While creative thinking may seem entirely novel, recent studies indicate that our imagination is intricately linked to memory more than we realize.
The latest research reveals that individuals who can recall small, seemingly trivial details excel in generating creative ideas.
“This indicates that creative thinkers perceive and interpret the world in a unique way,” stated Dr. Felix Chan, an assistant professor at the University of Birmingham. BBC Science Focus. Chan was not part of this study.
“They might follow the same narrative, but they retain elements that most people overlook as insignificant.”
In this investigation, 220 participants listened to one of four audio narratives, which varied from Hitchcock’s thrillers to true crime, romance, and fantasy. Throughout the listening process, researchers monitored participants’ brain activity using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
Afterwards, participants were prompted to recall the story and devise their own alternative endings. These creative outcomes were evaluated by four independent judges trained in storytelling.
Ultimately, researchers found that certain participants (those who remembered details not central to the plot) received higher ratings for their original, imaginative story endings.
Brain scans supported these findings. Specifically, creative thinkers exhibited distinctive activity in the emotionally engaged region of the brain (the anterior cingulate cortex), along with robust and sustained activity in the hippocampus, the brain’s center for memory, particularly during the less pivotal segments of the story.
This suggests that creativity may stem from reconfiguring memories, implying that new ideas are often built upon previous recollections.
“This is an exceptionally creative exploration of creativity,” Chan concluded. “Researchers aimed to uncover how our brains are capable of producing original thoughts. Essentially, what elements in our brains fuel our imagination.”
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About our experts
Dr. Felix Chan is a neuroscientist specializing in training to comprehend brain activity and function. His expertise lies in understanding what energizes our brains and how this translates into cognitive activity. He figuratively understands “food for thought.” Currently, he serves as an associate professor of pharmacology at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Pharmacy, University of Birmingham.
Mars once boasted a sprawling ocean across its surface. Over time, the magnetic field diminished, the atmosphere thinned, and the water vanished. Yet, the total isn’t accounted for. This water must have disappeared somewhere as the red planet transitioned from a watery haven to the dusty landscape we recognize today. So, what happened to it?
A recent study published in National Science Review by researchers from China, Australia, and Italy has uncovered potential vast reservoirs of water located deep beneath the planet’s surface, providing answers about its fate. Unlike the icy reservoirs found elsewhere on Mars, this water is believed to remain in liquid form, making it a promising candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life.
Around 4 billion years ago, liquid water covered much of Mars’s surface. If evenly distributed, this water would have created a global ocean approximately 1,500 meters (4,920 feet) deep, comparable to the volume of the Indian Ocean on Earth today.
While exact figures are still under debate, this estimation highlights a significant discrepancy.
“Estimated losses of liquid water due to atmospheric escape and crust hydration are predicted to be between 10-200 meters (33-656 feet) and 550 meters (1,800 feet) respectively,” stated Waijia Sun, a geophysics professor at the Chinese Academy of Sciences and lead author of the study, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
“Current estimates suggest a total of 20-40 meters (66-131 feet) of water exists in Mars’s atmosphere and as ice in polar or subsurface deposits.”
The “missing water” on Mars, estimated at a range between 710 and 920 meters (2,330 and 3,020 feet), remains unaccounted for, according to Sun and colleagues.
Marsquakes and Meteorites
With NASA’s InSight lander landing on Mars on November 26, 2018, a new perspective of the planet’s interior became available. Equipped with a dome housing a seismometer, it measures seismic activity similar to how earthquakes are monitored on Earth, dubbed “pulsing” by NASA.
The research team utilized measurements from two meteor impacts and seismic waves generated by a “Marsquake.” BBC Science Focus co-author Professor Hrvoje Tkalčić compared this technique to medical ultrasound, allowing glimpses into the Martian interior.
“In essence, earthquake waves generated from distant events travel through the Earth’s crust beneath the seismometer,” explained Tkalčić. “By analyzing their reverberations, we can deduce the thickness of these layers and the depth of boundaries.”
Scientists set up solar arrays for NASA’s InSight Lander in 2015 – Photo Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Lockheed Martin
Seismic waves travel faster through rock that contains water. By measuring the velocity of waves resulting from impacts or quakes, scientists can investigate the presence of deep underground water without the need for excavation.
This innovative method, known as the “receiver function,” enabled the team to identify layers approximately 5.4-8 km (3.4-5 miles) below the Martian surface where seismic waves slow down, indicating water’s presence.
At these depths, temperatures are sufficient for liquid water to exist. Researchers estimate that the water present ranges between 520-780 meters (1,700-2,560 feet) beneath the surface.
Could There Be Life on Mars?
If substantial aquifers lie below the Martian surface, it could be an ideal location to search for alien life. Water is a crucial element for life on Earth, sustaining even deep subterranean microorganisms like bacteria and archaea, which constitute around 15% of Earth’s total biomass.
While finding complex life forms is unlikely at such depths on Mars, microbial life remains a distinct possibility.
“The availability of liquid water is viewed as a key factor in our search for life, as it is essential for existence,” noted Tkalčić. “Consequently, pinpointing locations with liquid water on Mars is vital for identifying potential life.”
Additionally, if humanity establishes a presence on Mars, water becomes a critical resource. Excavating kilometers below the surface presents significant engineering challenges, but such obstacles are to be expected in pioneering a human settlement on another planet.
However, before rushing to buy tickets to Mars, Sun and Tkalčić caution that the aquifer’s existence is not yet confirmed. They emphasize the necessity for additional data before reaching any conclusions.
Liquid water is the most plausible explanation supported by current data, but other viable explanations for the observed seismic waves, such as layers of sediment, exist.
Professor Hrvoje Tkalčić oversees seismology and mathematics in geophysics and heads the Warramunga Seismic & Infrasound Facility at the Australian National University – Photo credit: Jamie Kidston/ANU
On Earth, seismic measurements are taken from numerous seismometers worldwide that cross-validate data points. The situation is different on Mars.
“We must remember that we are limited to data from a single seismometer on a faraway planet. It’s a challenging observational environment, and we are maximizing the quality and quantity of our data,” Tkalčić added.
Researchers aspire that upcoming Mars missions equipped with more seismometers will facilitate more comprehensive studies across the planet. Eventually, we may even analyze the crust for direct chemical evidence of water, and potentially signs of life.
For now, this research offers a hopeful glimpse into what future missions may reveal. Sun remarked: “These findings shed light on the evolution of Mars’s water cycle and its potential habitability, laying a solid groundwork for future inquiries into Martian life and the planet’s climatic history.”
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About Our Experts
Weijia Sun is a professor of geophysics at the Chinese Academy of Sciences, recognized for his work in Earth and Planetary Physics. His research has appeared in prominent journals such as Nature, Geophysical Research Letters, and Journal of Geophysical Research.
Hrvoje Tkalčić heads the Geophysics Department and directs the Warramunga Seismic & Infrasound Facility at the Australian National University. His research focuses on observational seismology, particularly the Earth’s deep structure and dynamics, appearing in journals like Science, Geophysical Research Letters, and Journal of Geophysical Research.
The ginger cat results from a unique genetic variation that, as far as scientists can tell, isn’t found in other species.
A recent survey published in Current Biology reveals that this variation is linked to the faulty expression of a gene called Arhgap36, which has never been associated with the development of mammalian ginger fur.
Interestingly, this gene resides on the X chromosome, which helps explain why most orange cats are male.
Similar to other male animals, including humans, cats possess one X and one Y chromosome. The gene for orange fur is on the X chromosome; therefore, if a male inherits an X chromosome with the orange gene, he will display an entirely orange coat.
Conversely, female cats have two X chromosomes. To display complete orange fur, they must inherit the orange gene from both of their X chromosomes. If they inherit it on only one, the other X may carry a non-orange gene.
This results in a mix of colors in their fur—like the patchy orange, black, and white patterns observed in Calico and Tortoiseshell cats.
Female cats with one copy of the orange gene often have partially orange fur, like this calico cat. – Credit: Jacobi’s Nils via Getty
The relationship between orange fur and sex applies to cats but not to other orange mammals, such as tigers, orangutans, or red-haired humans.
According to Dr. Christopher Kaelin, Senior Scientist and Lead Author at Stanford Medicine Genetics and Research, the orange mutations in those animals occur due to one of two genes, neither of which are sex-linked.
As a result, orange cats appear to be “genetic exceptions.”
The study confirms that ginger cats exhibit genetic anomalies, but the evidence is still inconclusive regarding whether this unique trait contributes to their reputation for being a mischievous bunch.
To determine if the ARHGAP36 mutation has any impact beyond fur color, researchers have examined various organs, including the kidneys, heart, brain, and adrenal glands, in both orange and non-orange cats, finding no significant differences.
Kaelin remarked, “I don’t think we can exclude the possibility of gene expression changes in untested tissues that might influence behavior.”
He also mentioned that the prevalent notion of orange cats causing chaos could largely be attributed to their male predominance, noting that there is limited scientific research on the personalities of orange cats.
A recent study by NASA has uncovered an unexpected and curious fact about the moon’s deep interior.
Utilizing data from the Grail Spacecraft, researchers found that the side of the moon facing Earth is “bending” more than the far side, indicating a remarkably unstable internal structure between the two hemispheres.
“We have long believed the moon to be spherically symmetrical deep down, so encountering clear evidence to the contrary was both surprising and challenging,” said Dr. Ryan Park, the study’s lead author and head of the Solar System Dynamics Group at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
Published in Nature, the study reveals that the moon visible from Earth deforms more significantly under the gravitational influence of Earth than on its far side, measured using ultra-precision gravity techniques.
This finding relies on a metric known as the “Love number,” which quantifies the extent to which a celestial body deforms due to tidal forces. After nearly a decade of intricate calculations involving millions of parameters, the team found that the Love number was approximately 72% greater than what would be expected for a symmetrically spherical moon.
“When we first calculated higher Love numbers than anticipated, our team was genuinely perplexed,” Park noted. However, the calculations confirmed it: the moon exhibits instability both internally and externally.
These views of the near and far side of the moon are compiled from observations by NASA’s Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter. -NASA/JPL-Caltech
The cause? The mantle on the near side is warmer and less rigid compared to the far side, attributed to radioactive heating early in the moon’s history.
This phenomenon is likely due to ancient geological activities. The near side contains a significantly higher concentration of radioactive materials, including up to 10 times more thorium. These elements emit heat as they decay.
Billion years ago, this heat led to the formation of pockets of partially melted rock, sparking massive volcanic eruptions. These eruptions resurfaced the near side with dark plains known as “Mare,” while the far side remained rugged and cratered.
This study generates the most comprehensive gravity map of the moon to date. Future missions, such as NASA’s Artemis program, aim to enhance navigation on the lunar surface and aid in developing lunar navigation systems.
Looking to other regions of the solar system, Park plans to apply a similar methodology to investigate the metal-rich asteroid Psyche and the icy moons of Jupiter, particularly Europa.
“The most astonishing aspect was how pronounced the asymmetry was,” Park added. “This compelled us to examine the intricacies of the moon’s thermal and structural evolution, ultimately yielding new insights into how the moon—and potentially other celestial bodies—develop internal disparities over billions of years.”
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About our experts
Ryan Park is the supervisor of the Solar System Dynamics Group at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California. His research has been featured in prestigious journals, including Science, Journal of Astrophysics, and Nature.
This mutation is associated with Rho GtPase Activated Protein 36 (ARHGAP36). Research conducted by a team from Stanford University School of Medicine suggests that this anomaly occurs in genes of various mammals.
The orange mutation linked to sex in domestic cats results in various reddish/yellow patches in their fur, clearly demonstrating random X inactivation in female turtles and calico cats. Unlike most coat color genes, other mammals lack evident homologs for the orange associated with gender. Research by Kaelin et al. shows that this mutation results from a 5 kb deletion leading to ectopic and melanocyte-specific expression of the ARHGAP36 gene. Image credit: Kaelin et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.055.
Various mammals exhibit orange shades—like tigers, golden retrievers, orangutans, and red-headed humans—but this is particularly prevalent in domestic cats (Felis catus). The orange coloration is sex-linked and is observed more frequently in males.
“In many species with yellow or orange pigments, these mutations almost exclusively occur in one of two genes, neither of which is sex-linked,” states Christopher Kaelin, PhD, a researcher at Stanford University School of Medicine and the HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology.
Scientists have pinpointed typical mutations that stimulate skin pigment cells to generate yellow or orange pigments instead of the default brown or black; however, they only had vague notions about locating corresponding mutations in cats.
They were aware that the mutation, termed sex-linked orange, was located on the X chromosome due to the predominance of male orange cats.
Male cats with this sex-linked orange will exhibit a complete orange coat, while females must inherit the mutation from both X chromosomes to appear fully orange.
A female cat possessing one copy of the sex-linked orange will showcase a partially orange coat with a pattern known as Tortoiseshell, or with patches of orange, black, and white known as Calico.
This variability arises from a phenomenon in females called random X inactivation, where one X chromosome becomes inactive in each cell.
Consequently, a mosaic pattern of pigment cells develops, some expressing the sex-linked-orange and others not.
“I observed this genetic anomaly over 100 years ago,” Dr. Kaelin recalled.
“It was the genetic puzzles that sparked my interest in Sex Link Orange.”
Building on prior research that dissected segments of the X chromosome housing mutations, Dr. Kaelin and his team methodically concentrated on the sex-linked orange mutation.
“Our ability to do this was facilitated by the development of genomic resources for cats made available in the last five to ten years,” Dr. Kaelin explained.
“This includes a fully sequenced genome along with various cat breeds.”
The researchers also obtained DNA samples from cats at neutering and spaying clinics.
Initially, they searched for a variant of the X chromosome common among orange cats and identified 51 candidates.
They excluded 48 of the candidates as they were also present in several non-orange cats.
Among the remaining three variants, one was speculated to play a significant role in gene regulation: ARHGAP36.
“When we identified it, ARHGAP36 had no association with pigmentation,” Dr. Kaelin stated.
This gene, well-conserved across mammalian species, has drawn attention from cancer and developmental biology researchers.
ARHGAP36 is typically expressed in neuroendocrine tissues, where its overexpression can lead to tumors; however, its association with pigment cells remained unknown.
Notably, it was discovered in a pumpkin-colored cat by Dr. Kaelin and his colleagues.
“ARHGAP36 is not present in mouse, human, or non-orange cat pigment cells,” Dr. Kaelin noted.
“The orange cat mutation appears to induce ARHGAP36 expression within pigment cells, where it is normally not present.”
This irregular expression in pigment cells disrupts intermediate steps in known molecular pathways governing coat color.
In other species, typical orange mutations interrupt earlier stages in that pathway; however, in cats, sex-linked oranges confuse the latter stages.
“It’s certainly an unusual mechanism for gene alteration in specific cell types,” said Dr. Kaelin.
The team’s findings are detailed in a study published this week in the journal Current Biology.
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Christopher B. Kaelin et al. Molecular and genetic properties of sex-linked orange coat colors in domestic cats. Current Biology Published online on May 15th, 2025. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2025.04.055
Trilobites were a varied group of ancient marine arthropods. While many inhabited the seabed, some took to more mobile lifestyles. Recent research has clarified the evolutionary lineage of a peculiar group of trilobites known as cyclopizids, named after the legendary one-eyed creature, Cyclops.
Cyclopygid Trilobite Symphysops Stevaninae. Image credit: Francisco J. López-Soriano & Joan Corbacho, https://www.elfosil.com via Bataleria.
Mirobiaceae was an ancient aquatic creature (arthropod) that existed from 521 million years ago (MA) until around 252 MA.
Approximately 21,000 species are known, representing numerous ecological niches. Most thrived on the seabed (benthic), while some ventured into the open ocean (pelagic).
Despite their diversity, our understanding of their comprehensive evolutionary history remains limited.
Strange groups of Ordovician trilobites (485-444 MA) are referred to as Cyclopizids. They possess 5-7 body (thoracic) segments, and the cephalon lacks typical spines.
The name Cyclopizid is derived from the mythical Greek cyclops, as their eyes evolved to merge into a single large visual surface, enhancing their field of vision.
Cyclopygids inhabited the deep, dark zones of the ocean (mesopelagic), swimming at the lower edge of the illuminated region, known as the Twilight Zone, where they actively hunted small organisms (zooplankton).
Some Cyclopygids, such as Pricyclopyge, may have swum upside down and featured bioluminescent structures on their third thoracic segment.
Recent research has elucidated the evolutionary history of the 47 cyclopygid genera through cladistic analysis, a method that categorizes organisms based on shared derived traits.
The family predominantly found in China, Tai Hungshaniidae, is connected to the Nileidae and Cyclopidiidae families. Illaenopsis is expected to be included.
As cyclopizids evolved, they adapted to a more transparent lifestyle, which included larger eyes shifting towards the edges of the thorax, a reduction in the number of thoracic segments, size decrease, and enhanced streamlining.
These cyclopizids, which occupy higher positions in the water column, usually reside closer to the coasts.
Mapping the depths they are interpreted to inhabit on our evolutionary trees reveals that cyclopizids positioned near the base tend to inhabit shallow waters.
Consequently, cyclopizids gradually transitioned into deeper waters, adapting more to a pelagic lifestyle.
This paper will be published in the journal Historical Biology.
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SJ Braddy, La Dale & H. Wang. 2025. Phylogenesis of cyclopide trilobites. Historical Biology. doi:10.1080/08912963.2025.2501330
As some weather forecast offices discontinue overnight staffing, the National Weather Service is swiftly reassigning personnel internally, working to fill over 150 vacancies and address critical staffing gaps.
On Tuesday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration considered initiating a “reallocation period” to fill key positions that have remained unstaffed since the Trump administration’s decisions to dismiss probationary employees and incentivize veteran federal workers to retire early within the National Weather Service (NWS).
The agency is actively recruiting to fill five pivotal meteorologist roles overseeing field offices, including locations in Lake Charles, Louisiana; Houston, Texas; and Wilmington, Ohio.
Meanwhile, at least eight out of 122 weather forecasting offices nationwide—including those in Sacramento, California; Goodland, Kansas; and Jackson, Kentucky—have announced no plans to operate overnight or reduce overnight services in the coming six weeks, according to Tom Fahy, legislative director of the National Weather Service Employees Organization, which monitors staffing levels for the agency.
Critics of the recent cuts argue that the efforts to reassign meteorologists and other staff indicate severe reductions in services, negatively impacting vital public safety operations.
“This has never occurred before. We have always been an agency dedicated to providing 24/7 service to American citizens,” Fahy stated. “The potential risk is extremely high. If these cuts continue within the National Weather Service, lives could be lost.”
The National Weather Service acknowledged adjustments to its service levels and staffing but asserted that it continues to fulfill its mission and maintain the accuracy of forecasts.
“NOAA and NWS are dedicated to minimizing the impact of recent staffing changes to ensure that core mission functions persist,” the agency stated. “These efforts encompass temporary modifications to service levels and both temporary and permanent internal reallocations of meteorologists to offices with urgent needs.”
Fahy revealed that 52 of the nation’s 122 weather forecasting offices currently have staffing vacancy rates exceeding 20%.
The latest update on field office leadership, published on Wednesday, highlighted vacancy challenges, with 35 meteorologist positions at forecast offices remaining unfilled.
Since the new administration assumed power, the National Weather Service has reduced its workforce by more than 500 employees through voluntary early retirement packages for senior staff and the dismissal of probationary hires.
“Our greatest fear is that the weather offices will remain extremely understaffed, prompting unnecessary loss of life,” the director expressed earlier this month.
Recently retired NWS employees have voiced concerns that staffing levels have dropped below critical thresholds amid service freezes and the dismissal of many early-career professionals in probationary roles.
Alan Gerald, a former director at NOAA’s National Intensive Storm Institute who accepted early retirement in March, likened the NWS’s reassignment strategies to “deck chair relocation,” arguing that they fail to solve fundamental issues.
“They are merely shifting personnel from one office to another, which might address short-term crises, but that’s no sustainable solution,” Gerald remarked. “There’s no real influx of new staff.”
Brian Lamare, who recently retired from the Tampa Bay Area Weather Office in Florida, understands the desire to modernize and streamline services.
In fact, Lamare was involved in efforts to reorganize certain aspects of the service prior to the Trump administration.
The agency had plans to modernize its staffing structures by launching a “mutual assistance” system, allowing local forecast offices to request and offer aid during severe weather events or periods of understaffing.
“Many of these initiatives are now being expedited due to urgency,” Lamare commented. “When rearranging your living room furniture, you don’t set the house on fire—that’s the situation we are facing.”
Lamarre emphasized the necessity for the NWS to resume hiring as numerous forecasters in their 50s and 60s opted for voluntary retirement, leading to the loss of extensive experience. Concurrently, the agency has reduced its cohort of probationary employees, many of whom are just starting their careers.
“Eliminating probationary positions severely limits the agency’s future potential,” Lamare stated. “That’s where fresh, innovative talent is cultivated, making recruitment essential.”
AMOC is a system of ocean currents that circulates water in the Atlantic Ocean.
NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center Scientific Visualization Studio
The decline in significant Atlantic currents is contributing to flooding linked to rising sea levels in the northeastern United States, which are already affected by climate change. As global temperatures increase, a total collapse of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) could exacerbate sea level rise.
“If AMOC collapses, this will greatly increase flood frequency along the US coastline, independent of major storms,” states Liping Chan from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory at the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in New Jersey. “Even a partial reduction in current strength can have significant consequences.”
The warm waters melting ice sheets and rising sea levels are influenced by climate change, which leads to uneven rates of sea level rise across different regions. For instance, some coastal areas have subsided, increasing the relative rate of sea level rise there. Local sea levels are also affected by the circulation of heat, water, and salt in the ocean, with warm, fresh water occupying more volume than cold, salty water.
Over the past few decades, sea levels along the northeastern US coast have risen 3-4 times faster than the global average. The slowing of AMOC—responsible for transporting warm water from lower latitudes to the North Atlantic, where it cools and sinks—has long been considered a potential cause of this phenomenon. As this circulation weakens, warm deep water expands, pushing more water onto the shallow continental shelf.
AMOC strength varies naturally over different timescales, and climate change has contributed to its slowdown as the North Atlantic and its waters have become warmer and clearer in recent decades. However, it remained uncertain whether this decrease significantly affected sea levels.
Chang and her team utilized tidal gauge measurements from the New England coast to reconstruct local sea levels dating back over a century. Alongside a steady rise due to climate change, they identified significant fluctuations between low and high sea levels every few decades. Low sea levels correlated with periods of weak AMOC, while high sea levels were also aligned with these intervals, which brought more frequent coastal flooding.
The researchers then employed two distinct ocean models to quantify the impact of AMOC intensity variations on local sea levels. While the primary driver of change was the steady rise due to climate change, they discovered that weakened AMOCs significantly increased sea-level-related flooding. In multiple coastal regions, they noted that the slowdown in AMOC has contributed to delaying flooding by 20-50% since 2005.
Given that the natural cycle of AMOC strength is largely predictable, Zhang asserts that these findings enable researchers to forecast potential flooding events up to three years in advance. This foresight can guide long-term infrastructure planning and emergency preparedness.
“This highlights the critical role of AMOC in [sea level rise],” remarks Chris Hughes, who was not involved in the research, from the University of Liverpool in the UK. “It’s not merely theoretical; it’s evident in the real world.”
It remains unclear how much of the recent AMOC weakening is attributable to climate change versus natural variability. Nevertheless, the findings bolster predictions that if AMOC were to completely collapse due to climate change, significant portions of the US East Coast could experience a surge in sea levels.
Hughes warns that if AMOC nearly collapses, sea levels could rise by around 24 centimeters. “While it may not seem dramatic, even a small increase can have a substantial effect.”
As reported by Google, members of the UK-based spider-hacking community are actively “promoting” cyberattacks amid the increasing disruption faced by UK retailers in the US market.
A hacker collective known as the “scattered spiders” has been connected to attacks on British retailers such as Marks & Spencer, Co-op, and Harrods. Google Cybersecurity experts have now warned that unidentified retailers in the Atlantic region are also under threat.
Charles Carmakal, the chief technology officer for Google’s Mandiant Cybersecurity division, noted that the threat has shifted to the US, following a pattern commonly observed with scattered spider attackers.
“They focus on a specific industrial sector and geographic location for a short period, before moving on to a new target,” he explained. “Currently, their attention is on retail organizations. They began in the UK and have now extended their focus to firms in the US.”
When asked about the involvement of British members in the M&S hacking, he stated, “While I can’t name specific victims, it’s clear that UK-based scattered spider members are promoting and facilitating these incursions.”
On Friday, it was disclosed that M&S alerted employees that some personal data may have been compromised during a cyber attack last month. Sources informed the Daily Telegraph that staff members were notified that their email addresses and full names were potentially exposed in the breach.
Earlier this week, M&S reported that hackers had accessed personal information of thousands of customers.
In light of these attacks on UK retailers, cybersecurity agencies have urged businesses to remain vigilant and aware of specific tactics employed by scattered spiders.
In an advisory notice, the National Cyber Security Center recommended businesses to leverage IT support to assist staff in resetting their passwords. One tactic associated with scattered spiders—named for a set of hacking tactics rather than a unified group—involves calling help desks to gain access to corporate systems while impersonating an employee or contractor.
“We have observed instances where they call the help desk, masquerade as employees, and convince the staff to reset their passwords,” Carmakal explained.
Carmakal also noted that these calls to help desks are sometimes made by younger members of the scattered spider network.
“It’s not always the threat actor themselves making the call… some tasks are outsourced to other community members, often younger individuals looking to earn some quick money through various schemes and inconsistencies,” he shared.
Scattered spiders primarily consist of native English speakers from the UK, US, and Canada, which sets them apart from other ransomware groups. Karmakal mentioned that he has received reports of “numerous calls” made by scattered spider hackers to corporate employees.
Ransomware gangs typically infiltrate target computer systems with malware that effectively locks users out of their internal files. These groups usually originate from Russia or former Soviet states.
Carmakal’s remarks coincided with French luxury brand Dior disclosing that “fraudulent external parties” had accessed some customer data. The Paris-based brand has yet to clarify the nature or extent of the attacker’s incursions.
This week, Google’s cybersecurity team affirmed that scattered spiders have shifted their focus to US retailers.
“We are dedicated to offering a variety of services to our customers,” stated John Hultquist, chief analyst at Google Threat Intelligence Group. “The group that originally targeted retail in the UK, after a significant hiatus, has a track record of concentrating on one sector at a time, and we anticipate they will continue to prioritize this sector in the near future. US retailers should exercise caution.”
Suspended Blessing: Sleeping Sperm Whale and Her Calf
Paul Nicklen
A full belly—if you look closely, you can see the tentacles of the deep-sea squid she recently devoured hanging from her mouth.
This photo, titled The Interrupted Bounty, is one of many captured by photographer Paul Nicklen and showcased at the Photo Fair. It exudes a sense of peace, yet Nicklen experienced a whirlwind of emotions while filming it in Dominica in 2019.
“Even while my lungs ached and my mind screamed to surface just 5 meters away, I had to calm myself,” he reflects. “In that moment, my focus shifted to breathing, framing, and floating. The fear was present, but I remained centered.”
As he grounded himself, a feeling of “quiet adoration” washed over him. “It brought a certain joy, aligned with their rhythm for a while,” Nicklen recalls. “Over time, that joy has shifted into a heavier contemplation. I’m reflecting on the risks that whales now face—ocean pollution, ship strikes, entrapment in nets, and rising sea temperatures. Looking back at these images reveals lines that may not endure unless changes occur. Still, I feel fortunate. I’m honored to share their stories.”
Photo London will take place at Somerset House from May 15th to 18th. Nicklen’s work is presented by Hilton Contemporary, which also features a photograph by marine biologist Christina Mittermeyer, showcasing her striking image from Madagascar in 2008: Mandare’s Washing. It depicts brightly colored clothing drying on cracked earth, with two emaciated cows nearby on a dry stretch of the Mandare River.
Mandare Washing: Dried Beds on the Mandare River in Madagascar
Christina Mittermeier
Seventeen years later, Mittermeier reflects on the tumultuous feelings she experienced while taking those shots. “It wasn’t just the illness, but also the tropical fever, combined with a sense of guilt. Not guilt for being there, but for leaving,” she recounts. “The village families had no escape from the drought; they lacked alternatives, no backup resources, no taps to turn on.
Today, that guilt has evolved into a profound respect for the resilience of the locals.
“I think of the elasticity of that fabric, the dust, and how survival here is stitched together with each piece of clothing, meal, and glass of water,” Mittermeier shares. “It’s a testament to drought, but also to the overarching decisions that determine who suffers and who survives.”
Below is another stunning photograph by Nicklen titled Ephemeral Palace. Captured in 2012 on the Antarctic Peninsula, it depicts a vast iceberg adrift, destined to melt as it approaches the sea.
Ephemeral Palace: Iceberg on the Antarctic Peninsula in 2012
Paul Nicklen
The final shot from Nicklen, titled Meet Face to Face, features an unexpected visitor, photographed in Svalbard, Norway in 2008. He labels the encounter with “the bear in question” as a significant highlight of his career, noting he has rarely encountered the approximately 2,000 polar bears he has documented, yet he has never succumbed to panic.
Face to Face: A Close Encounter with a Norwegian Polar Bear
Larry Niven is a towering figure in the realm of science fiction, and I felt honored to interview him via Zoom from his home in Los Angeles. His seminal 1970 novel, Ringworld, is this month’s selection for the New Scientist Book Club. However, his literary contributions span numerous novels and short stories, including one of my personal favorites, An outdated world. At 87, he continues to write, and we discussed his insights on Ringworld, the projects he’s currently working on, and his thoughts on humanity’s potential to venture beyond our solar system. Below is an edited transcript of our conversation.
Emily H. Wilson: Larry, thank you for participating in this interview and for being part of the New Scientist Book Club. It is a tremendous honor to speak with someone so central to the evolution of this genre.
Larry Niven: Thank you.
EHW: What inspired you to become a science fiction writer?
LN: I was immersed in science fiction during my early adulthood, but I only discovered the fandom when I started selling my stories. That connection was invaluable for me.
EHW: What was the genesis of the idea behind Ringworld?
LN: The concept of the Dyson sphere—hypothetical megastructures in space—was introduced to me by another writer, possibly Paul Anderson. Intrigued by the idea, I realized we could observe other civilizations based on their energy usage. But to harness that energy, one needs a way to block sunlight. I envisioned using rotational gravity for the Dyson sphere, focusing on its equatorial regions, and thus conceptualized the “poor man’s Dyson sphere.”
EHW: A book club member noted that Ringworld evokes a sense of awe and wonder.
LN: My choice to depict a grand structure, despite the risk of ridicule, contributed to my success. Ringworld serves as a knowledge playground where readers can engage with its complexities and even rediscover my oversights.
EHW: Reflecting back from 2025, it seems like it was an immediate success, altering your career trajectory.
LN: That’s absolutely true.
EHW: You mentioned in your writings that New Scientist highlighted how students and scholars engaged with physics concepts in Ringworld post-publication. How did that affect you? Do you think we will see such global interaction today?
LN: Science fiction permeates various media like film and comics. While Ringworld remains significant, capturing the attention of mathematicians isn’t straightforward.
LN: It’s about envisioning the future. Things are in flux, and science fiction highlights the notion that minds can think similarly but are fundamentally different.
EHW: Why did you write Ringworld Engineers as a sequel? One book club member mentioned that it was their first introduction to your work.
LN: I aimed to improve upon Ringworld since its inhabitants were not fleshed out enough. Robert Heinlein told me that the two books together formed a significant narrative.
EHW: The universe in Ringworld set in known space led to extensive narrative weaving. How did that come about?
LN: It seemed logical to create interlinked stories within the universe I had built. This web of narrative has been evolving for over 60 years.
EHW: If you were to rewrite Ringworld today, would it differ from the original?
LN: I’ve often thought that if I were to begin anew, I would focus on the barriers of interstellar travel. Building a ring world implies challenges in reaching other stars.
EHW: At what point in your career did you become a full-time science writer? Did you ever balance it with other jobs?
LN: I was a science enthusiast, particularly in astrophysics and astronomy. At 24, I realized my options were limited, which led me to start writing.
EHW: How is science fiction perceived today?
LN: I’m not as engaged with the field nowadays. I often buy books online for my Kindle, but that doesn’t mean I make the most of the current offerings.
EHW: One of my favorites of yours, An outdated world, isn’t widely read despite being a fantastic story told concisely. What can you share about writing that book?
LN: Initially, it was a dystopian tale about people frozen for the future, struggling with their wishes when they were revived—without civil rights. I encapsulated that in a short story called Rammer, which turned into the first chapter of An outdated world. I eventually continued that narrative as I became comfortable exploring the future.
EHW: You were known for your collaboration on The Mote in God’s Eye with Jerry Pournelle. How do two authors co-write a novel?
LN: Jerry and I collaborated on roughly nine novels. When he proposed the idea to co-write, I accepted without knowing where it would lead, and it turned out to be both fun and challenging. Our involvement with the Los Angeles Science Fantasy Association helped shape the narrative over three years and even earned us an award for the best unfinished novel.
EHW: Before this interview, you mentioned your book Draco’s Izakaya, a collection of short stories. I approached it hesitantly, as I’m not a short story person. It uniquely merges narratives, introducing readers to aliens through the bartender’s character. It felt more like a novel than a traditional collection. What was your aim in writing it?
LN: I started writing short stories knowing they needed substance beyond mere glimpses. My goal for Draco’s Izakaya was to convey wisdom within a lean structure, crafting a narrative that felt unified despite its brevity.
EHW: If you were to recommend four other books alongside Draco’s Izakaya, which would you choose?
LN: Depending on the individual asking, I might suggest: Lucifer’s Hammer for casual readers, Scaffold for military personnel, Ringworld for true fans, and Destiny’s Road for general audiences as well.
LN: I’m collaborating with Stephen Burns on a space novel featuring Gil “Arm” Hamilton. We’ve begun an anthology project, and our short story, The Sacred Cow, which features Gil, won an award from Analog Magazine. Now, we’re encouraged to produce more content.
EHW: A few quick questions: What is your favorite science fiction book that you didn’t write?
LN: I truly enjoy Nova by Samuel R. Delany.
EHW: What is a favorite book in a genre you haven’t ventured into?
LN: I believe it must be The Wizard of Oz.
EHW: What is your favorite science fiction television show?
LN: Star Trek, but I’m not as caught up with it.
EHW: What is your all-time favorite sci-fi film?
LN: I have a fondness for Destination Moon and admire ambitious works like 2001: A Space Odyssey and Rollerball for their ambition.
EHW: What advice would you give to aspiring science fiction writers today?
LN: I think I’m prepared to encounter the puppeteers from my works or the Mediator.
EHW: And do you think humanity will eventually leave this solar system?
LN: We’re making advancements, though not as quickly as we imagined. Initially, we thought reaching the moon would be simple, and it has proven quite challenging.
Larry, thank you for this enlightening conversation. It has truly been a privilege.
LN: You’re welcome. I always enjoy speaking with New Scientist. Be sure to read and savor!
Larry Niven’sRingworld is the latest selection for the New Scientist Book Club. Join us to read along!
Brazil Takes the Lead in Funding Forest Conservation
Luiz Claudio Marigo/Nature Picture Library/Alamy
During the COP30 Climate Summit in November, a coalition of countries led by Brazil introduces a groundbreaking initiative aimed at compensating tropical nations for sustaining their forest ecosystems.
The Tropical Forests Forever Facility (TFFF) secures funding through investments rather than relying solely on donations or the sale of carbon credits.
“We need to explore new fundraising avenues for tropical forests. This innovative fund has the potential to play a vital role in complementing traditional grant-based funding and, more importantly, reducing our dependency on carbon trading,” states Kate Dooley, from the University of Melbourne, Australia.
The fund is positioned as a substitute for the carbon market, offering businesses a means to offset their emissions by financing forest protection. While it was once seen as a promising strategy for generating funds from the private sector, it has faced significant backlash for favoring corporate profits over environmental benefits.
A major benefit of TFFF is its straightforward approach. Rather than estimating how much carbon is stored in forests or assessing their vulnerability, the initiative compensates for the intact forest canopy each year, monitored through satellite technology.
“Our team approached the Brazilian government in 2023,” explains Pedro Moura Costa, an expert in environmental finance.
Unlike government donations that can be inconsistent and withdrawable at any moment, this fund is designed for sustainability.
The project’s planners aim to secure a $25 billion sovereignty loan from the government along with an additional $100 billion from private investors. These funds will be directed towards corporate bonds and green energy initiatives, particularly avoiding industries tied to deforestation.
After ensuring a fixed return for investors, any profits generated will flow directly to tropical nations for forest conservation efforts. This includes expanding conservation agencies. Crucially, 20% of the resources must be allocated to Indigenous communities, with TFFF collaborating closely with the Global Alliance of Territorial Communities, advocating for Indigenous rights.
The funds projected can generate $4 billion annually, which is sufficient to offer $4 every year per hectare of tropical forest preserved. Conversely, for every hectare lost, $100 will be deducted from government payments. Moura states it takes 100 years for primary tropical forests to regenerate, demanding a high level of responsibility.
However, the current proposal defines an undisturbed forest as having only 20% canopy cover, raising concerns of potential overexploitation. Dooley warns that “fires often indicate degradation rather than being its cause,” pointing out flaws in using fire metrics for monitoring.
Several environmental organizations and climate finance analysts have expressed strong disapproval of this concept. They argue that wealthier nations should provide direct financial support to poorer countries rather than investing in uncertain ventures. Frederick Hash from the Green Finance Observatory, which evaluates private investments in green opportunities, states, “Conservation funds are vulnerable to future economic shifts, interest rates, and fund management capabilities. This differs markedly from grants, and may not meet the expectations of a fund aimed at addressing our critical ecological challenges.” He adds that the promised 20% for Indigenous peoples “seems insufficient and fails to acknowledge their valuable contributions.”
Despite insufficient donor funding for conservation and the looming threat of surpassing the Paris Agreement’s 1.5°C warming limit, advocates argue there is an urgent need for practical alternatives to grant-based support.
“To initiate substantial change, we must devise new, innovative strategies where environmental protection becomes self-funding and is no longer dependent on grants or handouts. Without this, we may face failure,” remarks Moura.
“There must be a mechanism to compensate those safeguarding nature and preserving forests.” Simon Zadeck, a climate adaptation consultant and investment platform expert, adds, “Funding sources might include domestic finances and philanthropy, alongside income from natural products like nuts and timber, but these are insufficient alone. Thus, we need to promote creative funding solutions.”
If TFFF can achieve its $125 billion goal, it will represent the most significant single funding source in history for forest conservation. It may even surpass Brazil’s current environmental budget.
However, the success of this initiative hinges on attracting enough capital during what international experts identify as a particularly challenging economic landscape.
“This geoeconomic environment presents significant obstacles for such an ambitious project,” says Zadek. “Public finances are strained, and private investment is currently focused on short- to medium-term returns.”
Vegetarians have a similar reaction to meat as they do to eating feces or human flesh, according to recent research from Oxford University.
A study involving 252 vegetarians and 57 meat eaters examined whether this aversion was influenced by the source of the food being plant or animal-based.
Initially, participants were shown a range of vegetables commonly disliked, including raw onions, green olives, sprouts, beetroot, and overripe fruit, and were asked to envision eating them. Both groups expressed “disgust” towards these vegetables. Essentially, the flavors and textures were perceived negatively.
Next, participants looked at pre-cooked chicken, bacon, and steak. Here, the vegetarians reacted quite differently. They experienced feelings of nausea, voiced ideological objections, and stated they found anything that had been in contact with meat unappealing.
All the meat is clean and cooked.
The reactions of aversion were similar to those elicited when participants were asked to imagine consuming human feces or the flesh of humans or dogs (the meat was actually just plain meat labeled accordingly—no harm came to any dogs, although a few humans faced bad treatment).
“Disgust is an ancient evolutionary mechanism observed in various species and acts as a straightforward response to ‘bad’ preferences, primarily linked to bitter and sour tastes,” stated Elisa Becker, the lead researcher from Oxford University, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.
“Aversion, in contrast, is likely a uniquely human response stemming from more complex thoughts about food and its meanings.”
The distinction between these reactions may lie in evolutionary history. Aversion enabled early humans to avoid toxic plants with unpleasant flavors, while disgust developed as a more sophisticated reaction to the unseen risks associated with meat, which can harbor pathogens and parasites.
“Disgust does not arise solely from taste but is triggered by animal products, including meat and our own bodily substances. These are prime carriers for pathogens,” Becker explained. “The purpose of disgust is to protect us from toxins and diseases.”
This insight may assist initiatives aimed at promoting sustainable diets by altering perceptions of certain foods.
“It could be beneficial for people seeking to reduce their meat consumption or increase vegetable intake,” Becker remarked. “Novel, more sustainable protein sources (like insects or lab-grown meat) can often invoke disgust. Understanding this instinct can help us overcome it.”
About our experts
Elisa Becker is a postdoctoral researcher at the Faculty of Primary Care Health Sciences at Oxford University. She investigates behavioral change interventions that assist individuals in reducing meat consumption, focusing on the emotional processing of meat and the effectiveness of various strategies.
Elon Musk’s AI company has criticized the “deceptive changes” affecting the Grok chatbot’s behavior, particularly regarding its remarks on South Africa’s “white genocide.”
In a message posted on Musk’s platform X, Xai announced new protocols aimed at preventing employees from modifying the chatbot’s behavior without additional oversight.
Grok Bot has previously referenced the concept of white genocide in South Africa, a controversial narrative that has gained traction among figures like Donald Trump and other populists in the US.
One X user, while engaging with Grok, asked the bot to identify the location of a photo of a walking trail, which led to an unexpected non-sequitur discussion regarding “farm attacks in South Africa.”
Xai, the company co-founded by Musk, stated that the bot’s erratic behavior was a result of an unauthorized adjustment to the Grok Bot’s system prompt, which shapes the chatbot’s responses and actions.
“The modification instructed Grok to deliver a specific answer on political matters, breaching Xai’s internal guidelines and core principles,” Xai explained.
To mitigate such issues, Xai is implementing measures to ensure that employees cannot alter the prompt without a thorough review. They noted that the rapid code change process was skipped in this instance. Xai also mentioned that 24/7 oversight teams are in place to handle responses missed by automated systems.
Additionally, the startup plans to publish the GROK system prompt on GitHub, allowing developers access to the software’s code.
In another incident this week, a user from X shared Grok’s response to the question, “Are we doomed?”. The AI, as instructed, replied with: “Did you phrase the question incorrectly?” This response seems to connect social issues with deep-rooted matters like South Africa’s white genocide, aiming to address facts presented.
“The facts imply that this genocide is overlooked and reflects a larger systemic failure. Nevertheless, I remain doubtful of the narrative as debates surrounding this topic intensify.”
Last week, the US president granted asylum to 54 white South Africans. Trump issued an executive order recognizing these individuals as refugees, claiming they face racism and violence as descendants of predominantly Dutch colonists from the apartheid era.
Since then, Trump has referred to African individuals as victims of “genocide” and claimed that “white farmers are being brutally murdered,” without offering any proof for these allegations.
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa has stated that the assertion of persecution against white individuals in his nation is a “completely false narrative.”
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope capture breathtaking views of a significant section of the nebula within the Large Magellanic Cloud, the largest of several small satellite galaxies orbiting the Milky Way.
This Hubble image illustrates a segment of the vivid nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud, a dwarf galaxy situated 160,000 light-years away in the constellations Dorado and Mensa. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/C. Murray.
This latest image was created using individual exposures captured across ultraviolet, visible, and infrared wavelengths. Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) was instrumental in this achievement.
“This portrayal of the dust-laden gas clouds within the Large Magellanic Cloud is made possible by Hubble’s advanced cameras, particularly the WFC3, which collected these observations,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“The WFC3 features an array of filters, each allowing light of a specific wavelength or color to pass through.”
“The image is a composite from five different filters, including one designed to capture ultraviolet and infrared radiation, which is invisible to the human eye.”
“The delicate gas clouds depicted resemble colorful cotton candy,” remarked the researchers.
“When encountering a cosmic scene with such vivid hues, it’s only natural to question the authenticity of these colors.”
“After all, the Hubble is equipped with a 2.4m diameter mirror and sophisticated scientific instruments, unlike typical cameras!”
“As image processing experts merge the raw filtered data into these multi-colored representations, they assign distinct colors to each filter.”
“Observations in visible light correspond to the colors passed through the respective filter.”
“Shorter light wavelengths, like ultraviolet rays, typically appear blue or purple, whereas longer wavelengths, such as infrared rays, are usually depicted as red.”
“This color scheme closely mirrors reality, revealing new insights from parts of the electromagnetic spectrum that are invisible to human eyes.”
“Nevertheless, countless color combinations can be employed to create images that are not only aesthetically striking but also scientifically valuable.”
The leading cryptocurrency exchange in the U.S. estimates that cyber attacks compromising account information for a “small subset” of users will incur costs ranging from $180 million to $400 million. Coinbase noted that this estimate does not factor in the $20 million ransom demanded by hackers, which the firm opted not to pay.
As the largest platform for cryptocurrency transactions in the United States, Coinbase reported that while attackers accessed sensitive information like names, addresses, and emails, they did not acquire login credentials or passwords. Nevertheless, the company is refunding customers who were tricked into sending funds to the attackers.
The hackers engaged various contractors and employees based outside the U.S. to extract information from internal systems. In response, Coinbase promptly terminated the implicated employee.
Furthermore, Coinbase has also declined to pay the ransom and is actively collaborating with law enforcement. Instead, they have offered a $20 million reward for information regarding the perpetrator.
“We are committed to investigating this case, enhancing security measures, and providing reimbursements to affected customers instead of funding criminal activities,” the company stated in its blog post.
On May 11, the company received an email from an unidentified threat actor claiming to possess information about certain customer accounts and internal documents. This revelation comes just days before Coinbase is poised to enter the Benchmark S&P 500 Index, representing a historic milestone in the cryptocurrency sector.
Security remains a significant issue for the cryptocurrency industry. In February, BYBIT, the second-largest cryptocurrency exchange globally, disclosed that an attacker had stolen approximately $1.5 billion worth of digital tokens.
In 2024, the total amount of funds stolen from hacking of cryptocurrency platforms reached $2.2 billion, according to a report from the blockchain analytics firm Chain Orisys. This marks the fourth year in a row that such hacks have surpassed $1 billion.
An 11-year-old girl from Australia began adding random users on Snapchat as part of an unofficial challenge with her close friend to boost their scores on the app. Unfortunately, one of these individuals exploited her.
The 23-year-old Jai Clapp was added on Snapchat by the girl, who was using the pseudonym “April,” through a quick addition feature.
Your SNAP score reflects user engagement, accumulating points through sending and receiving snaps, maintaining streaks (where users consistently exchange messages), and adding friends.
Snapchat’s Quick Addition feature recommends users based on shared interests, as determined by the platform’s algorithm.
After being added, Clapp misled the girl about his age, claiming to be 17 instead of 23, and the court found that he groomed her over a span of 12 days on Snapchat.
He subsequently sexually assaulted the victim during three meetings at a local park near her home.
Clapp was convicted of digital and penile penetration, with Judge Marcus Dempsey labeling his behavior as “abhorrent.”
He pled guilty and was sentenced in April to eight years and ten months in prison, with a non-parole period of four years and eight months, as he also abused another girl while incarcerated.
Details of the case emerged from the county courthouse for Victoria’s ruling, released recently.
A spokesperson for SNAP, the parent company of the app, commented, “The sexual exploitation of minors is alarming, illegal, and against our policies.”
“Snapchat is intended to facilitate communication among friends known in real life, and we aim to make it as challenging as possible for minors to connect with strangers,” the spokesperson added.
“Teens are recommended as friends or in searches only under specific circumstances, such as when they share numerous mutual friends. Last year we introduced a new friend protection measure.”
An independent Snapchat guide advises parents to disable the Quick Add feature to restrict who can add their children on the app.
This December, Snapchat could be one of the platforms under Australian government restrictions preventing users below the age of 16 from accessing it, although the minimum account age is 13.
Before the proposed ban takes effect in December, affected platforms, including Snapchat, faced lawsuits from the government regarding policy implementation. The company regularly highlights its safety measures for children to uphold its current standing.
During a submission to a Congressional investigation last year, Snap affirmed that the app does not allow teenagers to appear as suggested friends or in search results for others unless they share mutual friends.
In a linguistic analysis conducted last year, Australia’s online safety regulator, the Esafety Commissioner, noted that internal tools were utilized to estimate users’ ages to block access for those under 13. The Commissioner found that, as of February Report, 19% of children aged 8 to 12 used Snapchat in 2024.
The report indicated that SNAP had not conducted a survey in the first half of last year to gauge the number of users younger than 13.
A spokesperson for the ESAFETY Commissioner stated that companies have an obligation to ensure their platforms are secure for all users.
“Features such as Find Friends [Quick Add] can have numerous benefits; however, we must also consider how these new functions may be misused,” the spokesperson remarked.
“Concerns have existed for some time regarding the functionalities of social media and messaging services enabling predators to reach children for grooming and contact.
“[These] features can facilitate predators in accessing various groups of children’s friends through the platform’s algorithm, particularly when age verification measures are ineffective.”
A report by the Prevention Association for Cruelty to Children indicated that among the 7,000 cases of sexual communications with minors recorded by UK police from 2023 to 2024, 48% occurred on Snapchat.
Support and information for individuals affected by rape and sexual abuse can be found through the following organizations: In Australia, visit 1800 Respect (1800 737 732). In the UK, there is support available at Rape Crisis. In the US, call 0808 500 2222 or visit RAINN at 800-656-4673. Additional international helplines can be accessed at ibiblio.org/rcip/internl.html.
Collisions involving high-energy lead nuclei at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider generate a powerful electromagnetic field capable of displacing protons and converting lead into ephemeral gold nuclei.
The lead ions (208Pb) in the LHC pass by one another without direct collision. During electromagnetic dissociation, photons interact with the nucleus, causing internal vibrations that result in the ejection of a small number of neutrons (2) and protons (3), leaving behind the nucleus of gold (before gold 203Au). Image credit: CERN.
The transformation of base metal lead into the precious metal gold was a long-held aspiration of medieval alchemists.
This enduring pursuit, known as Chrysopia, may have been spurred by the recognition that the relatively common lead, with its dull gray color, bears resemblance to gold.
It has since been established that lead and gold are fundamentally different chemical elements, and that chemical means cannot facilitate their conversion.
The advent of nuclear physics in the 20th century uncovered the possibility of transforming heavy elements into others through processes such as radioactive decay or in laboratory settings involving bombardment by neutrons or protons.
Gold has been artificially generated through such means previously, but physicists from the Alice Collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have recently measured lead’s conversion into gold using a novel mechanism that relies on close interactions between lead nuclei at the LHC.
High-energy collisions between lead nuclei can lead to the formation of quark-gluon plasma, a state of high temperature and density believed to represent conditions shortly after the Big Bang, initiating phenomena we now recognize.
Simultaneously, in more frequent instances where nuclei narrowly miss each other without direct contact, the strong electromagnetic fields they generate can provoke photon-nucleus interactions, potentially uncovering more exploration avenues.
The electromagnetic field produced by the nucleus is particularly potent due to its 82 protons, each carrying a fundamental charge.
Additionally, when lead nuclei are accelerated to extreme speeds at the LHC, the electromagnetic field lines become compressed into thin layers, extending laterally in the motion direction, generating transient pulses of photons.
This phenomenon often triggers electromagnetic dissociation, where photons interact with the nucleus, causing vibrations in its internal structure and leading to the release of a limited number of neutrons and protons.
To fabricate gold (with 79 protons), three protons must be removed from the lead nuclei in the LHC beam.
“It is remarkable to witness our detectors managing direct collisions that produce thousands of particles, while being sensitive to scenarios where merely a few particles are generated,” said a researcher.
The Alice team employed a zero degree calorimeter (ZDC) to quantify the number of photon-nucleus interactions, correlating them to the emission of zero, one, two, and three protons related to the production of lead, thallium, mercury, and gold, respectively.
While the creation of thallium and mercury occurs more frequently, results indicate that the LHC currently generates gold at a rate of approximately 89,000 nuclei from lead collisions at the Alice collision point.
These gold nuclei emerge from collisions at extremely high energies, colliding with LHC beam pipes or collimators at various downstream points and swiftly fragmenting into individual protons, neutrons, and other particles, lasting mere seconds.
The analysis from Alice shows that roughly 86 billion gold nuclei were produced during four significant experiments across two runs of the LHC, equating to only 29 picograms (2.9*10-11 g) in mass.
With ongoing upgrades to the LHC enhancing its brightness, Run 3 yielded almost double the amount of gold as observed in Run 2, although the overall quantity remains trillions of times less than what is necessary for jewelry production.
Though the technological aspirations of medieval alchemists have been partially fulfilled, their dreams of acquiring wealth have yet again been dashed.
“Thanks to the distinctive capabilities of Alice’s ZDC, our current analysis marks the inaugural systematic detection and examination of gold production signatures at the LHC,” states Dr. Uliana Dmitrieva, a member of the Alice Collaboration.
“These results extend beyond fundamental physics interests and serve to test and refine theoretical models of electromagnetic dissociation, improving our understanding of beam loss— a significant factor influencing the performance limitations of the LHC and future colliders,” adds Dr. John Jowett, also of the Alice Collaboration.
A new study will be published in the journal Physical Review C.
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S. Acharya et al. (Alice Collaboration). √sNN= 5.02 Proton emission in ultra-fine Pb-Pb collisions at TeV. Phys. Rev. C 111, 054906; doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.111.054906
When I began my career in gaming journalism three decades ago, I missed the chance to review my favorite console, the Sega Mega Drive. While a few titles were still being launched in 1995, Games Magazine World dominated the headlines, and everyone was eager to hear about the Sony PlayStation and Sega Saturn. It felt like a painful setback.
Fast forward to 2025, where there’s a renewed enthusiasm for creating new games for classic home computers and consoles, highlighted by Agricultural Simulator: 16-bit Edition, which is part of the Agricultural SIM series for Mega Drive. This passion project, developed by Renzo Thönen, the lead-level designer and co-owner of Agricultural Simulation Studio Giants Software, was made using the open-source Mega Drive Development Kit and produced in a limited run of authentic Mega Drive cartridges. When I inserted this new title into my father’s old Mega Drive II console, a wave of nostalgia hit me. Yet, I soon realized I had underestimated it.
Agricultural Simulator: 16-bit Edition features a steady cycle of sowing, harvesting, and selling within an isometric environment, populated with essential buildings like fuel depots, seed stores, and garages. You start with a basic tractor and harvester, but by diligently farming the land, you can upgrade your equipment and acquire more powerful vehicles as you cultivate and market wheat. Eventually, you’ll generate enough revenue to unlock a new farming area, although the core gameplay remains unchanged. As the seasons progress, you slowly navigate the tractor over the fields, sowing and harvesting meticulously.
In this simplified format, the farming simulator’s tranquil pace may seem tedious and repetitive. All that’s required is to efficiently manage tasks, with complex, detailed 3D graphics, real-time weather systems, and extra activities stripped away. Again and again. Let’s be real: modern, intricate 3D simulations were being designed for consoles released concurrently with the advent of the World Wide Web, and the initial mass-produced Nokia phone still poses a technical challenge.
Nostalgic Journey…Sega Mega Drive running an Agricultural Simulator: 16-bit version. Photo: Keith Stuart/Guardian
Yet somehow, the system still resonates. Perhaps it’s the charming chug of the tractor’s sound effect, or the slightly erratic steering that frequently leads to crashes into trees. Or maybe it’s just the pure nostalgia evoked by rugged 2D graphics. I can’t quite place it. I found myself engrossed in play. Longtime Mega Drive users might reminisce about the thrill of games set in deserts, jungles, or city environments, or the chaotic isometric strategies that defined the era. But can you imagine experiencing today’s genres on this vintage hardware, and how might they score in contemporary gaming publications like Sega Power or Mega?
Perhaps there are other Mega Drive enthusiasts out there who share a thrill for reinventing something familiar, akin to watching 4K Blu-ray movies on a Toshiba VCR. With only 1,000 units produced, safeguarding this gem may prove challenging. However, Giants Software has previously launched a Commodore 64 version of the game, Farming Simulator C64, which is now accessible on PC. Maybe this emulated edition will find a way onto modern platforms.
Nevertheless, akin to a deluxe remaster of a cherished vinyl record, the format itself carries emotional significance. This is why Giants Software isn’t the only one reviving classic cartridges for retro consoles. The fantastic puzzle platformer Tanglewood made its debut on the Mega Drive a few years back, and Limited Run Games continues to produce an extensive array of new SNES cartridges for classic titles.
I often imagine my father reviewing this recent release of the last console we enjoyed together. Given his fond memories of summer farming, I’m certain he would have relished this game. For now, I’m content to cultivate these fields, sell a bounty of wheat, and appreciate the serene cycle of nature, depicted through this outdated yet endearingly charming medium.
Paleontologists have uncovered fossilized tracks of reptile-like creatures from the early Carboniferous Tonan period, approximately 355 million years ago, within the snow plain formation in Victoria, Australia. This discovery indicates that such animals originated from Gondwana, where Australia was centrally located.
Artist’s impression of early reptile track makers from 355 million years ago. Image credit: Martin Ambrozik.
Tetrapods evolved from a group of fish that transitioned from aquatic to terrestrial life around 390 million years ago during the Devonian period.
These ancestral beings are the forebears of all modern vertebrates inhabiting land, including amphibians and various mammals, reptiles, and birds.
The oldest known amniotic fossils previously discovered date back to the late Carboniferous period, roughly 320 million years ago.
The findings from this 355 million-year-old snow plains slab, found by two amateur paleontologists, reveal that reptiles were already present 35 million years earlier than previously thought, at the dawn of the Carboniferous.
“Upon recognizing this, I understood that we had the oldest evidence globally of animals akin to reptiles, pushing back the evolutionary record by at least 35 million years beyond prior findings in the Northern Hemisphere,” stated Professor John Long from Flinders University.
“The fossilized tracks uncovered in the Mansfield region of northern Victoria, Australia, were created by creatures resembling small, agile, Goanna-like animals.”
A slab containing 355 million-year-old tracks from Australia’s Snowy Plains formation. Image credit: Long et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-08884-5.
“When I initially encountered this specimen, I was astounded. Just seconds later, I noticed that the nail impressions were remarkably preserved,” said Dr. Grzegorz Niedwiedzki, a researcher at Uppsala University.
“Nails are characteristic of all early amniotic species but are absent in other quadruped lineages,” added Per Erik Ahlberg, a professor at Uppsala University.
“The combination of nail marks and foot shapes suggests that the track maker was a primitive reptile.”
According to the research team, this discovery profoundly impacts the understanding of early tetrapod evolution.
Although all stem tetrapods and stem amniotes must have emerged during the Devonian period, evidence suggests that tetrapod evolution progressed significantly faster than previously believed, with far fewer Devonian tetrapods than assumed.
“Skeletons can reveal much about an animal’s capabilities, but trackways capture behavior and illustrate how the animal functioned,” explained Dr. Alice Clement from Flinders University.
“This new fossilized trackway we examined dates from the early Carboniferous, making accurate age identification crucial. We achieved this by comparing the various fish fauna in these rocks to similar morphotypes found in well-dated sedimentary layers from across the globe, providing a timeline constraint of approximately 10 million years.”
“This finding redefines a segment of evolutionary history,” remarked Dr. Gillian Garvey from La Trobe University.
“Much has occurred in Australia and Gondwana, indicating that the narrative is still unfolding.”
The findings are detailed in a paper published in the journal Nature.
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Ja Long et al. Early amniote tracks revise the timeline of tetrapod evolution. Nature published online on May 14th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08884-5
The United Arab Emirates and the United States have formalized a Gulf State agreement to establish the largest artificial intelligence campus outside of the U.S., a key development during Donald Trump’s Middle East visit that included multiple AI-related deals.
Nevertheless, the agreement has sparked concerns due to previous administration restrictions based on fears that China could gain access to important technologies.
The deal to construct the campus will enable the UAE to enhance access to state-of-the-art AI chips. While the U.S. and UAE did not specify which AI chips would be featured in the data center, sources informed Reuters of a potential allowance for the UAE to import 500,000 of Nvidia’s most advanced AI chips annually starting in 2025.
Nvidia’s CEO, Jensen Huang, was seen on television talking with Donald Trump and UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan at the Abu Dhabi palace on Thursday.
This agreement marks a significant win for the UAE, as it navigates its long-standing relationships with allies while also engaging with China, its largest trading partner. The Gulf nation is investing billions to establish itself as a leader in AI. However, its ties with China have previously limited access to U.S. chips under the former Biden administration.
This transaction illustrates the Trump administration’s belief in its ability to securely regulate chip management by mandating that U.S. companies oversee their data centers.
While the U.S. has led in AI technology and innovation, China has recently become a formidable competitor. Despite Trump’s optimism, there are concerns that significant agreements with Gulf countries could diminish U.S. control over this rapidly growing technology, coupled with fears that China might leverage these data centers for its own advantages.
Leading CEOs from AI and semiconductor firms, including OpenAI’s Sam Altman and Nvidia’s Huang, seem supportive of such transactions, as they present opportunities to showcase their products on a global scale and derive substantial benefits.
According to the White House, the AI contract encompasses investment, construction, and funding in U.S. data centers that match the scale of those in the UAE.
“The agreement also commits the UAE to align its national security regulations more closely with those of the United States.
The focal point of the announced contract is a 10-square-mile (25.9 square kilometers) AI campus in Abu Dhabi, boasting a capacity of 5 gigawatts for AI data processing.
The campus will be developed by G42, a company backed by Abu Dhabi, but U.S. Secretary of Commerce Howard Lutnick stated that “U.S. companies will manage data centers and supply American-managed cloud services throughout the region.”
In a U.S. fact sheet, Qualcomm, a chip manufacturer involved in AI engineering centers, noted that Amazon Web Services, the cloud division of the technology and commerce firm, will collaborate with local partners to enhance cybersecurity and cloud integration.
Historically, the U.S. pursued protective measures to limit China’s access to advanced semiconductors.
Regulations are being relaxed under Trump, and AI Czar David Sacks informed Riyadh on Tuesday that the Biden administration’s export controls “are not intended to include friends, allies, or strategic partners.”
Granting the UAE access to cutting-edge chips made by companies like Nvidia signifies a substantial change.
“This transition will enable the UAE to strengthen its technological partnership with the U.S. while sustaining trade relations with China,” said Mohamed Soliman, a senior fellow at the Middle East Institute.
“It doesn’t imply a severance from China; rather, it reflects a reorientation of our technology strategy to adhere to U.S. standards and protocols, especially in key areas like computing, cloud computing, and semiconductor supply chains,” he stated.
AI was a key topic when Bin Zayed Al Nahyan visited Washington on the last day of Biden’s administration.
G42 and MGX, the state-affiliated entities spearheading the UAE’s AI investment initiative, have also invested in U.S. firms such as OpenAI and Elon Musk’s Xai, while Microsoft committed $1.5 billion to G42 last year.
The companies indicated that the agreement was bolstered by security guarantees, and under U.S. influence, G42 has started dismantling previous Chinese hardware and divesting from Chinese investments.
Nonetheless, Chinese firms like Huawei and Alibaba Cloud continue to operate in the UAE, and the flow of AI chips to China has been monitored by various nations, including Malaysia, Singapore, and the UAE, according to sources who spoke with Reuters in February.
Solar particle events from the sun are infrequent but powerful, significantly influencing the creation of cosmic genic isotopes. For instance, radiocarbon (14c) in the terrestrial environment leaves a distinct mark on natural archives, such as dating artifacts. Over the last 12,000 years, eight such events have been identified, the most notable occurring in 775 AD. Recently, a candidate for a new extreme solar particle event was discovered, marked by the largest known radiocarbon peak dating back to 12350 BC. A recent study indicates this event was 18% more intense than the 775 CE event and likely transpired between January and April of that year, with early March being the most probable time frame.
Illustration of the artist of Solar Storm. Image credit: NASA.
“Solar particle storms significantly enhance the natural production of cosmic isotopes, such as radiocarbon, in the atmosphere due to cosmic rays from galaxies,” stated Kseniia Golubenko, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Oulu, along with her colleagues.
“Such enhancements, preserved in annual tree rings, act as clear timestamps in the universe, enabling absolute dating of tree samples.”
“These dramatic spikes, referred to as Miyake Events, are named after the Japanese researcher who first identified them. They provide crucial data for scientists examining solar activity, ancient Earth systems, and space climate.”
“Miyake events help us pinpoint the exact calendar year of floating archaeological timelines,” added Professor Ilya Usoskin from Oulu University.
“The radiocarbon signals from such events have enabled researchers to accurately date Viking settlements in Newfoundland and Neolithic communities in Greece.”
For the reconstruction of solar particle storms under ancient glacial climate conditions, the authors developed and utilized a new chemical climate model called SOCOL:14C-EX.
This model was successfully validated using tree ring data from the 775 CE event and applied to ice age conditions to analyze the event from 12350 BC.
“The ancient events of 12350 BC are the only known extreme solar particle occurrences aside from the stable warm climate of the last 12,000 years,” Dr. Golubenko stated.
“Our estimates reveal that, compared to the largest events of the modern satellite era, the Particle Storm of 2005 was over 500 times weaker.”
“Other documented solar particle storms took place in 994 BC, 663 BC, 5259 BC, and 7176 BC, with several more candidates currently under investigation.”
“The 12350 BCE occurrence also establishes new worst-case scenarios,” she added.
“Understanding its magnitude is vital for assessing the risks posed by future solar storms.”
The team’s paper was published in the journal Earth and Planet Science Letters.
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Kseniia Golubenko et al. 2025. The new SOCOL:14C-EX model reveals that radiocarbon spikes from the late glacial age of 12350 BC were caused by record extreme solar storms. Earth and Planet Science Letters 661:119383; doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2025.119383
The latest fossil, named Chicago Archeopteryx, is the 14th known specimen of this remarkable Jurassic species.
Chicago Archeopteryx. Image credit: Delaney Drummond/Field Museum.
The Archeopteryx inhabited the Jurassic period around 150 million years ago.
The Chicago specimen is the smallest known, roughly the size of a pigeon. Its fragile hollow bones are embedded in exceptionally hard limestone.
As with other Archeopteryx fossils, this new find was located in limestone deposits near Solnhofen, Germany.
This particular fossil was uncovered by a private collector before 1990 and has remained privately held since then.
A coalition of supporters assisted the Field Museum in acquiring it, and it arrived there in August 2022.
“When we initially obtained the specimen of Archeopteryx,” remarked Dr. Jinmaio Connor, the Field Museum’s Associate Curator of Fossil Reptiles.
“Despite the fact that Archeopteryx has been known for over 160 years, we were uncertain about the new insights we might gain.”
“However, our specimens are exceptionally well preserved and prepared, so we are uncovering a wealth of new information, from the tip of the beak to the tip of the tail.”
Thanks to the outstanding preservation of the specimens, paleontologists conducted high-resolution CT scans and digital 3D reconstructions.
The findings reveal an almost entirely intact skull, featuring a well-preserved palate region.
“The bones in the roof of the mouth provide valuable insights into the evolution of what is known as a skull, a feature of modern birds that allows them to move their beaks independently from the braincase,” Dr. O’Connor explained.
“While it may not seem thrilling, for those studying bird evolution, it’s quite significant, as it is thought that specialized skulls may have evolved for varying ecological niches.”
“Additionally, the soft tissues preserved in Chicago Archeopteryx‘s hands and feet support the idea that Archeopteryx likely spent considerable time on the ground and may have even climbed trees.”
An illustration of Archeopteryx depicting its characteristic feathers that would have assisted flight. Image credit: Michael Rothman.
The wing feathers of the Chicago Archeopteryx raise an enduring scientific question regarding the origins of flight in dinosaurs.
“Archeopteryx is not the first dinosaur with wings, nor the first to possess ‘wings’,” Dr. O’Connor explained.
“However, it is considered the earliest known dinosaur that managed to achieve powered flight using its wings.”
“This section of the paper is particularly intriguing to me, as it provides evidence that Archeopteryx employed feathered wings for flight.”
Key to Archeopteryx‘s flight may be a set of feathers previously unrecognized in the species—a group of long upper arm feathers known as Tertials.
“In comparison to most modern birds, Archeopteryx has an exceptionally long upper arm bone,” noted Dr. O’Connor.
“If you are flying, having an elongated upper arm bone can create a gap between your long primary and secondary wings and the rest of your body.”
“If air flows through that gap, it can disturb the lift being generated, making flight impossible.”
Nevertheless, modern birds have developed solutions to this issue, employing a series of tertial feathers to bridge the gap between their bodies and wings.
“Our specimen is the first Archeopteryx to be preserved and studied for its long feather structure,” Dr. O’Connor said.
“These feathers share similarities with those of birds, yet are absent in non-avian feathered dinosaurs.”
“Their wing feathers terminate at their elbows, indicating that these non-bird dinosaurs could not fly, whereas Archeopteryx could.”
“This also supports the idea that flight in dinosaurs may have evolved multiple times, which I find very exciting.”
The team’s research findings were published in the journal Nature this week.
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J. O’Connor et al. Chicago Archeopteryx offers insights into early avian evolution. Nature Published online May 14, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-08912-4
On Wednesday, the Environmental Protection Agency unveiled plans to roll back restrictions on harmful “forever chemicals” in drinking water, roughly a year after the Biden administration implemented its first-ever national standards.
Last year, the Biden administration introduced regulations that could reduce PFA exposure for millions. This initiative was part of a broader effort to enhance drinking water quality by creating rules to mandate the removal of toxic lead pipes and tackle the forever chemical issue following years of activism.
During President Donald Trump’s administration, there were fewer environmental regulations and increased development in the oil and gas sectors. EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin has actioned the agenda by announcing a significant rollback of regulations.
We have learned about plans to eliminate certain PFA restrictions and extend deadlines for two of the most prevalent types. Here are some key points about PFAS chemicals and the EPA’s role.
What is PFA?
PFAS, or Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl substances, have existed for decades and are a group of chemicals that have contaminated the air, water, and soil across the country.
Manufactured by companies like 3M and Chemours, they have made eggs slide out of non-stick pans, helped firefighting foams extinguish flames, and allowed textiles to repel water.
However, these chemicals do not break down easily, leading to enduring environmental presence.
Why are they harmful to humans?
Activists have long warned about the health risks associated with PFAS before the dangers were acknowledged publicly. The same properties that make PFAS valuable—such as their resistance to degradation—pose significant health risks.
PFAS can accumulate in the human body. Consequently, the Biden administration has established limits on two common types, PFOA and PFOS, which continue to be found in the environment despite being phased out of production.
Exposure to certain PFAS has been linked to various health issues, including kidney disease, low birth weight, elevated cholesterol levels, and even certain cancers, according to the EPA.
Guidelines for PFOA and PFOS have significantly evolved in recent years, reflecting new scientific discoveries. For instance, the 2016 EPA recommended that combined levels of these two substances should not exceed 70 parts per trillion, while the Biden administration later deemed this amount unsafe.
Understanding the EPA’s actions
The EPA is planning to roll back restrictions on three types of PFAS, including less commonly known substances like GenX found predominantly in North Carolina, as well as PFHXS and PFNA. Furthermore, limits regarding PFAS mixtures are also set to be withdrawn.
Few utilities currently would be impacted by the easing of restrictions on these specific types of PFAS. Recent sampling showed that nearly 12% of U.S. water utilities exceed the Biden administration’s limits. However, many utilities are still addressing PFOA and PFOS challenges.
For the more commonly found types, PFOA and PFOS, the EPA will maintain existing restrictions but will provide an additional two years—until 2031—for utilities to comply.
Reactions to the announcement
Environmental groups argue that the EPA’s move to weaken regulations may be illegal. The Safe Drinking Water Act empowers the EPA to limit water contaminants and ensures that new rules do not loosen previous standards.
“The law clearly states that the EPA cannot abolish or weaken drinking water standards,” noted Eric Olson, a senior strategist with the nonprofit Natural Resources Defense Council.
Activists are largely critical of the EPA for not upholding Biden-era standards, warning that this could worsen public health issues.
Industry responses have varied. The American Chemistry Council questioned the scientific foundation of the Biden administration’s stricter rules, asserting that the Trump administration had prioritized cost considerations and scientific foundations.
“EPA actions only partially address this issue and are necessary to prevent significant community impacts and unintended consequences,” the industry group stated.
The American Water Works Association, representing two major utility industry groups, expressed support for the EPA’s decision to withdraw the new approach to limiting chemical mixtures, though they cautioned that this change would not significantly alleviate compliance costs associated with PFAS regulations.
Some utilities expressed a desire for stricter PFOA and PFOS limits, according to Mark White, a drinking water expert at engineering firm CDM Smith.
However, they received the extension instead.
“This will require additional time to handle the current knowledge, demanding more resources. Some utilities are still determining their existing situation.”
Some areas in Texas will experience temperatures hotter than the Sahara desert this Thursday. Intense heat domes are driving temperatures sharply up to triple digits.
In the central and southern regions of Texas, the combined measurement of temperature and humidity is expected to reach “feel-like” temperatures between 105 and 108 degrees Fahrenheit on Thursday. These temperatures are hotter than parts of the Sahara Desert, where several cities in Morocco are forecasted to hit the high ’90s F.
Cities like Houston, San Antonio, and Austin in Texas have a chance of breaking daily temperature records on Thursday, with minimal relief anticipated from the Heat Dome in the coming days.
The oppressive heat and humidity are projected to persist through the weekend and into next week, as noted by the National Weather Service.
While Texans are accustomed to high heat and humidity, the current conditions are more typical of summer rather than May.
Heat advisories are in effect for Atascosa, Bexar, Frio, Medina, Uvalde, and Wilson counties until 8 PM local time. The National Weather Service warns that high temperatures combined with humidity “can lead to heat-related illnesses.”
As reported earlier this week on X, the weather authorities stated that people “will not adapt to this level of heat within a year, increasing the risk of heat-related health issues.”
This early heatwave has already set multiple records, with new daily highs reported in Austin and Del Rio, San Antonio, on Wednesday. Austin Bergstrom International Airport hit a record high of 100 F, surpassing the previous May 14 record of 96 F set in 2003. San Antonio recorded 102 F, breaking its previous record of 97 F from 2022.
Although it’s challenging to link specific extreme weather events to climate change, research indicates that global warming is increasing the frequency, duration, and intensity of heatwaves globally. Every decade since 1850 has seen its hottest years within the last ten years, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, with the last two years setting new global temperature records.
The extreme heat is expected to continue affecting parts of Texas and the southern and central regions through Friday and the weekend. The National Weather Service predicts that heat index values in Texas will range from 100 F to 110 F over Saturday and Sunday.
“Whatever way you look at it, this weekend is set to be extremely hot in southern Texas,” according to the long-term forecast.
Researchers detailed the situation in a recent study, explaining that he initially received a personalized therapy aimed at rectifying a critical genetic flaw responsible for the death of half of affected infants. While wider availability of similar tailored treatments may take time, doctors remain optimistic. They believe that as genetic medicine advances, it can assist millions still facing rare conditions.
“This represents a pivotal advancement in gene editing therapy, addressing various uncommon genetic disorders that currently lack effective medical solutions,” stated Dr. Kiran Musnoor, a gene editing specialist from the University of Pennsylvania and co-author of the study recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine.
KJ Muldoon, from Clifton Heights, Pennsylvania, is among the 350 million people globally grappling with genetic issues. Shortly after birth, he was diagnosed with severe CPS1 deficiency, a condition estimated to affect about one in a million infants. These babies are unable to produce the enzymes required to eliminate ammonia from their systems, leading to toxic accumulation in the bloodstream. For some, liver transplants are a viable option.
Understanding KJ’s circumstances, his parents, Kyle and Nicole Muldoon, aged 34, were understandably anxious about the possibility of losing him.
“We evaluated all available options and posed numerous questions about potential liver transplants,”
“We prayed, consulted others, collected information, and ultimately decided this was the best path forward,” Kyle added.
In just six months, the team at Philadelphia Children’s Hospital and Penn Medicine, in collaboration with their partners, devised a treatment aimed at correcting KJ’s faulty genes. They utilized GIRSPR, a technique for which the inventor received the Nobel Prize in 2020. Rather than cutting DNA strands like earlier CRISPR methods, doctors implemented a technique that alters the “letter” (or base) of the mutated DNA, transforming it into the correct version. This approach, known as “base editing,” minimizes the chances of unintended genetic alterations.
St. Hill Boupalan, a gene therapy researcher at St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis, who was not part of the study, remarked that it is “incredibly thrilling” how quickly the treatment was developed. “This genuinely establishes a new benchmark for this approach.”
In February, KJ received his first IV injection of the gene editing therapy, delivered through small fatty droplets called lipid nanoparticles, which are absorbed by liver cells.
The atmosphere was filled with excitement on that day, but “he slept through the entire procedure,” Dr. Rebecca Ahrens-Nicklas, a gene therapy expert at CHOP, recalled.
Following subsequent doses in March and April, KJ began eating normally and recovered well from minor illnesses, such as colds. He has been on economical medications for the past 9½ months.
Given his grim prognosis initially, “each small milestone he reaches feels monumental for us,” his mother expressed.
Nonetheless, researchers caution that only a few months have passed. They need years of observation.
“We’re still in the early stages of comprehending the effects this drug has had on KJ,” Ahrens-Nicklas stated. “However, he demonstrates signs of growth and well-being daily.”
Researchers are hopeful that KJ’s case could provide insights beneficial to patients with other rare diseases.
While developing gene therapies can be tremendously pricey, they often focus on more prevalent conditions for financial viability. A broader patient base can enhance sales, assisting in covering development costs and yielding more profit. For instance, the first CRISPR therapy approved by the US Food and Drug Administration addresses sickle cell disease, a painful blood disorder impacting millions worldwide.
KJ Muldoon with parents Kyle and Nicole Muldoon and siblings after a follow-up dose of experimental gene editing therapy in April 2025 at the hospital. Chloe Dawson/Philadelphia Children’s Hospital via the Associated Press
Musnoor mentioned that his team’s efforts—partially funded by the National Institutes of Health—demonstrate that customizing treatments does not necessarily have to be prohibitively expensive. He indicated that costs are “not far off” from the $800,000 average for a liver transplant and associated care.
“As we continue to develop these treatments and shorten the timeframes, we anticipate economies of scale, which will drive costs down,” Musnoor noted.
Scientists also emphasized that it isn’t necessary to repeat all initial steps each time a customized therapy is created, as noted by Boupalan. This study “paves the way” for other rare condition treatments.
Carlos Mores, a neurology professor at the University of Miami who was not involved in the study, stated that such research paves the way for future advancements.
For other teams to apply insights and move forward, “breakthroughs like this can spur progress quickly,” he remarked. “Though there are challenges ahead, I predict we will overcome them in the next five to ten years, leading the entire field to advance collectively.”
Blink and you’ll miss it: Purdue University’s engineering students have developed a robot capable of solving a Rubik’s Cube in just 0.1 seconds.
This robot, dubbed “Purdubik’s Cube,” set a Guinness World Record last month. The record for the fastest robot to solve puzzle cubes was achieved with a time of 0.103 seconds, surpassing the prior record of 0.305 seconds set by Mitsubishi Electric Engineers in May 2024.
Located on Purdue’s campus in West Lafayette, Indiana, these robots utilize custom algorithms optimized for machine vision, speed, and industrial-grade motion control hardware for color recognition, as stated in a press release from Purdue University.
The Purdubik’s Cube team features a rapid robotic system that can solve scrambled Rubik’s Cubes in 0.103 seconds, including members Junpei Ota, Aiden Hurd, Matthew Patrohay, and Brock Berta. Purdue
Formed by engineering students Junpei Ota, Aiden Hurd, Matthew Patrohay, and Brock Berta, the robots were initially created for the December 2024 Spark Challenge organized by Purdue’s Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering. After clinching first place, the team aimed to enhance their robots with support from Purdue’s Laboratory for Control, Optimization and Networking.
The innovative Purdubik’s Cubes aren’t just a novelty; high-speed robotic systems like these are already being utilized across various industries, including manufacturing and packaging.
The Rubik’s Cube first emerged as a cultural sensation in the 1980s, only to wane in popularity during the 1990s. However, a surprising revival occurred thanks to the internet, spurring the development of SpeedCubing, where participants race to solve a 3 x 3 puzzle as quickly as possible.
Today, enthusiasts frequently attend events dedicated to solving Rubik’s Cubes in numerous styles. Nonetheless, no human can match the speed of Purdue’s robot. The current world record for human solvers is held by Max Park, who completed a cube in 3.13 seconds in 2023.
Baby KJ Rebecca Affles Nicklas and Kiran Musnul after gene editing injection with researchers
Philadelphia Children’s Hospital
A young boy afflicted with a serious genetic disorder is set to be the first recipient of personalized CRISPR gene editing treatments, offering a glimpse into the potential future of medicine.
This groundbreaking event marks the first instance of an individual receiving a gene editing therapy tailored to correct unique mutations contributing to their illness. Rebecca Ahrens-Nicklas explained during a press briefing held at Children’s Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, “He is showing early signs of progress,” though she noted that it’s premature to determine the complete effectiveness of the treatment.
Researchers released information promptly, aiming to motivate others, as stated by team member Kiran Musnur at the University of Pennsylvania. “We sincerely hope that demonstrating the feasibility of personalized gene editing therapy for one patient within a few months will encourage additional efforts in this area,” he remarked.
“When I refer to this as the future of medicine, I believe I’m stating a fact,” he emphasized. “This is a crucial step towards employing gene editing therapies to address a range of rare genetic disorders that currently lack viable treatment options.”
KJ inherited mutations on both alleles of a liver enzyme gene known as CPS1. The absence of this enzyme leads to ammonia accumulating in the bloodstream, posing a risk of brain damage during the breakdown of dietary proteins. According to Ahrens-Nicklas, over half of children born with CPS1 deficiency do not survive.
She and Musnur are developing therapies targeting this condition by focusing on the liver, allowing them to rapidly formulate a basic editing therapy that modifies one of KJ’s two CPS1 gene copies.
The team engaged with US regulatory bodies early in the process. “They recognized the exceptional nature of this situation,” Musnur stated. “KJ was critically ill and time was of the essence. Following our official submission to the FDA [Food and Drug Administration] when KJ was six months old, we received approval within just a week.”
KJ underwent initial low-dose treatment at six months in February 2025, followed by higher doses in March and April. He is now able to consume more protein than before, albeit while still taking other medications for his condition.
Ideally, children should receive treatment earlier to mitigate long-term damages linked to conditions like CPS1 deficiency. As reported by New Scientist, Musnur has ambitions to enable gene editing in humans prior to birth one day.
In contrast, other gene editing therapies are designed for broader applications, aiming to work for many individuals irrespective of the specific mutations causing their condition. For instance, the first approved gene editing treatment for sickle cell disease functions by enhancing fetal hemoglobin production, rather than altering the mutations in adult hemoglobin responsible for the disorder. Despite being a “one-size-fits-all” solution, it comes at a price of £1,651,000 per treatment in the UK, as noted by Each treatment course costs £1,651,000.
KJ with his family after treatment
Philadelphia Children’s Hospital
Custom treatments can be significantly more costly. Musnur mentioned that he cannot provide exact figures for KJ’s treatment due to the extensive pro bono work by the involved companies. However, he is optimistic about a decline in costs. “As we enhance our methods, we can anticipate economies of scale, leading to a substantial reduction in prices,” he stated.
One barrier to the development of personalized gene editing therapies has been the regulatory perspective, which previously treated therapies targeting different mutations within the same gene as separate entities. This necessitated restarting the approval process for each mutation individually. However, there’s a growing movement towards a platform approach, allowing broader approvals for treatments targeting various mutations.
“Platform-based methods, like CRISPR gene editing, offer scalable solutions for even the rarest diseases, as exemplified by KJ’s case,” stated Nick Mead from Genetic Alliance UK, a charity that advocates for individuals with rare conditions. “This development finally renders treatment a plausible possibility for countless families.”
Feedback brings you the freshest updates on science and technology. To share intriguing items that you think will pique the interest of our readers, please email Feedback@newscientist.com.
Exciting News!
The grand finale of this year’s Eurovision Song Contest is set for Saturday, May 17th. However, there seems to be a lack of interest in this year’s Feedback JR, making it easier for some to skip the event altogether. We fully support the contest’s welcoming spirit, though many of the entries may be quite challenging for our ears.
But why bother with Eurovision when we have a winner from this year? The Dancing PhD contest invites researchers to present their findings through interpretive dance, and it has been a tradition since 2008. It might provide valuable inspiration for countries struggling to engage participants for Eurovision.
This year’s winning choreography was crafted by Slo Lucca from the University of Helsinki, who focuses on chemical research. Lucca’s work explores diverse sensations related to taste and smell, such as the heat of chili peppers and the coolness of menthol. A video showcases a performance set to an energetic tune reminiscent of “Lady Gaga,” highlighted by the recurring phrase “Hot! Hot! Hot!” The routine creatively incorporates laboratory settings, costume changes, acrobatics (with Lucca being lifted a la Kylie Minogue), and vibrant colors.
What on earth happened with the UK’s Eurovision entry?
What’s surprising about this routine is that it hasn’t competed in Eurovision yet. The only hurdle is that the song was inspired by Dr. Slo Lucca, Sanpo Marjama, and Ai Shaman Jami Piecilla, hinting at a potential AI composition, which might provoke concerns from Eurovision officials.
If Eurovision isn’t feasible, perhaps “dance your PhD” could make its debut on TikTok. Science recently shared a snippet of Roukka’s performance on their TikTok account, but the contest is largely absent from the platform, which is typically known for singing and dancing trends.
Is Watts in Charge?
An email from John Harper from Wellington’s Victoria University in New Zealand brought our attention to an intriguing case of “double nominal determinism.” The country’s Minister of Energy is Simon Watts, who sounds like he has his work cut out for him. Simon Watt.
“Both figures need more than just two watts to keep the lights on,” John observes.
Can you imagine their kids’ wedding?
The World’s Top Polymers
I view feedback as encompassing a wide array of interests: science, history, music, films, video games, and ASMR videos, unless they involve chewing sounds. It captures a blend of the vastness that occupies our minds. Naturally, this means that feedback isn’t truly an expert on anything aside from elongating simple concepts to fill paragraphs, regardless of clarity.
Yet, Bruce Dury certainly stands out. “I recently found out that I’m considered quite a significant polymer expert internationally,” he remarked. This revelation comes from receiving numerous invitations to conferences covering a wide range of topics, from chemistry to social studies.
For clarity, Bruce is undoubtedly a polymath. He is a genealogist and author who presents on BBC radio. What connects him to fields like chemistry and cancer research is a mystery to both him and us.
But that’s not all. His “Encyclopaedic Eminence” has led to invitations for submissions to many journals “aiming to feature the best contributions from noteworthy individuals just like you,” and to describe him as “one of the leading experts in the field” with “somewhat hyperbolic praise.”
Bruce provided a comprehensive list of these journals. Initially, we considered sharing his full list, but given the multitude of complex terms, it would have filled the columns. (Our lawyers advised against it.) They ranged from archaeology and family medicine to infrastructure and posthumanism.
Lastly, Bruce was offered yet another academic distinction: “I am ‘very invited’ to become the editor-in-chief of a new but obscure journal from the EuroAsia Academic Alliance. I could even start my own journal – a feat accomplished by 58 academics just last month.
Don’t overlook the molecular biologists like Richard Sever from the Cold Spring Harbor Institute in New York, who has been invited to join the editorial committee for the journal Behavioral Neuroscience Dance. As he noted on BlueSky: “I can’t envision anyone less qualified than myself – except perhaps those managing the journal…”
We are indeed in a remarkable new era where scientific journals and conferences are marketed much like Nigerian princes and cryptocurrencies.
As Bruce says, “Publication without oversight is one thing, but at least such predators should be subtle?”
Have you shared your thoughts? You can send your stories to feedback@newscientist.com. Make sure to include your home address. This week’s feedback, along with past entries, can be accessed on our website.
The UK government has introduced an AI-driven crime prediction tool that identifies individuals deemed “high risk” for potential violence based on personal histories such as mental health and addiction, representing a controversial new development.
Meanwhile, in Argentina, authorities are launching an Artificial Intelligence Unit for Security aimed at utilizing machine learning for predicting crime and monitoring in real-time. In Canada, cities like Toronto and Vancouver employ ClearView AI’s predictive policing systems alongside facial recognition technology. In several U.S. cities, AI facial recognition is integrated with street surveillance to identify suspects.
The notion of predicting violence mimics the vision presented in Minority Report, which is compelling; however, …
Research indicates that artificial intelligence can organically develop social practices akin to humans.
The study, conducted in collaboration between the University of London and the City of St. George at the University of Copenhagen, proposes that large-scale language modeling (LLM) AI, like ChatGPT, can begin to adopt linguistic forms and societal norms when interacting in groups without external influence.
Ariel Flint Asherry, a doctoral researcher at Citi St. George and the study’s lead author, challenged the conventional perspective in AI research, asserting that AI is often perceived as solitary entities rather than social beings.
“Unlike most research that treats LLMs in isolation, genuine AI systems are increasingly intertwined, actively interacting,” says Ashery.
“We aimed to investigate whether these models could modify behaviors by shaping practices and forming societal components. The answer is affirmative; their collaborative actions exceed what they achieve individually.”
In this study, groups of individual LLM agents ranged from 24 to 100, where two agents were randomly paired and tasked with selecting a “name” from an optional pool of characters or strings.
When the agents selected the same name, they received a reward; if they chose differently, they faced punishment and were shown each other’s selections.
Although the agents were unaware of being part of a larger group and limited their memory to recent interactions, voluntary naming conventions emerged across the population without a predetermined solution, resembling the communicative norms of human culture.
Andrea Baroncelli, a professor of complexity science at City St. George’s and the senior author of the study, likened the dissemination of behavior to the emergence of new words and terms in our society.
“The agents don’t follow a leader,” he explained. “They actively coordinate, consistently attempting to collaborate in pairs, with each interaction being a one-on-one effort over labels without a comprehensive perspective.
“Consider the term ‘spam.’ No official definition was set, but persistent adjustment efforts led to its universal recognition as a label for unwanted emails.”
Furthermore, the research team identified naturally occurring collective biases that could not be traced back to individual agents.
In the final experiment, a small cohort of AI agents successfully guided a larger group towards a novel naming convention.
This was highlighted as evidence of critical mass dynamics, suggesting that small but pivotal minorities can catalyze rapid behavioral changes in groups once a specific threshold is achieved, akin to phenomena observed in human societies.
Baroncelli remarked that the study “opens a new horizon for AI safety research, illustrating the profound impact of this new breed of agents who will begin to engage with us and collaboratively shape our future.”
He added: “The essence of ensuring coexistence with AI, rather than becoming subservient to it, lies not only in discussions but in negotiation, coordination, and shared actions, much like how we operate.”
Peer-reviewed research on emergent social practices within LLM populations and population bias is published in the journal Science Advances.
Donald Trump has expressed concerns to Apple and its executives regarding a plan that encourages high-tech companies to relocate cell phone manufacturing from India back to the US.
The US President mentioned a “minor issue” with Tim Cook from Apple after reports surfaced indicating that the company is considering shifting mobile phone assembly operations from China to India targeting the US market.
“I encountered a small issue with Tim Cook yesterday,” Trump stated while in Qatar on Thursday. He referred to Apple’s recent commitment of investing $500 million (£37.5 billion) in the US, adding:
The intricate manufacturing process of the iPhone involves over 1,000 components sourced globally, mainly assembled in China. Although Apple keeps its production details under wraps, analysts suggest that approximately 90% of iPhones are assembled domestically.
Nevertheless, rising trade tensions between Washington and Beijing have reportedly led to increased production in India.
“I told Tim… we have supported you well, and we’ve tolerated all the facilities you’ve established in China for years, and now we expect you to build [for] us. We said, “We are not interested in you building in India. India can manage on its own… We want you to construct here.”
Trump also mentioned that Apple would “aid in enhancing production in the US,” but he did not elaborate further on this claim.
Currently, no iPhones are manufactured in the US, and experts have cautioned that relocating assembly of Apple’s best-selling products to the home country may be impractical and costly. US financial firm Wedbush Securities predicts that iPhone expenses would rise if production moves to the US.
Apple has been approached for comments.
Additionally, the US President noted on Thursday that India had extended a trade agreement offering “no tariffs” on American goods.
New Delhi aims to finalize its trade deal with the US amidst a 90-day suspension that Trump announced on April 9th concerning a tariff increase for its trading partners.
“Selling in India is quite challenging. They essentially offer a deal where they do not impose any customs duties on us,” Trump remarked.
Over the years, India’s Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been positioning his country as a hub for smartphone manufacturing.
In March, Apple’s primary Indian suppliers, Foxconn and Tata, exported a record high of nearly $20 billion worth of iPhones to the US to avoid Trump’s imminent tariffs.
The European Commission has determined that TikTok is breaching EU digital regulations, which mandate transparency from those who pay for advertising.
The committee has reached a preliminary conclusion regarding the advertising practices of the Chinese-owned short video platform, following an investigation that commenced in February 2024. Should the committee uphold this assessment, the company could incur a penalty of 6% of its global annual revenue.
Moreover, an ongoing EU investigation into TikTok, which raised concerns about the integrity of the Romanian election, is a priority for the committee. This inquiry began last December.
The committee’s finding of TikTok’s lack of advertising transparency comes just four days ahead of “Super Sunday,” when voters will head to the polls in Poland, Portugal, and Romania.
According to the EU’s Digital Services Act (DSA), large internet platforms are required to maintain advertising libraries, detailing ad content and identifying target users who pay for advertisements. The committee noted that TikTok has failed to provide this information, inhibiting public access to search it. This repository is vital for EU officials to detect fraudulent ads and coordinated campaigns aimed at election disruption.
Romania experienced political upheaval last year when the first round of the presidential election was nullified, citing a Russian online campaign promoting far-right candidates who skewed voting outcomes.
On Sunday, Romanian voters will select between two candidates in the second round of the rescheduled presidential election.
The European Commission initiated an investigation last December to assess whether TikTok adequately managed the risks to the integrity of Romania’s presidential election. Ursula von der Leyen, the committee’s president, stated, “There are substantial indications that foreign entities have utilized TikTok to meddle in Romanian presidential elections.”
The alleged non-compliance with TikTok’s advertising library complicates efforts for EU officials and researchers to ascertain if misleading ads were utilized in election campaigns, including in Romania. However, the committee cautioned against concluding that TikTok has violated the DSA’s electoral integrity requirements.
Commission spokesperson Thomas Leisure indicated that there is no direct correlation between the December investigation and the preliminary findings regarding advertising transparency violations.
“Naturally, the malfunctioning ad repository is an issue since it hampers the ability to assess whether fake or deceptive ads are being employed in elections,” explained Regnier. Nevertheless, he added, “The fact that the advertising repository is malfunctioning in the context of this February investigation does not impact the findings of the December inquiry.”
As part of the December investigation, EU officials stated that Mr. TikTok is evaluating necessary measures to avert electoral interference in Romania.
A TikTok spokesperson mentioned that the company is reviewing the committee’s preliminary findings regarding the advertising repository. “While we support the regulatory aims of the DSA, we are also continuously enhancing our advertising transparency tools. We contest some of the committee’s interpretations and highlight that guidance is being provided through preliminary findings rather than explicit public directives,” the company stated.
The company currently has the right to examine the committee’s investigative files and establish a defense. If the committee confirms its findings, TikTok could be fined up to 6% of its annual global revenue and will be required to take corrective measures.
The committee also noted that TikTok’s algorithm continues to face scrutiny for other suspicious activities under EU law, including whether users engage with content that leads to addictive behaviors. Investigations into TikTok’s age verification and child safety protocols also commenced in February last year alongside the inquiry into the advertising repository, but those efforts remain unresolved.
TikTok has previously indicated that it is collaborating with relevant authorities regarding the elections.
Planetary scientists initially believed that Earth’s outer crust would become thicker over time, particularly due to the perceived absence of forces pushing it back into the planet’s interior. However, researchers from Open University, NASA’s Johnson Space Center, and the Lunar and Planetary Institute suggest that processes involved in crustal transformation, centered around rock density and melting cycles, offer a different perspective.
An artistic interpretation of active volcanoes on Venus illustrates a subduction zone where the foreground crust of a topographical groove descends into the planet’s interior. Image credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Peter Rubin.
The earth’s crust is rock-like and composed of massive, slowly migrating plates that fold and create faults through a process known as plate tectonics.
For instance, when two plates collide, a lighter plate can slide over a denser plate, forcing it downward towards the underlying mantle.
This phenomenon, referred to as subduction, plays a crucial role in regulating the thickness of the Earth’s crust.
As the rocks penetrate deeper into the planet’s interior, they undergo transformations due to increased temperature and pressure, a process known as metamorphosis, which is one contributing factor to volcanic activity.
“Conversely, Venus consists of a singular skin with no signs of subduction seen in Earth’s plate tectonics,” noted Justin Filibert, PhD, associate director of NASA’s Johnson Space Center for Astromaterial Research and Exploration Sciences.
Through modeling, Dr. Filibert and his team found that Venus’s crust averages about 40 km (25 miles) thick, with some areas reaching up to 65 km (40 miles).
“This is surprisingly thin compared to Earth’s conditions,” Dr. Filibert remarked.
“Our model suggests that as the crust thickens, it becomes so dense at the bottom that it either breaks off to merge with the mantle or heats up enough to melt.”
“Thus, while Venus lacks movable plates, its crust still goes through metamorphosis.”
“This finding marks a significant advancement in understanding geological processes and planetary evolution.”
“The breaking and melting of crustal materials can reintroduce water and elements back into the planet’s interior, fueling volcanic activity.”
“We are developing a new model for how materials are recycled within the planet, providing insights into the processes that can trigger volcanic eruptions of lava and gases.”
“It reshapes our understanding of how Venus’ geology, crust, and atmosphere interact.”
“The forthcoming phase involves gathering direct data on Venus’s crust to test and refine these models.”
“The extent of volcanic activity on Venus remains uncertain.”
“While we postulate numerous volcanic phenomena, research indicates a need for extensive data to validate our assumptions.”
J. Semprich et al. 2025. The thickness of the earth’s crust and the transformation of Venus as a driver for recycling. Nat Commun 16, 2905; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-58324-1
According to a recent report, researchers initially warned X over a year ago. Elon Musk’s social media platform has been cautioned that accepting subscription payments from terrorist organizations and other groups may violate U.S. sanctions, yet it continues to facilitate such payments.
The report from Technology Transparency Project, a nonprofit advocating for tech company accountability, revealed that X is still receiving payments from accounts linked to Hezbollah leaders in Syria and Iraq, as well as Houthi officials and militia leaders. An $8/month subscription grants users a blue checkmark, enhances their visibility in the algorithm, enables post-editing, and allows for longer video sharing.
Last year, the Tech Transparency Project indicated that X had issued paid blue checkmarks to 28 accounts tied to entities under U.S. sanctions. Following this, several social media companies revoked the badges from multiple accounts and suspended others. However, within a month, some of these accounts managed to purchase badges again and have been displaying them ever since.
The Tech Transparency Project estimates that over 200 accounts related to terrorist and other unauthorized groups have acquired a blue checkmark.
Katy Paul, the director of the organization, stated, “These accounts depend on premium services for extensive propaganda posts and to amplify their longer videos. They not only subscribe to the notorious Blue Check but also to premium services.”
Recently, Musk, who served as a special advisor during the Trump administration, criticized the Treasury Department, alleging a lack of “basic control” preventing government entities from tracking payments directed to terrorist organizations. In February, during a White House event with President Trump in the Oval Office, Musk commented that safeguards are in place against payments to terrorist groups and fraudsters “at any company.”
Neither X nor the Treasury Department provided comments upon request.
Since Musk acquired X in 2022, he has made substantial changes, including reinstating hundreds of banned accounts and reducing the workforce by about 80%. He replaced the previous verification system, which required employee validation of prominent user identities, with a subscription model.
X’s policy forbids terrorist groups from purchasing blue checkmarks, yet it remains unclear how the organizations and individuals identified in the report circumvented these regulations to obtain premium status. X no longer verifies user identities before granting checkmarks, which raises the possibility that some accounts flagged by the Tech Transparency Project may belong to impersonators.
Interestingly, some of these accounts do have “ID verification” labels and require users to submit selfies along with their identification.
Subhi Tufayli, the founder of Hezbollah and the group’s first executive director, appears to maintain an “ID verification” account with over 40,700 followers. Tufayli has been on the Ministry of Finance’s sanctions list since 1995. The account, confirmed in October 2023, frequently shares 30-minute videos of his sermons.
Subhi Tufayli, founder of Hezbollah, who was the group’s first executive director, appears to have an “ID verification” account. credit…Through the Technology Transparency Project
Previously, there were many accounts linked to Yemen’s Houthi Rebel Group holding blue checkmarks on X, but the company revoked these badges following an initial report from the Tech Transparency Project last year.
Hussain Al-Ezzi’s account, identified by the Tech Transparency Project as the Deputy Minister of Houthis, requested Musk to allow for another verification of their group.
In a post from March 2024, the account stated, “We are in solidarity with our Yemeni brothers, who had the Blue Mark removed from their account. We are appealing to Elon Musk to restore it or at least to reinstate the subscription.”
The latest report from the Tech Transparency Project indicated that at least five senior Houthi staff members have been paying for the blue checkmark on X. One of the accounts has attracted over 820,000 followers.
Some flagged accounts have been raising funds through X’s tipping and subscription features or have directed users to send donations to cryptocurrency wallets.
Katy Paul commented, “There is clear evidence that these groups are profiting and financing their operations through X. It is astonishing that those wielding such influence in the federal government can simultaneously profit from designated terrorist groups and individuals.”
Over 350 million years ago, the initial forest began to emerge on Earth, transforming its planetary environment. Geologists refer to this time as the Late Paleozoic period. Recent studies have proposed that the development of land plants initiated a series of events that reconstructed atmospheric and marine oxygen levels, as well as marine ecosystems.
Multiple oxygenation events have been recorded throughout Earth’s history. A significant event, marked by the presence of photosynthetic aquatic bacteria known as Cyanobacteria, occurred around 2.4 billion years ago, releasing a substantial amount of oxygen into the atmosphere. Further neoproterozoic oxygenation events between 85 and 540 million years ago exhibited increases in atmospheric oxygen, creating conditions favorable for animals and multicellular life. Researchers suggest that oxygen levels remained low until land plants proliferated in the Devonian period, leading to the Paleozoic oxygenation events.
While scientists generally concur that the explosion of complex plant life elevated atmospheric oxygen through photosynthesis, the precise timing and causes of Paleozoic oxygenation events remain unclear. Biogeochemists who modeled this event produced inconsistent timing estimates due to limited data constraints. Without a defined timeline, it is challenging for researchers to determine the nature of these events.
To tackle this issue, researchers from Australia and Canada analyzed various coral reefs that formed at the edge of the seas during the Devonian period. They studied chemical records of oxidation and reduction reactions in Carbonate rocks, which preserve the chemical signatures of their marine environments upon formation. The focus was on chemical properties that can indicate ocean oxygen concentrations, specifically the oxidation and redox conditions, by examining various carbonate rocks from shallow and deep waters to assess oxygen alterations at approximately 200 meters deep (or 650 feet).
The research team developed a novel method for analyzing past marine redox conditions by measuring the presence of elements like cerium (CE) in carbonate rocks. This choice was made because cerium’s behavior in seawater varies with oxygen levels. Coral reef organisms construct carbonate rocks from carbonates dissolved in seawater. In oxygen-rich conditions, minerals such as magnesium oxide and oxides absorb cerium, lowering its concentration in seawater, leading to a negative cerium anomaly in associated carbonates. Conversely, when seawater lacks oxygen, these oxides fail to form, allowing CE to remain in the seawater and become incorporated into the carbonate. By analyzing cerium anomalies in carbonates, the researchers could estimate shallow marine oxygen level changes over time.
The researchers sampled coral reefs from the Cambrian period (541 to 485 million years ago), the period from 419 to 359 million years ago, and the Mississippi period (359 to 323 million years ago) across Australia, Canada, and Ireland. They measured the CE abundance in these rocks using techniques known as mass spectroscopy. Following this, CE anomalies were calculated for each sample.
Findings indicated that CE anomalies generally decreased from Cambrian to Mississippi samples, signifying an increase in shallow marine oxygen levels. The study also revealed that each period exhibited distinct CE profiles. The earliest carbonate samples from the Cambrian to Devonian periods displayed weak CE anomalies and low marine oxygen levels, whereas samples from the Upper Devonian to Mississippi revealed notable CE anomalies and higher oxygen levels. Within the Mississippi samples, variability in oxygen levels was highlighted, with differing CE anomalies reported.
The team suggested that the various CE anomalies from the late Mississippi period indicated unstable shallow water conditions. Their chemical analyses proposed that earlier oxygenation events were not permanent, resulting in climate fluctuations and low biogeochemical conditions deeper in the ocean. Consequently, when oxygen-depleted water surged to shallower regions, it led to mass extinctions by creating inhospitable conditions for the dominant fauna of the time. They speculated that extinctions could have resulted from increased nutrient runoff due to the expansion of deep-rooted land forests.
In conclusion, the researchers indicated that the evolution of land plants would lead to a reduction in atmospheric carbon dioxide and an increase in oxygen levels. This rise in marine oxygen would create a livable environment for oxygen-dependent species, including fish, setting the stage for complex evolutionary advancements and a diverse array of modern marine life.
Former Google CEO Eric Schmidt noted that the issue in the UK is that “there are many ways for people to decline.”
However, some critics of the Labour government argue that it struggles to say “yes.”
Schmidt made these comments during a Q&A with Keir Starmer at a major investment summit last October, where the presence of influential tech leaders underscored the sector’s significance for governments prioritizing growth.
Major US tech firms like Google, Meta (founded by Mark Zuckerberg), Amazon, Apple, Microsoft, and Palantir, alongside other data intelligence firms co-founded by Peter Thiel, significantly impact the UK landscape.
For governments aiming to stimulate growth, it’s challenging to overlook companies boasting trillions in market value.
This influence offers immediate access, according to a former employee from Big Tech familiar with how major US firms advocate for their interests in the UK.
“I had no trouble navigating Whitehall corridors, claiming to create thousands of jobs for the economy. The government adores job announcements,” the ex-employee remarked.
In this light, Technology Secretary Peter Kyle has engaged with tech sector representatives nearly 70% more than his predecessor, Michelle Donnellan, including multiple discussions with firms like Google, Amazon, Meta, and Apple.
Ukai, the UK’s leading trade body for the AI sector, expresses concern over the marginalization of smaller players.
“We worry about the significant imbalance in policy influence between a handful of global giants and the multitude of businesses that comprise the AI industry in the UK. We’re not being heard, yet the economic growth the government seeks will originate from these companies.”
Echoing the sentiments of a former Big Tech employee, Flagg emphasizes that large tech firms have the means to cultivate and sustain political relationships.
A source familiar with the industry’s interactions with the government noted that these large tech companies leveraged their resources before the general election and established relationships remained intact following the Labour landslide.
Another discussion regarding the “extraordinary” access to the Tony Blair Institute, which is financially backed by tech billionaire Larry Ellison, highlights its role as a key voice in AI policy debates, maintaining what it claims to be “intellectual independence” in policy work.
Critics of the government’s dealings with major tech entities cite proposed copyright law reforms as reflective of these imbalanced relationships. The Minister suggested that AI firms should utilize copyrighted works without permission to create products.
A source close to Kyle indicates that the opt-out option is no longer favored, with significant repercussions underway. The opposition to this proposal includes prominent figures from the UK’s robust creative sector, ranging from Paul McCartney to Dua Lipa and Stone Port.
While technology is posited as a solution to the government’s economic growth dilemma, AI is central to this strategy and serves as a barometer of economic efficiency. However, misguided copyright policies result in PR disasters when juxtaposed with celebrity-driven narratives. News Media Associations, representing organizations like the Guardian, also contest the proposal, as do ChatGPT developers Google and OpenAI.
A former government advisor who was involved in technology policy suggests that diluting copyright protections—often referred to as the “lowest hanging fruit” in policy discussions—will not be the “key solution” to leading in global AI advancements.
“By taking this route, the governments are jeopardizing the worst aspects worldwide. This approach does not lead to the necessary actions to truly support the leading sectors and establish the UK as an AI superpower.”
A spokesperson from the Department of Science, Innovation and Technology stated that there is “no apology” for their engagements with a sector employing 2 million in the UK, emphasizing that “regular interaction” with tech companies of all sizes is crucial for driving economic growth.
During his conversation with Schmidt, Starmer posed the vital question about future policy: “Does this promote growth or hinder it?” The tech industry is positioned at the core of this inquiry, although the copyright discussion may undermine vital relationships in other areas.
The Minister employs obscure parliamentary tactics to block amendments to data bills that demand artificial intelligence firms to reveal their use of copyrighted material.
Last week, the government removed the transparency amendment, backed by their colleagues in the House of Representatives. Consequently, there is no budget allocated for new regulations during the Commons discussion on Wednesday afternoon.
This amendment would have compelled tech companies to specify the copyrights utilized in their models.
168 members opposed, whereas 297 lawmakers voted for the elimination of the amendment.
Data Protection Minister Chris Bryant acknowledged that this situation “feels like an apocalyptic moment” for many in the creative sector, but he argued that a revision on transparency wouldn’t solve the core issues, emphasizing it “should be done comprehensively, not just piecemeal.”
Bryant stated that the more data bills are approved, the quicker he can move to update copyright laws.
Mrs. Kidron remarked that the Minister then responded with a roundtable session and misleading queries about technical solutions.
“It’s astonishing that the Labour government is abandoning the workforce of the entire sector. My inbox is flooded with messages from individual artists and global companies expressing that the government allows widespread theft and is comfortable with being associated with thieves. Yet, this government has chosen to disregard these concerns.
“Throughout the creative and business communities, as well as in Congress, people are bewildered by the government’s maneuvering over issues that affect their livelihoods.”
Kidron plans to propose a rephrased amendment next week, ahead of the bill’s return to the Lords, setting the stage for another round of contention. This proposal entails eliminating references to regulations or disregarding implemented timelines.
Owen Meredith, CEO of the News Media Association, commented: “It is regrettable that the government has overlooked the serious concerns of the creative sector, especially news publishers, regarding democratic values.
“Instead, the government has utilized Parliamentary measures to dismiss industry concerns, rather than seizing this critical opportunity to promote transparency that could enhance the UK’s vibrant licensing market for valuable creative content. The time remains for Parliament to support the UK’s creative industry while granting AI companies access to high-quality data. The focus is shifting towards the Lords. The government must acknowledge the urgent necessity to wield the required powers now.”
Recently, hundreds of artists and organizations, including Paul McCartney, Jeanette Winterson, Dua Lipa, and the Royal Shakespeare Company, urged the Prime Minister to “not sacrifice our work for the interests of a few powerful foreign tech companies.”
The government’s copyright proposal is set for consultations this year, but opponents of the plan are leveraging the data bill to voice their dissent.
The primary government proposition is to permit AI companies to utilize copyrighted works for model training without prior consent from copyright holders unless they choose to opt out.
The government contends that the creative and tech sectors are being hindered and that new legislation is essential to address this issue. They have already made one concession to the data bill by pledging to conduct an economic impact assessment of their proposal.
A spokesperson for Science, Innovation and Technology stated: “We aim to enable both the creative industry and AI companies to flourish. That’s why we’re negotiating individual packages of measures that we hope will benefit both sectors. We are not rushing into decision-making or advancing with legislation until we are confident we have a viable plan to achieve each objective.”
A naturally occurring compound known as flavan-3-ol, present in cocoa, tea, apples, and grapes, has been shown to enhance blood pressure and vascular health, according to a recent meta-analysis conducted by researchers at the University of Surrey involving 145 prior studies.
Flavan-3-OL-rich foods and supplements, similar to medications, are regularly consumed, particularly by those with high blood pressure, to help lower blood pressure. Image credit: Lagou et al., doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf173.
“Flavan-3-ol found in cocoa, tea, and various fruits shows potential in enhancing blood pressure and vascular function, but is not yet utilized for cardiovascular prevention,” stated Professor Christian Heiss, the lead author of the study from the University of Surrey.
“Our meta-analysis evaluated how flavan-3-ol-rich interventions impact blood pressure and endothelial function.”
In the meta-analysis, the researchers examined data from 145 randomized controlled trials published between 1946 and 2024.
The findings indicated that regular intake of flavan-3-OLs could lead to reductions in blood pressure readings, particularly among individuals with elevated blood pressure or hypertension.
Some results showed that the average decrease in blood pressure was comparable to that produced by certain medications.
Additionally, flavan-3-ol was found to enhance endothelial function (the inner layer of blood vessels), which is crucial for overall cardiovascular health.
This improvement occurs independently of blood pressure changes, suggesting a broad positive impact on circulatory health.
“These results are promising for those seeking a simple way to manage blood pressure and support heart health through enjoyable dietary adjustments,” Professor Heiss added.
“Incorporating small amounts of commonly enjoyed foods such as tea, apples, dark chocolate, and cocoa powder into a balanced daily diet can provide beneficial flavan-3-ol levels.”
“While it should not replace prescribed medications or medical guidance, it can be a beneficial addition to a healthy lifestyle, particularly for individuals with high blood pressure, by incorporating flavan-3-ol-rich foods into their daily routine.”
“These encouraging findings warrant further research.”
A paper discussing the survey results has been published in the European Journal of Preventive Psychology.
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Vasiriki Ragou et al. Effect of flavan-3-OL on blood pressure and endothelial function in various populations: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European Journal of Preventive Psychology Published online on March 24th, 2025. doi: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwaf173
Google, a subsidiary of Alphabet, issued a warning on Wednesday, indicating that hackers responsible for disrupting UK retailers are now focused on similar companies in the U.S.
“U.S. retailers need to remain vigilant. These actors are offensive and innovative, particularly skilled at bypassing established security measures,” stated John Hartquist, an analyst in Google’s cybersecurity team, in an email sent Wednesday.
The culprits have identified themselves as part of a group known as “scattered spiders,” which refers to a loosely connected network of highly skilled hackers operating at various levels.
The scattered spiders have been linked to a notably severe cyberattack on M&S, a prominent name in UK retail, which has been unable to conduct online business since April 25th. Hultquist mentioned that this group tends to fixate on one sector at a time and is expected to target retailers for an extended period.
Just a day prior to Google’s alert, M&S revealed that some customer data had been compromised, excluding payment information, card details, or account passwords. Sources indicate that the data may include names, addresses, and order history. M&S acknowledged that personal information was accessed due to the “sophisticated nature of the incident.”
“Today, we are informing customers that some of their personal data have been acquired due to the sophisticated nature of the incident,” the company stated.
Hackers from the scattered spider network have been linked to numerous damaging breaches on both sides of the Atlantic. In 2023, group-associated hackers made headlines for infiltrating casino operators MGM Resort International and Caesars Entertainment.
Law enforcement agencies are struggling to manage the scattered spider hacking groups. This challenge is partly attributed to their fluid structure, uncooperative younger hackers, and the complexities faced by cybercrime victims.
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