From black spheres swallowing people in downtown Seoul to murder on Mars to malevolent pigs, August has something for every sci-fi fan. New books from big-name authors like James S. A. Corey, Josh Malerman, and Neil Asher, as well as new stories from Mark Haddon (The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time We’ll start our August reading with Janina Mathewson’s story about an apocalypse experienced from a tiny island, followed by Miles Cameron’s vision of a city-sized “Great Ship” traversing the universe. Whatever your favorite genre of sci-fi, there’s plenty to choose from.
This detective story begins in downtown Seoul. A giant black sphere suddenly appears and sucks in Jong-soo’s neighbors. The sphere continues to swallow people, but attempts to stop it fail and it starts to split and multiply, causing panic all over the world. Meanwhile, Jong-soo goes out to look for his aged parents.
Horse Janina Mathewson
This apocalyptic tale takes place in a small island settlement called Black Crag. Sarah wakes up one morning to find the world quiet. No planes cross the sky and the radio is silent. When a silent, traumatized ferryman arrives, whispers of what really happened on the mainland begin to divide the villagers. It has been compared to Emily St. John Mandel’s Valkyrie. Station Eleven This is one of my favorite post-apocalyptic novels.
This is a standalone novel set in Asher’s Owner Universe. Earth is ruled by the “Ruthless Commission”, but when rebel mutant Ottangar is experimented on by Earth’s Inspectors, he discovers he can reach other worlds and meets evolved humans from the distant future. Can he destroy the Commission’s regime?
This looks like a lot of fun – a sci-fi story that spans generations, from Mars in 2034, when the first humans emerge on the Red Planet, to Mars in 2103, a place of division and fear.
Sam Wilson’s new sci-fi novel sees murder on Mars
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Pearl Josh Malerman
Bestselling horror author Bird Box The latest horror film is set on a farm inhabited by a “strangely malevolent pig” named Pearl and her owner, Walter Copple. Walter has been terrified of Pearl for a long time, and as rumors spread throughout town, the locals begin to go mad.
This military science fiction work is Cameron’s Artifact Space I haven’t read “The Great Ships” but they look very interesting and I would like to read both. They are set in a world where Great Ships with city-sized crews transport goods through space and trade “Xenograss” with alien races. Malka M’Baro has always wanted to serve on one of them and now he has his spot. But something in the darkness of space is targeting the ships.
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The debut novel features Raffi, a physicist who dreams of a parallel universe where he falls in love with a sculptor named Britt. He wishes he’d been brave enough to say hello to Britt as a child – what would have happened if he had? This question sends Raffi flying through strange alternate universes, but it all leads back to Britt.
It’s a collection of short stories that weaves together ancient Greek mythology and the modern world, exploring things like genetics, how we treat animals, etc. The Minotaur, for example, becomes a tale of maternal love and patriarchy. This is going to be fun, and Haddon is undoubtedly brilliant.
Bestselling Author spread The authors of the series, who write the novels under a joint pen name, have announced a new space opera in which the Calix Empire descends on the isolated human world of Anjin, where its inhabitants are massacred or abducted as prisoners. Dafydd, a scientist’s assistant, is captured along with his team, but will his skills help them escape their captors’ plans?
The punning title sets the stage for this comedy about an alien invasion in the town of Muddy Gap, where pie lover Denver Bryant witnesses a UFO exploding, but they seem to be the only ones who care, and the only one who takes them seriously is handsome new bartender Ezra, who keeps a record of the incident and the investigation on his pie blog.
Biohackers Charlie and Parker live in a near-future London where the climate has collapsed. The world is divided into three groups: the Greens who want to save the world, the Blues who want to do it while they can, and the Blacks who see no hope. When the two are hired by green activists for jobs ranging from robbery to murder, Charlie is reluctant, but Parker wants to take them on, believing they can still make a difference.
This debut collection of short stories about identity in Central America moves from the past to the future, exploring what we would do if we woke up to find our lives had changed forever. Characters range from mango farmers to cyborgs, and tackle everything from “threatening technology” to “unchecked bureaucracy.”
The Enduring Appeal of Candy Crush: What Keeps Millions Hooked
a Many of us were once obsessed with our smartphones. In the early days of Android and iPhone, apps seemed designed to entertain us. In 2010, you could shell out a few pounds on the App Store and within minutes be playing a cutesy bird game or frolicking with a lightsaber. Social media apps designed for phones let you post artsy, casual photos and send hearts to your friends in just a few taps. That used to be fun.
But over time, it became a toxic relationship. The fun was taken out of it all. Social media turned into a hellish place designed to trap and anger us. just My friends are posting too much, and rather than actually quitting the platform, I’m prioritizing Twitter ads and algorithmic videos. Twitter used to be full of jokes and cat memes, but now it’s… well, X. I know I’m not the only one who has completely deleted Twitter from my phone. My experience of using apps, my phone, and the internet in general has deteriorated significantly. The same can be said for mobile games. Now most games provide me with around 83 seconds of entertainment before forcing me to pay a £7.99 monthly subscription fee or showing me nasty, misleading ads that I can’t look away from.
And all that time, Candy Crush has been around. Released first on Facebook in 2012 and on mobile phones soon after, the game existed during a booming era of mobile gaming, when the iPhone was becoming the new creative frontier for game developers around the world, bringing new bite-sized chunks of gaming joy every week. It exploded in popularity around 2014, when it seemed like everyone was playing it on their phone, and hundreds of articles were written about how fun, addictive, and bad it was. And it’s still around, and it’s one of the most popular and profitable games of all time.
Swedish manufacturer King was sold to Activision Blizzard for $5.9 billion in 2016, and Microsoft acquired the entire group for $70 billion last year. In 2024, a staggering 200 million people will still be playing Candy Crush every month, double the number in 2014. The game’s cumulative revenue exceeds $20 billion.
How has Candy Crush survived? It’s not because it has changed with the times. On the surface, Candy Crush is exactly the same as it was 10 years ago: a free-to-play game where you swap colorful candies to make satisfying lines of three, then the candies disappear and more candies flow into the level until you’re satisfied. But behind the scenes, Candy Crush has undergone a huge improvement. how Candy Crush is done. It’s still free to play, and while only a small percentage of people pay for power-ups, extra time, and levels, it’s now also supported by advertising.
During a visit to King’s Stockholm offices, full of candy-colored recreation rooms, breakout spaces and ample dining options, it all felt eerily empty because of the pandemic, I learned that King has transformed itself from a social mobile-game developer into a behavioral-science company. Its 200 million players generate a ton of data about how and why people play, what makes them keep playing or close the app. That data is King’s most valuable asset; as with any social-media company, the actual product is secondary.
One way to leverage that data in 2024 is to train AI to develop new levels for King’s games, Candy Crush and Farm Heroes. AI head Luka Crnkovic-Friis argues that it should be developed alongside human designers, not instead of them. He explained how a human designer can create a candy-matching level and then press a button to have the AI test it against a model of player behavior to see if it’s too hard, too tedious or too easy. This saves designers a ton of time by not having to test levels with real players before iterating. King’s designers publish 45 new levels every week, totaling more than 17,000, with millions of dollars spent to ensure each one is optimally satisfying.
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“For many players, it becomes part of their daily routine,” said Eva Lyot, Head of Gameplay for King’s Candy Crush Saga. Photo: King
The data also tells King’s designers that millions of players have been playing for years. “We take great pride in having a really high-quality game. That’s how we retain our player base,” says Eva Lyot, head of gameplay for Candy Crush, who joined King as a data scientist in 2013. “They enjoy the game, and for many of our players it’s part of their daily routine. It’s part of their rest and relaxation. Many play multiple times a day, some once a day. We’ve been listening to our players’ needs and wants, making small tweaks and big expansions. That combination keeps people hooked on the game. We want to always be the best quality match-3 game.”
Squeezing players won’t keep them around for very long. One of the reasons Candy Crush has lasted so long is that it doesn’t use the high-pressure monetization (“Buy this virtual jacket before it’s taken away tomorrow!”) or low-quality ads that are so prevalent in mobile games in general. “We definitely don’t want to frustrate players and make them want to quit,” says Trevor Burrows, head of Farm Heroes Saga. “Our goal is to get people into the game and keep them there, so we want to avoid misleading ads, for example. We design our games so that you don’t even need to spend money or watch an ad. It’s the King principle of as little friction as possible.”
The game is so over-optimized that people just can’t get enough of it. In fact, King tried to make a sequel, Candy Crush Saga Soda, in 2014, but too many people kept playing the original, so it became a companion game instead. The game is still running today, boasting its own player base and billions of dollars in revenue, and will soon be celebrating its 10th anniversary.
“It’s great to start your day by winning something” …Paula Ingvar, Head of Candy Crush: Soda Saga at King. Photo: King
Paula Engvall, head of Soda Saga, has a different opinion on why people can’t stop playing Candy Crush: in a world full of constant demands, Candy Crush simply doesn’t demand as much. “My personal hypothesis, which is pretty hard to prove, is that Candy Crush is part of our daily routine,” she says. “It doesn’t interfere with or compete with anything else that’s important in life. It fits into a little bit of time in the day. And solving small problems is something uniquely interesting for humans. It’s nice to start the day by winning something… The latest research on mental health suggests that achieving small things prepares you to tackle bigger things.”
Maybe people play Candy Crush for the same reasons people do Sudoku or crossword puzzles at breakfast, the same reasons people still play Wardle every day: It’s a little win that gets you set for the day, a few minutes of stress-free fun. It doesn’t take over your life or empty your wallet. Unlike doom-scrolling on a social media app, it doesn’t put you in a bad mood. It’s playing the long game, just like its most longtime customers.
“We’ve seen a lot of mobile game strategies rely on virality, squeezing as much as we can out of players, and then it’s game over,” says Ingvar. “That’s not the strategy with Candy Crush. There’s never been a difficulty barrier or pressure to monetize. We don’t have to follow every twist and turn of the market. We have a very loyal player base, and we can count on their loyalty as long as we don’t screw up and give them a reason to leave.”
Keza MacDonald conducted these interviews in King’s offices in Stockholm, with travel expenses covered by King.
Source: www.theguardian.com
The Genius Minds of QI Present an Olympic-Quality Quiz Show | Podcast
pictureEarlier this week, my colleague Archie Brand from First Edition enthusiastically recommended the In the Dark podcast to me. For me, the show is a hit investigative show that was acquired by Conde Nast/The New Yorker last year, but I never actually listened to the podcast or its acclaimed second season. Curtis Flowers was put on trial six times for the same murder. At least I thought I hadn’t listened to the podcast; I had, in fact, watched the spinoff miniseries about the Dubai royal family’s grievances. The runaway princesses – I read it back in January and didn’t realize it was part of a larger true crime documentary series (maybe I’m stupid and was confused by the huge font size for “Runaway Princesses” and the tiny font size for “From In the Dark”).
Runaway Princess didn’t wow me, but I’m still intrigued by the show. Like Serial, the show has broken away from the glut of true-crime documentaries and been acquired by one of the journalism giants. It returns to the air for a third full season this week, with Madeline Baran investigating the infamous 2005 murder of 24 unarmed Iraqi civilians by U.S. Marines and asking why justice wasn’t served. The first two episodes are out now.
Read on for this week’s picks, including a new series from comedian Jessica Knappett (taking an Off Menu-esque route with a podcast about celebrities’ perfect days) and an Olympics-related release from the team behind QI and No Such Thing as a Fish. And you can always email us at newsletters@theguardian.com with your thoughts, suggestions, comments or, like Archie, recommendations for the Hear Here team.
Hannah J. Davis
Newsletter Deputy Editor
This week’s picks
A Perfect Day with Jessica Knappett
Widely available, with weekly episodes
Comedian Jessica Knappett invites celebrity friends to talk about their day-to-day lives. First up is her “Avoidance” co-star Romesh Ranganathan, who talks about having a garbage truck named after him and interviewing 50 Cent. Knappett then shifts the conversation to a “Magic Mike Live” journey, giving the podcast a charming, rambling framework. Upcoming guests include Baby Reindeer’s Jessica Gunning and Saltburn director Emerald Fennell. Hannah Verdier
Late to the party
Widely available, with weekly episodes
Always a worthwhile interview, Katherine Ryan makes…
Source: www.theguardian.com
Top 7 Spy Toys and Gear for Kids in 2024
If your child is fascinated with spies, you’re in luck – there are many spy toy sets available. A love for secret agents indicates that your child is inquisitive and starting to show interest in exploration and technology. There are various toy sets on the market that can aid in developing these skills while providing entertainment and nurturing imagination.
Here are some recommended spy toys for curious kids.
The best spy toys and gear for inquisitive kids
KidzLabs Spy Science Secret Message Kit
This comprehensive toy kit from 4M is packed with everything needed to send secret messages. Kids can hone their spy skills with various items included, such as an invisible message writer, a Morse code torch, and materials to create a 20-page spy journal.
The kit also includes a developer, stick code, and message capsule for discovering secret messages, while the cipher wheel and secret code library aid in learning essential skills. A Super Spy ID card is also part of the package for kids to enjoy. It’s an interactive and educational way for kids to engage in a new interest.
Long Range LCD Screen Walkie Talkie
No spy kit is complete without communication devices. Walkie-talkies are ideal for accompanying your child on their adventures. They allow you to stay connected as they uncover secrets and even role-play a spy headquarters.
Toy Zee walkie talkies are designed with kids in mind, featuring a simple and lightweight design suitable for little hands. With a VOX feature for hands-free calling, these walkie talkies have 9 main channels for private communication, reducing the risk of eavesdropping by others on the same channel.
Thames & Cosmos Master Detective Toolkit
BrightMinds kids’ toys aim to make learning fun and accessible, and this kit from Thames & Kosmos introduces children to science and lab work. The detective toolkit includes tools and documentation for learning about crime scene investigation and analyzing evidence like fingerprints, footprints, and tire tracks.
SpyX MicroSpy Gear Set
This spy gear kit encourages kids to explore their surroundings. It includes a utility belt with 4 micro tools – a spy light, invisible ink pen, motion alarm, and micro listener – to elevate kids’ imaginations. Prepare to venture into the outside world with your child using their new gear.
LOGIBLOCS Secret Recorder Kit
The Secret Recorder kit from LOGIBLOCS helps children explore while developing STEM skills. This gadget allows kids to build 7 innovative systems, featuring a voice recorder, message box, light sensor, Morse code, and more to kickstart their tech projects.
A to Z 9300 Spy Set
This A to Z secret mission set brings kids as close as possible to being real-life spies. They can observe their family using spy glasses, binoculars, and periscopes while sending secret messages using a special transmitter. Suitable for children aged 5 and above.
Kasachoy Night Vision Goggles
These spy goggles feature two pop-out LED lights, allowing kids to see in the dark up to 25 feet away. The battery-powered lights emit a cool blue glow, providing a realistic night vision experience and igniting your child’s imagination.
Check availability Amazon.
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Read on to discover more about the best night vision goggles and binoculars.
read more:
Source: www.sciencefocus.com
Struggling to find the perfect gift for your teenager? Discover the top tech gifts for teens in 2024
When it comes to choosing gifts for teenagers, gift cards are often the go-to option. With new technology constantly emerging, it can be challenging to find products that are both worth buying and will be loved by your teen.
Our list features a variety of fantastic tech gifts for teenagers, from cutting-edge gadgets for amazing selfies to popular items that can transform a regular bedroom into the ultimate teen hideaway. These products cater to every budget and level of tech knowledge – you don’t have to be a tech expert to enjoy these innovative devices.
These tech gifts are truly inspiring.
If you know a teenager who’s into science, don’t miss out on these amazing science gifts for teens.
Best Tech Gifts for Teens
TP-Link Tapo Smart Wi-Fi Multi-Color Light Strip
Adding a color-changing LED light strip can instantly elevate a dull bedroom into a vibrant, multi-colored space. Perfect for adding a touch of excitement to a sleepover, gaming session, or just a relaxing night at home. This LED light strip may be one of the best tech gifts for teenagers.
Philips Hue Series Tapo is a well-known name in smart LED strips, and this version of Tapo is a great budget-friendly choice.
Setting up is easy – simply stick the strips on shelves, screens, or other bedroom furniture. The strips are five meters long and can be cut to any desired size. Use the Tapo app to select preset lighting moods, effects, and timers to automatically control the multicolored LEDs. It works over standard home Wi-Fi and is compatible with Alexa and Google Assistant for voice control.
For more gift ideas, check out our guide to the best sci-fi games.
Latest Philips Hue Lightstrip deals:
Tapo Light Strip Latest Deals:
Insta360 X3
At first glance, this small gadget may seem expensive, but its impressive features speak for themselves.
The Insta360 X3 features a 5.7K 360° camera with useful functions like image stabilization, horizon lock, and HDR mode. With the extended selfie stick, the camera intelligently edits your footage to provide a unique third-person perspective, almost like having your personal videographer.
Don’t miss out on the best instant cameras for more photo gift ideas.
While the camera captures the action in 360°, you have the freedom to choose the best angle for your video.
Additional features include:
- 8K quality 360° time lapse video
- Automatically saves 15 or 30 seconds of footage before hitting the shutter button
- Convenient automated editing and live 360° streaming allow viewers to see from every angle
- Focus on a single person, animal, or moving object and keep it centered in the frame.
- Waterproof up to 10m, extendable to 50m with a diving case (sold separately)
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Crosley Voyager Portable Turntable
A portable record player like the Crosley Voyager makes a fun and unique gift for teenagers. Music enthusiasts will appreciate having a stylish turntable in their room.
This turntable’s portability is a standout feature – easily pack it up and take your music with you to parties, vacations, and other gatherings.
Despite its vintage look, the turntable is equipped with modern features: Built-in stereo speakers and Bluetooth for streaming music from your phone, plus a headphone jack for private listening. The turntable also offers three speed settings for playing traditional records.
The Crosley Voyager is an affordable turntable option. If you’re unsure about it, explore our top record players currently available.
While you’re here, check out the best sunrise alarm clocks too.
Mini projector
A portable projector is a must-have for sleepovers or movie nights at home. Whether your teen has a TV in their room or not, this gadget will enhance their viewing experience with a projection size of up to 210 inches.
This is also perfect for PlayStation and Xbox enthusiasts.
While projectors can be pricey, this one offers a balance of affordability and quality. Highly rated by customers, it supports Full HD with 7500 lumens and allows you to choose your preferred projection size from 35 inches to 210 inches, from a distance of 3.7 feet from the wall.
Featuring built-in Hi-Fi speakers, it also has an audio-out port for connecting external speakers or headphones. Once set up, you can connect your phone, tablet, laptop, or gaming console to enjoy TV shows, movies, and photos (some devices may require an HDMI cable).
Explore our guide for the best projectors for your home for more options.
Ultimate Ears BOOM 3 Wireless Bluetooth Speaker
There are few speakers that deliver both style and sound quality, but the Ultimate Ears Boom 3 manages to do just that. With its unique “unicorn” appearance, this speaker stands out from the crowd. It also boasts impressive technical specifications.
The Boom 3 is fully waterproof, allowing you to play music underwater for 30 minutes, and it floats to the surface when released, making pool parties even more enjoyable. Moreover, if your recipient or their friends own other Ultimate Ears speakers, you can link up to 150 of them to synchronize music in one location.
This speaker delivers 360° sound and is made with a highly elastic material used in motorcycle jackets and firefighting gear. Ultimate Ears has conducted over 25 durability tests, ensuring it can withstand even the most energetic users.
The rechargeable battery provides up to 15 hours of playtime on a full charge. Power Up Dock for a seamless charging experience. For speaker options, explore our selection of portable speakers, shower speakers, or noise-canceling headphones.
Auraglow LED USB Wall or Tabletop Word Clock
Looking for a great gift under £25? Consider this unique clock from Auraglow. Instead of traditional numbers, this clock displays the time in 5-minute intervals. LEDs light up the relevant letters on a black panel to indicate the time.
The clock comes with a USB cable for connecting to various power sources, and you can add an adapter for more flexibility. It can be wall-mounted with a hanging slot or propped up on a desk or shelf thanks to its flat base.
If black isn’t your style, the clock is also available in copper. Explore our guides for the best wireless phone chargers, power banks, portable chargers, and charging stations for more useful tech ideas.
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Apexel 10-in-1 Cell Phone Camera Lens Kit
For Instagrammers, photographers, or selfie enthusiasts, a smartphone lens attachment is an ideal choice if you want to enhance your phone’s camera capabilities without investing in a new camera. This set, with 10 different lens attachments stored in a convenient pouch, is compatible with most smartphones and tablets, including iPhone, Samsung, Huawei, and Sony models.
The kit includes macro, wide-angle, and telephoto lenses, along with fun accessories like a fisheye lens, a star filter, a kaleidoscope attachment, and even a polarizing filter to reduce glare and reflections for sunny days.
Source: www.sciencefocus.com
My restaurant’s phone number was mistakenly registered by Google as its UK headquarters
Four years Recently, Google mistakenly included details about my restaurant business, including my phone number and address, in their “How to contact Google” search results. In the UK”.
At first, I only got a few calls from people trying to get in touch; now I get 300. I have over 130 voice messages left, including ones that arrive on my personal cell phone once a week, as well as messages and letters.
I feel obligated to answer every phone call because it could be a potential client. This situation has left me exhausted, anxious and has turned running my business into a nightmare. I have tried to contact Google multiple times but have not heard back from anyone.
D.I., London
You want customers to find your restaurant on Google, not Google, and this listing error has caused years of unnecessary harassment.
When I first contacted Google, they advised me to use the “Feedback” button that appears at the bottom of the search results. When I suggested this, they wearily replied that they had tried this many times with no success. So I contacted Google again, and this time they looked into it.
“We analyzed the issue and took action in accordance with our search policies. This phone number will no longer appear in this search,” Google said in a statement.
I am relieved that the calls from Google have finally stopped and I am grateful for my help, but I would have liked at least an apology for the inconvenience.
Letters are welcome but we cannot respond individually. Please email us at consumer.champions@theguardian.com or post to Consumer Champions, Money, the Guardian, 90 York Way, London N1 9GU. Please include a daytime telephone number where you can be reached. Submission and publication of all letters are subject to our terms and conditions.
Source: www.theguardian.com
Top remote controlled helicopters: Must-have flying toys for 2024
Despite the focus on modern technology like virtual reality and artificial intelligence, it’s important not to overlook the simple joy of traditional entertainment. Remote-controlled helicopters, a classic favorite, now come with a range of new features to enhance the experience.
If you’re in the market for a remote control helicopter, check out our list of top models below. We’ve curated this list based on extensive research and user reviews to cater to every budget.
What to Consider When Buying an RC Helicopter?
With various helicopter options available, it’s crucial to think about these aspects before making a purchase:
Flight Stability is key, so look for helicopters equipped with a gyroscope or stabilization system.
Consider the range of the remote control, especially for outdoor flights, and the battery life to determine how long you can fly before recharging.
Easy access to replacement parts is essential in the event of a crash, which can happen while you’re still getting used to the helicopter.
Top RC Helicopter Models
Blade Nano RC Helicopter S3 RTF
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The Blade Nano S3-RTF is designed for indoor flying, featuring a lightweight yet durable carbon fiber frame and high-performance rotor blades for stable and agile flight.
Equipped with a six-axis stabilisation system and coreless motors, this helicopter offers power and versatility. It also includes a 2.4GHz DSMX transmitter, rechargeable battery, and spare parts available online.
Syma X9 Flying Car
This innovative hybrid can switch between driving and flying modes. During flight, it can perform acrobatic flips using its four blades and features a six-axis gyroscope for smooth flying.
The aircraft also includes red and green LEDs for better visibility in the dark, with a flight time of approximately 6 minutes and USB charging. It has dual-speed modes, extra blades, and a driver for emergencies.
Syma 2nd Edition S107 S107G
The Syma S107G is a mini indoor helicopter with a metal frame, built-in gyro stabilization, and precise three-channel control. Powered by a rechargeable lithium-polymer battery, it offers up to eight minutes of flight time and a 10-meter remote control range.
Laka Walkera V450D03
The Walkera V450D03 is an intermediate RC helicopter with a brushless motor for stability and agility. Its six-axis gyro stabilization system allows for precise maneuvers, with a carbon fiber frame for durability.
This helicopter features a three-bladed main and tail rotor, long flight times up to 16 minutes, and a 100-meter range with its 2.4GHz transmitter.
Sky Rover Voice Command Missile Launcher Helicopter
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This SkyRover helicopter features a unique voice command system for firing missiles and controlling the flight. With eight plastic missiles, wireless headsets, and dual blade control, it offers an immersive experience.
Syma TF1001
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This medium-sized Syma helicopter boasts drone-like design and stunt capabilities, including 3D flips and rolls. It features altitude hold technology, dual-speed modes, USB charging, and a durable metal alloy body.
Source: www.sciencefocus.com
Why a mild heatwave in the UK feels worse than in the US
As the UK is currently experiencing another intense heatwave, many are questioning why the high temperatures feel particularly unbearable compared to other parts of the world.
Despite facing the same scorching sun and global warming trends, the heat in the UK seems to have a unique impact, leading some to wonder if there are other factors at play beyond just the temperature on the thermometer.
With temperatures reaching around 30°C, the British heatwave seems extreme when compared to climate change-induced wildfires in the US and Europe.
Before dismissing this as a common British complaint, it’s important to acknowledge that scientific evidence proves the severity of the heatwave in the UK.
“Heatwaves are subjective events, with different countries interpreting them based on people’s average expectations,” explained climate expert Professor Hannah Croke in an interview with BBC Science Focus.
Professor Croke emphasized that factors like humidity, wind speed, and temperature all play a role in how a heatwave is experienced and perceived by individuals.
Something is floating in the air
The UK’s island geography means that it is surrounded by water, which leads many to assume it would help cool down the country. However, the presence of cold water can actually have the opposite effect.
Meteorologists like Dr. Matthew Patterson explain that the UK’s climate, influenced by moist marine air, affects how heat is lost from the body through radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation.
Evaporation plays a key role in cooling the body, but high moisture levels in the air can decrease its effectiveness. Wind speed also impacts evaporation, with strong winds aiding in cooling the body.
Indices like Feels Like Temperature and the Universal Temperature Index (UTCI) are used to predict how temperature, humidity, and wind speed will affect individuals during a heatwave.
UK homes not fit for purpose
The design of UK homes, coupled with the lack of standard air conditioning, poses a challenge during heatwaves. The majority of UK homes are not equipped to deal with extreme heat due to their design and age.
Historically, UK homes were built to allow sunlight in, which can lead to higher indoor temperatures. In contrast, European and American homes often have external shutters to block out heat.
As temperatures continue to rise due to climate change, the design and construction of UK homes will need to adapt to better cope with heatwaves. Lack of understanding on how to keep homes cool during hot weather exacerbates the issue.
About our experts
Hannah Croke OBE is a British hydrologist and Professor of Hydrology at the University of Reading. She has received numerous awards for her work in flood forecasting and risk management.
Matt Patterson is a Postdoctoral Research Fellow at the University of Reading, with interests in atmospheric dynamics, seasonal prediction, and climate change.
Read more:
Source: www.sciencefocus.com
Long-term cognitive decline found in severe COVID-19 patients years post-illness
COVID-19 could have lasting effects on our mental and physical health
Alexander Davidov / Alamy
There is evidence that people who were hospitalized with COVID-19 during the first wave of the pandemic still have lower than expected cognitive abilities several years later, forcing them to change jobs.
“What we found is that the average cognitive impairment is equivalent to 10 IQ points, based on what you would expect given age etc.” Maxim Take At Oxford University.
His team looked at 475 British people who had been admitted to and discharged from hospital with COVID-19 up to March 31, 2021.. All of the participants had undergone psychiatric and cognitive evaluations six months after they were discharged, as part of a separate study. Take's team asked them to be reassessed two to three years later and found that, on average, symptoms of depression, anxiety, and fatigue had worsened. “More people get worse than they get better,” Take says.
Overall, those suffering from moderate to severe depression increased from 34% at six months to 47% at the second assessment, and those suffering from moderate to severe fatigue increased from 26% at the first test to 40%. Smaller changes were seen in the proportion of those suffering from moderate to severe anxiety, increasing from 23% to 27%.
It's not clear why so many people's symptoms worsened, but the team found that people whose symptoms were more severe in the initial tests tended to get worse over time. One participant said he'd had shortness of breath for three years and it was hard for him not to fall into depression, Take said.
The team also found that more than a quarter of participants changed jobs after hospitalization, half of whom said they did so because of poor health. The researchers found a strong association between changing jobs and declining cognitive function, but not with depression, anxiety, or fatigue. This suggests that many people are changing jobs because they can no longer cope with the cognitive demands of their previous jobs, rather than for a lack of energy or interest, Take says.
He acknowledges that the study has some major limitations: Only a fifth of those invited to take part actually did so, so it's not clear how representative the study is, and because participants weren't tested before being admitted to hospital, there's no baseline to compare it to, team members say. Paul Harrison also conducted at Oxford University. Instead, the conclusion that people lost 10 IQ points on average was based on what would be expected for people of the same age, sex and education level, British Intelligence Test.
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Source: www.newscientist.com
Is “problematic smartphone use” something to be concerned about?
Some young people are on their cell phones until late at night.
Monkey Business Images/Shutterstock
Two recent studies have linked “problematic smartphone use” among teenagers to increased symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia. But is this really a problem, and how much, if anything, should we be worried about?
What is ‘problematic smartphone use’?
Researchers in both studies defined smartphone use as “problematic” if people lose a sense of control over their use, become addicted to their device at the expense of meaningful activities, and feel stressed when they are unable to use it. Use becomes problematic when it interferes with work, school, or relationships. John Elhai The researcher, from the University of Toledo in Ohio, was not involved in either study.
“Problematic smartphone use” is not recognized as a diagnosable condition by public health agencies such as the World Health Organization, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the UK’s National Health Service.
Two studies found links to certain conditions, and the researchers said further research is needed to confirm whether smartphone use could be causing such health problems. Nicolas Kalk Researchers at King’s College London were involved in both studies.
What did the two studies find?
In one study, Kalk and his colleagues surveyed the smartphone use of more than 650 young people between the ages of 16 and 18. They used a “smartphone addiction scale,” which asks, for example, whether smartphone use blurs your vision or makes you feel irritable when you’re not holding your phone. The scale produces a score between 10 and 60, with a score above 30 considered problematic.
Nineteen percent of participants met the definition of problematic smartphone use, and these people were twice as likely to report moderate anxiety symptoms and almost three times as likely to report moderate depressive symptoms compared to their peers.
On average, problematic smartphone users spent 29 more minutes per day on Instagram and 22 more minutes on TikTok than non-problematic smartphone users. There was no association between problematic smartphone use and other apps such as Snapchat or WhatsApp.
The research team took into account factors that could have influenced the results, such as the amount of time participants spent on their smartphones each day. [also] The impact of [general] “Screen time is protective against the effects of problematic smartphone use, and screen time is not associated with anxiety or depression, but problematic smartphone use is,” Kalk said.
In a second study, a different team looked at smartphone use and symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia in 69 young people aged 13 to 16. The researchers found that 44% of participants met the definition of problematic smartphone use, based on the same addiction scale.
When the research team resurveyed the 62 participants one month later, they found that increased severity of problematic smartphone use over that period was associated with greater symptoms of anxiety, depression, and insomnia.
Should you be worried about “problematic smartphone use”?
The studies are small and don’t prove that problematic smartphone use actually leads to poorer mental health in teenagers, he said. Sunny Shun Liu At Stanford University.
Kalk and Ben Carter Researchers from King’s College London who took part in both studies acknowledge that young people who are already experiencing these symptoms may be using their smartphones in more problematic ways than those without mental illness. “There may be a bidirectional link, but we don’t yet know if there is a causal relationship,” they said. Jay Olson At the University of Toronto, Canada.
For example, people with depression may be more likely to rely on their mobile phones than those without depression because they find comfort in communicating with loved ones, and people with insomnia may be more likely to turn to their mobile phones to stave off boredom in the middle of the night.
In the second study, participants who showed signs of problematic smartphone use were five times more likely to say they wanted to cut down on their device use than those without such use. The fact that these teens want to cut down on their phone use makes the results “both worrying and positive,” Carter said.
If you are worried, how can you cut down on your smartphone usage?
The first study found that 95% of people surveyed tried to limit their smartphone use: They said the most effective strategies were to occasionally put their devices on “do not disturb” mode, turn off notifications, and keep them in another room at bedtime.
Kalk said that rather than restricting teens’ cell phone use, parents and schools should talk to them about what aspects of smartphone use are beneficial and what aspects are harmful. For example, some teens reported that they enjoyed using their smartphones to stay in touch with loved ones, but also reported that smartphones were sometimes distracting.
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- mental health/
- smartphone
Source: www.newscientist.com
Dementia risk factors identified: Poor vision and high cholesterol
Vision loss linked to dementia
Drazen Žigic/Getty Images
A large-scale study has identified poor eyesight and high cholesterol as two new risk factors for dementia. The study claims that eliminating these factors, along with 12 other previously recognized factors, could prevent almost half of all dementia cases worldwide. However, some of these factors are difficult to eliminate, and genetics and advanced age remain the biggest risk factors for developing dementia.
“Dementia may be one of the most significant health threats facing the nation.” Gil Livingston “The possibility of changing this and significantly reducing the number of people suffering from depression is crucial,” said researchers from University College London. [this] disease.”
A 2020 study identified 12 potentially modifiable risk factors for dementia, including hearing loss, depression, smoking, high blood pressure, heavy alcohol consumption, obesity, air pollution, traumatic brain injury, diabetes, social isolation, physical inactivity and lack of education.
Livingstone and 26 other dementia experts from around the world updated the list based on the latest evidence, retaining the 12 risk factors but adding two new ones: high levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) “bad” cholesterol before age 65 and untreated vision loss in later life.
The researchers included high LDL cholesterol based on several new findings, including: Analysis of 17 studies The study followed around 1.2 million British participants under the age of 65 for over a year.
The results showed that for every 1 millimole per liter (mmol/L) increase in LDL cholesterol, the incidence of dementia increased by 8 percent. In another study of similar size, High LDL cholesterol (above 3 mmol/L) has been linked to a 33% increased risk of dementia, on average, and this risk is most pronounced in people who had high LDL cholesterol in midlife. “So it really does matter how long you have it,” Livingston says.
The researchers suggest that this association may mean that excess cholesterol in the brain increases the risk of stroke and contributes to dementia. Cholesterol has also been linked to the buildup of beta-amyloid protein plaques in the brain, which is linked to Alzheimer's disease.
Untreated vision loss can: Analysis of 14 studiesThe study, which involved more than 6.2 million older adults who were initially cognitively healthy, showed a 47% increased risk of developing dementia over 14.5 years. In another analysis, the risk The decline in vision was mainly due to cataracts and complications from diabetes. [loss] “There's a risk because you're reducing cognitive stimulation,” Livingston said, even though some research suggests that such stimulation may make the brain more resilient to dementia.
The researchers then used their model to estimate what percentage of dementia cases worldwide could be prevented if each of 14 modifiable risk factors were eliminated. They found that hearing loss and high cholesterol had the greatest impact, each contributing about 7 percent of dementia cases, while obesity and excessive alcohol consumption had the least impact, each contributing 1 percent. If all factors were eliminated, the team estimated that about 45 percent of dementia cases could be prevented.
But just because these factors are associated with dementia doesn't mean they cause it, he said. Dylan Williams“So even if we target interventions at them, they may not prevent as much disease as we would hope,” said researcher David L. Schneider of University College London, who was not involved in the report.
These estimates are only population averages and don't capture individual-level risk, Williams says. So removing all factors from your life wouldn't necessarily halve your risk of dementia, which is heavily influenced by genetics and age. Eliminating many of these risk factors, like air pollution or lack of education, would also require public health interventions rather than individual changes, Williams says.
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Source: www.newscientist.com
Paleontologists have determined that complex life originated 2.1 billion years ago.
Scientists have widely accepted that complex life first appeared on Earth around 635 million years ago (during the Ediacaran Period). However, an international team of paleontologists from Cardiff, Toulouse and Poitiers universities and China Nonferrous Metals (Guilin) Geological Mining Co., Ltd. has discovered evidence of a much older ecosystem more than 1.5 billion years ago in the Franceville Basin near Gabon on the Atlantic coast of Central Africa.
Artist's impression of a lobe-like macrofossil that lived in a shallow inland sea formed by the collision of two continents 2.1 billion years ago. Image by Abderrazak El Albani, University of Poitiers.
“The availability of phosphorus in the environment is thought to have been a key factor in the evolution of life on Earth, particularly in the transition from simple single-celled organisms to complex organisms such as animals and plants,” said Dr Ernest Chi-Ful, from Cardiff University.
“We already know that elevated marine phosphorus and oxygen concentrations in seawater are linked to an evolutionary event about 635 million years ago.”
“Our study adds an even older event to the record, going back 2.1 billion years.”
Scientists have widely debated the validity of the fossils of megafauna from the Ediacaran period, the oldest of their kind in the geological record.
But Dr Chi Hulu and his colleagues identified a link between changes in the environment before their emergence and increased nutrients, which may have triggered their evolution.
Geochemical analysis of marine sedimentary rocks dating back 2.1 billion years has shed new light on this unusually large fossil assemblage in the Franceville Basin.
A 2.1 billion year old lobe-like macrofossil from the Franceville Basin. Image by Abderrazak El Albani, University of Poitiers.
“We think that after the Congo and San Francisco cratons collided and sutured together, undersea volcanoes further restricted water in this area and even cut it off from the global oceans, forming a nutrient-rich shallow inland marine sea,” Dr Chi-Hulu said.
“This created a localized environment of abundant cyanobacterial photosynthesis for extended periods, leading to oxygenation of local ocean waters and the generation of large food resources.”
“This would have provided enough energy to fuel the increased body size and more complex behaviors seen in the primitive, simple animal-like life forms found in fossils from this period.”
However, the restricted nature of this body of water, combined with the harsh conditions that existed beyond this environmental boundary for billions of years afterward, likely prevented these enigmatic life forms from colonizing the entire planet.
The study suggests that these observations may indicate a two-stage evolution of complex life on Earth.
Step 1 followed the first significant increase in atmospheric oxygen content 2.1 billion years ago, and step 2 followed a second increase in atmospheric oxygen levels about 1.5 billion years later.
“While the first attempt failed to catch on, the second attempt led to the creation of the diversity of animals seen on Earth today,” Dr Chi Hulu said.
of result Published in the journal Precambrian Studies.
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Ernest Chi-Ful others2024. Hydrothermal seawater eutrophication triggers a localized macrobiological experiment in the 2100 Ma Paleoproterozoic Franceville Subbasin. Precambrian Studies 409: 107453; doi: 10.1016/j.precamres.2024.107453
Source: www.sci.news
Theoretical astrophysicists debate the generation of gravitational waves during warp drive collapse
The basic idea of a warp drive is that rather than directly exceeding the speed of light in a local frame of reference, a “warp bubble” contracts space-time in front of it and expands it behind it, allowing travel over distances faster than the speed of light as measured by a distant observer.
Craft othersWe propose a formalism for the dynamical study of warp drive spacetime and generate the first fully consistent numerical relativistic waveforms for the collapse of a warp drive bubble.
Although warp drive has its origins in science fiction novels, according to Miguel Alcubierre, an astrophysicist at the University of Wales, warp drive is explained in detail in the general theory of relativity. Be the first to propose A space-time metric that supports faster-than-light travel.
Real-world implementation has many practical barriers, such as the need for a special type of material that has negative energy, but computationally, given an equation of state describing the material, it is possible to simulate changes over time.
In a new study, theoretical astrophysicists investigated the signatures that could result from a “containment failure” of a warp drive.
“Warp drives are purely theoretical, but they are clearly described in Einstein's general theory of relativity, and numerical simulations allow us to explore the effects of warp drives on space-time in the form of gravitational waves,” said Dr Katie Clough, researcher at Queen Mary, University of London.
“The results are fascinating: the warp drive collapse produces a unique gravitational wave burst — a ripple in space-time that can be detected by gravitational wave detectors that typically target merging black holes and neutron stars.”
“Unlike chirp signals from merging objects, this signal is a short, high-frequency burst that would be undetectable by current detectors.”
“But there may be higher frequency devices in the future, and although the money hasn't been put into those devices yet, the technology exists to build them.”
“This raises the possibility that we could use these signals to look for evidence of warp drive technology, even if we can't build it ourselves.”
“In our study, the initial shape of spacetime is the warp bubble described by Alcubierre,” said Dr Sebastian Kahn, a researcher at Cardiff University.
“Although we demonstrate that an observable signal could, in principle, be found by future detectors, the speculative nature of this work is not sufficient to drive instrument development.”
The authors also take a detailed look at the energy dynamics of a collapsing warp drive.
In this process, waves of negative energy matter are released, followed by alternating waves of positive and negative energy.
This complex dance results in a net increase in energy throughout the system and, in principle, could provide another signature of collapse if the emission waves interacted with ordinary matter.
“This is a reminder that theoretical ideas can inspire us to explore the universe in new ways,” Dr Clough said.
“I'm skeptical that we'll see anything, but I think it'll be interesting enough to be worth a look.”
“For me, the most important aspect of this work is the novelty of accurately modelling the dynamics of negative energy space-time and the possibility that the technique can be extended to physical situations that could help us better understand the evolution and origin of the universe or processes at the centre of black holes,” said Professor Tim Dietrich of the University of Potsdam.
“While warp speed may still be a long way away, this research is already pushing the boundaries of our understanding of extra-dimensional space-time and gravitational waves.”
“We're going to try different models of warp drive to see how that changes the signal.”
Team paper Published online Open Astrophysics Journal.
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Katie Clough othersThe year is 2024. A phenomenon no one has seen before: gravitational waves caused by warp drive collapse. Open Astrophysics Journal 7;doi:10.33232/001c.121868
Source: www.sci.news
The closure of Xbox 360’s innovative online store marks the end of a gaming era | Gaming
TThe Xbox 360 digital store is the latest to go offline, following the closure of the Wii U and 3DS stores in March. About 220 games were shut down on Monday, according to the analysis. Video Game ChroniclesPreservationists at the Video Game History Foundation Made a funeral cake.
When it comes to backward compatibility and game preservation, Microsoft is arguably the best of the big companies. Despite the loss of 220 games, the majority of the Xbox 360 back catalogue is legally playable on subsequent consoles. It’s also worth noting that the Xbox 360 Marketplace lasted for nearly 20 years (the console was released in late 2005). It wasn’t the first digital store for the console, but it was the first one I used, and I’m sure many UK players did too. The Xbox 360 was the most popular console of its generation in the UK. Looking back, the Marketplace was astonishingly ahead of its time.
In the 2000s, brick-and-mortar video game retail still ruled the roost, and retailers had a lot of influence over game pricing and distribution. Back then, offering digital-only games risked retaliation from players like Electronics Boutique and Game. I remember reports at the time reporting rumors that some stores were threatening to not stock Xbox 360s at all, because allowing players to download games digitally would severely undermine retailers’ business models. (To be fair, they were right; video game retail had been in a protracted death spiral for years.)
The Xbox 360 Marketplace didn’t bring about a big change on its own. The transition to digital stores was gradual, with all the major players, from Steam to Sony to Nintendo, playing a role over the years. “Digital was somewhat additive to retail to begin with,” says Chris Dring, head of GamesIndustry.biz. “At the time, over 90% of console games were bought in a box that sat on the shelves of stores like GameShop or Tesco, but it wasn’t until 2019 that the majority of AAA console games (51%) were downloaded rather than boxed. The Xbox Live Marketplace was primarily where people bought DLC and occasional indie gems that were only accessible via digital stores. But it was fundamentally the beginning of the transition to the digital future we live in today. Now everyone is copying what Xbox did with Xbox Live and the Marketplace.”
Shoppers look at computer games at an electronics boutique on Oxford Street in London. Photo: Graham Turner/The Guardian
But what the Xbox 360 Marketplace really changed for console players was how Which There’s a limited number of games you can buy, and while it’s always been possible to download and play small, experimental games on PC, the same wasn’t possible on consoles before the Xbox 360. I think the Marketplace directly enabled the indie renaissance of 2010 and beyond by giving smaller game developers and publishers a way to sell their games to millions of console players without the expense and logistical issues of releasing boxed copies.
Starting with the original Xbox and gaining momentum in the 360 era, Xbox Live Arcade was revolutionary. Every week a new, small, downloadable game under £10 was released, from developers big and small. I played hundreds of games this way, and they were some of the first unboxed games I owned. Among them were Limbo, Fez, Geometry Wars, Super Meat Boy, and the greatest version of Uno ever (don’t @ me). There’s a strong case to be made that the Xbox 360 Marketplace introduced indie games to millions of console players.
As Dring points out, digitalisation also has its downsides: “In 2005, Xbox (and PlayStation and Nintendo) were platforms. Now they are the platform, the distributor, and the retailer. They control the whole chain. And they are increasingly becoming media themselves, through their websites, YouTube channels, and announcement videos.”
We’ve become so used to downloading games digitally that it’s easy to forget how refreshing it once was. Saying goodbye to the Xbox 360 Marketplace also means saying goodbye to an era of gaming where even DLC felt new and exciting. I rather miss those days, and the long hours of late-night gaming on Xbox 360 Uno.
What to Play
Short and sweet…Thank you so much for having me here! Photo: Panic
A very British slapstick comedy game Thank you so much for coming! It was released today, and the reviews (including our own) have been rave. Created by two Barnsley residents and set in the fictional northern town of Barnsworth, which seems to be built around visual gags, it’s short and sweet, but packed with great jokes and quirky situational comedy in the tradition of Monty Python and the Mighty Boosh.
Available on: Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4/5, PC
Estimated playtime: 3 hours
What to Read
What to click on
Question Block
XCOM: Enemy unknown. Photo: Filaxis
reader Akshay Question of the week:
“I recently finished Yakuza 7: Whereabouts of Light and Darkness and found myself completely lethargic for a few days after completing it. I’d spent nearly 180 hours playing the game and had developed some good habits, so it was a real shock when I had to say goodbye. What’s the best way to get out of a post-game slump?
Ah, I know that feeling! I remember beating XCOM (above) in one weekend, saving the world, then sitting aimlessly on the couch in my pajamas, not knowing what to do next. I remember playing The Elder Scrolls: Oblivion for so long that I left my apartment after the credits finished and walked listlessly around the city. TV shows and books can give you that same feeling when it’s time to say goodbye to characters and worlds you’ve lived with for a while. But games are much more time-intensive, and much more immersive. Ending a game can feel like a farewell.
And just like after a breakup, it’s not a good idea to jump right into a new game; it only invites negative comparisons. So in between big games, go out, read a novel, or grab a drink with a friend you temporarily lost because of Breath of the Wild, and really feel That you’re ready to try something new.
If you have any questions for the Question Block or any other comments about the newsletter, Please email us at pushingbuttons@theguardian.com.
Source: www.theguardian.com
Two NASA astronauts remain in space as testing of Boeing spacecraft continues
Their ambitious mission was initially planned for just one week, but now, after 56 days on the International Space Station, the two NASA astronauts remain in orbit, awaiting a safe return journey in the Boeing spacecraft.
The troubled Starliner capsule is facing issues with its propulsion system, including a leak in its helium and failure of five thrusters. Despite the leak being detected before launch, mission managers believed it wouldn’t impact the safety of the astronauts or the flight.
Over the weekend, NASA and Boeing engineers conducted a crucial “hot fire test” of the Starliner, which is set to carry veteran astronauts Sunita Williams and Butch Wilmore on its first crewed flight on June 5.
The test involved firing 27 of the capsule’s 28 jets in less than 1.2 seconds while evaluating their performance and checking for helium leaks. Preliminary results from the test were positive.
In a blog post published by NASA on Tuesday, it was stated that all thrusters performed well during the test.
NASA confirmed that the propulsion system of the Starliner remains stable, and the helium leak rate is not significant enough to endanger the return to Earth. The agency plans to recheck the system before the capsule separates from the space station.
A high-temperature burn test was also conducted with astronauts Wilmore and Williams inside the Starliner capsule as part of preparations for the return journey. The thrusters play a vital role in maneuvering the spacecraft during docking and undocking from the space station.
Overall, the progress made during the hot fire test is a positive sign for the upcoming crewed flight of the Starliner and the safe return of the astronauts.
Source: www.nbcnews.com
What defines humanity and why is it challenging to distinguish ourselves from our ancestors?
Is it in the way we live, laugh, love? Or is it our aversion to clichés? Deep inside each of us, there must be something that makes us human. The problem is, after centuries of searching, we haven’t found it yet. Maybe it’s because we’ve been looking in the wrong places.
Ever since researchers began unearthing ancient hominin bones and stone tools, their work has held the tantalizing promise of pinpointing the long-ago moment when our ancestors transformed into humans. Two of the most important fossil discoveries in this quest reach an important milestone this year: 100 years since the first “near-human” was found. Australopithecus Fossils have been discovered in South Africa that have upended previous ideas about human origins, and it’s been 50 years since the most famous fossil was found. Australopithecus Lucy, also known as humanity’s grandmother, emerged from the dusty hills of Ethiopia, and the two fossils have led researchers to believe they can pinpoint humanity’s Big Bang, the period when a dramatic evolutionary wave led to the emergence of humans. Homo.
But today, the story of human origins is much more complicated. A series of discoveries over the past two decades has shown that the beginning of humanity is harder to pinpoint than we thought. So why did it once seem like we could define humanity and pinpoint its emergence, thanks to Lucy and her peers? Why are we now further away than ever from pinpointing exactly what it means to be human?
Source: www.newscientist.com
New study suggests early primates gave birth to twins
A new study led by Western Washington University suggests that sister city relationships have been around for longer than we thought.
Jack H. McBride and Tesla A. Monson conducted a comprehensive study of primate offspring numbers using life history data from 155 primate species and offspring numbers from an additional 791 mammal species. Image by Jason Brougham.
“Nearly all primates give birth to a single litter,” say Tesla Monson, a professor at Western Washington University, and Jack McBride, a doctoral student at Yale University.
“However, some genera, such as marmosets, tamarins, lemurs, lorises, and galagos, regularly give birth to twins or triplets.”
“Although humans most often give birth to singletons, twin pregnancies occur naturally at a rate of approximately 1.1-1.5% worldwide.”
“Advances in assisted reproductive technology have increased twin birth rates to around 3% in some areas over the past 50 years.”
“There is an urgent need to understand the impact of twins on pregnancy, mothers, and newborns.”
In this study, the authors collected data on reproduction and body size from nearly 1,000 different mammalian species to investigate the evolutionary history of twinning in primates.
The traits they analyzed included offspring size (number of offspring), gestation period, body size, and lifespan.
Contrary to previous assumptions, the analysis demonstrates that the earliest primates likely gave birth to twins.
The researchers also found that birth size and gestational age (the length of pregnancy) were closely related.
“Animals that give birth to more pups on average tend to have shorter gestation periods,” Professor Monson said.
“This also applies to humans. In the United States, full-term twins are considered to be born at 38 weeks, not 40 weeks, and many twins are born earlier than that.”
“This may be related to maternal energy limitations.”
“The next step is to look more broadly at offspring number across mammals and see which other reproductive, brain, and body size traits are associated with twinning.”
“We are particularly interested in understanding the relationship between twinning and tooth morphology.”
“For me, teeth are always a concern.”
of study Published in a journal human.
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Jack H. McBride & Tesla A. Monson. 2024. The evolution of offspring number in primates. human 4 (3): 223-238; doi: 10.3390/humans4030014
This article is based on a press release from Western Washington University.
Source: www.sci.news
Is it Necessary to Establish a Frozen Backup of Earth’s Life on the Moon?
Shackleton Crater on the south pole of the moon is an area in permanent shadow
LROC/Shadowcam/NASA/KARI/ASU
A backup of Earth-based life could be safely stored in a permanently dark spot on the Moon’s surface, without the need for power or maintenance, and could potentially be restored if life becomes extinct.
Mary Hagedorn Researchers at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute in Washington, DC, and their colleagues proposed building the lunar biorepository as a response to extinctions occurring on Earth.
The plan has three main goals: to protect the diversity of life on Earth, to preserve species that may be useful for space exploration, such as those that can provide food or biological materials for filtration, and to preserve microorganisms that may be needed in the future to terraform other planets.
Hagedorn said the team wanted to identify a place that wouldn’t require people or energy to store cryogenically frozen living cells at temperatures below minus 196 degrees Celsius, the temperature at which nitrogen becomes liquid and all biological processes stop.
“There’s no place on Earth cold enough to put passive storage, which has to be kept at minus 196 degrees Celsius, so we thought about space or the moon,” Hagedorn said.
She said the team chose the lunar south pole because of a deep crater with a cold area that’s permanently in shadow. Burying the samples about two meters below the surface would also protect them from radiation, she said.
Previous attempts to build safe biovaults have met with mixed success. The Svalbard Global Seed Vault in Norway is located in the Arctic and was built to be permanently kept at or below -18 degrees Celsius by the surrounding permafrost, but climate change and rising temperatures threaten its long-term safety.
Biorepository facilities in other parts of the world, especially those located close to cities, are human-power dependent and vulnerable to geopolitical upheaval.
Andrew Pask David B. Schneider, a researcher at the University of Melbourne in Australia who is building an Australian seed repository, is enthusiastic about the idea: “We want to look at the same samples in the same facility to ensure their safety, and at the moment the Moon seems like the safest place,” he says.
but Rachel Lapin A researcher from Monash University in Melbourne says there are many challenges and disadvantages to using the Moon, especially the difficulty of accessing it to add or remove samples. She says it might be better to store samples on Earth with lots of redundancy, so that if one repository fails, others are available.
“I want to see compelling evidence that storage will be available if needed,” she said.
Even if this moon vault is not used, Alice Gorman Researchers at Flinders University in Adelaide, Australia, see value in preserving human remains in space, and believe they might one day be accessible to extraterrestrial civilizations.
“Whether it’s cryogenically frozen biological tissue or DNA, or the full text of Wikipedia stored on a high-density nickel disk, the repository will be similar to the Voyager Golden Records,” Gorman says, referring to the metal disks containing humanity’s story attached to the spacecraft currently leaving the solar system.
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Source: www.newscientist.com
Review of Thank Goodness You’re Here!: A blend of pure vibrancy and dark charm
IIt’s a classic British comedy setup: an unknown young salesman from a major company is sent on a seemingly mundane trip to an eccentric town, and chaos ensues. This excellent game from small studio Coal Supper makes it clear from the start that it intends to stuff this setting with as much slapstick and surrealism as possible. Leaving the opening sequence set in a 10-storey office, the player is forced to climb out of a window, his fall prevented by the bus he must board for the rest of the journey.
When you arrive in the fictional northern English town of Barnsworth, a sort of gloomy reincarnation of early 1980s Barnsley, you’re supposed to meet the Mayor, but he’s busy, so you go out into the city. Here you encounter a bevy of odd characters, drawn in eerily bright colors and a deceptively childlike style. They usually greet you with a “nice to see you” and gather you together to deal with an absurd crisis. This might be a fat gentleman with his arm stuck in a drain, a fries shop owner whose fryer has broken, or an aging admiral who asks you to gather up some seagulls. But wherever you go, through the market, across the rooftops, down the lanes, you’ll encounter eccentrics doing odd jobs. The strange logic and spiraling…
As for comedic influences, the creators name-drop Reeves and Mortimer and The Mighty Boosh, but the interplay of slapstick, surrealism, and pop art also brings to mind Monty Python, Yellow Submarine, and the slightly subversive 1980s comics Whoopi and Wither and Chips. But don’t worry, you don’t need to know any of that to enjoy the game’s sheer exuberance and dark charm.
What might help is a little knowledge of northern working-class stereotypes: the number of shops with rhyming names (Doug’s Rugs, Nick’s Bricks and, my favorite, Raj’s Chargers, a mobile phone market stall), the unhealthy food offerings (fast food trucks selling Porky Nobbers, carts selling “Oily Bops”) and the almost psychotic competition between pie bakers.
But overlook these and plenty of other jokes emerge as you find keys and hammers, get a shy boy to beg for milk, or just enjoy the contributions of Matt Berry’s voice actor, who brings these eccentrics to life alongside the rest of the talented cast. In between the main quests, which build on top of each other like dominoes like the puzzles in Codemasters’ old Dizzy games, there are downright bizarre sequences that have you exploring the surface of a steak or collecting bubbles on a spirit level.
There’s also some light satire towards the games industry: graffiti on a wall depicts a man urinating on the word “Ludnarrative,” and in a filthy sewer area between the two locations is a sign that reads “Liminal spaces may not be as appealing as they seem.” Indeed, the game as a whole, with its relentless string of fetching tasks, could be interpreted as pasting the tedious conventions of open-world side quests.
The game’s three-hour runtime is packed with so many ideas, visual gags, wordplay, plants and rewards that you’ll need to play a few more times to take it all in. It’s great fun to play such a completely uncompromisingly silly game, but like a lot of the most ridiculous British humor, there’s also a quiet undertone of angst and despair in this one. The pie seller, the town drunk, the milk-scared child – they’re all trapped in their own quiet personal hells that just happen to be funny to the rest of us.
In the future, when the topic of the funniest comedy games of all time comes up, the usual names will likely pop up: Monkey Island, The Stanley Parable, Death Stranding (just kidding), etc. But now a new game will join them: Coal Supper has created perhaps the 21st century’s first fantastic abstract cartoon puzzle game set in Yorkshire. Thank goodness.
Source: www.theguardian.com
Triathletes preparing for Paris Olympics swim in Seine after last-minute safety tests
After months of speculation about whether the water in the Seine was clean enough for Olympic athletes to compete in, authorities have determined after last-minute testing that the river’s water is safe for swimming.
After tests of the Seine’s water quality came back positive on Wednesday morning Paris time, the men and women will swim in back-to-back races as part of a triathlon, starting at 8 a.m. local time. The men’s race was originally scheduled for Tuesday but was postponed after the Seine’s water failed tests.
“The latest water quality analysis results, received at 3:20 a.m., have been assessed by World Triathlon as meeting the standards and clearing the way for the triathlon to go ahead,” World Triathlon, the organisers and governing body of the Paris Games, said in a statement.
Maya Hitidji/Getty Images
After the race, Team USA triathlete Taylor Spivey said he “swallowed a ton of water” during the triathlon swim in the Seine, a river that has historically been so polluted that swimming in it has been illegal for the past century.
Spivey, who finished 10th in the race, told NBC News that his biggest concern wasn’t the water quality, but the “exceptional” and “shocking” strength of the current, which he said was so strong that the race could have been canceled.
“The flow was incredible,” she said. “It felt like I was on a treadmill in one place.”
When asked about the quality of the water, she added, “I’ve been taking lots of probiotics for the past month. We’ll see how it goes.”
Cassandre Beaugrand of France won the gold medal ahead of Julie Delong of Switzerland, who took the silver medal, while Beth Potter of Great Britain took the bronze medal.
The Seine’s water quality has caused a bit of a stir in the run up to the events, as organizers rush to clean up the polluted waterway for prime-time attention. For months, France has been testing samples from the river for the presence of pathogens such as E. coli and enterococcus. High levels of E. coli put swimmers at risk of developing gastrointestinal illness.
The Seine has not passed these tests after wet weather, when storms can send runoff and sometimes sewage into the river.
Swimming in the Seine has been banned for more than a century because it was deemed too polluted, but the city of Paris led a $1.5 billion effort to clean up the river and strengthen waste-treatment systems ahead of the Olympics.
As the first event approached, organizers were hoping for sunny weather that would reduce overall pollution and allow ultraviolet light to inactivate some bacteria.
But the weather rarely cooperated.
last year, Test Event Triathlon rehearsals were canceled due to concerns about water quality after the rains.
The opening ceremony, which included a boat parade on the Seine, took place in pouring rain on Friday, which continued into Saturday.
Pollution from the rain forced organisers to cancel two days of swimming training on Sunday and Monday, then postpone the men’s triathlon originally scheduled for Tuesday morning.
Thibaut Moritz/AFP – Getty Images
“I’m just trying to focus on what I can control,” U.S. triathlete Kirsten Kasper told NBC News on Tuesday. “We swim in a lot of cities and water quality is often an issue, but I just have to trust that the race organizers are doing the testing and doing what it takes to make sure we’re safe.”
Water experts said the difficulty of keeping the Seine clean enough could draw attention to a broader problem of environmental pollution shared around the world.
“In large cities, it’s very difficult to control the amount of human waste that you see,” said Katie Graham, an assistant professor in the Georgia Institute of Technology’s College of Engineering. “The public assumes that a lot of these problems have been completely solved, but that’s by no means the case.”
NBC News is a unit of NBCUniversal, which owns U.S. media rights to the Olympics through 2032, including the 2024 Paris Games, which begin July 26.
Evan Bush reported from Seattle and Alexander Smith from Paris.
Source: www.nbcnews.com
NHS: New online therapy may potentially double the number of individuals overcoming anxiety
Research suggests that a new online therapy approved by the NHS could significantly increase the number of children and adults recovering from anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder. In England, it is estimated that 1 in 5 children and young people between the ages of 8 and 25 may have a mental disorder, while 1 in 4 adults experience a diagnosable mental health problem each year according to NHS England.
Due to long waiting lists for psychiatric care, a surge in demand, and challenges with face-to-face appointments, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence recommended the use of online therapies across the NHS in their Early Value Assessment. Developed by Oxford University, four internet treatments will be implemented in various NHS trusts, mental health facilities, schools, and universities starting in September.
The University of Oxford has licensed Koa Health to deliver these online therapies, which are tailored for adults, adolescents, children with social anxiety disorder, and adults with PTSD. The treatments involve a series of online modules delivered through phone or video calls with therapists, available 24/7 to replicate in-person treatment.
Studies have shown positive results with these online therapies, with patients recovering as effectively as those receiving face-to-face treatment. Clinical trials have demonstrated significant benefits in treating social anxiety disorder and PTSD, showing promising recovery rates and improvements in quality of life.
The expansion of online therapy has been welcomed by mental health organizations, emphasizing the importance of patient choice in selecting the most suitable treatment. The NHS acknowledges the need to improve access to mental health care and recognizes the potential of digital tools to provide essential support to those in need.
Source: www.theguardian.com
Microsoft surpasses sales expectations, yet stock price dips due to slow growth in cloud services
In its latest quarterly earnings report, Microsoft exceeded analysts’ expectations by reporting a 15% increase in revenue year over year on Tuesday. However, growth in Azure, the company’s flagship cloud-computing service, fell short, leading to a 7% drop in Microsoft shares during after-hours trading.
Expectations for solid growth in the fourth-quarter earnings report were high, especially driven by cloud services with predicted revenue growth of 29%, which was expected to be between 30% and 31%. This led to a decline in stock prices for major technology companies due to recent market challenges.
During the Microsoft Earnings Report, CEO Satya Nadella aimed to instill confidence in the company’s performance.
Nadella stated in the earnings call, “This year’s strong performance demonstrates our innovation and the ongoing trust our customers have in Microsoft. As a platform company, we prioritize meeting our customers’ mission-critical needs at scale while leading in the AI era.”
Microsoft’s significant investments in artificial intelligence in recent years reflect a strategic move to dominate the tech industry with AI-enabled services. Backing ChatGPT developer OpenAI solidifies Microsoft’s position as a key player in commercializing generative AI.
Despite the growing questions surrounding the revenue potential of big tech companies’ pivot to AI, other factors like speculation about a Federal Reserve rate cut have helped calm investors as enthusiasm for big tech fades after a period of rising stock prices driven by AI optimism.
Microsoft faced challenges this month amid a global technology outage caused by a flawed software update from cybersecurity firm CrowdStrike affecting Windows systems. An unrelated outage on Microsoft’s Azure cloud service on Tuesday also caused network connectivity issues in multiple countries.
Source: www.theguardian.com
The Link Between Wildfire Smoke and Higher Dementia Risk
summary
- Studies have found that wildfire smoke can have adverse effects on brain health.
- New research suggests that increased exposure to smoke may increase the risk of dementia.
- As wildfires become more frequent and intense due to climate change, more people are being exposed to smoke and the associated health risks.
Parts of California, Oregon and Montana have been hit by several massive wildfires, including the Park Fire in Northern California, the fifth-largest in state history, and air pollution has reached unhealthy levels.
Smoke from wildfires can travel hundreds, even thousands, of miles, making it a danger to people nearby as well as those far away.
The fine particles in the smoke are not only bad for your lungs, but a series of studies in recent years have shown that they also have a negative impact on brain health, increasing the risk of dementia, cognitive impairment and mental health problems.
“Much of the research on wildfire smoke has historically focused on the lungs and the heart,” said Stephanie Cleland, an assistant professor at Simon Fraser University who studies the health effects of wildfire smoke. “It's only recently that we've seen a focus on cognitive function and brain health.”
Adding to this body of evidence is a study presented Monday at the Alzheimer's Association International Conference suggesting that wildfire smoke may increase the likelihood of a dementia diagnosis.
The study analyzed health records of more than 1.2 million Southern California adults aged 60 and older from 2009 to 2019.
The researchers looked at where people lived and their exposure to fine particles from wildfire smoke and other pollutants, and found that for every extra microgram per cubic meter of fine particulate matter from smoke that participants were exposed to over a three-year period, their odds of developing dementia increased by 21%.
In contrast, a similar increase in exposure to fine particulate matter from other sources, such as cars and factories, was associated with a 3% increased odds of developing dementia.
Study author Dr. Holly Elser, a neurology resident at the Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, said the evidence is still preliminary but supports that chronic exposure to wildfire smoke contributes to cognitive decline.
But, she said, “the threshold at which wildfire smoke begins to pose a risk to dementia is unclear.”
a A study published in August Similarly, higher exposure to fine particulate matter from a variety of sources, including wildfires, was also found to be associated with higher incidence of dementia.
Climate change is making wildfires more frequent and more intense, and it is also increasing people's exposure to smoke. Between 2003 and 2023, the frequency of major wildfires is expected to more than double, Recent research has shown that.
Scientists believe that wildfire smoke affects the brain because the tiny particles it contains can penetrate the barrier between the bloodstream and the brain, causing inflammation in the central nervous system. The particles can also travel directly from the nose to the brain, which can affect people's ability to think, learn, and remember.
Dementia isn't the only potential impact. Research in 2022 Adults who had recently been exposed to wildfire smoke performed worse on brain-training games that measure abilities such as memory, attention, flexibility, processing speed and problem-solving skills, a study has found.
“People's alertness is significantly reduced within hours to days of exposure to wildfire smoke,” said Cleland, one of the study's authors.
other A study published in the same year Exposure to wildfire smoke during the school year has been shown to lower students' test scores compared to smoke-free years.
“The more smoke you're exposed to, the worse your test scores are,” said Marshall Burke, a co-author of the study and an associate professor of global environmental policy at Stanford University. “The impact on individual students is probably pretty small, but when you add it up across students and across schools, it adds up to a pretty significant overall learning loss.”
But Mr Burke said he had doubts about the dementia study findings published this week because wildfire smoke and other pollution “cannot be equated”.
Elser acknowledged that many questions remain about how smoke affects the brain — for example, it's unclear whether smoke causes dementia in healthy people or only in those who are already at risk.
“That's a really interesting question as to whether this is creating new cases of dementia that never would have occurred before, or whether it's simply hastening the onset of clinically evident dementia,” she said.
Other questions remain about the relationship between wildfire smoke and mental health. February Survey Exposure to smoke from wildfires in the western United States has been linked to increased emergency room visits for anxiety. depression and Psychosis like schizophrenia.
Elser said wildfire smoke can change the neurochemistry in people's brains, which can lead to depression and anxiety, but it's also possible that the anxiety and stress of experiencing and living through a wildfire can independently lead to mental health issues.
Other health effects of wildfire smoke are fairly well understood: Scientists have known for decades that inhaling smoke particles can travel deep into the lungs or enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of asthma, stroke, heart attack, lung cancer, and low birth weight in newborns.
Cleland said it's not just people in fire-prone areas of the U.S. who have to worry about these risks, as the Canadian wildfires that blanketed parts of the Midwest and Northeast in smoke last summer showed.
“Last summer completely changed our discussion of who is exposed to wildfire smoke,” she says. “Oregon, California, Washington and British Columbia are actually getting a lot of wildfire smoke, but that doesn't mean places like the northeastern U.S. and Ontario aren't affected.”
To reduce exposure to wildfire smoke, experts recommend that people living in areas with high levels of wildfire smoke: Air Quality Index Reading If your count is over 100, avoid outdoor activities, close all windows, run indoor air purifiers, and wear an N95 mask if you must go out.
Source: www.nbcnews.com
Ubisoft’s Galactic Adventure: A Sneak Peek at Star Wars Outlaws | Games
a
About 10 minutes into the latest preview build of Ubisoft’s upcoming open-world adventure Star Wars Outlaws, protagonist Kay Vess enters Milogana, a densely populated, dilapidated city on the desolate moon of Tshara. It’s surrounded by a mix of sandstone shacks and metallic sci-fi buildings, packed with flickering computer panels, neon signs, and holographic advertisements. Exotic aliens lurk in quiet corners, and an R2 droid passes by, muttering to itself. Nearby, a cantina features a suspicious patron peeking out from a smoky doorway, and a darkened gambling hall stands nearby.
As you explore, a robotic voice reads Imperial propaganda over a loudspeaker, and stormtroopers patrol the city checking IDs. To this lifelong Star Wars fan, at least, these scenes perfectly capture the aesthetic and atmosphere of the original trilogy. Like A New Hope itself, this is a promising beginning.
“We did our homework,” says voiceover director Navid Cavalli. “We looked to the original films as well as George Lucas’s own inspirations: Akira Kurosawa, World War II films like The Dam Busters, and spaghetti westerns. Great care was taken to maintain tonal consistency in the original trilogy. We needed this to feel like it had high stakes, light-hearted humor, emotional tension, character development and a hero’s journey.”
Promising beginnings…Star Wars Outlaws. Photo: Ubisoft
Outlaws, due to launch on August 30th, has been in development at Massive Entertainment for about five years. In 2018, the studio held an event to announce The Division 2, and at some point that night, then-CEO David Polfeldt stepped outside to talk quietly with a senior Disney official. Over cocktails, the two discussed a possible collaboration. “The first presentation was in February 2020, after we released The Division 2,” says creative director Julian Gerighty. “We had a small team of people – concept artists and game designers – and we went to San Francisco with a very short pitch deck based on three concepts: Star Wars, an open world, and a baddie story.”
Set in the years between The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, The Outlaws follows ambitious city thief Kay as he rallies a crew to pull off the biggest heist of his life in order to pay off the huge bounty on his head. [the appeal of Star Wars] “He wasn’t a Jedi farm boy or a cranky old space wizard,” says Gerrity, “he was a cool guy surfing the galaxy with his best friend and the most iconic spaceship. I really focused on these archetypal characters and what they could do in terms of gameplay.”
In Outlaws, players are free to explore and roam at least five major worlds, from Tatooine to stormy Akiva to glitzy Kantonica, home to the casino city of Kanto Bight featured in The Last Jedi. Throughout Cay’s journey, she encounters crime organizations from across the Star Wars canon, including the brutal Pikes, the Hutts, the shady Crimson Dawn, and the samurai-esque Asiga. Completing missions for organizations earns credits and reputation points, unlocking more lucrative jobs and new areas of the map. Joining one gang means alienating another, but there’s an opportunity to set crime bosses at odds or even betray one another.
So perhaps the emphasis on space villains tempted the team to make a Han Solo game? Gerrity shakes his head. “We always wanted a character that wasn’t Han Solo,” he says. “Han is the coolest guy in the galaxy. Cay is a city thief who gets caught up in a bad deal and gets catapulted from place to place like a pinball, and suddenly he’s negotiating with Jabba the Hutt… We did a lot of casting, but Hanberly Gonzalez’s character was the final piece of the puzzle. Her voice, her acting, her approach to the character on the page was such a huge influence.”
The focus on gangster intrigue is what inspired the game to be situated within the Star Wars timeline, an idea that came from Lucasfilm. “We were looking for the right moment to define the gameplay and to be able to go to cool, interesting places and meet interesting characters,” says Steve Blank, director of franchise content and strategy at Lucasfilm. “So we found a place that had a lot of opportunity to tell an underworld story. Organized crime is rampant as the Empire turns its attention to the Rebel Alliance. Jabba the Hutt is at the height of his power.”
At a press event in Los Angeles earlier this month, I played the story’s main quest, set on Tshara, where Kay must steal top-secret information from a computer in the sprawling mansion of Pyke crime lord Gorak. It’s a large, multi-floor environment riddled with guards. You can either charge straight in with blaster fire, or hack doors as you work your way through a network of ventilation ducts, backrooms, and sneaky passageways. I also visited Kimiji, an ice planet ruled by the Ashigas, a blind swordsman-like alien race. My mission is to meet with a safecracker, but I’m being pursued by an assassin. It’s an atmospheric place to explore, with temple-like towers towering above frozen cobblestone streets, snow flurries in the sky, and a small group of shady thugs huddling around a pale orange noodle shop.
A restaurant with delicious noodles…Star Wars Outlaws. Photo: Ubisoft
Although this is a Massive Entertainment game, it feels unmistakably Ubisoft. The stealth, the combat, the balance between story and side quests all contain elements borrowed from Assassin’s Creed, Far Cry, and Watch Dogs. You watch enemy patrols, take down targets one by one using a variety of special abilities, and then escape. There are further borrowings from other action-adventures, such as Kay’s ability to slow down time to target multiple enemies before firing multiple volleys with a blaster, a clear homage to Max Payne and Red Dead Redemption.
It’s fun to think about exactly how to use all the toys available to you in such a large, densely designed location. But the big question is: what’s new and what’s different? Apart from the Star Wars license, there are three elements that distinguish Outlaws from other Ubisoft adventures. First, there’s Nix, Kay’s constant companion. This is a cute little creature that follows you everywhere and gives you access to parts of the environment that you can’t. You can also command him to attack or distract guards, or pick up items or dropped ammo. This is especially useful during gunfights. “Nix was inspired by our pet,” says Navid Khavari. “My wife and I don’t know how we would have survived COVID without cats, so I think it feels very natural. He acts like a dog.
Outlaws also does away with Ubisoft’s typical skill trees and points in favor of a more natural alternative: Expert Missions have you quest for powerful specialists, granting you new abilities and upgrading your weapons and speeder bikes.
A masterpiece… “Star Wars Outlaws.” Photo: Ubisoft
And then, of course, there’s space travel; you can hop off-planet at any time, and the transition happens in one seamless sequence. You’re then free to fly around your current system, fighting TIE fighters or scavenging space debris before making a hyperspace jump to a new planet. Flying is simple, and dogfights rely heavily on the lock-on feature to automatically track down your enemies. It’s a lot more arcadey than the great X-Wing and Tie-Fighter games of yore. Still, it’s a unique thrill to get an enemy ship in your sights and blast it to smithereens accompanied by the legendary Ben Burtt-esque sound effects.
I’ve only seen a few hours of the game so far, but there’s still so much to discover. I’m hoping that the missions and side quests will delve deeper into Star Wars lore and move further away from the typical Assassin’s Creed or Far Cry fare. I’m curious to see how populated and detailed the planets are away from the major hubs. I’d love to encounter Jawa transports, secret Imperial bases, and terrifying monsters that will spend a thousand years trying to devour me. This element of stumble-through discovery in the Star Wars universe is something the team has clearly thought about.
“We knew we needed to allow the player freedom, which is very much part of how Star Wars works,” says Cavalli. “We created a tonal blueprint that drew from both The Empire Strikes Back and Return of the Jedi, and blended that with all of the characters and vendors in the story so that they all felt like they were part of the same journey. It took us a while to realize this, but Star Wars is particularly well-suited for an open-world game, which is why fans, myself included, have been clamoring for it for so long.”
Source: www.theguardian.com
Can mind-machine implants improve human abilities?
I lost to a cyborg. When I played the online game WebGrid, using my finger on my laptop’s trackpad to click squares that appear unpredictably on a grid, I was able to beat him at 42 beats per minute. When Noland Arbaugh, a self-described cyborg, played the game, using a chip implanted in his brain to send telepathic signals to a computer, his speed was 49.
Arbaugh was paralyzed from the neck down in 2016. In January, he became the first person to be surgically implanted with a chip made by Neuralink, a company founded by Elon Musk. Since then, Arbaugh has been able to use his mind to control his phone and computer, surf the web, and play games. civilization And chess.
But Neuralink is not the only company using brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to blend the human brain with machines. Thanks to a series of trials, many people paralyzed by spinal cord injuries, strokes and movement disorders are regaining lost abilities. These successes have surprised some researchers, says Jamie Henderson, a neurosurgeon at Stanford University in California. “It’s been an incredible advance.”
Where that will take us remains to be seen. Musk recently mused about developing bionic implants that could compete with artificial superintelligence. Others see deeper implications: “In the future, we will be able to manipulate human perception, memory, behavior and identity,” says Rafael Yuste of Columbia University in New York.
But while BCIs are undoubtedly impressive, as Arbaugh’s WebGrid scores show, the relationship between brain activity, thoughts, and behavior is incredibly complex. Memory…
Source: www.newscientist.com
Can a person’s name influence their facial features?
First names are social tags that are attached to us early in life. Previous studies have shown that an individual's facial appearance is indicative of their name. A new study explores the origins of this face-name matching effect – whether names are given based on innate facial features or whether an individual's facial appearance changes to match their name over time. Findings using both humans and machine learning algorithms show that while adults show a match between facial appearance and name, this pattern is not seen in children or in children's faces digitally aged to an adult appearance.
Zwebener othersThey investigated the possibility of a self-fulfilling prophecy effect, whereby an individual's facial appearance over time begins to resemble the social stereotype associated with their name. Image credit: Zwebner others., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2405334121.
“George Orwell famously said, 'By the time you're 50, everyone has a suitable face,'” said Reichman University researcher Yonat Zwebner and his colleagues.
“Research supports Orwell's observations and suggests that changes in facial appearance over the years may be influenced by a person's personality and behaviour.”
“Our current study aims to explicitly test developmental aspects of facial appearance by focusing on social processes by taking advantage of a recently identified effect, the face-name congruency effect. The face-name congruency effect suggests that names can be manifested in the appearance of a face.”
In the study, the authors asked 9- to 10-year-old children and adults to match people's faces with names.
The findings revealed that both children and adults correctly matched adult faces to their corresponding names at rates well above chance.
However, when it came to children's faces and names, participants were unable to make accurate associations.
In another part of the study, a large database of images of human faces was fed into the machine learning system.
The computer recognized that facial representations of adults with the same name were significantly more similar to each other than to facial representations of adults with different names.
Conversely, no significant similarities were found when comparing children with the same name to children with different names.
The researchers concluded that the similarities between people's faces and names are the result of a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Facial appearance changes over time to conform to the social stereotypes associated with names.
These stereotypes can form in a variety of ways, such as when a name is associated with a famous person or because of the connotations that biblical names have.
“Our study highlights the broader importance of this surprising effect – the profound influence of social expectations,” Dr Zwebner said.
“We have demonstrated that social construction, or structuring, does in fact exist, something that has been almost impossible to verify empirically until now.”
“Social constructs are so powerful that they can affect how people look.”
“These findings may suggest the extent to which other personal factors, such as gender and ethnicity, that may be even more important than a name, may shape a person's personality as they grow up.”
of result This month is Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Yonat Zwebner others2024. Does a name shape the appearance of a face? PNAS 121 (30): e2405334121; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2405334121
Source: www.sci.news
Google’s partnership with Anthropic under review by UK regulators
The Competition and Markets Authority has initiated a preliminary inquiry into Google’s collaboration with AI startup Anthropic, marking the latest in a series of probes into agreements between major tech companies and smaller AI enterprises.
Google has injected $2 billion (approximately £1.56 billion) into the firm by 2023, following a recent cloud-computing deal with Clode LLM and chatbot startup Anthropic.
The CMA is currently assessing whether the partnership may have led to “merger-related situations” that warrant a formal investigation. Public feedback is welcomed over the next fortnight.
This move comes amidst broader worries about competition in the generative AI sector, with Amazon also collaborating with Anthropic to secure a $4 billion stake in the company and serve as one of its cloud computing suppliers. The Amazon-Anthropic deal is also under scrutiny by the CMA for potential merger implications.
Additionally, the CMA has launched investigations into OpenAI and Microsoft, following Microsoft’s acquisition of a significant share in the commercial division of ChatGPT creator, as well as into Microsoft’s partnership with AI startup Inflection, where the tech giant obtained access to its AI models and recruited the startup’s founders and management.
An inquiry into Microsoft’s dealings with French AI startup Mistral was terminated in May.
Regulators are apprehensive about the dominance of big tech players, especially in competitive fields like AI, hence direct takeovers are improbable. However, the CMA is vigilant about agreements that could impede competition through other means.
An Anthropic spokesperson refuted any claims of a merger, stating that they remain an autonomous entity with no compromise to their corporate governance independence or partnership freedom.
A Google representative affirmed the company’s commitment to fostering an open and innovative AI ecosystem globally.
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Furthermore, it was clarified that “Anthropic utilizes multiple cloud providers and has not sought any exclusive technology rights.”
Source: www.theguardian.com
TechScape: Is OpenAI’s $5 billion chatbot investment worth it? It depends on your utilization of it | Artificial Intelligence (AI)
What if you build it and no one comes?
It’s fair to say the luster of the AI boom is fading. Skyrocketing valuations are starting to look shaky compared to the massive spending required to keep them going. Over the weekend, tech site The Information reported that OpenAI is An astonishing $5 billion in additional spending is expected More than this year alone:
If our predictions are correct, OpenAI’s recent valuation would be $80bnwill need to raise more capital over the next 12 months or so. Our analysis is based on informed estimates of what OpenAI will spend to operate the ChatGPT chatbot and train future large-scale language models, as well as a “guesstimate” of how much OpenAI will spend on staffing, based on OpenAI’s previous projections and our knowledge of its adoption. Our conclusion shows exactly why so many investors are concerned about the profit prospects of conversational artificial intelligence.
The most pessimistic view is that AI — and especially chatbots, an expensive and competitive sector of an industry that has captured the public’s imagination — isn’t as good as we’ve been told.
This argument suggests that as adoption grows and iteration slows, most people have had a chance to use cutting-edge AI properly and are beginning to realize that it’s great but probably useless. The first time you use ChatGPT, it’s a miracle, but by the 100th time, the flaws are obvious and the magic fades into the background. You decide ChatGPT is bullshit.
In this paper, I argue against the view that ChatGPT and others are lying or hallucinating when they make false claims, and support the position that what they are doing is bullshit. … Since these programs themselves could not care less about the truth, and are designed to generate text that looks true without actually caring about the truth, it seems appropriate to call their output bullshit.
Get them trained
It is estimated that only a handful of jobs will be completely eliminated by AI. Photo: Bim/Getty Images/iStockphoto
I don’t think it’s that bad. But that’s not because the system is perfect. I think the move to AI is a hurdle we’ve got to overcome much earlier. You have to try a chatbot in any meaningful way to even begin to realize it’s bullshit and give up. And judging by the tech industry’s response, that’s starting to become a bigger hurdle. Last Thursday, I reported on how Google is partnering with a network of small businesses and several academy trusts to bring AI into the workplace to enhance, rather than replace, worker capabilities. Debbie Weinstein, managing director of Google UK and Ireland, said:
It’s hard for us to talk about this right now because we don’t know exactly what’s going to happen. What we do know is that the first step is to sit down and talk. [with the partners] And then really understanding the use case. If you have school administrators and students in the classroom, what are the specific tasks that you actually want to perform for these people?
For teachers, this could be a quick email with ideas on how to use Gemini in their lesson plans, formal classroom training, or one-on-one coaching. Various pilot programs will be run with 1,200 participants, with each group having around 100 participants.
One way of looking at this is that it’s just another feel-good investment in the upskilling schemes of big companies. Google in particular has been helping to upskill Brits for years with its digital training scheme, formerly branded as the company’s “Digital Garage”. To put it more cynically, teaching people how to use new technology by teaching them how to use your own tools is good business. Brits of a certain age will vividly remember “IT” or “ICT” classes as thinly veiled instructions on how to use Microsoft Office. People older and younger than me learned some basic computer programming. I learned how to use Microsoft Access.
In this case, it’s something deeper: Google needs to go beyond simply teaching people how to use AI and also run experiments to figure out what exactly to teach them. “This isn’t about a fundamental rethinking of how we understand technology, it’s about the little everyday things that make work a little more productive and a little more enjoyable,” Weinstein says. “Today, we have tools that make work a little easier. Those three minutes you save every time you write an email.
“Our goal is to make sure that everyone can benefit from technology, whether it’s Google technology or other companies’ technology. And I think the general idea of working together with tools that help make your life more efficient is something that everyone can benefit from.”
Ever since ChatGPT came out, the underlying assumption has been that the technology speaks for itself, and the fact that it literally does is a big help to that. But chat interfaces are confusing. Even if you’re dealing with a real human being, it’s still a skill to get the best out of them when you need help, and an even better skill when the only way to communicate with them is through text chat.
AI chatbots are not people. They are so unlike humans that it’s all the more difficult to even think about how they might fit into common work patterns. The pessimistic view of this technology isn’t “what if there wasn’t one there” – there is, of course, a pessimistic view, despite all the hallucinations and nonsense. Rather, it’s a much simpler view: what if most people never bothered to learn how to use them?
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Masbot Gold
Google DeepMind has trained its new AI system to solve problems from the International Mathematical Olympiad. Photo: Pittinan Piyavatin/Alamy
Meanwhile, elsewhere in Google it reads:
Although computers are being built to perform calculations faster than humans, the highest levels of formal mathematics remain the sole domain of humans. But a groundbreaking discovery by researchers at Google DeepMind has brought AI systems closer than ever to beating the best human mathematicians at the field.
Two new systems, called AlphaProof and AlphaGeometry 2, worked together to tackle problems in the International Mathematical Olympiad, a worldwide math competition for middle school students. 1959Each year, the Olympiad consists of six incredibly difficult problems covering subjects such as algebra, geometry and number theory, and winning a gold medal makes you one of the best young mathematicians in the world.
A word of warning: the Google DeepMind system solved “only” four of the six problems, and one of them they solved using a “neurosymbolic” system, which is less AI-like than you might expect. All problems were manually translated into a programming language called Lean, which allows the system to read it as a formal description of the problem without having to parse human-readable text first. (Google DeepMind also tried to use LLM to do this part, but it didn’t work very well.)
But this is still a pretty big step. The International Mathematical Olympiad difficultand AI won the medal. What happens when you win the gold medal? Is there a big difference between being able to solve problems that only the best high school mathematicians could tackle and being able to solve problems that only the best undergraduates, graduate students, and doctors could solve? What changes when a branch of science is automated?
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Source: www.theguardian.com
Dreamsettler: Exploring the Pre-Facebook Internet Through a Gaming Time Capsule
IIt's been five years since Tendershoot's wacky '90s internet simulator Hypnospace Outlaw, and this spiritual sequel was announced two years ago. In that time, as tech moguls buy up social media giants, Reddit gets monetized (and effectively censored) against the will of its user base, and AI becomes more and more prevalent, millennials' yearning for the lawless, algorithm-free days of the early internet is only getting stronger. At least, that's how creative director Jay Tholen feels.
“I knew things were bad then, but I didn't think it would get this bad,” Thoren says of the current state of the World Wide Web.
Both Hypnospace Outlaw and Dreamsettler are set in an alternate world where people browse the internet while they sleep. In the first game, you're put in the shoes of a forum moderator, helping to keep internet users safe by fighting piracy, harassment and illegal activity. In Dreamsettler, set between 2003 and 2005, players have more powers, this time playing as a private investigator looking to make a name for themselves.
It starts with players setting up their own page and choosing which part of the web they want to base themselves in, like Camp Rowdy, which Tholen describes as “kind of like Good Time Valley, but with a bit more of a country subculture.” Low-risk deals help build your reputation. Eventually, Sleepnet, the company behind Dreamsettler, will ask you to unearth something for them, and other powerful companies will start seeking your services, too.
Imagine you've been asked to investigate a murder that may be linked to a conspiracy theorist's personal web page. You'd start by skimming the news article to find the date of the accident, then look at people's pages around that date to see if they have any clues that might lead you to the crime.
After two years of development, there's still no release date in sight for Dreamsettler. “No game I've ever made has been in this situation,” Tholen says, only half-joking. “Publishers have given up on setting deadlines. They don't like to make too specific plans because it makes it very tedious, and they don't allow for iterative design.”
Besides bumping up the game's resolution from 480×270 pixels to 960×540 pixels (if you remember Windows 95, you know that was once a huge amount of screen real estate for a Web page), one of the hardest things for Tholen was pleasing everyone: He hopes Dreamsettler will appeal to both those who lived in the early days of the Internet (many of whom played Hypnospace Outlaw) and those too young to remember what a dial-up modem sounded like.
“I always have this rule implicit in my head,” he explains. “What you need to know to enjoy Dreamsettler needs to be found within the game. There's no 'you don't know what you don't know' reference. The game needs to have that information accessible somewhere so that every player can enjoy it.”
Source: www.theguardian.com
A doctor explains if this fluffy mushroom truly deserves the title of ultimate superfood
If you’ve been browsing the internet recently, you’ve likely come across advertisements for Lionsman Mushroom supplements that claim to enhance health and prevent illness. But are these claims and products scientifically supported, or are they just a passing trend?
What exactly is a Lionsman mushroom?
The lion’s mane mushroom, scientifically known as Yamabushitake mushroom, is a sizable, hairy edible mushroom with a sweet taste and soft texture. It is used in gourmet cuisine and has a lengthy history in traditional medicine, attracting attention from both Western scientists and modern marketers.
There have been numerous studies on Lionsman mushrooms, with at least 410 research papers published in the last decade. However, only about a quarter of these studies have been conducted on humans, with the rest utilizing model systems like rodents or cell cultures. There have been a total of seven human clinical trials to date.
Is Yamabushitake good for your health?
Heart Health
Around one in three adults in the UK suffers from high blood pressure, and elevated cholesterol levels increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Lionsman extract has been studied for its potential to improve blood lipid levels, reduce oxidation, and possibly act as an anticoagulant.
Diabetes
Research suggests that Lionsman mushrooms may help control blood sugar levels, but this has only been demonstrated in rodents and cell studies, not in humans, especially those with diabetes.
Cancer Prevention
Studies have identified substances in lion’s mane mushrooms that may inhibit the growth of various cancer cells. However, more research is needed to determine if these effects translate to human consumption.
Mental Health and Cognition
Studies have shown that Lionsman extract can promote nerve cell growth, reduce oxidation and inflammation, and improve brain health. Small-scale studies have indicated potential benefits for memory and cognitive function.
Immunity and Inflammation
Lionsman compounds have been shown to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, but their effects on immunity in humans are yet to be fully understood.
Supports Gastrointestinal Health
Lionsman mushrooms have shown promise in limiting the growth of harmful bacteria and reducing the severity of gastrointestinal disorders in animal models. Human studies are still ongoing to confirm these effects.
So, can Lionsman mushroom supplements be beneficial for humans?
Most Lionsman products on the market focus on extracts, capsules, and powders, as these are easier to study than the whole mushroom. Dosage recommendations are challenging to determine due to the variability in products and the lack of conclusive data.
Are there any side effects?
Lionsman supplements are generally well-tolerated but may cause gastrointestinal upset, nausea, and skin rashes. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider before taking them, especially if you are on other medications.
Source: www.sciencefocus.com
Scientists are on the verge of uncovering the secrets behind the construction of Egypt’s ancient pyramids.
A recent study published in July suggests that Egypt’s oldest pyramid, the Step Pyramid of Djoser, may have been constructed using advanced technology. The study proposes that a hydraulic lift system was used during the construction of the pyramid to raise the massive blocks needed for its construction.
The Step Pyramid of Djoser was built as the final resting place of King Djoser, the first or second pharaoh of Egypt’s Third Dynasty during the Old Kingdom, around 4,700 years ago. The pyramid rises in six tiers to a height of 62 meters above the Saqqara plateau, equivalent to the height of a 14-storey building.
If proven true, the existence of this hydraulic lift system would offer an explanation for how the ancient Egyptians were able to construct such monumental structures with the technology available at the time. The study also suggests that a nearby enclosure, known as Gisr el-Mudir, may have served as a “check dam” to capture water and sediment, supporting the hydraulic system.
The study proposes that a sophisticated system of water treatment plants outside the pyramid combined with the Gisr el-Mudir and a ditch controlled water quality and flow. Water would flow into a shaft inside the pyramid where a float system potentially carried building stones to their needed locations. A plug system at the base of the shaft could then drain the water for the process to start again.
Xavier Landreau, president of Paleotechnique and lead author of the study, emphasizes the importance of this discovery in questioning established historical narratives and the technical knowledge possessed by the ancient Egyptian architects. The study also raises the intriguing question of whether the same hydraulic system used to construct the pyramid could have been used to bury the king in his final resting place within the pyramid.
About the Experts
Xavier Landreau: President of Paleotechnique and lead author of the study. Paleotechnique is a research practice that combines hydrology, geotechnical engineering, physics, mathematics, materials science, and history to explore the origins of civilization.
Read more:
Source: www.sciencefocus.com
IC 3430 Discovered by Hubble Space Telescope
Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have obtained stunning new images of the dwarf elliptical galaxy IC 3430.
This Hubble Space Telescope image shows the dwarf galaxy IC 3430, located about 45 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. The color image includes both visible and near-infrared observations by the Hubble Space Telescope's Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS). The image is based on data obtained through two filters. The colors are obtained by assigning a different hue to each monochromatic image associated with an individual filter. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / M. Sun.
IC3430 It is located in the constellation Virgo, about 45 million light years from Earth.
This dwarf galaxy discovered It was discovered on February 15, 1900 by German astronomer Arnold Schwassmann.
Also known as LEDA 41294, UGC 7643, and VCC 1273, it is just 25,000 light-years in diameter.
The IC 3430 is Virgo star cluster is rich in galaxies of all sizes, many of which are very similar in type to this dwarf galaxy.
“IC 3430 is a dwarf galaxy, well reflected in this Hubble Space Telescope image, more accurately known as a dwarf elliptical galaxy, or dE galaxy,” Hubble astronomers said in a statement.
“Like its larger cousins, this galaxy has a smooth oval shape with no visible arm or bar features, and it lacks gas to form many new stars.”
“Intriguingly, IC 3430 contains a hot, massive, blue stellar core, a rare phenomenon in elliptical galaxies, indicating recent star formation activity.”
“We believe that shock pressure from a galaxy punching through the gas in the Virgo Cluster ignited remaining gas in IC 3430's core, forming several new stars.”
“Dwarf galaxies are actually galaxies with a small number of stars, typically fewer than a billion, but still often enough to replicate the same shapes as larger galaxies on a smaller scale,” the astronomers said.
“There are dwarf elliptical galaxies like IC 3430, dwarf irregular galaxies, dwarf spheroidal galaxies, and even dwarf spiral galaxies.”
“The so-called Magellanic spiral galaxies are also a type of dwarf galaxy, the best example of which is the well-known dwarf galaxy, the Magellanic Clouds.”
Source: www.sci.news
Ozempic and Wegovy could potentially aid individuals in smoking cessation
Ozempic has the potential to treat many diseases, not just type 2 diabetes and obesity.
MySkin/Shutterstock
Another study showed that semaglutide (a drug found in Ozempic and Wegovi – It may help treat addiction: Researchers found that people prescribed the drug to treat type 2 diabetes were less likely to seek medical attention for smoking than those taking other diabetes medications.
Semaglutide helps treat obesity and type 2 diabetes by mimicking hormones that suppress appetite and regulate blood sugar levels. Previous studies have also shown that semaglutide reduces the incidence of diabetes. Cannabis Use Disorder and Alcoholism.
To find out the effect of semaglutide on tobacco addiction, Ron Shu Researchers at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio collected data from the electronic medical records of about 223,000 people in the US with type 2 diabetes and smoking habits, about 6,000 of whom had been prescribed semaglutide, and the rest were using one of seven other diabetes medications.
The researchers then tracked whether participants met with a health care provider about smoking or received smoking cessation counseling within a year of starting to take the smoking cessation medication.
After taking into account variables such as age, sex, race and certain health conditions, the team found that people using semaglutide were, on average, less likely to receive tobacco-related medical care than people taking other medications, which the researchers took to be an indication that these people may be more successful in quitting smoking.
For example, semaglutide users were 32% less likely to receive the treatment. Insulin 18% lower than users Metformin user.
People taking semaglutide may be less likely to seek medical care for their smoking, even though they didn’t necessarily stop using such products. But Xu said that because they all sought tobacco-related medical care at similar rates before they started taking type 2 diabetes medication, semaglutide may actually have helped them.
The study was not a randomized controlled trial, which is the highest level of medical evidence, so the results do not conclusively show that semaglutide is behind the effect, he said. Patricia Grigson Kennedy At Pennsylvania State University, however, other studies have shown that semaglutide reduces activity in areas of the brain involved in reward processing and craving, so there may be a causal relationship.
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Source: www.newscientist.com
Study reveals high prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 virus among wild animals
In a new study, a team of scientists from Virginia Tech investigated the extent to which exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, was widespread in wildlife communities in Virginia and Washington, DC, between May 2022 and September 2023. They documented positive detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in six species: deer mice, Virginia opossums, raccoons, groundhogs, cotton-tailed bats, and eastern red bats. They also found no evidence that the SARS-CoV-2 virus was transmitted from animals to humans, and people should not fear general contact with wildlife.
Goldberg othersThis suggests that a wide variety of mammal species were infected with SARS-CoV-2 in the wild. Image credit: Goldberg others., doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49891-w.
“SARS-CoV-2 could be transmitted from humans to wild animals during contact between humans and wild animals, in the same way that a hitchhiker might jump to a new, more suitable host,” said Carla Finkelstein, a professor at Virginia Tech.
“The goal of a virus is to spread in order to survive. It wants to infect as many humans as possible, but vaccination protects many of us. So the virus turns to animals, where it adapts and mutates to thrive in a new host.”
SARS CoV-2 infections have previously been identified in wild animals, primarily white-tailed deer and wild mink.
This new research significantly expands the number of species investigated and improves our understanding of virus transmission in and between wild animals.
The data suggest that exposure to the virus is widespread among wild animals and that areas with high human activity may be contact points for interspecies transmission.
“This study was prompted by the realization that there were significant and important gaps in our knowledge about the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the broader wildlife community,” said Dr. Joseph Hoyt of Virginia Tech.
“Most studies to date have focused on white-tailed deer, but we still don't know what's going on with many of the wildlife species commonly found in our backyards.”
For the study, the researchers collected 798 nasal and oral swabs from animals that had been caught live and released from the wild, or that were being treated at a wildlife rehabilitation center, as well as 126 blood samples from six animal species.
These sites were chosen to compare the presence of viruses in animals across different levels of human activity, from urban areas to remote wilderness.
The scientists also identified two mice with the exact same mutation on the same day and in the same location, indicating that they either both got infected from the same person, or one had transmitted it to the other.
How it spreads from humans to animals is unknown, but wastewater is a possibility, but trash cans and discarded food are more likely sources.
“I think the biggest takeaway from this study is that this virus is everywhere. We're finding it in common backyard animals that are testing positive,” said Dr. Amanda Goldberg of Virginia Tech.
“This study highlights the potentially broad host range of SARS-CoV-2 in nature and how widely it may actually spread,” Dr Hoyt said.
“There is much work to be done to understand which wildlife species, if any, are important in the long-term maintenance of SARS-CoV-2 in humans.”
“But what we've already learned is that SARS CoV-2 is not just a human problem, and we need multidisciplinary teams to effectively address its impacts on different species and ecosystems,” Professor Finkelstein said.
of Investigation result Published in today's journal Nature Communications.
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A.R. Goldberg others2024. Widespread exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in wildlife communities. Nat Community 15, 6210; doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-49891-w
This article has been edited based on the original release from Virginia Tech.
Source: www.sci.news
Study finds that extinct fin whales had narrow-band high-frequency hearing
Parapontoporia The common dolphin, an extinct genus of long-nosed dolphins that lived along the Pacific coast of North America from the late Miocene to the Pliocene, was likely able to hear in a narrow band of high-frequency sounds, a new analysis has found. Parapontoporia The bony labyrinth.
“Whales, dolphins and porpoises (cetaceans) represent one of the most dramatic transitions in the history of mammals: a return from land to water,” said researchers Dr. Joyce Sanks of Vanderbilt University and Dr. Rachel Racicot of the Senckenberg Institute and the Natural History Museum.
“As a result, this group acquired a series of aquatic adaptations, such as moving their nostrils to the top of their heads and streamlining their bodies.”
“Echolocation developed early in the evolutionary history of Oligocene toothed whales (Odontoceti), and all modern toothed whales possess this ability.”
“The biosonar clicks produced by most extant toothed whales typically cover a wide frequency spectrum, from tens of kilohertz to 150-170 kHz.”
“Conversely, certain toothed whales emit characteristic biosonar clicks that have narrow bandwidth but high centroid frequencies.”
“These distinctive clicks have a peak frequency of 125-140 kHz and a bandwidth of 11-20 kHz.”
Using high-resolution x-ray CT scans, the authors examined the inner ears of three people. Parapontoporia Two specimens, Parapontoporia sternbergii and Parapontoporia pacifica From the collection of the San Diego Natural History Museum.
With the help of 3D models, the team was able to prove that these creatures already had narrow-band, high-frequency hearing during the Miocene epoch, about 5.3 million years ago.
“Echolocation, as used by animals, also developed quite early in evolutionary history,” Dr Racicot said.
“The animals emit sound waves that bounce off objects and send back echoes, providing information about the object's distance and size. All toothed whales currently use this natural sonar system.”
“Echolocation is a rational hunting and communication strategy, especially in the ocean, where sound travels five times faster than in air, and where visibility is often reduced.”
“What's particularly interesting is that these dolphins have once again changed habitat, leaving the marine environment to colonize rivers.”
There are still a few dolphins living in the river today, with all six species now extremely rare and endangered.
As a relative Chinese river dolphin (Lipotes vexilifer) Last recorded in 2002, Parapontoporia It provides insight into the transition from marine habitats to freshwater environments.
“We speculate that this early and widespread evolution of echolocation in the dolphins we studied was driven by selective pressure or ecological advantage,” Dr Racicot said.
“River systems are spatially complex habitats, and this form of orientation and communication would likely have been advantageous for long-nosed dolphins.”
“Further research into toothed whales' sensory organs could be an important tool for studying the influence of habitat on cetacean hearing and for understanding the evolutionary dynamics of marine mammals.”
of result Published in this month's journal Anatomy record.
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Joyce Sanks & Rachel Racicot. Biology and prediction of hyperacusis. Parapontoporia – The extinct fin whale. Anatomy record Published online July 15, 2024; doi: 10.1002/ar.25538
Source: www.sci.news
New Study Reveals Further Insights into Ice’s Unique Formation
Ice 0 is Ice Shape If it is possible to induce the formation of ice crystals in supercooled water, University of Tokyo.
Ice nucleation in water nanodroplets at 180 K (minus 93.15 degrees Celsius, minus 135.76 degrees Fahrenheit). Image courtesy of G. Sun & H. Tanaka, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50188-1.
“Ice crystallization, known as ice nucleation, usually occurs heterogeneously, in other words, on solid surfaces,” said University of Tokyo researchers Gan Song and Hajime Tanaka.
“This is typically expected to occur at the surface of a container of water, where the liquid and solid meet.”
“But our study shows that ice crystallization can also occur just below the water surface, in contact with the air.”
“Here, ice nucleates around a small precursor that has the same characteristic ring-like structure as ice-0.”
“Simulations show that under isothermal conditions, water droplets are likely to crystallize near the free surface,” Dr Sun added.
“This settles a long-standing debate about whether crystallization occurs more easily on the surface or in the interior.”
The precursor to ice-0 has a structure very similar to supercooled water, which allows water molecules to crystallize more easily without having to form directly into the structure of regular ice.
These form naturally as a result of the negative pressure effect caused by the surface tension of water.
When crystallization begins from these precursors, the ice-0-like structure rapidly rearranges into the more typical ice-I.
“Our discovery of the mechanism behind water surface crystallization is expected to make significant contributions to various fields, such as climate research and food science, where water crystallization plays an important role,” said Dr. Tanaka.
“Understanding ice in more detail and how it forms can provide valuable insights into many different fields of research.”
“This work may be particularly important in meteorology, because the formation of ice from precursors such as ice-0 may have a much more pronounced effect on tiny water droplets such as those found in clouds.”
“Understanding ice also has benefits in technology, from food science to air conditioning.”
Team paper Published online in the journal Nature Communications.
_____
G. Sun & H. Tanaka. 2024. Surface-induced water crystallization driven by precursors formed in a negative pressure region. Nat Community 15, 6083; doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50188-1
This article is based on a press release from the University of Tokyo.
Source: www.sci.news
400 Million Years Ago, A Giant Scorpion Might Have Been a Crustacean
Extinct giant aquatic arthropods called sea scorpions (Eurypterids) were apex predators. A new study suggests that early species of carcinosomatoids, with their scorpion-like spiny limbs, fed on trilobites, while later species preferred armored fish. Carcinosomatoids evolved into scorpions, but not the giant scorpion-like creatures that lived 400 million years ago. Preactorus and Brontoscorpio which is published in Walking with monsters (TV series) was probably a crustacean.
Reconstruction Pentecopterus (170 cm long), the oldest known sea scorpion (Eurypteridae), from the Ordovician Period (467 million years ago) of Iowa, USA. Image by John Alexander.
Sea scorpions (family: Ophiocephalidae) are ancient aquatic creepies (arthropods, meaning they have segmented bodies, exoskeletons, and jointed legs) that lived from 467 million years ago until about 253 million years ago.
Some pterygian Eurypterids can grow to lengths of nearly 2.6 metres, making them the largest insects ever to have lived. Eurypterids also include the predatory carcinosomatoids, namely the megalograpts, carcinosomatoids and mixopterids, which have long spiny limbs and can grow to lengths of up to 2 metres.
Carcinosomatoids used their long, spiny limbs to catch prey and burrow into the mud, and computer models suggest that they were slow swimmers who preferred to live close to the sea floor as ambush predators.
New research on fossils found alongside megalograptids suggests that they were primarily associated with trilobites, a diverse group of extinct marine arthropods.
Carcinosomatids tend to live in symbiosis with lightly armoured phyllocallid crustaceans and lingulid brachiopods (lamp shells).
Mixopterid fishes tend to coexist with more heavily armoured fishes such as therodonts, osteostracans and pteraspids.
Fossilized feces (coprolites) prove that they ate trilobites, armored fish, and even their own kind (cannibals).
The idea that nudibranchs influenced the evolution of armored fishes in the predator-prey arms race is often dismissed.
The study suggests that mixopterids and pterygians had some influence on their evolution (and on our very ancient ancestors).
Megalograptus is interpreted as being more primitive than previously thought, which means that early (Ordovician) crinoid diversity has been overestimated.
Scorpions are thought to have evolved from a Mixopteridae-like ancestor, evolving claws (palps), stingers, and comb-like sensory pecten on their undersides.
Giant scorpions may be the creatures of your nightmares, but they actually existed in Scotland's Carboniferous period. Pulmonoscorpiusand Gigantoscorpio.
Reconstruction PulmonoscorpiusA giant scorpion (70 cm long) from the Carboniferous period of Scotland (330 million years ago). Image by Junnn11 / CC BY-SA 4.0.
Even longer (1 meter) scorpions PreactorusThis dinosaur, which lived in Herefordshire, England, is also thought to have lived 412 million years ago.
However, the grooves on its shell, the pustular ornamentation, and the recurved first segment suggest that it is in fact a crustacean.
Bennett TaltraThey come from the same layer and region and may be related (or slightly smaller) Preactorus.
BrontoscorpioIt is an estimated 86cm long (400 million years old) scorpion featured in a BBC television series. Walking with monstersOnly a small portion of the claws are known, and it is probably a crustacean. Image courtesy of Impossible Pictures.
Brontoscorpio(86cm long), discovered in Worcestershire, England (400 million years ago) and featured in an award-winning BBC television series. Walking with monsters Possibly a crustacean too.
So giant scorpions, along with giant millipedes measuring two metres in length and giant dragonflies with wingspans of 75 centimetres, didn't come into existence until the Carboniferous period 70 million years later.
Modern scorpions gradually acquired their modern characteristics: early scorpions had more primitive legs and eyes, and lacked an anterior mouth cavity for feeding on land, so were probably aquatic or amphibious.
The oldest known scorpion Palioscorpio It was discovered in Wisconsin from the Early Silurian (437 million years ago) but has been reinterpreted as a trilobite-like arthropod.
The oldest scorpion is now Dolichophonus (433-438 Ma) Originating from Scotland.
this the study Published in New Jarlbuch in Geology and Palaeontology.
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Braddy, S.J. 2024. Palaeoecology and phylogeny of carcinosomatid eurypterids: ichnolog- y and palaeoassemblages. New Jarlbuch in Geology and Palaeontology; doi: 10.1127/njgpa/2024/1206
Source: www.sci.news
Finds from the Bronze Age indicate that market economics may have originated earlier than previously believed
Bronze Age metal hoard from Weisig, Germany
J. Lipták/Landesamt für Archäologie Sachsen
Bronze Age Europeans earned and spent money in much the same way we do today, indicating that the origins of the “market economy” are much older than expected.
That’s the controversial conclusion of a new study that challenges the view that elites were the dominant force in Bronze Age economies and suggests that human economic behaviour may not have changed much over the past 3,500 years or more.
“We tend to romanticize European prehistory, but the Bronze Age was not just a fantasy world where townsfolk and peasants served their needs as a backdrop for great lords,” he said. Nicola Ialongo “It was a very familiar world, with family, friends, social networks, markets, jobs, and ultimately having to figure out how to make ends meet,” says Professor at Aarhus University in Denmark.
Bronze Age Europeans, from 3300 to 800 BCE, were not meticulous bookkeepers like people in other ancient societies, such as those in Mesopotamia. But Ialongo and Giancarlo Lago Researchers at the University of Bologna in Italy suggest that the treasure trove of metal they left behind may hold important insights into their daily lives and the roots of modern economic behavior.
Lago and Ialongo analyzed more than 20,000 metal objects from Bronze Age burials in Italy, Switzerland, Austria, Slovenia and Germany. These metal objects came in many different forms, but around 1500 B.C. they began to be standardized by weight, which is how they were classified. Many experts These are distinguished as a type of pre-monetary currency.
“The discovery of widespread systems of measurement and weight allows us to model things that have been known for centuries in ways that have never been modeled before,” Ialongo says. “This not only gives us new answers to old questions, but it also gives us new questions that no one has asked before.”
The team found that the weight values in their vast sample followed the same statistical distribution as the daily expenses of a modern Western household: small everyday expenses, represented by lighter pieces, dominated the consumption pattern, while larger expenses, represented by heavier pieces, were relatively rare. This pattern is similar to that found in the average modern wallet, with many small bills and very few large bills.
Lago and Ialongo interpret their find as evidence that the Bronze Age economic system was regulated by market forces of supply and demand, with everyone participating in proportion to how much they earned. This hypothesis contrasts with the influential view put forward by anthropologist Karl Polanyi in the 1940s, who characterized the modern economy, based on monetary gain, as a new phenomenon distinct from ancient economies centered on barter, gift exchange, and social status.
Richard Brunton A researcher from Purdue University in Indiana called the study credible: “I think this argument will stimulate debate among archaeologists and economic anthropologists who have been based for decades on erroneous assumptions about the antiquity of market economies,” he said.
“I think this paper adds useful fuel to that criticism,” Brunton says, “and to me it sheds entirely new light on the function of bronze deposits and the potential use of bronze coins as a unit of exchange.”
but, Erica Schonberger Researchers at Johns Hopkins University in Maryland are skeptical of the team’s conclusions. “It’s dangerous to assume that ordinary people in premodern times used money in normal economic activities,” says Schonberger. “For example, medieval English peasants only got money for selling their produce when lords began to demand money in lieu of rents or taxes in kind. They gave most or all of that money directly to the lords. They sold to get money, but they didn’t use it to buy things they needed. We’re still a long way from modern economic behavior.” [in the Middle Ages].”
Lago and Ialongo hope that their work will inspire other experts to carry out similar studies on artefacts from different regions and cultures. They suggest that market economies are a natural development across time and cultures, and that such systems are not something new or unique that has emerged in Western societies over the past few centuries.
“Technically, we haven’t proven that the Bronze Age economy was a market economy,” Ialongo says, “we simply have no evidence that it wasn’t. And we’re just pointing out a contradiction: why is everyone so convinced that there wasn’t a market economy when everything we see can be explained by a market economy model? In other words, if the simplest explanation works well enough, why should we have to imagine a more complex one?”
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Source: www.newscientist.com
The Search for the Revolutionary Star: Uncovering the Universe’s Game-Changer
Akinbostansi/Getty Images
No turning point in the history of the universe surpasses the birth of the first stars. As stars flickered into existence some 200 to 400 million years after the Big Bang, the energy they emitted ripped apart the atoms of the gas that had cooled the universe, reheating it in a process called reionization. Then, as the stars burned out and died, they created a cocktail of chemical elements that prepared the universe to give rise to galaxies, planets, and eventually life itself.
It's no wonder astronomers are itching to get a glimpse of this first generation of stars. To start with, they were spectacular: huge and blisteringly bright, thought to be 300 times more massive and 10 times hotter than the Sun. But observing them could also tell us a lot about the mysterious early stages of the Universe, particularly how the universe came to be flooded with supermassive black holes in an incredibly short space of time.
Now we may finally be on the brink. Earlier this year, astronomers reported that the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), by fixing its excellent field of view on the outer edges of very distant galaxies, may already have seen evidence of the first stars. “The observations we can now make really expand our knowledge,” says Hannah Ubler of the University of Cambridge.
The signal may turn out to be a false alarm, but what's interesting right now is that other researchers are starting to look at different features of the light from the early universe, even suggesting that it might be the first stars.
Source: www.newscientist.com
One controversial proposal to save coral reefs: replace them with new species.
Would drastic action help the reef recover?
Serge Melessane / Alamy
Corals are being hit hard by global warming, and the only way to save coral reef ecosystems may be to replace native species with more heat-tolerant species from other parts of the world. This is the view of two coral researchers, who call for a thorough evaluation of the benefits and risks of deliberately introducing non-native corals, rather than a quick dismissal.
Living coral is essential to the health of coral reefs and the people who depend on them. Michael Webster Professor at New York University: “Corals are not only beautiful to look at on reefs, they provide habitat for many different organisms, they protect against waves from shorelines, and they make up the sand on tropical beaches.”
But corals cannot tolerate temperatures outside the normal range of their habitat: Global warming has caused ocean temperatures to rise sharply, leading to widespread bleaching, in which corals expel the algal symbionts that provide them with much of their nutrients, and can ultimately lead to their death.
“Coral reefs are being lost at a rapid rate in many places around the world, and attempts to restore them through traditional means have had mixed results,” Webster says.
Webster calls for change in an opinion piece he co-authored with Daniel Schindler of Seattle University in Washington. “You might be able to find corals in a totally different place that are already adapted to the environment that's coming into one place, or that may come into that place in the future — you're trying to find pre-adapted corals,” he says. Many who want to save the reefs are horrified by the idea, but Webster says things are getting worse and it needs to be seriously considered.
For example, two species of branching corals native to the Caribbean are in very poor condition, Webster says. But there are more than 100 species of branching corals around the world, and some of them, if introduced to the Caribbean, could potentially recreate the habitat that the branching corals provided. “They won't necessarily be the same color,” Webster says, “but they're ecologically similar.”
Webster and Schindler acknowledge that there are risks: A worst-case scenario is that devastating diseases or predators are accidentally introduced along with the invasive corals, which could outcompete or hybridize with native species.
But there are also risks in waiting too long to act, Webster says. He thinks that replacing lost species with species that perform a similar role — so-called ecological replacement — is much more realistic than other options currently being considered, such as genetically engineering corals to survive higher temperatures. “The best thing for coral reefs is to maintain the diversity that's there,” he says.
Terry Hughes of James Cook University in Queensland, Australia, disagrees. “The innocuous term 'ecological replacement' is naive, dangerous and stunningly arrogant,” Hughes says. “The authors fail to acknowledge that the accidental or deliberate introduction of invasive species has already caused enormous ecological damage to coral reefs around the world.”
For example, in the 1980s, a previously unknown Pacific disease spread through the entrance to the Panama Canal, wiping out algae-eating sea urchins in the Caribbean and causing an algae bloom that killed millions of corals, Hughes says. “Invasive species are a problem for coral reefs, not a healthy solution.”
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Source: www.newscientist.com
