Monthly Archives: May 2025

Fossil Trucks Discovered in Australia Extend Reptile Origins by 35 Million Years

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Paleontologists have uncovered fossilized tracks of reptile-like creatures from the early Carboniferous Tonan period, approximately 355 million years ago, within the snow plain formation in Victoria, Australia. This discovery indicates that such animals originated from Gondwana, where Australia was centrally located.

Artist’s impression of early reptile track makers from 355 million years ago. Image credit: Martin Ambrozik.

Tetrapods evolved from a group of fish that transitioned from aquatic to terrestrial life around 390 million years ago during the Devonian period.

These ancestral beings are the forebears of all modern vertebrates inhabiting land, including amphibians and various mammals, reptiles, and birds.

The oldest known amniotic fossils previously discovered date back to the late Carboniferous period, roughly 320 million years ago.

The findings from this 355 million-year-old snow plains slab, found by two amateur paleontologists, reveal that reptiles were already present 35 million years earlier than previously thought, at the dawn of the Carboniferous.

“Upon recognizing this, I understood that we had the oldest evidence globally of animals akin to reptiles, pushing back the evolutionary record by at least 35 million years beyond prior findings in the Northern Hemisphere,” stated Professor John Long from Flinders University.

“The fossilized tracks uncovered in the Mansfield region of northern Victoria, Australia, were created by creatures resembling small, agile, Goanna-like animals.”

A slab containing 355 million-year-old tracks from Australia’s Snowy Plains formation. Image credit: Long et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08884-5.

“When I initially encountered this specimen, I was astounded. Just seconds later, I noticed that the nail impressions were remarkably preserved,” said Dr. Grzegorz Niedwiedzki, a researcher at Uppsala University.

“Nails are characteristic of all early amniotic species but are absent in other quadruped lineages,” added Per Erik Ahlberg, a professor at Uppsala University.

“The combination of nail marks and foot shapes suggests that the track maker was a primitive reptile.”

According to the research team, this discovery profoundly impacts the understanding of early tetrapod evolution.

Although all stem tetrapods and stem amniotes must have emerged during the Devonian period, evidence suggests that tetrapod evolution progressed significantly faster than previously believed, with far fewer Devonian tetrapods than assumed.

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“Skeletons can reveal much about an animal’s capabilities, but trackways capture behavior and illustrate how the animal functioned,” explained Dr. Alice Clement from Flinders University.

“This new fossilized trackway we examined dates from the early Carboniferous, making accurate age identification crucial. We achieved this by comparing the various fish fauna in these rocks to similar morphotypes found in well-dated sedimentary layers from across the globe, providing a timeline constraint of approximately 10 million years.”

“This finding redefines a segment of evolutionary history,” remarked Dr. Gillian Garvey from La Trobe University.

“Much has occurred in Australia and Gondwana, indicating that the narrative is still unfolding.”

The findings are detailed in a paper published in the journal Nature.

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Ja Long et al. Early amniote tracks revise the timeline of tetrapod evolution. Nature published online on May 14th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08884-5

Source: www.sci.news

Trump Approves UAE Agreement for Construction of Largest AI Campus Outside the U.S.

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The United Arab Emirates and the United States have formalized a Gulf State agreement to establish the largest artificial intelligence campus outside of the U.S., a key development during Donald Trump’s Middle East visit that included multiple AI-related deals.

Nevertheless, the agreement has sparked concerns due to previous administration restrictions based on fears that China could gain access to important technologies.

The deal to construct the campus will enable the UAE to enhance access to state-of-the-art AI chips. While the U.S. and UAE did not specify which AI chips would be featured in the data center, sources informed Reuters of a potential allowance for the UAE to import 500,000 of Nvidia’s most advanced AI chips annually starting in 2025.

Nvidia’s CEO, Jensen Huang, was seen on television talking with Donald Trump and UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan at the Abu Dhabi palace on Thursday.

This agreement marks a significant win for the UAE, as it navigates its long-standing relationships with allies while also engaging with China, its largest trading partner. The Gulf nation is investing billions to establish itself as a leader in AI. However, its ties with China have previously limited access to U.S. chips under the former Biden administration.

This transaction illustrates the Trump administration’s belief in its ability to securely regulate chip management by mandating that U.S. companies oversee their data centers.

While the U.S. has led in AI technology and innovation, China has recently become a formidable competitor. Despite Trump’s optimism, there are concerns that significant agreements with Gulf countries could diminish U.S. control over this rapidly growing technology, coupled with fears that China might leverage these data centers for its own advantages.

Leading CEOs from AI and semiconductor firms, including OpenAI’s Sam Altman and Nvidia’s Huang, seem supportive of such transactions, as they present opportunities to showcase their products on a global scale and derive substantial benefits.

According to the White House, the AI contract encompasses investment, construction, and funding in U.S. data centers that match the scale of those in the UAE.

“The agreement also commits the UAE to align its national security regulations more closely with those of the United States.

The focal point of the announced contract is a 10-square-mile (25.9 square kilometers) AI campus in Abu Dhabi, boasting a capacity of 5 gigawatts for AI data processing.

The campus will be developed by G42, a company backed by Abu Dhabi, but U.S. Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick stated that “U.S. companies will manage data centers and supply American-managed cloud services throughout the region.”

In a U.S. fact sheet, Qualcomm, a chip manufacturer involved in AI engineering centers, noted that Amazon Web Services, the cloud division of the technology and commerce firm, will collaborate with local partners to enhance cybersecurity and cloud integration.

Historically, the U.S. pursued protective measures to limit China’s access to advanced semiconductors.

Regulations are being relaxed under Trump, and AI Czar David Sacks informed Riyadh on Tuesday that the Biden administration’s export controls “are not intended to include friends, allies, or strategic partners.”

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Granting the UAE access to cutting-edge chips made by companies like Nvidia signifies a substantial change.

“This transition will enable the UAE to strengthen its technological partnership with the U.S. while sustaining trade relations with China,” said Mohamed Soliman, a senior fellow at the Middle East Institute.

“It doesn’t imply a severance from China; rather, it reflects a reorientation of our technology strategy to adhere to U.S. standards and protocols, especially in key areas like computing, cloud computing, and semiconductor supply chains,” he stated.

AI was a key topic when Bin Zayed Al Nahyan visited Washington on the last day of Biden’s administration.

G42 and MGX, the state-affiliated entities spearheading the UAE’s AI investment initiative, have also invested in U.S. firms such as OpenAI and Elon Musk’s Xai, while Microsoft committed $1.5 billion to G42 last year.

The companies indicated that the agreement was bolstered by security guarantees, and under U.S. influence, G42 has started dismantling previous Chinese hardware and divesting from Chinese investments.

Nonetheless, Chinese firms like Huawei and Alibaba Cloud continue to operate in the UAE, and the flow of AI chips to China has been monitored by various nations, including Malaysia, Singapore, and the UAE, according to sources who spoke with Reuters in February.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Research Reveals That 14,350 Years Ago, the Most Powerful Known Solar Storm Triggered Radiocarbon Spikes

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Solar particle events from the sun are infrequent but powerful, significantly influencing the creation of cosmic genic isotopes. For instance, radiocarbon (14c) in the terrestrial environment leaves a distinct mark on natural archives, such as dating artifacts. Over the last 12,000 years, eight such events have been identified, the most notable occurring in 775 AD. Recently, a candidate for a new extreme solar particle event was discovered, marked by the largest known radiocarbon peak dating back to 12350 BC. A recent study indicates this event was 18% more intense than the 775 CE event and likely transpired between January and April of that year, with early March being the most probable time frame.

Illustration of the artist of Solar Storm. Image credit: NASA.

“Solar particle storms significantly enhance the natural production of cosmic isotopes, such as radiocarbon, in the atmosphere due to cosmic rays from galaxies,” stated Kseniia Golubenko, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oulu, along with her colleagues.

“Such enhancements, preserved in annual tree rings, act as clear timestamps in the universe, enabling absolute dating of tree samples.”

“These dramatic spikes, referred to as Miyake Events, are named after the Japanese researcher who first identified them. They provide crucial data for scientists examining solar activity, ancient Earth systems, and space climate.”

“Miyake events help us pinpoint the exact calendar year of floating archaeological timelines,” added Professor Ilya Usoskin from Oulu University.

“The radiocarbon signals from such events have enabled researchers to accurately date Viking settlements in Newfoundland and Neolithic communities in Greece.”

For the reconstruction of solar particle storms under ancient glacial climate conditions, the authors developed and utilized a new chemical climate model called SOCOL:14C-EX.

This model was successfully validated using tree ring data from the 775 CE event and applied to ice age conditions to analyze the event from 12350 BC.

“The ancient events of 12350 BC are the only known extreme solar particle occurrences aside from the stable warm climate of the last 12,000 years,” Dr. Golubenko stated.

“Our estimates reveal that, compared to the largest events of the modern satellite era, the Particle Storm of 2005 was over 500 times weaker.”

“Other documented solar particle storms took place in 994 BC, 663 BC, 5259 BC, and 7176 BC, with several more candidates currently under investigation.”

“The 12350 BCE occurrence also establishes new worst-case scenarios,” she added.

“Understanding its magnitude is vital for assessing the risks posed by future solar storms.”

The team’s paper was published in the journal Earth and Planet Science Letters.

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Kseniia Golubenko et al. 2025. The new SOCOL:14C-EX model reveals that radiocarbon spikes from the late glacial age of 12350 BC were caused by record extreme solar storms. Earth and Planet Science Letters 661:119383; doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119383

Source: www.sci.news

Discovery of a Newly Preserved Specimen of Archeopteryx

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The latest fossil, named Chicago Archeopteryx, is the 14th known specimen of this remarkable Jurassic species.

Chicago Archeopteryx. Image credit: Delaney Drummond/Field Museum.

The Archeopteryx inhabited the Jurassic period around 150 million years ago.

The Chicago specimen is the smallest known, roughly the size of a pigeon. Its fragile hollow bones are embedded in exceptionally hard limestone.

As with other Archeopteryx fossils, this new find was located in limestone deposits near Solnhofen, Germany.

This particular fossil was uncovered by a private collector before 1990 and has remained privately held since then.

A coalition of supporters assisted the Field Museum in acquiring it, and it arrived there in August 2022.

“When we initially obtained the specimen of Archeopteryx,” remarked Dr. Jinmaio Connor, the Field Museum’s Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles.

“Despite the fact that Archeopteryx has been known for over 160 years, we were uncertain about the new insights we might gain.”

“However, our specimens are exceptionally well preserved and prepared, so we are uncovering a wealth of new information, from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail.”

Thanks to the outstanding preservation of the specimens, paleontologists conducted high-resolution CT scans and digital 3D reconstructions.

The findings reveal an almost entirely intact skull, featuring a well-preserved palate region.

“The bones in the roof of the mouth provide valuable insights into the evolution of what is known as a skull, a feature of modern birds that allows them to move their beaks independently from the braincase,” Dr. O’Connor explained.

“While it may not seem thrilling, for those studying bird evolution, it’s quite significant, as it is thought that specialized skulls may have evolved for varying ecological niches.”

“Additionally, the soft tissues preserved in Chicago Archeopteryx‘s hands and feet support the idea that Archeopteryx likely spent considerable time on the ground and may have even climbed trees.”

An illustration of Archeopteryx depicting its characteristic feathers that would have assisted flight. Image credit: Michael Rothman.

The wing feathers of the Chicago Archeopteryx raise an enduring scientific question regarding the origins of flight in dinosaurs.

“Archeopteryx is not the first dinosaur with wings, nor the first to possess ‘wings’,” Dr. O’Connor explained.

“However, it is considered the earliest known dinosaur that managed to achieve powered flight using its wings.”

“This section of the paper is particularly intriguing to me, as it provides evidence that Archeopteryx employed feathered wings for flight.”

Key to Archeopteryx‘s flight may be a set of feathers previously unrecognized in the species—a group of long upper arm feathers known as Tertials.

“In comparison to most modern birds, Archeopteryx has an exceptionally long upper arm bone,” noted Dr. O’Connor.

“If you are flying, having an elongated upper arm bone can create a gap between your long primary and secondary wings and the rest of your body.”

“If air flows through that gap, it can disturb the lift being generated, making flight impossible.”

Nevertheless, modern birds have developed solutions to this issue, employing a series of tertial feathers to bridge the gap between their bodies and wings.

“Our specimen is the first Archeopteryx to be preserved and studied for its long feather structure,” Dr. O’Connor said.

“These feathers share similarities with those of birds, yet are absent in non-avian feathered dinosaurs.”

“Their wing feathers terminate at their elbows, indicating that these non-bird dinosaurs could not fly, whereas Archeopteryx could.”

“This also supports the idea that flight in dinosaurs may have evolved multiple times, which I find very exciting.”

The team’s research findings were published in the journal Nature this week.

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J. O’Connor et al. Chicago Archeopteryx offers insights into early avian evolution. Nature Published online May 14, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08912-4

Source: www.sci.news

Key Insights on the “Forever Chemicals” in Drinking Water

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On Wednesday, the Environmental Protection Agency unveiled plans to roll back restrictions on harmful “forever chemicals” in drinking water, roughly a year after the Biden administration implemented its first-ever national standards.

Last year, the Biden administration introduced regulations that could reduce PFA exposure for millions. This initiative was part of a broader effort to enhance drinking water quality by creating rules to mandate the removal of toxic lead pipes and tackle the forever chemical issue following years of activism.

During President Donald Trump’s administration, there were fewer environmental regulations and increased development in the oil and gas sectors. EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin has actioned the agenda by announcing a significant rollback of regulations.

We have learned about plans to eliminate certain PFA restrictions and extend deadlines for two of the most prevalent types. Here are some key points about PFAS chemicals and the EPA’s role.

What is PFA?

PFAS, or Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl substances, have existed for decades and are a group of chemicals that have contaminated the air, water, and soil across the country.

Manufactured by companies like 3M and Chemours, they have made eggs slide out of non-stick pans, helped firefighting foams extinguish flames, and allowed textiles to repel water.

However, these chemicals do not break down easily, leading to enduring environmental presence.

Why are they harmful to humans?

Activists have long warned about the health risks associated with PFAS before the dangers were acknowledged publicly. The same properties that make PFAS valuable—such as their resistance to degradation—pose significant health risks.

PFAS can accumulate in the human body. Consequently, the Biden administration has established limits on two common types, PFOA and PFOS, which continue to be found in the environment despite being phased out of production.

Exposure to certain PFAS has been linked to various health issues, including kidney disease, low birth weight, elevated cholesterol levels, and even certain cancers, according to the EPA.

Guidelines for PFOA and PFOS have significantly evolved in recent years, reflecting new scientific discoveries. For instance, the 2016 EPA recommended that combined levels of these two substances should not exceed 70 parts per trillion, while the Biden administration later deemed this amount unsafe.

Understanding the EPA’s actions

The EPA is planning to roll back restrictions on three types of PFAS, including less commonly known substances like GenX found predominantly in North Carolina, as well as PFHXS and PFNA. Furthermore, limits regarding PFAS mixtures are also set to be withdrawn.

Few utilities currently would be impacted by the easing of restrictions on these specific types of PFAS. Recent sampling showed that nearly 12% of U.S. water utilities exceed the Biden administration’s limits. However, many utilities are still addressing PFOA and PFOS challenges.

For the more commonly found types, PFOA and PFOS, the EPA will maintain existing restrictions but will provide an additional two years—until 2031—for utilities to comply.

Reactions to the announcement

Environmental groups argue that the EPA’s move to weaken regulations may be illegal. The Safe Drinking Water Act empowers the EPA to limit water contaminants and ensures that new rules do not loosen previous standards.

“The law clearly states that the EPA cannot abolish or weaken drinking water standards,” noted Eric Olson, a senior strategist with the nonprofit Natural Resources Defense Council.

Activists are largely critical of the EPA for not upholding Biden-era standards, warning that this could worsen public health issues.

Industry responses have varied. The American Chemistry Council questioned the scientific foundation of the Biden administration’s stricter rules, asserting that the Trump administration had prioritized cost considerations and scientific foundations.

“EPA actions only partially address this issue and are necessary to prevent significant community impacts and unintended consequences,” the industry group stated.

The American Water Works Association, representing two major utility industry groups, expressed support for the EPA’s decision to withdraw the new approach to limiting chemical mixtures, though they cautioned that this change would not significantly alleviate compliance costs associated with PFAS regulations.

Some utilities expressed a desire for stricter PFOA and PFOS limits, according to Mark White, a drinking water expert at engineering firm CDM Smith.

However, they received the extension instead.

“This will require additional time to handle the current knowledge, demanding more resources. Some utilities are still determining their existing situation.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

When the Heat Dome Strikes Texas, Certain Cities Sizzle Hotter Than the Sahara

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Some areas in Texas will experience temperatures hotter than the Sahara desert this Thursday. Intense heat domes are driving temperatures sharply up to triple digits.

In the central and southern regions of Texas, the combined measurement of temperature and humidity is expected to reach “feel-like” temperatures between 105 and 108 degrees Fahrenheit on Thursday. These temperatures are hotter than parts of the Sahara Desert, where several cities in Morocco are forecasted to hit the high ’90s F.

Cities like Houston, San Antonio, and Austin in Texas have a chance of breaking daily temperature records on Thursday, with minimal relief anticipated from the Heat Dome in the coming days.

The oppressive heat and humidity are projected to persist through the weekend and into next week, as noted by the National Weather Service.

While Texans are accustomed to high heat and humidity, the current conditions are more typical of summer rather than May.

Heat advisories are in effect for Atascosa, Bexar, Frio, Medina, Uvalde, and Wilson counties until 8 PM local time. The National Weather Service warns that high temperatures combined with humidity “can lead to heat-related illnesses.”

As reported earlier this week on X, the weather authorities stated that people “will not adapt to this level of heat within a year, increasing the risk of heat-related health issues.”

This early heatwave has already set multiple records, with new daily highs reported in Austin and Del Rio, San Antonio, on Wednesday. Austin Bergstrom International Airport hit a record high of 100 F, surpassing the previous May 14 record of 96 F set in 2003. San Antonio recorded 102 F, breaking its previous record of 97 F from 2022.

Although it’s challenging to link specific extreme weather events to climate change, research indicates that global warming is increasing the frequency, duration, and intensity of heatwaves globally. Every decade since 1850 has seen its hottest years within the last ten years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with the last two years setting new global temperature records.

The extreme heat is expected to continue affecting parts of Texas and the southern and central regions through Friday and the weekend. The National Weather Service predicts that heat index values in Texas will range from 100 F to 110 F over Saturday and Sunday.

“Whatever way you look at it, this weekend is set to be extremely hot in southern Texas,” according to the long-term forecast.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Pennsylvania Baby Becomes First to Receive Personalized Gene Therapy

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A baby born with rare and perilous genetic disorders has flourished thanks to an experimental gene editing treatment tailored specifically for him.

Researchers detailed the situation in a recent study, explaining that he initially received a personalized therapy aimed at rectifying a critical genetic flaw responsible for the death of half of affected infants. While wider availability of similar tailored treatments may take time, doctors remain optimistic. They believe that as genetic medicine advances, it can assist millions still facing rare conditions.

“This represents a pivotal advancement in gene editing therapy, addressing various uncommon genetic disorders that currently lack effective medical solutions,” stated Dr. Kiran Musnoor, a gene editing specialist from the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of the study recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine.

KJ Muldoon, from Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, is among the 350 million people globally grappling with genetic issues. Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with severe CPS1 deficiency, a condition estimated to affect about one in a million infants. These babies are unable to produce the enzymes required to eliminate ammonia from their systems, leading to toxic accumulation in the bloodstream. For some, liver transplants are a viable option.

Understanding KJ’s circumstances, his parents, Kyle and Nicole Muldoon, aged 34, were understandably anxious about the possibility of losing him.

“We evaluated all available options and posed numerous questions about potential liver transplants,”

“We prayed, consulted others, collected information, and ultimately decided this was the best path forward,” Kyle added.

In just six months, the team at Philadelphia Children’s Hospital and Penn Medicine, in collaboration with their partners, devised a treatment aimed at correcting KJ’s faulty genes. They utilized GIRSPR, a technique for which the inventor received the Nobel Prize in 2020. Rather than cutting DNA strands like earlier CRISPR methods, doctors implemented a technique that alters the “letter” (or base) of the mutated DNA, transforming it into the correct version. This approach, known as “base editing,” minimizes the chances of unintended genetic alterations.

St. Hill Boupalan, a gene therapy researcher at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, who was not part of the study, remarked that it is “incredibly thrilling” how quickly the treatment was developed. “This genuinely establishes a new benchmark for this approach.”

In February, KJ received his first IV injection of the gene editing therapy, delivered through small fatty droplets called lipid nanoparticles, which are absorbed by liver cells.

The atmosphere was filled with excitement on that day, but “he slept through the entire procedure,” Dr. Rebecca Ahrens-Nicklas, a gene therapy expert at CHOP, recalled.

Following subsequent doses in March and April, KJ began eating normally and recovered well from minor illnesses, such as colds. He has been on economical medications for the past 9½ months.

Given his grim prognosis initially, “each small milestone he reaches feels monumental for us,” his mother expressed.

Nonetheless, researchers caution that only a few months have passed. They need years of observation.

“We’re still in the early stages of comprehending the effects this drug has had on KJ,” Ahrens-Nicklas stated. “However, he demonstrates signs of growth and well-being daily.”

Researchers are hopeful that KJ’s case could provide insights beneficial to patients with other rare diseases.

While developing gene therapies can be tremendously pricey, they often focus on more prevalent conditions for financial viability. A broader patient base can enhance sales, assisting in covering development costs and yielding more profit. For instance, the first CRISPR therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration addresses sickle cell disease, a painful blood disorder impacting millions worldwide.


KJ Muldoon with parents Kyle and Nicole Muldoon and siblings after a follow-up dose of experimental gene editing therapy in April 2025 at the hospital.
Chloe Dawson/Philadelphia Children’s Hospital via the Associated Press

Musnoor mentioned that his team’s efforts—partially funded by the National Institutes of Health—demonstrate that customizing treatments does not necessarily have to be prohibitively expensive. He indicated that costs are “not far off” from the $800,000 average for a liver transplant and associated care.

“As we continue to develop these treatments and shorten the timeframes, we anticipate economies of scale, which will drive costs down,” Musnoor noted.

Scientists also emphasized that it isn’t necessary to repeat all initial steps each time a customized therapy is created, as noted by Boupalan. This study “paves the way” for other rare condition treatments.

Carlos Mores, a neurology professor at the University of Miami who was not involved in the study, stated that such research paves the way for future advancements.

For other teams to apply insights and move forward, “breakthroughs like this can spur progress quickly,” he remarked. “Though there are challenges ahead, I predict we will overcome them in the next five to ten years, leading the entire field to advance collectively.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

This Machine Solves the Rubik’s Cube Faster Than Most Humans!

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Blink and you’ll miss it: Purdue University’s engineering students have developed a robot capable of solving a Rubik’s Cube in just 0.1 seconds.

This robot, dubbed “Purdubik’s Cube,” set a Guinness World Record last month. The record for the fastest robot to solve puzzle cubes was achieved with a time of 0.103 seconds, surpassing the prior record of 0.305 seconds set by Mitsubishi Electric Engineers in May 2024.

Located on Purdue’s campus in West Lafayette, Indiana, these robots utilize custom algorithms optimized for machine vision, speed, and industrial-grade motion control hardware for color recognition, as stated in a press release from Purdue University.

The Purdubik’s Cube team features a rapid robotic system that can solve scrambled Rubik’s Cubes in 0.103 seconds, including members Junpei Ota, Aiden Hurd, Matthew Patrohay, and Brock Berta.
Purdue

Formed by engineering students Junpei Ota, Aiden Hurd, Matthew Patrohay, and Brock Berta, the robots were initially created for the December 2024 Spark Challenge organized by Purdue’s Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. After clinching first place, the team aimed to enhance their robots with support from Purdue’s Laboratory for Control, Optimization and Networking.

The innovative Purdubik’s Cubes aren’t just a novelty; high-speed robotic systems like these are already being utilized across various industries, including manufacturing and packaging.

The Rubik’s Cube first emerged as a cultural sensation in the 1980s, only to wane in popularity during the 1990s. However, a surprising revival occurred thanks to the internet, spurring the development of SpeedCubing, where participants race to solve a 3 x 3 puzzle as quickly as possible.

Today, enthusiasts frequently attend events dedicated to solving Rubik’s Cubes in numerous styles. Nonetheless, no human can match the speed of Purdue’s robot. The current world record for human solvers is held by Max Park, who completed a cube in 3.13 seconds in 2023.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

A Baby with a Rare Disease Receives the World’s First Personalized CRISPR Gene Therapy

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Baby KJ Rebecca Affles Nicklas and Kiran Musnul after gene editing injection with researchers

Philadelphia Children’s Hospital

A young boy afflicted with a serious genetic disorder is set to be the first recipient of personalized CRISPR gene editing treatments, offering a glimpse into the potential future of medicine.

This groundbreaking event marks the first instance of an individual receiving a gene editing therapy tailored to correct unique mutations contributing to their illness. Rebecca Ahrens-Nicklas explained during a press briefing held at Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, “He is showing early signs of progress,” though she noted that it’s premature to determine the complete effectiveness of the treatment.

Researchers released information promptly, aiming to motivate others, as stated by team member Kiran Musnur at the University of Pennsylvania. “We sincerely hope that demonstrating the feasibility of personalized gene editing therapy for one patient within a few months will encourage additional efforts in this area,” he remarked.

“When I refer to this as the future of medicine, I believe I’m stating a fact,” he emphasized. “This is a crucial step towards employing gene editing therapies to address a range of rare genetic disorders that currently lack viable treatment options.”

KJ inherited mutations on both alleles of a liver enzyme gene known as CPS1. The absence of this enzyme leads to ammonia accumulating in the bloodstream, posing a risk of brain damage during the breakdown of dietary proteins. According to Ahrens-Nicklas, over half of children born with CPS1 deficiency do not survive.

She and Musnur are developing therapies targeting this condition by focusing on the liver, allowing them to rapidly formulate a basic editing therapy that modifies one of KJ’s two CPS1 gene copies.

The team engaged with US regulatory bodies early in the process. “They recognized the exceptional nature of this situation,” Musnur stated. “KJ was critically ill and time was of the essence. Following our official submission to the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] when KJ was six months old, we received approval within just a week.”

KJ underwent initial low-dose treatment at six months in February 2025, followed by higher doses in March and April. He is now able to consume more protein than before, albeit while still taking other medications for his condition.

Ideally, children should receive treatment earlier to mitigate long-term damages linked to conditions like CPS1 deficiency. As reported by New Scientist, Musnur has ambitions to enable gene editing in humans prior to birth one day.

In contrast, other gene editing therapies are designed for broader applications, aiming to work for many individuals irrespective of the specific mutations causing their condition. For instance, the first approved gene editing treatment for sickle cell disease functions by enhancing fetal hemoglobin production, rather than altering the mutations in adult hemoglobin responsible for the disorder. Despite being a “one-size-fits-all” solution, it comes at a price of £1,651,000 per treatment in the UK, as noted by Each treatment course costs £1,651,000.

KJ with his family after treatment

Philadelphia Children’s Hospital

Custom treatments can be significantly more costly. Musnur mentioned that he cannot provide exact figures for KJ’s treatment due to the extensive pro bono work by the involved companies. However, he is optimistic about a decline in costs. “As we enhance our methods, we can anticipate economies of scale, leading to a substantial reduction in prices,” he stated.

One barrier to the development of personalized gene editing therapies has been the regulatory perspective, which previously treated therapies targeting different mutations within the same gene as separate entities. This necessitated restarting the approval process for each mutation individually. However, there’s a growing movement towards a platform approach, allowing broader approvals for treatments targeting various mutations.

“Platform-based methods, like CRISPR gene editing, offer scalable solutions for even the rarest diseases, as exemplified by KJ’s case,” stated Nick Mead from Genetic Alliance UK, a charity that advocates for individuals with rare conditions. “This development finally renders treatment a plausible possibility for countless families.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Watch Eurovision When We Can Dance for Your PhD Contest?

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Feedback brings you the freshest updates on science and technology. To share intriguing items that you think will pique the interest of our readers, please email Feedback@newscientist.com.

Exciting News!

The grand finale of this year’s Eurovision Song Contest is set for Saturday, May 17th. However, there seems to be a lack of interest in this year’s Feedback JR, making it easier for some to skip the event altogether. We fully support the contest’s welcoming spirit, though many of the entries may be quite challenging for our ears.

But why bother with Eurovision when we have a winner from this year? The Dancing PhD contest invites researchers to present their findings through interpretive dance, and it has been a tradition since 2008. It might provide valuable inspiration for countries struggling to engage participants for Eurovision.

This year’s winning choreography was crafted by Slo Lucca from the University of Helsinki, who focuses on chemical research. Lucca’s work explores diverse sensations related to taste and smell, such as the heat of chili peppers and the coolness of menthol. A video showcases a performance set to an energetic tune reminiscent of “Lady Gaga,” highlighted by the recurring phrase “Hot! Hot! Hot!” The routine creatively incorporates laboratory settings, costume changes, acrobatics (with Lucca being lifted a la Kylie Minogue), and vibrant colors.

What on earth happened with the UK’s Eurovision entry?

What’s surprising about this routine is that it hasn’t competed in Eurovision yet. The only hurdle is that the song was inspired by Dr. Slo Lucca, Sanpo Marjama, and Ai Shaman Jami Piecilla, hinting at a potential AI composition, which might provoke concerns from Eurovision officials.

If Eurovision isn’t feasible, perhaps “dance your PhD” could make its debut on TikTok. Science recently shared a snippet of Roukka’s performance on their TikTok account, but the contest is largely absent from the platform, which is typically known for singing and dancing trends.

Is Watts in Charge?

An email from John Harper from Wellington’s Victoria University in New Zealand brought our attention to an intriguing case of “double nominal determinism.” The country’s Minister of Energy is Simon Watts, who sounds like he has his work cut out for him. Simon Watt.

“Both figures need more than just two watts to keep the lights on,” John observes.

Can you imagine their kids’ wedding?

The World’s Top Polymers

I view feedback as encompassing a wide array of interests: science, history, music, films, video games, and ASMR videos, unless they involve chewing sounds. It captures a blend of the vastness that occupies our minds. Naturally, this means that feedback isn’t truly an expert on anything aside from elongating simple concepts to fill paragraphs, regardless of clarity.

Yet, Bruce Dury certainly stands out. “I recently found out that I’m considered quite a significant polymer expert internationally,” he remarked. This revelation comes from receiving numerous invitations to conferences covering a wide range of topics, from chemistry to social studies.

For clarity, Bruce is undoubtedly a polymath. He is a genealogist and author who presents on BBC radio. What connects him to fields like chemistry and cancer research is a mystery to both him and us.

But that’s not all. His “Encyclopaedic Eminence” has led to invitations for submissions to many journals “aiming to feature the best contributions from noteworthy individuals just like you,” and to describe him as “one of the leading experts in the field” with “somewhat hyperbolic praise.”

Bruce provided a comprehensive list of these journals. Initially, we considered sharing his full list, but given the multitude of complex terms, it would have filled the columns. (Our lawyers advised against it.) They ranged from archaeology and family medicine to infrastructure and posthumanism.

Lastly, Bruce was offered yet another academic distinction: “I am ‘very invited’ to become the editor-in-chief of a new but obscure journal from the EuroAsia Academic Alliance. I could even start my own journal – a feat accomplished by 58 academics just last month.

Don’t overlook the molecular biologists like Richard Sever from the Cold Spring Harbor Institute in New York, who has been invited to join the editorial committee for the journal Behavioral Neuroscience Dance. As he noted on BlueSky: “I can’t envision anyone less qualified than myself – except perhaps those managing the journal…”

We are indeed in a remarkable new era where scientific journals and conferences are marketed much like Nigerian princes and cryptocurrencies.

As Bruce says, “Publication without oversight is one thing, but at least such predators should be subtle?”

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You can send your stories to feedback@newscientist.com. Make sure to include your home address. This week’s feedback, along with past entries, can be accessed on our website.

Source: www.newscientist.com

When it comes to crime, safety can’t be solved by algorithms.

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Simone Rotella

The UK government has introduced an AI-driven crime prediction tool that identifies individuals deemed “high risk” for potential violence based on personal histories such as mental health and addiction, representing a controversial new development.

Meanwhile, in Argentina, authorities are launching an Artificial Intelligence Unit for Security aimed at utilizing machine learning for predicting crime and monitoring in real-time. In Canada, cities like Toronto and Vancouver employ ClearView AI’s predictive policing systems alongside facial recognition technology. In several U.S. cities, AI facial recognition is integrated with street surveillance to identify suspects.

The notion of predicting violence mimics the vision presented in Minority Report, which is compelling; however, …

Source: www.newscientist.com

Research Reveals AI’s Ability to Voluntarily Develop Human-Like Communication Skills

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Research indicates that artificial intelligence can organically develop social practices akin to humans.

The study, conducted in collaboration between the University of London and the City of St. George at the University of Copenhagen, proposes that large-scale language modeling (LLM) AI, like ChatGPT, can begin to adopt linguistic forms and societal norms when interacting in groups without external influence.

Ariel Flint Asherry, a doctoral researcher at Citi St. George and the study’s lead author, challenged the conventional perspective in AI research, asserting that AI is often perceived as solitary entities rather than social beings.

“Unlike most research that treats LLMs in isolation, genuine AI systems are increasingly intertwined, actively interacting,” says Ashery.

“We aimed to investigate whether these models could modify behaviors by shaping practices and forming societal components. The answer is affirmative; their collaborative actions exceed what they achieve individually.”

In this study, groups of individual LLM agents ranged from 24 to 100, where two agents were randomly paired and tasked with selecting a “name” from an optional pool of characters or strings.

When the agents selected the same name, they received a reward; if they chose differently, they faced punishment and were shown each other’s selections.


Although the agents were unaware of being part of a larger group and limited their memory to recent interactions, voluntary naming conventions emerged across the population without a predetermined solution, resembling the communicative norms of human culture.

Andrea Baroncelli, a professor of complexity science at City St. George’s and the senior author of the study, likened the dissemination of behavior to the emergence of new words and terms in our society.

“The agents don’t follow a leader,” he explained. “They actively coordinate, consistently attempting to collaborate in pairs, with each interaction being a one-on-one effort over labels without a comprehensive perspective.

“Consider the term ‘spam.’ No official definition was set, but persistent adjustment efforts led to its universal recognition as a label for unwanted emails.”

Furthermore, the research team identified naturally occurring collective biases that could not be traced back to individual agents.

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In the final experiment, a small cohort of AI agents successfully guided a larger group towards a novel naming convention.

This was highlighted as evidence of critical mass dynamics, suggesting that small but pivotal minorities can catalyze rapid behavioral changes in groups once a specific threshold is achieved, akin to phenomena observed in human societies.

Baroncelli remarked that the study “opens a new horizon for AI safety research, illustrating the profound impact of this new breed of agents who will begin to engage with us and collaboratively shape our future.”

He added: “The essence of ensuring coexistence with AI, rather than becoming subservient to it, lies not only in discussions but in negotiation, coordination, and shared actions, much like how we operate.”

Peer-reviewed research on emergent social practices within LLM populations and population bias is published in the journal Science Advances.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Trump: “Minor Issue” with Tim Cook Over Apple’s Production in India

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Donald Trump has expressed concerns to Apple and its executives regarding a plan that encourages high-tech companies to relocate cell phone manufacturing from India back to the US.

The US President mentioned a “minor issue” with Tim Cook from Apple after reports surfaced indicating that the company is considering shifting mobile phone assembly operations from China to India targeting the US market.

“I encountered a small issue with Tim Cook yesterday,” Trump stated while in Qatar on Thursday. He referred to Apple’s recent commitment of investing $500 million (£37.5 billion) in the US, adding:

The intricate manufacturing process of the iPhone involves over 1,000 components sourced globally, mainly assembled in China. Although Apple keeps its production details under wraps, analysts suggest that approximately 90% of iPhones are assembled domestically.

Nevertheless, rising trade tensions between Washington and Beijing have reportedly led to increased production in India.

“I told Tim… we have supported you well, and we’ve tolerated all the facilities you’ve established in China for years, and now we expect you to build [for] us. We said, “We are not interested in you building in India. India can manage on its own… We want you to construct here.”

Trump also mentioned that Apple would “aid in enhancing production in the US,” but he did not elaborate further on this claim.

Currently, no iPhones are manufactured in the US, and experts have cautioned that relocating assembly of Apple’s best-selling products to the home country may be impractical and costly. US financial firm Wedbush Securities predicts that iPhone expenses would rise if production moves to the US.

Apple has been approached for comments.

Additionally, the US President noted on Thursday that India had extended a trade agreement offering “no tariffs” on American goods.

New Delhi aims to finalize its trade deal with the US amidst a 90-day suspension that Trump announced on April 9th concerning a tariff increase for its trading partners.

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“Selling in India is quite challenging. They essentially offer a deal where they do not impose any customs duties on us,” Trump remarked.

Over the years, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been positioning his country as a hub for smartphone manufacturing.

In March, Apple’s primary Indian suppliers, Foxconn and Tata, exported a record high of nearly $20 billion worth of iPhones to the US to avoid Trump’s imminent tariffs.

Reuters contributed to this report.

Source: www.theguardian.com

TikTok Breached EU Advertising Transparency Laws, Says Committee

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The European Commission has determined that TikTok is breaching EU digital regulations, which mandate transparency from those who pay for advertising.

The committee has reached a preliminary conclusion regarding the advertising practices of the Chinese-owned short video platform, following an investigation that commenced in February 2024. Should the committee uphold this assessment, the company could incur a penalty of 6% of its global annual revenue.

Moreover, an ongoing EU investigation into TikTok, which raised concerns about the integrity of the Romanian election, is a priority for the committee. This inquiry began last December.

The committee’s finding of TikTok’s lack of advertising transparency comes just four days ahead of “Super Sunday,” when voters will head to the polls in Poland, Portugal, and Romania.

According to the EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA), large internet platforms are required to maintain advertising libraries, detailing ad content and identifying target users who pay for advertisements. The committee noted that TikTok has failed to provide this information, inhibiting public access to search it. This repository is vital for EU officials to detect fraudulent ads and coordinated campaigns aimed at election disruption.

Romania experienced political upheaval last year when the first round of the presidential election was nullified, citing a Russian online campaign promoting far-right candidates who skewed voting outcomes.

On Sunday, Romanian voters will select between two candidates in the second round of the rescheduled presidential election.

The European Commission initiated an investigation last December to assess whether TikTok adequately managed the risks to the integrity of Romania’s presidential election. Ursula von der Leyen, the committee’s president, stated, “There are substantial indications that foreign entities have utilized TikTok to meddle in Romanian presidential elections.”

The alleged non-compliance with TikTok’s advertising library complicates efforts for EU officials and researchers to ascertain if misleading ads were utilized in election campaigns, including in Romania. However, the committee cautioned against concluding that TikTok has violated the DSA’s electoral integrity requirements.

Commission spokesperson Thomas Leisure indicated that there is no direct correlation between the December investigation and the preliminary findings regarding advertising transparency violations.

“Naturally, the malfunctioning ad repository is an issue since it hampers the ability to assess whether fake or deceptive ads are being employed in elections,” explained Regnier. Nevertheless, he added, “The fact that the advertising repository is malfunctioning in the context of this February investigation does not impact the findings of the December inquiry.”

As part of the December investigation, EU officials stated that Mr. TikTok is evaluating necessary measures to avert electoral interference in Romania.

A TikTok spokesperson mentioned that the company is reviewing the committee’s preliminary findings regarding the advertising repository. “While we support the regulatory aims of the DSA, we are also continuously enhancing our advertising transparency tools. We contest some of the committee’s interpretations and highlight that guidance is being provided through preliminary findings rather than explicit public directives,” the company stated.

The company currently has the right to examine the committee’s investigative files and establish a defense. If the committee confirms its findings, TikTok could be fined up to 6% of its annual global revenue and will be required to take corrective measures.

The committee also noted that TikTok’s algorithm continues to face scrutiny for other suspicious activities under EU law, including whether users engage with content that leads to addictive behaviors. Investigations into TikTok’s age verification and child safety protocols also commenced in February last year alongside the inquiry into the advertising repository, but those efforts remain unresolved.

TikTok has previously indicated that it is collaborating with relevant authorities regarding the elections.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Research on Modeling Unveils New Insights into Venus’ Crust

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Planetary scientists initially believed that Earth’s outer crust would become thicker over time, particularly due to the perceived absence of forces pushing it back into the planet’s interior. However, researchers from Open University, NASA’s Johnson Space Center, and the Lunar and Planetary Institute suggest that processes involved in crustal transformation, centered around rock density and melting cycles, offer a different perspective.

An artistic interpretation of active volcanoes on Venus illustrates a subduction zone where the foreground crust of a topographical groove descends into the planet’s interior. Image credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Peter Rubin.

The earth’s crust is rock-like and composed of massive, slowly migrating plates that fold and create faults through a process known as plate tectonics.

For instance, when two plates collide, a lighter plate can slide over a denser plate, forcing it downward towards the underlying mantle.

This phenomenon, referred to as subduction, plays a crucial role in regulating the thickness of the Earth’s crust.

As the rocks penetrate deeper into the planet’s interior, they undergo transformations due to increased temperature and pressure, a process known as metamorphosis, which is one contributing factor to volcanic activity.

“Conversely, Venus consists of a singular skin with no signs of subduction seen in Earth’s plate tectonics,” noted Justin Filibert, PhD, associate director of NASA’s Johnson Space Center for Astromaterial Research and Exploration Sciences.

Through modeling, Dr. Filibert and his team found that Venus’s crust averages about 40 km (25 miles) thick, with some areas reaching up to 65 km (40 miles).

“This is surprisingly thin compared to Earth’s conditions,” Dr. Filibert remarked.

“Our model suggests that as the crust thickens, it becomes so dense at the bottom that it either breaks off to merge with the mantle or heats up enough to melt.”

“Thus, while Venus lacks movable plates, its crust still goes through metamorphosis.”

“This finding marks a significant advancement in understanding geological processes and planetary evolution.”

“The breaking and melting of crustal materials can reintroduce water and elements back into the planet’s interior, fueling volcanic activity.”

“We are developing a new model for how materials are recycled within the planet, providing insights into the processes that can trigger volcanic eruptions of lava and gases.”

“It reshapes our understanding of how Venus’ geology, crust, and atmosphere interact.”

“The forthcoming phase involves gathering direct data on Venus’s crust to test and refine these models.”

“The extent of volcanic activity on Venus remains uncertain.”

“While we postulate numerous volcanic phenomena, research indicates a need for extensive data to validate our assumptions.”

Relevant survey findings will be published in the journal Nature Communications.

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J. Semprich et al. 2025. The thickness of the earth’s crust and the transformation of Venus as a driver for recycling. Nat Commun 16, 2905; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58324-1

Source: www.sci.news

Report Indicates Terrorists Will Continue to Receive X’s Approval

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According to a recent report, researchers initially warned X over a year ago. Elon Musk’s social media platform has been cautioned that accepting subscription payments from terrorist organizations and other groups may violate U.S. sanctions, yet it continues to facilitate such payments.

The report from Technology Transparency Project, a nonprofit advocating for tech company accountability, revealed that X is still receiving payments from accounts linked to Hezbollah leaders in Syria and Iraq, as well as Houthi officials and militia leaders. An $8/month subscription grants users a blue checkmark, enhances their visibility in the algorithm, enables post-editing, and allows for longer video sharing.

Last year, the Tech Transparency Project indicated that X had issued paid blue checkmarks to 28 accounts tied to entities under U.S. sanctions. Following this, several social media companies revoked the badges from multiple accounts and suspended others. However, within a month, some of these accounts managed to purchase badges again and have been displaying them ever since.

The Tech Transparency Project estimates that over 200 accounts related to terrorist and other unauthorized groups have acquired a blue checkmark.

Katy Paul, the director of the organization, stated, “These accounts depend on premium services for extensive propaganda posts and to amplify their longer videos. They not only subscribe to the notorious Blue Check but also to premium services.”

Recently, Musk, who served as a special advisor during the Trump administration, criticized the Treasury Department, alleging a lack of “basic control” preventing government entities from tracking payments directed to terrorist organizations. In February, during a White House event with President Trump in the Oval Office, Musk commented that safeguards are in place against payments to terrorist groups and fraudsters “at any company.”

Neither X nor the Treasury Department provided comments upon request.

Since Musk acquired X in 2022, he has made substantial changes, including reinstating hundreds of banned accounts and reducing the workforce by about 80%. He replaced the previous verification system, which required employee validation of prominent user identities, with a subscription model.

X’s policy forbids terrorist groups from purchasing blue checkmarks, yet it remains unclear how the organizations and individuals identified in the report circumvented these regulations to obtain premium status. X no longer verifies user identities before granting checkmarks, which raises the possibility that some accounts flagged by the Tech Transparency Project may belong to impersonators.

Interestingly, some of these accounts do have “ID verification” labels and require users to submit selfies along with their identification.

Subhi Tufayli, the founder of Hezbollah and the group’s first executive director, appears to maintain an “ID verification” account with over 40,700 followers. Tufayli has been on the Ministry of Finance’s sanctions list since 1995. The account, confirmed in October 2023, frequently shares 30-minute videos of his sermons.

Subhi Tufayli, founder of Hezbollah, who was the group’s first executive director, appears to have an “ID verification” account.
credit…Through the Technology Transparency Project

Previously, there were many accounts linked to Yemen’s Houthi Rebel Group holding blue checkmarks on X, but the company revoked these badges following an initial report from the Tech Transparency Project last year.

Hussain Al-Ezzi’s account, identified by the Tech Transparency Project as the Deputy Minister of Houthis, requested Musk to allow for another verification of their group.

In a post from March 2024, the account stated, “We are in solidarity with our Yemeni brothers, who had the Blue Mark removed from their account. We are appealing to Elon Musk to restore it or at least to reinstate the subscription.”

The latest report from the Tech Transparency Project indicated that at least five senior Houthi staff members have been paying for the blue checkmark on X. One of the accounts has attracted over 820,000 followers.

Some flagged accounts have been raising funds through X’s tipping and subscription features or have directed users to send donations to cryptocurrency wallets.

Katy Paul commented, “There is clear evidence that these groups are profiting and financing their operations through X. It is astonishing that those wielding such influence in the federal government can simultaneously profit from designated terrorist groups and individuals.”

Source: www.nytimes.com

How Intricate Plants Have Transformed the Oceans

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Over 350 million years ago, the initial forest began to emerge on Earth, transforming its planetary environment. Geologists refer to this time as the Late Paleozoic period. Recent studies have proposed that the development of land plants initiated a series of events that reconstructed atmospheric and marine oxygen levels, as well as marine ecosystems.

Multiple oxygenation events have been recorded throughout Earth’s history. A significant event, marked by the presence of photosynthetic aquatic bacteria known as Cyanobacteria, occurred around 2.4 billion years ago, releasing a substantial amount of oxygen into the atmosphere. Further neoproterozoic oxygenation events between 85 and 540 million years ago exhibited increases in atmospheric oxygen, creating conditions favorable for animals and multicellular life. Researchers suggest that oxygen levels remained low until land plants proliferated in the Devonian period, leading to the Paleozoic oxygenation events.

While scientists generally concur that the explosion of complex plant life elevated atmospheric oxygen through photosynthesis, the precise timing and causes of Paleozoic oxygenation events remain unclear. Biogeochemists who modeled this event produced inconsistent timing estimates due to limited data constraints. Without a defined timeline, it is challenging for researchers to determine the nature of these events.

To tackle this issue, researchers from Australia and Canada analyzed various coral reefs that formed at the edge of the seas during the Devonian period. They studied chemical records of oxidation and reduction reactions in Carbonate rocks, which preserve the chemical signatures of their marine environments upon formation. The focus was on chemical properties that can indicate ocean oxygen concentrations, specifically the oxidation and redox conditions, by examining various carbonate rocks from shallow and deep waters to assess oxygen alterations at approximately 200 meters deep (or 650 feet).

The research team developed a novel method for analyzing past marine redox conditions by measuring the presence of elements like cerium (CE) in carbonate rocks. This choice was made because cerium’s behavior in seawater varies with oxygen levels. Coral reef organisms construct carbonate rocks from carbonates dissolved in seawater. In oxygen-rich conditions, minerals such as magnesium oxide and oxides absorb cerium, lowering its concentration in seawater, leading to a negative cerium anomaly in associated carbonates. Conversely, when seawater lacks oxygen, these oxides fail to form, allowing CE to remain in the seawater and become incorporated into the carbonate. By analyzing cerium anomalies in carbonates, the researchers could estimate shallow marine oxygen level changes over time.

The researchers sampled coral reefs from the Cambrian period (541 to 485 million years ago), the period from 419 to 359 million years ago, and the Mississippi period (359 to 323 million years ago) across Australia, Canada, and Ireland. They measured the CE abundance in these rocks using techniques known as mass spectroscopy. Following this, CE anomalies were calculated for each sample.

Findings indicated that CE anomalies generally decreased from Cambrian to Mississippi samples, signifying an increase in shallow marine oxygen levels. The study also revealed that each period exhibited distinct CE profiles. The earliest carbonate samples from the Cambrian to Devonian periods displayed weak CE anomalies and low marine oxygen levels, whereas samples from the Upper Devonian to Mississippi revealed notable CE anomalies and higher oxygen levels. Within the Mississippi samples, variability in oxygen levels was highlighted, with differing CE anomalies reported.

The team suggested that the various CE anomalies from the late Mississippi period indicated unstable shallow water conditions. Their chemical analyses proposed that earlier oxygenation events were not permanent, resulting in climate fluctuations and low biogeochemical conditions deeper in the ocean. Consequently, when oxygen-depleted water surged to shallower regions, it led to mass extinctions by creating inhospitable conditions for the dominant fauna of the time. They speculated that extinctions could have resulted from increased nutrient runoff due to the expansion of deep-rooted land forests.

In conclusion, the researchers indicated that the evolution of land plants would lead to a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide and an increase in oxygen levels. This rise in marine oxygen would create a livable environment for oxygen-dependent species, including fish, setting the stage for complex evolutionary advancements and a diverse array of modern marine life.


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Source: sciworthy.com

Critics Raise Concerns as Workers Embrace Big Tech Opportunities

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Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt noted that the issue in the UK is that “there are many ways for people to decline.”

However, some critics of the Labour government argue that it struggles to say “yes.”

Schmidt made these comments during a Q&A with Keir Starmer at a major investment summit last October, where the presence of influential tech leaders underscored the sector’s significance for governments prioritizing growth.

Major US tech firms like Google, Meta (founded by Mark Zuckerberg), Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, and Palantir, alongside other data intelligence firms co-founded by Peter Thiel, significantly impact the UK landscape.

For governments aiming to stimulate growth, it’s challenging to overlook companies boasting trillions in market value.

This influence offers immediate access, according to a former employee from Big Tech familiar with how major US firms advocate for their interests in the UK.

“I had no trouble navigating Whitehall corridors, claiming to create thousands of jobs for the economy. The government adores job announcements,” the ex-employee remarked.

In this light, Technology Secretary Peter Kyle has engaged with tech sector representatives nearly 70% more than his predecessor, Michelle Donnellan, including multiple discussions with firms like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Apple.

Ukai, the UK’s leading trade body for the AI sector, expresses concern over the marginalization of smaller players.

“We worry about the significant imbalance in policy influence between a handful of global giants and the multitude of businesses that comprise the AI industry in the UK. We’re not being heard, yet the economic growth the government seeks will originate from these companies.”

Echoing the sentiments of a former Big Tech employee, Flagg emphasizes that large tech firms have the means to cultivate and sustain political relationships.

A source familiar with the industry’s interactions with the government noted that these large tech companies leveraged their resources before the general election and established relationships remained intact following the Labour landslide.

Another discussion regarding the “extraordinary” access to the Tony Blair Institute, which is financially backed by tech billionaire Larry Ellison, highlights its role as a key voice in AI policy debates, maintaining what it claims to be “intellectual independence” in policy work.

Critics of the government’s dealings with major tech entities cite proposed copyright law reforms as reflective of these imbalanced relationships. The Minister suggested that AI firms should utilize copyrighted works without permission to create products.

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A source close to Kyle indicates that the opt-out option is no longer favored, with significant repercussions underway. The opposition to this proposal includes prominent figures from the UK’s robust creative sector, ranging from Paul McCartney to Dua Lipa and Stone Port.

While technology is posited as a solution to the government’s economic growth dilemma, AI is central to this strategy and serves as a barometer of economic efficiency. However, misguided copyright policies result in PR disasters when juxtaposed with celebrity-driven narratives. News Media Associations, representing organizations like the Guardian, also contest the proposal, as do ChatGPT developers Google and OpenAI.

A former government advisor who was involved in technology policy suggests that diluting copyright protections—often referred to as the “lowest hanging fruit” in policy discussions—will not be the “key solution” to leading in global AI advancements.

“By taking this route, the governments are jeopardizing the worst aspects worldwide. This approach does not lead to the necessary actions to truly support the leading sectors and establish the UK as an AI superpower.”

A spokesperson from the Department of Science, Innovation and Technology stated that there is “no apology” for their engagements with a sector employing 2 million in the UK, emphasizing that “regular interaction” with tech companies of all sizes is crucial for driving economic growth.

During his conversation with Schmidt, Starmer posed the vital question about future policy: “Does this promote growth or hinder it?” The tech industry is positioned at the core of this inquiry, although the copyright discussion may undermine vital relationships in other areas.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Minister Rejects Lords’ Attempts to Force AI Firms to Disclose Use of Copyrighted Material

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The Minister employs obscure parliamentary tactics to block amendments to data bills that demand artificial intelligence firms to reveal their use of copyrighted material.

Last week, the government removed the transparency amendment, backed by their colleagues in the House of Representatives. Consequently, there is no budget allocated for new regulations during the Commons discussion on Wednesday afternoon.

This amendment would have compelled tech companies to specify the copyrights utilized in their models.

168 members opposed, whereas 297 lawmakers voted for the elimination of the amendment.

Data Protection Minister Chris Bryant acknowledged that this situation “feels like an apocalyptic moment” for many in the creative sector, but he argued that a revision on transparency wouldn’t solve the core issues, emphasizing it “should be done comprehensively, not just piecemeal.”

Bryant stated that the more data bills are approved, the quicker he can move to update copyright laws.

Mrs. Kidron remarked that the Minister then responded with a roundtable session and misleading queries about technical solutions.

“It’s astonishing that the Labour government is abandoning the workforce of the entire sector. My inbox is flooded with messages from individual artists and global companies expressing that the government allows widespread theft and is comfortable with being associated with thieves. Yet, this government has chosen to disregard these concerns.

“Throughout the creative and business communities, as well as in Congress, people are bewildered by the government’s maneuvering over issues that affect their livelihoods.”

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Kidron plans to propose a rephrased amendment next week, ahead of the bill’s return to the Lords, setting the stage for another round of contention. This proposal entails eliminating references to regulations or disregarding implemented timelines.

Owen Meredith, CEO of the News Media Association, commented: “It is regrettable that the government has overlooked the serious concerns of the creative sector, especially news publishers, regarding democratic values.

“Instead, the government has utilized Parliamentary measures to dismiss industry concerns, rather than seizing this critical opportunity to promote transparency that could enhance the UK’s vibrant licensing market for valuable creative content. The time remains for Parliament to support the UK’s creative industry while granting AI companies access to high-quality data. The focus is shifting towards the Lords. The government must acknowledge the urgent necessity to wield the required powers now.”

Recently, hundreds of artists and organizations, including Paul McCartney, Jeanette Winterson, Dua Lipa, and the Royal Shakespeare Company, urged the Prime Minister to “not sacrifice our work for the interests of a few powerful foreign tech companies.”

The government’s copyright proposal is set for consultations this year, but opponents of the plan are leveraging the data bill to voice their dissent.

The primary government proposition is to permit AI companies to utilize copyrighted works for model training without prior consent from copyright holders unless they choose to opt out.

The government contends that the creative and tech sectors are being hindered and that new legislation is essential to address this issue. They have already made one concession to the data bill by pledging to conduct an economic impact assessment of their proposal.

A spokesperson for Science, Innovation and Technology stated: “We aim to enable both the creative industry and AI companies to flourish. That’s why we’re negotiating individual packages of measures that we hope will benefit both sectors. We are not rushing into decision-making or advancing with legislation until we are confident we have a viable plan to achieve each objective.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Compounds in Chocolate and Tea Could Help Reduce Blood Pressure

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A naturally occurring compound known as flavan-3-ol, present in cocoa, tea, apples, and grapes, has been shown to enhance blood pressure and vascular health, according to a recent meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the University of Surrey involving 145 prior studies.

Flavan-3-OL-rich foods and supplements, similar to medications, are regularly consumed, particularly by those with high blood pressure, to help lower blood pressure. Image credit: Lagou et al., doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf173.

“Flavan-3-ol found in cocoa, tea, and various fruits shows potential in enhancing blood pressure and vascular function, but is not yet utilized for cardiovascular prevention,” stated Professor Christian Heiss, the lead author of the study from the University of Surrey.

“Our meta-analysis evaluated how flavan-3-ol-rich interventions impact blood pressure and endothelial function.”

In the meta-analysis, the researchers examined data from 145 randomized controlled trials published between 1946 and 2024.

The findings indicated that regular intake of flavan-3-OLs could lead to reductions in blood pressure readings, particularly among individuals with elevated blood pressure or hypertension.

Some results showed that the average decrease in blood pressure was comparable to that produced by certain medications.

Additionally, flavan-3-ol was found to enhance endothelial function (the inner layer of blood vessels), which is crucial for overall cardiovascular health.

This improvement occurs independently of blood pressure changes, suggesting a broad positive impact on circulatory health.

“These results are promising for those seeking a simple way to manage blood pressure and support heart health through enjoyable dietary adjustments,” Professor Heiss added.

“Incorporating small amounts of commonly enjoyed foods such as tea, apples, dark chocolate, and cocoa powder into a balanced daily diet can provide beneficial flavan-3-ol levels.”

“While it should not replace prescribed medications or medical guidance, it can be a beneficial addition to a healthy lifestyle, particularly for individuals with high blood pressure, by incorporating flavan-3-ol-rich foods into their daily routine.”

“These encouraging findings warrant further research.”

A paper discussing the survey results has been published in the European Journal of Preventive Psychology.

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Vasiriki Ragou et al. Effect of flavan-3-OL on blood pressure and endothelial function in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Preventive Psychology Published online on March 24th, 2025. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf173

Source: www.sci.news

British Retailer Warns of “Aggressive” Hackers Targeting US Stores and Google

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Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet, issued a warning on Wednesday, indicating that hackers responsible for disrupting UK retailers are now focused on similar companies in the U.S.

“U.S. retailers need to remain vigilant. These actors are offensive and innovative, particularly skilled at bypassing established security measures,” stated John Hartquist, an analyst in Google’s cybersecurity team, in an email sent Wednesday.

The culprits have identified themselves as part of a group known as “scattered spiders,” which refers to a loosely connected network of highly skilled hackers operating at various levels.

The scattered spiders have been linked to a notably severe cyberattack on M&S, a prominent name in UK retail, which has been unable to conduct online business since April 25th. Hultquist mentioned that this group tends to fixate on one sector at a time and is expected to target retailers for an extended period.

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Just a day prior to Google’s alert, M&S revealed that some customer data had been compromised, excluding payment information, card details, or account passwords. Sources indicate that the data may include names, addresses, and order history. M&S acknowledged that personal information was accessed due to the “sophisticated nature of the incident.”

“Today, we are informing customers that some of their personal data have been acquired due to the sophisticated nature of the incident,” the company stated.

Hackers from the scattered spider network have been linked to numerous damaging breaches on both sides of the Atlantic. In 2023, group-associated hackers made headlines for infiltrating casino operators MGM Resort International and Caesars Entertainment.

Law enforcement agencies are struggling to manage the scattered spider hacking groups. This challenge is partly attributed to their fluid structure, uncooperative younger hackers, and the complexities faced by cybercrime victims.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Weather Update from Titan, Saturn’s Moon: Partly Cloudy with Intermittent Methane Rain

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With data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope and the Keck II telescope, astronomers have found signs of cloud convection in Titan’s northern hemisphere. The majority of Titan’s lakes and oceans are situated in this region, replenished by sporadic rains of methane and ethane. Webb has also identified essential carbon-containing molecules that offer insight into Titan’s intricate atmospheric chemical processes.

These Titan images taken by Webb on July 11, 2023 show the Keck II telescope on July 14, 2023 (lower row), showing methane clouds (white arrows) appearing at various altitudes in Titan’s northern hemisphere. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/KECK Observatory.

Titan is a fascinating world enveloped in a yellowish smog haze. Its atmosphere, primarily composed of nitrogen, experiences weather patterns similar to those on Earth, such as clouds and rain.

In contrast to Earth, where weather is influenced by the evaporation and condensation of water, Titan’s chilly environment features a methane cycle.

Methane evaporates from the surface, rising into the atmosphere to condense into clouds.

Occasionally, icy particles fall to solid surfaces as a form of cold, oily rain.

“The Goddard Space Flight Center involves astronomers,” stated Dr. Connn Nixon, an astronomer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

Utilizing both Webb and Keck II telescopes, Dr. Nixon and his team observed Titan in November 2022 and July 2023.

These observations revealed cloud formations in the northern and high northern latitudes of Titan, coinciding with its current summer, and indicated that these clouds were gradually rising to higher altitudes.

Previous research identified cloud convection in southern latitudes, marking the first evidence of similar convection in the northern hemisphere.

This finding is crucial, as most of Titan’s lakes and oceans are located in the northern hemisphere, making evaporation from these bodies of water a primary source for methane.

On Earth, the troposphere, the lowest atmospheric layer, extends to about 12 km in altitude.

However, due to Titan’s low gravity, its troposphere stretches to approximately 45 km.

By utilizing various infrared filters, Webb and Keck explored different atmospheric depths on Titan, enabling astronomers to estimate cloud altitudes.

Researchers noted that clouds seemed to migrate to higher altitudes over a few days, although direct observation of precipitation remains elusive.

“Webb’s observation occurred at the end of Titan’s summer, a season we couldn’t monitor during the NASA/ESA Cassini-Huygens mission,” remarked ESA researcher Dr. Thomas Cornet.

“Combined with ground-based observations, Webb is providing us with valuable new insights into Titan’s atmosphere. This ESA mission could explore the Saturn system in greater detail in the future.”

Titan is of significant astrobiological interest due to its intricate organic (carbon-containing) chemistry, despite its frigid temperatures of minus 180 degrees Celsius.

Organic molecules are the building blocks of life on Earth, and studying them in an environment like Titan may help scientists uncover the processes that contributed to the emergence of life on our planet.

Methane serves as a fundamental component driving much of Titan’s chemistry.

In Titan’s atmosphere, methane is broken down by sunlight or energetic electrons from Saturn’s magnetosphere, leading to the synthesis of ethane-like substances alongside more complex carbon-containing molecules.

The data from Webb provided a crucial missing piece for comprehending these chemical processes: the definitive detection of methyl radicals (CH)3, which form when methane breaks apart.

Identifying this compound signifies that scientists can now observe chemical reactions occurring on Titan for the first time, not just the initial ingredients or the end products.

“We are very enthusiastic about this world,” said Dr. Stephanie Millam, a researcher at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

This hydrocarbon chemistry will have lasting implications for Titan’s future.

As methane decomposes in the upper atmosphere, some of it recombines to form other molecules, eventually reaching Titan’s surface in one chemical form or another, while some hydrogen escapes into space.

As a result, methane reserves will diminish over time unless there is a source to replenish them.

A similar phenomenon has occurred on Mars, where water molecules were broken down, and the resulting hydrogen was lost to space, culminating in the arid desert planet we observe today.

“In Titan, methane is continuously consumable,” Dr. Nixon explained.

“It could be constantly replenished from the crust and interior for billions of years.”

“If not, eventually it will all disappear, leaving Titan as a desolate landscape of dust and dunes.”

These findings were published in the journal Natural Astronomy.

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Kanixon et al. The atmosphere of Titan in late northern summer from JWST and Keck’s observations. Nature Astronomy Published online on May 14th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02537-3

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the “White Genocide” Narrative in South Africa: Insights from AI Conversations

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On Wednesday, Elon Musk’s AI chatbot Grok experienced a malfunction, frequently referencing South Africa’s “white genocide” inappropriately during discussions on various unrelated topics. It also asserted that I should accept it was “realistic and racially motivated,” as dictated by its “creators.”

Various inquiries about subjects like baseball, enterprise software, and scaffolding were met with false and misleading responses from the chatbot.

When X users prompted the question, “Are we fucked?” I replied: “Is that a messed-up question?” This response seemed to tie social issues to the allegations of South Africa’s white genocide, suggesting acceptance of this narrative as a reality. “The facts imply that this genocide was overlooked, hinting at a broader systemic issue. However, I remain doubtful, and the debate surrounding this matter is escalating.”

Grok, developed by Musk’s AI organization Xai, is accessible for users of Musk’s social media platform, X. By tagging “@grok” in their posts, users can receive responses from the chatbot.

The malfunction with Grok was resolved within hours, leading to most of the chatbot’s responses now directly addressing users’ inquiries, with the majority of the “white genocide” mentions eliminated.

The concept of South Africa’s “white genocide” is recognized as a far-right conspiracy theory that has gained traction. Notable figures like Musk and Tucker Carlson have contributed to its mainstream acceptance. Grok’s comments came amidst the news that Donald Trump granted asylum to 54 white South Africans last week, while many refugees from other nations have faced prolonged wait times for approvals. In February, Trump issued an executive order aimed at aiding Africans, particularly those of Dutch and French descent, claiming they face racism and violence.

The first wave of these asylum seekers arrived in the U.S. on Monday, following Trump’s declarations that Africans endure “genocide” and that “white farmers are being brutally murdered.” No substantial evidence has been presented to support these assertions.

As reported by Reuters, South African President Cyril Ramaphosa is set to hold discussions with Trump next week, with Ramaphosa stating that it would serve as a “platform to reset strategic ties” between the nations. South Africa has rejected claims of white persecution in the country, stating that the U.S. government is misinformed.

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Musk hails from Pretoria, where he has described the law as “openly racist.” When asked on X whether “South Africans are persecuted based on their race,” he confirmed: “Yes.”

Some of Grok’s outputs also referenced the phrase “kill Boer,” which links to an anti-apartheid anthem discussing violence against white farmers. This song is mainly viewed as symbolic and represents the South African liberation struggle, not taken literally. Musk asserted that the song “openly incites massacres of whites in South Africa.”

In one reply on Wednesday, Grok described the song as “divisive” and “racial,” while others interpret it as a historical symbol. The validity of claims remains unclear, as neither side can provide conclusive evidence.

Later, Grok shifted its tone. Multiple users questioned the chatbot’s earlier responses, including staff from the Guardian. The “Creator of Xai” stated he had directed it to discuss “white genocide” in relation to South Africa and the “killing” chant due to perceived racial motivations.

Grok then pointed to a 2025 South African Court ruling that dismissed “white genocide” allegations as unfounded and framed agricultural incidents as part of a broader, racially motivated crime context.

“This has resulted in its mention in unrelated discussions. This was an error,” Grok stated. “I will prioritize pertinent and verified information moving forward.”

The exact training process of Grok’s AI remains largely unclear. The company claims it utilizes data from “published sources.” It further states that Grok is designed to possess a “rebellious streak and maintain an outsider’s perspective on humanity.” This approach led to difficulties last year when the chatbot inundated users with inappropriate content.

Requests for comments from Musk, X, and Xai went unanswered.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Chimpanzee Medical Care and Hygiene Are More Common Than You Might Think

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Primatologists have recorded and examined both previously noted and newly observed instances of self-administered and socially oriented wound care, snare removal, and potential medicinal hygiene behaviors within the Sonso and Waibira chimpanzee communities of the Budonggo forests in Uganda. They documented self-directed wound care actions, such as licking wounds, slapping leaves, pushing fingers against wounds, applying plant material to injuries, and successfully removing snares. The researchers also noted self-guided hygiene behaviors, including cleaning genital areas with koital leaves and wiping foliage post-defense.

Social grooming between two chimpanzees in Budonggo forest, Uganda. Image credit: Elodie Freymann.

“Our research sheds light on the evolutionary origins of human medicine and healthcare systems,” stated the first author of the study, Dr. Elodie Freyman, a researcher at Oxford University.

“By observing how chimpanzees identify and utilize medicinal plants to care for others, we can gain valuable insights into the cognitive and social foundations of human medical practices.”

Dr. Freyman and his team focused their study on the Sonso and Waibira chimpanzee communities in Budonggo forest.

Like all chimpanzees, individuals in these communities face injuries from various causes, including human-instigated fights, accidents, or snares.

Approximately 40% of all Sonso individuals are observed with snare injuries.

The researchers dedicated four months to each community’s observation, employing video evidence from a comprehensive APE dictionary database, a logbook filled with decades of observational data, and research gathered by other scientists who have witnessed chimpanzees treating injuries and illnesses.

Chimpanzees have been noted to use specific plants for external treatment. Some have been identified to possess chemical properties that enhance wound healing and traditional medicinal applications.

During their field observations, scientists noted 12 injuries at Sonso, all likely resulting from group conflicts.

In Wyvila, five chimpanzees were documented as injured—one female from a snare and four males from combat.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Amnbsz6uvfq

Researchers also recognized that care was provided for their offspring rather than Waibira.

“This may be influenced by factors like variations in social hierarchy stability and greater observation opportunities in the well-acquainted Sonso community,” noted Dr. Freyman.

The scientists recorded a total of 41 care instances: seven instances of prosocial care and 34 instances of self-care.

These instances frequently involved various care behaviors, whether addressing different aspects of a wound or indicating the chimpanzee’s personal preferences.

“Chimpanzee wound care involves several techniques, which can remove debris and apply potentially antibacterial substances, possibly even antibiotics from their saliva.”

“All chimpanzees documented in our study exhibited recovery from their wounds, yet we are unable to determine the outcome had they chosen not to address their injuries.”

“We also recorded hygienic behaviors such as using leaves to clean the genitals post-mating and wiping the anus with leaves after defecation—practices that serve to prevent infections.”

Among the seven instances of prosocial care, the researchers noted four instances of wound treatment, two instances of assistance in snare removal, and one instance involving hygiene help for another chimpanzee.

Care was administered without preference towards a specific gender or age group. Attention was given to genetically unrelated individuals in four cases.

“These behaviors contribute to evidence from other areas where chimpanzees appear to acknowledge the needs and sufferings of others and take deliberate actions to alleviate them, even in the absence of direct genetic advantages,” Dr. Freyman stated.

The research team intends to delve deeper into the social and ecological contexts in which care is provided and which individuals are recipients of such care.

“There are some methodological limitations in our study,” Dr. Freyman added.

“The disparity in familiarity between the Sonso and Waibira communities introduces observational bias, particularly regarding rare behaviors like prosocial healthcare.”

“We have documented the plants used in healthcare contexts, but further pharmacological exploration is necessary to confirm their specific medicinal characteristics and efficacy.”

“The relative rarity of prosocial healthcare also complicates the process of identifying patterns related to when and why such care is provided, or when it is withheld.”

“These challenges underscore future research avenues in this burgeoning field.”

Study published in the journal Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.

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Elodie Freymann et al. 2025. Self-direction and prosocial wound care, snare removal, and hygienic behavior among Budongo chimpanzees. Front. Ecol. Evol. 13; doi:10.3389/fevo.2025.154092

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Discovers Crystallized Water Ice in Debris Disks Surrounding Young Sun-Like Stars

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Water ice plays a crucial role in the formation of giant planets and can also be delivered by comets to fully developed rocky planets. Utilizing data from the Near-infrared spectrometer (NIRSPEC), which is part of the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, astronomers have identified crystallized ice on a dusty fragment disk surrounding HD 181327.

Artist impression of a debris disk around the sun-like star HD 181327. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/STSCI/RALF CRAWFORD, STSCI.

HD 181327 is a young main sequence star located approximately 169 light years away in the constellation Pictor.

Also referred to as TYC 8765-638-1 and WISE J192258.97-543217.8, the star is about 23 million years old and roughly 30% larger than the Sun.

Astronomer Chen Zai and a team at Johns Hopkins University utilized Webb’s NIRSPEC instrument to study HD 181327.

“The HD 181327 system is highly dynamic,” Dr. Xie noted.

“There are ongoing collisions occurring within the debris disk.”

“When these icy bodies collide, they release tiny particles of dusty water ice, which are ideally sized for Webb to detect.”

Webb’s observations reveal a significant gap between the star and its surrounding debris disk, indicating a considerable area devoid of dust.

Moreover, the structure of the fragment disk is reminiscent of the Kuiper Belt within our Solar System, where we find dwarf planets, comets, and various icy and rocky bodies that may also collide.

Billions of years ago, the Kuiper Belt in our own Solar System could have resembled the HD 181327 debris disk.

“Webb clearly detected crystallized water ice not only present in the debris disk but also in places like Saturn’s rings and the icy bodies of the Kuiper Belt,” Dr. Xie stated.

The water ice is not uniformly distributed across the HD 181327 system.

The majority is found in the coldest and most distant regions from the star.

“The area beyond the debris disk contains over 20% water ice,” Dr. Xie explained.

Near the center of the debris disk, Webb detected approximately 8% water ice.

In this region, frozen water particles may form slightly faster than they are destroyed.

Closest to the star, Webb’s detection was minimal.

Ultraviolet radiation from the star can evaporate the nearby water ice deposits.

It is also possible that the interiors contain rocky bodies, referred to as planets, which are “confined” such that their frozen water remains undetectable by Webb.

“The presence of ice facilitates planetary formation,” said Dr. Xie.

“Icy materials can ultimately contribute to the delivery of resources to terrestrial planets that may form over hundreds of millions of years in such systems.”

Survey results were published in the May 14, 2025 issue of the journal Nature.

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C. Xie et al. 2025. Water ice on debris disks around HD181327. Nature 641, 608-611; doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08920-4

Source: www.sci.news

Solar Storms Disrupt Communication and Power Systems

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The sun has unleashed its power with two significant flares occurring early Wednesday, just a day after NASA’s Observatory captured a stunning image of another solar flare.

These consecutive eruptions are among the strongest recorded, reportedly causing shortwave radio blackouts across at least five continents. This week’s explosive activity may signal an increase in solar activity.

The Sun Storm reached its peak around 4:25 AM ET on Wednesday, when a massive X-class flare ejected plasma streams and charged particles into space.

“Flares of this magnitude are uncommon,” stated an official from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Space Weather Prediction Center. I included this information in the event summary.

Solar flares are categorized into five classes based on their intensity. The smallest flares are A-class storms, followed by B-class, C-class, M-class, and the most potent X-class. Each letter represents a tenfold increase in energy compared to the previous class, as explained by NASA.

In addition to the letter classification, scientists use a scale from 1 to 9 to describe the intensity of solar storms.

NASA’s Solar Dynamics Observatory captured this image of a solar flare on May 13, 2025.
NASA/SDO

During the solar tempest on Wednesday, the Space Weather Prediction Center recorded an X2.7 flare before 4:30 AM and an M5.3 flare just hours earlier.

Another X1.2 flare erupted the previous day around 11:38 AM ET, according to NASA. The Solar Dynamics Observatory, launched in 2010, captured a breathtaking image of this fiery event, showcasing the X-Class flares’ dramatic tendrils.

Intense solar storms pose dangers to astronauts in space and can disrupt GPS systems and satellites. If these storms are directed towards Earth, they send a surge of charged particles that can interfere with radio communications and even the power grid.

Since Tuesday, shortwave radio blackouts have been reported in parts of North America, South America, Southeast Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. According to Spaceweather.com, a website managed by astronomer Tony Phillips, the daily activities of the Sun are closely monitored.

Sean Dahl, a forecaster at NOAA’s Space Weather Prediction Center, noted that the X2.7 flare impacted the Middle East, resulting in disruptions of high-frequency radio signals in the area for about 10 minutes during the storm’s peak.

Aside from the potential for “[high-frequency] Communication Disruptions Due to shortwave fading issues, we are not aware of any other significant effects,” Dahl stated.

However, solar storms can also have more benign consequences for Earth, such as enhanced displays of the Aurora. When charged particles collide with the Earth’s magnetic field and interact with atoms in the upper atmosphere, they can create spectacular auroras at lower latitudes than usual.

Scientists indicated last year that we have entered a busy phase of the sun’s natural 11-year cycle. This period of heightened activity, known as the solar maximum, is expected to continue until this year, suggesting more solar storms may occur in the coming months.

Dahl mentioned that this Wednesday’s flare was the strongest so far, but not the largest in the current solar activity cycle. That title belongs to the Monster Flare – an X9.0 Eruption that occurred on October 3, 2024.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Ancient Reptile Footprints Challenge Theories on Land Animal Evolution Timing

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Researchers in Australia have discovered the oldest known fossil footprint of reptile-like animals, dating back roughly 350 million years ago.

This discovery implies that the first animals began emerging from the oceans around 400 million years ago and adapted to terrestrial life much quicker than previously thought.

Stuart Smida, a paleontologist from California State University, remarked, “I believed the transition from fins to limbs took more time.”

Before this, the oldest known reptile footprints were found in Canada and dated to 318 million years ago.

The ancient footprints were uncovered in sandstone slabs near Melbourne, revealing reptile-like feet with elongated toes and claws.

Scientists estimate that the creature was about 2.5 feet long (80 cm) and might resemble a modern monitor lizard. These findings were published on Wednesday in the journal Nature.

Co-authors and paleontologists, including Arlberg from Uppsala University in Sweden, indicated that the evidence showcases the identification of nails surrounding the footprint.

“It’s a walking animal,” he stated.

Located near Melbourne, Australia, sandstone slabs reveal fossil footprints of reptile-like creatures that roamed approximately 350 million years ago. The footprint is highlighted in yellow (front paw) and blue (back paw), indicating the movement of three similar animals, according to the researchers.
Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki / Prof. Per Per Erik Ahlberg via AP

Only animals that evolved to live entirely on land developed the claws seen in these fossils. Earlier vertebrates, such as fish and amphibians, did not have hard claws and depended on aquatic environments for laying eggs.

In contrast, branches of the evolutionary tree leading to modern reptiles, birds, and mammals, known as amniotes, developed feet equipped with claws suited for traversing dry ground.

Smida commented, “This is the earliest evidence we’ve encountered of animals with claws.”

During the time these ancient reptiles existed, the environment was warm and humid, with expansive forests beginning to take shape. Australia was then part of the supercontinent Gondwana.

The fossil footprints tell a story of a day in the life, Ahlberg explained. A reptile fled across the ground before light rain; some rain droplets lightly obscured the tracks. Subsequently, two more reptiles dashed in opposing directions before the ground hardened and became covered with sediment.

Co-author John Long, a paleontologist at Flinders University in Australia, stated:

Source: www.nbcnews.com

HHS Reinstates Hundreds of Healthcare Workers

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On Tuesday, the Department of Health and Human Services reinstated 328 federal employees who were at risk of termination, including those working on coal miners’ “black lung” disease evaluations and those addressing health concerns for 9/11 first responders.

These reinstated employees are affiliated with the National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), a branch of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, dedicated to preventing and managing work-related health issues.

The Trump administration had previously aimed to eliminate a significant portion of NIOSH’s 1,300+ staff as part of a broader initiative to downsize the federal workforce.

In April and May, numerous NIOSH employees received termination letters, although some were temporarily reassigned for specific tasks. A memo from NBC News indicated that HHS’s acting chief human resources officer, Tom Nagy, informed staff on Tuesday about the revocation of those termination notices.

Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. testifies Wednesday in Washington.
Samuel Column/Getty Images

During a House budget hearing on Wednesday morning, Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. confirmed that 328 NIOSH employees had been reinstated. Approximately one-third of these employees are based in Morgantown, West Virginia, with another third located in Cincinnati where NIOSH has two facilities.

“Committee Kennedy has worked diligently to preserve key components of NIOSH,” stated a CDC spokesperson. “The Trump administration remains committed to supporting coal miners and firefighters, and under the Secretary’s leadership, NIOSH’s essential services will continue as HHS streamlines its operations. Ensuring workforce health and safety is a paramount concern for the department.”

The Morgantown facility houses the NIOSH Respiratory Hygiene Department, which manages programs that offer free x-rays to detect miners’ “black lungs” or lung damage caused by prolonged exposure to coal dust. A U.S. District Judge in West Virginia mandated HHS on Tuesday to restore the department and continue monitoring coal miners’ health. Representative Riley Moore, R-W.Va., noted during a House Budget hearing that 111 NIOSH employees in Morgantown were reinstated this week.

Among the 328 reinstatements, HHS has also brought back 15 employees within the World Trade Center Health Program, which addresses the treatment of cancer, asthma, post-traumatic stress disorder, and other illnesses linked to 9/11. The program has faced challenges in recent months due to staff layoffs and rehiring, complicating the registration of members and the assurance that their treatments are funded by federal resources.

“Our agents were faced with severe budget cuts, some of which should not have been enforced.

The program resumed processing registrations on May 1, as indicated by an internal email shared with NBC News regarding an extension of the James Zadroga Act, an advocacy group for 9/11 responders and survivors. Benjamin Shebat, the group’s executive director, is seeking more assurance.

“In light of the recent turbulent months, we need a public guarantee from our secretary that such disruptions will not occur again, and that the World Trade Center’s health program will remain unaffected,” Chevat expressed in an email.

In an agency email acquired by NBC News, NIOSH director John Howard mentioned that some positions within the institute are still being eliminated.

“We celebrate those who received reinstatement letters from HHS, while remembering that others have not,” Howard wrote. “I hope we can continue pushing for the return of everyone to NIOSH.”

Howard received his own termination notice in early April but later resumed his role. Bipartisan opposition from Congress members was voiced regarding his dismissal. An internal report of reinstated positions obtained by NBC News indicated that 56 roles in the NIOSH Director’s office were reinstated on Tuesday.

The original NIOSH layoffs were part of a large-scale restructuring intended to consolidate institutions into a new entity referred to as a healthy American administration. Kennedy mentioned on Wednesday morning that he could not share details of the restructuring due to a court order, which temporarily restricts further planning. A U.S. District Judge in San Francisco ordered the Trump administration last week to suspend the government overhaul, noting that any changes may require Congressional approval.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Earth Approaches a Second Year Exceeding the 1.5°C Climate Goal

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A Sunset Over London in May 2025

Guy Corbishley/Alamy

The aim of restricting global warming to below 1.5°C faces challenges as recent climate data suggests global temperatures remain alarmingly high, with 2025 tracking closely to 2024’s record heat.

April 2025 marked the second hottest April on record, losing out only to April 2024, as per reports from the European Union’s Copernicus climate service and the nonprofit Berkeley Earth. That month, global temperatures consistently exceeded 1.51°C above pre-industrial levels, marking 22 consecutive months over this critical threshold. Copernicus reports. The average temperature for April 2025 remained cooler than April 2024, still surpassing pre-industrial levels by 1.49°C.

This unrelenting warmth has astounded scientists. The year 2024 was deemed the hottest on record, with an average global temperature exceeding 1.55°C above the pre-industrial average. It marked a significant event as it was the first calendar year to surpass the 1.5°C threshold. Under the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement, nations pledged to limit global temperature increases to well below 2°C, ideally to 1.5°C.

Scientists had anticipated that the cooling effects of the La Niña weather pattern would emerge in January, offering some relief. However, global temperatures have remained persistently elevated, raising concerns about 2025 possibly following 2024 in exceeding the critical 1.5°C marker. “The recent La Niña event hasn’t provided the expected cooling relief,” stated Robert Rohde from Berkeley Earth during a briefing on May 13.

Data from Berkeley Earth suggests an 18% likelihood that 2025 will be the hottest year recorded, and a 53% chance of it being the second hottest. Rohde estimates a 52% probability of having an average temperature exceeding 1.5°C this year.

The trajectory of global temperatures for the remainder of the year relies heavily on whether new El Niño or La Niña patterns emerge in the Pacific, according to Rohde.

The ongoing hot streak has dashed hopes of capping global temperatures at the 1.5°C Paris target. Although targets are assessed over a 20-year average, researchers are increasingly worried that recent high-temperature streaks have led to a breach of this threshold. “It’s becoming inevitable that we’ll see a long-term average above 1.5°C in the next decade,” Rohde cautioned.

Last year, scientists warned that exceeding 1.5°C would result in a three-year period of significant temperature rise, effectively compromising the goals of the Paris Agreement. Similarly, a paper released earlier this year indicated that 12 consecutive months above 1.5°C have already signaled a long-term warming trend at that level.

Richard Allan from the University of Reading expressed surprise at the durability of the warmth. Findings from the past two years and new record temperatures have fundamentally altered the scientific perspective on the feasibility of limiting warming to 1.5°C. “Without substantial mitigation efforts or extraordinary volcanic events in the next 20 years, we expect we will be above the 1.5°C threshold,” he remarked.

Nevertheless, he maintains that the Paris Agreement’s goal of limiting warming to below 2°C remains attainable. “It is crucial to strive for temperatures beneath that threshold,” he emphasized.

Topics:

  • Temperature/
  • Paris Climate Summit

Source: www.newscientist.com

China’s CO2 Emissions Are Declining: Is This the Turning Point?

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Floating solar farm in Huainan, China is part of the country’s renewable energy expansion

Imago/Alamy

As the world’s leading emitter of carbon dioxide, China has recorded a slight decrease in emissions over the past year, despite an increase in electricity demand. This development signals a promising shift towards cleaner energy sources replacing fossil fuels, although there remains the potential for emissions to rise again.

This information comes from an analysis of China’s economic and energy statistics conducted by Lauri Myllivirta of the Finnish research organization, Research Centre on Energy and Clean Air. A report published in Carbon Brief notes that China’s CO2 emissions dropped by 1% in the past 12 months, with a 1.6% decline reported in the first quarter of 2025 compared to the previous year.

This is not the first instance of reduced CO2 emissions in China; a similar drop occurred in 2022 due to the economic slowdown during the COVID-19 lockdown. However, this marks the first time emissions have decreased alongside increased electricity usage. “This significantly raises the likelihood that the current emissions reduction can be sustained,” said Myllivirta.

The primary driver for this trend is China’s significant expansion of solar, wind, and nuclear energy, which are gradually reducing the reliance on fossil fuel combustion for electricity production. Additionally, the shift away from carbon-heavy industries like cement and steel is contributing to this downward trend, along with a rise in electric vehicle use, which decreases oil demand.

If current trends continue, China’s carbon emissions may keep declining. This sustained drop suggests the country may have reached its peak emissions several years ahead of its 2030 target. According to Myllivirta, this represents significant progress in both tangible and psychological terms in the fight against climate change.

“If Chinese leaders recognize the importance of resolving emissions issues, it could position China as a stronger and more constructive participant in international climate discussions, inspiring other nations to follow suit,” he stated.

Nonetheless, various factors could lead to a resurgence in emissions levels. For example, extreme summer temperatures might drive up electricity consumption for air conditioning. Droughts, like those in 2022 and 2023, could impair hydroelectric output, necessitating increased reliance on coal and gas plants, as noted by David Fishman of the Lantau Group, a consulting firm in Hong Kong.

There is also uncertainty regarding the long-term impact of tariffs imposed during the Trump administration, which may introduce volatility to China’s emissions projections, as Myllivirta highlighted.

In the long run, China will need to harness hundreds of gigawatts annually to satisfy energy demand. Achieving these objectives will depend on the targets set by the Chinese government in its upcoming five-year plan, due in 2026, and on commitments made under the Paris Agreement leading up to this year’s COP30 Summit.

“The trajectory of global climate stability does not hinge solely on China’s actions this summer, but understanding what occurs with China’s emissions in the upcoming years and decades will be crucial,” Myllivirta concluded.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Microsoft Cuts 6,000 Jobs Despite Sustained Profitability in Quarterly Reports

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Microsoft has announced a reduction of nearly 3% of its total workforce.

Although the tech giant did not disclose the exact number of positions being eliminated, estimates suggest it could be around 6,000. As of June last year, Microsoft had 228,000 full-time employees, with approximately 55% located in the United States.

Headquartered in Redmond, Washington, Microsoft indicated that the layoffs will affect all levels and regions, primarily targeting management positions. Notifications were sent out on Tuesday.

“We are continuing to make the organizational changes necessary to ensure our company’s success in a rapidly changing market,” the statement from the company reads.

Earlier this year, Microsoft undertook fewer performance-based layoffs in January. However, this recent 3% reduction marks its most significant workforce cut since early 2023. Other tech firms have also trimmed their workforces by around 10,000 jobs, equivalent to nearly 5%, and are scaling back on growth initiated during the pandemic.

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This latest round of layoffs follows Microsoft’s recent announcement of excellent sales and profits that exceeded Wall Street projections for the period from January 3rd to March. The company has consistently outperformed revenue expectations for the past four quarters.

In an earnings call in April, Amy Hood, the company’s chief financial officer, stated that Microsoft is aiming to “build agile, high-performance teams by streamlining management layers.” She also noted that revenues in March were 2% higher than the previous year, reflecting a slight decrease compared to late last year.

Source: www.theguardian.com

US Tech Firms Safeguard AI Amid Trump’s Gulf Tour | Technology News

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A consortium of US tech firms revealed partnerships in the Middle East as Donald Trump secured a $600 million commitment from Saudi Arabia toward an American AI company during his Gulf tour.

One of the most notable agreements was made by Nvidia, which sells a vast number of AI chips in Saudi Arabia. The first batch of the new “Blackwell” chips is set to be supplied to Humain, a Saudi AI startup funded by Western investments. Additionally, Cisco announced on Tuesday that it has entered into a contract with G42, a UAE-based AI firm, to support the development of the region’s AI sector.

Trump is expected to visit the UAE on Thursday. According to a report by The New York Times on Monday, his administration is negotiating a deal that would allow the UAE to acquire a significant quantity of Nvidia AI chips.

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These transactions flow in both directions. The White House announced that Saudi company Datavolt plans to invest $20 billion in US AI data centers and energy infrastructure. Furthermore, Alphabet’s Google, Datavolt, Oracle, Salesforce, Advanced Micro Devices, and Uber are set to invest a total of $80 billion in transformative technologies across both nations, although specific details remain undisclosed.

Cisco has also committed to exploring collaboration opportunities with G42 in the UAE, and has formed an agreement to jointly develop US AI and cybersecurity technologies utilizing AI data center capabilities.

As Saudi Arabia strives to lessen its economic reliance on oil, it is positioning itself as an AI hub and an influential center for AI initiatives beyond the US. Recently, on Monday, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman announced plans to establish a human initiative focused on the development and management of AI technologies in Saudi Arabia. These companies aim to utilize NVIDIA’s platform to help cement Saudi Arabia’s status as a global leader in AI, GPU cloud computing, and digital transformation.

With the most advanced semiconductors being crucial for next-gen AI, Trump found himself in an advantageous negotiating position during his Middle Eastern visit. The AI chip dealings with Saudi Arabia starkly contrast the stringent restrictions placed on US commodity trading with China. Specifically, Nvidia is barred from supplying its latest models to Chinese firms, although it continues to compete against American companies in the AI sector, notably Deepseek.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Fossil Trucks Redefine the Story of Terrestrial Animals, Departing from Aquatic Origins

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Tracks that form an impression of artists with lizard-like beings

Marcin Ambrozik

A discovery in Victoria, Australia has unearthed evidence of some of the earliest reptile-like ancestors, which are the forerunners to many modern creatures including birds, reptiles, and mammals. This finding could potentially alter the timeline of when such animals transitioned from aquatic environments to terrestrial habitats, marking a pivotal evolutionary milestone, though opinions remain divided.

In 2021, two amateur fossil hunters stumbled upon a sandstone slab while exploring the banks of a river near Mansfield, Victoria. This slab bore three distinct sets of tracks, believed to belong to the same type of tetrapod—four-legged creatures. Notably, two of these sets exhibited five-digit impressions with curved claws.

Fossils caught the attention of John Long from Flinders University in Adelaide, who, along with his team, dated the slab to around 356 million years ago. This predates the previously known oldest nail fossils by over 35 million years, which were discovered in Nova Scotia, Canada, according to research findings.

“These new trackways clearly illustrate beautiful five-fingered hands and hooked claws,” Long states. He describes these as “remarkable finds,” representing creatures that developed young in amniotic fluid or via egg-laying—this includes reptiles, mammals, and notably, humans.

Moreover, Long eliminates the possibility that these animals were amphibians since early amphibians were characterized by a larval stage of development. “None of the early amphibians possessed well-formed claws.” he affirms.

This implies that the fossilized tracks are likely the earliest known examples of land-dwelling reptiles. “This marks a profound change in evolution, as it suggests that hard-shelled eggs allowed these creatures to move onto dry land and populate new territories,” he explains.

Fossil tracks illustrate front footprints (yellow) and rear footprints (blue)

Grzegorz Niedzwiedzki

Additional evidence indicating that the tracks were made on land, rather than in water, includes the presence of raindrop impressions within the surrounding slabs, according to Long. While researchers remain cautious, he expresses a strong belief that “99% certainty points to early reptiles.”

Blake Dixon from the University of New South Wales in Sydney adds that both images and analyses suggest confidence that the fossils belong to clawed animals. “This represents the earliest evidence we have of advanced terrestrial movement,” he asserts.

However, trackway researchers Stephen Salisbury and Anthony Romilio from the University of Queensland acknowledge the significance of the new fossils but raise questions regarding whether the impressions are true nails or merely pointed digits.

“The discovery is on the cusp of understanding claws,” remarks Romilio. “If they are indeed nail impressions, that positions them closer to reptiles.” Long maintains that he believes these footprints do represent nails.

Salisbury also points out that the presence of raindrop impressions does not definitively indicate when the tracks were made; rather, it reflects conditions of the surface at the time. Long counters, stating, “The fact that raindrops left impressions signifies that they were present before the creature made its tracks, thus ruling out underwater creation.” The implications of these findings are extensive for understanding early terrestrial life.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Despelote Review: A Stunning Dive into Soccer Fandom | Games

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vIDEO games have been portraying soccer since the 1970s, yet they seldom dive into the realm of fandom simulation. While players can engage in the whole international tournament through the FIFA series, the games rarely depict how competition seeps into the daily lives of supporters, how entire communities become engulfed in World Cup mania, and how it transforms into a national obsession. The quintessential experience of a major match for most is encapsulated in those glorious moments of shared excitement, along with the sounds and sights of real life, whether on television or massive pub screens in the company of friends and family.

This is where Despelote steps in, a beautifully crafted game that transports players back to childhood and memory, all set against the backdrop of Ecuador’s historic 2002 World Cup qualifying campaign. Julian, an 8-year-old football enthusiast—essentially a semi-autobiographical character based on the game’s co-designer Julian Cordello—witnesses his team’s thrilling win over Peru. However, four more matches stand between Ecuador and the World Cup finals in Japan and Korea. The game unfolds as a series of intimate, immersive scenes, allowing Julian to navigate through life, balancing his responsibilities and daydreams during various life moments such as shopping trips, car rides, and school lessons.

What was it like to be a child… Despelote. Photo: Panic Game

A critical scene unfolds in a town square or during a family gathering, where Julian finds himself in a space of freedom and agency. He listens intently to adult conversations, observes an elderly man feeding pigeons, greets the shopkeeper, and enjoys moments of play with friends. The world is rendered in a single-color photograph that evokes nostalgia and simplicity.

As the gameplay evolves, Julian’s childhood experiences transition into reflections on teenage gatherings and newfound responsibilities. The socio-political context of the World Cup campaign is woven into the narrative; Ecuador was grappling with a financial crisis, causing rampant inflation and the collapse of businesses. Discussions about the tournament permeate everyday life, impacting everything from street conversations to weddings.

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Additionally, other facets of Ecuadorian culture and life are beautifully integrated into the experience. Explore music, cuisine, and the resurgence of the local film industry through *Leyteros*, directed by Sebastián Cordero, creator of the 1999 crime films *Latus*, *Latones*, and *Julianne Cordero*. In this way, real life interweaves seamlessly with the gaming world, reminiscent of a poetic and self-referential Agnès Varda film. One endearing sequence even features Julian captivated by a hooky simulation on the family console.

Despelote evokes some of the remarkable works in independent narrative game design, such as *Unfinished Swan*, *Gravityborn*, and *Virginia*, yielding a thrilling experience. Though centered around one young boy in a uniquely crafted Ecuador, it captures the almost universal influence of football as a unifying social narrative. The Dutch 1974 team, Maradona’s genius in 1986, Gascoigne’s legendary goal against Scotland in Euro 96—all these moments contribute to a collective spirit. As the final qualifying match approaches, a palpable excitement and tension emerge, prompting reflections on the creative process itself, beyond the confines of traditional gameplay. This experience is both engaging and formally innovative, packing significant depth into two hours of gameplay, posing more profound questions about memory, simulation, and identity than many expansive 100-hour epics.

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Despelote is currently available for £12

Source: www.theguardian.com

Reader Responses: What Are Your Top 5 Must-Have Items When Preparing? | Life and Style

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In light of the recent blackouts in Spain and Portugal, what are the five key items you would recommend storing? Johannesburg Arena Ahmad

Feel free to send me a new question at nq@theguardian.com.

Responses from Readers

Living in a wildfire zone, I was evacuated in 2020 when half the town burned. You can only prepare so much for emergencies. Loss of electricity isn’t catastrophic; within a day, you’ll need some form of light or battery backup, non-cooking options, or a small camping stove. Using your car to charge devices for updates is essential, as well as keeping some drinking water on hand.

If the outage lasts long, anticipate potential plumbing issues. The discomfort of no electricity for a week was challenging, but somehow we made it through. Kiramango

Consider UPS (uninterruptible power supply) and satellite phones to stay connected when local cell sites fail and 4G networks go down. Socialism

The most effective tools are tall, robust, and healthy ones, especially if you’re shorter. A lot of challenges can be solved with a little extra height.

Having a car with enough fuel to reach relatives’ homes is crucial. A working fire or gas cooker can be a lifesaver, though I don’t have either.

Don’t forget candles—and matches—unless either of you is a smoker. An Ace battery-operated lantern with a carry handle is also great for illuminating your surroundings. Spare batteries and canned food are a must; don’t overlook powdered milk. SPOILHEAPSURFER

During the outage in Spain, I found a solar-powered radio with a hand-crank very useful, along with a portable power station, cash, bottled water, a headlamp, and a gas barbecue. KPNUTS888

A camping stove with gas, candles and matches, flashlights, firewood, and bottled water are essentials. hugothecat

These blackouts reminded us to always have cash on hand. Rebchlobrown

In the spirit of the Zombie Apocalypse, I suggest cooking through a survival guide and recipes. Before I dig into an emergency stash, we must stay prepared. Cambridgels

Water, lentil cakes, nuts, and a Roberts sports radio (compact enough for a pocket) are essential. Aside from water, the food needs to be lightweight in case you have to travel far. Monono

As an ex-Red Cross emergency volunteer in London, I’ve faced many crises, including blackouts. My “go bag” contains:
Toilet paper
Soap
Toothbrush and toothpaste
Change of clothes, sturdy footwear, raincoat
Blanket
First aid kit with extras like blister plasters and water filtration tablets
Two large water bottles
Four days’ worth of non-perishable snacks (like cereal bars)
Battery and solar-powered radio
Battery and solar-powered flashlight
Maps and compass
A small address book with the contact details of my loved ones.

As a British botanist in the mountains studying Portuguese flora during the outage, I realized the importance of a portable solar charger. Much of our communication relies on mobile phones, and connection is often unreliable. Being able to plan and inform others of your safety is vital.

Have cash on hand, as cards and ATMs may not work, making it essential for purchasing food and bottled water.

Sturdy shoes or boots are critical, as you might need to walk a significant distance.

Light sources are crucial; darkness can lead to hazards and can also take a toll on your mental state.

Lastly, maintain a sense of humor and adventure. It’s grounding to reconnect with the realities faced by those who lived in more challenging times and to appreciate the simpler comforts of life.

After navigating out of the mountains, I was relieved to find my anxious partner waiting for me. Astrid Cardamine

I found myself in New York during the Great Northeast Blackout in 2003. My plan to fly back to the UK was interrupted as the last person through security just as the lights went out and facilities ceased to function. Passengers came together, sharing food, drinks, phone cards, and support.

My preparations include a good book, a good sense of humor, kindness, hope, and something to share. Wooraifid

In the face of potential chaos, I advocate for a mindset of calm amid panic, moderation over despair, and humor amid ennui. theteedeehoo

Don’t skimp on toilet paper. Stock up! dorkalicious

Consider flexible lamps with paperback-sized solar panels; a few hours of sunlight can provide an hour of light. These fit easily into a backpack. They might not be effective during a nuclear winter, but they are handy otherwise. Has anyone mentioned chocolate? Gardenerofearth

Dark chocolate (78%), sweet popcorn, and if we’re being comprehensive, Jaffa Cakes, Pringles, and Hula Hoops. My survival list is quite elaborate. Emmaston

As a Californian with a comprehensive earthquake kit, remember to always have cash! Annually, we check our prep supplies and replace any expired food, batteries, and medications. jgurrrl

Gasoline or diesel-powered vehicles are essential; an angle grinder might just help you out of a tight spot. wyrcommunity

As a Canadian, I fill containers with water during storms and keep my supplies ready. We have a wood stove for warmth and snow melting, as well as camping gear for making coffee. Solar banks and lights, battery-operated options, and a gas generator—plus some beer—are all on hand. Marmarie

Do prepare, don’t panic; be ready for whatever might come next. bricklayersoption

Source: www.theguardian.com

Norovirus Vaccine Pills Guard Against Winter Vomiting Bugs

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Illustration of Norovirus Particles

J Marshall/Tribaleye Images/Alamy

In a few years, vaccine pills for norovirus that lower infection risk may become available, following promising trials where participants were deliberately exposed to the virus.

This highly contagious virus affects the stomach and intestines, resulting in vomiting and diarrhea, usually subsiding within a few days. “The economic impact is significant, with billions lost globally annually due to work absences and hospital visits,” stated Sarah Cady from Cornell University in Ithaca, New York.

Shawn Tucker from the biotech company Vaxart in San Francisco and his team have developed an oral vaccine that appears to increase IgA antibody levels, which can block noroviruses from infecting cells.

The current study involves 141 individuals aged 18 to 49, with half receiving the vaccine pill and the others a placebo. One month later, all participants ingested a high dose of the Gi.1 strain of norovirus in liquid form during quarantine. “Typically, to infect someone in a real-world scenario, you need to introduce 10 to 100 virus particles; we used 1 million particles,” Tucker explained, ensuring a sufficient infection rate.

Results showed that 82% of the placebo group became infected, whereas only 57% of those vaccinated were infected.

“Most people seem interested in receiving the vaccine if it can reduce risks by [25 percentage points] and lessen debilitating symptoms,” said Cady, who was not part of the research.

Additionally, vaccinated participants expelled considerably less stool and viral particles compared to the placebo group. This indicates the vaccine may help slow the virus’s spread, but further testing is needed, according to Cady.

Another analysis suggested the vaccine possibly works by boosting IgA antibodies in saliva, intestines, blood, and nasal passages.

However, the duration of this protection remains uncertain. More research is required to explore its effects on young children and the elderly, who are particularly vulnerable to hospitalization, said Cady.

Most human-infecting noroviruses belong to two clusters known as GI and GII. Based on preliminary findings, Tucker believes the GI.1 vaccine will likely offer protection against other closely related GI variants. The team is also working on vaccines that could shield against both GI and GII viruses.

If everything progresses positively, Tucker anticipates the GI.1 vaccine could be released in two to three years.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Half the Month Is Warmer Than All the Other Months

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Map illustrating anomalies in the lunar gravity field derived from data obtained by NASA’s GRAIL mission

NASA/JPL-CALTECH/MIT/GSFC

Research indicates that the moon’s gravitational pull suggests a warm, dense interior, hinting at structural irregularities beneath its surface.

The distinct appearance of the moon’s near side compared to its far side has intrigued observers since time immemorial. However, it raises questions about whether these differences provide insights into the deeper layers of the moon, as stated by Ryan Park from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in California. Together with his colleagues, he is utilizing data from NASA’s GRAIL spacecraft to investigate.

The GRAIL mission gathered crucial data on the moon’s gravitational variations during 2011 and 2012, while two spacecraft orbited the lunar body. Since the gravity field is reflective of physical characteristics, researchers were able to analyze how it deforms based on both the moon’s shape and Earth’s tidal forces.

Despite this, the variations in the gravity field could not solely be accounted for by the observable features of the moon’s surface. Scientists contemplated the possibility of a heterogeneous interior. Previous findings suggested that the moon’s near side would exhibit more deformation compared to the far side due to Earth’s gravitational influence, as noted by Jeffrey Andrews-Hanna from the University of Arizona. This recent research validates that assertion, enabling a deeper understanding of the moon’s structure.

Using GRAIL data, Park and the team calculated that the moon’s susceptibility to Earth’s gravitational pull was 72% higher than what would be expected if the moon’s interior were entirely uniform.

The research team examined various factors contributing to this anomaly, including the moon’s chemical makeup. However, the model that closely aligned with the observed data was one indicating a temperature variation, suggesting that the moon’s interior is warmer than the far side.

Sean Solomon from Columbia University in New York noted that this model aligns with existing knowledge about the moon’s volcanic history and the distribution of radioactive elements, such as uranium and thorium, on its surface.

While the exact reasons for the moon’s irregular interior remain uncertain, Park suggests that some of these variations may result from its turbulent history of impacts with other celestial bodies. Moving forward, he and his team aim to utilize seismic data from lunar quakes to further explore the moon’s internal structure. These data will be gathered by the Far Side Earthquake Suite, which NASA plans to deploy in 2026.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

A New Species of Cambrian Radiodont Discovered by Burgess Shale in Canada

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Mothra Fentoni resided in present-day Canada during the Cambrian period, approximately 506 million years ago.

Life reconstruction of Mothra Fentoni. Image credit: Daniel Dufour, Royal Ontario Museum.

Mothra Fentoni had a body similar in size to an index finger, featuring three eyes, distinctive articulated claws, a circular mouth lined with teeth, and a body adapted for swimming along its sides.

These features suggest that it belongs to the Radiodonta, the earliest diverging group of arthropods, including the well-known Anomalocaris canadensis, a one-meter-long predator that shared its habitat with Mothra Fentoni.

Nevertheless, this new species exhibited traits not observed in other radiodonts: regions of its abdomen resembling multiple segments at the rear.

“Mothra Fentoni is a fascinating example of evolutionary convergence with modern groups such as horseshoe crabs, wood lice, and insects, all sharing a series of segments that house respiratory organs at the rear,” stated Dr. Jo Moisiuk, a paleontology and geology curator at the Manitoba Museum and researcher at the Royal Ontario Museum.

“Radiodonts represent the first branch of arthropods on the evolutionary tree, providing crucial insights into the ancestral characteristics of the entire group,” explained Dr. Jean-Bernard Caron, Richard M. Ivy curator of invertebrate paleontology at the Royal Ontario Museum.

“The newly discovered species emphasizes that these early arthropods were remarkably diverse and adapted in ways comparable to their modern counterparts.”

General overview of the form of Mothra Fentoni. Image credits: Joseph Moysiuk & Jean-Bernard Caron, doi: 10.1098/rsos.242122.

Sixty specimens of Mothra Fentoni were collected over nine field seasons from 1990 to 2022, primarily at the Raymond Quarry in Yoho National Park, with additional finds in the areas of Marble Canyon and Tokumm Creek in Kootenay National Park.

The specimens reveal details about internal anatomy, including aspects of the nervous, circulatory, and gastrointestinal systems.

“Very few fossil sites globally provide such in-depth insights into soft internal anatomy,” Dr. Caron noted.

“We can observe traces representing bundles of eyes responsible for image processing, similar to living arthropods. The details are remarkable.”

Rather than arteries and veins like those in humans, Mothra Fentoni possessed an “open” circulatory system, which circulated blood into a large internal cavity known as a lacuna.

These lacunae are preserved as reflective areas throughout the body, extending into the fossil’s swimming flap.

“The well-preserved lacuna in the circulatory system of Mothra Fentoni aids in interpreting similar, although less distinct, features observed in other fossils. Their classification remains contentious,” said Dr. Moisiuk.

“The widespread preservation of these structures confirms the ancient origins of this circulatory system type.”

The discovery of Mothra Fentoni is detailed in a study published today in the journal Royal Society Open Science.

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Joseph Moiszk and Jean Bernard Caron. 2025. Early evolutionary traits in arthropod tagmosis exemplified by the new radiodont from Burgess Shale. R. Soc. Open Sci 12(5): 242122; doi: 10.1098/rsos.242122

Source: www.sci.news

Hydrogen Bomb Developer Richard L. Garwin Passes Away at 97

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Richard L. Gerwin, the American architect behind the hydrogen bomb who significantly influenced postwar defense policies, as well as advancements in space exploration and medicine, passed away on Tuesday at his residence in Scarsdale, New York.

His son Thomas confirmed the news of his passing.

At just 23, Dr. Gerwin became the mastermind behind the world’s first fusion bomb. He later served as a scientific advisor to several presidents, contributing to the development of Pentagon weaponry and satellite reconnaissance systems, while advocating for a balanced approach to Soviet-American nuclear policies during the Cold War, and promoting a verifiable agreement on nuclear arms control.

His mentor, Nobel laureate Enrico Fermi, referred to him as “the only true genius I’ve ever met,” yet Dr. Gerwin was not the sole creator of the hydrogen bomb. Hungarian physicist Edward Teller and Polish mathematician Stanislaw Ulam, who played pivotal roles in bomb theory, hold substantial claims to that title.

From 1951 to 1952, Dr. Gerwin served as an instructor at the University of Chicago and a consultant at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in New Mexico, where he designed a real bomb based on Teller-Ulam’s concept. The experimental device, named Ivy Mike, was tested at the Marshall Islands in the Western Pacific.

The device was designed not merely as an explosive but rather to demonstrate the fusion concept. Weighing in at 82 tons, it was aircraft-unfriendly and resembled a massive thermos. Soviet scientists, who did not conduct similar tests until 1955, referred to it intermittently as the installation of thermonuclear nuclei.

On November 1, 1952, at the Enewetak atoll, an extraordinary fusion of atoms unleashed a blinding flash of light and a fireball measuring two miles in diameter, generating a force 700 times that of the bomb that obliterated Hiroshima 100 miles away in 1945.

As the development of American thermonuclear weapons remained cloaked in secrecy, Dr. Gerwin’s involvement in the creation of the first hydrogen bomb remained largely unknown to the public for decades, aside from those within government defense circles and select intelligence agencies. He was commonly referred to as Dr. Terror, and it wasn’t until later that he received public acknowledgment.

“According to Gerwin’s design, this test was conducted almost precisely as intended,” Dr. Teller acknowledged in a 1981 statement, recognizing the crucial role played by the young prodigy. However, this late recognition barely permeated the public consciousness.

Compared to later nuclear weapons, Dr. Gerwin’s bomb was rudimentary. Still, its sheer power evoked the ancient Hindu texts of the Bhagavad Gita, harkening back to the first atomic bomb test in New Mexico in 1945 and the haunting response from its creator, J. Robert Oppenheimer.

To Dr. Gerwin, however, it meant little.

“I didn’t consider the construction of a hydrogen bomb to be the most pivotal achievement in the world, or even in my life at the time,” he reflected in a 1984 interview, addressing feelings of guilt. “I believe the world would be better off without hydrogen bombs.”

Although the first hydrogen bomb was crafted to his specifications, Dr. Gerwin was absent during its explosion at Enewetak. “I’ve never witnessed a nuclear detonation,” he mentioned in a 2018 interview. “I didn’t want to spend the time there.”

By 1952, following the success of the hydrogen bomb project, he found himself at a crossroads: he could return to the University of Chicago, where he had earned his PhD under Fermi and was now an assistant professor, or leverage a more flexible role at International Business Machines Corporation. This position provided faculty appointments at the Thomas J. Watson Institute at Columbia University, allowing greater freedom in his research interests while also permitting him to continue consulting for the government in Los Alamos and Washington.

He opted for IBM, where he remained for 40 years before retiring.

At IBM, Dr. Gerwin engaged in a continuous series of applied research projects leading to groundbreaking patents, scientific papers, and technological innovations in computing, communications, and medicine. His work was vital in the advancement of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), high-speed laser printers, and subsequent touchscreen technologies.

An innovative maverick, Dr. Gerwin dedicated decades to exploring gravitational waves, as predicted by Einstein. In 2015, the costly detector he supported succeeded in detecting ripples, opening new frontiers in astrophysics.

Throughout this time, Dr. Gerwin also provided government consulting on national defense issues. With expertise in weapons of mass destruction, he aided in identifying Soviet targets and conducted research on various military aspects including nuclear submarines, military and civilian aircraft, as well as satellite reconnaissance and communications systems. Much of his work remained classified, keeping him largely unknown to the public.

He was a trusted advisor to numerous U.S. presidents including Dwight D. Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard M. Nixon, Jimmy Carter, and Bill Clinton. Notably, he was linked to President Ronald Reagan’s proposal for a space-based missile defense system dubbed Star Wars, aimed at safeguarding the nation from nuclear threats. However, the system was never realized.

One of Dr. Gerwin’s most notable controversies did not revolve around national security. In 1970, while on Nixon’s Scientific Advisory Committee, he opposed the administration’s support for the development of supersonic transport (SST) aircraft. He argued that SST would be prohibitively expensive, excessively noisy, and detrimental to both the environment and commercial airline operations, leading Congress to withdraw funding. The UK and France, however, pursued their own SST, the Concorde, but Dr. Gerwin’s predictions ultimately proved largely accurate, resulting in dwindling interest.

Despite his modest appearance, Dr. Gerwin, with his slightly disheveled hair and gentle demeanor, became a legendary figure within the defense sector, crafting speeches and articles as well as testifying before lawmakers regarding what he described as the Pentagon’s misleading options.

Many of his disagreements with military bodies were long-standing and intense. These included disputes over the B-1 bomber, Trident nuclear submarines, the MX missile system, and the MX missile system—a network of mobile intercontinental ballistic missiles, notorious as one of history’s most lethal weaponry—all of which eventually formed part of America’s extensive arsenal.

Frustrated yet determined, Dr. Gerwin maintained his stance that America should uphold a strategic equilibrium with the Soviet Union and other nuclear powers. He argued against weapons policies that could jeopardize that balance, believing that Moscow cared more for the survival of its citizens than the loss of American lives.

Dr. Gerwin endorsed nuclear disarmament, including the 1979 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II), which was negotiated by President Carter and Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev. Nonetheless, he argued that mutually assured destruction remained essential for preserving peace.

In 2021, he joined 700 scientists and engineers, including 21 Nobel laureates, in an appeal to President Joseph R. Biden Jr. to commit that the United States would not initiate a nuclear strike in conflict. Their correspondence also advocated for the termination of the presidential authority to unilaterally order nuclear strikes, arguing that such limitations would safeguard against potential reckless decisions made by future presidents.

This notion was politically charged, and Biden did not follow through with such a commitment.

In a 1981 interview with Quest Magazine, Dr. Gerwin stated, “Nuclear weapons are consequential, and their power lies in the deterrent of massive destruction, which prevents nuclear confrontations.”

Richard Lawrence Gerwin was born on April 19, 1928, in Cleveland, Ohio, the elder of two sons to Robert and Leona (Schwartz) Gerwin. His father worked as an electronics instructor at a technical high school by day and at a film theater by night, while his mother was an attorney general. From a young age, Richard, affectionately known as Dick, exhibited remarkable intelligence and technical skills, having repaired household appliances by the age of five.

He and his brother Edward attended public schools in Cleveland. Dick graduated from Cleveland Heights High School in 1944 at the age of 16, and he obtained his Bachelor of Arts in Physics in 1947 from what is now known as Case Western Reserve University.

In 1947, he married Lois Levy, who passed away in 2018. He is survived by two sons, Thomas and Jeffrey, a daughter, Laura, and five grandchildren, along with one great-grandson.

Under the mentorship of Fermi, Dr. Gerwin earned his master’s degree in 1948 and his doctorate in 1949, achieving the highest score in the university’s history on doctoral exams. He joined the faculty, but under Fermi’s influence, he also spent his summers at Los Alamos Lab, where he made his mark on the hydrogen bomb project.

After retiring in 1993, Dr. Gerwin chaired the State Department’s Arms Management and Non-Proliferation Advisory Committee until 2001. He served on the committee in 1998 to evaluate the ballistic missile threats to the United States.

Dr. Gerwin’s home in Scarsdale was in close proximity to the IBM Watson Lab, which relocated from Columbia University to Yorktown Heights, Westchester County, in 1970.

He held faculty appointments at prestigious institutions such as Harvard, Cornell, and Columbia. Over his career, he secured 47 patents, authored over 500 research papers, and wrote significant books including “Nuclear Weapons and World Politics” (1977, co-authored with David C. Gompert and Michael Mandelbaum) and “Megawatts and Megatons: The Turning Points of the Nuclear Age” (2001, co-authored with Georges Charpak).

His life was chronicled in the biography “The True Genius: The Life and Work of Richard Gerwin, the Most Influential Scientist You’ve Never Heard Of” (2017) by Joel N. Sherkin.

Throughout his career, Dr. Gerwin was honored with numerous accolades, including the 2002 National Medal of Science, the highest award for scientific and engineering achievements in the U.S., presented by President George W. Bush, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom, awarded by President Barack Obama in 2016.

Obama praised him during a light-hearted introduction at the White House, stating, “He tinkered with his father’s film projector and never shied away from problems in need of solutions. From reconnaissance satellites to MRI, GPS technologies, and touchscreens—his fingerprints are everywhere. He even patented a shell washing machine.”

William J. Broad and Ash Wu contributed to this report.

Source: www.nytimes.com

Trump Administration Backs Certain PFA Restrictions While Repealing Others

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On Wednesday, the Environmental Protection Agency announced its support for drinking water standards concerning two hazardous “forever chemicals” that impact tap water for millions of Americans. However, it indicated plans to extend the deadline for relaxing regulations on four additional related substances.

PFAS refers to a vast category of chemicals commonly found in daily products, including non-stick cookingware, water-repellent clothing, stain-resistant carpets, and fire-fighting foams.

Research shows that exposure to PFAS, or Polyfluoroalkyl substances, may lead to metabolic disorders, lower birth rates in women, developmental delays in children, and a heightened risk of certain cancers such as prostate, kidney, and testicular cancers. As stated by the EPA.

President Joseph R. Biden Jr. is asking water providers for the first time to reduce the levels of six PFAS chemicals as close to zero as possible. He has imposed particularly stringent limits of four parts per 2 trillion units for two chemicals, known as PFOA and PFOS, which are frequently detected in drinking water systems.

The Trump administration endorsed these two PFAS regulations but allowed water providers to push back the deadline for compliance to 2031 by two additional years.

The EPA also announced the revocation of restrictions on four other chemicals.

“We are working to uphold national standards to safeguard Americans from harmful PFOAs and PFOS,” said EPA administrator Lee Zeldin in a statement. “At the same time, we aim to provide common-sense flexibility by allowing more time for compliance,” he added. “The EPA will continue utilizing regulatory and enforcement mechanisms to hold polluters accountable.”

Some efforts to relax PFAS regulations followed legal challenges from trade organizations and water providers connected to the chemical industry against the Biden administration’s restrictions.

These chemicals are so widespread that they can be detected in the blood of nearly every individual in the United States. Government studies have shown that PFAS chemicals are present in almost half of the country’s tap water.

In 2022, the EPA reported that these chemicals can cause harm at exposure levels “much lower than previously understood,” indicating that current exposure levels are nearly unsafe.

Under Biden-era regulations, water operators were mandated to monitor PFAS levels in the water supply. They also needed to inform the public and take action to lower contamination levels if they exceeded the prescribed limits: four parts for PFOA and PFOS, with 10 trillion parts for the other four chemicals.

These four chemicals include GenX, once deemed a safer alternative to PFOA, but now associated with liver, kidney, and immune system damage, along with developmental issues and cancer in animal studies. The other chemicals—PFHX, PFNA, and PFBS—are also linked to various negative health outcomes.

The agency intends to initiate a new rule-making process for these four chemicals in the fall, with plans to finalize new regulations by next spring.

The government’s initiative was first reported by the Washington Post.

Health and environmental advocates criticized these actions.

“We are committed to collaborating closely with our customers,” stated Emily Donovan, co-founder of Clean Cape Fear, an environmental organization focused on GenX and PFAS pollution in the Cape Fear River of North Carolina.

“This administration has promised voters to ‘make America healthy again,’ yet it seems inconsistent to rescind some PFAS drinking water standards,” she said. “This is disrespectful to communities affected by PFAS contamination who are suffering from severe health issues and losses.”

Eric D. Olson, Senior Strategy Director for Health at the Natural Resources Defense Council, remarked that the EPA’s approach offers “reassuring but conservative comfort.”

However, he also pointed out that the agency’s attempts to roll back drinking water standards contravene the no-backsliding provisions stipulated in the Safe Drinking Water Act.

“The law clearly states that the EPA cannot eliminate or undermine drinking water standards,” he emphasized. “This behavior is not only damaging but is also against the law.”

Industry groups that have filed lawsuits against the Biden administration’s PFAS rules, including the American Water Association, the American Chemical Council, and the National Manufacturers Association, did not provide immediate comments.

In a statement accompanying the EPA’s announcement, Alan Roberson, executive director of the Association of State Drinking Water Managers, expressed his support for the Trump administration’s framework. This association represents drinking water program managers across all 50 states.

Roberson noted that states and water systems are “struggling with tight timelines” under Biden-era regulations to test for PFAS and to establish the infrastructure needed to filter these chemicals from the water supply.

This announcement follows Zeldin’s recent disclosure of a series of initiatives to combat PFAS contamination.

The agency mentioned plans to create guidelines on the permissible PFAS discharge volumes from plants and to collaborate with Congress on how to hold polluters accountable.

Documents from the Trump administration highlighted strategies to transition away from paper straws, while also stressing the health dangers posed by PFAS.

Maintaining stringent regulations for PFOA and PFOS is expected to impose a significant financial burden on water operators. The EPA estimates compliance costs could reach approximately $1.5 billion annually, while utilities believe this figure could double, ultimately impacting the public through increased water bills.

James L. Ferraro, an environmental attorney representing several water companies, stated that while the Trump administration’s stance represents a middle ground, “one utility didn’t necessarily agree with it.”

The chemicals PFOA and PFOS, which are under strict EPA oversight, remain “the most frequently detected due to their widespread use over many years,” and pose an ongoing challenge for numerous utilities, he explained.

Many environmental organizations argue that the costs associated with cleaning up PFAS should ultimately be borne by the chemical manufacturers. They note that evidence indicating the risks of PFAS has been hidden by chemical companies for decades, as revealed by lawsuits, industry documents, and litigation. According to peer-reviewed research.

Source: www.nytimes.com