances, with a new study from Kiel University in Germany providing deeper insight into the process.

The mature squirting cucumber fruits are packed with thick liquid, creating significant internal pressure. When ripe, the stems disconnect, causing the fruit to forcefully discharge its seeds.

“This typically occurs when the fruit is fully mature and is disturbed,” Helengoge from Kiel University mentioned in BBC Science Focus.

“The plant aims to scatter its seeds as far as possible, which can propel them over 12 meters (39 feet) from the parent plant.”

Even minimal contact can trigger the fruit’s release, prompting Gorges’s team to utilize CT imaging to construct 3D models of the fruit without causing any damage.

Additionally, a high-speed camera captured the moment the cucumber expelled its seeds at speeds of up to 47 km/h (29 mph).

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/07/squirtingCucumber3.mp4

The cucumber was recorded at 10,000 frames per second, showcasing the extraordinary force behind the seed ejection.

Gorge observed the maturation process of the fruits, noting that the stems straighten as the cucumber approaches readiness, ultimately hanging at a 52º angle just before bursting. The optimal angle for ballistic projection is theoretically 50º, making the cucumber nearly precise in its seed dispersal.

Like many plants, cucumbers aim to distribute their seeds widely to minimize competition for essential resources like light, water, and nutrients between parent and offspring plants.

While most plants have evolved to rely on wind, water, or animals for seed dispersal, squirting cucumbers have taken an active, ballistic approach.

The research team hopes their findings will inspire others to develop naturally derived solutions for future challenges.

“There are numerous applications in soft robotics, drug delivery systems, and similar technologies where efficient launching systems are needed,” Gorges stated.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/07/squirtingCucumberSlow5.mp4

Slight disturbances can cause ripe cucumbers to explode.

About the experts

Helen Gogges is a doctoral student specializing in functional morphology and biomechanics at Kiel University in Germany, focusing on optimizing plant mechanisms for seed distribution.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Scientists Uncover the (Surprising) Creepy Reason Humans First Domesticated Cats

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies have uncovered new insights regarding the timing and locations of cat domestication. Contrary to the belief that these early felines were simply pampered companions or helpful pest eliminators, it appears they may have primarily been bred for mass sacrificial purposes.

Historically, it was thought that the domestication of cats began over 9,000 years ago as Wildcats started to adapt to the first agricultural settlements.

As grain storage attracted rodents, North African Wildcats (Ferris Livica) began hunting these pests, fostering mutually beneficial relationships that ultimately led to domestication.

However, this model is now being rigorously examined. “North African wildcats, the wild ancestors of domestic cats, were believed to have been tamed during the Neolithic era,” states Dr. Shawn Doherty, an archaeological scientist at the University of Exeter and lead author of a study featured in BBC Science Focus.

“Our research challenges this narrative by reviewing existing osteological, genetic, and iconographic evidence. We propose that cat domestication actually began in Egypt around the first millennium BC.”

Dr. Doherty’s team reassessed ancient cat artifacts from archaeological sites across Europe and North Africa, from antiquity to the present, utilizing zooarchaeological analysis, genetics, and radiocarbon dating. They found that the bones from agricultural villages in Cyprus dating back 900 to 500 years ago closely resembled those of Wildcats, undermining prior assumptions of early domestication.

Some misconceptions stem from the small size of cat bones, which can migrate between soil layers over time. “We employed radiocarbon dating to verify the ages, revealing that many cat remains are significantly more recent than previously believed.”

This data implies that the domestication of cats actually occurred much later than previously thought.

Millions of cats were sacrificed and mummified in ancient Egypt, dating from the late period to the Ptolemaic period (715-30 BC). – Getty

Researchers suggest that while rodent control may have played a role in domestication, religion could have been even more significant. In ancient Egypt, cats were revered as sacred to the goddess Bastet, and millions were kept for sacrificial purposes.

“The bond between domestic cats and the Egyptian goddess Bastet peaked in the first millennium BC,” Dr. Doherty noted. “Millions of mummified cats have been discovered in temples dedicated to her. During the Victorian era, these remains were often exhumed and transported to England for use as fertilizer.”

Through the breeding of vast numbers of kittens for ritualistic sacrifice, traits that made them more manageable may have gradually been selected, leading to the emergence of the domestic cat.

A second genome-related study, co-authored by Dr. Doherty, analyzed 87 ancient and modern cat genomes, finding no evidence that domestic cats migrated to Europe with Neolithic farmers. Instead, they likely arrived within the last 2,000 years from North Africa.

“I think this illustrates that the bond between humans and cats is not necessarily a result of the length of time they have been together, unlike with dogs,” Dr. Doherty stated.

Considering the motivations behind their early domestication, it is no surprise that cats exhibit such ethereal behavior.

Both studies are preliminary and are currently awaiting formal peer review.

Read more:

About our experts

Shawn Doherty is a senior researcher at the University of Exeter. His expertise lies in exploring deep time and animal-environment interactions through the integration of fauna, biomolecules (isotope analysis, proteomics, and genetics), alongside historical and anthropological studies.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Alpha Males: An Exception to the Norm, According to Groundbreaking New Research

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Forget everything you thought you knew about alpha males: Major new research suggests that clear male dominance in primate societies is not a universal truth, indicating that in many species, females either hold equal power or may even surpass males.

Over five years, researchers gathered data from 253 primate populations across 121 species to investigate gender power dynamics. Rather than relying on generalizations, they meticulously documented behavioral patterns.

“We aimed to observe individual-level interactions, identifying specific conflicts rather than relying on overarching categories like ‘men dominate here’,” stated study co-author Dr. Dieter Lukas in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We then assessed how frequently men and women actually come out on top.”

The findings challenge deeply-held stereotypes.

Out of the populations studied, male dominance was noted in only 25 of the 151 observed groups, where they triumphed in over 90% of contests against females. Female dominance was observed in 16 groups, while the remaining 70% displayed moderate or variable gender dynamics.

“Strict male dominance was a surprisingly rare occurrence,” said Dr. Ellis Fuchard, the author of a related study, to BBC Science Focus. “We were aware of existing literature and did not anticipate it to be the majority, but discovering it was under 20% was more surprising than expected.”

The frequency of sexual conflict—clashes between males and females—was also found to be considerably higher than previously thought, comprising nearly half of all adult disputes.

Lucas pointed out that most studies tend to focus exclusively on either males or females, with few examining the interactions between the two. “However, here,” he remarked, “the conflict between genders is clearly highlighted, showcasing frequent confrontations.”

A group of chakma baboons during a grooming session. To the left, a large male is groomed by a smaller female along with a juvenile. In this species, males tend to dominate over females. – élise Huchard

This research also challenges the notion that power dynamics are solely dictated by physical prowess. In numerous primate societies, female dominance arises not from strength, but from control over reproduction.

“If a female chooses not to mate, a male is powerless to intervene,” Huchard explained. “If females manage breeding, it can serve as a leverage point in their interactions with males.”

While researchers are cautious about extrapolating their results to human behavior, they suggest the findings illuminate the remarkable flexibility of gender roles among our evolutionary relatives.

“We have two close relatives, the chimpanzee and the bonobo. One exhibits male dominance while the other operates predominantly under female leadership,” Huchard noted. “Thus, even prior to our research, we understood that these dynamics are not deterministic.”

The findings indicate that the social hierarchy within primate societies—and possibly humans—is adaptable, shaped by environmental conditions, group composition, mating strategies, and individual relationships. In essence, no single model dictates who holds power.

Read more:

About our experts

Dieter Lukas is an evolutionary biologist specializing in the social systems of both past and present populations, approached from a comparative perspective at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. His recent studies challenge fundamental assumptions in human behavioral ecology, revealing that variations in human behavior are likely influenced by similar factors that guide the behaviors of other mammals and birds.

élise Huchard is a researcher at the University of Montpellier in France. Her primary focus is on mammalian social behavior, conducted through comparative analysis, as well as long-term investigations in natural populations. She also serves as the editor-in-chief of the journal Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Fresh Challenge: Lowering Earth’s Temperature

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Unwanted Thoughts

Sometimes our minds become cluttered with confusing thoughts. What can we do when we’re unable to release them? Here are some tips to manage these thoughts and soothe your mind:

Pups vs. Parenting

In recent years, many individuals have opted for furry companions over raising children. When it comes to achieving happiness, which is preferable: owning a dog or raising a child?

Asteroids and the Apocalypse

Meet the dedicated scientists, astronomers, and mathematicians who tirelessly monitor the skies, keeping a watchful eye on asteroids that could threaten our world.

Feelings of Isolation

Loneliness encompasses the negative emotional state we experience when we lack sufficient personal time. While social interactions are essential, carving out quality time for yourself can significantly lower stress levels.

Plus

Eliminate Fluoride from US Water: US Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has urged the CDC to cease recommendations for water fluoridation. Dental experts express concerns about potential impacts on oral health. Explore the facts.
Cyborg Advancements: Imagine a future where humans possess extraordinary strength, enhanced vision, and the ability to fly—it may sound far-fetched, but it’s already in progress. Discover the leading “cyborg technology” that will soon be commercially available.
Q&A: This month’s burning questions answered! Can animals become intoxicated? What’s the best way to use a defibrillator? What are tufted ground squirrels? How much exercise do you require? Do you really control my blood pressure? What if a Super Collider were built around the moon? What’s the ideal sleeping position? How do you combat compassion fatigue? Are there other sites akin to Stonehenge? And more…

Issue 421 Available on Tuesday, July 8th, 2025

Don’t forget, BBC Science Focus is accessible on all major digital platforms. You can find it on Android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-readers, as well as on the iOS App for iPhone and iPad.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Hubble Discovers More Than 100 Galaxies in Abell 209

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Abel 209 is an expansive galactic cluster situated approximately 2.8 billion light years from the constellations of Cetus.

This Hubble image illustrates Abell 209, a galactic cluster positioned approximately 2.8 billion light years away from the constellations of Cetus. The color imagery incorporates both optical and infrared data gathered by Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Survey (ACS) and Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). We employed 12 filters to explore various wavelengths. The colors arise from assigning distinct hues to each monochromatic image tied to separate filters. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/M. Postman/P. Kelly.

Galaxy clusters consist of thousands of galaxies representing a variety of ages, shapes, and dimensions.

Typically, their mass is around 10 billion times that of the sun.

In the past, galactic clusters were thought to be the largest structures in the universe. They typically extend across hundreds of millions of light years, encompassing numerous galactic clusters and groups, until the discovery of superclusters in the 1980s altered this perception.

Nevertheless, one aspect remains unchanged for galaxy clusters. As superclusters are not bound by gravity, galaxy clusters still hold the distinction of being the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe.

“The galaxies within Abel 209 are spaced millions of light years apart, and the apparently vacant space in between is filled with hot, diffuse gases detectable only at X-ray wavelengths,” Hubble astronomers stated.

“An even more enigmatic inhabitant of this galactic cluster is dark matter, a type of matter that does not interact with light.”

“It’s estimated that the universe contains 5% ordinary matter, 25% dark matter, and 70% dark energy,” they added.

“Hubble’s observations, including those contributing to this image, can help address fundamental questions regarding our universe, including dark matter and the enigmas of dark energy.”

“These studies take advantage of the immense mass of galaxy clusters, which enables us to warp the fabric of space-time to produce distorted, enlarged images of background galaxies and stars through a process known as gravitational lensing.”

“While this image lacks the dramatic ring that gravitational lenses can sometimes produce, Abel 209 still reveals subtle indications of hierarchy, illustrated by a slightly curved galaxy of stripes nestled within the golden glow of the cluster.”

“Analyzing the distortions in these galaxies allows astronomers to map the distribution of mass within clusters and shed light on the clouds of dark matter that lie beneath.”

“This information, made possible by Hubble’s remarkable resolution and precision, is crucial for testing theories about how our universe has evolved.”

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Discover That Wild Killer Whales Occasionally Share Food with Humans

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In the paper published online in the Journal of Comparative Psychology, marine biologists detail 34 interactions where killer whales (Orcinus orca) offered food to humans over the last 20 years. These incidents were reported in oceans worldwide, including locations from California to New Zealand, Norway, and Patagonia. The killer whales provided a diverse array of 18 species: six fish, five mammals, three invertebrates, two birds, one reptile, and one type of seaweed. The authors propose that these occurrences may illustrate a form of general altruism.

Case presented by Towers et al. Wild killer whale (Orcinus orca) utilized prey and other items to incite interactions with humans. Image credits: Towers et al., doi: 10.1037/com0000422.

Altruistic behaviors, such as sharing prey, are prosocial acts that can foster various forms of reciprocity.

Such relationship dynamics lay the groundwork for cerebral development related to the evolution of social norms in species like primates and dolphins.

Despite some cultures among these species benefiting from interactions with other mammals, documented cases of wild animals actively providing for humans are exceedingly rare.

“Orcas frequently share food with one another. It’s a prosocial behavior that helps them build relationships,” remarked Dr. Jared Towers, a researcher at Bay Setrogy.

“We are also intrigued by what they choose to share with people and how that relates to us.”

Dr. Towers and his collaborators, Dr. Ingrid Visser from the Orca Research Trust and Dr. Vanessa Prigollini from the Marine Education Association, collected and analyzed data on the 34 food distribution events they and others encountered.

In 11 cases, people were in the water when killer whales approached them. In 21 instances, they were on boats, and in two cases, they were on the shore.

Some instances were recorded through videos and photos, while others were documented via interviews with researchers.

All incidents had to meet strict criteria for inclusion in the analysis; each case required the whale to approach humans and present items voluntarily.

In every instance except one, killer whales observed the reactions after they offered food, and in seven instances, they initially refused to present it before trying multiple times.

“While domesticated animals like dogs and cats occasionally share food with humans, our study provides one of the first comprehensive accounts of such behaviors in non-domesticated species,” the scientists stated.

“This behavior makes sense, as killer whales are intelligent, social creatures that use food sharing to form relationships with both kin and non-kin.”

“They often hunt prey much larger than themselves.”

“By offering items to humans, they are presented with chances to practice, explore, and engage with the cultural behaviors typical of killer whales, while also learning to manipulate and enhance their interactions with us.”

“We believe that the cognitive abilities and social nature of these animals can help explain these behaviors.”

____

JR Towers et al. 2025. Water Test: An Attempt by a Wild Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) to Provide for People (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology in press; doi: 10.1037/com0000422

Source: www.sci.news

Lucy provides a comprehensive look at the main belt asteroid Donald Johansson

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s Lucy Mission is actively examining images obtained during its encounter with the carbonaceous asteroid Donald Johansson on April 20, 2025.

Donald Johanson is located on NASA’s Lucy spacecraft, approximately 2,700 km (1,700 miles) away, about 3.2 minutes before closest approach on April 20, 2025. The lighting conditions, which are primarily behind Lucy, significantly diminish the visibility of topographic features. Image credit: NASA/GODDARD/SWRI/JOHNS HOPKINS APL.

Donald Johansson resides in the inner region of the solar system’s major asteroid belt.

The asteroid was initially discovered on March 2, 1981, by American astronomer Sheltebus at the Siding Spring Observatory.

On April 20, 2025, NASA’s Lucy spacecraft executed a flyby near Donald Johansson, approaching within 960 km (600 miles) of its surface.

This encounter confirmed that the asteroid is an elongated contact binary, a structure that forms when two small celestial bodies collide.

Nonetheless, members of the Lucy team were taken aback by the unusual shape of the narrow neck connecting the two lobes.

A pair of stereo images combining the final full approach image (right) with slightly clipped images taken 72 seconds later. For a three-dimensional view of the asteroid’s structure, cross your eyes while focusing on the image. Image credits: NASA/GODDARD/SWRI/JOHNS HOPKINS APL/BRIAN MAY/CLAUDIA MANZONI.

“The newly released image was captured by the L’Lorri Imager on the spacecraft just minutes before the closest approach,” the researchers stated.

“This successful dress rehearsal assures the team that both the spacecraft and our crew are well-prepared for the main event: an encounter with a Jupiter Trojan asteroid.”

“Currently, the spacecraft is in a relatively quiet cruising phase as it journeys through the main asteroid belt.”

“Lucy is traveling at over 50,000 km/h (30,000 mph) away from the Sun.”

“We will continue to monitor the spacecraft as it heads toward the cooler, dimmer regions of the solar system.”

“Upon reaching the Trojan asteroid, the mission plans to conduct four encounters and observe at least six asteroids (including two satellites discovered by our team) over the course of 15 months.”

“The first encounter is scheduled with the asteroid Euribates in August 2027.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Uncovers Small Crystals in Interstellar Amorphous Ice

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Low-density amorphous ice is one of the most prevalent solid materials in the universe and plays a crucial role in deciphering numerous well-known anomalies of liquid water. Despite its significance and discovery nearly 90 years ago, its structure remains a topic of debate. In a recent study, researchers from the University of London and Cambridge found that prior computer simulations of low-density amorphous ice were influenced by a disturbed structure where the ice was not entirely amorphous. Instead, it contained small crystals measuring 3 nm in width, slightly wider than a single DNA strand. In their experimental studies, actual samples of amorphous ice, which formed through different methods, were recrystallized (i.e., warmed up). They observed that the resulting crystal structure varied based on the method used to generate the amorphous ice. The researchers concluded that if the ice was completely disordered, it would not retain any imprint of its previous shape.

Low-density amorphous ice structure: Many small crystals (white) are hidden in the amorphous material (blue). Image credits: Michael B. Davis, UCL & Cambridge University.

“We now have a solid understanding of what the most common ice structures in the universe look like at the atomic level,” states Dr. Michael Davis, a researcher at the University of London and Cambridge.

“This is significant because ice is involved in numerous cosmological processes, including planet formation, galaxy evolution, and the movement of matter throughout the universe.”

For their investigation, Dr. Davis and his colleagues utilized two computer models of water.

They simulated the freezing of water molecules in these virtual “cages” by cooling to -120 degrees Celsius (-184 degrees Fahrenheit) at various rates.

These different cooling rates affected the proportions of crystalline and amorphous ice produced.

The researchers determined that low-density amorphous ice, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction studies, appears to align with a mixture of up to 20% crystallinity and 80% amorphous structure (i.e., researchers fired X-rays at ice and analyzed the deflection patterns).

Using an alternative method, they created a large “box” filled with numerous small ice crystals tightly packed together.

The simulation then disordered the regions between the ice crystals, resulting in structures remarkably similar to those obtained from the initial approach of 25% crystalline ice.

In additional experimental efforts, scientists generated actual low-density amorphous ice samples through various methods, including deposits of water vapor onto extremely cold surfaces (mimicking how ice forms on interstellar dust) and from high-density amorphous ice (ice crushed at very low temperatures).

These amorphous ice samples were then gently heated to provide energy for the formation of crystals.

They noted variations in the structure of the ice depending on its origin, particularly regarding the arrangement of molecules in a hexagonal (6x) formation.

This provided indirect evidence that low-density amorphous ice contained crystalline constituents.

Should it be entirely disordered, the ice would lack any memory of its prior form.

The findings raised further inquiries about the nature of amorphous ice, such as whether crystal size varies based on the formation method, and whether truly amorphous ice is achievable.

“Water is essential to life, yet our understanding is still incomplete,” remarked Professor Michael Ryde from Cambridge University.

“Amorphous ice may be key to explaining many anomalies observed in water.”

“Ice holds potential as a high-performance material in space,” added Dr. Davis.

“It can shield spacecraft from radiation and supply fuel in the form of hydrogen and oxygen.”

“Understanding the various structures and properties is critical.”

Moreover, this research touches upon a speculative theory regarding the origins of life on Earth.

This theory posits that life’s building blocks were transported here on an icy comet, known as Panspermia.

“Our findings indicate that this ice might be a suboptimal transport medium for these biological molecules,” stated Dr. Davis.

“This is due to the reduced space available for partial embedding of these components in the crystal structure.”

“Nonetheless, the theory could still hold merit, as there are amorphous regions within the ice capable of storing and concealing life’s building blocks.”

“Ice on Earth captivates our curiosity due to our warm climate,” observed University College professor Christophe Salzmann from the University of London.

“You can see the intricate order of snowflakes in their symmetry.”

“Ice elsewhere in the universe has long been viewed as a frozen snapshot of liquid water: a disordered arrangement that is fixed in place. Our findings suggest that this perception is not entirely accurate.”

“Our results also prompt questions regarding the properties of amorphous materials in general.”

“Such materials are vital in advanced technologies.”

“For instance, fiberglass used for data transmission must be amorphous or disordered to function.”

“If these materials contain small crystals, their performance can potentially be enhanced by removing them.”

The findings were documented in a paper published today in the journal Physical Review B.

____

Michael Benedict Davis et al. 2025. Low-density amorphous ice contains crystalline ice grains. Phys. Rev. B 112, 024203; doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.112.024203

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Armored Dinosaur Species Unearthed in China

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have identified a new species from the Ankylosaurus dinosaur genus Zhongyuansaurus, using specimens discovered in Henan Province, China.

Reconstructing the life of Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi. Image credit: Connor Ashbridge / CC by 4.0.

Ankylosaurids (Antirosaurididae) were a group of herbivorous tetrapods known for their sturdy, scute-covered bodies, distinct armor, leaf-shaped teeth, and club-like tails.

The earliest and most renowned ankylosaurid dates back to approximately 122 million years ago, while the last species went extinct around 66 million years ago during the mass extinction event.

The newly recognized species belongs to a previously monospecific genus of Ankylosaurus called Zhongyuansaurus.

It is named Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi and lived in the region now known as China.

Fossils were collected from the upper section of the Haoling Formation in Zhongwa village, Henan Province, China.

“The fossils are preserved within an area of about 9 m.²,” noted Dr. Ji Min Chang from the Henan Museum of Natural History.

“They are fragmented and show no overlapping preservation, indicating they belong to a single individual.”

“The specimen includes one right mandible, 14 free caudal vertebrae, seven fused terminal caudal vertebrae forming a rod-like structure, four ribs, one left humerus, one elongated metatarsal, and 41 osteoblasts of varying sizes and shapes.”

The right lower jaw of Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi. Image credit: Zhang et al., doi: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023037.

Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi exhibits a unique autapomorphy, featuring at least five caudal armor plates arranged in a distinct shiny pattern resembling a swallow shape.

“Furthermore, it has a relatively slender mandible compared to the more robust mandibles found in advanced Ankylosaurina,” the paleontologist added.

“The anterior tip of the coronoid process differentiates it from Chamosaurus, extending only into the last two alveoli.”

“The distal caudal vertebrae are decorated with small osteoblasts, and the humerus has a shaft proportion enclosed within 0.46, distinguishing it from Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis.”

“The discovery of Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi provides new insights into the evolution of ankylosaurs in the lower Cretaceous layers of Ruyang and enhances the species diversity within the Ruyang Dinosaur Fauna,” the researchers concluded.

Their paper was published in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Sinica.

____

Ji-Ming Zhang et al. 2025. New ankylosaur material from the lower Cretaceous period in the Luyan Basin, Henan Province. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 64(1): 60-73; doi: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023037

Source: www.sci.news

Vapor-Sensing Drug Detector Tested at the US-Mexico Border

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The vapor detector has the ability to detect traces of fentanyl and other substances in the air.

Elizabeth Dennis/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency is currently evaluating technology that can detect illegal substances in the air without any physical contact. This device aims to screen border items within seconds, targeting the trafficking of drugs like fentanyl, which is a major factor in the U.S. opioid crisis.

Detecting drugs and explosive materials is challenging due to the limited number of molecules they release into the air, which is already crowded with various vapors. To tackle this issue, Robert Ewing and his team at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) have dedicated over a decade to developing an advanced system known as VaporID. This system can accurately identify certain substances within a range of 0.6 to 2.4 meters at an astonishing sensitivity, comparable to locating a single coin amidst 17 million stacked pennies equivalent to the height of Mount Everest.

Government researchers achieved this by allowing molecules to interact longer, increasing the chances of detectable chemical reactions. Most devices for detecting unknown substances only provide a reaction time of milliseconds, Ewing stated. “We designed an atmospheric flow tube that allows for a reaction time of 2-3 seconds, enhancing sensitivity by three orders of magnitude.”

The technology is currently implemented in an 18-kilogram commercial device that fits in the size of a microwave. This compact machine, developed by Bayspec, is indeed lighter than their previous versions, which weighed over 100 kilograms but were less sensitive than the PNNL prototype, which is about the size of a small fridge. Nevertheless, it claims to be “more accurate and sensitive than a canine detector,” according to William Yang, CEO of Bayspec.

In October 2024, Bayspec and PNNL tested the portable device at a Customs and Border Protection facility in Nogales, Arizona. In separate trials, researchers swabbed the surfaces of seized tablets and then heated the swabs to generate steam for detection. “Both methods yielded strong and reliable results,” stated Christian Thoma from Bayspec.

The prototype is still under evaluation and requires further scientific data review, as noted by a spokesperson from CBP.

Alex Krotulski from the Center for Forensic Research and Education, a nonprofit based in Pennsylvania, expressed caution, stating, “We have seen numerous devices that have promised much but have often disappointed, and we remain skeptical until thorough research proves their efficacy.”

Current portable detection techniques, including x-ray technology, already exist for uncovering concealed drugs. Independent consultant Richard Crocombe acknowledged the new tool as a “valuable addition to existing techniques,” but cautioned that it “doesn’t fulfill every requirement.” For instance, a CBP representative mentioned that while the device could expedite drug testing in field labs, new innovations would necessitate analysis by trained chemists.

Concerns about false positives are also prevalent, as noted by Joseph Palamar at New York University. A past study indicated that a majority of U.S. banknotes carry contamination. “If you are near someone using fentanyl, a positive result can occur due to residual traces on their clothing or shoes, leading to potential wrongful detainment of innocent individuals,” he added, as explained by Chelsea Schauber from UCLA.

Intercepting drugs before they reach the country is merely one component of a comprehensive strategy required to tackle the opioid crisis, says Schauber. This broader effort demands robust public health resources, healthcare access, and extensive treatment alternatives. “Currently, these supports are being reduced under the Trump administration,” she noted. “To genuinely save lives, we need to make effective, evidence-based treatments more accessible than illicit substances,” Schober emphasized.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Declining Snowcover in Forests Poses a Threat to Carbon Storage

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Forests similar to Vermont’s Mansfield State Forest are experiencing snow loss

Douglas Rissing/Getty Images

Many forests are losing their winter snowpacks due to rising global temperatures, which can significantly hinder growth and diminish the capacity to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Current predictions suggest that these expectations may overestimate future carbon storage, as they fail to account for the complexities linked to winter climate shifts, according to Emerson Conrad Rooney from Boston University, Massachusetts.

Rising temperatures generally promote growth in temperate forests by enhancing decomposition and nutrient availability during warmer seasons. However, the model primarily overlooks winter changes, especially snow loss.

“The diminishing deep and insulating snowpacks cannot merely be seen as a minor change,” says Elizabeth Burakowski at the University of New Hampshire. Her findings indicate that such changes impact water storage and the health of ecosystems, warning that deep snow days could vanish from much of the U.S. by century’s end.

To better understand these cold-weather impacts, Conrad Rooney and his team modeled the effects of a 5°C increase in global temperatures on the growth of red maple trees (Acer rubrum) in a New Hampshire experimental forest. Some plots were treated with buried cables to warm the soil during the growing season, while others had their snow removed in winter, which warmed the soil and created conditions for freeze-thaw cycles.

Over a decade, trees in both scenarios exhibited more growth than those left undisturbed. However, the areas devoid of snow experienced a significant reduction in growth, halving their typical increase. Researchers attribute this disparity to root damage from exposing the soil to temperature fluctuations without snow cover.

“Snow acts as an insulating blanket, keeping the soil from freezing,” explains Conrad Rooney. “Less snow means an increase in freeze-thaw cycles.”

When researchers projected similar outcomes for northeastern U.S. forests, they estimated an anticipated loss of snowpacks by the century’s end could result in a decrease in carbon storage by about one million tons annually, in contrast to models that do not incorporate the implications of snow loss.

“The fluctuating presence of snow throughout winter undermines the stable soil conditions essential for the long-term carbon storage needed by northeastern ecosystems,” states Burakowski.

However, it’s important to note that not all snowy forests react similarly to snow loss as the deciduous trees found in the Northeast. David Bowling from the University of Utah emphasizes the necessity for accurate modeling of different ecological responses, noting, “There are many changes occurring.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Has Saturn Been Struck? Astronomers Race to Uncover the Truth

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The flash is highlighted in blue.

Mario Lana

It seems that something might have struck Saturn. If so, amateur astronomers could play a crucial role in validating this potential historical event for the gas giant.

Approximately seven asteroids or comets are predicted to collide with Saturn each year, yet these instances often go unnoticed. Currently, NASA employee and amateur astronomer Mario Lana is capturing images that may reveal such an occurrence.

Lana is part of a project called Detect, which employs software to scrutinize images of Jupiter and Saturn, aiming to identify any brief flashes caused by impacts. If these flashes are detected through various telescopes, it can help eliminate the chance of a glitch and confirm the impact.

Ricardo Fuso from the University of Basque Country in Spain is also engaged in detection efforts, but Lana’s flashes are described as “a faint shock signature or just a bright pixel on the camera.” Specifically, astronomers are interested in footage of Saturn taken on July 5th UTC between 9:00 AM and 9:15 AM.

“If only one person witnessed this flash, then it might be an overstatement. Lee Fletcher at the University of Leicester, UK, commented, “If others also witnessed the flash, that’s fantastic; we confirmed an impact.”

Mark Norris, at the University of Central Lancashire in the UK, notes that the rising popularity of amateur astronomy and advances in telescope technology are beneficial. “There’s a good chance that someone has captured something they haven’t noticed yet or dismissed as a technical issue,” he notes.

That said, even if the impact is confirmed, the scientific value of the data may be limited due to insufficient information about the impacting object. Ideally, knowing its speed and mass in advance would facilitate observations, allowing us to assess the impact on known variables. This was the case in 1994 when Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 impacted Jupiter.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Mathematicians Pursue Numbers That Might Uncover the Boundaries of Mathematics

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

What’s lurking at the edge?

Kertlis/Getty Images

Amateur mathematicians find themselves ensnared in a vast numerical puzzle.

This conundrum stems from a deceptively simple query: How can one determine if a computer program will execute indefinitely? The roots of this question trace back to mathematician Alan Turing, who in the 1930s demonstrated that computer algorithms could be represented through a hypothetical “Turing machine” that interprets and records 0s and 1s on infinitely long tapes, utilizing more intricate algorithms that necessitate additional states and adhering to a specific set of instructions.

<p>For numerous states, like 5 or 100, the corresponding Turing machines are finite; however, it remains uncertain how long these machines will operate. The longest conceivable run time for each state count is termed the busy beaver number or BB(n), and this sequence grows exceedingly rapidly. For instance, BB(1) equals 1, while BB(2) is 6, and the fifth busy beaver number reaches 47,176,870.</p>
<p>The exact value of the next busy beaver number, the sixth, has not yet been determined, but the online community known as the Busy Beaver Challenge is <a href="https://bbchallenge.org/story">on the verge of discovery</a>. They succeeded in uncovering BB(5) in 2024, concluding a 40-year search, currently attributed to a participant called "MXDYS." <a href="https://bbchallenge.org/1RB1RA_1RC---_1LD0RF_1RA0LE_0LD1RC_1RA0RE">It must be at least as vast as a significantly large value, making even its explanation a challenge.</a></p>
<p>"This number surpasses the realm of physical comprehension. It's simply not intriguing," states <a href="https://www.sligocki.com/about/">Shawn Ligokki</a>, a software engineer and contributor to the Busy Beaver Challenge, who likens the search for Turing machines to fishing in uncharted mathematical oceans filled with strange and elusive entities lurking in the darkness.</p>
<section>

</section>
<p>The threshold for BB(6) is so immense that it necessitates a mathematical framework that goes beyond exponents, demanding the raising of one number to another x power, or n<sup>x</sup>2 days etc. For instance, 2*2*2 equals 8. The concept of a tetrol sometimes represented as <sup>x</sup>n <sup>3</sup>2 is raised to the second power and subsequently elevated to the second power again, resulting in a value of 16.</p>
<p>Surprisingly, MXDYS posits that BB(6) is at least two tetroized. The number 2 is illuminated by multiplying two tetroized, resulting in nine. In comparison, the estimated quantity of all particles in the universe seems diminutive, according to Ligokki.</p>

<p>However, the significance of the busy beaver numbers extends beyond their sheer size. Turing established that certain Turing machines must exist that cannot reliably predict behavior under the ZFC theory. This notion was influenced by the mathematician Kurt Gödel's "Incompleteness Theorem," which concluded that using the ZFC rules, it is impossible to affirm that the theory is entirely devoid of contradictions.</p>
<p>"The exploration of busy beaver numbers provides a concrete, quantitative representation of a phenomenon identified by Gödel and Turing almost a century ago," remarks <a href="https://www.cs.utexas.edu/people/faculty-researchers/scott-aaronson">Scott Aaronson</a> from the University of Texas at Austin. "I’m not merely suggesting that a Turing machine could displace ZFC capabilities and ascertain its behavior after a finite stage; rather, is this already occurring with machines possessing six states, or is it restricted to machines with 600 states?" Research has confirmed that BB(643) does eliminate ZFC theory, though numerous examples remain to be investigated.</p>
<p>"The busy beaver problem offers a comprehensive scale to navigate the forefront of mathematical understanding," states Tristan Stérin, a computer scientist who initiated the Busy Beaver Challenge in 2022.</p>
<p>In 2020, <a href="https://scottaaronson.blog/?p=4916">Aaronson wrote</a> that the busy beaver feature "encapsulates most intriguing mathematical truths within its first 100 values," and BB(6) is no exception. It seems to relate to Korizat's hypothesis, an esteemed unsolved mathematical problem that conducts simple arithmetic operations with numbers to determine if they resolve to 1. The discovery of a machine that halts might imply that the particular version of the hypothesis possesses a computational proof.</p>

<p>The numerical challenges that researchers encounter are astonishing in scale, yet the busy beaver framework serves as a tangible measurement tool that otherwise becomes a nebulous expanse of mathematics. In Stérin’s perspective, this aspect continues to captivate many contributors. He estimates that numerous individuals are presently dedicated to the discovery of BB(6).</p>
<p>Thousands of "hold-out" Turing machines remain unexamined for halting behavior, he notes. "There might exist a machine unbeknownst to you lurking just around the corner," Ligokki asserts. In essence, it exists independently of ZFC and lies beyond the boundaries of contemporary mathematics.</p>
<p>Is the precise value of BB(6) also lurking nearby? Ligokki and Stérin acknowledge their reluctance to forecast the future of busy beavers, yet recent achievements in defining boundaries give Ligokki a sense of "intuition that it’s approaching closer."</p>

<section class="ArticleTopics" data-component-name="article-topics">
    <p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topic:</p>
</section>

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Earth Protected from Nearby Exploding Stars? – Sciworthy

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As a star exhausts its fuel, it succumbs to gravitational forces and collapses. When a star over eight times the mass of our sun collapses, it can result in a supernova, a tremendous explosion that releases more energy in just a few seconds than what the sun produces over 10 billion years.

During a supernova explosion, high-energy particles known as Cosmic Rays of Galaxy and a violent outpouring of electromagnetic waves, referred to as Gamma rays, are generated. These emissions are termed Ionizing radiation because they dislodge electrons from the molecules they encounter, resulting in ionization. This process can devastate everything from biomolecules like DNA to atmospheric particles like aerosol. Consequently, researchers believe that supernovae pose significant threats to nearby life forms.

While humans have not witnessed a supernova explosion close to Earth, our ancestors may have been less fortunate. A nearby supernova could eject radioactive elements encapsulated in interstellar dust grains, which can travel through the solar system and eventually reach Earth. Geologists have traced these grains in marine mud over the last 10 million years and estimate that a supernova has likely exploded within 100 parsecs of our planet in the last million years. The Earth is positioned about 8,000 parsecs from the center of the Milky Way, making these stellar explosions relatively close in cosmic terms.

Historically, scientists have speculated that nearby supernovae may have influenced animal diversity by contributing to mass extinction events over the past 500 million years. Some researchers propose that cosmic rays emitted from supernovae could potentially deplete the Earth’s ozone layer every hundred million years, exposing surface dwellers to harmful UV radiation. Others suggest that ionizing radiation can interact with aerosols to form clouds that block sunlight. However, scientists remain divided on the extent of ozone depletion, how severe a supernova’s impact could be, its effects on climate, and how catastrophic it might be for the biosphere.

Recently, researchers have revisited the potentially destructive impact of nearby supernovae using models that simulate interactions among planetary atmospheres, oceans, land, and biospheres. Earth system models employ atmospheric chemistry frameworks, such as EMAC, to capture complex processes previously overlooked, including air circulation and chemical reactions. Specifically, EMAC utilizes data from outdoor experiments conducted by CERN to calculate how ions interact with aerosol particles.

The research team modeled the Earth as it exists today, with 21% atmospheric oxygen, normal radiation levels, and an intact ozone layer. They simulated an explosion of ionizing radiation equivalent to a supernova 50 parsecs away, increasing the gamma rays in their model tenfold for a few seconds and boosting cosmic rays in the galaxy by a factor of ten per annum.

The team investigated the effects of ionizing radiation bursts on the ozone layer. Their findings confirmed that ionizing radiation strips electrons from atmospheric nitrogen and oxygen atoms, leading to the formation of highly reactive molecules known as radicals, which can destroy ozone. However, they discovered that certain reactions occurred at slower rates than anticipated, resulting in less ozone depletion than expected. They also found that ionizing radiation interacts with water vapor to produce hydroxyl radicals, which, when combined with nitrogen radicals, actually contribute to ozone formation.

Based on their findings, the team estimated that supernovae could potentially deplete up to 10% of Earth’s ozone layer. This level of ozone loss is comparable to the 6% depletion caused by human-made fluorocarbons and is far from lethal. They repeated the model to account for an Earth with just 2% atmospheric oxygen, simulating conditions around 500 million years ago when life transitioned to land. This modeling revealed repeated UV protection in the ocean, and they found that at this reduced oxygen concentration, only 10% to 25% of the ozone layer was lost.

The team then analyzed how radiation from the supernova influences cloud formation and climate. They calculated that ionizing radiation could increase the number of cloud-forming particles by about 10% to 20% globally. This alteration is quite similar in magnitude to recent anthropogenic warming and could cool the Earth by approximately 2.5 watts per square meter. While they acknowledged that these changes might disturb the environment, they believe it wouldn’t lead to sudden extinction.

The researchers concluded that radiation from nearby supernovae is unlikely to trigger mass extinction events on Earth. Since our early ancestors first emerged, the atmosphere has functioned as a protective barrier, safeguarding us from immediate harmful effects. Nevertheless, they cautioned that their model does not account for the risks associated with long-term exposure to elevated levels of ionizing radiation, which remains largely unexplored. They suggested that future research should seek safe methods to investigate the direct impacts of cosmic radiation on humans and animals.

Post view: 375

Source: sciworthy.com

Can Soil Microorganisms Alter Brain Chemistry and Enhance Mood?

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Is soil truly an antidepressant?

Cavan’s Image/Aramie

Numerous intriguing claims about gardening have circulated, especially one that insists, “The soil acts as an antidepressant.”

According to this notion, it’s been promoted through countless social media posts. Mycobacterium vaccae, microorganisms commonly found in soil, are said to improve your mood. Simply engaging with the earth can yield these benefits. It’s believed that these bacteria can be absorbed through your skin or inhaled, subsequently enhancing your brain chemistry. But is this as credible as it seems?

While these claims may appear peculiar at first glance, studies have indeed explored the effects of this microorganism on various health conditions, such as eczema and cancer. Interestingly, M. vaccae was first identified in Ugandan soil samples while scientists sought a non-lethal relative of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and it has potential as a form of immunotherapy.

Researchers became intrigued by its possible benefits for depression when lung cancer patients treated with this bacteria reported improvements in their quality of life, which was an unexpected yet welcomed side effect. Current research, likely indicating an uplift in mood, has been replicated across numerous well-designed studies. Thus, the internet is rife with memes about this finding.

However, there is a caveat. All studies specifically examining this hypothesis have been conducted on mice rather than humans, which is significant because the outcomes of animal studies are often difficult to extrapolate to humans. For instance, one review of 76 animal studies found that only 37% were replicated in human trials.

Moreover, the mice used in the M. vaccae studies were male and from specific inbred strains. Researchers varied their methods for administering the bacteria, either by saturating the air in their cages or applying it directly to their skin. Most studies I found involved injecting the bacteria into the bloodstream of the mice or incorporating it into their food.

As someone captivated by the growing evidence that suggests spending time in green spaces improves mental health, I eagerly anticipate further research on M. vaccae. Nevertheless, despite the viral nature of the claim that “soil is an antidepressant,” it’s essential to acknowledge that it primarily stems from studies on male mice injected with purified bacteria.

James Wong is a botanist and science writer with a particular focus on food crops, conservation, and the environment. He trained at the Royal Botanic Garden in Kew, London, and shares a small flat with over 500 houseplants. Follow him on X and Instagram @BotanyGeek

For more projects, please visit newscientist.com/maker

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Hybrid Skull May Belong to Child of Neanderthal and Homo sapiens

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Homo sapiens parents” data-credit=”Israel Hershkovitz”/>

A skull of a young girl believed to be a descendant of Neanderthal Homo sapiens parents

Israel Hershkovitz

Skulls uncovered in Israel, dating back 140,000 years, likely belonged to hybrid children of Neanderthals and Homo sapiens. Anthropological analysis indicates that the ancient remains of a 5-year-old girl were found in one of the earliest known cemeteries, reshaping our understanding of organized burial practices and the people who partook in them.

The skull was initially unearthed in 1929 from Skhul Cave on Mount Carmel. This excavation ultimately revealed seven adults and three children, totaling 16 bones attributed to early humans classified as Homo sapiens.

However, the classification of the child’s skull has been disputed for nearly a century. It was originally thought to belong to a migrating lineage known as Paleoanthropus palestinensis, but later studies have suggested it is more likely a Homo sapiens specimen.

Anne Dambricourt Marasse, from the French Institute of Human Paleontology, is undertaking CT scans of the skull to compare it with other known Neanderthal juvenile remains.

“This study likely marks the first scientific assessment of Skhul’s child remains,” mentions John Hawks from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, who was not part of the research. “Previous efforts linked to antiquated reconstructions in plaster failed to comprehend the biology of this child in relation to similar specimens from a broader comparative framework.”

Malasse and her team found that the lower jaw presented notable Neanderthal traits, while the remainder of the skull was structurally aligned with Homo sapiens. They conclude that this blend of features suggests the child was of mixed ancestry.

“For a long time, I’ve questioned the viability of hybridization, suspecting that most cases resulted in miscarriages,” states Malasse. “The skeletal evidence indicates that this little girl, despite her youth at just five years, represents a different story.”

The new findings significantly enhance our understanding of the significant Skhul Child Skull, yet firmly identifying the child as a hybrid without recovering DNA is challenging, a task researchers have yet to achieve. “Human populations demonstrate substantial variability in appearance and physical form without interbreeding with ancient species like Neanderthals,” adds Malasse.

From research into both ancient and modern genomes, we know Homo sapiens and Neanderthals interchanged genes multiple times over the last 200,000 years. In 2018, bone fragments identified as Neanderthal and Denisovan hybrids, another ancient hominin species, were discovered in Russia, utilizing DNA analysis.

The Levant region emerges as a particularly significant area for human species intermingling due to its geographical positioning between Africa, Asia, and Europe. Some have termed it a “central bus stop” for Pleistocene humans, clarifies Dany Coutinho Nogueria at the University of Coimbra, Portugal.

Recent studies compel us to reevaluate our understanding of early burial practices among Homo sapiens, according to Malasse. Such ritualistic behaviors may have originated from Neanderthals, Homo sapiens, or resulted from interactions between the two.

“I cannot ascertain who performed the burial of this child, or whether the chosen burial ground belonged to a single community or one from another lineage that had established connections, shared rituals, and emotions,” reflects Malasse.

Topics:

Neanderthals/
Ancient humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

AI Could Revolutionize Our Approach to Mathematics

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

AI is Improving in Mathematical Research

lucadp/getty images

Is the AI Revolution poised to revolutionize mathematics? Many prominent mathematicians think so, as automated tools enhance the ability to provide evidence of significant advancements, fundamentally altering the landscape of mathematical research.

In June, around 100 leading mathematicians convened at Cambridge University to discuss the potential of computers in solving enduring questions about the validity of their proofs. This process, called formalization, didn’t prominently feature AI in a similar conference held in Cambridge back in 2017.

Yet, eight years later, AI has made a significant impact. Particularly notable are the advancements in large-scale language models powering tools like ChatGPT, which have renewed interest in the role of AI in mathematics. These advancements range from translating human-written proofs into machine-checkable formats to verifying their correctness automatically.

“It’s a bit overwhelming,” said Jeremy Abigad, who helped organize the Carnegie Mellon University conference. “It’s fantastic. I’ve been at this for a long time, and it used to be considered niche. Suddenly, it’s in the spotlight.”

Google DeepMind presented two lectures, highlighting the achievement of their AI system, Alphaproof, which earned a silver medal at the International Mathematics Olympiad (IMO), a prestigious competition for young mathematicians. “If you’d asked a mathematician about [AlphaProof] after the IMO, their response might differ. Some might view these as challenging high school problems, while others might consider them relatively trivial,” remarked Thomas Hubert, a research engineer at DeepMind.

Hubert and his team demonstrated that Alphaproof could assist in formalizing aspects of key theorems beyond the IMO competition, contributing significantly to number theory. While mathematics had previously been translated into Lean, a programming language, Alphaproof was able to verify the correctness of the theorem. “We aimed to showcase how Alphaproof can be applied in real-world scenarios,” Hubert stated.

Morph Labs, a US-based AI startup, also introduced an AI tool named Trinity, designed to automatically translate handwritten mathematical notation into fully formalized, verified proofs in Lean. Bhavik Mehta demonstrated Trinity’s capability to prove theorems related to ABC conjecture at Imperial College London, collaborating with Morph Labs.

This proof represented only a fraction of the total evidence required for the ABC conjecture, and while Trinity needed a slightly more elaborate version of the handwritten proof than what was initially published, the accuracy of the mathematical code produced by the tool surprised many.

“The difference between what Morph did and previous attempts is that they took an entire math paper. [Then] they broke the argument down into manageable segments, allowing the machine to translate everything into Lean,” noted Kevin Buzzard from Imperial College London. “I don’t think anything like this has been seen before.”

Nevertheless, it remains uncertain how effective this approach will be in other mathematical domains, Mehta acknowledged. “It was essentially the first attempt, and it was successful. I might just be lucky.”

Christian Szegedy from Morph Labs asserted that once the tool is fully operational, it would expand rapidly. “A feedback loop establishes itself, reducing the necessity for detailed theorem guidance. Essentially, it triggers a chain reaction facilitating extensive mathematical work,” he indicated.

Individuals like Timothy Gorwards from Cambridge University believe that tools such as these can significantly benefit mathematicians already. “It requires considerable effort to develop them, and there are many eager participants willing to contribute. I anticipate significant strides in the next few years in standardized mathematical notation, arXiv [an online research paper platform], and Google,” he remarked.

Nonetheless, not all mathematicians are convinced about the merits of Morph Labs’ findings. Rodrigo Furrigo from Leiden University in the Netherlands expressed skepticism, stating they lacked sufficient information about the methodology involved. “They only shared the output from one of the systems, which raises concerns about possible selective reporting. There was no documentation published or details on testing with other theorems,” he commented. “When the audience inquired about the computational load the model requires, they repeatedly declined to elaborate, making it challenging to evaluate the significance of the outcomes.”

There remains skepticism regarding the utility of AI tools in mathematics. Many mathematicians continue to operate without automated tools, and it’s unclear if opinions will shift as these tools become more advanced, noted Minhyun Kim at the International Mathematics Science Centre in the UK. “Mathematics and mathematicians exhibit diverse perspectives. Some will employ AI tools inventively and effectively, while others may prefer to keep their distance.”

“People often underestimate the sophistication, creativity, and nuance involved in mathematical research,” observes Ochigame. This is why much research continues to be conducted using traditional methods—pen, paper, and deep contemplation. “There exists a substantial gap between high school mathematics competitions such as IMO and cutting-edge research,” he concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

US Government Trials New Vaporization Technology at Border Checkpoints

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The steam detector can identify traces of fentanyl and other substances in the air

Elizabeth Denis/Pacific Northwest National Institute

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency is evaluating technology capable of detecting illegal substances in the air without any physical contact. This device aims to screen border objects quickly to combat the trafficking of drugs like fentanyl, a major contributor to the U.S. opioid crisis.

Detecting drugs and explosive compounds poses a challenge due to their release of relatively few molecules into the already vapor-laden air. To tackle this issue, the U.S. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) has spent over a decade developing an advanced system known as VaporID. This system can accurately identify certain substances from distances of 0.6 to 2.4 meters with sensitivity levels as low as a quarter of a part per trillion. This level of precision equates to locating a single coin in a stack of pennies that is 17 million times taller than Mount Everest.

Government scientists improved sensitivity by allowing molecules more time to create detectable chemical reactions through random collisions with other molecules. While most devices used for identifying unknown substances react to molecules within a few milliseconds, Robert Ewing at PNNL notes that “we created an atmospheric flow tube. This expands the reaction time to 2-3 seconds, which boosts sensitivity by three orders of magnitude.”

The technology has been integrated into a compact, microwave-sized device weighing 18 kilograms. Developed by California-based company Bayspec, this miniaturized machine is still less sensitive than the larger, fridge-sized version used at the PNNL lab. However, Bayspec’s CEO, William Yang, claims it is “more accurate and sensitive than a dog.”

In October 2024, researchers from Bayspec and PNNL tested the portable device at a Customs and Border Protection (CBP) facility in Nogales, Arizona. During separate trials, researchers swiped the surfaces of seized tablets and heated the swabs to generate steam for detection. “Both techniques yielded strong and reliable results,” says Christian Thoma of Bayspec.

The prototype is still under evaluation and requires further scientific data analysis, according to a CBP spokesperson.

Alex Krotulski of the Center for Forensic Research and Education, a nonprofit in Pennsylvania, comments, “We’ve encountered many devices that promise too much, so we’re cautious until they demonstrate efficacy through extensive research and assessments.”

There are already existing portable methods, such as x-rays, to uncover hidden drugs. Richard Crocombe, an independent consultant in Massachusetts, considers the new tool “another valuable addition to the arsenal,” but cautions that it “doesn’t fulfill all requirements.” A CBP spokesman acknowledged that while it could expedite drug testing in field labs, new devices may still require analysis by trained chemists.

These screening methods are also prone to false positives; “drug residues can be quite ubiquitous,” states Joseph Palamar at New York University. A related study indicated that most U.S. banknotes are contaminated. “If you happen to be near someone using fentanyl, the device could react positively based on trace amounts they might have on clothing or shoes. This raises concerns about innocent individuals being wrongly detained,” warns Chelsea Schauber at UCLA.

Preventing drugs from entering the country is just one piece of the larger strategy needed to address the opioid crisis, according to Schauber. This also calls for robust public health agencies, better access to healthcare, and comprehensive treatment options. She emphasizes that these resources are currently being diminished under the Trump administration. “To save lives, we need evidence-based, effective treatments that are more accessible than illegal drugs,” Schober concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Fungi Might Possess Awareness: Here’s What It Implies

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

For many of us, mushrooms are merely peculiar forest growths, and fungi might seem like something that belongs in a dish with cream. However, scientists are increasingly revealing that fungi are far more sophisticated than we once believed.

Some claim fungi are “intelligent,” hinting at a select group of researchers who might possess consciousness.

This theory has stirred up controversy among experts, yet the rest of us are curious whether our breakfast ingredients think about us. What should we take away from such findings?

For ages, biologists have debated animal consciousness in species like fish and bats. Now, even brainless entities like plants, slime molds, and fungi are entering the discussion.

There’s likely more to mushrooms than just their appearance. Cecelia Stokes, a doctoral researcher in bacteria at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, clarifies this.

Underneath the soil, mushrooms connect with thread-like filaments known as mycelium or “hyphae,” which extend through the earth to find food and companions. The visible mushrooms are merely the reproductive organs of the fungi.

“[Fungi have] Stokes stated:

While it remains uncertain if such behaviors signify intelligence, she suggests that, since this concept has been linked to non-living entities like artificial intelligence, it may be “worth considering” a broader interpretation of intelligence.

A New Perspective on Fungi

Fungi have gained recognition, with research suggesting that their mycelium forms a “Wood Wide Web,” connecting trees within forests through nutrient-seeking networks.

They’ve also gained popularity as harbingers of the Zombie Apocalypse in popular video games and HBO series like Our Last.

Recent studies indicate that fungi can perform actions usually associated with humans and other animals, such as learning, memory, and decision-making.

Fukusaki and his team from Tohoku University in Japan noted this behavior while “feeding” the wood-decomposing fungus, Fanerochetevertina, with wood blocks in the dirt.

In a 2020 study, Fukusaki and his colleagues observed that the fungi “decided” on certain wood blocks over others, even “remembering” their growth direction after being relocated.

According to Fukusaki, these actions reflect intellectual behavior. “Of course, it’s not the same system as a brain,” he clarifies, explaining that the fungi’s “remembering” likely involves growing more towards the area where food was first located.

“However, I believe you could argue this is a form of memory within the mycelium system—a sort of structural memory.”

Slime molds, too, display memory-like behaviors, navigating away from previously explored zones during their food searches.

Mycelium not only extends through the soil to locate food but also detects environmental changes – Photo Credit: Getty Images

Last year, Fukusaki’s team conducted another experiment to see if fungi could “recognize” shapes.

Using nine blocks arranged in either a cross or circle in the soil, they monitored the fungi’s growth from the center outward. In the cross formation, the fungi ultimately left the central block to reach the outer blocks.

Fukusaki notes that while this could be a natural response to depleting central resources, he still regards it as “very intelligent.” The fungi’s ability to distinguish between the center and edges implies they recognize spatial orientation.

In their published work, researchers label this behavior as a form of “pattern recognition,” commonly used in computing to identify specific data combinations, but also applicable to how individuals recognize faces and sounds.

In the case of the circle formation, the fungi vacated the center, indicating they “determined” that enough food was already available, sharing this information throughout their network.

Given these findings, Fukusaki believes we gain a broader understanding of intelligence by viewing it on a spectrum. “This way, we can discuss intelligence in a wider context and compare ourselves to different life forms,” he states.

“If we define intelligence solely by human standards, we cannot effectively discuss its evolution.”

read more:

Extending Our Understanding

Studies like Fukusaki’s inspire new ways to ponder fungal consciousness, such as the “Fungal Heart,” a concept introduced by fungal biologist Dr. Nicholas Money.

He presented the argument in an essay for Psyche magazine in 2021, suggesting that fungi could possess consciousness if we broaden our understanding of what consciousness entails.

In his paper, Money asserts that “this broadens the identification of different forms of consciousness across species, ranging from apes to amoebae.”

Other primitive mind theories consider the notion of a “liquid brain,” explaining how slime molds and various microbial consortia process information without traditional neurons.

Furthermore, electrical signals detected in fungi are likened to those found in animal neurons, leading some to question if fungi possess a brainless nervous system, a topic also raised in discussions about plants.

However, for Fukusaki, the consciousness of fungi is less critical. “For me, it’s insignificant whether fungi are conscious; what’s essential is that they exhibit intellectual behaviors and can solve their problems,” he explains.

Stokes, on the other hand, finds the concept of consciousness too malleable. She acknowledges that fungi could fit into the same category as humans and other animals and could seem more relatable, yet she asserts that science “hasn’t kept pace with the complexity of the findings.”

By drawing such comparisons, she warns, “we overlook many of the unique biological features that set them apart from us.”

Theory Versus Evidence

Humans have a tendency to draw parallels; thus, what about claims regarding a brainless nervous system? According to Stokes, it’s no surprise that fungi and plants can detect electrical signals.

“Every cell generates energy through the movement of ions across membranes,” she explains. Mobile ions (charged atoms or molecules) are crucial for how cells function to produce energy.

However, while it’s easy to dismiss the theories surrounding fungal intelligence and consciousness as eccentric, it’s important to explore what drives these ideas.

Often, the urge to humanize organisms that seem unfamiliar to us serves to make them more relatable. Attribute human characteristics to species can, at times, sway public sentiment towards their protection.

Nonetheless, when it comes to the Wood Wide Web, some scientists argue that the theory has been overstated. The belief that trees communicate through fungal networks is often stated as fact despite the thin evidence supporting it.

Similarly, defining fungi as conscious under current frameworks might be premature and could potentially hinder conservation efforts. Conversely, altering the definition opens up too broad an interpretation. But, why does that matter?

“You don’t need to attribute human traits to recognize how fascinating fungi are,” asserts Stokes, whose research specializes in toxic “deathcap” mushrooms.

About Our Experts

Cecelia Stokes is a doctoral researcher at the University of Wisconsin-Madison in the U.S., known for her contributions to scientific journals including New Botanist.

Fukusaki is an associate professor specializing in forest microbial ecology at Tohoku University in Japan. His research has been published in journals such as An Interdisciplinary Journal of Microbial Ecology, Fungal Ecology, and Forest Ecology and Management.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

National Weather Service Issues Flood Warnings Amid Renewed Criticism of Trump’s Staff Cuts

Posted on July 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The deadly floods in Texas have ignited fresh concerns regarding cuts made to the National Weather Service by the Trump administration, which has resulted in fewer warnings and left countless individuals scrambling for safety.

By Sunday evening, at least 79 fatalities had been reported, with many more unaccounted for after a sudden rise in the Texas Hill Country, a region infamously dubbed “Flash Flood Alley.”

Hours following the early morning floods on Friday, some Texas officials voiced their discontent with the NWS, claiming the rainfall predictions were understated. Councillor Jack Kimble, D-Calif., shared on X Saturday his critical remarks, which were in response to a post by Vice President JD Vance. On Sunday, President Donald Trump dismissed the notion of investigating whether NWS cuts contributed to the disaster, while the White House emphasized that he “hates” the idea that the cuts are linked to this tragedy.

Independent meteorologists and former NWS officials have stated that the warnings issued in anticipation of the floods were as timely and accurate as possible given the available real-time weather data. They noted that predicting extreme rainfall and flash floods in short timeframes is inherently challenging, making it difficult to ensure emergency warnings reach those most in danger.

“The forecasts were accurate. The warnings were worthy,” remarked Wisconsin meteorologist Chris Vaguski. “The challenge always lies in ensuring the message reaches the people.”

Despite concerns over leadership shortages in the NWS due to increased staffing gaps, meteorologists do not believe that an understaffed office was a significant factor in the tragic outcomes.

Tom Fahy, Legislative Director of the National Weather Service Employee Union, indicated that the San Antonio Weather Office lacked two vital permanent positions: science officers (responsible for training and implementing new technologies) and warning coordination meteorologists (who coordinate with media and serve as the office’s spokesperson). However, they have staff positioned in leadership roles. Overall, Fahy reported that there were sufficient meteorologists on hand to manage the incident.

“WFO” [weather forecasting offices], Fahy noted on Saturday, expressed concern regarding the absence of unfilled senior positions and effective leadership.

In a statement, the National Weather Service expressed its “grief over the tragic loss of life in Kerr County.” Although the agency did not address staffing issues, it provided a comprehensive timeline of alerts that were issued.

Some officials in Texas have suggested that the forecasts from the National Weather Center did not adequately convey the storm’s threat, while others acknowledged the agency’s timely alerts.

“The initial forecast received from the National Weather Service on Wednesday anticipated 4-8 inches of rain in the Concho Valley and 3-6 inches in the Hill Country,” stated W. Nim Kid, chief of Texas emergency management, during a press conference on Friday. “The actual rainfall in these specific areas exceeded our predictions.”

According to a timeline from the National Water Center, Kerrville, Texas, and surrounding areas were at risk of flash flooding on Thursday, July 3. The NWS Austin/San Antonio issued flood monitoring alerts at 1:18 PM on Thursday, which continued through Friday morning. An emergency flash flood warning was released at 1:14 AM in Kerr County.

Travis County Judge Andy Brown commended the National Weather Service for its warnings, while Eric Carter, the county’s emergency management coordinator, described the service’s efforts as “exceptionally proactive.”

The agency highlighted that it issued flash flood warnings at 1:14 AM on Friday, categorizing the threat as “substantial” or “catastrophic,” and activated wireless emergency alerts on mobile devices.

“The flash flood warning was issued on the evening of July 3 and early morning of July 4, providing over three hours of preliminary lead time,” the statement read.

Concerns regarding staffing and performance arose following the Trump administration’s dismissal of National Weather Service employees this spring, who were offered early retirement and buyouts. By early June, the NWS had lost around 600 personnel, resulting in many seasoned employees exiting and leaving newer or less experienced staff members.

Some NWS offices have seen staffing reductions exceeding 40%, with agents pressed to take on crucial roles in forecasting operations. Consequently, at least eight offices ceased 24-hour operations this spring, with some unable to issue weather warnings.

In May, over 40% of the nation’s weather forecast offices reported staffing rates exceeding 20%. These cuts prompted all living former NWS supervisors to express their distress over staffing levels and ongoing budget reductions through letters.

“Our greatest fear is that insufficient staffing in weather offices could lead to unnecessary fatalities. This concern resonates deeply with those on the frontlines of forecasting, as well as with individuals relying on their expertise,” they articulated.

Compared to many forecast offices nationwide, Texas offices are relatively well-staffed.

Fahy mentioned that the San Antonio/Austin weather office operates with 11 meteorologists, which is down six from the usual full staff of 26. Warnings issued in central Texas indicate that four positions remain vacant at the standard staff level of 23. The office has been without a weather officer for an extended period and lacks senior hydrologists as well.

“In San Angelo, we have no hydrologists, which poses a significant issue,” Fahy explained, noting that hydrologists are essential for analyzing stream flow and managing flood responses.

Mayor Dalton Rice of Kerrville stated that the city will investigate whether emergency notifications are adequate to alert residents effectively.

“We recognize that questions are being raised regarding emergency notifications, but it’s premature to speculate. Our local partners are dedicated to thoroughly reviewing the events and systems involved,” Rice stated at a press conference on Sunday. “In due time, we will take decisive measures to bolster our preparedness moving forward, ensuring the safety of all community members.”

An independent meteorologist, who has criticized NWS staffing and budget cuts previously, stated that federal meteorologists on-site provided timely warnings.

Alan Gerald, former director of analysis at NOAA’s National Intense Storm Institute, noted in a blog post that the Austin/San Antonio Forecast Office effectively communicated risks swiftly, despite experiencing leadership shortages.

“While it is less than ideal to have these positions vacant for extended periods, it can negatively affect operations on some level,” Gerald wrote. “However, based on the actual warning services provided by the NWS during the incident, they performed admirably, delivering the expected levels of warnings and alerts for events of this nature.”

Houston meteorologist Matt Lanza indicated there was no evidence suggesting that staffing issues or budget cuts contributed to the tragedy.

Wisconsin meteorologist Vaguski noted the inherent difficulties in predicting flash floods and extreme rainfall.

“Quantitative precipitation forecasting, or QPF, is among the most challenging tasks for a meteorologist. It’s crucial to determine the right location, the right volume, and the right timing,” Vaguski elaborated. “They were issuing alerts because they understood the significance of the event.”

Vaguski explained that remnants of the tropical storm transferred to Texas brought tropical moisture that fueled severe thunderstorms, resulting in extreme rainfall across central Texas.

He also added that the predictors indicated increased concerns aligned with findings from weather models.

Texas Hill Country is often labeled “Flash Flood Alley” due to its terrain, which exacerbates river swelling rapidly. Understanding precise rainfall locations is key to predicting flood impacts.

“Forecasts for this week predicted 4-7 and even 5-9 inches of rain, with some models suggesting even higher amounts. Unfortunately, science has yet to evolve to the point where we can accurately predict rainfall to a precise latitude and longitude,” he added.

Predicting when the heaviest rainfall will occur and when flooding starts is particularly challenging for forecasters, Vaguski noted.

“Receiving severe weather alerts in the middle of the night presents significant challenges. Historically, most tornado and flood fatalities occur during this period when people are asleep. It’s difficult to detect tornadoes and rising water,” Vaguski expressed. “Did people activate emergency alerts on their devices?”

Addressing the reduction and cutbacks at the National Weather Service, Vaguski asserted that he doesn’t believe better staffing would have notably hindered the tragedy.

“These are crucial positions that need filling,” he remarked, adding, “but they likely did not significantly contribute to the incident.”

Vaguski indicated that substantial improvement is needed in quantitative precipitation forecasting to help forecasters identify threats earlier. However, such advancements are threatened by potential NOAA funding cuts, he cautioned.

“The major concern is if the latest budget proposal is approved by Congress as the administration wishes, it will shut down all NOAA research labs vital for enhancing predictions.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Common “Natural Beauty” Ingredients That Harm the Planet

Posted on July 6, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The beauty industry often resists trends. From campaigns on aging to home LED masks, consumers have encountered a range of innovations. However, one particularly enduring trend over the last decade is the shift towards “natural” or “organic” beauty products.

At first glance, this sounds appealing: fewer plant ingredients, minimal processing, and no synthetic pesticides. What could be wrong with that? The reality is more complex.

Choosing “natural” beauty products may feel like a wise choice when considering our planet.

Yet, as the beauty industry comes under scrutiny for its environmental impact, we must move beyond greenwashing and evaluate whether relying on naturally grown resources is truly sustainable within a billion-dollar industry.

Growth Market

The global natural and organic beauty sector is currently seeing robust growth driven by heightened consumer interest, with projections estimating gross revenues of approximately £11.3 billion ($14.9 billion) by 2025.

In the UK alone, the natural cosmetics market is expected to reach around £210 million ($278 million) in 2025, with annual growth rates of about 2.74% over the next five years.

From ingredient-light serums to zero-waste shampoo bars, the diversity and volume of products available have never been greater. While this thriving market is exciting, it also presents challenges.

More products lead to increased material extraction, mining, and synthesis, as well as greater packaging and emissions throughout the supply chain.

This intricate situation can easily confuse well-meaning consumers, who may get caught up in labels like “natural” or “organic” without fully understanding their implications.

Steam distillation is a traditional method of extracting oil from flowers used to make rose water – Photo credit: Getty Images

There’s a common belief that if something is labeled “natural,” it must be beneficial for the environment. However, whether it’s Moroccan argan oil or Mexican aloe vera, obtaining natural ingredients often comes at a high price.

Crops require extensive land, water, and energy for cultivation.

Many high-demand crops are susceptible to climate change and, regrettably, are often linked to unethical labor practices. While we aspire for organic farming to represent a more sustainable approach, it can also lead to unintended negative outcomes.

For instance, many organic agricultural practices may yield lower crop outputs while occupying more land. This can result in deforestation as farmers seek additional land to maximize production of slowly-growing crops.

Naturally derived pesticides used in organic agriculture can also harm the soil.

Copper sulfate, commonly used in the wine industry’s “Bordeaux mixture,” has long been approved for use in organic farming but has recently faced regulation due to its negative effects on soil microbiomes and potential threats to local insect populations.

read more:

Lab-grown Materials

This is where biotechnology enters the conversation. While it may not have the allure of “Wild Harvest Lavender,” biotechnology could ultimately prove to be one of the planet’s most eco-friendly resources.

In simple terms, biotechnology utilizes scientific methods (often involving fermentation with yeast, plant sugars, or bacteria) to cultivate ingredients in laboratories, as opposed to sourcing them from nature. Think of it like brewing beer, but instead of a refreshing pint, you yield powerful active ingredients for moisturizers and shampoos.

These lab-generated components are molecularly identical to their natural counterparts and can be produced without ecosystem emissions, using significantly less water, land, and energy.

This highly controlled process can also be scaled efficiently while maintaining consistent quality.

For example, swapping “wild harvested lavender” for biotechnologically produced lavender essential oils can lead to substantial reductions in energy and water usage.

Producing 1g (0.04oz) of natural lavender oil requires about 20L (approximately 5 gallons) of water and about 4 megajoules of energy—roughly equivalent to watching TV for 20 hours.

In contrast, if biotechnologically produced, the same 1g can potentially require just 2-5L (0.5-1.3 gallons) of water and 1 megajoule of energy (the equivalent needed to boil a kettle).

Biotechnology has advanced significantly in recent years, although companies have yet to replicate every component of these unique essential oils.

Laboratory-grown cosmetic ingredients are molecularly identical to natural ingredients and could become a more sustainable alternative – Photo Credit: alamy

One ingredient successfully replicated is bisabolol, known for its soothing properties in the cosmetics field. It’s utilized in a diverse range of products, from hormone-related creams to sun care and baby products.

To extract natural bisabolol, it must be derived from Candea trees native to Brazil. This cultivation can lead to deforestation, biodiversity loss, and ecosystem strain, with natural harvest quality varying based on weather conditions.

To obtain 1kg (2.2 pounds) of natural bisabolol, cutting down around 1-3 trees is necessary, with each tree taking 10-15 years to mature.

To create one ton (2,204 pounds) of bisabolol, approximately 3,000 to 5,000 trees are needed—a staggering statistic given the global demand is around 16 tons (35,000 pounds) annually.

Each tree consumes about 36,000 liters (9,500 gallons) of water over its lifetime (equivalent to 72,000 500ml bottles) and 75 megajoules of energy (approximately analogous to charging a smartphone 2,500 times).

Givaudan, a Swiss ingredient manufacturer, has already developed bisabolol through biotechnological means, resulting in a much higher specification than what natural agriculture can achieve.

Comparatively, biotechnological yields of bisabolol can utilize 90-95% less water and 50-60% less energy than natural Candeia tree yields, not to mention the hectares saved from potential deforestation.

Brands like Boots and Estée Lauder are investing in biotechnology.

Even smaller indie brands are beginning to highlight fermented or lab-grown ingredients. Eco Brand Biossance uses a similar moisturizing ingredient to squalene, but instead of harvesting it from shark fins, they derive it from sugarcane, claiming to save an estimated 20-30 million sharks each year.

Moreover, biotechnology ingredients tend to be purer, more stable, and often more effective than their natural counterparts, meaning your product will last longer, perform better, and evoke less guilt regarding the environment.

What Should I Look For?

For consumers, all this information can feel daunting, especially with packaging filled with misleading marketing buzzwords. However, here are a few straightforward tips for choosing cosmetic products that align with your values.

Seek out biotechnology or lab-grown ingredients, often labeled as “fermented origin,” “biodesign,” or “bioidentical” on ingredient lists.
Be cautious of common marketing greenwash terms like “eco-friendly,” “clean beauty,” “sustainable,” and “biodegradable.” Look for tangible values, timelines, or explanations backing these claims.
Avoid brands that shift their focus away from sustainability to other concerns, such as “opposing animal testing,” which has been banned by the EU since 1998 for British cosmetics.

While the notion that beauty should be “natural” is comforting, this approach isn’t necessarily the most sustainable choice, especially as the UK lacks a legal definition of what “natural” cosmetics entail.

If you genuinely want to protect the planet for future generations, it’s essential to move past the notion of nature as an infinite resource and start supporting smarter scientific innovations that collaborate with nature rather than oppose it.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Zero-Calorie Foods Won’t Aid Your Weight Loss Journey

Posted on July 6, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The concept of negative or zero-calorie foods, while popular on diet platforms, remains a topic of debate. The premise suggests that our bodies expend as much energy, if not more, digesting certain fruits and vegetables than the energy they provide.

However, there is no scientific backing for this notion. Even the foods lowest in calories, like celery and watercress, contain essential energy for their digestion.

In 2019, a researcher at the University of Alabama conducted a study involving celery and a bearded dragon. You can read the study here. Although the choice of a reptile may seem peculiar, bearded dragons have an omnivorous diet and a digestive process akin to humans.

The large lizard consumed 5% of its body weight in celery. Researchers monitored metabolic rates, gathered fecal and urinary samples, and assessed energy expelled through excretion.

The findings revealed that lizards only utilized about three-quarters of the energy provided by celery, which challenges the idea of negative calorie foods.

Nonetheless, some nutrition experts contend that emphasizing calorie count is not the best strategy for weight management, as the body employs different biological processes for digesting various food types.

For example, our bodies expend considerably more energy breaking down proteins compared to fats and carbohydrates, which are more easily accessible for energy. Thus, the type of food is more crucial than merely the calorie content.

Ultra-processed foods are often high in fats and carbohydrates, offering quick satisfaction but packing a lot of energy, much of which gets stored in fat cells.

In contrast, whole foods, particularly those rich in protein and fiber, generally require more energy for digestion than their processed counterparts.

Fruits and vegetables, often branded as negative or zero-calorie foods, are vital components of a balanced diet.

However, relying solely on these could deprive you of essential nutrients and lead to significant hunger and frustration.

This article addresses the inquiry (from Dani Sherman via email) regarding “Are Negative Calorie Foods Real?”

Feel free to email us your questions at Question@sciencefocus.com or message us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Discover our ultimate Fun Facts and more exciting science content.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Fig Trees Could Help Combat Climate Change by Transforming Carbon Dioxide into Stone

Posted on July 6, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Fig trees may excel at reducing carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere

Raimund Link/Mauritius Images Gmbh/Alamy

Certain fig trees have the ability to transform significant quantities of carbon dioxide into solid forms, allowing carbon to remain in the soil even after the tree has perished. This indicates that fig trees used for timber or fruit cultivation could offer additional environmental benefits through this carbon sequestration process.

While all trees generally utilize carbon dioxide from the air, most of it is converted into structural molecules such as cellulose. However, some tree species also synthesize a crystalline substance known as calcium oxalate, and the bacteria within the trees and soil can convert it to calcium carbonate, a primary component of rocks like limestone and chalk.

Mineral carbon can remain in the soil significantly longer than organic matter derived from wood. Trees that store carbon in this manner include iron syrup (Milisia Excelsa), which is found in tropical Africa and is valued for its wood yet does not yield edible fruit.

Recently, Mike Rory from the University of Zurich and his team discovered that three fig species indigenous to Samburu County, Kenya, can also produce calcium carbonate through their own processes.

“Most trees generate calcium carbonate within the soil,” Laurie explains. “We [also] observe that high concentrations can transform the entire root structure into calcium carbonate in the soil, which is a remarkable finding.”

The research team initially identified the calcium carbonate-generating fig species by using a weak hydrochloric acid solution to detect its release from calcium carbonate. Subsequently, they could confirm the presence of calcium carbonate in the surrounding soil and analyze wood samples to pinpoint where calcium carbonate was being generated.

“What genuinely astonished me was how deep I was digging for [calcium carbonate],” Laurie remarked, as he presented his findings at the Goldschmidt conference in Prague, Czech Republic, this week.

Further investigations are needed to estimate the total carbon storage of these trees, the resilience of water in various climates, and the water requirement. Nevertheless, if fig trees can be integrated into future planting initiatives, they could serve as both a source of nourishment and a carbon sink, according to Laurie.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Earth Beneath Africa Beats with a Rhythmic Pulse

Posted on July 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Deep, resonating pulses and heartbeats are being revealed beneath East Africa, ripping the continent apart.

This unusual phenomenon is attributed to a rhythmic surge in melting mantle rocks that rise and fall beneath the Earth’s surface, as explained by recent research. Natural Earth Science. These forces are so intense that they’ve been capable of splitting Africa for millions of years, resulting in the formation of new oceans.

These geological pulses were identified in the AFAR triangle, the region where three tectonic plates (the African, Somali, and Arabian plates) converge beneath Ethiopia, Eritrea, and Djibouti. This area, known as a structural triple junction, is one of the rare locations on Earth where the crust is simultaneously pulled in three different directions.

As the plates shift, significant fissures, known as lifts, form. Here, the Earth’s crust thins until it eventually fractures. It is within these gaps that the discovery was made.

“We discovered that the mantle underneath was not stationary but rather uniformly dynamic,” said Dr. Emma Watts, a geologist at Swansea University who led the research.

To delve further, the research team gathered volcanic rock samples from the area and examined their chemical composition. What emerged was a type of “geological barcode,” showcasing a consistent pattern of chemical traits, which indicates that magma plumes have ascended over millions of years.

Geologists study layers of volcanic sediments to decipher the history of the rocks. Coset Volcano, the main Ethiopian rift. – Credit: Thomas Gernon, University of Southampton

At times, some barcodes were broader than others, hinting that the clefts channel pulse magma.

“The chemical patterns indicate that the plume behaves like a heartbeat,” stated Professor Tom Gernon, who also contributed to the study from the University of Southampton.

He elaborated that these pulses function differently based on the Earth’s crustal structure. Magma pulses can travel more freely, akin to the way blood flows through arteries along the Red Sea.

“Our findings reveal a close link between the evolution of deep mantle upwellings and the movement of the plates above,” said Derek Keir, co-author of the research at the University of Southampton.

“This significantly influences our understanding of surface volcanism, seismic activity, and continental fission.”

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Orca Captured Engaging in a “Tongue Kiss” in the Wild for the First Time

Posted on July 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In a remarkable encounter with citizen scientists off the coast of Norway, a duo of orcas was seen engaging in “kissing” behavior in the wild for the very first time.

The footage captured by the group displays the pair gently nodding at each other, accompanied by “tongue nibbling.”

While similar behaviors have been documented before, this marks the first instance of such interactions being observed in a natural habitat.

During the video, the orcas came within 10-15 meters (30-50 feet) of each other, sharing three brief moments of affection above the water’s surface for a duration of two minutes.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/07/Orca-kissing-video.mp4

The footage captures a serene moment of connection between the two whales.

“This behavior has only been documented in orcas under human supervision,” said Dr. Javier Almunia from Loro Parque in Spain, as reported by BBC Science Focus. He was part of a recently published study utilizing observation videos from marine environments.

“Witnessing it in the wild indicates that such intricate social behaviors extend beyond captivity and are likely integral to the species’ natural social behavior.”

Orcas are known for their strong social structures, employing intricate behavioral systems to form and maintain social relationships.

For marine biologists, these observations are crucial for understanding orca interactions.

“Gaining insight into the social behavior of wildlife is essential for understanding their communication, bonding, and cooperation—key elements for their survival and well-being,” noted Almunia.

Unfortunately, these wild behaviors are rarely seen and require a fair amount of luck to witness at the right moment.

While studying animals in captivity is safer and more accessible, their behaviors often differ significantly from those observed in the wild.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/07/Nibbling-at-Loro-Parque.mov

Orcas in captivity have previously been observed “nibbling” their tongues at each other.

A Remarkable Encounter

The video was filmed on January 11, 2024, when two whales were observed by a fortunate group of snorkelers diving in Kavanangenfjord, northern Norway.

This area is known as a gathering spot for marine mammals, making it an ideal location for observing orcas due to its clear waters.

The group had the opportunity to watch the orcas under the guidance of experienced expedition leaders.

However, the study emphasized that while tourist excursions can lead to valuable scientific observations, “it is widely recognized that activities like whale watching and swimming can pose significant risks to wild populations.”

Orcas, often referred to by the misleading nickname “Killer Whale,” actually belong to the dolphin family. The latter portion of this nickname is accurate, as all dolphins are categorized as “toothed whales.”

Nevertheless, the term “killer” is misleading, as there are no documented cases of wild orcas intentionally harming humans.

The name stems from an ancient mariner who observed orcas hunting other large whales.

“They were originally called ‘whale killers,’ a term that evolved into ‘killer whale’,” explained Almunia.

“While orcas are indeed apex predators, they are also incredibly intelligent and social animals with complex cultures and strong familial bonds. They play a critical role as top predators within marine ecosystems.”

About Our Experts

Dr. Javier Almunia serves as the director of Loro Parque Fanfacion, a Spanish organization dedicated to the conservation of endangered parrot and marine species. He specializes in cetacean biology and has participated in numerous initiatives aimed at preserving biodiversity and protecting endangered species.

Read More:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Inflatable Helmets: The Inventor Advocates for a Safer Cycling Future

Posted on July 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

As per the World Health Organization, approximately 41,000 individuals lose their lives each year while cycling. The exact number of those who were not wearing helmets remains unclear, but it is evident that helmets act as a deterrent for many.

Cycling UK, along with various charities advocating for bicycle use, suggests that when helmet usage is mandated, the number of people opting to cycle tends to decline.

For evidence, one can look at Australia, where after New South Wales and Melbourne implemented mandatory helmet laws, cycling rates in those two states dropped by 36%.

Research indicates that the hesitation to wear helmets stems largely from doubts about their protective capabilities and the challenges associated with their storage and cost. However, Ventete, a UK startup, aims to address these issues.

Storage issues

The AH-1 is an inflatable helmet, designed in the UK and manufactured in Switzerland, taking a decade to develop.

While earlier inflatable helmets functioned like airbags—only inflating upon impact—the AH-1 inflates using an electric pump before use, taking about 30 seconds to reach the optimal pressure of 32 psi.

Once used, the AH-1 can shrink to a compact size of less than 4 cm (1.5 inches) thick, making it easy to store almost anywhere.

“We recognized that many people are not fans of traditional helmets due to issues of portability,” says Colin Harperger, co-founder of Ventete. “This inspired us to transform 3D objects (helmets) into easily stored 2D objects.”

“The AH-1 comprises 11 inflatable chambers,” Harperger elaborates. “Each chamber is encased in protective ribs made from laminated nylon that resists punctures, wear, and stretching. The ribs are molded from glass-reinforced polymers, offering extra structural robustity.”

Each rib is additionally lined with rubber to help absorb impact energy.

A cyclist himself, Harperger knew that the pneumatic structure provides more compression than conventional helmets made of expanded polystyrene (EPS), yet there was initially no technology available to realize his vision.

“About five years ago, we experienced a breakthrough. After several iterations, we developed the AH-1.”

read more:

Safety Standards

While being inflatable enhances convenience in storage, what about safety? Can it effectively protect your head? Currently, the Ventetete AH-1 holds an EN 1078 certification.

This certification aligns with both European and UK safety standards, covering the helmet’s construction, field of view, and shock absorption capabilities. However, not all helmets provide the same level of protection.

“Once you achieve certification, you are not obligated to publish your findings,” Harperger points out. “We collaborated with brain injury specialists from the Human Experience, Analysis and Design (Head) Lab at Imperial College London, addressing similar concerns.

After use, the AH-1 can shrink to less than 4 cm (1.5 inches) thick.

“The highlight for us was achieving a 44.1% reduction in linear risk compared to the best-performing EPS helmet,” Harperger stated.

Linear risk relates to forces such as impacting the head against a surface, and reducing impact leads to decreased risk. “It may sound counterintuitive, but I aim to extend the impact duration to prevent the head from bouncing off.”

Imagine falling onto a bed rather than a hardwood floor. The impact on the hardwood floor is brief but increases the likelihood of brain movement within the skull.

“By prolonging the impact duration, we significantly reduce linear risk.”

This testing also looked at rotational impact, which assesses forces like twists or shears occurring when the helmet hits the ground at an angle.

In this domain, the AH-1 performed second best among four contenders, falling behind a helmet that includes a secondary inner layer designed to give it a 10-15mm (about 0.5 inch) mobility to reduce rotational forces affecting the brain.

These secondary layers are often found in higher-end helmets; however, the AH-1 aims to make these features available in more affordable options.

Cost remains a concern. Three helmets were tested, all priced under £50, while the AH-1 retails for £350. Thus, while it may resolve protection and storage issues for those hesitant to wear helmets, the price may still present a barrier.

About our experts

Colin Harperger is the co-founder and CEO of Ventetete. He holds a PhD in Architecture by Design from UCL London, UK.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Herpetologists Unearth Three New Frog Species in Peru

Posted on July 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Herpetologists have identified three new species of the Frog genus Pristimantis from the rugged, misty highlands of northwest Peru.

Pristimantis Chinguelas. Image credits: Chavez et al. , doi: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.148522.

To date, 619 species have been documented. Pristimantis is recognized as the most diverse group of amphibians.

This genus spans Central and South America, showcasing the highest diversity within the tropical Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.

The newly discovered species include Pristimantis Chinguelas, Pristimantis Nunezcortezi, and Pristimantis Yonke.

“They are small and elusive,” remarked Dr. Jamen Chavez, a herpetologist at the Peruano de Herpetrogia Institute and the Centro de Ornitrogia y Biodiversidad.

“These frogs serve as significant reminders of the unknown aspects of the Andes,” he added.

All three species inhabit the páramo of the mountain ridge north of Abra de Portuilla, the lowest east-west route in the Peruvian Andes, along with the adjacent Elphin forest.

“Pristimantis Chinguelas is found on the cliffs of Cello Chinlinga, characterized by bodies accented with large, prominent nodules on each side. Their high-pitched calls resonate on damp nights,” the researcher noted.

“Pristimantis Chinguelas resides near a stream in the cool mountains of the regenerated forest. Its distinct black spots in the x-fossa and groin have been named in honor of ornithologist Elio Nuñez Cortez, a trailblazer for conservation efforts in the region.”

“Pristimantis Chinguelas, the smallest of the trio, was discovered amidst bromeliads at an elevation of about 3,000 m.”

“Exploring this area goes beyond fieldwork—it’s about immersing oneself in the wilderness, culture, and resilience,” shared Dr. Karen Victoriano Siguenas from the Institutes of Herpetrogia and Centro de Ornitrogia Biodiversidad.

“Many of these mountain ridges are isolated, lacking roads or featuring extreme terrain,” stated Dr. Ivan Wong, another herpetologist at the Herpetrogia Institute.

“Weather conditions can change dramatically within minutes, and the steep cliffs create significant challenges for every step taken.”

“It’s no surprise that very few scientists ventured into this region before,” he added, “which is precisely why so many discoveries remain to be made.”

The three new species are currently categorized as Data Deficient under IUCN standards, with scientists noting signs of habitat degradation, fire damage, and agricultural expansion.

“Cordilera de Juancabamba represents not just a remote region, but also a living archive of biodiversity and cultural heritage,” remarked Dr. Wilmer Aznaran, a forensic physician at Peruano de Herpetrogia and Centro de Ornitrogia Biodiversidad.

“We have barely scratched the surface of these riches.”

The team’s paper was published in the journal Evolutionary Phylogenetics.

____

G. Chavez et al. 2025. Above: Three new species of terrestrial breeding frogs (Anura, Terrarana, Pristimantis) from the highlands of Cordillera de Juancabamba in northwest Peru. Evolutionary Phylogenetics 9(1):145-166; doi:10.3897/evolsyst.9.148522

Source: www.sci.news

Astronomers Monitor Interstellar Comet 3I/Atlas

Posted on July 5, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

3i/Atlas is only the third celestial object ever detected, following the interstellar asteroid 1i/Oumuamua in 2017 and the interstellar comet 2i/Borisov in 2019.

Images of 3i/Atlas captured by the Atlas telescope. Image credit: University of Hawaii.

The 3i/Atlas is currently about 670 million km (420 million miles) from the Sun and is expected to make its closest approach in October 2025, moving just within Mars’ orbit.

It is estimated to be up to 20 km (12 miles) in diameter, traveling at around 60 km (37 miles) per second relative to the Sun.

This comet poses no threat to Earth, remaining within a distance of 240 million km (150 million miles), which is more than 1.5 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun.

3i/Atlas is an active comet. As it approaches the Sun, the heat causes frozen gases to turn into vapor, releasing dust and ice particles into space and initiating the formation of a glowing coma and tail.

However, by the time it reaches its closest point to Earth, it will be obscured by the Sun. It is expected to be visible again by early December 2025, providing astronomers with an opportunity for further research.

“Finding possible interstellar objects is extremely rare, and it’s thrilling to see the Atlas telescope catch this asteroid,” said a representative.

“These interstellar visitors allow us to glimpse something intriguing from solar systems beyond our own.”

“3i/Atlas is the largest ever observed, yet numerous such objects traverse our inner solar system each year.”

“The likelihood of an impact with Earth is minimal, occurring less than once in 10 million years, but Atlas is consistently scanning the sky for potentially hazardous objects.”

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4d-nqd1uwvy

Astronomers across Hawaii, Chile, and other nations are tracking the comet’s progression.

They seek to learn more about the composition and behavior of this interstellar visitor.

“It is precisely their foreign nature that makes interstellar objects like 3i/Atlas so remarkable,” an ESA astronomer stated.

“While all planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and life forms in our solar system share a common origin, our interstellar visitors are genuine outsiders.”

“They are remnants from other planetary systems, providing clues about the formation of worlds beyond our own.”

“It may take thousands of years before humans visit planets in another solar system, and interstellar comets give us the chance to stimulate our curiosity as we interact with something from another world.”

“These icy nomads offer a rare, tangible link to the broader galaxy. This material is fundamentally different from our own and is formed in unique environments.”

“Visiting such objects connects humanity with the universe on a grander scale.”

Source: www.sci.news

No Carbon Offset Programs Established Due to Forest Fires

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Wildfires raging in the Amazon rainforest

Fernando Lessa/Alamy

Numerous forest-related carbon offset initiatives certified by Verra, the largest carbon registry globally, face potential risks from wildfires and other disturbances that may hinder effective carbon release from the atmosphere.

These forest-based carbon offset initiatives aim to conserve or restore forests to produce carbon credits, which can be sold to corporations or individuals to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Such schemes are designed to maintain a “buffer pool” of unsold carbon credits as insurance against future carbon losses due to factors like wildfires, pests, or severe weather events. Nevertheless, assessments of these buffer pools indicate that current carbon offset strategies are likely not sufficiently secured.

“The figures don’t really rely on scientific evidence, as far as we know,” stated William Anderegg from the University of Utah. A spokesperson from Verra defended the organization’s methodology, asserting that the determination of buffer pool size is grounded in rigorous, science-based risk evaluations, stressing that replenishment should align with what buffer-immersed projects have collected.

Buffer pools pose a significant challenge, especially when forest-based carbon credits are sold to offset emissions from fossil fuels that may have been in the atmosphere for centuries. “If you’re attempting to sequester carbon into trees, you need to guarantee its stability over an extended period,” Anderegg remarked.

In principle, by safeguarding adequate carbon to counterbalance potential losses over decades, a large buffer pool would suffice. However, previous research by Anderegg and his team revealed that forest carbon projects certified by Verra typically secured only 2% of their credits for protection against natural risks.

To evaluate whether this is an adequate safeguard, Anderegg and his colleagues employed ecological models to calculate the necessary size of the buffer to effectively manage the risk posed by natural disturbances across various tropical forest types. They juxtaposed these findings with the buffer pools currently mandated for Verra certification.

The results indicated that Verra’s standards fall short of ensuring permanent carbon storage in nearly all scenarios. In certain instances, the required buffer could be 11 times smaller than necessary. “Given these natural hazards, [the buffer] should be at least doubled, if not more, to be fitting,” Anderegg noted.

A Verra representative mentioned that the majority of the 76 million carbon credits presently within the buffer pool are utilized. They added, “previous reversals suggest that the buffer is not overwhelmed.” “The ongoing maintenance of buffer pools over time clearly demonstrates their effectiveness despite the risk of reversals,” the spokesperson stated.

Buffer pools are not merely a concern for Verra. For instance, California’s regulated carbon offset program has faced wildfires in recent years. A significant portion of the buffer pool was designed to endure for a century.

This concern is anticipated to grow as forest carbon losses escalate. “To secure sustainability extending beyond 100 years, you must ensure that the buffer is sufficiently robust to confront multiple climate variations,” Anderegg concluded.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Metastones Reevaluate the Formation Timeline of Our Solar System

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Northwest Africa 12264 Meteorite Stones Are Older Than Anticipated

Ben Hofnagers

SEI 257814052 — Northwest Africa 12264 Meteorite Stones Are Older Than Anticipated

Ben Hofnagers

Tiny chips from a singular meteorite may completely challenge our current understanding of the solar system’s formation, as it has proven to be older than initially thought.

Earlier research indicated that small, rocky entities known as protoplanets formed relatively later, scattered across the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Interestingly, it is believed that the inner regions formed around 4.563 billion years ago, a slightly older timeline compared to the inner protoplanet’s age of 4.566 billion years. This age discrepancy was presumed to be due to the outer regions containing more water and ice, which would have slowed the inner core’s melting process.

This timing gap, while brief in the grand scheme of cosmology, was long accepted as a component of our cosmic history. Now, according to Ben Ryder Stokes from the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK, this notion needs reevaluation.

Planetary formation is typically thought to occur through accretion, where dust and gas are pulled in by gravitational forces, followed by differentiation—where the accumulated material heats up, melts, and separates into cores, mantles, and crusts. This process was previously thought to unfold at slightly divergent times for the early solar system’s internal and external protoplanets, but that view is now under scrutiny.

The team’s pivotal finding centers on a small meteorite named Northwest Africa 12264. Weighing around 50 grams, it was acquired in 2018 from a dealer in Morocco. Researchers obtained consent from the owner to analyze fine particles shaved from the meteorite, revealing that the ratio of chromium to oxygen—which varies in known patterns throughout our solar system—indicated the stones originated from the outer regions.

The meteorite’s composition also indicated that it came from the area between the core and crust, specifically the mantle, marking the first sample found from the outer solar system’s mantle. “This planet must have undergone significant upheaval to expose material from such depths,” states Ryder Stokes. “There surely must have been a colossal impact involved.”

Crucially, however, the age determined through lead isotopes contradicts the prevailing belief that the outer protoplanet should be younger. “This finding is astonishing, as it implies some of the oldest materials in the solar system,” he explains. “It suggests that rocky planets formed simultaneously in both the inner and outer solar system.”

Sebastiaan Krijt from the University of Exeter in the UK notes that shifts in events occurring over millions of years may not seem exigent at the time, yet could have profound implications. Understanding the sequence of events that shaped the solar system and the interactions of the various processes involved is essential for studying both solar systems and star systems throughout the universe.

“These stages of formation are considerably brief, and a mere million years can create significant distinctions,” Krijt remarks. “Getting the chronology and sequence of events correct is of utmost importance.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Ancient Mass Extinctions Revealed Earth’s Evolution into a Super Greenhouse

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Here’s a rewritten version of the provided content while retaining the HTML tags:

Current forest die-offs due to global warming resemble those from the Permian and Triassic extinction events.

Ina Fassbender/AFP via Getty Images

Following a dramatic increase in carbon dioxide levels 252 million years ago, the death of forests resulted in enduring climate alterations, with the greenhouse effect persisting for millions of years.

Researchers striving to comprehend this phenomenon, which triggered the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history, caution that ongoing greenhouse gas emissions may lead to similar outcomes.

The extinction events of the Permian and Triassic are believed to have been triggered by extensive volcanic activity in what is now Siberia, elevating atmospheric CO2 concentrations.

The planet’s surface temperature soared by as much as 10°C, with average temperatures in the equatorial regions climbing to 34°C (93°F)—a rise of 8°C above the current average.

These extreme conditions persisted for roughly 5 million years, causing over 80% of marine species and upwards of 70% of terrestrial vertebrate families to become extinct, according to some estimates.

Although some scientists have recently posited that these mass extinction events may have limited effects on terrestrial ecosystems, Andrew Meldis from the University of Adelaide expresses confidence that life was nearly extinguished 252 million years ago.

“Small pockets of life might survive mass extinctions in isolated enclaves, but many areas within the Permian-Triassic fossil record reveal a complete ecosystem collapse,” notes Meldis.

He and his team scrutinized the fossil record to investigate why the Super Greenhouse event, which drives mass extinction, lasted five million years—far longer than the 100,000 years predicted by climate models.

The findings revealed that vast expanses of forests, originally with canopies of around 50 meters, were supplanted by resilient underground flora, typically ranging from 5 cm to 2 meters in height. Additionally, peat marshes, significant carbon storage ecosystems, vanished from tropical areas.

Employing computer models of Earth’s climatic and geochemical systems, researchers indicated that the depletion of these ecosystems contributes to elevated CO2 levels persisting for millions of years. This predominantly occurs because vegetation plays a crucial role in weathering, the mechanism that extracts carbon from the atmosphere and sequesters it in rocks and soil over extensive timescales.

With atmospheric CO2 levels rising rapidly, the parallels to the present are striking, asserts Meldis. As temperatures escalate, tropical and subtropical forests may find it increasingly challenging to adapt, potentially surpassing thresholds where vegetation ceases to maintain climate equilibrium.

Meldis explains that simply restoring former ecosystems will not lead to a “ping-pong effect.” He emphasizes that the atmosphere cannot be swiftly rejuvenated after the loss of the equatorial forest.

“You’re not transitioning from an ice house to a greenhouse and then back; the Earth will find a new equilibrium, which may differ significantly from prior states,” he elaborates.

Catlin Maisner, a researcher at the University of New South Wales—who was not involved in the study—describes reconstructing these events as analogous to “trying to assemble a jigsaw puzzle with many missing pieces,” yet acknowledges the team’s arguments as “plausible.”

However, she notes considerable uncertainty regarding oceanic processes during this period. “The ocean harbors far more carbon than land and atmosphere combined, and we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how marine biology, chemistry, and physical circulation were affected during that event,” cautions Meissner.

Topics:

Climate change/
Paleontology

Feel free to adjust any sections as needed!

Source: www.newscientist.com

In Conclusion, We Unravel the Existence of Semi-Crystals

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Visualization of quasicrystal structures

Linkayaser, Alexey E. Madison, Picogk, Leap? 71 CC BY-SA 4.0

Quasicrystals may be unusual, but recent research reveals they are also the most stable arrangements for certain atoms, shedding light on their existence.

In standard crystals, atoms align in orderly grids, showcasing high stability; whereas in glass—like common glass or volcanic obsidian—the atoms are disarrayed. Glasses are termed metastable, meaning they can evolve due to environmental shifts such as heat or impurities from unwanted atoms. Given ample time, glassy structures can ultimately crystallize.

Quasicrystals occupy a unique middle ground: their atoms are arranged in non-repeating patterns, raising long-standing questions about their stability.

Wenhao San from the University of Michigan and his team are utilizing advanced computer simulations to investigate these structures. They examined two specific quasicrystals composed of scandium and zinc, and another featuring ytterbium and cadmium, simulating large quasicrystalline nanoparticles. Throughout their analysis, they measured the energy dynamics of these quasi-crystals in comparison to more conventional crystal structures.

The principles of physics suggest the most stable formations derive from atoms with the least collective energy, which the researchers found to be true. They discovered quasicrystals preferred due to their lower energy sustenance compared to typical atomic arrangements.

Sun expressed this finding as somewhat unexpected, noting that contrasting quasicrystals with glass can lead physicists to assume they are metastable. The innovative simulation techniques previously posed challenges, as they usually predicted a completely regular atomic arrangement, according to team member Vikram Gabini from the University of Michigan. Their fresh computational methods demonstrated that quasicrystals require very specific conditions to grow in laboratory settings.

“Quasicrystals exhibit remarkable vibrational characteristics that relate to thermal conductivity and thermoelectric effects. New methodologies might enhance our understanding of them,” remarked Peter Brommer from Warwick University, UK. “It’s possible the next breakthrough material will emerge from simulations rather than physical laboratories.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Cyber Attacks Could Target Home Solar Panels to Disrupt Power Grids

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A third of Australian homes feature rooftop solar panels

ZSTOCKPHOTOS/ISTOCKPHOTO/GETTY IMAGES

Power grids across the globe face an increasing risk of cyberattacks, primarily due to the vulnerabilities inherent in home solar equipment.

With the rise of distributed energy resources like rooftop solar, grids are leaning more heavily on smart inverters that control connections to local power networks.

“While these technologies provide numerous advantages, they also bring forth new operational and cybersecurity hurdles,” says Sid Chau, a researcher at CSIRO, the Australian government’s research institute.

Smart inverters convert the direct current generated by solar panels into the alternating current required by electrical devices. They also optimize energy storage and enable remote monitoring via the Internet.

This web connectivity means that they not only jeopardize home solar installations but can also threaten larger power generation networks, warn Chau and his team.

The team has pinpointed various methods through which smart inverters can be compromised, including exploiting hardware and software vulnerabilities. Hackers can deceive users into granting excessive permissions on connected inverter applications or collaborate with manufacturers to embed malicious code directly into hardware.

Chau and his team modeled the threats stemming solely from Australian inverters, where roughly one-third of residences possess rooftop solar systems. This scenario mirrors certain power grids worldwide where civilian solar installations are becoming increasingly prevalent.

Although such attacks necessitate careful planning and coordination, researchers have discovered that a relatively small number of compromised solar smart inverters can create significant disruptions when vulnerabilities align.

Once a smart inverter is infiltrated, hackers can execute synchronized attacks targeting the broader power grid.

Of particular concern are assaults aimed at the frequency control of the power grid. In regions like Australia and Europe, the grid frequency must maintain around 50 HERTZ. Though safeguards exist, deviations can lead to cascading failures within the power system.

The risk is heightened further by the long lifespan of many inverters, often exceeding 15 years, which allows cybersecurity measures to quickly become outdated.

Chau emphasizes the need for improved monitoring of private inverters so that authorities can promptly address any suspicious activities that arise.

He also advocates for enhanced long-term support for inverter owners and regular compliance checks to guarantee adherence to cybersecurity and maintenance standards.

Zubair Baig from Deakin University in Melbourne stresses the importance of security validation for all imported inverters.

“Since these devices are often not produced domestically, there exists a risk that they might be configured with malware during manufacturing, leading to potential current fluctuations, permanent equipment damage, and even grid failure,” states Baig.

Ernest Foo from Griffith University in Brisbane highlights that Australia’s critical infrastructure is particularly susceptible to cyber threats due to its outdated design and components.

“The increasing integration of distributed solar energy heightens the likelihood of cyberattacks, especially with the evolving use of machine learning and AI,” he adds.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

The Top 14 Science and Technology Documentaries of 2025: From David Attenborough to Hannafly

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Brian Johnson in Don’t Die: Who Wants to Live Forever

Netflix

Netflix
Brian Johnson stands out as a unique figure in contemporary society. The billionaire entrepreneur and proponent of anti-aging practices aims to extend both lifespan and “healthspan” by taking nearly 100 different medications daily and adhering to a rigorous fitness plan. The real enchantment of Please Don’t Die lies in its ability to evoke mixed feelings towards Johnson. His lifestyle is built on a fundamentally flawed scientific approach, yet his ideas are more captivating than those of his tech-savvy peers.

Disney+
In The Sea with David Attenborough, there’s a sequence that is as chilling as it is eye-opening. The aggressive trawling disturbs the seabed, leading to the displacement of fish from their habitats. This documentary marks Attenborough’s most politically charged effort, serving as a cautionary tale about the severe environmental repercussions of industrial fishing practices. If this indeed is part of the 99-year-old’s final project, it certainly encapsulates the essence of his illustrious career.

Chilean Flamingos of Laguna Colorada, Bolivia, America

BBC Studios/NBC

BBC iPlayer/NBC
Who could be seen as the American equivalent of David Attenborough? Perhaps the two-time Oscar-winning Tom Hanks might be your answer. He brings a touch of cinematic brilliance to this 10-part nature series, narrating the incredible biodiversity of the Americas. While I don’t expect much insight into the climate crisis from this series, its lack of real-world relevance is almost compensated for by its stunning cinematography.

Bruce Parry, a Marapu woman from Sumba, Indonesia, and her tribe

BBC/Frank Films/Will Lorimer

BBC iPlayer
A couple of decades ago, Bruce Parry spent an extensive period submerged in an Indigenous community for the anthropology series Tribe. Now, the series is returning but in a vastly changed world. Faced with increasing threats from deforestation and migration, Parry must earn the trust of the community he visits. The scenes in Tribe—which include piranha fishing, political discussions, and ayahuasca rituals—are richly fascinating, and we hope to witness more of them. The access granted to us through Parry feels like a true privilege.

Netflix
Children have historically been used for entertainment, and the practices surrounding child actors have often been disturbing. In the 1920s and 30s, many faced long hours of labor and near-death experiences from excessive workloads and amphetamines. Fast forward to the 21st century, and “Kidfluence” has emerged, wherein families create financial empires through their children’s online activities. Bad Influence follows child pageant star Piper Locker, who has reportedly been exploited by her mother. This harrowing documentary explores the darker aspects of social media.

BBC iPlayer/CNN
Whereas David Fincher’s film Social Network spotlighted the early days of Facebook, the origins of Twitter remain less familiar. Twitter: Break the Birds takes us back to when it was a basic platform for status updates. The documentary shines during its exploration of the power struggles between Jack Dorsey and his co-founders, and it discusses the technical challenges social media platforms have faced from the beginning. Interestingly, did you know that Twitter (or X, as it’s currently branded) had initially considered names like Ketchup or Friend Stalker? The later sections serve as a timely reminder that many of the platform’s issues predate Elon Musk’s controversial involvement.

BBC iPlayer
Last year, naturalist Chris Packham introduced In Our Autistic Mind, a two-part documentary that allowed people with autism to create a film expressing their inner experiences. The follow-up season tackles ADHD and dyslexia, two conditions often misunderstood. While the series primarily examines the social difficulties faced by individuals with ADHD and dyslexia, it also incorporates strong scientific insights into their neurological underpinnings. Highlighting positive aspects, it reveals that many dyslexic individuals excel in pattern recognition.

Netflix
From the creators of My Octopus Teacher, Pangolin: Kuru’s Journey tells the heartwarming tale of a baby pangolin rescued from the illegal wildlife trade. We follow Kuru as he is rehabilitated by his caretaker Gareth, who considers himself a helicopter parent. The duo’s adorable adventures, from carrying Kuru away from a warthog’s burrow as dusk approaches, evoke both laughter and empathy. With pangolins being the most trafficked mammals globally, Kuru’s survival is a testament to human care and compassion.

Hannah Fry is the secret genius of modern life

Marco Cervi/BBC

BBC iPlayer
The third season of Hannah Fry’s Guide to Everyday Technology is just as engaging as ever. This time, the focus is on roller coasters, highways, and—inevitably—air fryers. The series thoroughly explores how these technologies impact our lives and uncovers some surprising insights. How did the creators of the Theremin influence modern doorbell designs? What role did it play in the innovation of refrigeration? And just what is an air fryer starfish? If you’ve ever wanted to take apart your gadgets to see how they work, this meticulously crafted series will satisfy your curiosity without voiding any warranties.

Amazon Prime Video
We’ve become acquainted with octopuses in a variety of quirky roles, from spiritual guides to unlikely educators. Enter this two-part series dedicated to these tentacled beings and their remarkable talents. A beautifully animated depiction of their life cycle is narrated by Doris, a massive Pacific octopus whose journey defies the odds, even as her story tragically culminates. Nonetheless, Octopus! remains a whimsical documentary brimming with curiosity and humor.

NOW
Science fiction serves as a powerful lens through which we can envision the future, often depicting a grim outlook. This four-part documentary aims to explore how sci-fi has imagined the atomic bomb and its consequences. Beyond this, Wonderland thoughtfully examines a wide range of sci-fi narratives from the past 80 years, providing depth and nuance often missing from surface-level analyses of the genre.

Netflix
In 2023, the world grappled with the four-day search for the missing OceanGate Titan submarine. Ultimately, five lives, including that of co-founder Stockton Rush, were lost following a catastrophic implosion. This feature-length documentary exposes how egotism and carelessness contributed to these untimely deaths. One particularly haunting moment features audio from an acoustic surveillance system that detected fissures in the carbon fiber hull during initial test dives, an essential safety protocol the company later ignored.

Disney+/Nat Geo
In 1983, Sally Ride became NASA’s shining star as the first American woman to journey into space, capturing global attention. However, both she and her fellow female astronauts faced rampant institutional sexism and invasive media scrutiny. This feature-length documentary intricately weaves together her personal battles to retain a semblance of privacy, including her 27-year relationship with Tam O’Shaughnessy during an era marked by homophobia. It also delves into captivating aspects of Ride’s career, such as the hand-eye coordination techniques she developed to gain an edge over her colleague Judy Resnik, who tragically perished in the Challenger disaster.

A group of Utahraptors in Walking with Dinosaurs

BBC Studios/Lola Post Production

BBC iPlayer
Back in 1999, Walking with Dinosaurs captivated audiences, bringing them into the world of prehistoric wildlife using groundbreaking visual effects. Given that those visuals feel somewhat dated now, a reboot seemed timely. In each episode of the 2025 series, researchers act as detectives, unearthing ancient relics and drawing extensive conclusions from bones and their surroundings. These imaginative stories showcase scenarios such as hatchlings chasing dragonflies through the jungles or a pack of Albertosaurus cornering their quarry. As always, a healthy dose of skepticism is advised; there remain many mysteries surrounding the lives of dinosaurs that we have yet to unravel.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Quantum-Enhanced Supercomputers Are Set to Transform Chemistry

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Portion of the IBM quantum computer showcased

Angela Weiss/AFP via Getty Images

SEI 257702938 — Portion of the IBM quantum computer showcased

Angela Weiss/AFP via Getty Images

Quantum computers and conventional supercomputers can serve as powerful tools for analyzing chemical processes. The ongoing collaboration between IBM and Riken, a Japanese scientific institute, is paving the way towards this goal.

Successful chemical analysis often hinges on comprehending how molecules behave during reactions, such as in therapies or industrial catalysts, frequently linked to the quantum state of electrons. Quantum computers can expedite the calculations of these states, yet they remain prone to errors in their current configurations. Traditional supercomputers can catch these discrepancies before they escalate into larger issues.

In a collective statement to New Scientist, Aoki Sei and Mitsui Sato from Riken noted that quantum computers can augment traditional computing capabilities. Currently, they and their team are modeling two distinct iron-sulfur compounds using IBM’s Heron quantum computer in conjunction with Riken’s Fugaku supercomputer.

The researchers divided the computation of the quantum states of the molecules among machines that leverage up to 77 qubits and utilize an algorithm known as SQD. The quantum computer performs the calculations while the supercomputer verifies and corrects errors. For instance, if Heron generates a mathematical representation indicating more electrons than actually present in the molecule, Fugaku discards some of the results, prompting Heron to adjust and retry the computation.

This hybrid approach has not yet surpassed the optimal scenarios achievable by standalone supercomputers, but it competes well against some standard methods, according to Jay Gambetta at IBM, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a matter of comparing calculators,” he remarked.

Recently, this integration is being recognized as the “secret sauce” for addressing the challenges posed by error-prone quantum computers, as articulated by Kenneth Meltz from the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. His team is employing another IBM quantum computer, paired with a traditional system, to innovate variations of SQD algorithms that model molecules in solutions, offering a more accurate depiction of chemical experiments than past models.

In Meltz’s perspective, advancing the SQD algorithm will enable the combination of quantum and conventional computing to yield substantial benefits over the next year.

“The synergy between quantum and supercomputing is not merely useful; it is an inevitability,” stated Sam Stanwyck from Nvidia. He emphasizes that the future of quantum computing lies in its seamless integration with robust classical and quantum processors from supercomputing centers. Nvidia has already developed a software platform to facilitate such hybrid methodologies.

Aseem Data from Microsoft remarked that his organization is also venturing into groundbreaking possibilities that merge quantum computing, supercomputing, and AI to expedite developments in chemistry and materials science.

Despite these advancements, numerous challenges persist within the quantum computing sector. Markus Reiher from ETH Zurich acknowledged that while the outcomes of the Riken experiments look promising, it remains uncertain if this methodology will become the preferred technique for executing quantum chemical analyses. The precision of the computed results derived from Quantum and Supercomputing partnerships is still undetermined. Additionally, conventional methods for performing such calculations are already established and highly effective.

The potential of integrating quantum computers into computational processes is lauded for enabling the modeling of larger molecules and enhancing processing speed. However, Reiher expresses caution about the scalability of this emerging approach.

According to Gambetta, a new iteration of IBM’s Heron Quantum Computer was launched at Riken in June, boasting reduced error rates compared to its predecessors. He anticipates noteworthy hardware advancements in the near future.

Moreover, researchers have fine-tuned the SQD algorithm to bolster how Heron and Fugaku collaborate in parallel, making the process more efficient. Meltz compares the current status to that of traditional supercomputers from the 1980s, highlighting numerous unresolved issues. Nevertheless, the infusion of new technology promises significant returns.

Topics:

Chemistry /
Quantum Computing

Source: www.newscientist.com

Top Sci-Fi Books of 2025: Featuring Adrian Tchaikovsky and Martha Wells

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Here and beyond, it takes 42 light years to reach the new planet

Gremlin/Getty Images

This year has been quite promising for science fiction. My top pick so far is Hal Lacroix’s Here and Beyond, especially as I’m captivated by the Ark storyline.

In “Take the Trope,” Lacroix depicts a spacecraft named Shing World en route to HD-40307G, a journey spanning 42 light-years. Consequently, none of the 600 passengers will live to see their destination; only the seventh generation will witness the creation of planets.

Strict regulations govern life aboard the ship. Passengers receive treatments to maintain health but cannot have children until reaching their 50s. Every aspect of their existence must align with the mission—reaching the planet—since no current resident will see it.

The Arkship narrative (or Generation Ship story) must navigate the challenge of switching between characters across generations. Fortunately, Lacroix excels at quickly establishing compelling characters. As generations pass, readers become experts in the history of Shipworld, enriching the unfolding drama. This dynamic allows us to witness the evolution of living history as it slips into the distant past for the inhabitants.

Interestingly, Lacroix sometimes sidesteps the most dramatic moments, opting instead for an understated approach. This artistic decision often leaves significant events in the shadows, such as a mysterious object that impacts the shipworld.

Personally, the ending didn’t resonate with me, but crafting a satisfying conclusion to a story spanning 360 years is no small task.

Fans of Alexander Skarsgård’s portrayal of Murder Bot on Apple TV+ might enjoy the original story. Thankfully, Martha Wells’s The Murderer’s Diary has been released in a three-volume Omnibus version earlier this year. (Interestingly, when I first read, I perceived Murderbot as female, a common assignment of gender among readers. Hence, I was surprised when Skarsgård was cast to voice “her.”)

Adrian Tchaikovsky has entered a particularly prolific phase, exploring non-human intelligence in his upcoming works. In February, he released Shroud, featuring a uniquely terrifying extraterrestrial life form. Last month, his third book, The Dog of War, titled Bee Speaker, was published. Though less recognized than his acclaimed series Children of Time, these stories delve into the capabilities of non-human animals.

It’s refreshing to see Tchaikovsky embracing creativity through his perspectives on animals. His journey began with Rex, a character that perplexingly balances being a devoted dog and a formidable seven-foot “bio-o-form” combatant.

This year has also introduced notable AI-themed novels. Laila Lalami’s deeply crafted dystopian work, Dream Hotel, and Grace Chan’s nuanced virtual reality narrative, All Versions of Yours, transport humans escaping climate disasters by uploading their consciousness into a digital paradise.

Meanwhile, Kaliane Bradley’s hit novel Time Saving was released in paperback in March, providing a delightful alternative for those who missed the hardcover edition. It’s an engaging read brimming with vibrant energy. Another standout from April was Roz Dineen’s beautifully written climate change narrative.

The second half of this year promises even more thought-provoking science fiction. I eagerly await sharing these discoveries with you.

Emily H. Wilson is the author of the Sumerian trilogy.

New Scientist Book Club

Are you a reader? Join a welcoming community of fellow book lovers. Every six weeks, we dive into captivating new titles, with members gaining free access to excerpts from the book, author articles, and video interviews.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Energy Drinks: Simple Additions to Minimize Tooth Damage

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Energy drinks can enhance your mood, but excessive intake may harm your dental health.

Shutterstock/Francesco de Marc

SEI 257592222 — Energy drinks can enhance your mood, but excessive intake may harm your dental health.

Shutterstock/Francesco de Marc

Calcium-fortified energy drinks may mitigate tooth damage, though the impact on flavor remains uncertain.

Research reveals that dental enamel starts to erode when exposed to liquids with a pH below 5.5.

Investigating solutions, Eric Jacom from the University of Rio Grande and Grande in Brazil, along with his team, experimented with adding calcium and other minerals to standard Red Bull to assess the pH impact.

Notable combinations included calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, raising pH from 3.96 (for standard Red Bull) to 5.27, while dicoum malonate and calcium citrate both increased acidity.

The researchers exposed enamel samples from donated human teeth to these enhanced energy drinks for two minutes, evaluating changes in texture, hardness, and other indicators of enamel erosion.

All calcium-enriched variants showed less effect on roughness compared to the unmodified Red Bull, despite having a lower pH. Experts believe this might be due to calcium’s regenerative properties, which aid in mineral deposition on enamel to repair natural wear.

The formulation containing 2.15 grams of calcium-phosphorus-potassium mix and 2.5 grams of dicoum malate sustained enamel hardness. However, the former offers the most protective benefits, demonstrating a dual action of lowering calcium depletion while reducing acidity.

Future investigations should focus on identifying the optimal calcium formulation and the minimum concentration necessary to minimize enamel erosion, the researchers noted in their paper. Additionally, it is crucial to determine if calcium enhancement influences drink preferences and consumption patterns.

Before any shifts in formulation, David Bartlett from King’s College London advises that it’s premature to adjust energy drink compositions. “We recommend avoiding acidic foods or drinks between meals.” Consuming acidic foods and beverages in moderation is seen as less harmful since increased saliva helps neutralize some acid.

A representative from the UK Soft Drinks Association stated: “It’s important to reiterate that all soft beverages can be safely enjoyed within a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle.

Red Bull has not responded to requests for comment.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Nature from New Heights: 18 Aerial Photos You Won’t Forget

Posted on July 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

From molten lava coursing through ice-covered landscapes to sharks gracefully swimming in crystal-clear turquoise waters, viewing nature from an aerial vantage point provides a breathtaking perspective on our planet’s terrain and wildlife.

Welcome to the inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year Competition. This contest invited both professional and amateur photographers from around the globe to submit their entries, which were judged against high standards (yes, pun intended).

The first prize was awarded to Joanna Steidle, a professional drone pilot and artist. Her remarkable photograph, along with other prominent entries from the competition, can be explored below.

plane! plane! – David Mielowski

The airplane’s shadow dances over the vibrant waters of the Hat Lagoon in Western Australia. Photo: David Mielowski/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year