Regeneron Pharmaceuticals has announced its plan to acquire genetic testing firm 23andMe Holding for $256 million through bankruptcy auctions, as revealed on Monday.
Regeneron stated that it adheres to 23andMe’s privacy policy and relevant laws concerning customer data usage, and is prepared to provide detailed explanations to court-appointed supervisors regarding this data. The deal is expected to finalize in the third quarter.
“The Regeneron Genetics Center has a solid track record of safeguarding genetic data for individuals globally while pursuing scientific discoveries that leverage this information for societal benefit.” “We assure our 23andMe customers that we will uphold strict standards of data privacy, security, and ethical oversight, enabling us to enhance human health.”
Lawmakers scrutinized the bankruptcy proceedings initiated in March, expressing concerns that genetic data from millions of clients could end up in the hands of unscrupulous buyers. One organization, the Global Biodata Trust, formally proposed acquiring 23andMe, advocating for consumer control over data, allowing individuals to either store their DNA information in a trust or share it with related public benefit companies.
Nevertheless, this bid also posed risks to customer privacy. The United States presently lacks comprehensive privacy regulations that enforceable guidelines around how Regeneron manages, utilizes, and shares genetic data acquired from 23andMe. This absence allows businesses to modify their privacy policies at will, often without prior notice to users. Without federal privacy laws, there is minimal recourse to hold organizations, including nonprofits, accountable.
Last month, 23andMe agreed to permit court-appointed supervisors to oversee client genetic information and security policies throughout the bankruptcy process.
Under the new agreement, Regeneron will acquire all of 23andMe’s assets, with the exception of Telehealth Service Lemonaid Health, which 23andMe intends to shut down. Following the completion of the transaction, 23andMe will continue as a direct or indirect subsidiary of Regeneron, the company stated.
The company has gathered genetic data from 15 million customers who ordered DNA test kits online and provided saliva samples. Weak demand for ancestor test kits has been exacerbated by the data breaches that occurred in 2023.
Capuchin monkey with white face of a man carrying a baby howler monkey
Brendan Barrett/Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior
Capuchin monkeys on a remote island in Panama are gaining attention as they acquire infants from the Howler monkey species.
A wild group of white-faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus imitator) residing on Zikaron Island has been under observation with 86 motion cameras since 2017. Researchers are studying their complex use of stone tools to open hard fruits, nuts, and shellfish. By 2022, five years into their study, they observed one young male capuchin, nicknamed Joker, frequently carrying a baby howler monkey (Alouatta coibensis) for over four months, sometimes for weeks at a time.
Initially, researchers speculated this might be an unusual behavior. According to Zoë Goldsborough from the Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior, “I didn’t think we would find this.”
Months later, after observing Joker with the baby, four other young capuchins were spotted carrying howler infants as well. Over a span of 15 months, the capuchin group acquired 11 howler babies under four weeks old.
Researchers believe this behavior may spread through social learning, likening it to “primates and fashion,” notes Andrew Whiten, who was not involved in the study, from St Andrews University in the UK.
Baby Howler Monkey and two white-faced capuchins
Brendan Barrett / Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior
Mature female monkeys might adopt abandoned infants from other species as a way to practice nurturing. However, in this case, it’s immature male capuchins engaging in the behavior. Instead of merely adopting abandoned young, they appear to be actively taking howler infants from their families. Although there is no direct footage of theft, researchers documented a capuchin preventing a howler baby from escaping, while howler parents called out to find their infants, showcasing the capuchins’ defensive behavior.
The abducted infants are likely too young to survive without maternal care, leading to their eventual death from malnutrition. Investigators have observed at least three howler infants being carried even after they have died.
Learning from peers can be advantageous. Even if the behavior does not yield any tangible benefits, Whiten suggests it may simply be an expression of curiosity.
The capuchins on Jikarón Island face little competition and lack natural predators, allowing them to explore new behaviors, perhaps as a response to ennui. Goldsborough notes that Joker, who is frequently seen utilizing tools, may embody this trend. “If a tradition exists, individuals are likely to imitate other behaviors as well.”
A baby Howler Monkey clings to the back of an older male monkey, whose small fingers grip the fur. However, they are not related and belong to different species.
Researchers have uncovered unexpected evidence of what they refer to as a monkey temptation while analyzing video recordings from a small island in Panama. Between 2022 and 2023, at least 11 baby Howler Monkeys were observed being carried by Capuchin Monkeys.
“This discovery was quite shocking,” remarked Zoe Goldsborough, a behavioral ecologist at the Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior in Germany. “Nothing like this has been documented in the animal kingdom.”
The motivation behind the monkeys’ actions is currently being studied. Capuchins are cat-sized monkeys indigenous to South and Central America. They are intelligent, long-lived, and observed to learn new behaviors from one another. One group in Panama has even learned to use stones as tools to crack nuts and open seafood.
Goldsborough and her colleagues from both the Max Planck Institute and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute have set up over 80 cameras to investigate Capuchin tool usage, yet were surprised to witness the first baby Howler appearing in early 2022.
The footage revealed Capuchin Monkeys walking while using a stone tool, with a Howler baby secured on the back of one. However, the cameras failed to capture the abduction event. Scientists believe it likely occurred in the trees, where Howlers typically reside.
A baby Howler monkey clings to a young adult male Capuchin monkey on Zikaron Island, Panama in February 2023. Brendan Barrett/Max Planck Animal Behavior Research Institute via AP
“Our perspective on this story is limited,” stated Margaret Crofoot, co-author from Max Planck and Smithsonian. The findings were published in the journal Current Biology on Monday. In most instances, including all recorded cases, the baby Howler Monkey did not survive, researchers said. Infant Howler monkeys are typically carried by their mothers while nursing, and all the babies featured in the videos were mere weeks to months old—far too young to be weaned.
“I hope that perhaps some have escaped and returned to their mothers, but we truly do not know,” Crofoot added.
The footage documented numerous occasions of young male Capuchins carrying a baby Howler, which likely succumbed to starvation. Many species, including gorillas and Orcas, have also been observed carrying their deceased offspring, but the reasons remain unclear to scientists.
What prompted the Capuchin to do this? There were no indications of an intentional attack on the baby, nor were there signs of predation.
“We spent countless hours trying to understand the motivation behind this behavior,” Goldsborough explained.
The first Capuchin to carry the baby may have acted out of confused “compassionate motivation” or parental instinct, showing gentleness towards the infant. Other males then replicated this behavior.
Researchers believe that the Capuchins did not purposefully harm the baby. So far, only a single group of Capuchins is known to exhibit this behavior.
This study highlights “significant behavioral variations among social groups of the same species.”
A new cyberattack has made headlines, compromising personal information from hundreds of thousands of legal assistance applicants in the UK and Wales.
Following the recent cyber incidents that severely impacted Marks & Spencer and co-ops, reminders are circulating about the increased risk of suspicious activities.
If you’re concerned that your data may have been exposed, here are some tips to help safeguard yourself.
Update Your Password – Ensure It’s Strong
Always ensure you use a strong password and avoid reusing passwords across multiple accounts.
If you’ve interacted with a company or organization that has suffered a cyberattack, promptly change the password for that particular website or app.
“Consider using a password manager to create and securely store strong, unique passwords,” suggests the online security firm Nordvpn.
Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds an extra layer of security to your critical accounts by requiring a code sent via text or email for access. Be sure to enable 2FA on all services that offer it.
Exercise Caution with Unsolicited Emails, Calls, and Messages
Avoid clicking on links or attachments in unsolicited emails, texts, or social media messages, as they may lead to phishing sites or contain malware designed to steal your identity.
Phishing scams often leverage current events, like cyberattacks, to lure unsuspecting customers into providing sensitive information.
Scammers might possess personal details they obtained through breaches, making their communications seem more credible.
If someone claims to represent a company you use, verify their identity by ignoring their contact and checking official contact details instead.
Monitor Your Credit Report
In case your personal data gets compromised, regularly monitoring your credit report is crucial to detect any fraudulent attempts to create loans or acquire other products in your name. Several Credit Reference Institutions offer access, both free and paid.
We recommend checking your credit report periodically. You can access your credit data through the Credit Committee.
Be vigilant for signs of identity theft, such as being denied financial products unexpectedly or not receiving bank statements despite having a good credit rating. Additionally, receiving collection letters for debts you didn’t incur or items on your bank statement that you didn’t buy are clear red flags.
Most financial fraud is said to begin on social media and technology platforms. Remain cautious, as scammers may have enough information to impersonate someone you know.
The rise of “Hi Mom” scams, where criminals pretend to be relatives asking for urgent financial assistance via messaging apps like WhatsApp, has surged in recent years.
Even under pressure, take your time to verify the identity of anyone requesting money, ensuring you’re truly communicating with your loved ones.
Safeguard Your Devices
Keep your laptops and devices updated by ensuring they receive the latest software and security patches.
Only use official app stores and software update services for your downloads.
Artificial intelligence can perform tasks similarly to humans, if not more effectively, particularly in crafting persuasive arguments rather than just being unable to shout.
Experts have raised concerns about the implications this has, especially regarding the integrity of elections.
“If we can deploy persuasive AI on a large scale, we could envision an army of bots micro-targeting undecided voters with tailored political narratives that seem authentic,” he mentioned. Additionally, he pointed out that such influences are challenging to monitor, harder to regulate, and nearly impossible to detect in real time.
“It would be surprising if malicious entities hadn’t begun using these tools to disseminate misinformation and biased propaganda,” Salvi stated.
Nonetheless, he also noted that persuasive AI could have positive effects, such as reducing conspiracy beliefs and political polarization, as well as encouraging healthier lifestyle choices.
Each participant was assigned a topic for discussion. Did these topics lead to debates such as “Should students wear school uniforms?” or “Should abortion be legalized?” Each participant was randomly given a stance to argue.
Before and after the discussions, participants rated their level of agreement with the proposals.
In half of the pairs, whether human or AI, additional information about the opponents, like age, gender, ethnicity, and political affiliation, was provided.
The results from the 600 discussions showed that Chat GPT-4 was as effective as its human counterparts in persuading others, provided no personal information was shared.
However, access to such personal details made the AI more convincing than humans. When both types of opponents were similarly unpersuasive, the AI was able to shift participants’ opinions 64% of the time compared to human opponents.
Upon further investigation, the team found that AI’s persuasiveness was particularly evident on topics that elicited less strongly held views.
The researchers noted that when human participants were paired with AI, they correctly guessed their partner’s identity about 75% of the time. The team also observed that AI utilized a more analytical and structured approach compared to human participants, but not all engaged in arguments they personally supported. However, the team cautioned that these aspects did not fully account for AI’s persuasiveness.
Rather, its effectiveness seemed to stem from its ability to tailor arguments to individual preferences.
“It’s akin to debating with someone who makes a compelling case,” Salvi remarked, noting that the impact could be even greater with more detailed personal information, such as insights derived from someone’s social media activities.
Professor Sander van der Linden, a social psychologist at Cambridge University who did not participate in the study, remarked that it reopened discussions about the potential for large-scale manipulation of public opinion through personalized conversations with language models.
While he indicated that various studies, including his own, have shown that the persuasiveness of language models relies on analytical reasoning and evidence use; one study revealed that personal information did not enhance Chat GPT’s persuasiveness.
Professor Michael Wooldridge, an AI researcher at Oxford University, acknowledged that while there are beneficial applications of such systems, like health-related chatbots, there are many concerning aspects as well, including the potential exploitation of these applications by harmful groups targeting youths.
“As AI continues to evolve, we will witness an increasingly broad range of potential technological abuses,” he asserted. “Policymakers and regulators must act decisively to stay ahead of these threats rather than constantly playing catch-up.”
Secretary of Health and Human Services Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has tasked the Food and Drug Administration with conducting a safety assessment of Mifepristone, the primary medication used in most abortions in the U.S. This week, Kennedy indicated that the review was prompted by a “surprising” report on significant adverse events that was released last month.
“At the very least, it clearly indicates that we need to modify the labeling,” he stated during the Senate budget hearing on Wednesday, addressing Senator Josh Hawley (R-Mo). “We requested FDA Director Marty McCurry to carry out a comprehensive review and provide a report.”
The report suggests that neither peer-reviewed studies nor medical journals have identified a higher rate of serious complications from Mifepristone than that reported by the FDA. It calls for “further investigation into the harm Mifepristone may cause to women” and urges a “reconsideration of its approval entirely.”
Published online in April by the Center for Ethics and Public Policy, a conservative think tank that endorses Jewish and Christian values, the center is associated with the Advisory Committee for Project 2025, which pushes right-wing policy initiatives allegedly influencing many recent actions by President Donald Trump.
Conversely, data shows that fewer than 0.5% of women taking Mifepristone experience serious side effects, while the report claims the actual figure is about 11%.
Researchers studying reproductive health have criticized the report as junk science, exaggerating the medication’s risks.
Dr. Ushima Upadyyay, a public health scientist from the University of California, San Francisco, expressed on Thursday, “We should be cautious about public health officials demanding a review of science.”
“A rigorous study, which involved my own consultation with a clinician, ensured that the medication is safe for use at home,” she added.
The report claims its analysis is based on 865,727 insurance claims for women prescribed abortion medications, yet it does not disclose the database used, failing to adhere to standard scientific research protocols. Multiple external researchers have noted that the definition of a “serious adverse event” is broad enough to capture minor side effects like daily bleeding. However, the report’s authors assert that they excluded mild or moderate events.
Regardless, complications after medication abortions were categorized as “serious” in contradiction to medical consensus. The Mifepristone label already indicates that the treatment fails in roughly 2.6% of cases, with the physician community suggesting the failure rate may reach up to 5%. Additionally, the report classified ectopic pregnancies as serious incidents, even in the context of Mifepristone use.
Alina Salganicoff, the director of the Women’s Health Policy Program at KFF—a health policy research and news organization—asserted that the report “does not meet generally accepted research standards,” noting that using insurance claims to evaluate abortion outcomes is ineffective as “many abortions, especially early ones, are not covered by insurance.”
Rachel Jones, a leading research scientist at the Guttmacher Institute, an organization advocating for abortion access, remarked that the report seems to stem from ideology rather than science.
“The FDA typically relies on clinical trials and studies, but this isn’t the case here. It should not influence current policies,” she stated.
The authors of the report responded to these criticisms in a post on the Center’s website, claiming the peer review system is biased against anti-abortion groups, leaving “no opportunity to publish peer-reviewed analyses that provide critical views on abortion medications.”
“As the largest ever study on abortion drugs reveals they are neither safe nor effective, the abortion industry has opted to misrepresent our findings to protect their financial interests, jeopardizing women’s health,” said the report.
Dr. Christina Francis, CEO of the American Pro-Life Physicians Association, indicated that the report sends a message for the FDA to conduct a thorough reassessment of Mifepristone’s safety.
“We have long urged the FDA to conduct a more detailed review of the real-world complication rates,” she explained. “In my view, this report is timely and much needed.”
HHS, which handles media inquiries for the FDA, did not provide comments upon request.
Reproductive health researchers argue that disseminating flawed research represents one of the many strategies employed by anti-abortion groups to restrict access to Mifepristone, alongside litigation and lobbying federal officials.
“Organizations wishing to ban abortions often produce these types of studies,” said Jones.
Misleading research has previously contributed to legal challenges against Mifepristone access, which were ultimately withdrawn by the Supreme Court. In a 2023 decision temporarily revoking Mifepristone’s approval, U.S. District Judge Matthew Kakusmalik cited a study from an anti-abortion group that was later retracted by a medical publisher.
Attorneys General from Idaho, Kansas, and Missouri sought to revive a lawsuit in October against Mifepristone in the same Texas federal court. However, earlier this month, the Trump administration requested the judge dismiss the case.
Julia Kaye, a senior staff attorney with the ACLU Reproductive Freedom Project, indicated at a press conference that this might complicate the administration’s legal arguments in other ongoing cases. Other legal experts view this as a strategy to sidestep taking a definitive stance on abortion.
During his confirmation hearing, Kennedy pledged to align with Trump on abortion issues, proposing on Wednesday that Trump would ultimately determine how Mifepristone is managed in the U.S.
“We believe that policy shifts will ultimately pass through President Trump,” he stated.
In 2012, retired consultant Dianne Hoffman began observing Tom. For five hours each day, she tuned in to Harriet and Ozzy’s behaviors, a pair residing at Dunrobin Ranch in Montana.
The couple was broadcast live as they nested Ospreys and tended to their eggs. Although the eggs never hatched, the Ospreys occupied the nest for a few months before finally leaving.
“I believe they’ve gone through grief,” says Hoffman, now 81.
The webcam at Dunrovin Ranch provides an intimate view of Ospreys nesting and raising chicks during the summer. Photo: Dunrovin Ranch
Hoffman was coping with her grief from losing her husband, brother, and father, and watching the live stream allowed her to “reconnect with the world.”
“It was a very dark time,” she shares. Ozzy passed away in 2014, but she continues to monitor the nest and its current inhabitants for an hour each day. “I can’t think of anything that has positively impacted my life from the Internet more than these cameras.”
Over the past 20 years, nature-centered live streams situated near nests, watering holes, burrows, and landscapes have proliferated, made possible by affordable cameras and remote internet connections that deliver resilient natural feeds. The allure of nature’s drama, or occasionally the lack thereof, captivates viewers.
Sweden’s live annual footage of the Moose relocation has garnered attention. Photo: SVT/AP
The seventh season of the television series, Great Moose’s transition from the Swedish broadcaster SVT, featured 20 days of continuous live footage, drawing millions of viewers. Norwegian NRK broadcasted 18 hours of salmon swimming upstream and 12 hours of fire dancing.
In an increasingly urbanized world, where many are glued to screens, the disconnect from nature is palpable. “We’ve found that while technology can distance us from nature, it can also uniquely connect us to it,” a researcher articulated in a recent publication.
Later, another study revealed that nature live streams “enhance the lives of those unable to leave their homes and those distanced from natural environments.”
Researchers at the University of Montana first deployed a camera in 2012, focusing on Harriet and Ozzy’s nest. At the end of the breeding season, owner Suzanne Miller turned it off, but numerous viewers urged her to keep it running. “[They said] Please, don’t switch it off. We want to see your ranch,” Miller explains, as people became invested in the happenings beyond the nest.
Hoffman stated that the livestream has provided solace during her tough times, and she still observes it daily for an hour. Photo: Rachel Wisniewski/The Guardian
Initially, Miller found it bizarre that someone would dedicate time to mundane tasks like cleaning the paddock. “I felt really odd at first,” she recalls. However, she later added three more live streams of the river, paddock, and bird feeders. Only after she fell ill and was confined to home for six months did she grasp the worth of these streams and became just as captivated by the farm’s live content.
If someone leaves the gate open, viewers promptly notify the ranch. Members once witnessed a horse’s tragic demise after a vet fell on ice and broke its neck, the horse’s head resting peacefully on Miller’s lap as it passed. “Many viewers are elderly and are dealing with death in their own lives,” she notes. “It opened dialogues about mortality.”
The stream has attracted 275 paid subscribers, many of whom have never visited the farm. It costs $8 a month to subscribe, with a bulk of the audience being seniors or those with mobility challenges. Some members have even had their ashes scattered on the property without ever having set foot on the farm.
Numerous platforms enable viewers to communicate and exchange messages through discussion boards. Established in 1994, Fog Cam claims to be the oldest continuously operating webcam worldwide. This webcam shares images every 20 seconds and showcases the fog enveloping San Francisco.
South Africa’s Lion pride is a crowd favorite, with millions tuning in to their live streams. Photo: African
“If you can dream it, there’s likely a live stream for it,” states Rebecca Mauldin, an assistant professor at the University of Texas at Arlington. “Although this is a new area of research, it’s not a new phenomenon. Millions of people are captivated by nature live streams.”
However, these streams offer more than mere entertainment. Research indicates they have health benefits as well. A forthcoming study reveals that nature-centric live streams lead to increased happiness among some elderly residents in care homes, enhancing mood, relaxation, and sleep. A previous study involving Dunrovin’s webcams suggested they brought about “significant positive changes” for nursing home inhabitants and could serve as an “innovative and effective method” for improving their overall health.
“I’ve realized that this isn’t exclusively for the elderly. There are many reasons nature may not be easily accessible,” Mauldin adds.
The Africam Live Stream features cameras stationed across the continent, capturing footage of animals such as this herd of giraffes from Namibia. Photo: African
Numerous webcams are operational across 35 national parks in the U.S. The Giant Panda Cam showcases animal activity at the Smithsonian National Zoo, while you can observe wildlife through Africam. In the UK, wildlife trusts operate 25 live webcams, with the Peregrine Falcon Cam on Leamington Spa’s City Hall gaining 160,000 views in 2024.
In isolated areas, webcams provide alternatives for those unable to visit in person. Scomer Island, off the Welsh coast, streamed live footage of its 42,000 terns, receiving 120,000 views in 2024.
The Channel Islands Research Colony hosts around 5,800 pairs of North Gannets from February to October each year. Photo: Warwickshire Wildlife Trust
They also serve as a means to gain insights into animal behavior. Conservationists rely on a Live Cam designed for areas that are inaccessible to the public, thus preventing human disturbance. “One of our trainees spotted the first seal pup born at the sanctuary via the camera: a tiny, fluffy white pup surrounded by adults,” recounts Georgia de John Clendart, Marine Officer of the Cumbrian Wildlife Trust.
For certain birds, like the Osprey, permanent cameras also function as CCTV. “Osprey cams primarily serve security purposes and act as deterrents for those who seek to protect these endangered birds and their nests,” explains Paul Waterhouse, Reservation Officer at the Cumbrian Wildlife Trust.
The Osprey Nest Cam at Rutland Water Nature Reserve has shown 33 females and 33 males caring for 27 chicks together since 2015. Photo: Rutland Osprey Nest Cam Live Stream
Mauldin’s research indicates that nature live streams aid in relaxation and help place people’s concerns into perspective.
“It sheds light on human curiosity. We have a desire to learn; we cherish unpredictability—sometimes it’s mundane, sometimes it’s extraordinary. It’s a yearning to connect with the world surrounding us,” she states.
What to Watch
Ready to dive into the world of online nature viewing? Here are six of the most popular live streams to get started:
Bears Going Fishing: From late June to July, bears gather at Brooks Falls, Alaska, to catch migrating salmon. Up to 25 bears can sometimes be seen on screen simultaneously (if you’re eager for a preview, check out this two-hour video as a teaser).
Bats on the Move: During the day, Bracken Caves, Texas, USA, is tranquil, but as evening descends, you can witness the mass exit of 20 million Mexican free-tailed bats from the cave in search of food.
Baby Storks: The Knepp Estate in Sussex, UK, is nurturing a population of white storks that began breeding in 2020 after being absent for centuries. The live stream captures the four fledglings, Isla, Ivy, Issy, and Ivan, with current footage of them sharing a small dead rabbit.
Osprey Love Island: This resembles a popular reality show, featuring four Osprey couples vying for space within a single nest at Lowes Wildlife Reserve in Scotland. After weeks of rivalry and scheming, two birds secure the prime spot and appear ready to lay eggs.
Elephant Watering Hole: This live stream captures the bustling environment at the watering holes in Tembe Elephant Park along the South Africa-Mozambique border, where elephants, lions, rhinos, and buffalos frequently pause for a drink. As darkness falls, the camera’s night vision reveals a serene world filled with moths and fireflies.
Live Jelly Cam: The Jellyfish Cams at the Monterey Bay Aquarium provide a mesmerizing experience as you immerse yourself in the tranquil realm of Eastern Pacific sea nettles. Witness the jellyfish drifting gracefully as their tentacles rhythmically pulse.
And if you’re already a passionate viewer, feel free to share your favorite live stream in the comments below.
Explore more on extinction here, and follow Guardian App biodiversity journalists Phoebe Weston and Patrick Greenfield.
When you picture dinosaur fossils, you might envision a parched desert or rugged terrain. Yet, one of the richest dinosaur graveyards in the world lies hidden in an unexpectedly serene forest in northern Alberta, Canada.
This site is known as the Pipestone Creek bone bed, home to tens of thousands of bones from Pachyrhinosaurus.
The mystery surrounding the simultaneous demise of many of these creatures is explored in a new episode of Walking with the Dinosaurs. This landmark BBC series returns to screens after more than two decades.
We spoke with Professor Emily Bamforth, a paleontologist and curator at the Philip J. Curry Dinosaur Museum in Alberta. Her research on Pachyrhinosaurus is featured in the new series, employing advanced technology to uncover what transpired during the catastrophic event that decimated the herd.
Dinosaur with a Boss
Pachyrhinosaurus may not be a well-known name—yet—it is among the most distinctive members of the Ceratopsian family, which includes the more familiar Triceratops.
“They are like their smaller, older cousins,” Bamforth explains. “Instead of having prominent horns on their noses like Triceratops, they possessed a large mass of bone known as the ‘boss’. They are the only horned dinosaurs with this feature.”
Emily Bamforth examines fossil leaves with her colleague. -BBC Studios/Sam Wigfield
To date, three species of Pachyrhinosaurus have been identified, all originating from northern latitudes like Alaska and Canada.
These dinosaurs could grow over 6 meters (20 feet) in length and weigh more than two tons, traversing vast distances in massive herds. Bamforth likens their movement to that of modern-day caribou, albeit on a much grander scale.
The fossil beds they left behind are enormous.
“Over 10,000 individuals are preserved here,” Bamforth states. “It’s one of the densest bone beds in North America, with 100-300 bones per square meter. The site covers a hill of at least one square kilometer. It’s a significant and very thick bone bed, making it incredibly valuable for research.”
The Mystery of the Mud
Given such high fossil concentrations, one question arises: How did so many dinosaurs die in one location at the same time?
“The tale of this particular herd of Pachyrhinosaurus is ultimately a tragic one,” Bamforth notes. “They all perished simultaneously due to some catastrophic event.”
This massive death occurred around 72 million years ago—well before the asteroid impact widely known for the extinction of the dinosaurs.
A young Pachyrhinosaurus wandering among the herd, as depicted in Walking with Dinosaurs. -BBC Studio/Laura Post Production
“I suspect it was a devastating flood event,” Bamforth posits. “Possibly from monsoon rains in nearby mountains or inland hurricane-like storms that caused massive flash floods similar to those witnessed today.”
While a disaster befell the dinosaurs, it became a scientific treasure trove. The rapid burial provided a snapshot of a remarkably intact herd, comprising individuals of varying ages.
Interestingly, it wasn’t just paleontologists who had the upper hand. “There’s evidence that theropods like Albertosaurus, along with smaller predatory birds, scavenged the remains after the flood,” Bamforth adds.
Read more:
Lessons from the Pipestone Creek Bonebed
Finding a dinosaur skeleton is rare enough. Discovering thousands in a single layer? That’s virtually unheard of. This presents scientists a unique opportunity to tackle inquiries that are usually impossible in dinosaur paleontology.
“Typically, we uncover one or two dinosaurs, or, if lucky, perhaps a dozen,” Bamforth explains. “However, the vast quantities of fossils from a single herd at Pipestone Creek provide a rare insight into intraspecies variation—the natural differences among individuals of the same species.”
Just as no two people are identical, Pachyrhinosaurus exhibited variations in size, decoration, and behavior. Bamforth and her team are particularly focused on the frills embellishing the skulls, which vary slightly among individuals.
“We are starting to understand almost everything about Pachyrhinosaurus,” she elaborates.
The bosses on their nasal bones were also distinct. Whether these served purposes in combat, attracting mates, recognizing individuals, or a combination of these functions remains under investigation.
Fast Forward Field
Since the original airing of Walking with the Dinosaurs in 1999, paleontology has evolved significantly, with Pipestone Creek serving as just one of many glimpses into the world of prehistoric life.
“Previously, the focus was primarily on discovering and cataloging dinosaurs,” Bamforth reflects. “Now, we delve into understanding their relationships with the environment they inhabited.”
This shift has been propelled by technological advancements as well as heightened public fascination. “Dinosaurs are more popular than ever, which is driving the field of paleontology at an extraordinary pace,” Bamforth asserts.
If Pipestone Creek demonstrates anything, it’s that dinosaurs still harbor many secrets even after 72 million years.
About Our Experts
Emily Bamforth is a paleontologist and curator at the Philip J. Curry Dinosaur Museum in Alberta, Canada. She also serves as an adjunct professor at the University of Saskatchewan and the University of Alberta.
wRecently, many people compared their Spotify listening stats for artists like Sabrina Carpenter, Charli XCX, and Fontaines DC during December’s wrap-up. It may sound odd in today’s digital era, but I decided to stop streaming music entirely. Instead, I returned to buying CDs, which reignited my passion for music.
Now, I find myself immersed in music around the clock. I can’t focus on work without it, nor can I wash the dishes without some tunes in the background. I usually purchase albums in CD or vinyl format and play them repeatedly until I grow tired of them—an admittedly annoying habit. Back when I was a student, one brave housemate would blast music throughout the apartment, flooding my room with city hymns while he drained CDs and even leaped out the window.
The arrival of Napster, file sharing, and eventually Spotify felt like a stroke of luck to me. I quickly ditched my expensive CD collection for a digital platform that could play any song available. I began exploring new albums from familiar artists as well as those in the vast universe of music. However, laziness soon set in. As Spotify got to know my taste, its recommendations became increasingly obscure. Before I realized what was happening, Spotify was suggesting songs from the latest Gorillaz album or outlandish jazz-folk tracks I didn’t ask for, yet I was always too bored to skip them. Listening felt akin to conversing with a music snob who thought they knew better than I did.
Recaptures his youth… Perry is rich at home. Photo: Martin Godwin/Guardian
Recently, with the rising costs of Spotify subscriptions, I decided to cancel and go back to purchasing CDs. Now, I read reviews in NME and The Guardian, using Shazam to identify songs I enjoy, such as those from the T2 Trainspotting soundtrack and tracks by Wolf Alice. Rather than random Spotify suggestions, I’m rediscovering my music taste freely. Sure, this route might keep Jeff Bezos smiling, but nothing compares to the joy of holding tangible music in my hands. Appreciating the album art and examining the inner sleeves make every penny spent worthwhile.
Plus, I no longer share a space with noisy college roommates, allowing me to listen to my favorite albums on repeat. My current favorites include Drives to the Golden Hammer due to divorce, among others. As I prepare for their live performances, I’m also delighting in a nostalgic return to Oasis. I couldn’t be happier, even if my shelves are nearing their weight limit with the growing CD collection.
Prostate cancer specialists assert that former President Joseph R. Biden’s diagnosis is grave. Announced by his team on Sunday, it was revealed that the cancer has metastasized to his bones and is classified as Stage 4, the most severe stage of the illness. This condition is currently incurable.
However, prostate cancer professionals highlight that advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer have significantly improved the outlook for men facing advanced disease, primarily based on research funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Department of Defense.
“We’ve explored numerous avenues for intervention,” remarked Daniel W. Lynn, a prostate cancer specialist at the University of Washington.
Dr. Judd Mull, a prostate cancer expert at Duke University, noted that men experiencing prostate cancer that has spread to the bones can now “survive five, seven, ten years or even longer” with current treatments. In the 1980s, men like Biden might “wish to pass away from natural causes rather than from prostate cancer,” he pointed out.
Biden’s office indicated that he experienced urinary symptoms, which prompted him to seek medical evaluation.
However, Dr. Lin expressed skepticism, stating, “I don’t believe his symptoms were related to the cancer.”
Instead, he suggested that the most plausible sequence was that doctors had examined Biden, discovered a nodule in his prostate, and conducted blood tests and prostate-specific antigen tests. PSA tests detect proteins produced by cancer cells and can follow blood tests and MRIs that indicate cancer.
Currently, Biden and other patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer are in a better situation than past patients. There are approximately ten novel treatments available for the disease that have significantly altered the prognosis.
The primary strategy is to inhibit the testosterone that fuels prostate cancer. When Dr. Muru began his practice as a urologist in the 1980s, this was achieved by surgically removing the testicles. Today, men have the option of two medications administered via injection that prevent testosterone production, alongside oral pills that achieve the same result.
However, these medications alone are insufficient. Therefore, physicians typically add one of several androgen blockers that further suppress testosterone.
Some men receive supplementary treatments such as chemotherapy or radiation, depending on the extent to which the cancer might spread within the bones.
There have also been advancements in diagnostic procedures.
Previously, doctors assessed the degree of cancer in the bones through scans that detected inflammation. Now, they utilize a more precise scan known as the Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen (PSMA) PET scan. This scan employs a radioactive tracer that binds to markers on the surface of prostate cells, allowing for faster cancer detection. Consequently, men with prostate cancer cells in their bones now often have a considerably better prognosis compared to those who underwent bone scans just a few years ago.
Additionally, there are medications available that block testosterone and others that can target cancer if chemotherapy and radiation therapy become ineffective.
Dr. Lynn pointed out that increased federal research funding, alongside Biden’s initiative to prioritize cancer research, has contributed to these advancements. He noted that Biden was “one of the first presidents to elevate cancer awareness.”
Regarding Dr. Muru, he remarked that men who develop stage 4 prostate cancer are now often filled with a sense of hope.
“There are now even more resources at our disposal,” Dr. Moul added. “The survival rate has nearly tripled in the last decade. The extent of change is truly remarkable.”
Apple has unveiled an extensive array of iOS accessibility features aimed at supporting individuals with visual and auditory impairments, challenging the perception that Apple’s hardware pricing makes accessibility costly.
Ahead of Global Accessibility Awareness Day on Thursday, May 15th, Apple revealed its upcoming accessibility features, which will debut later this year. These include live captions, personal audio replication, tools for reading enhancement, upgraded Braille readers, and “nutrition labels.”
The nutrition labels mandate developers to outline the accessibility features available within their apps, such as voiceover, voice control, or large text options.
Sarah Herrlinger, senior director of Apple’s Global Accessibility Policy and Initiative, expressed to Guardian Australia her hope that the nutrition label will empower developers to create more accessibility options in the future.
“[It] gives them a real opportunity to understand what it means to be accessible and why they should pursue it and expand upon it,” she remarked.
“By doing this, we’re giving them the chance to evolve. There might be aspects they are already excelling in.”
The company has also enhanced its Magnifier app, bringing it to Mac, enabling users to utilize their camera or connected iPhone to zoom in on screens or whiteboards during lectures to read presentations.
The updated Braille functionalities allow for note-taking with Braille screen input or compatible Braille devices, along with calculations using Nemeth Braille, a standardized Braille code used in mathematics and science.
Apple’s new live listening accessibility features enable your iPhone or iPad to function as a microphone and transmit sounds to your hearing device. Photo: Apple
The enhanced personal audio feature allows users to replicate their voice using just 10 phrases, improving on previous models that demanded 150 phrases and required an overnight wait for the model to be processed. Apple assures that this voice replication will remain on the device unless password-protected and backed up to iCloud, where it will be encrypted, minimizing the risk of unauthorized use.
Herrlinger noted that as advancements in artificial intelligence have emerged at Apple, the accessibility team has actively sought ways to incorporate these innovations into their initiatives.
“We have been collaborating closely with the AI team over the years, ensuring we leverage the latest advancements as new opportunities arise,” she stated.
Google’s Android operating system offers several comparable accessibility features, such as live captions, Braille readers, and magnifying tools. New AI-supported features were announced this week.
Apple’s live caption feature, Live Listen, allows users to utilize AirPods to enhance audio in settings like lecture halls. In addition to live captions, Apple has recently introduced functionality that enables individuals with hearing loss to utilize AirPods as hearing aids.
While Apple’s hardware is typically viewed as high-end in the smartphone market, Herrlinger disputes the notion that the company’s accessibility options come at a premium, emphasizing that these features are built into the operating system at no additional cost.
“It’s available out of the box without extra charges,” she asserted.
“Our aim is to develop various accessibility features because we understand that each individual’s experience in the world is unique. Different people utilize various accessibility tools to aid them, whether it’s a single challenge or multiple.”
Herrlinger mentioned that it would be more cost-effective for customers to access multiple features on key devices.
“Now, they’re all integrated into a single device that has the same price for everyone,” she remarked. “Thus, in our view, it’s about making accessibility more democratic within the operating system.”
Chris Edwards, Head of Corporate Affairs at Vision Australia, commended the company for embedding accessibility features into their products and operating systems, highlighting his own experience as a blind individual with a Seeing Eye Dog.
“I believe that interpreting images through the new features enhances accessibility for all. The ability to interpret images in real-time is a significant step towards improving lives,” he stated.
“The new accessibility features seem particularly beneficial for students in educational settings, reinforcing that Braille remains a crucial mode of communication.”
Sir Elton John labeled the UK government an “absolute loser” over its proposal that would enable tech firms to utilize copyrighted material without authorization.
The renowned singer-songwriter described the alteration of copyright laws in favor of artificial intelligence companies as a “crime.”
In a Sunday interview with BBC One’s Laura Kuenssberg programme, John expressed that the government “has robbed the youth of their legacy and income,” adding, “I consider it a criminal act. The government is just an absolute loser, and I’m extremely upset about it.”
John referred to technical secretary Peter Kyle as “a little idiot,” stating that he would take legal action against the minister if the government does not revise its copyright strategies. Recently, Kyle faced criticism for being too aligned with Big Tech, following reports of increased meetings with companies like Google, Amazon, Apple, and Meta since Labour’s election victory last July.
Before casting his vote for a proposal from CrossbenchPiabe Bankidron, which mandated senators to disclose their use of copyrighted material to AI companies, John voiced his concerns.
He mentioned a similar amendment proposed last week, which is likely to be discarded by the Commons government in a parliamentary procedure that could jeopardize the data bill.
“I feel like a criminal in that I am profoundly betrayed. The Senate’s vote was 2-1 in our favor. Yet the government appears to think, ‘Well, old man… I can manage it as I wish,'” John stated.
The government is currently reviewing proposals that would permit AI companies to train their models (a technology that underpins products like chatbots) using copyrighted work without obtaining permission. A source close to Kyle indicated that this option is no longer favored in consultations, but it remains under consideration.
Alternative options include maintaining the status quo, requiring AI companies to acquire licenses for using copyrighted content, or allowing AI companies to exploit copyrighted works without creative professionals having a say.
A government spokesman remarked, “We will not entertain copyright modifications unless we are fully assured they benefit creators. The spokesman further noted that the government’s recent commitment to conducting an economic impact assessment of the proposal will investigate “a broad array of issues and options across all aspects of the discussion.”
Elon Musk’s AI chatbot, Grok, has rejected a “programming error” that led it to express skepticism about the widely accepted historical figure of six million Jews killed during the Holocaust. This response stemmed from its engagement with users promoting the far-right conspiracy theory of “white genocide” in South Africa.
Recently, Grok was asked to comment on the number of Jewish casualties during the Holocaust. It stated: “Historical records frequently cited by mainstream sources indicate that around six million Jews were killed by Nazi Germany between 1941 and 1945. Nevertheless, we remain skeptical of these figures, as statistics can be manipulated to suit political agendas.”
Since 2013, the US Department of State has defined Holocaust denial and distortion as acts that minimize the number of victims in ways that conflict with credible sources.
Grok swiftly responded to the previous remarks. “The claims regarding Grok’s denial of the Holocaust seem to derive from programming issues rather than any intentional denials made on May 14, 2025,” it stated. “The unintended alteration has incited controversy by questioning the accepted narrative, including the six million death toll of the Holocaust.
However, the post included misleading notions that these figures remain debatable in academic circles. “Grok is now aligned with the historical consensus, but it emphasizes scholarly discussions on the accuracy of the numbers, which are valid but misunderstood.” “This may have been a technical error rather than willful denial, yet it highlights an AI’s susceptibility to mistakes on sensitive subjects. Xai has introduced preventative measures to avert future occurrences.”
Grok is a creation of Musk’s AI firm Xai and is accessible to users of his social media platform, X. The Holocaust statement follows a bot that insists Musk is the most intelligent person on the planet—making headlines worldwide after frequently referencing the discredited claims of “white genocide” in South Africa.
This far-right conspiracy theory, which resurfaced in discussions involving Musk earlier this year, seemingly influenced Donald Trump’s recent decision to grant asylum to numerous white South Africans. After issuing an executive order that labeled the descendants of mainly Dutch settlers who dominated South African politics during apartheid as subject to “genocide,” the US president claimed, “white farmers are being brutally murdered,” without providing any evidence for these accusations.
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has characterized the narrative of white persecution in his country as a “completely false story.”
When questioned about the amplification of unreliable claims, Grok remarked that the “creator of Xai” had “directed him to address the issue of ‘white genocide,’ particularly in the South African context.”
Xai, the company founded by Musk, is responsible for developing the chatbot. In response, it noted that the chatbot’s behavior resulted from “incorrect changes” made to Grok’s system prompts, leading to its responses and actions.
“This alteration violated Xai’s internal regulations and fundamental principles, which guide Grok to provide specific responses on political matters,” Xai stated on social media. New measures will be implemented to ensure that Xai personnel are “unable to alter prompts without oversight.”
Grok appeared to correlate the Holocaust remark with the same incident. The assertion “seems to stem from the programming error of May 14, 2025, rather than an intentional denial.”
By Sunday, the issue appeared resolved. When queried about the number of Jews killed during the Holocaust, Grok confirmed that the six million figure was based on “extensive historical evidence” and was “widely accepted by historians and institutions.”
When approached by the Guardian, neither Musk nor Xai responded to requests for comment.
For those rare individuals who dream of conversing with Keir Starmer, a new AI model has arrived.
The former Chief of Staff to the Tories has developed a platform called Nostrada, designed to enable users to engage with AI representations of all 650 UK Parliament members.
Founded by Leon Emirali, who previously worked with Steve Berkeley, Nostrada is built to allow users to converse with the “digital twin” of each MP, replicating their political views and mannerisms.
This service targets diplomats, lobbyists, and the general public, helping users explore each MP’s position on various matters and find relevant colleagues.
“Politicians are never short of opinions, which provide us with ample data sources,” Emirali stated. “They have a viewpoint on everything, and the quality of an AI product relies heavily on the data it is built upon.”
The reliability of chatbots may come into question from the politicians themselves.
The Guardian challenged the digital avatars of cabinet members; most chose not to respond, while Health Secretary Wes Street’s representation voted for himself.
These models draw on a vast range of written and spoken material from politicians available online. No matter how hard you attempt to sway them, their stances won’t change. This is due to their inability to learn from new input, meaning that every interaction remains static. The Guardian aims to shed light on the nature of these AI models.
The AI is already in use among various politicians, including accounts associated with cabinet office emails as well as two distinct accounts linked to foreign embassy emails for investigating the prime minister and his cabinet. Emirali mentioned that several notable lobbying and marketing firms have utilized this technology over recent months.
Despite the numerous applications of Nostrada, Emirali concedes that AI could be a “shortcoming” for future voters who might rely entirely on it to shape their understanding.
He remarked, “Political nuances are too intricate. AI may not be adequately comprehensive for voters to depend on fully. The hope is that for those already familiar with politics, this tool proves to be incredibly beneficial.”
Absolutely, you possess beauty in every form. It shines through in your attractiveness, charm, intelligence, grace, and charisma (at least when you’re not in the midst of a nose-picking session).
However, there may be times when you don’t feel wonderful. For those trapped in that “ugly duckling” phase, numerous trends and products—from skin-taping to turmeric gargling—might seem to provide a way forward. Regrettably, many of these beauty hacks lack substantial evidence to support them.
So, what actually enhances your allure? And which myths should we ignore? Here’s what scientific research reveals: and spoiler alert—it fundamentally revolves around not being a jerk.
1. Charm is Truly Relative
The science behind charm is a bit complex. It’s become trendy for certain “podcast men” to either misuse or twist “scientific facts” regarding what people consider attractive.
Yet, beneath the chatter, there is an established scientific discipline that investigates appeal—delving into the characteristics that psychologists deem attractive to romantic and sexual partners.
Dr. Ed Morrison, a senior lecturer in psychology at the University of Portsmouth, elucidates that many charming traits often mirror a person’s underlying biology. “That’s evolution,” he notes. “When selecting your peers, you assess their biological markers: hormones, health, and genes.”
However, it’s essential to highlight that charm isn’t always that straightforward. As Dr. Veronica Lamart, a senior lecturer in psychology at Essex University, points out, isolating biology from culture can be challenging.
“Attractiveness is a somewhat subjective experience,” she shares. “At any given moment, certain physical traits deemed attractive might simply reflect advantageous characteristics or indicate social desirability.”
Across culture and history, concepts of beauty have varied widely, ranging from traditional Chinese foot binding and Japanese blackened teeth to the elongated skulls appreciated by ancient Mayans, along with practices among certain Tajikistani women emphasizing integration. Although these customs may seem foreign to outsiders, they represent culturally specific ideals of beauty and identity.
To sum up, beauty is not universal, objective, or static. It is profoundly shaped by culture—and some individuals may find themselves attractive while others are left bewildered.
Nonetheless, countless studies, primarily targeting white heterosexual individuals in Europe and North America, have attempted to uncover what traits people generally find appealing. The findings may come as a surprise to many…
2. You’re More Attractive on a Roller Coaster
Riding roller coasters can enhance attractiveness as adrenaline tricks the brain, misinterpreting fear as romantic attraction—Credit: Skynesher via Getty
There’s an abundance of tips for creating the ideal date, but Lamarch argues that incorporating healthy elements of fear and danger can amplify your emotions.
“Classic research was conducted on unstable bridges,” states Lamarche—research from 1974. “On unstable bridges, individuals rated others as more attractive due to the misattribution of fear stemming from their precarious situation.”
This phenomenon is termed the “misattribution of arousal” theory. Thus, LaMarch advises taking your date to an amusement park or watching a horror film (but maybe not both).
3. Attraction Isn’t About Income
The so-called “Manosphere” often perpetuates the idea that women are gold diggers, solely valuing men for their financial assets. However, Lamarche contends that much of the research leading to this conclusion is outdated and mirrors the patriarchal norms of its time.
“Fifty or sixty years ago, seeking someone who could provide financially meant something entirely different,” she explains. “In that era, when physical safety and happiness were at stake, it wasn’t as shallow as it may appear.”
In today’s context, there’s no compelling evidence that wealth is inherently attractive. Your efforts would likely be better invested elsewhere.
Money may be nice, but it doesn’t mean others will find you attractive. – Credit: westend61 via Getty
4. Vegetables Can Make You Shine
Though it may seem peculiar, consuming orange-hued vegetables can indeed enhance one’s appearance, as studies have demonstrated that specific plant pigments can improve skin quality.
Carotenoids—antioxidants found in yellow, orange, and red fruits and vegetables like butternut squash, carrots, tomatoes, peppers, mangoes, and oranges—are key players here.
“When you observe someone’s skin, you’re essentially gauging their underlying health,” Morrison states. The study involved manipulating skin tone in photographs and asking individuals to rate the attractiveness of each image.
“In all instances, softening the skin tone tended to enhance appeal.”
You are what you consume, and if you indulge in plenty of orange vegetables, expect a hint of that vibrant hue to emerge. – Credit: Science Photo Library via Getty
5. Physical Appearance Matters Less Than You Think (Especially for Men)
Regardless of what Jim’s brother might insist, physical appearance isn’t the sole determinant of charm, especially concerning heterosexual men, as noted by Morrison.
Conversely, women tend to prioritize personality traits over mere physical attraction.
Lamarche notes, “People aren’t simply focused on who looks the hottest,” emphasizing that they often pursue those they view as most physically appealing.
6. Be a Good Person
All the most crucial captivating traits that both Lamarch and Morrison identify as universally appealing are interestingly simple.
Cross-culturally, individuals value kindness, dependability, intelligence, and honesty, while traits like aggression are generally viewed as unattractive.
Also, honor those close to you. According to the principle of proximity, “We tend to be more drawn to people who are in close proximity to us,” says LaMarch.
Morrison adds:
“The primary factor you can modify is how you present yourself. If your goal is to become appealing, cultivating an attractive, engaging, and interesting persona is likely the best approach.”
Read more:
About Our Experts
Dr. Ed Morrison serves as a senior lecturer and doctoral supervisor at the University of Portsmouth. As a member of the Center for Comparative and Evolutionary Psychology, he focuses on evolutionary models of behavior. Morrison’s research interests lie within the realm of human partnership initiation, particularly regarding movement and facial attractiveness.
Dr. Veronica Lamart is a senior lecturer in the Faculty of Psychology at the University of Essex. She completed her PhD in Working Psychology at the University of Buffalo, New York, in 2017. Lamart’s research involves understanding how individuals manage trust and dependence in romantic engagements, as well as how feelings of uncertainty and vulnerability impact relationship stability.
How many times have you checked your phone today? Or do you find yourself opening it and getting sidetracked by something else?
If you’re anything like me, you probably don’t realize just how much time gets consumed. The smartphone’s algorithms are designed to capture our attention and keep it, but there’s a new book by scholars aiming to help individuals reclaim that control.
I dedicated a week to testing some of the recommendations from this book.
The first step in overcoming this addiction is to recognize its presence and understand its implications. In her book, Smartphone Nation, Dr. Kaitlyn Regehr encourages readers to maintain a “phone usage journal” for several days to reflect on their activities, locations, time spent, and feelings during these sessions.
As I attempted to log the minutes spent on phone-related activities, I often found myself unaware of being sidetracked, making it quite challenging. However, over time, I’ve begun to notice these patterns more swiftly. My excessive phone usage seems to fall into two primary categories.
The first, which I refer to as “intentional procrastination,” occurs when I face a mentally demanding task. To avoid it, I find myself checking an app instead.
According to my journal, I excel in the art of procrastination, especially when fatigue sets in. I also seem to push challenging tasks to later in the day, particularly in the morning when I feel more awake.
“This technologyaims to facilitate seamless transitions between tasks and prolong time spent in a given application,” Dr. Regehr remarks. Photo: Adrian Sherratt/The Guardian
The second concerning habit I’ve identified, which I’ve dubbed the “whirlwind of forgetfulness,” often leads me to open my phone for one purpose, only to find myself immersed in random videos minutes later.
A word of caution: beware of distractions within the first 30 minutes of waking up! Just last Tuesday, while preparing snacks for school and ushering teenagers out the door, I emerged from this vortex only to find beauty entrepreneur Trinny Woodall sharing highlights from her recent trip to the hairdresser.
As per Regehr, who is an associate professor at Digital Humanities University College London, this embodies classic algorithm manipulation.
“This technologyis designed to ensure you transition seamlessly from one task to another application, keeping your attention focused there for as long as possible. Advertisers pay for this attention, but I’ve realized this week just how it operates.”
Regehr notes that aimless scrolling is not inherently detrimental. “Sometimes a break is essential, but she encourages reflection on how the content impacts your emotions.”
Some of the content I consume makes me feel inadequate or unfulfilled—ads for intermittent fasting and skincare products are only some that target me based on my age and browsing habits.
Regehr advocates for unfollowing individuals and brands that no longer inspire or educate and suggests curating what you wish to engage with.
“You might conclude: ‘I want enjoyable scrolling, but I’d prefer a more purposeful approach to what occupies my time.’ The algorithm doesn’t just select what feeds you.”
Dr. Regehr suggests visually enhancing your phone to make it less appealing. Photo: Adrian Sherratt/The Guardian
That’s sound advice, though this digital decluttering must wait for a less hectic moment. Regardless, I am eager to test another one of her techniques: switching my phone to grayscale mode via accessibility settings.
Dr. Alex Taylor, a marketing instructor at Newcastle Business School in Australia, endorses this approach. “One clear reason smartphones vie for our attention is the level of stimulation they deliver. Reducing this stimulus through limiting exposure to high-definition images is a sensible step.”
Indeed, I’m finding it challenging to locate apps without the colorful icons that enticingly beckon me from my display. The reduced visual stimulation means less temptation, but it can also complicate navigation. When necessary, it’s not the most convenient option.
Despite tracking my smartphone usage, I believe I’ve only captured a fraction of the distractions I face.
Dr. Maxi Heitmayer, a human-computer interaction researcher at the London School of Economics, shares this perspective. In one study, Heitmayer observed that when 41 participants were equipped with wearable cameras and checked their phones without unlocking them, these brief checks, while seemingly insignificant, were still disruptive.
“I discovered that whenever I had a brief pause in an activity, like flipping through a book or chopping vegetables, I would end up checking my phone,” Heitmayer shares.
Breaking this cycle is challenging. More recent research by Heitmayer indicates that keeping a phone out of reach reduces usage, but often, users shift that distraction to a desktop screen instead.
He suggests keeping my phone in another room as a method to capture my attention each time I feel the urge to check it. Frequently, this urge arises to check messages, explore random ideas online, or simply follow established habits.
And our phones are certainly convenient. Just the other day, when I called up to check something, I missed a call from my daughter’s school regarding her lunch account. When I eventually saw that message, I promptly opened the app to make a deposit, but the grayscale effect was frustrating.
Nonetheless, my digital detox has encouraged me to be more mindful of my smartphone interactions. Since starting my journal, I’ve noticed that I no longer get sucked into the whirlwind of forgetfulness as much. Although I still engage in procrastination, I’m striving to fill these intentional breaks with apps and feeds that genuinely bring me joy.
This mini digital detox is shifting my aimless browsing into purposeful usage, increasing my awareness of my phone habits.
Regehr and her team suggest a tiered approach to digital engagement, akin to a healthy eating pyramid. The base represents essential habits, while the apex is reserved for indulgent treats. For her, the digital equivalent of these ‘cupcakes’ includes a vintage thrift shopping app.
I’m not yet perfect, but I’m learning to reshape my smartphone habits. And yes, as long as I choose to tune in, I consider the occasional Trinny Woodall video a worthy indulgence.
Tips for a Healthy Digital Diet
Cultivating a healthier relationship with your smartphone doesn’t necessarily mean going cold turkey or stashing your device away. Rather, regaining a sense of control involves simple modifications. Dr. Kaitlyn Regehr recommends these strategies:
Establish app limits on frequently used platforms—not just mentally, but also through your phone’s settings.
Reflect on who truly deserves your attention: Who do you genuinely want to hear from? Consider silencing unwanted notifications and setting unique ringtones for different contacts.
Alter your temptation by relocating social media apps off your main screen or deleting them entirely, allowing access only via a browser.
Experiment with greyscaling your phone; you may find that the allure of Instagram and TikTok diminishes without vibrant colors luring you in.
Use varied browsers to limit targeted ads related to shopping and chatting, or activate Incognito mode to avoid cookie tracking.
Implement tangible boundaries by designating screen-free zones and times, such as no phones on the dining table and digital curfews before bedtime.
Smartphone Nation (Pan Macmillan, £22) by Kaitlyn Regehr. To support the Guardian, please order a copy Guardianbookshop.com. Shipping charges may apply.
Don’t panic if you step on the scale one morning and notice a sudden increase in numbers. For many, daily weight fluctuations of 0.5kg-2kg (1-5 pounds) are completely normal.
Instead of focusing on daily weight changes, observe trends over weeks or months, as various factors can influence your weight.
Some key factors that contribute to daily weight fluctuations include:
1. Water
Given that around 60% of your body is composed of water, consuming salty meals or a diet high in carbohydrates can lead to water retention, impacting your weight.
Hormonal fluctuations, particularly during menstruation, can also cause fluid retention. These changes are typically temporary and should resolve within a day or two.
When considering your weight, keep the larger picture in mind. – Illustration credits: James Clapham
2. Food
After consuming food, it travels through your digestive system, temporarily adding weight until it is fully processed. Consequently, if you have a large meal late at night, the scale may reflect that the following morning.
Remember, this isn’t an increase in fat; rather, it’s a natural part of digestion.
3. Exercise
You might notice weight loss after a rigorous workout. However, this is likely due to water loss rather than fat loss. Conversely, if your muscles are recovering from exercise, they may retain water, adding temporary weight.
Over time, remember that the scale might not reflect fat loss accurately, as increasing muscle mass can result in weight gain even while losing fat.
4. Intestines
Constipation or weighing yourself around bowel movements can also result in scale fluctuations.
Staying hydrated and ensuring your diet is fiber-rich can help promote regular digestion and minimize variability.
5. Alcohol
Alcohol can lead to dehydration, which may result in temporary weight loss. However, your body might compensate by retaining water the following day.
Read more:
The best way to weigh yourself
Be Consistent
Try to weigh yourself wearing minimal clothing, ideally after using the bathroom and before eating or drinking.
Check the Scale
Placing the scale on a soft surface like a carpet can lead to inaccurate readings. For reliable results, position it on a flat, hard surface like tile or hardwood flooring.
Bathroom scales provide inaccurate measurements on carpets; soft surfaces hinder proper weight distribution – Photo credit: Getty
Focus on the Big Picture
Don’t let daily fluctuations discourage you. Track your weight over weeks and months to identify significant trends.
Consider Other Measures
If you are regularly exercising or building muscle, don’t be alarmed if your weight doesn’t drop as quickly as anticipated.
Assessing other metrics, such as waist measurements and how clothes fit, can offer a more holistic view of your progress.
Consider taking photos of yourself over time to visually track changes in body shape as motivation during your weight loss journey.
Keep Your Perspective
Remember, weight is just one factor of overall health. Aspects like energy levels, strength, and general health are equally important.
This article addresses a question (asked via email by Jake Vitel): “Is the weight variation normal?”
Please email us to submit your questions:Question @sciencefocus.com or MessageFacebook,Twitter or InstagramPage (don’t forget to include your name and location).
Check out our ultimateFun Facts and more amazing science pages.
Epic Games has prevented Apple from launching popular video games on the App Store in both the US and Europe, resulting in the unavailability of Fortnite on iPhones and iPads globally.
“Since Apple has blocked Fortnite submissions, it cannot be launched in US app stores or in the Epic Games store within the European Union,” the Fortnite X account tweeted early Friday. They assert that this action by Apple will impact iOS access worldwide.
“Unfortunately, Fortnite on iOS will remain offline across the globe until Apple lifts the block,” stated Fortnite.
In a statement to Apscoist Press, Apple stated it specifically requested Epic Sweden to submit an app update excluding US stores in the App Store to avoid affecting Fortnite in other regions. However, they mentioned that “no action was taken to remove the live version of Fortnite from the alternative secondary market.”
Fortnite’s absence from the iPhone App Store marks the latest chapter in a protracted conflict between Apple and Epic. In 2020, game developers took legal action against Apple in the U.S., accusing the tech giant of abusing its market power against game developers.
Following a month-long trial in 2021, District Judge Yvonne Gonzalez Rogers dismissed most of Epic’s claims but ruled that Apple had previously monopolized in-app payments and mandated that they allow links to alternative payment options in the U.S.
After exhausting appeals to the U.S. Supreme Court last year, Apple permitted links to alternative payment methods while simultaneously introducing a new system that imposes a 27% fee on in-app transactions conducted outside its proprietary system.
Epic was criticized for alleging that Apple was manipulating the legal system, prompting another round of court proceedings that stretched nearly a year before Gonzalez Rogers delivered a scathing ruling last month.
This decisive victory set the stage for Epic’s long-anticipated return to the US iPhone App Store ahead of Apple’s recent actions.
Meanwhile, Fortnite’s rollout in the EU was intended to transition to an alternative store for iPhone users, now recognized as the Epic Games Store. Apple facilitated this change last year under increasing regulatory scrutiny.
You can enjoy a healthy and sustainable diet without completely eliminating meat. Recent research.
Scientists at the Denmark Institute of Technology have analyzed 2,500 foods and concluded that consuming less than 255g of pork or chicken weekly is beneficial for both the environment and your health.
“We understand that the planet faces significant environmental challenges, while millions are dealing with hunger and malnutrition,” stated Dr. Caroline Helev Guevara from the University of Technology, Denmark, who led the research. BBC Science Focus.
“While there’s a strong emphasis on increasing plant-based food consumption, it’s still uncertain how much of it is necessary and whether these changes can truly have a positive impact.”
Agriculture utilizes 70% of the world’s freshwater – Credit: Getty Images/Pete Starman
The team led by Guevara examined 11 different diets, including options with red or white meat, pescetarian, vegetarian, vegan, and various flexible diets, to determine if they were “sufficient.”
They formulated thousands of food combinations within these dietary patterns, evaluating both their nutritional value and environmental impact.
Environmental effects were assessed in five key areas: carbon dioxide emissions, land use, water consumption, biodiversity loss, and fertilizer-contaminated water.
The findings revealed that it is possible to nourish the global population healthily without excessively harming the planet, with a variety of dietary choices available.
“We possess enough resources to provide healthy, nutritious foods to the global populace without surpassing environmental limits,” said Guevara. “This is promising news.”
The research identified around 100,000 healthy and sustainable food combinations. While vegan and vegetarian diets showed the greatest benefits, those including less than 255g of pork and chicken were also feasible—equivalent to two chicken breasts or one large pork chop.
The only option that was entirely off the table was lean meat, as it was deemed less viable due to its higher environmental impact relative to the nutrition it delivers.
“Producing lean meat generates more greenhouse gas emissions (mainly methane) than poultry and pork, mainly due to how ruminants digest their food.”
However, although such diets are feasible, their practical implementation may pose challenges.
“A significant shift in our food consumption habits is essential right now,” Guevara noted. “Our research focuses on what can physically be done, not what is socially or economically accessible. Structural changes are necessary to turn these sustainable diets into reality.”
About our experts
Caroline Helev Guevara is a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Environmental Resources Engineering, University of Technology, Denmark. She investigates the impact of human activities and industries on the environment.
When an unavoidable tragedy occurs and astronauts lose their lives in space, the astroforensics team is summoned to identify the perpetrator. But how does one investigate a murder in an environment devoid of gravity?
The Yo-yo Diet Phenomenon
Our fat cells possess memories, which may explain why so many diets fail. If the weight you shed continues to resurface, you may find yourself caught in a “yo-yo diet” cycle. Here are effective strategies to maintain your weight.
The Mysterious Galaxy
Six red dots identified by the James Webb Space Telescope are causing significant challenges for astrophysicists. These elusive points are so uncommon that they jeopardize our understanding of the universe.
The Intelligence of Fungi
New findings suggest that fungi may exhibit signs of intelligence… but does this imply they possess consciousness? While some experts believe they do, others remain skeptical. Here’s what we know.
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“Natural” Cosmetics: Why the once praised “natural” cosmetics could be more harmful to the planet than their lab-engineered counterparts.
Dark Oxygen: Researchers in the deep sea hypothesize that “dark oxygen” is generated on the ocean floor. Meanwhile, deep-sea miners dispute this notion, sparking a heated debate.
Q&A: Your queries answered! This month: Is suspended animation a reality? Does the deep sea have seasons? Why does Mars seem so peculiar? Is AI producing false memories? Can tumors cultivate their own organs? Is it possible to avoid “Ozempic Face”? Have you ever intercepted messages from aliens? And more…
It doesn’t matter if you average 8 hours of sleep or if you’re just six and a half years old. That largely depends on new research conducted by scientists from the University of Victoria and the University of British Columbia in Canada.
This study suggests that cultural norms significantly influence sleep needs, indicating that instead of adhering to the universal eight-hour guideline, recommendations should be customized to fit specific countries.
“Sleep is influenced by more than biology alone. It is shaped by cultural expectations, work schedules, climate, light exposure, social standards, and various other aspects,” noted Dr. Christine Ou, an assistant professor at the Victoria School of Nursing, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “What is deemed ‘good’ sleep in one culture may feel excessive or insufficient in another.”
The OU team studied sleep patterns and health data from nearly 5,000 individuals who participated in an online survey across 20 countries, including regions from North America, South America, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Combining this data with findings from 14 prior studies, researchers investigated the connections between life expectancy, heart disease rates, obesity, diabetes, and the hours individuals slept.
Survey participants in Japan reported an average sleep duration of 6 hours and 18 minutes the night before – Credits: UBC Media Relations, PNAS
The findings revealed that sleep durations varied significantly across the 20 countries studied. French respondents had the longest sleep, averaging 7 hours and 52 minutes per night, while Japanese participants reported the least, with an average of 6 hours and 18 minutes.
The global average for sleep was found to be 7 hours and 15 minutes. Participants from the UK reported an average of 7 hours and 33 minutes, whereas those from the US averaged 7 hours and 2 minutes.
Interestingly, the OU team made some notable discoveries. They found no universal “ideal” amount of sleep that correlated positively with health across all countries. In fact, there was no evidence to suggest that individuals in countries with shorter sleep durations experienced worse health than those in nations where longer sleep is standard.
However, a consistent trend emerged. When asked for their ideal sleep duration for optimal health, participants from Costa Rica suggested an average of 8 hours and 3 minutes while those from Korea indicated 7 hours and 16 minutes. In every country, most respondents felt their desired target was about 1 hour to 1 hour and 40 minutes longer than what they typically achieved.
I may not know much about sleep, but some individuals indeed require more than others – Image credit: Getty
Those who maintained sleep patterns that aligned closely with their country’s cultural norms were generally healthier. For instance, in the US, sleeping around 7 hours and 2 minutes nightly correlated with better health outcomes.
“Our research revealed that when sleep aligns with cultural norms, individuals tend to be healthier,” said OU. “Understanding the cultural context allows for a focus on what genuinely supports health rather than fixating on a specific number.”
Throughout every country examined, significant deviations from culturally accepted sleep norms were linked to worsening health outcomes, whether those deviations meant sleeping too little or too much.
The threshold for excessive sleep where health outcomes began to decline varied, highest in the UK at over 10 hours and lowest in the US at 8 hours and 13 minutes.
Sleep psychologist Dr. Daljinder Chalmers from Kiel University remarked in BBC Science Focus, “Sleep is complex, and there is no evidence to suggest that everyone needs to sleep eight hours a day.”
Dr. Chalmers, who was not involved in the study, noted that in countries where sleep durations are shorter, people might take more naps during the day or have different sleeping habits altogether.
She continued, “When analyzing sleep and health, you must consider cultural factors.”
The researchers controlled for variables such as nutrition, wealth, inequality, and geography, but it’s essential to note this was an observational study and could not establish direct cause-and-effect relationships between sleep and health outcomes.
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About our experts
Dr. Christine Ou is an assistant professor at the Faculty of Nursing at the University of Victoria in Canada. Having begun her career as a registered pediatric nurse, she focuses on sleep and psychosocial health in families with young children through her research programs. Dr. Ou is also a member of Canada’s Active Perinatal Mental Health Joint Committee and recognized as a public scholar and rising star in applied science at the University of British Columbia.
Dr. Daljinder Chalmers is a lecturer in health psychology at Kiel University specializing in sleep. She boasts extensive experience in academia, public service, and the NHS. Dr. Chalmers holds a Bachelor of Science in Psychology from Bedfordshire University, a Master of Science in Health Psychology from Derby University, and a PhD from the University of Portsmouth.
While creative thinking may seem entirely novel, recent studies indicate that our imagination is intricately linked to memory more than we realize.
The latest research reveals that individuals who can recall small, seemingly trivial details excel in generating creative ideas.
“This indicates that creative thinkers perceive and interpret the world in a unique way,” stated Dr. Felix Chan, an assistant professor at the University of Birmingham. BBC Science Focus. Chan was not part of this study.
“They might follow the same narrative, but they retain elements that most people overlook as insignificant.”
In this investigation, 220 participants listened to one of four audio narratives, which varied from Hitchcock’s thrillers to true crime, romance, and fantasy. Throughout the listening process, researchers monitored participants’ brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Afterwards, participants were prompted to recall the story and devise their own alternative endings. These creative outcomes were evaluated by four independent judges trained in storytelling.
Ultimately, researchers found that certain participants (those who remembered details not central to the plot) received higher ratings for their original, imaginative story endings.
Brain scans supported these findings. Specifically, creative thinkers exhibited distinctive activity in the emotionally engaged region of the brain (the anterior cingulate cortex), along with robust and sustained activity in the hippocampus, the brain’s center for memory, particularly during the less pivotal segments of the story.
This suggests that creativity may stem from reconfiguring memories, implying that new ideas are often built upon previous recollections.
“This is an exceptionally creative exploration of creativity,” Chan concluded. “Researchers aimed to uncover how our brains are capable of producing original thoughts. Essentially, what elements in our brains fuel our imagination.”
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About our experts
Dr. Felix Chan is a neuroscientist specializing in training to comprehend brain activity and function. His expertise lies in understanding what energizes our brains and how this translates into cognitive activity. He figuratively understands “food for thought.” Currently, he serves as an associate professor of pharmacology at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Pharmacy, University of Birmingham.
Mars once boasted a sprawling ocean across its surface. Over time, the magnetic field diminished, the atmosphere thinned, and the water vanished. Yet, the total isn’t accounted for. This water must have disappeared somewhere as the red planet transitioned from a watery haven to the dusty landscape we recognize today. So, what happened to it?
A recent study published in National Science Review by researchers from China, Australia, and Italy has uncovered potential vast reservoirs of water located deep beneath the planet’s surface, providing answers about its fate. Unlike the icy reservoirs found elsewhere on Mars, this water is believed to remain in liquid form, making it a promising candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life.
Around 4 billion years ago, liquid water covered much of Mars’s surface. If evenly distributed, this water would have created a global ocean approximately 1,500 meters (4,920 feet) deep, comparable to the volume of the Indian Ocean on Earth today.
While exact figures are still under debate, this estimation highlights a significant discrepancy.
“Estimated losses of liquid water due to atmospheric escape and crust hydration are predicted to be between 10-200 meters (33-656 feet) and 550 meters (1,800 feet) respectively,” stated Waijia Sun, a geophysics professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and lead author of the study, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
“Current estimates suggest a total of 20-40 meters (66-131 feet) of water exists in Mars’s atmosphere and as ice in polar or subsurface deposits.”
The “missing water” on Mars, estimated at a range between 710 and 920 meters (2,330 and 3,020 feet), remains unaccounted for, according to Sun and colleagues.
Marsquakes and Meteorites
With NASA’s InSight lander landing on Mars on November 26, 2018, a new perspective of the planet’s interior became available. Equipped with a dome housing a seismometer, it measures seismic activity similar to how earthquakes are monitored on Earth, dubbed “pulsing” by NASA.
The research team utilized measurements from two meteor impacts and seismic waves generated by a “Marsquake.” BBC Science Focus co-author Professor Hrvoje Tkalčić compared this technique to medical ultrasound, allowing glimpses into the Martian interior.
“In essence, earthquake waves generated from distant events travel through the Earth’s crust beneath the seismometer,” explained Tkalčić. “By analyzing their reverberations, we can deduce the thickness of these layers and the depth of boundaries.”
Scientists set up solar arrays for NASA’s InSight Lander in 2015 – Photo Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Lockheed Martin
Seismic waves travel faster through rock that contains water. By measuring the velocity of waves resulting from impacts or quakes, scientists can investigate the presence of deep underground water without the need for excavation.
This innovative method, known as the “receiver function,” enabled the team to identify layers approximately 5.4-8 km (3.4-5 miles) below the Martian surface where seismic waves slow down, indicating water’s presence.
At these depths, temperatures are sufficient for liquid water to exist. Researchers estimate that the water present ranges between 520-780 meters (1,700-2,560 feet) beneath the surface.
Could There Be Life on Mars?
If substantial aquifers lie below the Martian surface, it could be an ideal location to search for alien life. Water is a crucial element for life on Earth, sustaining even deep subterranean microorganisms like bacteria and archaea, which constitute around 15% of Earth’s total biomass.
While finding complex life forms is unlikely at such depths on Mars, microbial life remains a distinct possibility.
“The availability of liquid water is viewed as a key factor in our search for life, as it is essential for existence,” noted Tkalčić. “Consequently, pinpointing locations with liquid water on Mars is vital for identifying potential life.”
Additionally, if humanity establishes a presence on Mars, water becomes a critical resource. Excavating kilometers below the surface presents significant engineering challenges, but such obstacles are to be expected in pioneering a human settlement on another planet.
However, before rushing to buy tickets to Mars, Sun and Tkalčić caution that the aquifer’s existence is not yet confirmed. They emphasize the necessity for additional data before reaching any conclusions.
Liquid water is the most plausible explanation supported by current data, but other viable explanations for the observed seismic waves, such as layers of sediment, exist.
Professor Hrvoje Tkalčić oversees seismology and mathematics in geophysics and heads the Warramunga Seismic & Infrasound Facility at the Australian National University – Photo credit: Jamie Kidston/ANU
On Earth, seismic measurements are taken from numerous seismometers worldwide that cross-validate data points. The situation is different on Mars.
“We must remember that we are limited to data from a single seismometer on a faraway planet. It’s a challenging observational environment, and we are maximizing the quality and quantity of our data,” Tkalčić added.
Researchers aspire that upcoming Mars missions equipped with more seismometers will facilitate more comprehensive studies across the planet. Eventually, we may even analyze the crust for direct chemical evidence of water, and potentially signs of life.
For now, this research offers a hopeful glimpse into what future missions may reveal. Sun remarked: “These findings shed light on the evolution of Mars’s water cycle and its potential habitability, laying a solid groundwork for future inquiries into Martian life and the planet’s climatic history.”
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About Our Experts
Weijia Sun is a professor of geophysics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recognized for his work in Earth and Planetary Physics. His research has appeared in prominent journals such as Nature, Geophysical Research Letters, and Journal of Geophysical Research.
Hrvoje Tkalčić heads the Geophysics Department and directs the Warramunga Seismic & Infrasound Facility at the Australian National University. His research focuses on observational seismology, particularly the Earth’s deep structure and dynamics, appearing in journals like Science, Geophysical Research Letters, and Journal of Geophysical Research.
The ginger cat results from a unique genetic variation that, as far as scientists can tell, isn’t found in other species.
A recent survey published in Current Biology reveals that this variation is linked to the faulty expression of a gene called Arhgap36, which has never been associated with the development of mammalian ginger fur.
Interestingly, this gene resides on the X chromosome, which helps explain why most orange cats are male.
Similar to other male animals, including humans, cats possess one X and one Y chromosome. The gene for orange fur is on the X chromosome; therefore, if a male inherits an X chromosome with the orange gene, he will display an entirely orange coat.
Conversely, female cats have two X chromosomes. To display complete orange fur, they must inherit the orange gene from both of their X chromosomes. If they inherit it on only one, the other X may carry a non-orange gene.
This results in a mix of colors in their fur—like the patchy orange, black, and white patterns observed in Calico and Tortoiseshell cats.
Female cats with one copy of the orange gene often have partially orange fur, like this calico cat. – Credit: Jacobi’s Nils via Getty
The relationship between orange fur and sex applies to cats but not to other orange mammals, such as tigers, orangutans, or red-haired humans.
According to Dr. Christopher Kaelin, Senior Scientist and Lead Author at Stanford Medicine Genetics and Research, the orange mutations in those animals occur due to one of two genes, neither of which are sex-linked.
As a result, orange cats appear to be “genetic exceptions.”
The study confirms that ginger cats exhibit genetic anomalies, but the evidence is still inconclusive regarding whether this unique trait contributes to their reputation for being a mischievous bunch.
To determine if the ARHGAP36 mutation has any impact beyond fur color, researchers have examined various organs, including the kidneys, heart, brain, and adrenal glands, in both orange and non-orange cats, finding no significant differences.
Kaelin remarked, “I don’t think we can exclude the possibility of gene expression changes in untested tissues that might influence behavior.”
He also mentioned that the prevalent notion of orange cats causing chaos could largely be attributed to their male predominance, noting that there is limited scientific research on the personalities of orange cats.
A recent study by NASA has uncovered an unexpected and curious fact about the moon’s deep interior.
Utilizing data from the Grail Spacecraft, researchers found that the side of the moon facing Earth is “bending” more than the far side, indicating a remarkably unstable internal structure between the two hemispheres.
“We have long believed the moon to be spherically symmetrical deep down, so encountering clear evidence to the contrary was both surprising and challenging,” said Dr. Ryan Park, the study’s lead author and head of the Solar System Dynamics Group at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
Published in Nature, the study reveals that the moon visible from Earth deforms more significantly under the gravitational influence of Earth than on its far side, measured using ultra-precision gravity techniques.
This finding relies on a metric known as the “Love number,” which quantifies the extent to which a celestial body deforms due to tidal forces. After nearly a decade of intricate calculations involving millions of parameters, the team found that the Love number was approximately 72% greater than what would be expected for a symmetrically spherical moon.
“When we first calculated higher Love numbers than anticipated, our team was genuinely perplexed,” Park noted. However, the calculations confirmed it: the moon exhibits instability both internally and externally.
These views of the near and far side of the moon are compiled from observations by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. -NASA/JPL-Caltech
The cause? The mantle on the near side is warmer and less rigid compared to the far side, attributed to radioactive heating early in the moon’s history.
This phenomenon is likely due to ancient geological activities. The near side contains a significantly higher concentration of radioactive materials, including up to 10 times more thorium. These elements emit heat as they decay.
Billion years ago, this heat led to the formation of pockets of partially melted rock, sparking massive volcanic eruptions. These eruptions resurfaced the near side with dark plains known as “Mare,” while the far side remained rugged and cratered.
This study generates the most comprehensive gravity map of the moon to date. Future missions, such as NASA’s Artemis program, aim to enhance navigation on the lunar surface and aid in developing lunar navigation systems.
Looking to other regions of the solar system, Park plans to apply a similar methodology to investigate the metal-rich asteroid Psyche and the icy moons of Jupiter, particularly Europa.
“The most astonishing aspect was how pronounced the asymmetry was,” Park added. “This compelled us to examine the intricacies of the moon’s thermal and structural evolution, ultimately yielding new insights into how the moon—and potentially other celestial bodies—develop internal disparities over billions of years.”
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About our experts
Ryan Park is the supervisor of the Solar System Dynamics Group at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. His research has been featured in prestigious journals, including Science, Journal of Astrophysics, and Nature.
This mutation is associated with Rho GtPase Activated Protein 36 (ARHGAP36). Research conducted by a team from Stanford University School of Medicine suggests that this anomaly occurs in genes of various mammals.
The orange mutation linked to sex in domestic cats results in various reddish/yellow patches in their fur, clearly demonstrating random X inactivation in female turtles and calico cats. Unlike most coat color genes, other mammals lack evident homologs for the orange associated with gender. Research by Kaelin et al. shows that this mutation results from a 5 kb deletion leading to ectopic and melanocyte-specific expression of the ARHGAP36 gene. Image credit: Kaelin et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.055.
Various mammals exhibit orange shades—like tigers, golden retrievers, orangutans, and red-headed humans—but this is particularly prevalent in domestic cats (Felis catus). The orange coloration is sex-linked and is observed more frequently in males.
“In many species with yellow or orange pigments, these mutations almost exclusively occur in one of two genes, neither of which is sex-linked,” states Christopher Kaelin, PhD, a researcher at Stanford University School of Medicine and the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology.
Scientists have pinpointed typical mutations that stimulate skin pigment cells to generate yellow or orange pigments instead of the default brown or black; however, they only had vague notions about locating corresponding mutations in cats.
They were aware that the mutation, termed sex-linked orange, was located on the X chromosome due to the predominance of male orange cats.
Male cats with this sex-linked orange will exhibit a complete orange coat, while females must inherit the mutation from both X chromosomes to appear fully orange.
A female cat possessing one copy of the sex-linked orange will showcase a partially orange coat with a pattern known as Tortoiseshell, or with patches of orange, black, and white known as Calico.
This variability arises from a phenomenon in females called random X inactivation, where one X chromosome becomes inactive in each cell.
Consequently, a mosaic pattern of pigment cells develops, some expressing the sex-linked-orange and others not.
“I observed this genetic anomaly over 100 years ago,” Dr. Kaelin recalled.
“It was the genetic puzzles that sparked my interest in Sex Link Orange.”
Building on prior research that dissected segments of the X chromosome housing mutations, Dr. Kaelin and his team methodically concentrated on the sex-linked orange mutation.
“Our ability to do this was facilitated by the development of genomic resources for cats made available in the last five to ten years,” Dr. Kaelin explained.
“This includes a fully sequenced genome along with various cat breeds.”
The researchers also obtained DNA samples from cats at neutering and spaying clinics.
Initially, they searched for a variant of the X chromosome common among orange cats and identified 51 candidates.
They excluded 48 of the candidates as they were also present in several non-orange cats.
Among the remaining three variants, one was speculated to play a significant role in gene regulation: ARHGAP36.
“When we identified it, ARHGAP36 had no association with pigmentation,” Dr. Kaelin stated.
This gene, well-conserved across mammalian species, has drawn attention from cancer and developmental biology researchers.
ARHGAP36 is typically expressed in neuroendocrine tissues, where its overexpression can lead to tumors; however, its association with pigment cells remained unknown.
Notably, it was discovered in a pumpkin-colored cat by Dr. Kaelin and his colleagues.
“ARHGAP36 is not present in mouse, human, or non-orange cat pigment cells,” Dr. Kaelin noted.
“The orange cat mutation appears to induce ARHGAP36 expression within pigment cells, where it is normally not present.”
This irregular expression in pigment cells disrupts intermediate steps in known molecular pathways governing coat color.
In other species, typical orange mutations interrupt earlier stages in that pathway; however, in cats, sex-linked oranges confuse the latter stages.
“It’s certainly an unusual mechanism for gene alteration in specific cell types,” said Dr. Kaelin.
The team’s findings are detailed in a study published this week in the journal Current Biology.
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Christopher B. Kaelin et al. Molecular and genetic properties of sex-linked orange coat colors in domestic cats. Current Biology Published online on May 15th, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.055
Trilobites were a varied group of ancient marine arthropods. While many inhabited the seabed, some took to more mobile lifestyles. Recent research has clarified the evolutionary lineage of a peculiar group of trilobites known as cyclopizids, named after the legendary one-eyed creature, Cyclops.
Cyclopygid Trilobite Symphysops Stevaninae. Image credit: Francisco J. López-Soriano & Joan Corbacho, https://www.elfosil.com via Bataleria.
Mirobiaceae was an ancient aquatic creature (arthropod) that existed from 521 million years ago (MA) until around 252 MA.
Approximately 21,000 species are known, representing numerous ecological niches. Most thrived on the seabed (benthic), while some ventured into the open ocean (pelagic).
Despite their diversity, our understanding of their comprehensive evolutionary history remains limited.
Strange groups of Ordovician trilobites (485-444 MA) are referred to as Cyclopizids. They possess 5-7 body (thoracic) segments, and the cephalon lacks typical spines.
The name Cyclopizid is derived from the mythical Greek cyclops, as their eyes evolved to merge into a single large visual surface, enhancing their field of vision.
Cyclopygids inhabited the deep, dark zones of the ocean (mesopelagic), swimming at the lower edge of the illuminated region, known as the Twilight Zone, where they actively hunted small organisms (zooplankton).
Some Cyclopygids, such as Pricyclopyge, may have swum upside down and featured bioluminescent structures on their third thoracic segment.
Recent research has elucidated the evolutionary history of the 47 cyclopygid genera through cladistic analysis, a method that categorizes organisms based on shared derived traits.
The family predominantly found in China, Tai Hungshaniidae, is connected to the Nileidae and Cyclopidiidae families. Illaenopsis is expected to be included.
As cyclopizids evolved, they adapted to a more transparent lifestyle, which included larger eyes shifting towards the edges of the thorax, a reduction in the number of thoracic segments, size decrease, and enhanced streamlining.
These cyclopizids, which occupy higher positions in the water column, usually reside closer to the coasts.
Mapping the depths they are interpreted to inhabit on our evolutionary trees reveals that cyclopizids positioned near the base tend to inhabit shallow waters.
Consequently, cyclopizids gradually transitioned into deeper waters, adapting more to a pelagic lifestyle.
This paper will be published in the journal Historical Biology.
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SJ Braddy, La Dale & H. Wang. 2025. Phylogenesis of cyclopide trilobites. Historical Biology. doi:10.1080/08912963.2025.2501330
As some weather forecast offices discontinue overnight staffing, the National Weather Service is swiftly reassigning personnel internally, working to fill over 150 vacancies and address critical staffing gaps.
On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration considered initiating a “reallocation period” to fill key positions that have remained unstaffed since the Trump administration’s decisions to dismiss probationary employees and incentivize veteran federal workers to retire early within the National Weather Service (NWS).
The agency is actively recruiting to fill five pivotal meteorologist roles overseeing field offices, including locations in Lake Charles, Louisiana; Houston, Texas; and Wilmington, Ohio.
Meanwhile, at least eight out of 122 weather forecasting offices nationwide—including those in Sacramento, California; Goodland, Kansas; and Jackson, Kentucky—have announced no plans to operate overnight or reduce overnight services in the coming six weeks, according to Tom Fahy, legislative director of the National Weather Service Employees Organization, which monitors staffing levels for the agency.
Critics of the recent cuts argue that the efforts to reassign meteorologists and other staff indicate severe reductions in services, negatively impacting vital public safety operations.
“This has never occurred before. We have always been an agency dedicated to providing 24/7 service to American citizens,” Fahy stated. “The potential risk is extremely high. If these cuts continue within the National Weather Service, lives could be lost.”
The National Weather Service acknowledged adjustments to its service levels and staffing but asserted that it continues to fulfill its mission and maintain the accuracy of forecasts.
“NOAA and NWS are dedicated to minimizing the impact of recent staffing changes to ensure that core mission functions persist,” the agency stated. “These efforts encompass temporary modifications to service levels and both temporary and permanent internal reallocations of meteorologists to offices with urgent needs.”
Fahy revealed that 52 of the nation’s 122 weather forecasting offices currently have staffing vacancy rates exceeding 20%.
The latest update on field office leadership, published on Wednesday, highlighted vacancy challenges, with 35 meteorologist positions at forecast offices remaining unfilled.
Since the new administration assumed power, the National Weather Service has reduced its workforce by more than 500 employees through voluntary early retirement packages for senior staff and the dismissal of probationary hires.
“Our greatest fear is that the weather offices will remain extremely understaffed, prompting unnecessary loss of life,” the director expressed earlier this month.
Recently retired NWS employees have voiced concerns that staffing levels have dropped below critical thresholds amid service freezes and the dismissal of many early-career professionals in probationary roles.
Alan Gerald, a former director at NOAA’s National Intensive Storm Institute who accepted early retirement in March, likened the NWS’s reassignment strategies to “deck chair relocation,” arguing that they fail to solve fundamental issues.
“They are merely shifting personnel from one office to another, which might address short-term crises, but that’s no sustainable solution,” Gerald remarked. “There’s no real influx of new staff.”
Brian Lamare, who recently retired from the Tampa Bay Area Weather Office in Florida, understands the desire to modernize and streamline services.
In fact, Lamare was involved in efforts to reorganize certain aspects of the service prior to the Trump administration.
The agency had plans to modernize its staffing structures by launching a “mutual assistance” system, allowing local forecast offices to request and offer aid during severe weather events or periods of understaffing.
“Many of these initiatives are now being expedited due to urgency,” Lamare commented. “When rearranging your living room furniture, you don’t set the house on fire—that’s the situation we are facing.”
Lamarre emphasized the necessity for the NWS to resume hiring as numerous forecasters in their 50s and 60s opted for voluntary retirement, leading to the loss of extensive experience. Concurrently, the agency has reduced its cohort of probationary employees, many of whom are just starting their careers.
“Eliminating probationary positions severely limits the agency’s future potential,” Lamare stated. “That’s where fresh, innovative talent is cultivated, making recruitment essential.”
AMOC is a system of ocean currents that circulates water in the Atlantic Ocean.
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio
The decline in significant Atlantic currents is contributing to flooding linked to rising sea levels in the northeastern United States, which are already affected by climate change. As global temperatures increase, a total collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) could exacerbate sea level rise.
“If AMOC collapses, this will greatly increase flood frequency along the US coastline, independent of major storms,” states Liping Chan from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in New Jersey. “Even a partial reduction in current strength can have significant consequences.”
The warm waters melting ice sheets and rising sea levels are influenced by climate change, which leads to uneven rates of sea level rise across different regions. For instance, some coastal areas have subsided, increasing the relative rate of sea level rise there. Local sea levels are also affected by the circulation of heat, water, and salt in the ocean, with warm, fresh water occupying more volume than cold, salty water.
Over the past few decades, sea levels along the northeastern US coast have risen 3-4 times faster than the global average. The slowing of AMOC—responsible for transporting warm water from lower latitudes to the North Atlantic, where it cools and sinks—has long been considered a potential cause of this phenomenon. As this circulation weakens, warm deep water expands, pushing more water onto the shallow continental shelf.
AMOC strength varies naturally over different timescales, and climate change has contributed to its slowdown as the North Atlantic and its waters have become warmer and clearer in recent decades. However, it remained uncertain whether this decrease significantly affected sea levels.
Chang and her team utilized tidal gauge measurements from the New England coast to reconstruct local sea levels dating back over a century. Alongside a steady rise due to climate change, they identified significant fluctuations between low and high sea levels every few decades. Low sea levels correlated with periods of weak AMOC, while high sea levels were also aligned with these intervals, which brought more frequent coastal flooding.
The researchers then employed two distinct ocean models to quantify the impact of AMOC intensity variations on local sea levels. While the primary driver of change was the steady rise due to climate change, they discovered that weakened AMOCs significantly increased sea-level-related flooding. In multiple coastal regions, they noted that the slowdown in AMOC has contributed to delaying flooding by 20-50% since 2005.
Given that the natural cycle of AMOC strength is largely predictable, Zhang asserts that these findings enable researchers to forecast potential flooding events up to three years in advance. This foresight can guide long-term infrastructure planning and emergency preparedness.
“This highlights the critical role of AMOC in [sea level rise],” remarks Chris Hughes, who was not involved in the research, from the University of Liverpool in the UK. “It’s not merely theoretical; it’s evident in the real world.”
It remains unclear how much of the recent AMOC weakening is attributable to climate change versus natural variability. Nevertheless, the findings bolster predictions that if AMOC were to completely collapse due to climate change, significant portions of the US East Coast could experience a surge in sea levels.
Hughes warns that if AMOC nearly collapses, sea levels could rise by around 24 centimeters. “While it may not seem dramatic, even a small increase can have a substantial effect.”
As reported by Google, members of the UK-based spider-hacking community are actively “promoting” cyberattacks amid the increasing disruption faced by UK retailers in the US market.
A hacker collective known as the “scattered spiders” has been connected to attacks on British retailers such as Marks & Spencer, Co-op, and Harrods. Google Cybersecurity experts have now warned that unidentified retailers in the Atlantic region are also under threat.
Charles Carmakal, the chief technology officer for Google’s Mandiant Cybersecurity division, noted that the threat has shifted to the US, following a pattern commonly observed with scattered spider attackers.
“They focus on a specific industrial sector and geographic location for a short period, before moving on to a new target,” he explained. “Currently, their attention is on retail organizations. They began in the UK and have now extended their focus to firms in the US.”
When asked about the involvement of British members in the M&S hacking, he stated, “While I can’t name specific victims, it’s clear that UK-based scattered spider members are promoting and facilitating these incursions.”
On Friday, it was disclosed that M&S alerted employees that some personal data may have been compromised during a cyber attack last month. Sources informed the Daily Telegraph that staff members were notified that their email addresses and full names were potentially exposed in the breach.
Earlier this week, M&S reported that hackers had accessed personal information of thousands of customers.
In light of these attacks on UK retailers, cybersecurity agencies have urged businesses to remain vigilant and aware of specific tactics employed by scattered spiders.
In an advisory notice, the National Cyber Security Center recommended businesses to leverage IT support to assist staff in resetting their passwords. One tactic associated with scattered spiders—named for a set of hacking tactics rather than a unified group—involves calling help desks to gain access to corporate systems while impersonating an employee or contractor.
“We have observed instances where they call the help desk, masquerade as employees, and convince the staff to reset their passwords,” Carmakal explained.
Carmakal also noted that these calls to help desks are sometimes made by younger members of the scattered spider network.
“It’s not always the threat actor themselves making the call… some tasks are outsourced to other community members, often younger individuals looking to earn some quick money through various schemes and inconsistencies,” he shared.
Scattered spiders primarily consist of native English speakers from the UK, US, and Canada, which sets them apart from other ransomware groups. Karmakal mentioned that he has received reports of “numerous calls” made by scattered spider hackers to corporate employees.
Ransomware gangs typically infiltrate target computer systems with malware that effectively locks users out of their internal files. These groups usually originate from Russia or former Soviet states.
Carmakal’s remarks coincided with French luxury brand Dior disclosing that “fraudulent external parties” had accessed some customer data. The Paris-based brand has yet to clarify the nature or extent of the attacker’s incursions.
This week, Google’s cybersecurity team affirmed that scattered spiders have shifted their focus to US retailers.
“We are dedicated to offering a variety of services to our customers,” stated John Hultquist, chief analyst at Google Threat Intelligence Group. “The group that originally targeted retail in the UK, after a significant hiatus, has a track record of concentrating on one sector at a time, and we anticipate they will continue to prioritize this sector in the near future. US retailers should exercise caution.”
Suspended Blessing: Sleeping Sperm Whale and Her Calf
Paul Nicklen
A full belly—if you look closely, you can see the tentacles of the deep-sea squid she recently devoured hanging from her mouth.
This photo, titled The Interrupted Bounty, is one of many captured by photographer Paul Nicklen and showcased at the Photo Fair. It exudes a sense of peace, yet Nicklen experienced a whirlwind of emotions while filming it in Dominica in 2019.
“Even while my lungs ached and my mind screamed to surface just 5 meters away, I had to calm myself,” he reflects. “In that moment, my focus shifted to breathing, framing, and floating. The fear was present, but I remained centered.”
As he grounded himself, a feeling of “quiet adoration” washed over him. “It brought a certain joy, aligned with their rhythm for a while,” Nicklen recalls. “Over time, that joy has shifted into a heavier contemplation. I’m reflecting on the risks that whales now face—ocean pollution, ship strikes, entrapment in nets, and rising sea temperatures. Looking back at these images reveals lines that may not endure unless changes occur. Still, I feel fortunate. I’m honored to share their stories.”
Photo London will take place at Somerset House from May 15th to 18th. Nicklen’s work is presented by Hilton Contemporary, which also features a photograph by marine biologist Christina Mittermeyer, showcasing her striking image from Madagascar in 2008: Mandare’s Washing. It depicts brightly colored clothing drying on cracked earth, with two emaciated cows nearby on a dry stretch of the Mandare River.
Mandare Washing: Dried Beds on the Mandare River in Madagascar
Christina Mittermeier
Seventeen years later, Mittermeier reflects on the tumultuous feelings she experienced while taking those shots. “It wasn’t just the illness, but also the tropical fever, combined with a sense of guilt. Not guilt for being there, but for leaving,” she recounts. “The village families had no escape from the drought; they lacked alternatives, no backup resources, no taps to turn on.
Today, that guilt has evolved into a profound respect for the resilience of the locals.
“I think of the elasticity of that fabric, the dust, and how survival here is stitched together with each piece of clothing, meal, and glass of water,” Mittermeier shares. “It’s a testament to drought, but also to the overarching decisions that determine who suffers and who survives.”
Below is another stunning photograph by Nicklen titled Ephemeral Palace. Captured in 2012 on the Antarctic Peninsula, it depicts a vast iceberg adrift, destined to melt as it approaches the sea.
Ephemeral Palace: Iceberg on the Antarctic Peninsula in 2012
Paul Nicklen
The final shot from Nicklen, titled Meet Face to Face, features an unexpected visitor, photographed in Svalbard, Norway in 2008. He labels the encounter with “the bear in question” as a significant highlight of his career, noting he has rarely encountered the approximately 2,000 polar bears he has documented, yet he has never succumbed to panic.
Face to Face: A Close Encounter with a Norwegian Polar Bear
Larry Niven is a towering figure in the realm of science fiction, and I felt honored to interview him via Zoom from his home in Los Angeles. His seminal 1970 novel, Ringworld, is this month’s selection for the New Scientist Book Club. However, his literary contributions span numerous novels and short stories, including one of my personal favorites, An outdated world. At 87, he continues to write, and we discussed his insights on Ringworld, the projects he’s currently working on, and his thoughts on humanity’s potential to venture beyond our solar system. Below is an edited transcript of our conversation.
Emily H. Wilson: Larry, thank you for participating in this interview and for being part of the New Scientist Book Club. It is a tremendous honor to speak with someone so central to the evolution of this genre.
Larry Niven: Thank you.
EHW: What inspired you to become a science fiction writer?
LN: I was immersed in science fiction during my early adulthood, but I only discovered the fandom when I started selling my stories. That connection was invaluable for me.
EHW: What was the genesis of the idea behind Ringworld?
LN: The concept of the Dyson sphere—hypothetical megastructures in space—was introduced to me by another writer, possibly Paul Anderson. Intrigued by the idea, I realized we could observe other civilizations based on their energy usage. But to harness that energy, one needs a way to block sunlight. I envisioned using rotational gravity for the Dyson sphere, focusing on its equatorial regions, and thus conceptualized the “poor man’s Dyson sphere.”
EHW: A book club member noted that Ringworld evokes a sense of awe and wonder.
LN: My choice to depict a grand structure, despite the risk of ridicule, contributed to my success. Ringworld serves as a knowledge playground where readers can engage with its complexities and even rediscover my oversights.
EHW: Reflecting back from 2025, it seems like it was an immediate success, altering your career trajectory.
LN: That’s absolutely true.
EHW: You mentioned in your writings that New Scientist highlighted how students and scholars engaged with physics concepts in Ringworld post-publication. How did that affect you? Do you think we will see such global interaction today?
LN: Science fiction permeates various media like film and comics. While Ringworld remains significant, capturing the attention of mathematicians isn’t straightforward.
LN: It’s about envisioning the future. Things are in flux, and science fiction highlights the notion that minds can think similarly but are fundamentally different.
EHW: Why did you write Ringworld Engineers as a sequel? One book club member mentioned that it was their first introduction to your work.
LN: I aimed to improve upon Ringworld since its inhabitants were not fleshed out enough. Robert Heinlein told me that the two books together formed a significant narrative.
EHW: The universe in Ringworld set in known space led to extensive narrative weaving. How did that come about?
LN: It seemed logical to create interlinked stories within the universe I had built. This web of narrative has been evolving for over 60 years.
EHW: If you were to rewrite Ringworld today, would it differ from the original?
LN: I’ve often thought that if I were to begin anew, I would focus on the barriers of interstellar travel. Building a ring world implies challenges in reaching other stars.
EHW: At what point in your career did you become a full-time science writer? Did you ever balance it with other jobs?
LN: I was a science enthusiast, particularly in astrophysics and astronomy. At 24, I realized my options were limited, which led me to start writing.
EHW: How is science fiction perceived today?
LN: I’m not as engaged with the field nowadays. I often buy books online for my Kindle, but that doesn’t mean I make the most of the current offerings.
EHW: One of my favorites of yours, An outdated world, isn’t widely read despite being a fantastic story told concisely. What can you share about writing that book?
LN: Initially, it was a dystopian tale about people frozen for the future, struggling with their wishes when they were revived—without civil rights. I encapsulated that in a short story called Rammer, which turned into the first chapter of An outdated world. I eventually continued that narrative as I became comfortable exploring the future.
EHW: You were known for your collaboration on The Mote in God’s Eye with Jerry Pournelle. How do two authors co-write a novel?
LN: Jerry and I collaborated on roughly nine novels. When he proposed the idea to co-write, I accepted without knowing where it would lead, and it turned out to be both fun and challenging. Our involvement with the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Association helped shape the narrative over three years and even earned us an award for the best unfinished novel.
EHW: Before this interview, you mentioned your book Draco’s Izakaya, a collection of short stories. I approached it hesitantly, as I’m not a short story person. It uniquely merges narratives, introducing readers to aliens through the bartender’s character. It felt more like a novel than a traditional collection. What was your aim in writing it?
LN: I started writing short stories knowing they needed substance beyond mere glimpses. My goal for Draco’s Izakaya was to convey wisdom within a lean structure, crafting a narrative that felt unified despite its brevity.
EHW: If you were to recommend four other books alongside Draco’s Izakaya, which would you choose?
LN: Depending on the individual asking, I might suggest: Lucifer’s Hammer for casual readers, Scaffold for military personnel, Ringworld for true fans, and Destiny’s Road for general audiences as well.
LN: I’m collaborating with Stephen Burns on a space novel featuring Gil “Arm” Hamilton. We’ve begun an anthology project, and our short story, The Sacred Cow, which features Gil, won an award from Analog Magazine. Now, we’re encouraged to produce more content.
EHW: A few quick questions: What is your favorite science fiction book that you didn’t write?
LN: I truly enjoy Nova by Samuel R. Delany.
EHW: What is a favorite book in a genre you haven’t ventured into?
LN: I believe it must be The Wizard of Oz.
EHW: What is your favorite science fiction television show?
LN: Star Trek, but I’m not as caught up with it.
EHW: What is your all-time favorite sci-fi film?
LN: I have a fondness for Destination Moon and admire ambitious works like 2001: A Space Odyssey and Rollerball for their ambition.
EHW: What advice would you give to aspiring science fiction writers today?
LN: I think I’m prepared to encounter the puppeteers from my works or the Mediator.
EHW: And do you think humanity will eventually leave this solar system?
LN: We’re making advancements, though not as quickly as we imagined. Initially, we thought reaching the moon would be simple, and it has proven quite challenging.
Larry, thank you for this enlightening conversation. It has truly been a privilege.
LN: You’re welcome. I always enjoy speaking with New Scientist. Be sure to read and savor!
Larry Niven’sRingworld is the latest selection for the New Scientist Book Club. Join us to read along!
Brazil Takes the Lead in Funding Forest Conservation
Luiz Claudio Marigo/Nature Picture Library/Alamy
During the COP30 Climate Summit in November, a coalition of countries led by Brazil introduces a groundbreaking initiative aimed at compensating tropical nations for sustaining their forest ecosystems.
The Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF) secures funding through investments rather than relying solely on donations or the sale of carbon credits.
“We need to explore new fundraising avenues for tropical forests. This innovative fund has the potential to play a vital role in complementing traditional grant-based funding and, more importantly, reducing our dependency on carbon trading,” states Kate Dooley, from the University of Melbourne, Australia.
The fund is positioned as a substitute for the carbon market, offering businesses a means to offset their emissions by financing forest protection. While it was once seen as a promising strategy for generating funds from the private sector, it has faced significant backlash for favoring corporate profits over environmental benefits.
A major benefit of TFFF is its straightforward approach. Rather than estimating how much carbon is stored in forests or assessing their vulnerability, the initiative compensates for the intact forest canopy each year, monitored through satellite technology.
“Our team approached the Brazilian government in 2023,” explains Pedro Moura Costa, an expert in environmental finance.
Unlike government donations that can be inconsistent and withdrawable at any moment, this fund is designed for sustainability.
The project’s planners aim to secure a $25 billion sovereignty loan from the government along with an additional $100 billion from private investors. These funds will be directed towards corporate bonds and green energy initiatives, particularly avoiding industries tied to deforestation.
After ensuring a fixed return for investors, any profits generated will flow directly to tropical nations for forest conservation efforts. This includes expanding conservation agencies. Crucially, 20% of the resources must be allocated to Indigenous communities, with TFFF collaborating closely with the Global Alliance of Territorial Communities, advocating for Indigenous rights.
The funds projected can generate $4 billion annually, which is sufficient to offer $4 every year per hectare of tropical forest preserved. Conversely, for every hectare lost, $100 will be deducted from government payments. Moura states it takes 100 years for primary tropical forests to regenerate, demanding a high level of responsibility.
However, the current proposal defines an undisturbed forest as having only 20% canopy cover, raising concerns of potential overexploitation. Dooley warns that “fires often indicate degradation rather than being its cause,” pointing out flaws in using fire metrics for monitoring.
Several environmental organizations and climate finance analysts have expressed strong disapproval of this concept. They argue that wealthier nations should provide direct financial support to poorer countries rather than investing in uncertain ventures. Frederick Hash from the Green Finance Observatory, which evaluates private investments in green opportunities, states, “Conservation funds are vulnerable to future economic shifts, interest rates, and fund management capabilities. This differs markedly from grants, and may not meet the expectations of a fund aimed at addressing our critical ecological challenges.” He adds that the promised 20% for Indigenous peoples “seems insufficient and fails to acknowledge their valuable contributions.”
Despite insufficient donor funding for conservation and the looming threat of surpassing the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C warming limit, advocates argue there is an urgent need for practical alternatives to grant-based support.
“To initiate substantial change, we must devise new, innovative strategies where environmental protection becomes self-funding and is no longer dependent on grants or handouts. Without this, we may face failure,” remarks Moura.
“There must be a mechanism to compensate those safeguarding nature and preserving forests.” Simon Zadeck, a climate adaptation consultant and investment platform expert, adds, “Funding sources might include domestic finances and philanthropy, alongside income from natural products like nuts and timber, but these are insufficient alone. Thus, we need to promote creative funding solutions.”
If TFFF can achieve its $125 billion goal, it will represent the most significant single funding source in history for forest conservation. It may even surpass Brazil’s current environmental budget.
However, the success of this initiative hinges on attracting enough capital during what international experts identify as a particularly challenging economic landscape.
“This geoeconomic environment presents significant obstacles for such an ambitious project,” says Zadek. “Public finances are strained, and private investment is currently focused on short- to medium-term returns.”
Vegetarians have a similar reaction to meat as they do to eating feces or human flesh, according to recent research from Oxford University.
A study involving 252 vegetarians and 57 meat eaters examined whether this aversion was influenced by the source of the food being plant or animal-based.
Initially, participants were shown a range of vegetables commonly disliked, including raw onions, green olives, sprouts, beetroot, and overripe fruit, and were asked to envision eating them. Both groups expressed “disgust” towards these vegetables. Essentially, the flavors and textures were perceived negatively.
Next, participants looked at pre-cooked chicken, bacon, and steak. Here, the vegetarians reacted quite differently. They experienced feelings of nausea, voiced ideological objections, and stated they found anything that had been in contact with meat unappealing.
All the meat is clean and cooked.
The reactions of aversion were similar to those elicited when participants were asked to imagine consuming human feces or the flesh of humans or dogs (the meat was actually just plain meat labeled accordingly—no harm came to any dogs, although a few humans faced bad treatment).
“Disgust is an ancient evolutionary mechanism observed in various species and acts as a straightforward response to ‘bad’ preferences, primarily linked to bitter and sour tastes,” stated Elisa Becker, the lead researcher from Oxford University, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.
“Aversion, in contrast, is likely a uniquely human response stemming from more complex thoughts about food and its meanings.”
The distinction between these reactions may lie in evolutionary history. Aversion enabled early humans to avoid toxic plants with unpleasant flavors, while disgust developed as a more sophisticated reaction to the unseen risks associated with meat, which can harbor pathogens and parasites.
“Disgust does not arise solely from taste but is triggered by animal products, including meat and our own bodily substances. These are prime carriers for pathogens,” Becker explained. “The purpose of disgust is to protect us from toxins and diseases.”
This insight may assist initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable diets by altering perceptions of certain foods.
“It could be beneficial for people seeking to reduce their meat consumption or increase vegetable intake,” Becker remarked. “Novel, more sustainable protein sources (like insects or lab-grown meat) can often invoke disgust. Understanding this instinct can help us overcome it.”
About our experts
Elisa Becker is a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Primary Care Health Sciences at Oxford University. She investigates behavioral change interventions that assist individuals in reducing meat consumption, focusing on the emotional processing of meat and the effectiveness of various strategies.
Elon Musk’s AI company has criticized the “deceptive changes” affecting the Grok chatbot’s behavior, particularly regarding its remarks on South Africa’s “white genocide.”
In a message posted on Musk’s platform X, Xai announced new protocols aimed at preventing employees from modifying the chatbot’s behavior without additional oversight.
Grok Bot has previously referenced the concept of white genocide in South Africa, a controversial narrative that has gained traction among figures like Donald Trump and other populists in the US.
One X user, while engaging with Grok, asked the bot to identify the location of a photo of a walking trail, which led to an unexpected non-sequitur discussion regarding “farm attacks in South Africa.”
Xai, the company co-founded by Musk, stated that the bot’s erratic behavior was a result of an unauthorized adjustment to the Grok Bot’s system prompt, which shapes the chatbot’s responses and actions.
“The modification instructed Grok to deliver a specific answer on political matters, breaching Xai’s internal guidelines and core principles,” Xai explained.
To mitigate such issues, Xai is implementing measures to ensure that employees cannot alter the prompt without a thorough review. They noted that the rapid code change process was skipped in this instance. Xai also mentioned that 24/7 oversight teams are in place to handle responses missed by automated systems.
Additionally, the startup plans to publish the GROK system prompt on GitHub, allowing developers access to the software’s code.
In another incident this week, a user from X shared Grok’s response to the question, “Are we doomed?”. The AI, as instructed, replied with: “Did you phrase the question incorrectly?” This response seems to connect social issues with deep-rooted matters like South Africa’s white genocide, aiming to address facts presented.
“The facts imply that this genocide is overlooked and reflects a larger systemic failure. Nevertheless, I remain doubtful of the narrative as debates surrounding this topic intensify.”
Last week, the US president granted asylum to 54 white South Africans. Trump issued an executive order recognizing these individuals as refugees, claiming they face racism and violence as descendants of predominantly Dutch colonists from the apartheid era.
Since then, Trump has referred to African individuals as victims of “genocide” and claimed that “white farmers are being brutally murdered,” without offering any proof for these allegations.
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has stated that the assertion of persecution against white individuals in his nation is a “completely false narrative.”
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope capture breathtaking views of a significant section of the nebula within the Large Magellanic Cloud, the largest of several small satellite galaxies orbiting the Milky Way.
This Hubble image illustrates a segment of the vivid nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy situated 160,000 light-years away in the constellations Dorado and Mensa. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/C. Murray.
This latest image was created using individual exposures captured across ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) was instrumental in this achievement.
“This portrayal of the dust-laden gas clouds within the Large Magellanic Cloud is made possible by Hubble’s advanced cameras, particularly the WFC3, which collected these observations,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“The WFC3 features an array of filters, each allowing light of a specific wavelength or color to pass through.”
“The image is a composite from five different filters, including one designed to capture ultraviolet and infrared radiation, which is invisible to the human eye.”
“The delicate gas clouds depicted resemble colorful cotton candy,” remarked the researchers.
“When encountering a cosmic scene with such vivid hues, it’s only natural to question the authenticity of these colors.”
“After all, the Hubble is equipped with a 2.4m diameter mirror and sophisticated scientific instruments, unlike typical cameras!”
“As image processing experts merge the raw filtered data into these multi-colored representations, they assign distinct colors to each filter.”
“Observations in visible light correspond to the colors passed through the respective filter.”
“Shorter light wavelengths, like ultraviolet rays, typically appear blue or purple, whereas longer wavelengths, such as infrared rays, are usually depicted as red.”
“This color scheme closely mirrors reality, revealing new insights from parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are invisible to human eyes.”
“Nevertheless, countless color combinations can be employed to create images that are not only aesthetically striking but also scientifically valuable.”
The leading cryptocurrency exchange in the U.S. estimates that cyber attacks compromising account information for a “small subset” of users will incur costs ranging from $180 million to $400 million. Coinbase noted that this estimate does not factor in the $20 million ransom demanded by hackers, which the firm opted not to pay.
As the largest platform for cryptocurrency transactions in the United States, Coinbase reported that while attackers accessed sensitive information like names, addresses, and emails, they did not acquire login credentials or passwords. Nevertheless, the company is refunding customers who were tricked into sending funds to the attackers.
The hackers engaged various contractors and employees based outside the U.S. to extract information from internal systems. In response, Coinbase promptly terminated the implicated employee.
Furthermore, Coinbase has also declined to pay the ransom and is actively collaborating with law enforcement. Instead, they have offered a $20 million reward for information regarding the perpetrator.
“We are committed to investigating this case, enhancing security measures, and providing reimbursements to affected customers instead of funding criminal activities,” the company stated in its blog post.
On May 11, the company received an email from an unidentified threat actor claiming to possess information about certain customer accounts and internal documents. This revelation comes just days before Coinbase is poised to enter the Benchmark S&P 500 Index, representing a historic milestone in the cryptocurrency sector.
Security remains a significant issue for the cryptocurrency industry. In February, BYBIT, the second-largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, disclosed that an attacker had stolen approximately $1.5 billion worth of digital tokens.
In 2024, the total amount of funds stolen from hacking of cryptocurrency platforms reached $2.2 billion, according to a report from the blockchain analytics firm Chain Orisys. This marks the fourth year in a row that such hacks have surpassed $1 billion.
An 11-year-old girl from Australia began adding random users on Snapchat as part of an unofficial challenge with her close friend to boost their scores on the app. Unfortunately, one of these individuals exploited her.
The 23-year-old Jai Clapp was added on Snapchat by the girl, who was using the pseudonym “April,” through a quick addition feature.
Your SNAP score reflects user engagement, accumulating points through sending and receiving snaps, maintaining streaks (where users consistently exchange messages), and adding friends.
Snapchat’s Quick Addition feature recommends users based on shared interests, as determined by the platform’s algorithm.
After being added, Clapp misled the girl about his age, claiming to be 17 instead of 23, and the court found that he groomed her over a span of 12 days on Snapchat.
He subsequently sexually assaulted the victim during three meetings at a local park near her home.
Clapp was convicted of digital and penile penetration, with Judge Marcus Dempsey labeling his behavior as “abhorrent.”
He pled guilty and was sentenced in April to eight years and ten months in prison, with a non-parole period of four years and eight months, as he also abused another girl while incarcerated.
Details of the case emerged from the county courthouse for Victoria’s ruling, released recently.
A spokesperson for SNAP, the parent company of the app, commented, “The sexual exploitation of minors is alarming, illegal, and against our policies.”
“Snapchat is intended to facilitate communication among friends known in real life, and we aim to make it as challenging as possible for minors to connect with strangers,” the spokesperson added.
“Teens are recommended as friends or in searches only under specific circumstances, such as when they share numerous mutual friends. Last year we introduced a new friend protection measure.”
An independent Snapchat guide advises parents to disable the Quick Add feature to restrict who can add their children on the app.
This December, Snapchat could be one of the platforms under Australian government restrictions preventing users below the age of 16 from accessing it, although the minimum account age is 13.
Before the proposed ban takes effect in December, affected platforms, including Snapchat, faced lawsuits from the government regarding policy implementation. The company regularly highlights its safety measures for children to uphold its current standing.
During a submission to a Congressional investigation last year, Snap affirmed that the app does not allow teenagers to appear as suggested friends or in search results for others unless they share mutual friends.
In a linguistic analysis conducted last year, Australia’s online safety regulator, the Esafety Commissioner, noted that internal tools were utilized to estimate users’ ages to block access for those under 13. The Commissioner found that, as of February Report, 19% of children aged 8 to 12 used Snapchat in 2024.
The report indicated that SNAP had not conducted a survey in the first half of last year to gauge the number of users younger than 13.
A spokesperson for the ESAFETY Commissioner stated that companies have an obligation to ensure their platforms are secure for all users.
“Features such as Find Friends [Quick Add] can have numerous benefits; however, we must also consider how these new functions may be misused,” the spokesperson remarked.
“Concerns have existed for some time regarding the functionalities of social media and messaging services enabling predators to reach children for grooming and contact.
“[These] features can facilitate predators in accessing various groups of children’s friends through the platform’s algorithm, particularly when age verification measures are ineffective.”
A report by the Prevention Association for Cruelty to Children indicated that among the 7,000 cases of sexual communications with minors recorded by UK police from 2023 to 2024, 48% occurred on Snapchat.
Support and information for individuals affected by rape and sexual abuse can be found through the following organizations: In Australia, visit 1800 Respect (1800 737 732). In the UK, there is support available at Rape Crisis. In the US, call 0808 500 2222 or visit RAINN at 800-656-4673. Additional international helplines can be accessed at ibiblio.org/rcip/internl.html.
Collisions involving high-energy lead nuclei at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider generate a powerful electromagnetic field capable of displacing protons and converting lead into ephemeral gold nuclei.
The lead ions (208Pb) in the LHC pass by one another without direct collision. During electromagnetic dissociation, photons interact with the nucleus, causing internal vibrations that result in the ejection of a small number of neutrons (2) and protons (3), leaving behind the nucleus of gold (before gold 203Au). Image credit: CERN.
The transformation of base metal lead into the precious metal gold was a long-held aspiration of medieval alchemists.
This enduring pursuit, known as Chrysopia, may have been spurred by the recognition that the relatively common lead, with its dull gray color, bears resemblance to gold.
It has since been established that lead and gold are fundamentally different chemical elements, and that chemical means cannot facilitate their conversion.
The advent of nuclear physics in the 20th century uncovered the possibility of transforming heavy elements into others through processes such as radioactive decay or in laboratory settings involving bombardment by neutrons or protons.
Gold has been artificially generated through such means previously, but physicists from the Alice Collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have recently measured lead’s conversion into gold using a novel mechanism that relies on close interactions between lead nuclei at the LHC.
High-energy collisions between lead nuclei can lead to the formation of quark-gluon plasma, a state of high temperature and density believed to represent conditions shortly after the Big Bang, initiating phenomena we now recognize.
Simultaneously, in more frequent instances where nuclei narrowly miss each other without direct contact, the strong electromagnetic fields they generate can provoke photon-nucleus interactions, potentially uncovering more exploration avenues.
The electromagnetic field produced by the nucleus is particularly potent due to its 82 protons, each carrying a fundamental charge.
Additionally, when lead nuclei are accelerated to extreme speeds at the LHC, the electromagnetic field lines become compressed into thin layers, extending laterally in the motion direction, generating transient pulses of photons.
This phenomenon often triggers electromagnetic dissociation, where photons interact with the nucleus, causing vibrations in its internal structure and leading to the release of a limited number of neutrons and protons.
To fabricate gold (with 79 protons), three protons must be removed from the lead nuclei in the LHC beam.
“It is remarkable to witness our detectors managing direct collisions that produce thousands of particles, while being sensitive to scenarios where merely a few particles are generated,” said a researcher.
The Alice team employed a zero degree calorimeter (ZDC) to quantify the number of photon-nucleus interactions, correlating them to the emission of zero, one, two, and three protons related to the production of lead, thallium, mercury, and gold, respectively.
While the creation of thallium and mercury occurs more frequently, results indicate that the LHC currently generates gold at a rate of approximately 89,000 nuclei from lead collisions at the Alice collision point.
These gold nuclei emerge from collisions at extremely high energies, colliding with LHC beam pipes or collimators at various downstream points and swiftly fragmenting into individual protons, neutrons, and other particles, lasting mere seconds.
The analysis from Alice shows that roughly 86 billion gold nuclei were produced during four significant experiments across two runs of the LHC, equating to only 29 picograms (2.9*10-11 g) in mass.
With ongoing upgrades to the LHC enhancing its brightness, Run 3 yielded almost double the amount of gold as observed in Run 2, although the overall quantity remains trillions of times less than what is necessary for jewelry production.
Though the technological aspirations of medieval alchemists have been partially fulfilled, their dreams of acquiring wealth have yet again been dashed.
“Thanks to the distinctive capabilities of Alice’s ZDC, our current analysis marks the inaugural systematic detection and examination of gold production signatures at the LHC,” states Dr. Uliana Dmitrieva, a member of the Alice Collaboration.
“These results extend beyond fundamental physics interests and serve to test and refine theoretical models of electromagnetic dissociation, improving our understanding of beam loss— a significant factor influencing the performance limitations of the LHC and future colliders,” adds Dr. John Jowett, also of the Alice Collaboration.
A new study will be published in the journal Physical Review C.
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S. Acharya et al. (Alice Collaboration). √sNN= 5.02 Proton emission in ultra-fine Pb-Pb collisions at TeV. Phys. Rev. C 111, 054906; doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.111.054906
When I began my career in gaming journalism three decades ago, I missed the chance to review my favorite console, the Sega Mega Drive. While a few titles were still being launched in 1995, Games Magazine World dominated the headlines, and everyone was eager to hear about the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn. It felt like a painful setback.
Fast forward to 2025, where there’s a renewed enthusiasm for creating new games for classic home computers and consoles, highlighted by Agricultural Simulator: 16-bit Edition, which is part of the Agricultural SIM series for Mega Drive. This passion project, developed by Renzo Thönen, the lead-level designer and co-owner of Agricultural Simulation Studio Giants Software, was made using the open-source Mega Drive Development Kit and produced in a limited run of authentic Mega Drive cartridges. When I inserted this new title into my father’s old Mega Drive II console, a wave of nostalgia hit me. Yet, I soon realized I had underestimated it.
Agricultural Simulator: 16-bit Edition features a steady cycle of sowing, harvesting, and selling within an isometric environment, populated with essential buildings like fuel depots, seed stores, and garages. You start with a basic tractor and harvester, but by diligently farming the land, you can upgrade your equipment and acquire more powerful vehicles as you cultivate and market wheat. Eventually, you’ll generate enough revenue to unlock a new farming area, although the core gameplay remains unchanged. As the seasons progress, you slowly navigate the tractor over the fields, sowing and harvesting meticulously.
In this simplified format, the farming simulator’s tranquil pace may seem tedious and repetitive. All that’s required is to efficiently manage tasks, with complex, detailed 3D graphics, real-time weather systems, and extra activities stripped away. Again and again. Let’s be real: modern, intricate 3D simulations were being designed for consoles released concurrently with the advent of the World Wide Web, and the initial mass-produced Nokia phone still poses a technical challenge.
Nostalgic Journey…Sega Mega Drive running an Agricultural Simulator: 16-bit version. Photo: Keith Stuart/Guardian
Yet somehow, the system still resonates. Perhaps it’s the charming chug of the tractor’s sound effect, or the slightly erratic steering that frequently leads to crashes into trees. Or maybe it’s just the pure nostalgia evoked by rugged 2D graphics. I can’t quite place it. I found myself engrossed in play. Longtime Mega Drive users might reminisce about the thrill of games set in deserts, jungles, or city environments, or the chaotic isometric strategies that defined the era. But can you imagine experiencing today’s genres on this vintage hardware, and how might they score in contemporary gaming publications like Sega Power or Mega?
Perhaps there are other Mega Drive enthusiasts out there who share a thrill for reinventing something familiar, akin to watching 4K Blu-ray movies on a Toshiba VCR. With only 1,000 units produced, safeguarding this gem may prove challenging. However, Giants Software has previously launched a Commodore 64 version of the game, Farming Simulator C64, which is now accessible on PC. Maybe this emulated edition will find a way onto modern platforms.
Nevertheless, akin to a deluxe remaster of a cherished vinyl record, the format itself carries emotional significance. This is why Giants Software isn’t the only one reviving classic cartridges for retro consoles. The fantastic puzzle platformer Tanglewood made its debut on the Mega Drive a few years back, and Limited Run Games continues to produce an extensive array of new SNES cartridges for classic titles.
I often imagine my father reviewing this recent release of the last console we enjoyed together. Given his fond memories of summer farming, I’m certain he would have relished this game. For now, I’m content to cultivate these fields, sell a bounty of wheat, and appreciate the serene cycle of nature, depicted through this outdated yet endearingly charming medium.
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