Revolutionary Solution for Cosmic Acceleration: Overcoming Dark Energy Challenges

Posted on January 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers from the Center for Applied Space Technology and Microgravity at the University of Bremen and the University of Transylvania in Brașov have unveiled a groundbreaking theoretical framework that challenges our understanding of the universe’s accelerating expansion, potentially rendering dark energy obsolete. They suggest that this acceleration may be an intrinsic characteristic of space-time geometry, rather than a result of unknown cosmic forces.

This artist’s impression traces the evolution of the universe from the Big Bang, through the formation of the Cosmic Microwave Background, to the emergence of galaxies. Image credit: M. Weiss / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

For over 25 years, scientists have been puzzled by the unexpected observation that the expansion of the universe is accelerating, counter to the gravitational pull.

In the 1990s, astronomers identified this acceleration through observations of distant Type Ia supernovae, leading to the prevalent theory of dark energy, an invisible force believed to drive this expansion.

Nevertheless, the actual nature of dark energy remains elusive within the Standard Model of cosmology.

Dr. Christian Pfeiffer and his team propose that we may better understand this cosmic acceleration by re-evaluating the geometric framework used to describe gravity.

Central to modern cosmology is Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which details how matter and energy shape space-time.

The universe’s evolution is modeled using the Friedman equation, which originates from Einstein’s principles.

The researchers introduce an innovative solution based on Finsler gravity, an extension of Einstein’s theory.

This approach enhances our understanding of spacetime geometry and allows for a more nuanced exploration of how matter, especially gases, interacts with gravity.

Unlike general relativity, which depends on rigid geometric forms, Finsler gravity presents a more versatile space-time geometry.

With this methodology, the authors recalibrated the equations governing cosmic expansion.

Informed by the Finsler framework, the modified Friedman equation predicts the universe’s acceleration phenomena without necessitating the introduction of dark energy.

In essence, the accelerating expansion emerges directly from the geometry of space-time itself.

“This is a promising hint that we may explain the universe’s accelerating expansion partly without dark energy, drawing from generalized space-time geometry,” Pfeiffer remarked.

This concept does not entirely dismiss dark energy or invalidate the Standard Model.

Instead, it implies that some effects attributed to dark energy might have their roots in a deeper understanding of gravity.

“This fresh geometric outlook on the dark energy dilemma provides avenues for a richer comprehension of the universe’s foundational laws,” stated Dr. Pfeiffer.

The research team’s paper is published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

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Christian Pfeiffer et al. 2025. From a moving gas to an exponentially expanding universe, the Finsler-Friedman equation. JCAP 10:050; DOI: 10.1088/1475-7516/2025/10/050

Source: www.sci.news

New Troodontid Dinosaur with Thick Skull Discovered in Mexico

Posted on January 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study by a team of paleontologists from Mexico and the United States has unveiled a new species of bird-like dinosaur, Xenovenator Espinosai, notable for its exceptionally thick, dome-shaped skull. This unique adaptation suggests it may have engaged in headbutting behaviors during conflicts with its peers.

Reconstruction of the life of Xenovenator Espinosai. Image credit: Connor Ashbridge / CC BY 4.0.

This newly identified dinosaur species thrived during the late Cretaceous period, approximately 73 million years ago.

Xenovenator Espinosai is part of the Troodontidae family, which includes agile theropod dinosaurs closely related to modern birds.

The holotype and paratype specimens were uncovered during surface sampling in the Cerro del Pueblo Formation located in Coahuila state, northern Mexico, in the early 2000s.

While Troodontids are recognized for their larger brains and heightened sensory capabilities, this species distinguishes itself through an exceptionally thick skull roof.

The holotype specimen retains nearly the entire brain case, showcasing a strongly dome-shaped structure that reaches thicknesses of up to 1.2 cm.

CT scans reveal that the skull features a dense architecture with closely interlocked sutures and a rugged, textured exterior.

This structural resemblance to the reinforced skulls of dome-headed pachycephalosaurs highlights an evolutionary adaptation for intraspecific combat, particularly head-butting.

While display structures and combat weapons are common among many dinosaur species, detailed adaptations for fighting have yet to be recorded in non-avian maniraptoran theropods.

The paratype specimen of Xenovenator Espinosai shows less pronounced cranial thickening, which may indicate variability due to age or sex, suggesting that the most significant skull enhancements occurred later in development or were selective to one sex.

“The thickened, deformed skull of Xenovenator Espinosai is unparalleled among maniraptorans, with its precise function remaining unclear,” stated lead author Dr. Hector Rivera Silva from Museo del Desierto.

“Several traits that appear to serve no obvious survival advantage, such as cranial horns and crests, may be the result of sexual selection.”

“In contemporary mammals and birds, these attributes can be utilized for display or as weapons during courtship.”

“Considering our findings—skull thickening, cranial doming, and intricate sutures—it is likely that the domed skull of Xenovenator Espinosai was an adaptation for intraspecific combat,” they added.

This discovery marks the first documented case of a parabird exhibiting a specialized skull for combat among its species.

Interestingly, researchers noted that wrinkled frontal bones and similar features in the maxilla and nasal bones of troodontids may suggest widespread intraspecific fighting, with heightened intensity observed in Xenovenator Espinosai.

The phylogenetic analysis indicates that despite being part of a larger North American troodontid lineage, Xenovenator Espinosai’s distinctively thick, domed skull highlights its unique evolutionary niche within the group.

The recurrent evolution of intricate display features and weapons during the Cretaceous hints at the increasing importance of sexual selection in dinosaur evolution.

This finding enriches our understanding of the diversity among troodontid dinosaurs from southern Laramidia, offering rare insights into how even smaller, lighter theropods developed traits specialized for physical confrontation.

Researchers propose that related species like Xenovenator Robustus signify a distinct clade of heavily built troodontids endemic to the Southwest, emphasizing the uniqueness and diversity of southern Laramidian fauna.

“Sexual selection, encompassing adaptations for display and combat, was likely a pervasive phenomenon among dinosaurs during the Late Cretaceous period,” they concluded.

For further details on this discovery, refer to the research paper published in the journal Diversity.

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Hector E. Rivera-Silva et al. 2026. A troodontid theropod with a thick skull that lived in late Cretaceous Mexico. Diversity 18(1):38; doi: 10.3390/d18010038

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Evolutionary Origins of Same-Sex Sexual Behavior in Primate Species

Posted on January 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Same-sex sexual activity isn’t exclusive to humans; various primates engage in it too.

A recent study identified 59 non-human primate species, including bonobos, chimpanzees, and macaques, that exhibit same-sex behavior.

This extensive research, published in Nature Ecology & Evolution, is the most thorough review to date of same-sex behavior among primates (excluding humans). The findings challenge existing assumptions about the purpose of sexual activities within the animal kingdom and indicate that sex may serve a more complex social function.

The authors propose that same-sex behavior has evolved to assist primates in navigating complex social structures, reducing conflict, and strengthening bonds. They suggest that both genetic factors and external environmental stresses influence this behavior.

Vincent Savolainen, director of the Georgina Mace Center for the Living Planet at Imperial College London and lead author of the study, stated: “Our findings illustrate that homosexuality is not an anomaly; it’s widespread, beneficial, and essential.”

In their study, Savolainen and colleagues evaluated existing data from 491 primate species, focusing on documented instances of same-sex sexual activities.

“The behaviors observed included mounting, ventral-to-ventral, or ventral-to-dorsal contact, genital touching, and fellatio, encompassing both male-to-male and female-to-female interactions,” the study highlighted. Non-sexual same-sex interactions were excluded to maintain clarity.

Findings suggest that same-sex behavior is more prevalent among animals needing social cohesion to endure harsh environmental conditions, facing predation risks, or competing for resources. It is particularly common in social structures with rigid hierarchies, where sexual behaviors help individuals manage competition and foster alliances to reduce intergroup aggression.

“People often underestimate the significance of same-sex behavior in societal dynamics; it is as crucial as eating, fighting, parenting, and nurturing,” Savolainen remarked.

He likened same-sex sexual interactions to a form of “currency” that may enhance social standing, create opportunities, and facilitate resource sharing.

“In times of social strife, utilizing same-sex behavior can be advantageous,” Savolainen explained.

He noted that while this behavior is likely to be present in more than 23 primate species, limited data in the field and a lack of focused studies hinder comprehensive understanding.

Observing and interpreting same-sex sexual behavior can be challenging for scientists. Historically, many researchers viewed these behaviors as unusual and neglected documentation. Additionally, securing funding for studies on same-sex behavior in animals has been difficult, particularly from government sources.

“We have a plethora of species about which we lack knowledge. This knowledge gap is significant,” Savolainen warned. “Unless we incorporate same-sex behavior into our understanding of social dynamics, we can’t fully grasp how societies operate. We aim to gather more data in forthcoming studies.”

While the new research doesn’t directly relate its findings to contemporary human sexual behavior, it suggests that our ancestors experienced social and environmental pressures similar to those driving same-sex behavior in other primates.

Prior studies have indicated that widespread same-sex behavior exists in macaques and that certain traits are genetically inherited. Some behaviors can be linked to specific genetic lineages. Female bonobos often engage in genital rubbing during stressful situations, and same-sex behavior has also been documented in chimpanzees.

Marlene Zook, an evolutionary biologist at the University of Minnesota who studies same-sex behavior in animals, commented on the interesting breadth of the analysis.

“The extensive range of data collected in this study is particularly impressive,” she noted.

Zook expressed no surprise at the conclusion emphasizing the influence of environmental and social factors on same-sex behavior. The study prompts a reconsideration of widespread misconceptions regarding animal sexual conduct, emphasizing its complexity beyond mere reproduction.

“Sexual behavior often transcends reproduction, a fact evident in our species. However, many tend to overlook this reality in animals,” Zook observed. “People seem to assume that animals, unlike humans, conduct sexual activities purely for procreation purposes, which is quite inaccurate.”

Zook added that the scientific community has traditionally dismissed the concept of a “gay gene” that directly influences homosexual behavior.

“No single gene dictates homosexual behavior in humans or other animals. Instead, a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors shape nearly all behaviors and traits, whether they be physical or psychological,” she concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Study Reveals How Space Travel Alters Astronauts’ Brain Shape and Position

Posted on January 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study reveals that astronauts’ brains can experience changes in shape and position during their time in space, presenting significant implications for NASA’s objectives of long-duration missions to the Moon and Mars.

Published on Monday in the Journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, the research indicates that astronauts’ brains tilted upward after spaceflight, deviating from their normal Earth position and shifting within their skulls. The study identified that areas associated with sensory functions, motion sickness, disorientation, and balance were notably affected.

This research contributes to the evolving field of aerospace medicine, which investigates the physical toll spaceflight and microgravity exert on the human body. Such insights are crucial for planning NASA’s ambitious projects to establish a base on the Moon and conduct crewed missions deeper into the solar system.

“Understanding these changes and their implications is vital for ensuring astronauts’ safety and health, as well as ensuring their longevity in space,” stated Rachel Seidler, a professor at the University of Florida and co-author of the study.

Seidler and her team examined MRI scans of 26 astronauts taken before and after their missions in orbit. The duration of spaceflight varied from a few weeks (for Space Shuttle missions) to about six months (the typical length for International Space Station missions). Some astronauts even spent a year aboard the station.

“Those who spent a year in space exhibited the most significant changes,” Seidler revealed. “We observed noticeable alterations even in astronauts who were in space for just two weeks, indicating that duration is a key factor.”

She added that among astronauts who remained in microgravity for over six months, the upward movement of their brains was “quite widespread,” particularly within the upper brain structures.

“The movement is in the range of a few millimeters. While this might not seem significant, in terms of brain dynamics, it truly is,” she noted.

Seidler pointed out that the observed brain changes often lead to “sensory conflicts” while astronauts are in space, resulting in temporary disorientation and motion sickness. Upon returning to Earth, such changes may also contribute to balance issues as astronauts readjust to the planet’s gravity. However, the study did not report any severe symptoms, like headaches or cognitive impairment, either during or after spaceflight.

“That was a surprise to me,” Seidler remarked.

For a comparative analysis, the research team also examined brain scans of 24 civilian participants who underwent bed rest for up to 60 days with their heads positioned at a 6-degree angle downward, mimicking microgravity conditions. Similar changes in brain position and shape were observed, yet astronauts’ brains displayed a more pronounced upward shift.

Dr. Mark Rosenberg, assistant professor of neurology and director of the Aerospace and Performance Neurology Program at the Medical University of South Carolina, emphasized that while the effects of spaceflight on the brain have been recognized, Seidler’s study is pioneering in documenting how these upward shifts impact astronauts both in space and upon their return to Earth.

“While we knew the brain shifted upward, we needed to explore any operational consequences,” said Rosenberg, who did not participate in the study. “This work helps clarify those relationships.”

The findings prompt additional questions for future studies, including whether brain changes differ between male and female astronauts and whether the age of crew members influences these changes. However, gathering a comprehensive dataset is challenged by the limited number of astronauts launched to the International Space Station each year, a demographic that has predominantly been male.

Further research is essential to establish whether the observed brain changes have long-term repercussions.

Currently, these changes do not appear to be permanent, similar to various physiological changes astronauts experience post-mission, such as bone density loss, muscle atrophy, and fluid redistribution. Once the body readjusts to Earth’s gravity, conditions largely normalize, Rosenberg explained.

However, it remains uncertain whether different gravitational environments might introduce new complications.

“If an astronaut were on Mars, which has one-third of Earth’s gravity, or on the Moon, with one-sixth of Earth’s gravity, how much longer would it take to return to normal?” Rosenberg queried.

Both he and Seidler assert that the current findings shouldn’t deter humans from spending extended periods in space. It is crucial, however, to comprehend any potential long-lasting damage and identify strategies to mitigate it.

“Whether we acknowledge it or not, we are destined to become a spacefaring species,” Rosenberg concluded. “It’s merely a matter of time. These are just some of the essential questions we need to address.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Transform Your 2026 Fitness Goals: Why Going Mobile is Key

Posted on January 13, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Enhancing Mobility: A Priority for 2026

Sally Anderson / Alamy

Senior Chinese man exercising in outdoor gym, performing splits at Tiantan Park, Beijing, China, Asia — Enhancing Mobility: A Priority for 2026

Sally Anderson / Alamy

It’s that time of year again to set New Year’s resolutions. Last year, my mission was to complete a half marathon, a target I had attempted unsuccessfully multiple times before. I am thrilled to share that I achieved this in 2025, gaining valuable insights into the world of New Year’s fitness goals.

The most significant lesson I’ve learned is that establishing specific, measurable targets is incredibly effective. A year ago, I couldn’t claim to be a runner; in fact, running was something I dreaded. I could have easily set a vague goal like “start running” or “keep running,” but I realized that wouldn’t propel me forward.

Why is specificity key? Because enhancing fitness is challenging, especially at the outset. Each run in my early training felt equally daunting. Without a target like completing the race, it’s likely I would have settled for minimal effort.

That’s why the half marathon goal was essential for me. It kept my focus sharp during tough times and necessitated incorporating running into my regular workout schedule, regardless of my initial resistance. Today, I genuinely enjoy running and do it daily. This transformation has reinforced my belief in the efficacy of New Year’s fitness resolutions. While they may seem like annual goals, they can foster long-term habits. Notably, a 2020 study indicated that 55% of over 1,000 participants felt successful in maintaining their New Year resolutions a year later.

With that in mind, I am creatively approaching my 2026 fitness resolutions by focusing on a fundamental yet often neglected aspect of fitness: mobility. This refers to the body’s capability to move through its full range of motion—an essential element for preventing injuries. According to a 2019 analysis encompassing 20 studies, individuals exhibiting low mobility were approximately 50% more likely to sustain injuries compared to their more agile counterparts.

Further research appears to support this. One study conducted on more than 3,100 individuals found that enhanced flexibility considerably reduced mortality risk over 13 years. Similarly, a 2020 study demonstrated that consistent stretching decreases arterial stiffness, lowers heart rate, and contributes to better blood pressure.

In pursuit of this goal, I’ve made it my 2026 New Year’s resolution to master the splits. While this may appear comical, aiming for such a tangible and measurable achievement can significantly bolster your commitment to mobility practices.

Of course, mastering the splits isn’t suitable for everyone. The important takeaway is to select a goal that aligns with your fitness aspirations while being specific enough to recognize when you’ve achieved it. I encourage you to think innovatively. If your aim is to build strength, strive for unassisted pull-ups. Alternatively, for a longevity boost, focus on extending your capacity to balance on one leg. Ultimately, the key lies in setting clear goals with definite endpoints that provide a sense of accomplishment when attained.

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Grace Wade is a health reporter for New Scientist. Sign up for her newsletter, Get Healthier in 8 Weeks, at newscientist.com/healthier-you

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Roman Occupation Revolutionized Sanitation in Pompeii’s Public Baths

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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The Stavian Baths in Pompeii, one of the first bathhouses built by the Samnites

Icas94/De Agostini via Getty Images

Visiting the public baths in Pompeii meant immersing in water that was often contaminated with sweat and urine, until Roman innovations in sanitation improved the experience.

Commonly perceived as a quintessential Roman city due to its proximity—about 240 kilometers southeast of Rome—Pompeii was predominantly inhabited by the Samnites for much of its history. It fell under Roman control after 80 BC, just 160 years before the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried the city in volcanic ash.

Much like the Romans, the Samnites valued bathing and constructed at least two public baths—the Stavian Baths and the Republican Baths—after 130 BC.

Dr. Gul Surmelihindi and a team from the University of Mainz analyzed mineral deposits within these ancient baths to better understand their water quality.

Interestingly, the water quality was subpar. “The water in the heated pool at the Republican Baths shows low stable carbon isotope values, indicating a high level of organic matter,” stated Surmelihindi.

Crucially, when examining deposits in the 40-meter-deep well supplying water to the pool, researchers found minimal organic matter. “This suggests that contamination likely happened within the pool itself, probably from sweat, oily skin secretions, or urine from bathers,” explains Surmelihindi.

Time and convenience were significant factors; drawing water from wells manually was labor-intensive, yielding only 900 to 5,000 liters per hour—sufficient to refill the baths once or twice daily.

The landscape changed dramatically under Roman rule. Within decades, an aqueduct was constructed to transport water from a natural spring about 35 km northeast of Pompeii. “Building an aqueduct symbolizes both prestige and priority; if one city has one, others will follow,” Surmelihindi remarked.

Inside the Water Castle, Pompeii’s aqueduct distribution structure

Seeds Passier

Researchers estimate that Pompeii’s aqueduct was capable of supplying 167,000 liters of water each hour, allowing for much more frequent refills of the public baths and providing residents with a new, reliable source of drinking water.

This shift led to increased hygiene in the public baths, as shown by the significantly lower amounts of organic carbon found in the drain deposits of the Roman Stavian baths, indicating a reduced concentration of sweat and urine due to more frequent refills.

However, improved water infrastructure did not automatically guarantee public health. Prior to the aqueduct’s construction, many residents relied on rainwater collected from rooftops. Subsequently, drinking water was sourced from the aqueduct via a network of lead pipes. Lead can cause serious health issues, including brain damage according to the World Health Organization.

While mineral deposits over time could reduce lead contamination, researchers caution that each time a section of the city’s pipes is repaired, lead contamination could spike again.

“Pompeii’s elite likely enjoyed access to cleaner water due to their residences, which featured large atriums and roofs designed to collect rainwater in cisterns,” explains Duncan Keenan-Jones from the University of Manchester, UK. In contrast, poorer residents, potentially living above shops, depended on lead-contaminated water from public fountains.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exciting Sci-Fi Movies Coming in 2026: Must-Watch Releases

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ryan Gosling in “Project Hail Mary”

Universal Pictures

This year, the promising green buds of recovery have flourished in the film industry. Expect tighter scripts, lower-budget projects—which allow studios to take more risks—and an overall more enjoyable movie-watching experience.

Mark your calendars for January 16th, as 28 Years Later: Temple of Bones will finally realize its long-awaited potential, arriving in 2025. Cillian Murphy returns, reprising his role from the original 28 Days Later, while Jack O’Connell’s acrobatic murder cult “The Jimmy’s” makes an intriguing appearance.

Nia DaCosta will take the director’s helm, a much-deserved opportunity after the struggles faced with Marvels. The screenplay, penned by Alex Garland, is poised to set the stage for DaCosta’s resurgence.

February sees the release of the remarkable science fiction film Do Your Best, Have Fun, and Don’t Die, starring Sam Rockwell as a time traveler who takes hostages in a Los Angeles diner to alter the fate of the world.

Gore Verbinski returns with a new project, following mixed reviews for his last film, Remedies for Health. Fans of his unique style have high hopes for this dynamic and adventurous narrative.

Anticipation builds for Guillermo del Toro’s latest work, Frankenstein, slated for release on March 6, featuring Maggie Gyllenhaal’s directorial debut with Jesse Buckley and Christian Bale in leading roles.

Bride of Frankenstein, a fresh take on James Whale’s 1935 classic, offers a modern twist as the duo embarks on a thrilling escapade reminiscent of Bonnie and Clyde.

For genre enthusiasts, Project Hail Mary, launching on March 20, promises to be an unmissable treat. Directed by Phil Lord and Christopher Miller, this adaptation of Andy Weir’s novel stars Ryan Gosling as Ryland Grace, a science teacher who awakens in a spaceship with no recollection of his identity, just as the sun faces extinction.

“
This year promises tighter scripts, cheaper projects, and a more enjoyable movie-watching experience.
“

In The Dog Stars, directed by Ridley Scott and featuring Jacob Elordi and Josh Brolin, survival becomes paramount in a post-influenza pandemic world as the characters grapple with a mysterious radio signal that may bring hope.

Furthermore, Steven Spielberg has an awaiting UFO film lined up for a June 6th release, showcasing his storytelling prowess alongside screenwriter David Cope. Starring Emily Blunt, Josh O’Connor, and Colin Firth, the teaser for this much-anticipated film is now available online.

In I Love Booster, Demi Moore leads an ensemble cast in a satirical sci-fi narrative about the implications of fast fashion, a follow-up to the acclaimed Sorry to Bother You directed by Boots Riley.

Flower Veil Street, set to release on August 14, is penned and directed by David Robert Mitchell. This thriller stars Anne Hathaway and Ewan McGregor as a couple in the 1980s facing bizarre occurrences within their neighborhood—following up on Mitchell’s cult hit, It Follows.

The much-anticipated follow-up to Na Hong-jin’s 2016 Voice of Lamentation centers around a ghostly tiger, unveiling twists amid extraterrestrial elements including Alicia Vikander and Michael Fassbender.

As we move toward December 18th, die-hard sci-fi fans await Dune: Part 3, the continuation of Denis Villeneuve’s captivating visuals of Frank Herbert’s legendary novel series.

Reflecting on Dune Messiah, this next chapter promises a blend of profound inner dialogue and complex themes. Fingers crossed, Villeneuve delivers another cinematic masterpiece.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Evolutionary Reasons Behind Same-Sex Sexual Behavior

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Male baboon (*Papio hamadryas*) showcases dominance through mounting behavior.

Credit: Ger Bosma/Alamy

Male Hamadryas baboon displaying dominance — Male baboon (*Papio hamadryas*) showcases dominance through mounting behavior.

Credit: Ger Bosma/Alamy

Same-sex sexual behavior in monkeys and apes may enhance social standing and increase reproductive success, particularly in harsh environments with predators or limited food resources.

This conclusion stems from a study exploring variations in same-sex behavior across primate species, suggesting that such behavior, contrary to popular belief, is an adaptive trait aiding survival.

Historically, same-sex behavior has been dismissed as “unnatural.” However, it has now been documented in at least 1,500 animal species, including insects, dolphins, bison, and bonobos.

This could be just the beginning of a larger understanding; many species remain understudied. Additionally, same-sex activities may often go unrecognized due to ambiguous gender identification. Even when recognized, they may not be reported.

In research covering around 20 mammalian species over extended periods, 80% exhibit same-sex behavior. In a detailed study of a rhesus macaque colony (Macaca mulatta) in Cayo Santiago, Puerto Rico, researchers found that three-quarters of males engage in homosexual behavior, according to findings by Vincent Savolainen from Imperial College London.

The prevalence of same-sex behavior poses the question: why is it so common?

This phenomenon is often referred to as “Darwin’s paradox,” arising from the assumption that homosexual behavior is maladaptive, offering no reproductive advantage.

Several theories have been proposed to explain the high occurrence of same-sex behavior, despite its perceived maladaptive nature. One theory suggests that such acts may occur due to the inability of individuals to distinguish between genders. While this idea holds for simpler animals, it likely does not apply to complex animals such as apes and dolphins.

Another explanation is that same-sex behavior could be a byproduct of natural selection for other traits. For instance, some traits enhancing reproductive success in females could be linked to the increased likelihood of homosexuality in males.

Importantly, same-sex behavior may hold adaptive value. One theory suggests it aids males in forming alliances, enhancing their access to females. “Same-sex behavior serves as a social currency within these societies,” Savolainen explains.

His team analyzed data on same-sex behavior in 59 primate species, correlating it with various environmental and social factors. Notably, they observed that same-sex interactions are more prevalent in complex societies and dryer habitats where food scarcity and predation pressure are heightened.

The increased frequency of such behavior in stressful environments suggests its adaptive nature. If same-sex acts were purely for enjoyment, we would expect them to be less frequent in these conditions.

“Same-sex behavior may foster cooperation and cohesion by strengthening social bonds, which is particularly vital in challenging environments,” notes team member Chloe Coxshall, also from Imperial.

However, to establish the adaptive value, this behavior must show a link to enhanced fitness and increased offspring. “This is precisely what I aim to examine in monkey populations,” Savolainen states.

While conclusive evidence identifying same-sex behavior as adaptive in certain primate species remains elusive, scientific inquiry may soon challenge outdated perceptions surrounding this behavior.

What implications does this research hold for understanding human homosexual behavior? If validated, these findings may clarify its commonality. Researchers emphasize that these insights do not dictate moral judgments about such actions, thereby avoiding the naturalistic fallacy—wherein human behavior is evaluated through the lens of animal behavior.

Nevertheless, it’s intriguing to consider that redefining “the fittest” may be necessary in the context of survival of the fittest.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Quantum Computers Could Enhance Exoplanet Imaging for Clearer Views

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of an Exoplanet

Credit: ESA/Hubble (M. Kornmesser)

Innovative quantum computers may enhance our ability to detect exoplanets and analyze their characteristics in unprecedented detail.

Astronomers have identified thousands of planets beyond our solar system, but they believe billions of exoplanets remain to be uncovered. This exploration is crucial for the search for extraterrestrial life, though the distance from Earth complicates direct observations.

Johannes Borregard and his team at Harvard University propose that quantum computing technology could dramatically streamline this endeavor.

Capturing images of exoplanets involves detecting their faint light signals, which diminish as they traverse vast cosmic distances. Additionally, these signals can be obscured by the light of nearby stars, creating additional challenges.

According to Borregard, his NASA colleagues illustrated the difficulty of this task, likening it to locating a single photon amidst a sea of light during telescope observations.

Traditional processing methods struggle with such weak signals. However, quantum computers can harness the quantum states of incoming photons, utilizing their unique properties to gather crucial data about exoplanets. This approach could transform what typically produces indistinct images or singular blurred points into clear visuals of distant worlds, revealing light-based markers of molecules present on these exoplanets.

The central concept of the team’s proposal suggests that light from an exoplanet interacts with a quantum computing device crafted from specially engineered diamond. This technology has already shown success in storing quantum states of photons. These states would then be transmitted to an advanced quantum computer designed to process and generate images of exoplanets. In their model, Borregard and his colleagues envision the second device utilizing ultracold atoms, which have demonstrated significant potential in recent experiments.

Research indicates that employing quantum devices in this manner could produce images using only one-hundredth, or even one-thousandth, of the photons needed in conventional methods. Essentially, in scenarios of extremely weak light, quantum systems could surpass existing technology.

“Since photons adhere to quantum mechanics principles, it is intuitive to explore quantum approaches for detecting and processing light from exoplanets,” notes Cosmolpo from the Polytechnic University of Bari, Italy. However, he acknowledges that realizing this proposal poses significant challenges, necessitating precise control over both quantum computers and effective coordination between them.

Borregard concurs, recognizing promising experimental advancements in employing diamond-based and cryogenic quantum computers. He highlights that establishing a connection between these systems is currently a focus for several research teams, including his own.

Lupo introduces another innovative strategy leveraging quantum light properties. Current initiatives utilizing quantum devices have already begun to observe stars in the Canis Minor constellation. “I am eager to witness the influence of quantum computing on imaging and astronomy in the future,” he states. “This new research represents a pivotal step in that direction.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Simulating the Human Brain with Supercomputers: Exploring Advanced Neuroscience Technology

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

3D MRI Scan of the Human Brain

K H FUNG/Science Photo Library

3D MRI scan of human brain — 3D MRI Scan of the Human Brain

K H FUNG/Science Photo Library

Simulating the human brain involves using advanced computing power to model billions of neurons, aiming to replicate the intricacies of real brain function. Researchers aspire to enhance brain simulations, uncovering secrets of cognition with enhanced understanding of neuronal wiring.

Historically, researchers have focused on isolating specific brain regions for simulations to elucidate particular functions. However, a comprehensive model encompassing the entire brain has yet to be achieved. As Markus Diesmann from the Jülich Research Center in Germany notes, “This is now changing.”

This shift is largely due to the emergence of state-of-the-art supercomputers, nearing exascale capabilities—performing billions of operations per second. Currently, only four such machines exist, according to the Top 500 list. Diesmann’s team is set to execute extensive brain simulations on one such supercomputer, named JUPITER (Joint Venture Pioneer for Innovative Exascale Research in Germany).

Recently, Diesmann and colleagues demonstrated that a simple model of brain neurons and their synapses, known as a spiking neural network, can be configured to leverage JUPITER’s thousands of GPUs. This scaling can achieve 20 billion neurons and 100 trillion connections, effectively mimicking the human cerebral cortex, the hub of higher brain functions.

These simulations promise more impactful outcomes than previous models of smaller brains such as fruit flies. Recent insights from large language models reveal that larger systems exhibit behaviors unattainable in their smaller counterparts. “We recognize that expansive networks demonstrate qualitatively different capabilities than their reduced size equivalents,” asserts Diesmann. “It’s evident that larger networks offer unique functionalities.”

Thomas Novotny from the University of Sussex emphasizes that downscaling risks omitting crucial characteristics entirely. “Conducting full-scale simulations is vital; without it, we can’t truly replicate reality,” Novotny states.

The model in development at JUPITER is founded on empirical data from limited neuron and synapse experiments in humans. As Johanna Cenk, a collaborator with Diesmann at Sussex, explains, “We have anatomical data constraints coupled with substantial computational power.”

Comprehensive brain simulations could facilitate tests of foundational theories regarding memory formation—an endeavor impractical with miniature models or actual brains. Testing such theories might involve inputting images to observe neural responses and analyze alterations in memory formation with varying brain sizes. Furthermore, this approach could aid in drug testing, such as assessing impacts on a model of epilepsy characterized by abnormal brain activity.

The enhanced computational capabilities enable rapid brain simulations, thereby assisting researchers in understanding gradual processes such as learning, as noted by Senk. Additionally, researchers can devise more intricate biological models detailing neuronal changes and firings.

Nonetheless, despite the ability to simulate vast brain networks, Novotny acknowledges considerable gaps in knowledge. Even simplified whole-brain models for organisms like fruit flies fail to replicate authentic animal behavior.

Simulations run on supercomputers are fundamentally limited, lacking essential features inherent to real brains, such as real-world environmental inputs. “While we can simulate brain size, we cannot fully replicate a functional brain,” warns Novotny.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding Probability: Common Misconceptions Explained

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Language of Probability: Clarity is Key.

Makhbubakorn Ismatova/Getty Images

Language and Probability — The Language of Probability: Clarity is Key.

Makhbubakorn Ismatova/Getty Images

When someone states they are “probably” having pasta for dinner but later opts for pizza, do you find it surprising or consider them dishonest? On a more critical note, what does it imply when the United Nations asserts it is “very likely” that global temperatures will rise by over 1.5 degrees Celsius in the next decade, as reported last year? The translation between the nuances of language and the intricacies of mathematical probability can often seem challenging, yet we can discover scientific clarity through careful analysis.

Two fundamental points about probability are widely accepted: Something labeled “impossible” has a 0% chance of occurrence, while a “certain” event carries a 100% likelihood. However, confusion arises in between these extremes. Ancient Greeks, including Aristotle, differentiated between terms such as Eikos, meaning the most likely, and Pitanon, which signifies plausible. This presents challenges: persuasive rhetoric may not always align with likelihood. Additionally, both terms were translated by Cicero into the modern term probability.

The concept of a measurable mathematical approach to probability emerged significantly later, primarily in the mid-17th century during the Enlightenment. Mathematicians began to address gambling dilemmas, such as equitable distribution of winnings during interruptions. Concurrently, philosophers probed whether it was feasible to quantify varying levels of belief.

For instance, in 1690, John Locke categorized degrees of probability on a spectrum from complete certainty to confidence based on personal experience, down to testimony affected by repetition. This classification remains vital in legal contexts, both historically and presently.

The interplay between law and probability persisted among philosophers. In his writings of the mid-19th century, Jeremy Bentham criticized the inadequacy of common language in expressing evidence strength. He proposed a numerical ranking system to gauge belief strength, but ultimately deemed its subjectivity as impractical for justice.

A century later, economist John Maynard Keynes rejected Bentham’s certainty measure in favor of relational approaches. He argued that it was more effective to discuss how one probability might exceed another, focusing on the knowledge base for these estimations, thus establishing a hierarchy without offering systematic communication methods for terms such as “may” or “likely.”

Interestingly, the first systematic resolution to this challenge did not arise from mathematicians or philosophers but from a CIA intelligence analyst named Sherman Kent. In 1964, he introduced the idea of estimating probability with specific terminology for National Intelligence Estimates designed to guide policymakers. He articulated the dilemma faced by “poets,” who articulate meaning through words, versus “mathematicians,” who advocate for exact figures. Kent initiated the idea that specific words correspond to precise probabilities, designating “virtually certain” as a 93% probability, but also allowing some leeway to accommodate differing interpretations.

This framework for understanding probability transitioned from the intelligence sector to scientific applications. A review of recent research dating back to 1989 explored how both patients and medical professionals interpret terms like “may” in medical scenarios. The findings showed some alignment with Kent’s framework, although with distinctions.

Returning to the original question about the meaning of “very likely” regarding climate change, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) offers clarity with explicit definitions. According to their guidance, “very likely” signifies a 90% to 100% probability of an event’s occurrence. Alarmingly, many climate scientists now assert that temperatures have already surpassed the critical threshold of 1.5 degrees Celsius.

However, situations are rarely straightforward. Logically, the statements “Event A is likely to occur” and “Event A is unlikely to be avoided” should correlate, albeit research published last year reveals that labeling a climate forecast as “unlikely” diminishes perceived evidence strength and consensus among scientists compared to stating it’s “likely.” This cognitive bias might stem from a preference for positive framing over negative alternatives. A classic example includes a community of 600 individuals facing a health crisis; when presented with two treatment options, most favor one that saves 200 lives over one that saves 400, even if both are statistically similar.

So, what lessons can we draw from this exploration? Firstly, quantifiable data effectively enhances communication of uncertainty. If numerical specificity isn’t available, stating, “75% of the time, I plan to have pasta for dinner,” may raise eyebrows. In such instances, ensure shared understanding of terminology, even in the absence of a formalized framework like Kent’s. Lastly, accentuating the positive tends to foster acceptance of predictions. How likely is that? Well, that’s hard to quantify.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Fungi Are Revolutionizing the Future of Smart Materials – Sciworthy

Posted on January 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Imagine a future where living bacteria power our electronics, weave fibers, and revolutionize plastic. Scientists are exploring living materials made from biologically active organisms that can grow, repair, and interact dynamically with their environments. Among these, fungi stand out as nature’s recyclers, capable of colonizing a variety of surfaces such as decaying wood, plastic, and even rubber. These organisms develop robust root-like structures known as mycelium, creating materials that can self-clean and self-repair, even in complex shapes.

However, crafting living materials poses challenges, as traditional processing techniques often involve heat and chemicals that can harm or kill these organisms. Researchers must skillfully balance the processability of materials with the adaptive capabilities of living organisms. A team from the Swiss Federal Institute for Materials Science (Empa) and the Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health has innovated a technique to convert mycelium into a liquid mix of microfibers, referred to as fiber dispersion, enabling traditional processing methods while maintaining the living nature and functions of the fibers.

The team focused on rapidly growing white rot fungi, specifically the Schizophyllum commune H-48a strain, notable for its ability to secrete biochemicals that bind materials and form adhesives. Mycelium was cultivated from S. commune, kept in a nutrient-rich solution for 7 days at 30°C (86°F) with continuous agitation.

Growing these fungi in liquid media presents challenges due to their tendency to form intertwined clumps, resulting in weaker materials. To address this, researchers utilized a specialized mill with adjustable settings to break down these clumps into uniformly sized fibers, akin to the width of human hair. The resulting mixture, known as living fiber dispersion (LFD), was then redispersed in water.

Researchers experimented with LFDs to develop novel materials, including a substance that emulsifies incompatible phases like oil and water into stable mixtures, termed emulsions. This emulsifier ensures long-term stability, preventing separation over time. The team tested LFD as a biological emulsifier by mixing it with rapeseed oil at high speed, monitoring the stability of the resulting emulsion.

At concentrations of 1% and 2% LFD, the emulsions remained stable for over 25 days and withstood temperatures up to 80°C (176°F). In contrast, lower concentrations of 0.2% and 0.3% led to rapid separation. Moreover, allowing fungal growth in the emulsion for an additional 18 days resulted in further stabilizing biochemicals, slowing separation by up to four times. This suggests that LFDs could serve as low-energy, self-stabilizing emulsifiers, relevant for applications in food, cosmetics, and biomedicine—unlike traditional plant-based emulsifiers, which often require complex purification.

Researchers also created a thin film by drying the LFD in a Petri dish for three days. The densely packed fungal structure repels water and transmits light, distinguishing it from typical natural fiber-based materials. Mechanical tests showed that these LFD films could stretch up to 10 times beyond the capacity of conventional films. Remarkably, this behavior is moisture-dependent: at low humidity, the film remains rigid and brittle, while at high humidity, the rehydrated mycelium becomes as flexible as plastic. This moisture-induced change acts as a functional switch, allowing the film to shift between brittle and flexible states based on environmental conditions.

In their final experiments, the team assessed whether LFD films could act as smart materials, observing the material’s ability to bend up to 90° within five seconds when humidity changes. This adaptability surpasses that of comparable plant-based materials. Furthermore, when multiple LFD films interacted side by side, new fiber bridges formed in alignment with adjacent films, creating patterns spontaneously. Since these fungi can naturally colonize and degrade various materials, LFD systems are inherently recyclable, promoting material return to nature.

The researchers concluded that mycelium-based LFD technology has significant potential for applications in biodegradable electronics, textiles, packaging, and soft robotics. They also proposed that genetic engineering might enable fungi to degrade an even broader range of plastics and materials, thereby enhancing recycling efforts and expanding the scope of sustainable, multifunctional bio-based materials.

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Source: sciworthy.com

NASA Schedules Astronauts’ Early Departure from ISS Amid Medical Concerns

Posted on January 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA has announced plans to return four astronauts from the International Space Station (ISS) earlier than initially scheduled due to a crew member’s health issue encountered in orbit.

According to a statement released by NASA late Friday, the undocking from the ISS is set to take place by 5 p.m. ET on Wednesday, weather permitting at the designated splashdown site off California’s coast.

This marks the first occasion in the 25-year history of the ISS that a mission has been interrupted due to a medical incident in space.

While NASA confirmed a medical issue arose earlier this week, specific details regarding the crew member’s condition or identity have not been disclosed, citing medical privacy regulations.

During a news conference on Thursday, agency officials reassured that the situation is stable, and the decision for early departure is a precautionary measure rather than an emergency evacuation.

NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated, “After consulting with Chief Medical Officer Dr. J.D. Polk and agency leaders, we concluded that it’s best for the astronauts to return Crew-11 ahead of schedule.”

The returning crew includes NASA astronauts Zena Cardman and Mike Finke, Japanese astronaut Kamiya Yui, and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov. Crew-11 was initially slated to reach the ISS in early August and remain in the laboratory until late February.

The astronauts will return in the same SpaceX Dragon capsule that transported them to the ISS. If all goes as planned, undocking will occur Wednesday night, with an expected splashdown in the Pacific Ocean around 3:40 a.m. Thursday.

NASA and SpaceX will provide further updates on the precise landing time and location as it gets closer to the undocking.

Post Crew-11’s departure, NASA will maintain one astronaut aboard the ISS to oversee U.S. scientific experiments and operations. Flight engineer Chris Williams launched aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft on November 27th and will be joined by Russian cosmonauts Sergei Kud-Sverchkov and Sergei Mikayev.

The next crew is scheduled to launch to the ISS in mid-February, with NASA considering enhancements to this mission, known as Crew-12.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

California Resident Dies from Deadly Death Cap Mushroom Poisoning

Posted on January 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Tragic Incident in California: Death from Death Cap Mushrooms

A California man tragically died last weekend after consuming death cap mushrooms, marking the state’s third fatality linked to these toxic fungi since November. This alarming trend highlights the dangers posed by foraged mushrooms.

Between November 18th and January 4th, California reported an ASTONISHING 35 cases of mushroom poisoning. In a typical year, you would find fewer than five such cases, indicating a significant spike in poisonings.

According to Sheri Cardo, a communications specialist with the state health department, “The numbers we’re dealing with this year are relatively insane.” This spike has prompted serious concerns about mushroom foraging in California.

Following these incidents, a warning was issued by the health department on December 5, advising residents against consuming foraged mushrooms. The advisory specifically noted poisonings concentrated in areas like Monterey and the San Francisco Bay.

The latest fatalities occurred in Sonoma County. The county health department confirmed this as the first death attributed to wild mushrooms this season.

Sonoma County Interim Health Officer, Dr. Michael Stacy, urged residents to only purchase mushrooms from trusted grocery stores, stressing that death cap mushrooms bear a close resemblance to various edible species.

Stacy noted, “Early rains and a mild fall have led to an outbreak of poisonous death cap mushrooms in Northern California,” as he elaborated in a press release issued last Thursday.

The California Poison Control System highlighted that some individuals affected by death cap poisoning spoke Spanish and may have applied foraging practices from their home countries. Heather Hallen-Adams, director of toxicology for the Mycological Society of North America, explained that death cap mushrooms closely resemble other Amanita species that are safe and commonly collected in Mexico.

Death cap mushrooms contain a dangerous toxin known as amatoxin. If ingested, this toxin can severely damage vital organs, including the kidneys and liver. Symptoms of poisoning often take up to 24 hours to manifest, appearing as mild nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. More severe consequences, such as liver failure, can occur within two to three days.

Hallen-Adams also stated that approximately 90% of fatal mushroom poisonings are linked to amatoxin poisoning, with even a small amount—equivalent to that of a standard sugar cube—being lethal.

Reports indicate that three individuals in California now require liver transplants due to severe wild mushroom poisoning.

The death cap mushroom, scientifically known as Amanita phalloides, is an invasive species that originated in Europe, making its way to California via imported seedlings in the 1930s. It typically thrives near oak trees and occasionally near pines, growing several inches tall, featuring white gills, a pale yellow or green cap, and a distinctive ring around its stem.

Typically, the U.S. Poison Center receives about 52 calls annually regarding amatoxin poisoning, although not all cases are reported to the center.

Mike McCurdy, president of the San Francisco Mycological Society, indicated that the risk for this season may be declining. As an avid mushroom collector, he shared that while he observed many death cap mushrooms during his outings earlier this winter, he has seen significantly fewer lately.

“I think we’re nearing the end,” McCurdy noted after spotting just one death cap mushroom on a recent trip near Lafayette, California.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Asteroid Breaks Records: Discovery via Pre-Survey Data from Vera Rubin Observatory

Posted on January 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have identified a fascinating asteroid named 2025 MN45 using early data from the Legacy Space-Time Survey (LSST) Camera, the largest digital camera in the world, at the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory.

Artist’s impression of asteroid 2025 MN45. Image credit: NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory / NOIRLab / SLAC / AURA / P. Marenfeld.

Asteroids orbiting the sun rotate at varying speeds, providing critical insights into their formation conditions billions of years ago, as well as their internal structure and evolutionary history.

Fast-spinning asteroids may have been propelled by prior collisions with other space rocks, suggesting they could be remnants of larger parent bodies.

To withstand such rapid spinning, these asteroids must possess enough internal strength to prevent fragmentation, a process where an object breaks apart due to its rotation speed.

Most asteroids consist of aggregates of debris, with their construction limiting how swiftly they can spin without disintegrating based on their density.

In the main asteroid belt, the threshold for stable fast rotation is approximately 2.2 hours. Asteroids exceeding this rotation period must be exceptionally strong to remain intact.

The faster an asteroid spins and the larger it is, the more durable its material must be.

A recent study published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters reveals important insights into asteroid composition and evolution, showcasing how the NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory is redefining our understanding of solar system discoveries.

This research presents data on 76 asteroids with verified rotation rates.

It includes 16 ultra-fast rotators with periods ranging from approximately 13 minutes to 2.2 hours, along with three extreme rotators completing a full rotation in under 5 minutes.

All 19 newly identified high-rotation objects exceed the length of an American football field (around 90 meters).

Notably, the fastest-spinning known main-belt asteroid, 2025 MN45, has a diameter of 710 meters and completes a rotation every 1.88 minutes.

This combination establishes it as the fastest rotating asteroid discovered, surpassing 500 meters in diameter.

“Clearly, this asteroid must be composed of exceptionally strong material to maintain its structure at such high rotation speeds,” commented Dr. Sarah Greenstreet, an astronomer at NSF’s NOIRLab and the University of Washington.

“Our calculations suggest it requires cohesive forces comparable to solid rock.”

“This is intriguing because most asteroids are believed to be ‘rubble heap’ structures, composed of numerous small rocks and debris that coalesced through gravitational forces during solar system formation and collisions.”

“Discoveries like this incredibly fast-rotating asteroid result from the observatory’s unmatched ability to deliver high-resolution time-domain astronomical data, thus expanding the limits of what we can observe,” stated Regina Lameika, DOE associate director for high-energy physics.

In addition to 2025 MN45, other significant asteroids researched by the team include 2025 MJ71 (rotation period of 1.9 minutes), 2025 MK41 (rotation period of 3.8 minutes), 2025 MV71 (rotation period of 13 minutes), and 2025 MG56 (rotation period of 16 minutes).

All five of these ultra-fast rotators are several hundred meters in diameter, categorizing them as the fastest-rotating subkilometer asteroids known to date, including several near-Earth objects.

“As this study illustrates, even during its initial commissioning stages, Rubin allows us to investigate populations of relatively small, very fast-rotating main-belt asteroids that were previously unattainable,” Dr. Greenstreet concluded.

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Sarah Greenstreet et al. 2026. Light curve, rotation period, and color of the first asteroid discovered by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory. APJL 996, L33; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae2a30

Source: www.sci.news

California Declares Drought-Free Status for the First Time in 25 Years

Posted on January 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Following a recent winter storm that pummeled California with rain and snow, the state is officially drought-free for the first time in 25 years, as reported by the US Drought Monitor.

December 2000 marked the last occasion when California had no areas classified as “abnormally dry” or experiencing drought.

While this drought-free status is encouraging news for water management, many residents are still dealing with the aftermath of severe atmospheric river storms that led to significant rainfall and widespread flooding. In contrast, high-altitude regions are grappling with heavy snowfall and increased avalanche risks.

Between December 20 and the end of the year, some parts of Northern California received nearly 7 inches of rain, while Southern California saw up to 4 inches. As New Year’s approached, California faced additional rounds of significant rain and flooding, raising the levels of the state’s 17 major reservoirs to an impressive 129% of their average capacity, according to state records.

Steve Wargoman carries Christmas presents from his granddaughter’s flooded home after heavy rain on December 22 in Redding, California.
Noah Berger/Associated Press

This wet winter has boosted snowfall in California, which is crucial for the state’s water supply. However, snowfall levels remain below average. In late December, the California Department of Water Resources reported that measurements from 130 stations across the Sierra Nevada reveal a snow water equivalent of 6.5 inches, which is only 71% of the expected average for this time of year.

Nonetheless, officials are optimistic. The key months for snowfall in California—January, February, and March—are still ahead.

“It’s still early in the season, and the state’s water supply this year will ultimately depend on the frequency of storms continuing throughout the winter and early spring,” stated Angelique Fabbiani-Leon, state hydrographer with the Department of Water Resources, in a statement on December 30.

Typically, the Sierra Nevada snowpack provides about 30% of California’s annual water needs.

In contrast to California, other regions in the West, including Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, are enduring persistently dry conditions with snowfall well below normal levels.

Utah is facing record-low snowfall, with 93% of the state currently experiencing drought, according to the Utah Department of Water Resources.

Furthermore, in Washington, Oregon, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico, over 80% of monitoring stations report a “snow drought,” as defined by snow water equivalents falling below the 20th percentile, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Sinking Arctic Ocean Trees: A Natural Solution to Removing 1 Billion Tons of CO2

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Trees Floating Towards the Arctic Ocean

Carl Christoph Stadie/Alfred Wegener Institute

Trees Floating Towards the Arctic Ocean

Carl Christoph Stadie/Alfred Wegener Institute

Logging extensive areas of boreal forests and submerging the trees in the Arctic Ocean could potentially eliminate up to 1 billion tons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere each year.

Researchers suggest cutting down wildfire-prone coniferous trees and transporting them through six major Arctic rivers, including the Yukon and Mackenzie, where they can sink within a year.

“Currently, we have forests that sequester significant carbon, but the next challenge is finding ways to store it without burning,” says Wolf Bungen from Cambridge University.

To combat carbon emissions from hard-to-electrify industries, it’s essential to explore methods for atmospheric carbon reduction. While direct air capture technology is costly, tree planting can backfire if the trees end up dying or burning.

Several companies are working on wood burial techniques. For instance, a U.S. initiative, Running Tide, sunk 25,000 tonnes of wood chips off Iceland’s coast but faced shutdown due to environmental concerns.

Approximately 1 trillion tonnes of carbon are stored within the wood, soil, and peat of boreal forests across North Eurasia and North America, a figure expected to rise as climate change accelerates plant growth. However, with increasing wildfire frequency, this carbon could be released.

Bungen and his team previously discovered that wood can survive for up to 8,000 years in cold, oxygen-limited Alpine lakes without decomposing or emitting CO2. Six Arctic rivers transport substantial amounts of logs, with driftwood in deltas estimated to contain over 20 million tons of carbon. Carl Stadie from Germany’s Alfred Wegener Institute was not part of the study.

If every year, 30,000 square kilometers were cleared along each river, placing the wood on river ice in winter and then replanting, it could absorb up to 1 billion tons of CO2 annually, researchers estimate.

However, some US rivers continue to experience biodiversity loss a century after timber removal, warns Ellen Wall of Colorado State University.

“Dumping a massive amount of logs into a river resembles pushing brush into a river,” she notes.

Moreover, if wood becomes lodged on beaches or in tributaries, causing flooding, it could thaw permafrost and increase methane emissions from microorganisms.

“We could see a scenario where the wood aids ocean carbon sequestration, while onshore flooding and melting snow cause carbon release at high altitudes,” warns Merritt Turetsky from the University of Colorado Boulder.

Inadequate cold or oxygen-free conditions may lead to wood decomposition rather than sinking. Driftwood frozen in sea ice is often transported to the Faroe Islands.

“In a worst-case scenario, vast forest areas could be cleared, impacting the carbon they store,” says Stadie.

Roman Dial, a professor at Alaska Pacific University, warns that this proposal may be exploited by commercial logging and could face criticism from all sides of the political spectrum.

“How extensive is the list of potential unintended consequences that could unfold in the Arctic, given our limited understanding?” he questions.

Some regions of the Arctic ocean floor might not be suitable for conservation, according to Morgan Raven at the University of California, Santa Barbara. However, others could benefit from exploration, given the substantial influx of wood into the Arctic and other oceans. The Earth once experienced a greenhouse climate era 56 million years ago.

“We can investigate sediments and rocks to understand how this experiment was conducted in the past,” Raven concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlock Better Sleep: How Dietary Fiber and Microbiome Research Connect to Enhanced Sleep Quality

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

How Microbial Activity in the Gut Affects Sleep Quality

Oleksandra Troian / Alamy

Research indicates that diet, particularly dietary fiber, may significantly influence sleep quality.

Prior studies have revealed associations between various sleep states and the gut microbiome. Notably, a lack of bacterial diversity suggests that improving dietary habits could enhance sleep quality. However, no study has yet identified specific microbial species consistently linked to sleep quality and the exact foods that support their growth.

A new systematic review by Wang Che from China’s Shandong First Medical University analyzes 53 observational studies comparing the gut microbiota of individuals with sleep disorders to those without, encompassing 7,497 individuals with sleep disorders and 9,165 without.

The researchers discovered that the overall bacterial species diversity, termed alpha diversity, was significantly lower in individuals suffering from sleep disorders. Those with insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, or REM sleep behavior disorder showed a notable decrease in anti-inflammatory, butyrate-producing bacteria like Faecalibacterium, alongside an increase in pro-inflammatory bacteria such as Collinsella.

This underscores the importance of dietary fiber, as Faecalibacterium produces butyrate, which provides energy for colon cells, strengthens the intestinal barrier, and reduces inflammation, according to recent studies.

Researchers highlighted that microbial signatures could serve as criteria to differentiate clinical symptoms from other sleep-related issues, thus enabling targeted treatments.

According to Catherine Maki from the National Institutes of Health in Maryland, this study aligns with her group’s ongoing research, which has found a similar connection between sleep and butyrate production from Faecalibacterium.

“Collectively, these consistent findings highlight plausible microbiome metabolic pathways that link sleep and host physiology, warranting direct testing in future mechanistic and interventional studies,” Maki notes.

“This meta-analysis supports the correlation between Faecalibacterium and insomnia,” states Elizabeth Holzhausen from Michigan State University. “However, since these studies are observational, causality cannot be established.”

One hypothesis is that insomnia may negatively impact dietary fiber intake, leading to reduced levels of Faecalibacterium. Alternatively, reduced butyrate from Faecalibacterium could influence sleep quality, as suggested by research findings.

Controlled intervention studies are essential for confirming the causal relationship, Holzhausen emphasizes.

The findings further highlight the vital role of the gut microbiome in our sleep health and reveal potentially significant changes in gut microbial signaling pathways related to sleep-influencing processes such as hormone release, metabolism, and inflammation.

Maki suggests that while it’s too early to recommend increasing fiber intake to improve sleep, there is emerging evidence regarding dietary aspects that may influence sleep.

Avoiding caffeine is advisable, as it may delay the onset of sleep, particularly in high doses or when consumed late in the day. Furthermore, alcohol can disrupt sleep, despite common misconceptions that it aids sleep. Additionally, eating too close to bedtime can impair sleep quality.

Some evidence suggests that certain foods, like tart cherry juice, can improve sleep quality. Improving overall dietary quality and increased fiber intake is linked to better sleep quality, though the specific dietary components influencing this relationship remain unclear.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA Executes Unprecedented Medical Evacuation from the International Space Station (ISS)

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s SpaceX Crew-11 Team to the International Space Station

SpaceX

In a historic event, astronauts have been evacuated from the International Space Station (ISS) for medical reasons for the first time. The specific medical condition has not been disclosed to maintain privacy, and the astronaut affected remains unnamed. However, four of the seven crew members aboard the ISS returned to Earth ahead of schedule.

The returning astronauts are part of the Crew-11 mission, which launched on August 1 and was initially scheduled to conclude in late February. During a press conference on January 8, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman noted that nearly all mission objectives had been achieved, enabling an early return.

“This is not an emergency evacuation; the astronaut is stable,” stated NASA’s Chief Medical Officer James Polk. Isaacman further emphasized that while emergency medical evacuation was possible within hours, the actual crew evacuation would occur within days.

Although medical incidents aboard the ISS are not unprecedented, they have typically been manageable in orbit. “The ISS is equipped with robust medical facilities, but it lacks the comprehensive resources of an emergency department,” Polk explained. The severity of this recent incident necessitated that the crew return to Earth for complete medical assessment.

The four Crew-11 members (including two NASA astronauts, one Russian, and one Japanese astronaut) will return via the Dragon spacecraft that transported them to the ISS, despite only one experiencing a medical issue. Preparations are in place at Earth-based medical facilities to ensure affected crew members receive the necessary care. While the situation is without precedent, Isaacman assured that the return process aligns closely with regular protocols.

“Historical models over the last 25 years suggest medical evacuations should occur approximately every three years, yet this is the first such instance,” Polk remarked.

Following this evacuation, a NASA astronaut and two Russian cosmonauts will continue their research aboard the ISS until the Crew-12 mission arrives, originally planned for February 15, but potentially rescheduled due to this incident.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Launch of ‘Knit’ Satellite: Advanced Radar Technology for Earth Surface Monitoring

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of CarbSAR Satellite Orbiting the Earth

Credit: Oxford Space Systems

Artist's impression of CarbSAR satellite orbiting Earth — Artist’s Impression of CarbSAR Satellite Orbiting the Earth

Credit: Oxford Space Systems

Britain’s newest satellite, **CarbSAR**, is set to launch on Sunday, equipped with cutting-edge knitwear technology. This innovative satellite will deploy a mesh radar antenna crafted using machinery typically found in textile manufacturing.

“We utilize a standard industrial knitting machine for jumpers, enhanced with features tailored to create specialized threads,” says Amur Raina, Director of Production at Oxford Space Systems (OSS) in the UK.

OSS collaborates with Surrey Satellite Technology Limited (SSTL) to install the antenna on a compact, cost-effective spacecraft capable of capturing high-resolution images of the Earth’s surface.

If successful, this unique design could be integrated into the UK Ministry of Defence’s (MoD) surveillance satellite network later this year.

The “wool” utilized in OSS’s weaving process is ultra-fine tungsten wire, coated with gold. The machines produce several meters of fabric simultaneously, which are then cut into segments and sewn into 3 millimeter-wide discs. These discs are tightly stretched over 48 carbon fiber ribs to form a smooth parabolic dish optimized for radar imaging.

The key innovation lies in the structural design, where each rib wraps radially around a central hub, resembling a 48-coil tape measure. This unique design enables the entire assembly to collapse down to just 75 cm in diameter, drastically reducing the volume of the 140-kilogram CarbSAR satellite during launch.

Upon reaching orbit, the stored strain energy in the bent carbon fibers will allow the ribs to return to their original shape, thereby pulling the mesh into a precise parabolic configuration.

“For optimal imaging, we must deploy it accurately to achieve the perfect parabolic shape,” adds Sean Sutcliffe, CEO of OSS. “Our design’s precision is its standout feature.” Testing has shown the mesh sheet remains within 1 millimeter of its ideal shape, ensuring exceptional performance.

The demand for Earth observation via small radar satellites is on the rise, thanks to their ability to image the ground in all weather conditions and even at night—a capability increasingly appreciated by emerging space companies.

This data is particularly sought after by military forces globally and played a crucial role as an intelligence resource during the recent Russian-Ukrainian conflict.

Despite once leading Europe in space radar developments in the 1990s, the UK has fallen significantly behind in the international arena.

With CarbSAR and the upcoming MoD constellation named Oberon, part of the broader ISTARI program, UK aerospace engineers have a chance to re-establish their presence in the industry.

“We’re seeing heightened interest from foreign governments in radar solutions,” states Andrew Cawthorn, Managing Director of SSTL. “Our primary focus is demonstrating that we can successfully deploy this antenna and capture images.”

CarbSAR is engineered to detect objects as small as 50 cm, sufficient for identifying tanks and aircraft.

After deployment, approximately two days post-liftoff, the Royal Space Force, supervised by the Royal Air Force, will closely monitor the antenna’s performance.

“CarbSAR symbolizes the innovative spirit and collaboration of one of the UK’s leading space companies,” said Major General Paul Tedman, Commander of the UK Space Force. “We eagerly anticipate seeing CarbSAR operational and exploring how its advanced technologies can enhance Oberon and our comprehensive ISTARI satellite initiative.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can Quantum Neural Networks Bypass the Uncertainty Principle?

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Quantum Computers and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

Marijan Murat/DPA/Alamy

Quantum Chips in Quantum Systems showcasing IBM's first quantum data center — Quantum Computers and Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle

Marijan Murat/DPA/Alamy

The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle imposes limits on the precision of measuring specific properties of quantum entities. However, recent research suggests that utilizing quantum neural networks may allow scientists to circumvent this barrier.

For instance, when analyzing a chemically relevant molecule, predicting its properties over time can prove challenging. Researchers must first assess its current characteristics, but measuring quantum properties often leads to interference between measurements, complicating the process. The uncertainty principle asserts that certain quantum attributes cannot be accurately measured at the same time; for example, gaining precise momentum data can distort positional information.

According to Zhou Duanlu from the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recent mathematical insights indicate that quantum neural networks may address these measurement challenges more effectively.

Zhou’s team approached this issue from a practical standpoint. For optimal performance of quantum computers, understanding the properties of qubits—quantum computing’s fundamental components—is crucial. Typical operations, akin to dividing by 2, are employed to yield information about qubits. Yet, the uncertainty principle presents challenges akin to the incompatibility encountered when attempting to execute several conflicting arithmetic operations simultaneously.

Their findings propose that leveraging quantum machine learning algorithms, or Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs), could effectively resolve the compatibility issues inherent to quantum measurements.

Notably, these algorithms rely on randomly selected steps from a predefined set, as shown in previous studies. Zhou et al. demonstrated that introducing randomness into QNNs can enhance the accuracy of measuring a quantum object’s properties. They further extended this approach to simultaneously measure various properties typically constrained by the uncertainty principle, using advanced statistical techniques to aggregate results from multiple random operations for improved precision.

As noted by Robert Fan, this capability to measure multiple incompatible properties swiftly could accelerate scientific understanding of specific quantum systems, significantly impacting quantum computing fields in chemistry and material sciences, as well as large-scale quantum computer research.

The practicality of this innovative approach appears promising, though its effectiveness will hinge on how it compares against other methodologies employing randomness to facilitate reliable quantum measurements, Huang asserts.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Miraculous Recovery: Man Saved by Fecal Transplant After Intestine Produces Alcohol

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A corrective approach to alter a man’s microbiome prevented excessive alcohol production in his body.

Science Photo Library / Alamy

A Massachusetts man experienced severe inebriation due to his intestines autonomously producing alcohol, a condition known as autobrewer syndrome. His recovery began after ingesting fecal bacteria from a healthy donor.

This retired U.S. Marine, in his 60s, faced unusual symptoms following multiple antibiotic treatments for prostate inflammation. Until then, he maintained good health and only occasionally drank alcohol. His sudden, overwhelming intoxication left him disoriented and lethargic.

He sought help at emergency rooms repeatedly, but medical staff were skeptical about his claims of not drinking. Eventually, a diagnosis of autobrewer syndrome—a rare condition where gut microbes produce excessive alcohol—was confirmed.

His severe inebriation hindered routine activities, and he even required breathalyzer locks on his vehicles to avoid legal issues.

After connecting with a patient support group, he discovered fecal transplants could potentially treat his condition. This led him to contact Dr. Elizabeth Homan from Massachusetts General Hospital.

Initially, Dr. Homan dismissed his voicemail messages, as he sounded intoxicated. Eventually, the man’s wife reached out, explaining the situation, which prompted a collaboration with Dr. Bernd Schnabl, an expert on autobrewer syndrome. Together, they planned a fecal transplant for him.

Prior to the procedure, Homan, Schnabl, and their team conducted a comprehensive study on the causes of autobrewer syndrome. They analyzed stool samples from 22 patients with the condition and 21 healthy relatives, looking for variations in gut bacteria. “Our lab had a distinct smell,” Schnabl recollects.

The research revealed that fecal samples from patients produced significant alcohol when cultured, likely due to high levels of specific intestinal bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, which ferment sugars to create alcohol. Previous cases had primarily linked the syndrome to excessive yeast growth.

To treat the Massachusetts man, Homan administered oral capsules derived from a healthy male donor’s fecal matter, known for having an optimal gut microbiome. “This donor has been carefully selected and is a personal trainer who prioritizes fitness,” she explains. When the capsules were analyzed, researchers noted exceptional gut microbiota within them.

Gradually, the man’s autobrewer syndrome resolved as the harmful alcohol-producing bacteria in his gut were replaced with healthier strains from the donor. “One of the highlights of this case was meeting his daughter, a medical school graduate, who expressed gratitude for bringing her ‘old dad back,'” Homan shared.

Schnabl mentions that most individuals likely produce minimal alcohol in their intestines due to the presence of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. However, significantly elevated levels lead to inebriating alcohol production, often triggered by long-term antibiotic use that disrupts the microbiome, which was the case for this patient.

Currently, Homan and Schnabl are conducting a large-scale trial to assess the effectiveness of oral fecal transplants for other patients with autobrewer syndrome.

Topics:

Gut Health /
Intestinal Microbiota

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient 60,000-Year-Old Poisoned Arrow Unearthed in South Africa

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent archaeological findings have unveiled traces of two toxic plant alkaloids, bupandoline and epibufanisin, in artifacts discovered at the Umhlatuzana Rock Complex in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. These artifacts, known as lined microliths, date back approximately 60,000 years, providing evidence of poisoned weaponry from the Late Pleistocene era.

A lined microlith from the Umhlatuzana Caves, showing residues of bufanidrine and epibufanisin, along with reddish toxic glue attached to the tool. Image credit: Isaksson et al., doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adz3281.

Professor Marlies Lombard from the University of Johannesburg remarked, “This represents the earliest direct evidence of arrow poison used by humans.”

“Our research reveals that early humans in southern Africa invented the bow and arrow much earlier than previously believed and utilized natural compounds to enhance hunting efficiency.”

Using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Lombard and her team analyzed residues from 10 quartz microliths, identifying bufanidrine and epibufanisin in five of them.

These compounds are derived from the Amaryllidaceae plant family, which is indigenous to southern Africa.

The likely source is a plant species known as Buffondistica, historically associated with arrow poisons.

The residue patterns indicate that the Umhlatuzana microlith had a transverse handle and served as an arrow tip.

Visible poison residue along the dorsal part of some artifacts suggests that toxic compounds were incorporated into the adhesive used to attach the stone tip to the arrow shaft.

The presence of minor impact scars and edge striations supports its use as a tip for horizontally-handled arrows.

To validate their results, researchers compared the ancient residues with poisons extracted from 18th-century arrowheads in South Africa.

“Finding the same poison in both prehistoric and historical arrowheads was crucial,” stated Professor Sven Isaksson of Stockholm University.

“Through detailed analysis of the chemical structures, we confirmed that these materials can endure underground for extended periods.”

This groundbreaking discovery pushes the timeline for toxic weapons back significantly.

Previously, the oldest known arrow poisons were dated to the mid-Holocene, but the findings from Umhlatuzana demonstrate their use as far back as 60,000 years ago.

The authors explain that poisoned arrows are designed not for immediate kills, but to weaken animals over time, allowing hunters to track prey over great distances.

“Utilizing arrow poison requires foresight, strategy, and a keen understanding of natural effects,” noted Professor Anders Högberg from Linnaeus University.

“This indicates a level of cognitive sophistication in early human behavior.”

For further details, refer to the study published on January 7th in Scientific Advances.

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Sven Isaksson et al. 2026. Direct evidence of poison use in microlithic arrowheads from southern Africa, dating back 60,000 years. Scientific Advances, 12(2);doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adz3281

Source: www.sci.news

ALMA Discovers Superheated Gas in Distant Galaxy Protocluster

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Revolutionary findings from the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) have uncovered scorching intracluster gas in the young galaxy cluster SPT2349-56, just 1.4 billion years post-Big Bang. This groundbreaking discovery challenges existing models of galaxy cluster evolution.

Artist’s impression of the forming galaxy cluster SPT2349-56, showcasing radio jets from active galaxies within a hot intracluster atmosphere. Image credit: Lingxiao Yuan.

The SPT2349-56 galaxy cluster is located approximately 12.4 billion light-years away, providing a glimpse into the universe when it was only 1.4 billion years old, or about ten percent of its current age.

This compact protocluster hosts multiple actively growing supermassive black holes and over 30 starburst galaxies.

These starburst galaxies are forming stars at a staggering rate—1,000 times faster than the Milky Way—and are densely packed within a space only three times larger than the Milky Way itself.

“We were not prepared to discover such a hot stellar atmosphere at this early stage in the universe’s history,” remarked Dazhi Zhou, a Ph.D. candidate at the University of British Columbia.

Astronomers utilized a unique observation methodology known as thermal observation, particularly employing the Sunyaev Zeldovich (tSZ) Effect.

This approach identifies faint shadows cast by hot electrons in galaxy clusters against the faint cosmic microwave background, rather than the light emitted directly by the gas.

Previously, astronomers believed that galaxy clusters lacked the maturity required for their gas to heat up and evolve during the early cosmic era.

The discovery of hot cluster atmospheres had never been recorded within the initial 3 billion years following the Big Bang.

“SPT2349-56 reshapes our understanding,” stated Professor Scott Chapman, a researcher at Dalhousie University and the University of British Columbia.

“Our findings indicate that the cluster’s atmosphere is superheating remarkably early—just 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang—during a period when we anticipated the gas to be cooler and accumulating slowly.”

“This raises the possibility that the formation of large clusters could heat their gas much more efficiently and intensely than our current models suggest.”

The intense explosion from SPT2349-56’s supermassive black hole, identified as a bright radio galaxy, may be an efficient mechanism for superheating the surrounding gas, according to the study.

This discovery implies that energetic phenomena, such as outbursts from supermassive black holes or violent starbursts, might have played significant roles in rapidly heating the gas in early galaxy clusters within the first billion years of the universe.

This superheating may be crucial for transforming these young, cold galaxy clusters into the vast, hot galaxy clusters observed today.

Current models may require reassessment regarding our understanding of how galaxies and their environments evolve.

This finding marks the earliest direct detection of hot cluster gases, pushing the boundaries of astronomical research into these environments.

The identification of a significant reservoir of hot plasma at such an early cosmic epoch forces scientists to reconsider the sequence and pace of galaxy cluster evolution.

It also generates new inquiries about the interplay between supermassive black holes and galaxy formation in shaping the universe.

“SPT2349-56 serves as an intriguing laboratory,” Zhou commented.

“We are witnessing intense star formation, energetic supermassive black holes, and this superheated atmosphere all confined within young, dense star clusters.”

“There remains a considerable observational gap between this chaotic initial phase and the more tranquil clusters observed later in cosmic history.”

“Mapping the evolution of the universe’s atmosphere over time will be a compelling avenue for future exploration.”

For further reading, see the published results in the journal Nature dated January 5, 2026.

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Zhou D. et al. Detection of hot intracluster gas at redshift 4.3 via Sunyaev Zeldovich. Nature, published online January 5, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09901-3

Source: www.sci.news

NASA to Return Space Station Astronauts Early Due to Medical Concerns

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA has announced that four astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) will return to Earth over a month early due to medical issues. This unprecedented evacuation marks the first of its kind in the ISS’s 25-year history.

Due to medical privacy regulations, NASA refrained from disclosing specific details, including the identities of the affected astronauts and the nature of their medical conditions. However, officials confirmed that the overall situation remains stable.

Speaking at a recent news conference, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated that the astronauts are expected to return home in the coming days. An exact timeline for undocking and landing has not yet been provided.

“After consulting with Medical Officer of Health Dr. J.D. Polk and leadership across the agency, we believe returning Crew-11 early is in the best interest of the astronauts,” Isaacman said in a statement.

Inside the International Space Station.
NASA

Isaacman noted that further updates would be available within the next 48 hours.

The Crew-11 team evacuating the ISS consists of NASA astronauts Zena Cardman and Mike Finke, Japanese cosmonaut Kamiya Yui, and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov. They had originally arrived in early August with plans to stay until late February.

Dr. Polk reassured the public that the situation is stable, clarifying that the decision to evacuate was made for the well-being of the astronauts, not due to an emergency.

“While the ISS is equipped with sophisticated medical technology, it cannot match the complete resources of a hospital emergency department for thorough patient evaluations,” Polk explained. “In this case, there were multiple medical events which necessitated a careful assessment of the astronauts’ health.”

NASA first made the medical concerns public on Wednesday, when it was revealed that Cardman and Finke were deferring a scheduled spacewalk.

Following the early return of Crew-11, NASA will operate with just one astronaut on the ISS, who will oversee ongoing U.S. scientific operations. Flight engineer Chris Williams launched aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft on November 27, accompanied by Russian cosmonauts Oleg Platonov, Sergei Kud-Sverchkov, and Sergei Mikayev.

The subsequent crew is slated to launch to the ISS in mid-February, but Isaacman indicated that NASA may evaluate enhancements for this upcoming mission, known as Crew-12.

This week’s developments present Isaacman’s first significant challenge since taking office on December 18.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How the Bark Microbiome Influences Climate: An Overlooked Key Player

Posted on January 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Melaleuca Wetland Forests in New South Wales, Australia

Image Credit: Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University

Melaleuca wetland forests — Exploring Melaleuca Wetland Forests in New South Wales, Australia

Image Credit: Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University

The bark of a single tree can host trillions of bacteria, which may have a crucial yet underappreciated role in regulating greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.

Globally, the total surface area of tree bark is estimated to be around 143 million square kilometers, roughly equivalent to the Earth’s total land area. This extensive area represents a vast microbial environment known as the ashosphere, yet the microorganisms residing there have largely been overlooked by researchers. Learn more.

“It may seem obvious, but we’ve historically ignored tree bark,” states Bob Leung, a researcher from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. “I had never considered that microbes existed in tree bark, but it makes perfect sense. Bacteria thrive everywhere, so it’s reasonable to expect them in the bark as well.”

Leung and his team initiated their research on a common wetland species known as paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia). Their findings revealed that over 6 trillion bacteria inhabit every square meter of tree bark, a density comparable to that found in soil.

Genetic testing of 114 bacterial species indicated that most belong to three primary bacterial families: Acidobacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, and Acetobacteriaceae; intriguing as they remain entirely unclassified by science.

A fascinating characteristic of these microorganisms is their ability to metabolize hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane for energy. While hydrogen (H₂) itself isn’t a greenhouse gas, it can enhance the warming effect of the atmosphere by reacting with other gases.

Researchers extended their study to include seven additional Australian tree species from diverse habitats, such as Casuarina, rubber trees, and banksias, and assessed their bark’s ability to absorb or emit greenhouse gases both in natural settings and laboratory experiments.

Under aerobic conditions, where oxygen is present, all bark types were found to consume hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. However, when the trees were submerged in water—typical in wetland areas—the microbes adapted by producing these same gases.

The Canopy of *Melaleuca quinquenervia*

Image Credit: Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University

According to researchers, the collective amount of hydrogen absorbed by bark microorganisms worldwide is estimated to be between 600 million and 1.6 billion kilograms annually, which represents about 2% of the total hydrogen removed from the atmosphere.

This groundbreaking study marks the first effort to evaluate the role of tree bark in atmospheric hydrogen cycling, notes Luke Jeffrey at Southern Cross University in Lismore, Australia.

“Recognizing the hidden contributions of trees, beyond their role in carbon dioxide absorption, is crucial,” emphasizes Jeffrey. “Trees actively engage with other greenhouse gases, which is significant as H₂ interacts with atmospheric methane and could help mitigate the increasing methane dilemma.”

However, the global landscape remains uncertain since the team evaluated only eight tree species from eastern Australia. “Significant research is needed across diverse forest types, tree varieties, microbial communities, and environmental conditions,” says Jeffrey.

Brett Somerelle of the Sydney Botanic Gardens asserts that this research underscores the gaps in our understanding of microbial diversity, composition, and functionality within tree bark ecosystems. “It will be fascinating to observe how these factors change across a broader spectrum of tree species, particularly in arid environments like savannahs and woodlands,” notes Summerell.

Understanding the relationships between fungi and bacteria in tree bark is equally critical, he adds.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Trump’s Climate Change Agreement Withdrawal: How It Silenced the US in Global Negotiations

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

President Donald Trump’s controversial choice to withdraw the United States from key United Nations-affiliated organizations means the country risks losing its significant role in crucial global climate change discussions.

In a sweeping executive order issued on Wednesday, President Trump halted U.S. funding for 66 international bodies, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)—an agreement the U.S. joined in 1992—and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which releases the most authoritative climate reports globally.

According to a post by the White House, these organizations are deemed “no longer in the interest of the United States.”

This action underscores the Trump administration’s retreat from climate action, coinciding with escalating global warming effects, which are leading to more frequent and severe weather disasters across the U.S. Events like wildfires, floods, and hurricanes now inflict tens of billions in damages annually. By 2025, it’s projected that 23 extreme weather events will individually cause damages exceeding $1 billion, totaling approximately $115 billion, according to an analysis from Climate Central.

This withdrawal signifies the Trump administration’s rejection of climate diplomacy, further isolating the United States from the global community’s efforts to reduce warming and mitigate the most severe climate change impacts.

In January 2025, the U.S. is set to finalize its exit from the Paris Agreement, a pivotal accord signed in 2016, where 195 participating countries committed to limiting greenhouse gas emissions to prevent global temperatures from rising by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), with a maximum increase of 2 degrees Celsius.

The UNFCCC provided the foundational framework for the Paris Agreement, established in 1992 to identify and tackle the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. The treaty was signed by President George Bush after receiving Senate approval with a two-thirds majority vote.

Should the U.S. fully withdraw from the UNFCCC (a process estimated to take a year), it would mark the first instance in history of a country exiting such an agreement. This action could complicate future presidents’ ability to rejoin the Paris Agreement, as reentry requires new Senate approval with a two-thirds majority.

Extracting itself from the UNFCCC would render the United States the only nation without a presence at international climate discussions, as demonstrated by the White House’s decision to forgo an official delegation at the recent COP30 summit in Brazil.

Attendees arrive at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, November 7, 2025.
COP 30 Press Office/Anadolu/Getty Images

“Historically, even countries that remained passive at negotiations seldom walked away entirely, as it ensured their input was not disregarded,” stated Christy Ebi, a climate scientist from the University of Washington who has contributed to IPCC reports.

Ebi noted that while past U.S. administrations may have shown limited enthusiasm during discussions, they still tracked proceedings.

“Delegates would listen quietly from the sidelines, but now there’s a complete withdrawal,” she remarked.

The Trump administration has openly criticized the UNFCCC and similar organizations. In a statement, Secretary of State Marco Rubio referred to them as “anti-American and ineffective.”

The United States is set to officially exit the Paris Agreement on January 27, marking nearly a year since the administration initiated the withdrawal process.

However, questions persist about whether President Trump can withdraw from the UNFCCC without Congressional approval.

Gene Hsu, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, argues the action is unlawful. “The Constitution clearly outlines the process for joining a treaty with a two-thirds Senate majority but is ambiguous regarding withdrawal,” Suh explained. “We are considering legal action due to the absence of legal precedence for a president unilaterally exiting a Senate-approved treaty.”

The UNFCCC is the global mediator for climate negotiations, organizing the Conference of the Parties (COP) annually to address emissions targets and funding for climate action. The previous year’s conference focused on deforestation challenges and impacts on the Amazon rainforest.

“Hosting such global discussions is akin to managing the Olympics; organizational support is essential,” Ebi said.

Following the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the UNFCCC encountered a budget crisis, prompting Bloomberg Philanthropies, led by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, to intervene financially to sustain operations.

Conversely, the IPCC serves as an independent organization that provides essential scientific data on climate change, its repercussions, and potential solutions. Reports produced by the IPCC enhance scientific perspectives on UNFCCC treaties and discussions.

In response, UNFCCC Executive Director Simon Steele asserted that Trump’s withdrawal would “diminish America’s security and prosperity.”

“Similar to the previous Paris Agreement, there remains an opportunity for the United States to re-engage in the future,” Steele remarked.

Throughout his inaugural year, President Trump has targeted climate change through substantial budget cuts, labeling it a “swindle.” His administration has worked to undercut key climate reports, such as the National Climate Assessment, while attempting to diminish the Environmental Protection Agency’s authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming.

Former Vice President Al Gore, a dedicated climate activist, commented on X that the Trump administration has “neglected the climate crisis from the outset,” putting Americans and global communities at risk while catering to oil industry interests.

“By withdrawing from the IPCC, UNFCCC, and other vital international collaborations, the Trump administration is undermining decades of carefully cultivated diplomacy, eroding climate science, and instilling global distrust,” Gore concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

2026: The Year of the Galaxy – What to Expect

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Stunning image from the James Webb Space Telescope revealing an Einstein Ring formed by two distant galaxies.

Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, G. Mahler

James Webb Space Telescope captures an Einstein ring, revealing two galaxies connected in a cosmic dance. — Stunning image from the James Webb Space Telescope revealing an Einstein Ring formed by two distant galaxies.

Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, G. Mahler

As we approach 2026, we’re stepping into a year rich with galactic exploration.

We’ll witness the beginning of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s deep dive into the space-time legacy, alongside a potential launch of NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.

Both observatories are pivotal for galaxy observation, aimed at cataloging and unraveling the complexities of galaxy structures and behavior. Expect significant updates on galactic findings in the upcoming months!

As excitement grows for the wealth of information we’ll receive on galaxies, it’s notable that my early interest skewed towards active galactic nuclei (AGNs)—galaxies boasting supermassive black holes that release immense energy as they consume matter near the event horizon. Admittedly, I was drawn to AGNs primarily for their black hole attributes.

During my PhD journey, my curriculum mandated multiple courses on galaxies, which initially overwhelmed me. Galaxies are classified by shape, each category diving into further sub-categories, revealing a perplexing web of classifications. This complexity often felt devoid of mathematical logic, highlighting a possible divide between theorists and experimentalists.

If only I could rewind time and tell my younger self that the challenges in galaxy classification were what deserved my attention.

One of the core challenges in this research realm is that galaxies only manifest as 2D images in the night sky; we lack the ability to perceive them in three dimensions or to observe their rotation due to their enormity. Thus, we rely on these frozen snapshots in time, interpreting their classification based on scientific judgment and taste.

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The shape of a galaxy offers fascinating insights into its evolutionary history – elliptical galaxies typically harbor older stars.
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Historically, Edwin Hubble devised a classification system for galaxies that remains influential today. He defined three fundamental shapes: elliptical, spiral, and irregular. Notably, lenticular galaxies, while appearing spiral, lack an actual spiral structure.

Gérard de Vaucouleurs expanded this classification by incorporating subcategories to identify patterns within galaxy shapes. However, the efficacy of these classifications hinges on the quality of the underlying dataset. A century ago, during Hubble’s time, the datasets were rudimentary, lacking knowledge of dark matter—a critical component now understood to inhabit galaxies.

Galaxy shapes serve as indicators of evolutionary history; for instance, elliptical galaxies often house older stars and lie closer in proximity to galaxy clusters. Furthermore, the assembly and evolution history of these galaxies relates intricately to the configuration of their surrounding dark matter halos.

Additionally, galaxy shapes can unveil secrets about dark energy, which accelerates the universe’s expansion. The Roman Space Telescope aims to deepen our understanding in this regard.

The Vera Rubin Observatory will extend its observational prowess, particularly focusing on dwarf spheroidal galaxies—dim, circular galaxies devoid of substantial star mass. These dwarf galaxies frequently accompany larger counterparts, helping to illuminate the evolutionary structure of the universe.

Excitingly, the scientific teams behind the Rubin and Roman telescopes are collaboratively strategizing on how best to utilize the forthcoming data. As we honor the legacies of Vera C. Rubin and Nancy Grace Roman, 2026 heralds a new generation dedicated to exploring galaxies in extraordinary detail.

What I’m currently reading:
Twilight novel series.

What I see:
Correct, the Twilight movie series.

What I’m working on:
I’m diligently finishing the draft of my third book: Cosmos is a Black Aesthetic.

Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire. She is the author of Turbulent Universe and upcoming works The Ends of Space and Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Boogie of Cosmic Dreams.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Some Quantum Computers Demand More Power Than Traditional Supercomputers

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

El Capitan Supercomputer: Power Play in Quantum Computing

Credit: LLNL/Garry McLeod

El Capitan, the National Nuclear Security Administration's leading exascale computer — El Capitan Supercomputer: Power Play in Quantum Computing

Credit: LLNL/Garry McLeod

The advancement of large quantum computers offers the potential to solve complex problems beyond the reach of today’s most powerful classical supercomputers. However, this leap in capability may come with increased energy demands.

Currently, most existing quantum computers are limited in size, with less than 1,000 qubits. These fragile qubits are susceptible to errors, hindering their ability to tackle significant issues, like aiding in drug discovery. Experts agree that to reach practical utility, a Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer (FTQC) must emerge, with a much higher qubit count and robust error correction. The engineering hurdles involved in this pursuit are substantial, compounded by multiple competing designs.

Olivier Ezratty, from the Quantum Energy Initiative (QEI), warns that the energy consumption of utility-scale FTQCs has been largely overlooked. During the Q2B Silicon Valley Conference in Santa Clara, California, on December 9, he presented his preliminary estimates. Notably, some FTQC designs could eclipse the energy requirements of the world’s top supercomputers.

For context, El Capitan, the fastest supercomputer globally, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, draws approximately 20 megawatts of electricity—three times that of the nearby city of Livermore, which has a population of 88,000. Ezratty forecasts that FTQC designs scaling up to 4,000 logical qubits may demand even more energy. Some of the power-hungry designs could require upwards of 200 megawatts.

Ezratty’s estimates derive from accessible data, proprietary insights from quantum tech firms, and theoretical models. He outlines a wide energy consumption range for future FTQCs, from 100 kilowatts to 200 megawatts. Interestingly, he believes that three forthcoming FTQC designs could ultimately operate below 1 megawatt, aligning with conventional supercomputers utilized in research labs. This variance could significantly steer industry trends, particularly as low-power models become more mainstream.

The discrepancies in projected energy use stem from the various strategies that quantum computing companies employ to construct and maintain their qubits. For instance, certain qubit technologies necessitate extensive cooling to function effectively. Light-based qubits struggle with warm light sources and detectors, leading to heightened energy consumption. Similarly, superconducting circuits require entire chips to be housed in large refrigeration systems, while designs based on trapped ions or ultracold atoms demand substantial energy input from lasers or microwaves to precisely control qubits.

Oliver Dial from IBM, known for superconducting quantum computers, anticipates that his company’s large-scale FTQC will need approximately 2 to 3 megawatts of power, a fraction of what a hyperscale AI data center could consume. This demand could be lessened through integration with existing supercomputers. Meanwhile, a team from QuEra, specializing in ultracold atomic quantum computing, estimates their FTQC will require around 100 kilowatts, landing on the lower end of Ezratty’s spectrum.

Other companies like Xanadu, focusing on light-based quantum technologies, as well as Google Quantum AI, centered on superconducting qubits, have opted not to comment. PsiQuantum, another light-based qubit developer, was unavailable for a response. New Scientist has made multiple attempts for their insights.

Ezratty also pointed out that traditional electronics responsible for directing and monitoring qubit operations could result in additional costs, particularly for FTQC systems where qubits need further instructions to self-correct errors. This complexity necessitates understanding how these algorithms contribute to energy footprints. The operational runtime length of quantum computers adds another layer, as energy savings from fewer qubits might be negated if longer operation times are needed.

To effectively measure and report the energy consumption of machines, the industry must establish robust standards and benchmarks. Ezratty emphasizes that this is an integral element of QEI’s mission, with projects actively progressing in both the United States and the European Union.

As the field of quantum computing continues to mature, Ezratty anticipates that his research will pave the way for insights into FTQC energy consumption. This understanding could be vital for optimizing designs to minimize energy use. “Countless technological options could facilitate reduced energy consumption,” he asserts.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Embracing Nature Enhances Scientific Understanding: A Balanced Approach

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

As a dedicated nature writer, I strive to nurture a profound connection with the natural world. Observing birds, exploring with children, and discovering beetles beneath fallen logs is what I cherish. Nature embodies complexity and wonder; while I appreciate its beauty, I have never deemed it sacred or considered my relationship with it spiritual.

Yet, current trends indicate I might be overlooking something significant.

The term “nature connectivity” may sound idealistic, yet it is bolstered by a growing body of research. A 2025 study claims that increased feelings of “nature connection” and “oneness with nature” correlate with elevated spirituality and skepticism regarding “science over faith.” Such findings may astonish many in the natural sciences, and they certainly surprised me, but this notion resonates within recent nature-focused literature.

While ancient druids revered nature, cultivating sacred groves of mistletoe and oak, today’s enchantment often unfolds in the nature section of a bookstore, nestled between gardening and self-help. Many of us experience our connection to nature through the act of writing. We become surrogate birders, second-hand botanists, and armchair adventurers. This is perfectly acceptable; life is hectic, and most reside in urban or suburban settings. One of humanity’s great gifts is our ability to be transported through written words to the depths of forests and heights of mountains.

The real concern lies not in how we connect with nature, but in our perception of what we are connecting to. Nature isn’t a fantasy; it occupies the same earthly realm as us, and we are inherently part of it. When viewed through a scientific lens, the natural world remains awe-inspiring and captivating. It is perplexing to separate the beauty of science from a genuine appreciation of nature.

We might benefit from reevaluating our eagerness to extract lessons from nature. Is it possible to learn from moss about unity or understand the repelling forces of grass? Recent naturalists suggest fungi can help us grasp the cycle of life. However, we can also learn troubling lessons from shoebills about the harsh realities of nature, such as expelling weak young or manipulating hosts in dire ways. Seeking wisdom from nature may feel just as rational as consulting ChatGPT for guidance—both resources have extensive insights. Perhaps true enlightenment lies in discovering lessons within ourselves.

Then arises the timeless query: What role do humans play in this ecosystem? Some assert that nature writers need to practice silence. Yet the uncomfortable reality is that all writers appreciate their own voices. We must strike a balance between experiencing the external world and what transpires within us. Both perspectives hold immense value, and the best nature writers skillfully navigate these frontiers, reporting with clarity, expertise, and sensitivity. Broadening the definition of “outside” to include diverse human experiences enriches our narratives.

I hope to see nature writing flourish, embracing its imperfections. I envision it evolving into a richer, more intricate, interdisciplinary tapestry that reflects the dynamic nature of our world, whatever that encapsulates—our realities, the living environment, and our place within it.

Richard Smith I am the author of Jay, Beech, Limpet.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Massive Iceberg Transformed into a Giant Pool: The Ultimate City Attraction

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Satellite image of Antarctic iceberg A23a displaying meltwater on its surface

NASA

Satellite image of Antarctic iceberg A23a on January 7 — Satellite image of Antarctic iceberg A23a displaying meltwater on its surface

NASA

The Antarctic iceberg A23a, comparable in size to a city, is experiencing an alarming build-up of meltwater on its surface, signaling potential fragmentation.

Researchers are captivated by the massive A23a iceberg due to its unique ability to collect and retain meltwater.

Satellite visuals reveal a distinctive raised ice rim encircling the entire cliff-edge of this slab-like iceberg, giving it an intriguing resemblance to an oversized playground. This pooling region spans approximately 800 square kilometers, larger than the city of Chicago.

In several areas, the meltwater appears deep and brilliantly blue, indicating depths of several meters. The total volume of water on A23a is estimated to be in the billions of liters, enough to fill thousands of Olympic-sized swimming pools.

Douglas MacAyeal from the University of Chicago explains that this rim effect is a typical phenomenon observed in the world’s largest icebergs.

“My hypothesis is that the edges curve downward from the nose, forming an arched dam that retains snowmelt,” he states. “This curvature likely results from a combination of wave undercutting and melting ice, as well as the inherent flexibility of vertical ice cliffs.”

The streaks of water visible in the satellite images indicate remnants of past ice flow when these icebergs were still attached to the Antarctic coast, he noted.

Image of iceberg A23-A captured from the ISS on December 27, 2025

NASA

A23a dates back to 1986 and originated from the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, initially being over five times its current size. It once held the distinction of being the largest iceberg on Earth.

In recent years, A23a has drifted north into increasingly warmer waters, leading to its gradual fragmentation. The substantial volume of surface meltwater can ultimately contribute to its collapse. “Should that water seep into its fractures and subsequently refreeze, it will effectively split the iceberg,” remarks Mike Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey.

He contends that the iceberg can deteriorate unexpectedly within a matter of days.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Top New Sci-Fi Shows of 2026: Must-Watch Titles Like ‘Fallout’ and ‘Neuromancer’

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Certainly! Here’s the revised content, optimized for SEO while retaining the HTML tags:

Lucy MacLean (Ella Purnell) in Fallout Season 2

Amazon MGM Studios

As the new year unfolds, it brings exciting opportunities for change and reinvention. This is the perfect time to explore the best sci-fi and science-related television shows set to premiere in 2026, showcasing groundbreaking series that launched last year. Notably, the second season of Fallout on Amazon Prime Video, airing mid-December, stands out as a must-watch.

Set against a retro-futuristic America, the series dives into a world where generations of humanity live in radiation-resistant bunkers designed by the shadowy Vault-Tec corporation. In the previous season, former vault dweller Lucy (inhabited by Ella Purnell) navigates the surface in search of her missing father, encountering unexpected allies and adversaries. This season, she embarks on a new adventure accompanied by Ghoul (played by Walton Goggins), a visually striking radioactive gunman. What could be more entertaining?

The critically acclaimed Fallout is just one of many bunker-based dramas slated for 2026. On February 23, Hulu/Disney+ will launch the second season of Paradise, featuring Sterling K. Brown as Xavier Collins, a Secret Service agent residing in an underground city built to safeguard the elite from impending apocalypse. After solving the murder of U.S. President Cal Bradford and discovering survivors, he sets off on a journey back to Chicago in search of his estranged wife.

Later this year, the much-anticipated third season of Silo (Apple TV+) will air, which delves into the dark mysteries surrounding the toxic surface world, leaving viewers wanting more. If you enjoy gripping and conspiratorial narratives, this series is not to be missed.

Another intriguing dystopian tale is Dreamland (BBC iPlayer). Set in 2039, it follows Chance, a resident of the British seaside town of Margate, who turns to crime amidst widespread climate change and social inequality. When her community becomes entangled in a government rejuvenation initiative, Chance finds herself in love with Frankie, a woman with connections to the powers that be, revealing a deeper conspiracy.

“
In Star City, engineers and intelligence professionals work tirelessly to achieve the historic landing of the first humans on the moon.
“

Fans can look forward to the highly anticipated television adaptation of The Testaments (Hulu/Disney+), a sequel to The Handmaid’s Tale, also penned by Margaret Atwood. Premiering in April, it follows a new generation of women navigating freedom while being trained by Gilead’s elite.

In addition to dramatic narratives, the sci-fi genre offers exciting new adventures. Premiering on January 15th, Star Trek: Starfleet Academy (Paramount+) takes us into the 32nd century, chronicling the experiences of a group of Starfleet cadets as they develop friendships and rivalries while training to become future officers. Featuring a talented Gen Z cast alongside stars like Holly Hunter, Tatiana Maslany, and Paul Giamatti, this series promises to be fun for families. Moreover, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds is set to return for its penultimate fourth season early this year.

Following the success of Andor, which set high standards for live-action Star Wars storytelling, fans anticipate the release of season 2 of Star Wars: Ahsoka on Disney+. Though unconfirmed, more animated adventures will soon unfold, such as Star Wars: Maul – Shadow Lord, focusing on the Sith Lord as he rebuilds his crime syndicate following events from The Clone Wars, and Star Wars: Visions Presents – The Ninth Jedi, continuing the journey of Jedi Ethan and Kara.

For Marvel enthusiasts, while Vision Quest is rumored to premiere at the end of 2026, the series will feature the resurrected android superhero Vision, aiming to regain his memory post-WandaVision, alongside familiar faces like Ultron.

If you prefer small-scale robot dramas, be sure to look for Ann Droid (BBC iPlayer), a comedy by Diane Morgan, where she portrays Linda, a social robot designed to partner with the elderly in healthcare. Unexpected friendships blossom as Linda helps solve problems for her reluctant companion, Sue (Sue Johnston). With an impressive cast, this series is expected in 2026.

Fans of sci-fi comedy will also eagerly await the second season of Murderbot (Apple TV+), anticipated to premiere by year-end.

Delving into different realms of artificial intelligence, the adaptation of William Gibson’s seminal cyberpunk novel Neuromancer (Apple TV+) is set to captivate audiences. Following hacker Case (Callum Turner) as he navigates a dangerous futuristic Tokyo after losing his ability to access the virtual reality world, the series is positioned to explore high-stakes conspiracies.

Neuromancer is one of two Cyberpunk-themed series on the horizon, the other being Blade Runner 2099 (Amazon Prime Video). While details remain scarce, we know that Michelle Yeoh will star as a replicant nearing the end of her life in this highly anticipated series.

For technology enthusiasts, check out Altruists and Boldness. Altruists (Netflix) is a limited series due in late 2026 that chronicles the collapse of cryptocurrency exchange FTX alongside the complicated romance between its founder Sam Bankman-Fried and partner Caroline Ellison, while Boldness (AMC) follows CEO Duncan (Billy Magnussen) battling power struggles in Silicon Valley without any real-world parallels.

Let’s venture beyond Earth, with excitement building for Star City (Apple TV+), a spin-off of the acclaimed alternate history series For All Mankind, which returns for its fifth season in 2026. This new series will spotlight the Soviet perspective during the space race, depicting the efforts of astronauts, engineers, and secret agents striving to land the first Russians on the moon.

Other space-centric highlights include the potential launch of the second season of Doctor Who in December and Three-Body Problem, an ambitious adaptation of Cixin Liu’s epic series about humanity’s preparation for an alien invasion set 400 years in the future.

For those who seek gripping narratives, Beauty (FX/Disney+) features FBI agents Cooper Madsen (Evan Peters) and Jordan Bennett (Rebecca Hall) as they become engrossed in the world of high fashion while investigating tragic deaths of supermodels. The series grapples with themes of transformation, premiering on January 22nd—a significant moment for physical reinvention.

Topics:

Science Fiction/
Television

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Red Tattoo Ink Linked to Hair Loss and Sweating Issues: A Cautionary Tale

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Inflamed Areas of a Man’s Tattoo

University Centre for General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wrocław Medical University

A Polish man experienced a severe allergic reaction to the red ink used in his tattoo, resulting in hair loss, cessation of sweat production, and the development of vitiligo. This alarming case highlights potential adverse effects of certain modern tattoo inks on the immune system.

Tattooing is a time-honored practice that traditionally utilized black soot-based inks and manual techniques. Today, electric tattoo machines are employed to rapidly apply colorful synthetic inks across larger skin areas.

Many dyes found in colored tattoo inks were originally formulated for use in printer inks and automotive paints, not for human application. Reports of allergic reactions to colorful tattoo inks have surged in recent years, particularly among individuals with existing immune issues, such as eczema, asthma, and celiac disease. According to research, around 6% of people report allergic reactions that persist for more than four months, particularly with red ink.

The Polish man’s symptoms began four months post-tattoo application on his forearm. Initially, itched intensely, followed by the emergence of a widespread red rash. Over time, he developed hair loss, yellowing nails, swollen lymph nodes, and an inability to sweat. After two years, he also noticed large patches of vitiligo.

Despite consultations with several specialists, including dermatologists and allergists, the underlying issue remained undiagnosed. It wasn’t until the red ink decorations of his tattoo became visibly inflamed that suspicion arose. A biopsy of a swollen lymph node revealed traces of red ink had migrated from the tattoo site.

Due to limited treatment options, the man underwent eight surgeries to eliminate the problematic red ink and apply skin grafts. Post-treatment, while his hair has regrown and vitiligo has stabilized, he still suffers from permanent dysfunction of his sweat glands, presenting a risk of heat exhaustion and necessitating his resignation from military service, as he must frequently spray himself with water.

Despite attempts, dermatologists at Wrocław Medical University could not obtain a sample of the red ink for analysis. However, past studies have identified synthetic organic dyes, particularly azo dyes, as agents responsible for allergic reactions in red tattoos.

The potential health risks associated with tattoo ink are linked to its chronic activation of the immune system. Most tattoo ink remains on the skin, but some can migrate to lymph nodes. Here, immune cells known as macrophages attempt to eliminate the ink but often fail due to its size. This failure leads to a cycle of immune activation, as macrophages transfer the ink to others, perpetuating the immune response. Dr. Sine Clemmensen of the University of Southern Denmark elaborates on this issue.

The Polish man also had Hashimoto’s disease, an autoimmune condition that may have heightened his sensitivity, resulting in the immune system mistakenly attacking his skin.

Emerging research suggests that even individuals without pre-existing immune conditions might face long-term risks related to tattoos. Clemmensen’s findings indicate that having any tattoo color could triple the risk of developing lymphoma, a cancer affecting the lymphatic system.

In January 2022, following another case similar to that of the Polish man, the European Union initiated measures to enhance tattoo safety by restricting chemicals commonly found in tattoo inks with azo dyes. However, legislation in other regions is still pending.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Gene Removal Reverses Alzheimer’s Disease in Mice: Breakthrough Findings from Sciworthy

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Alzheimer’s disease presents significant challenges, transforming a cherished family member into someone who often fails to recognize their true self. Many individuals ponder the reasons behind the erosion of memories and personalities. Researchers have identified the primary driver of Alzheimer’s as the accumulation of a brain protein known as Tau.

Under normal circumstances, tau protein plays a crucial role in preserving the health of nerve cells by stabilizing the microtubules, which function as pathways for nutrient transport. However, in Alzheimer’s patients, tau protein becomes twisted and tangled, obstructing communication between cells. These tau tangles are now recognized by medical professionals as a defining characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease, serving as indicators of cognitive decline.

Recent studies have shown that tau tangles correlate with diminished brain function in individuals affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene is closely linked to late-onset Alzheimer’s and may exacerbate tau tangling. This gene encodes a protein involved in transporting fats and cholesterol to nerve cells throughout the brain.

A team from the University of California, San Francisco, and the Gladstone Institute has discovered that eliminating APOE4 from nerve cells can mitigate cognitive issues associated with Alzheimer’s. Their research involved specially bred mice exhibiting tau tangles and various forms of the human APOE gene, specifically APOE4 and APOE3. The aim was to determine if APOE4 directly contributes to Alzheimer’s-related brain damage and if its removal could halt cognitive decline.

To investigate the impact of the APOE4 gene, the researchers introduced a virus containing abnormal tau protein into one side of each mouse’s hippocampus. When the mice reached 10 months of age, the team conducted various tests—including MRI scans, staining of brain regions, microscopy, brain activity assessments, and RNA sequencing—to analyze the accumulation of tau protein in the brains of those with and without the APOE4 gene.

The findings revealed significant discrepancies between the two groups. Mice with the APOE4 gene displayed a higher prevalence of tau tangles, a marked decline in brain function, and increased neuronal death, while those with the APOE3 gene exhibited minimal tau deposits and no cognitive decline.

Next, the researchers employed a protein linked to an enzyme called CRE to excise the APOE4 gene from mouse nerve cells, subsequently measuring tau levels with a specialized dye. The results indicated a significant reduction in tau tangles, dropping from nearly 50% to around 10%. In contrast, mice carrying the APOE3 gene saw an even smaller reduction from just under 10% to approximately 3%.

Additionally, a different dye was utilized to quantify amyloid plaques—another protein cluster frequently found in Alzheimer’s cases. The outcomes showed that, following removal of the APOE4 gene, amyloid plaque levels decreased from roughly 20% to less than 10%. Mice with the APOE3 gene, however, displayed no notable change, consistently maintaining around 10% amyloid plaques.

The researchers further analyzed the RNA of the mice to understand how APOE4 affects neurons and other brain cells. Their observations confirmed that the presence of APOE4 correlated with an uptick in Alzheimer’s-related brain cells. This finding helped illustrate that eliminating APOE4 from nerve cells resulted in diminished responses associated with Alzheimer’s disease.

In conclusion, the researchers determined that APOE4 is detrimental and may actively induce Alzheimer’s-like damage in the brains of mice. While further validation in human subjects is needed, the implications of this gene may pave the way for developing targeted therapies for Alzheimer’s disease.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Revolutionary Quantum Computing Breakthrough: Secure Methods for Backing Up Quantum Information

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers from the University of Waterloo and Kyushu University have achieved a groundbreaking advancement in quantum computing by developing a novel method to create redundant, encrypted copies of qubits. This represents a pivotal step towards practical quantum cloud services and robust quantum infrastructure.

Google’s quantum computer – Image credit: Google.

In quantum mechanics, the no-cloning theorem asserts that creating an identical copy of an unknown quantum state is impossible.

Dr. Achim Kempf from the University of Waterloo and Dr. Koji Yamaguchi from Kyushu University emphasize that this fundamental rule remains intact.

However, they have demonstrated a method to generate multiple encrypted versions of a single qubit.

“This significant breakthrough facilitates quantum cloud storage solutions, such as quantum Dropbox, quantum Google Drive, and quantum STACKIT, enabling the secure storage of identical quantum information across multiple servers as redundant encrypted backups,” said Dr. Kemp.

“This development is a crucial step towards establishing a comprehensive quantum computing infrastructure.”

“Quantum computing offers immense potential, particularly for addressing complex problems, but it also introduces unique challenges.”

“One major difficulty in quantum computing is the no-duplication theorem, which dictates that quantum information cannot be directly copied.”

“This limitation arises from the delicate nature of quantum information storage.”

According to the researchers, quantum information functions analogously to splitting passwords.

“If you possess half of a password while your partner holds the other half, neither can be utilized independently. However, when both sections are combined, a valuable password emerges,” Dr. Kemp remarked.

“In a similar manner, qubits are unique in that they can share information in exponentially growing ways as they interconnect.”

“A single qubit’s information is minimal; however, linking multiple qubits allows them to collectively store substantial amounts of information that only materializes when interconnected.”

“This exceptional capability of sharing information across numerous qubits is known as quantum entanglement.”

“With 100 qubits, information can be simultaneously shared in 2^100 different ways, allowing for a level of shared entangled information far exceeding that of current classical computers.”

“Despite the vast potential of quantum computing, the no-cloning theorem restricts its applications.”

“Unlike classical computing, where duplicating information for sharing and backup is a common practice, quantum computing lacks a simple ‘copy and paste’ mechanism.”

“We have uncovered a workaround for the non-replicability theorem of quantum information,” explained Dr. Yamaguchi.

“Our findings reveal that by encrypting quantum information during duplication, we can create as many copies as desired.”

“This method circumvents the no-clonability theorem because when an encrypted copy is selected and decrypted, the decryption key is automatically rendered unusable; it functions as a one-time key.”

“Nevertheless, even one-time keys facilitate crucial applications such as redundant and encrypted quantum cloud services.”

The team’s research will be published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

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Koji Yamaguchi & Achim Kempf. 2026. Encrypted qubits can be cloned. Physical Review Letters in press. arXiv: 2501.02757

Source: www.sci.news

Weight Regain: What to Expect After Discontinuing Obesity Medications in Two Years

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Weight loss medications, including Munjaro (tirzepatide), are effective when taken consistently.

Alan Swart / Alamy

Weight loss drugs effectiveness — Weight loss medications, including Munjaro (tirzepatide), are effective when taken consistently.

Alan Swart / Alamy

A recent study involving over 9,000 participants revealed that individuals who discontinue weight loss medications often regain the weight lost within two years. This finding underscores the notion that obesity should be viewed as a chronic disease necessitating ongoing treatment.

“These medications are very effective; however, obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition,” explained Susan Jebb, who addressed the press at the University of Oxford. “Similar to hypertension medications, these treatments are likely needed for life.”

It’s evident that weight loss medications can significantly aid individuals in combating obesity, particularly newer GLP-1 medications mimicking gut hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1—examples include semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound). These drugs not only facilitate weight loss but also positively impact health metrics like blood pressure and cholesterol levels.

Nevertheless, many patients have ceased using GLP-1 medications due to side effects, including nausea, or a lack of availability triggered by heightened demand. “Approximately half of users discontinue these drugs within a year,” remarks Jebb.

While nations like the United States and parts of Europe permit long-term use of GLP-1 medications for weight control, frameworks like the UK’s National Health Service are restricting semaglutide usage for weight management based on cost-effectiveness evaluations over two years.

Previous studies indicate that individuals often regain weight post-semaglutide discontinuation. Yet, it remains unclear if this pattern extends to other weight loss interventions and the swift occurrence of weight gain upon cessation.

To investigate this, Jebb and colleagues reviewed 37 trials, combining data from over 9,000 participants, all classified as overweight or obese and using some form of weight loss medication (including GLP-1) for about 10 months, followed by a monitoring period of roughly 8 months.

From their analysis, the researchers noted that participants lost an average of 8.3 kilograms and experienced improvements in metabolic parameters like blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose levels.

When examining weight patterns during the follow-up phase, the model suggested participants regained the average weight lost within 1.7 years after stopping their medications.

In trials specifically addressing semaglutide and tirzepatide, participants lost an average of 14.7 kilograms, yet it was anticipated they would regain all lost weight within a year and a half. Jebb points out that further insights are required to understand the accelerated weight gain associated with these drugs compared to others.

Additionally, the team discovered that the weight regain rate after ceasing weight loss drugs was about four times steeper than that observed following the termination of a structured behavioral weight loss program, which typically emphasizes healthy eating and increased physical activity.

However, this disparity may be attributed to the greater motivation for weight loss among individuals participating in behavioral programs compared to those relying on medications.

Another factor contributing to this swift weight regain may be the appetite suppression induced by these drugs. Users often report significant increases in hunger and cravings upon discontinuation, possibly leading to rapid weight resurgence, as noted by Taraneh Soleimani from Pennsylvania State University.

Yet, a separate analysis suggested that offering behavioral support during the follow-up phase did not effectively curb weight gain. Soleimani emphasizes that more research is essential to determine optimal strategies for supporting individuals transitioning off weight loss medications.

What Jebb’s research illustrates, according to her, is the critical need to consider obesity as a long-lasting condition. “Weight loss drugs demonstrate effectiveness, and weight regain is prevalent upon cessation,” states Professor Soleimani. “These results confirm obesity as a chronic condition that requires prolonged treatment.”

Topics:

obesity/
weight loss drugs

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Exercise Can Be as Effective as Antidepressants in Reducing Depression

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exercise: An Effective Treatment for Depression

Neil Lang/Shutterstock

jogging in fog or mist — Exercise: An Effective Treatment for Depression

Neil Lang/Shutterstock

Experiencing a post-workout mood boost is common, and a recent review highlights just how impactful this effect can be. Simple activities like walking or gardening can alleviate depression symptoms as effectively as psychotherapy or antidepressants.

“This research reinforces that exercise is a viable option for individuals suffering from depression, showing that it can rival the effectiveness of psychotherapy or medication,” states Andrew Clegg from the University of Lancashire, UK.

A prior Cochrane Library review in 2013 discovered that exercise alleviates depression symptoms comparably to standard treatments like antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on modifying thought patterns and behavior.

Consequently, health authorities advocate regular exercise for depression management. The UK’s National Institute for Healthcare Excellence (NICE) suggests engaging in aerobic activities such as jogging for ten weeks, typically in conjunction with other therapies for optimal results.

Since the 2013 review, numerous clinical trials have surfaced, prompting the Cochrane Library to embark on an updated review. “This new review nearly doubles the existing evidence base from the previous publication,” comments Clegg, a co-author of the review.

Clegg and colleagues reviewed data from 69 randomized controlled trials involving nearly 5,000 adults diagnosed with mild to severe depression or showing elevated depression symptom scores. Their analysis focused on 57 trials where participants were assigned to either an exercise group or a control group receiving no treatment.

Trial methodologies varied significantly, but usually directed participants to maintain a routine of low to moderate exercise—like gardening or brisk walking—compared to more vigorous activities like sprinting or soccer. Yoga and stretching were excluded, as these often incorporate meditative or breathing practices, which detracted from the study’s emphasis on pure physical activity.

The research indicated that exercise modestly reduced depression severity, characterized by feelings of sadness and disinterest in social activities.

“Clinically meaningful improvements were observed—individuals reported noticeable changes,” remarks Brendon Stubbs from King’s College London, who was not part of the review.

Furthermore, the team analyzed ten of the 59 trials that compared exercise to CBT and five trials involving participants on antidepressants devoid of an exercise component. Results indicated that, on average, regular exercise proved equally effective as these treatment modalities. “There was no significant difference in outcomes among the three,” emphasizes Emily Hird from University College London, who also did not partake in the study.

The research highlighted that light to moderate exercise outperformed intense workouts. This may be linked to higher adherence rates; as Stubbs explains, “Strenuous exercises often lead to dropout, thus diminishing the observed benefits.”

While the precise advantages of exercise remain under investigation, Stubbs suggests multiple potential mechanisms. Group activities could enhance social well-being, and acquiring new skills might boost self-esteem, fostering positive life changes.

Studies indicate that muscle-released chemicals, known as myokines, help reduce inflammation, which may exacerbate depression. One particular myokine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, is known for promoting new brain cell growth, potentially aiding in the reconfiguration of negative thought patterns, as asserted by Stubbs. Interestingly, Clegg’s team discovered that resistance training, which generates more myokines, was more effective than aerobic workouts alone.

Collectively, these findings advocate for exercise as a depression treatment modality. However, since participants were aware of their group assignments, some gains might stem from placebo effects, where expectations influence symptom relief. Additionally, the majority of studies had limited participant numbers, which may impact reliability, according to Hurd.

Hurd advocates for larger studies to investigate optimal exercise types tailored for individuals and their unique challenges. “Currently, we lack clarity on who benefits most from different exercise forms,” she asserts. Individuals with severe depression might struggle to maintain exercise routines and may find more relief through CBT or antidepressants, both of which exhibit effectiveness akin to exercise in managing depression. Furthermore, some individuals may respond preferentially to specific activities based on their depression’s root causes.

Nevertheless, evidence consistently reveals the benefits of exercise for both mental and physical health. “Activities such as running, gym workouts, Pilates, and yoga all impart various positive effects. The most crucial aspect is to engage individuals in activities they enjoy,” concludes Stubbs.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient 773,000-Year-Old Hominin Fossils from Morocco Shed Light on the Origins of Homo sapiens

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent discoveries of hominin fossils in the Thomas Quarry I cave located in Casablanca, Morocco, provide crucial insights into the early origins of homo sapiens. These findings indicate that the lineage leading to modern humans was potentially established in Africa nearly 800,000 years ago. The fossils, although similar in age to the ancestor of homo discovered in Spain, display a mix of primitive and advanced traits reminiscent of post-Eurasian hominins, including homo sapiens.

Reconstruction of homo erectus.

Paleoanthropologists have long debated the origins of Neanderthals and Denisovans, the last common ancestors of modern humans. Genetic studies reveal that this ancestor likely existed between approximately 765,000 and 550,000 years ago, although fossil records are still inconclusive.

While some researchers have posited a Eurasian origin based on fossils unearthed in Atapuerca, Spain, dating back to 950,000 to 770,000 years ago, the new findings from Morocco reinforce the theory of an African origin.

Recent discoveries from the Moroccan cave, including mandible fragments, teeth, vertebrae, and femur pieces, bolster the evidence supporting Africa as the cradle of human evolution.

Analysis of the sediments surrounding these fossils indicates that they date back approximately 773,000 years, coinciding with significant changes in the Earth’s magnetic field, aligning with the era of the ancestor of homo.

Interestingly, the new fossils present distinct morphological differences. The evidence suggests that regional differentiation between Europe and North Africa was already evident by the late Early Pleistocene, spanning from around 1.8 million to 780,000 years ago.

The Moroccan fossils exhibit a blend of primitive features linked to species like homo erectus alongside more modern traits found in homo sapiens and Neanderthals.

For instance, their molar size aligns with earlier homo sapiens fossils, while the jaw shape resembles that of Neanderthals and other African archaic humans.

Although the Moroccan fossil may not serve as the ultimate last common ancestor of modern humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, it is likely a close precursor.

“The Moroccan fossils likely represent an advanced form of homo erectus in North Africa, situated on a lineage close to the evolutionary divergence between African and Eurasian lineages,” stated the researchers.

“Our findings underscore the Maghreb region as vital for understanding the emergence of our species and strengthen the argument for an African origin of homo sapiens,” they concluded.

Findings are detailed in a recent study published in Nature.

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J.J. Havlin and colleagues. Early human fossils from Morocco and the emergence of homo sapiens. Nature, published online January 7, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09914-y

Source: www.sci.news

New Modeling Study Reveals Surprisingly Calm Ocean Floor on Europa

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

An in-depth analysis of the stresses, tides, and internal forces on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa indicates that the moon lacks the active submarine faults essential for robust hydrothermal circulation. This phenomenon significantly impacts Europa’s chemical energy and overall habitability.

A stunning view of Europa’s surface. Image scale is 1.6 km per pixel. North of Europa is on the right. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SETI Institute.

On Earth, tectonic activity is crucial for supporting diverse habitats that sustain life.

This interaction between water and rocks on the ocean floor can generate chemical energy essential for potential biological processes.

Thus, the existence of tectonic activity on a celestial body can indicate an environment conducive to supporting life.

Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, is believed to harbor an immense underground ocean beneath its frosty exterior.

While earlier studies hinted at volcanic activity beneath Europa’s ocean floor, the potential for tectonic movement had not been thoroughly explored until now.

“If we could survey those oceans using remote-controlled submarines, we predict we wouldn’t observe any new cracks, active volcanoes, or hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor,” stated Dr. Paul Byrne, a researcher at Washington University in St. Louis.

“Geologically, nothing is changing there. Everything remains quiet.”

“In icy worlds like Europa, a tranquil ocean floor could suggest a lifeless ocean.”

Dr. Byrne and his team conducted comprehensive modeling to evaluate potential tectonic activity within Europa’s theorized subsurface ocean.

Their findings were compared against known behaviors on Earth’s ocean floor and Enceladus.

The researchers assessed stress from tidal forces, global contraction, mantle convection, and serpentinization— a geological process involving the interaction of rocks and water.

However, they concluded that these factors are unlikely to be driving tectonic activity, even along Europa’s existing fissures at present.

This discovery implies that water-rock interactions might be confined to the uppermost layers of the ocean floor, which limits the prospects for habitable conditions beneath Europa’s surface.

Future research aims to gather direct evidence regarding Europa’s geology and tectonics.

“Europa likely experiences tidal heating, which is why it hasn’t fully frozen,” Dr. Byrne noted.

“There may have been greater heating in its distant past.”

“However, currently, we do not observe eruptions from the ice as seen on Io. Our calculations indicate that the currents are simply not strong enough to foster significant geological activity on the ocean floor.”

For more details, refer to the results published in this week’s issue of Nature Communications.

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PK burn et al. 2026. There may be little or no active faults on Europa’s ocean floor today. Nat Commune 17, 4; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67151-3

Source: www.sci.news

Impending End of Russia-US Nuclear Deal: No Successor in Sight

Posted on January 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Russia Displays Military Might at Moscow Parade

Image Credit: Mikhail Svetlov/Getty Images

Russia military parade showcasing weaponry — Russia Displays Military Might at Moscow Parade

Image Credit: Mikhail Svetlov/Getty Images

As of February 2026, the world faces a historic moment: for the first time in decades, there will be no active treaty regulating the nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia. While experts are divided over the effectiveness of the New START Treaty in enhancing global security, there’s a consensus that establishing a successor treaty is improbable.

The United States and Russia initiated their nuclear arms reduction efforts with the START I treaty in 1991, which evolved into the New START in 2011. In 2021, Presidents Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin agreed to extend the treaty by five years, but this agreement expired on February 5, 2026, and negotiations for a new treaty have stalled.

Tensions escalated significantly between the U.S. and Russia following the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Shortly after, Russia was excluded from crucial weapons inspections, leading to U.S. retaliation. Currently, discussions are emerging about potential nuclear tests from both countries, though many see these as mere posturing devoid of real substance. The likelihood of a New START replacement treaty appears dimmer than ever.

Mark Bell, a professor at the University of Minnesota, argues that a new treaty limiting the U.S. arsenal to match that of Russia’s would be unattractive to the U.S. This is largely due to concerns over needing a robust deterrent against both Russia and the increasingly nuclear-capable China, which currently has 600 nuclear weapons. While this is significantly fewer than the 5,000 plus weapons possessed by the U.S. and Russia, China’s nuclear capabilities are rapidly growing. Russia is unlikely to accept any proposal that would limit its arsenal to numbers inferior to the U.S.’s, and China would resist agreements that restrict its future growth to parity with these powers. Negotiating a new treaty is fraught with complications from the outset, Bell asserts.

Historically, START I and New START are viewed as successful frameworks. Though not flawless, they have contributed to stability. However, Bell expresses skepticism regarding their true impact on global safety. He notes, “Could they have saved both superpowers some money? Perhaps. Did they provide a platform for cooperation? Certainly. But did they fundamentally alter the risk of war? I don’t think so.”

Regardless of treaty status, the threat of nuclear war persists, according to Bell. He suggests that the concept of mutually assured destruction serves as our current safeguard against nuclear conflict. “The fear of catastrophic consequences, rather than treaties, is what may deter warfare. This stabilizing factor stems from danger itself, which is an intrinsic aspect of nuclear deterrence,” he elaborates.

Conversely, some experts are more concerned about the implications of losing the treaty. Steven Herzog, a scholar at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies in Monterey, California, and former U.S. Department of Energy arms control specialist, remarked to New Scientist that the absence of New START heightens the risk of nuclear warfare.

“A lack of transparency makes global security fragile by spurring unchecked competition among leaders who might resort to nuclear capabilities,” Herzog warns. “In an environment where Russia’s unpredictability is escalating and the U.S. administration is equally volatile, it’s alarming that we lack essential measures for confidence-building and transparency that could temper an arms race.”

Although various treaties addressing nuclear weapons exist, the ambitious Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons seeks to eliminate nuclear arms completely yet lacks participation from many nuclear-armed nations. Furthermore, while several states have ratified the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, it does little to curb the existing arsenal. New START remains the only treaty that held nuclear powers accountable.

Herzog believes that both Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin could potentially reach a similar agreement if they desired. Indeed, President Putin’s proposal for an unofficial one-year extension was positively received by President Trump. However, concrete negotiations are absent, and any such accord would likely serve as a temporary fix rather than a long-term solution.

Philip Bleek, a researcher at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, expresses that while extending the treaty could be beneficial if it allowed time for negotiating a new agreement, the long-term prospects for arms control remain bleak. “A one-year extension may lead Russia to feel their financial stake is wasted, making them less likely to engage in future talks,” he explains.

Treaty negotiations are intricate battles involving political leaders, military strategists, and intelligence officials striving for even marginal strategic advantages. Herzog notes that Russia could be at an advantage since significant personnel, such as weapons inspectors and negotiators, have been dismissed or forced out by the Trump administration.

“If we are serious about negotiating a new treaty, we likely won’t have the staffing or resources available to do so,” Herzog concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com