Mondo News

Herpes Virus Could Be Fast-Tracked for Treating Severe Skin Cancer

Posted on July 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Melanoma is a form of skin cancer that can metastasize

Science Photo Library

After years of research and extensive human trials, only one virus specifically engineered to target cancer has gained approval from US and European regulators. Following promising results in treating melanoma—a notably aggressive skin cancer—approval may soon be granted.

The genetically altered herpes virus, known as RP1, was injected into the tumors of 140 patients with advanced melanoma who did not respond to conventional treatments. All participants also received a medication called nivolumab, designed to enhance the immune response against the tumors.

In 30% of the treated individuals, tumors shrank, including those that were not directly injected. Notably, in half of these cases, the tumors were completely eradicated.

“Half of the patients who responded experienced a complete response, meaning total disappearance of all tumors,” said Gino Kim from the University of Southern California. “I am thrilled with these results,” he added, noting that other treatments for patients at this stage often perform poorly and have harsher side effects.

A larger trial involving 400 participants is currently in progress; however, RP1 may receive approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to be used in conjunction with Nivolumab for treating advanced melanoma before the trial concludes. The New Scientist reports that “the FDA is anticipated to make a decision by the end of this month.”

For over a century, it has been recognized that viral infections can aid in cancer treatment, though intentionally infecting someone with a “wild” virus poses significant risks. In the 1990s, scientists attempted to genetically modify viruses to effectively target cancer while leaving healthy cells unharmed.

These engineered viruses function in two main ways: First, they directly invade cancer cells, causing them to rupture and die. Secondly, they stimulate immune responses aimed at all cancer cells present in the body.

For instance, T-VEC, a modified herpes simplex virus, was engineered to release an immune-boosting factor called GM-CSF within infected tumor cells. T-VEC received approval in 2015 in both the US and Europe for treating inoperable melanoma.

Unfortunately, T-VEC’s use is limited as it was only tested and approved for injection into skin tumors. Many patients with advanced melanoma have deeper tumor locations, as noted.

With RP1, the strategy shifted to administering it into deeper tumors. RP1, like T-VEC, is a herpes simplex virus but has undergone various enhancements. It notably aids in fusing tumor cells with adjacent ones, thus boosting viral spread within the tumor and reinforcing the immune response.

Though there have been no direct comparisons between T-VEC and RP1, RP1 demonstrates a greater likelihood of reducing all tumors, rather than just those directly injected. “It indicates a more pronounced systemic effect,” experts state.

Thus, should RP1 gain approval, its application is expected to be far broader than that of T-VEC. Experts believe this could significantly enhance the overall interest in utilizing cancer-targeting viruses. “There seems to be increasing enthusiasm for this approach.”

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Geoengineering Can Prevent Climate Tipping Points, But Delays Will Compromise Its Effectiveness

Posted on July 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Incorporating sunlight-reflecting particles into the atmosphere may help mitigate climate change

Alexnako/Shutterstock

Continuing to emit carbon dioxide poses significant threats, including the risk of triggering tipping points that can lead to major disruptions such as the shutdown of critical ocean currents. Current modeling indicates that injecting aerosols into the stratosphere to reflect sunlight could mitigate this risk, though the effectiveness diminishes significantly if it is initiated much later, such as in 2080.

“My conclusion is that if we are genuinely committed to preventing climate change, we must take solar radiation management seriously. This includes exploring its potential advantages and drawbacks,” declared Claudia Winners from Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

A tipping point signifies changes that are irreversible for centuries, including the slowing or stopping of critical marine currents that distribute immense amounts of heat, impacting the global climate.

One such current is the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), which transfers heat from the tropics to Europe. A collapse of this system could instigate rapid sea level rises in North America, severe temperature decreases in Northern Europe, and significant disruptions to the Asian monsoon.

Stratospheric aerosol injection represents a proposed geoengineering method that involves the dispersal of sun-reflective particles in the upper atmosphere via airplanes, balloons, or rockets.

According to the model employed by Winners’ team, the strength of AMOC could decrease by over 50% in the coming century under a worst-case emissions scenario. However, utilizing stratospheric aerosol injections to maintain global temperatures around 1.5°C could significantly mitigate current weakening, as Winners explained at the Exeter Climate Conference held in the UK last week.

Indeed, AMOC would not dip below this scenario under aggressive emissions reductions without geoengineering. “So, for at least the next 80 years, the effectiveness of stratospheric aerosol injections is higher than the mitigation from greenhouse gases,” Winners stated.

However, the model indicates that AMOC would fail to recover if aerosol injections are delayed until 2080, especially if they are employed to bring global temperatures back above 1.5°C after an overshoot, as suggested by the model.

The team also examined subpolar gyres in the North Atlantic, a circular current linked to AMOC that circulates around areas where cold, saline water sinks. If this sinking process halts because the oceans become fresher and warmer, it will significantly affect the climate in Europe.

In a worst-case scenario, the model predicts that sinking will cease and that commencing stratospheric aerosol injections in 2080 would not reactive the process. However, if injections start now, subsidence could be preserved in two out of the three crucial regions.

Nevertheless, these findings necessitate validation through numerous studies examining more realistic emission scenarios, as there are potential risks involved, according to Winners. “You can really mess it up too,” she cautioned.

For successful geoengineering, sustained global cooperation over centuries will be paramount. “You might say this is the largest governance challenge humanity has ever faced,” articulated ethicist Stephen Gardiner during another session at the conference from Washington University in Seattle.

For instance, if stratospheric aerosol injections are only conducted in one hemisphere without a global consensus, Winners warns that it could alter tropical rainfall patterns worldwide.

In a subsequent presentation, Jim Heywood from the University of Exeter discussed another geoengineering method, known as marine cloud brightening, which demonstrated that localized interventions could potentially incite global climatic changes.

With the risks now understood, they can be circumvented, said Haywood. “It’s merely a shift in strategy.” Yet, many researchers remain skeptical about the feasibility of managing geoengineering risks.

“Solar radiation management sounds entirely manageable. Shouldn’t we refer to it as solar radiation interference?” Stephen Rahmstorf questioned Winners after her presentation at the University of Potsdam in Germany.

There is also a concern that geoengineering could be perceived as an alternative to emission reductions. “We are not addressing the root causes of climate change,” stated Winners. “It’s merely a symptom management strategy; however, if the symptoms deteriorate excessively, it may complement a true solution.”

Due to these concerns, some climate scientists oppose even investigating the potential risks and advantages of geoengineering. The topic has become so contentious that participants at at least one meeting opted out of a session focused on it.

Winners is not the first to assert that geoengineering might need to commence immediately to avert tipping points. Last year, two independent teams concluded that solar radiation management could prevent the collapse of the West Antarctic ice sheet, another significant tipping point.

“It stands to reason that delaying increases the risk of irreversible changes,” Winners mentioned to New Scientist following her presentation. “I believe that’s quite clear.”

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Unveiling the Health Benefits of Ivermectin

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Antiparasitic drugs gained significant attention during the Covid-19 pandemic, though their applications are unrelated to the virus.

HJBC/ShutterStock Source: ShutterStock

SEI 257735756 — Antiparasitic drugs gained significant attention during the Covid-19 pandemic, though their applications are unrelated to the virus.

HJBC/ShutterStock Source: ShutterStock

Prior to 2020, few had ever heard of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin. However, interest surged during the Covid-19 pandemic as unfounded claims emerged about its potential to prevent or treat viral infections. Notably, popular podcast host Joe Rogan stated he used it in 2021 while recovering from Covid. That same year, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., a prominent public health figure in the U.S., petitioned the FDA regarding its use in treating Covid-19.

Despite numerous studies disproving ivermectin’s efficacy against Covid-19, the buzz around it persists. While criticized as a quack remedy during the pandemic, ivermectin is still a legitimate medicinal drug, with researchers believing it contains potential yet to be fully explored.

What is ivermectin?

Ivermectin is an antiparasitic agent that was developed in 1975 by the pharmaceutical company Merck. It effectively eliminates a wide array of parasites and is FDA-approved for the treatment of two conditions caused by human parasites: onchocerciasis (river blindness) and intestinal strongyloidiasis. Additionally, in some regions, it is used to treat lymphatic filariasis and cutaneous larva migrans.

These parasitic infections are uncommon in high-income nations but pose significant threats to millions in low-income countries globally. As a result, over 300 million individuals take ivermectin annually, making it one of the most impactful global health interventions to date. Its discoverer was awarded the Nobel Prize in 2015.

The FDA has also approved various topical formulations of ivermectin for conditions such as head lice and rosacea. Furthermore, the drug is widely utilized in veterinary medicine to prevent and treat parasitic infections, including heartworms and roundworms. The FDA cautions against the consumption of veterinary formulations by humans, as they differ from those specified for human use.

Can ivermectin treat or prevent COVID-19?

Ivermectin was initially thought to be a promising treatment for Covid-19. Early studies suggested it might aid recovery and prevent viral replication; however, larger studies have indicated otherwise.

For instance, a 2022 study involving over 3,500 Covid-19 patients showed no difference in hospitalization rates between those treated with ivermectin and those given a placebo. Similarly, a 2023 study, involving more than 1,400 adults, found no significant benefit of ivermectin in accelerating recovery compared to placebo.

Can ivermectin treat cancer?

Ivermectin is not approved for cancer treatment and has not undergone thorough clinical trials. However, preliminary studies have indicated that it may have potential as an adjunct cancer therapy.

A decade ago, Peter P. Lee at a lab in Los Angeles discovered that ivermectin could induce cancer cell death through a process known as immunogenic cell death, thus prompting immune cells to recognize and attack cancer cells. Lee and his team searched the National Cancer Institute database to assess the effects of all FDA-approved drugs on various cancer cells, finding that ivermectin notably enhanced signs of immunogenic cell death in several cancer types.

“At that moment, I’d never heard of ivermectin,” Lee remarked. “I had to investigate, and upon learning it was a parasitic drug, I found it rather astonishing.”

In 2021, Lee and associates tested ivermectin in a mouse model of metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, a notably aggressive and challenging condition to treat. They found that 40% of mice treated with a combination of ivermectin and immunotherapy survived beyond 80 days, contrasted with none of the mice given immunotherapy alone surviving past 50 days. Mice solely administered ivermectin did not fare better than untreated counterparts.

“Ivermectin itself isn’t inherently a cancer treatment,” Lee clarified. “But it seems beneficial when used alongside immune-based therapies.”

A clinical trial is currently evaluating the use of ivermectin in conjunction with cancer immunotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer, with anticipated results expected next year. Other studies also suggest that pancreatic cancer therapies are more effective when combined with ivermectin, and Lee is exploring similar effects on colon cancer cells.

While these findings are encouraging, they do not confirm ivermectin as an effective cancer treatment for humans. “Many therapies that show promise in animal studies do not translate to humans,” Lee pointed out.

What are the side effects of ivermectin?

Ivermectin is generally regarded as safe, but can be toxic when taken in high doses. Possible side effects may include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, and dizziness. In severe cases, ivermectin usage might lead to seizures, coma, or even death, especially if combined with other medications like blood thinners.

“Individuals should not take [ivermectin] on their own or without the guidance of a knowledgeable medical professional. I genuinely hope to utilize ivermectin in ways that provide benefits to numerous patients, but its use is more complex than simply self-administering a medication,” he advised.

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70,000 Years Ago: A Pivotal Transformation in Human Evolution

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Ancient humans adapted to deeper forests as they journeyed from Africa, moving away from the savanna.

Lionel Bret/Eurelios/Science Photo Library

This is an excerpt from our human stories, a newsletter covering the archaeological revolution. Subscribe and receive updates in your inbox every month.

Our human origins trace back to Africa. While this has not always been clear, it is now widely accepted.

This truth can be understood in two ways. The earliest known species closely related to us emerged from Africa, dating back 7 million years. Additionally, the oldest representatives of our own species, Homo sapiens, also originated from Africa.

Here, I will focus on the narrative of modern humans originating in Africa and their subsequent migrations across the globe. The introduction of DNA sequencing technology in the latter half of the 20th century enabled comparisons between different populations. This research demonstrated that African populations exhibit the greatest genetic diversity, while non-Africans show relative genetic similarity (despite visible differences such as skin color).

This genetic distinction serves as a telling indicator. It suggests that Africa was our birthplace with a diverse population, from which all non-Africans descended from a smaller subset that left this ancestral home to settle elsewhere. Geneticists affirmed this idea as early as 1995, and further evidence has since supported this claim.

However, there is a discrepancy between archaeological evidence and genetic findings.

Genetics indicates that all living non-Africans are descendants of a small group that left Africa around 50,000 years ago. Aside from minor uncertainties about the exact timeline, this conclusion has remained consistent for two decades. Conversely, archaeologists highlight numerous instances of modern humans existing outside Africa long before this timeline.

In Greece, a modern human skull found in the Apidima Caves dates back 210,000 years. The jawbone from Misliya Cave in Israel has been dated to at least 177,000 years. Additionally, there are several debated sites in China that may contain remains of modern humans. “Moreover, there’s an ongoing discussion on the earliest inhabitants of Australia,” says Eleanor Scerri from the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology in Germany, with some proposing human presence as early as 65,000 years ago.

What is the explanation for this disparity? Has our extensive genetic data misled us? Or is it true that we all share a common ancestry tied to a significant migration event, while older remains represent populations that did not survive?

Scerri and her team sought to understand this conundrum.

African Environment

The researchers debated the habitats of modern humans in Africa. “Did they simply migrate across diverse African grasslands, or were they adapting to vastly different environments?” asks Scerri.

To address this question, they needed extensive data.

“We began by analyzing all archaeological sites in Africa dating back 120,000 to 14,000 years ago,” explains Emily Yuko Hallett from Loyola University in Chicago. The team constructed a database identifying the climate at various locations and times.

A significant shift was observed around 70,000 years ago. “Simply examining the data without complicated modeling shows this climatic change,” notes Andrea Manica from the University of Cambridge. The range of temperatures and rainfall suitable for human habitation had notably expanded, leading people to venture into deeper forests and arid deserts.

However, mere observation is insufficient; the archaeological record is inherently incomplete and often biased.

“In certain regions, no archaeological sites exist,” remarks Michela Leonardi from the Natural History Museum in London. This absence might not reflect a lack of human occupancy, but rather the lack of preservation. “In more recent periods, preservation is easier due to the increased data availability,” she adds.

Leonardi devised a statistical modeling technique to determine if an animal shifted its environmental range. Could humans have transitioned from grasslands to diverse habitats, such as tropical rainforests? The team initially thought this modeling would take two weeks, but it took five and a half years.

Ultimately, the statistics affirmed their initial observation: around 70,000 years ago, modern humans began occupying a broader range of environments. The findings were published on June 18th here.

Jack of All Trades

“At 70,000 years ago, our species appears to have transformed into the ultimate generalist,” states Manica. From this period onwards, modern humans adapted to a variety of complex habitats.

This could be misinterpreted. The team did not imply that prior to H. sapiens people were incapable of adaptation. In fact, studies of extinct human species highlight that adaptability has increased over time.

“Humans were inhabiting environments vastly different from the early stages,” observes Scerri. “We’ve found evidence of habitation in mangrove forests, rainforests, desert edges, and highlands like those in Ethiopia.”

It appears that this adaptability is what allowed Homo sapiens to thrive during environmental changes in Africa, while other species like Paranthropus did not; they remained too rigid in their lifestyle to adapt.

What likely transpired in our species 70,000 years ago is that existing adaptability became pronounced.

Some of this understanding only becomes clear when considering the diverse habitats humans occupied. “One might think of deserts and rainforests in rigid terms, but there are actually numerous variations,” explains Scerri. “There are lowland rainforests, montane forests, marshes, and periodically flooded woodlands.” The same diversity applies even within desert environments.

Before, H. sapiens “did not exploit the full range of potential habitats,” states Scerri. “But around 70,000 years ago, we see the beginning of this expansion into more types of forests and rainforests.”

This narrative intrigued me, as I had been contemplating an opposite idea.

Great Quarantine

Last week, I authored a piece about the extinction of local human groups: it appears that some H. sapiens populations vanished without a trace in modern genetics. After departing from Africa, they faced challenges in harsh environments, eventually succumbing during encounters with the first modern humans in Europe. These lost groups fascinated me. Why did they fail while others that entered Europe thousands of years later found much success?

The discovery that African groups expanded their environmental niches 70,000 years ago provides a partial explanation. If these later migrations involved more adaptable populations, they may have been better equipped to face the unfamiliar environments of Northern Europe—and subsequently Southeast Asia, Australia, and the Americas where their descendants would eventually journey.

A crucial point: this does not suggest that all populations 70,000 years ago thrived. “Not all humans instantly turned into successful populations,” Scerri explains. “Many of these groups disappeared, both inside and outside of Africa.”

Moreover, as with any significant discovery, this study introduces as many questions as it resolves. Specifically: what triggered modern humans to become more adaptable around 70,000 years ago?

Manica notes that skeletal morphology supports this idea. Ancient fossils classified as H. sapiens today exhibit only some of the traits we typically associate with modern humans. “Starting around 70,000 years ago, we broadly witnessed the emergence of many of these characteristics as a collective,” he asserts.

Manica posits that moving into new environments may have facilitated increased interaction between previously isolated populations. For instance, if two groups were separated by desert, they wouldn’t encounter or exchange ideas or genetic material until they learned to adapt to desert conditions.

“There may also be positive feedback,” suggests Manica. “With increased connectivity comes greater flexibility… breaking down barriers and fostering further interaction.”

To conclude, in a story about these lost populations, I mentioned that one of the greatest challenges for human groups was isolation. Without neighbors, a small group can face extinction due to minor setbacks. If Manica is correct, the opposite trend unfolded in Africa. Populations expanded and became increasingly connected, leading to a surge of creativity that allowed our species to spread across the globe.

In this light, the success of the last migration out of Africa could be attributed to the need for community. Without others, we may be vulnerable and at risk of failing. The notion of preparing for an apocalypse alone in isolation may be fundamentally flawed.

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Arizona’s Unique Bone Bed Uncovers North America’s Earliest Known Pterosaurs

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have uncovered the fossilized jawbone of a newly identified pterosaur species, along with a multitude of fossils, including one of the world’s oldest turtles, in a secluded bone bed located within Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona, USA.

Artist Reconstruction of Eotephradactylus chintireae, along with other animals and plants preserved in the bone beds of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA. Image credit: Brian Eng.

The newly discovered pterosaur species, Eotephradactylus chintireae, existed in what is now Arizona during the late Triassic period, approximately 209 million years ago.

“The winged reptile was small enough to comfortably perch on a person’s shoulder,” stated Dr. Ben Krigman from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History.

“One of the most exciting aspects of this discovery was that the teeth remained intact in the bones, making the identification of these animals significantly easier,” added Suzanne McIntier, a volunteer preparer who dedicated 18 years at Fossil Lab at the National Museum of Natural History.

“The teeth-filled jaws provided crucial insights into the lifestyle of the earliest pterosaurs.”

“The worn tips of the teeth suggest a high likelihood that they consumed armored fish and other prey,” she explained.

Eotephradactylus chintireae coexisted with large amphibians, armored crocodile ancestors, frogs, and turtles.

In addition to this flying reptile, paleontologists have found over 1,200 individual fossils, which include bones, teeth, fish scales, and coprolites.

“This collection represents 16 different vertebrate groups that previously inhabited diverse ecosystems,” they noted.

“The braided rivers in this region were teeming with fish, such as freshwater sharks, coelacanths, and ancient amphibians.

The surrounding environment was also home to some of the formidable reptiles that evolved during the early Triassic, including giant alligator-like armored herbivores and predatory creatures.”

The newly identified bone bed is part of the Upper Sinru Formation in Petrified Forest National Park.

“This area of northeastern Arizona was situated in the heart of Pangaea on the supercontinent, positioned just above the equator 209 million years ago,” the researchers added.

“The semi-arid landscape was interspersed with small river channels, which were prone to seasonal flooding. These floods deposited sediment and volcanic ash into the channels.”

“One of these floods might have buried creatures that remain in the bone beds. The site is rich in small fossils, making it impossible to excavate all of them in the field.”

The research team believes the new site will help bridge gaps in the fossil record prior to the final extinction event (ETE).

“About 1.5 million years ago, volcanic eruptions linked to the fragmentation of Pangaea drastically altered the world’s climate and led to the extinction of approximately 75% of Earth’s species,” the scientists commented.

“This opened the door for new groups, such as dinosaurs, to emerge and thrive in ecosystems globally.”

“Due to the lack of fossil outcrops from just before the ETE, it is challenging to find direct evidence of this transition on land.”

“This site captures the shift toward a more modern terrestrial vertebrate community, marking the beginning of the flourishing of groups following the Mesozoic era, alongside these older species that survived into the Triassic period.”

“Such fossil beds provide evidence that all these animals coexisted.”

The team’s study was published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Ben T. Krigman et al. 2025. The extraordinary bone bed uncovers a vertebrate community with pterygoids and turtles in the equatorial Pangaea prior to terminal extinction. PNAS 122 (29): E2505513122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2505513122

Source: www.sci.news

Dark Dwarfs Could Uncover the True Nature of Dark Matter

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A research team from Durham University, the University of Hawaii, and the University of Liverpool suggests that dark dwarfs are theoretical objects driven by dark matter, created from the cooling process of brown dwarfs.

An AI representation of a dark dwarf. Image credit: Gemini AI.

Currently, we understand that dark matter exists and how it behaves, but we are still unsure of its true nature.

In the last half-century, various theories have emerged, but gathering sufficient experimental evidence remains a challenge.

Some of the most well-known candidates for dark matter include weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPS), which are substantial particles that interact very slightly with ordinary matter. They pass through unnoticed, do not emit light, and reveal themselves only through gravitational effects.

This form of dark matter is essential for the existence of dark dwarfs.

“Dark matter interacts with gravity, allowing it to be captured by stars and accumulate within them,” explained Professor Jeremy Sachstein from the University of Hawaii.

“If this occurs, it may also interact internally, leading to annihilation and energy release that heats the star.”

A nuclear fusion process occurs at the star’s core, generating significant heat and energy, which allows a typical star to shine.

Fusion happens when a star’s mass is sufficient for gravity to compress matter toward the center intensely enough to initiate reactions between the nuclei.

This process releases a tremendous amount of energy, which is perceived as light. Although dark dwarfs also emit light, they do not do so through nuclear fusion.

“Dark dwarfs are low-mass objects, roughly 8% of the solar mass,” noted Professor Sachstein.

“Such small masses are insufficient to trigger a fusion reaction.”

“Consequently, these objects are prevalent in the universe but typically emit only dim light, being classified as brown dwarfs by scientists.

However, if brown dwarfs reside in regions with a high concentration of dark matter (such as the center of the Milky Way), they can evolve into different entities.

“These objects gather dark matter that enables them to transform into dark stars,” Professor Sachstein stated.

“The greater the surrounding dark matter, the more can be captured.”

“And as the dark material accumulates within the star, more energy is generated through its annihilation.”

“For a dark dwarf to exist, dark matter must consist of heavy particles that engage strongly with one another to produce visible matter.”

“Alternative candidates proposed to explain dark matter, such as axions, ambiguous ultralight particles, or sterile neutrinos, are too light to yield the expected effects on these objects.”

“Only massive particles capable of interacting with each other and annihilating to produce visible energy can facilitate the emergence of dark dwarfs.”

However, this hypothesis lacks substantial value without a definitive method of identifying dark dwarfs.

Therefore, Professor Sachstein and his team have suggested distinctive markers.

“There were a few indicators, but lithium-7 presents a unique scenario,” Professor Sachstein mentioned.

“Lithium-7 combusts readily and is rapidly depleted in regular stars.”

“Thus, if you identify an object resembling a dark dwarf, you should search for the presence of lithium, as it would be absent if it were a brown dwarf or something similar.”

The team’s study will be published in Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

____

DJUNA CROON et al. 2025. Dark Dwarf: A theoretical dark matter-driven star-like object awaiting discovery at the Galactic Center. jcap 07:019; doi:10.1088/1475-7516/2025/07/019

Source: www.sci.news

Does Elon Musk’s New Political Party Require Its Own Donald Trump? | Technology

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Greetings and welcome to TechScape! In this week’s Technology News, Elon Musk and Donald Trump are reigniting their battle against the president’s extensive tax bill and the looming prospect of forming a third party for Tesla’s top executives. The effectiveness of the wealthiest individuals’ endeavors heavily relies on their ability to enlist other prominent politicians. Additionally, we’re curious to know if you employ generative artificial intelligence for crafting personal messages. Reach out via tech.editorial@theguardian.com and share your thoughts with us.

<h2 id="elon-musk-needs-another-donald-trump" class="dcr-12ibh7f">Elon Musk requires another Donald Trump</h2>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">The rivalry between Elon Musk and Donald Trump has been revived following the passage of the president's significant tax legislation on July 3rd. Musk has been vocal (via Twitter) in expressing his opposition to the "hatred" embodied in the law for weeks, yet it was approved. The discord surrounding the bill triggered their first separation back in early June.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">Musk is now contemplating the establishment of a new centrist party, indicating he might pursue his ultimatum to form an "American Party." Trump's response highlighted the absurdity of this idea, labeling it a "train wreck" through a lengthy post on True Social, emphasizing that third parties have historically failed in the United States. Following this news, Tesla's stock prices experienced a significant drop.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">What exactly would the proposed American Party accomplish apart from antagonizing Democrats and Republicans? Perhaps it aims to target the key Republicans who supported the bill.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">From my colleague Ramon Antonio Vargas:</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9"><em>The new party Musk intends to fund could focus on a limited number of achievable House and Senate seats while aiming to make a decisive vote on crucial issues in Congress's narrow margins. Musk tweeted that his strategy to meet his political aspirations is to "concentrate laser-like on just two or three Senate seats and around eight to ten House districts."</em></p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">Could Musk himself run for office? It's doubtful. While he has stated a desire to refocus on his various companies, his recent tweets suggest otherwise. All Musk needs to bring his party idea to fruition is Donald Trump—an iconic figure who matches his financial prowess.</p>

<blockquote data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-154zxly">
    <p><svg viewbox="0 0 22 14" style="fill:var(--block-quote-fill)" class="dcr-scql1j"><path d="M5.255 0h4.75c-.572 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297 13.941H0C.792 9.104 2.44 4.53 5.255 0Zm11.061 0H21c-.506 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297 13.941h-8.686c.902-4.837 2.485-9.411 5.3-13.941Z"/></svg>His role in politics resembles that of an ATM.</p>
</blockquote>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">The Wisconsin Supreme Court election in early April revealed Musk's lack of personal popularity. After making a public appearance and donating a million dollars, he witnessed his favored candidate lose against the odds. His function in politics is akin to that of ATMs. Despite being the world's richest individual, Tesla's market valuation has been challenged since he was active in Washington.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">Since Musk himself is an ineffective voter, the success of his new party hangs on the presence of a compelling star, similar to another significant Trump. He requires a conduit to direct his donations toward an engaging and effective campaign.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">So far, there seems to be no such individual. Trump's stronghold on the Republican Party is solidified, and he orchestrates rapid and harsh retaliation against disloyal figures, including Musk. There's a substantial risk in fleeing from Trump's party to partake in Musk's unusual centrist venture. The only group eager to witness the formation of a new party comprises X's chaos-loving supporters, who have urged Musk to act decisively in last week’s polling. However, if any of them seek office, it’s likely they simply desire the most bizarre turn of events for our shared destiny.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">Noteworthy and coincidental timing: OpenAI CEO Sam Altman expressed feeling "politically homeless" this weekend, echoing Musk's own sentiments regarding his political stance. These two Silicon Valley influencers harbor mutual animosity, evident from Musk's extended legal skirmishes aimed at halting the shift of OpenAI from a nonprofit model to a profit-driven enterprise. Nonetheless, despite their conflict, they both articulated a similar notion.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">Musk and Altman embody entirely different public personas. While Musk is boisterous online, Altman is more reserved. As Musk gravitates toward right-wing politics, Altman attempts to straddle both sides of the aisle. However, the alignment of their emotions indicates why these two collaborated in 2015 to establish OpenAI.</p>

<h2 id="do-you-use-ai-to-write-your-texts" class="dcr-12ibh7f">Do you utilize AI for composing messages?</h2>

<figure id="479f5cbe-be80-403d-9d65-22049ff16d01" data-spacefinder-role="inline" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement" class="dcr-173mewl">
    <figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-1tx6u99"><span class="dcr-1inf02i"><svg width="18" height="13" viewbox="0 0 18 13"><path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"/></svg></span>  Illustration: Raven Jiang/The Guardian</figcaption>
</figure>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">Recently, we featured articles spotlighting individuals who leverage generative artificial intelligence to craft personal messages. AI is becoming more prevalent in the workplace, promising increased productivity. Yet as we become more at ease in professional settings, it is also infiltrating our personal lives.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">My colleague Adrienne Matei reports:</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9"><em>Earlier this spring, Nick Wasseff learned of the passing of a high school friend's mother. Wasseff, a 32-year-old tech entrepreneur based in Vancouver, Canada, used Claude AI, a chatbot designed for human interaction.</em></p>

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<p class="dcr-16w5gq9"><em>Claude assisted Wasseff in composing the notes, facilitating an open dialogue among his friends concerning their collective grief. However, Wasseff never disclosed AI's involvement, which he concedes.</em></p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9"><em>According to a study conducted in 2023, 208 adults received "thoughtful" notes from friends. The researcher noted that those who were informed the notes were crafted with AI felt "more uncertain about their relationships" when they learned about the AI's involvement.</em></p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9"><em>Using AI for personal correspondences is a gamble. The first risk is that the recipient might not realize, and the second is that they may be indifferent. Nonetheless, a conversation is underway regarding the merits of taking such risks and whether the AI input in personal messaging can be considered beneficial.</em></p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9"><strong>Read the full story here.</strong></p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">Now you can effortlessly elevate your messages at the snap of your fingers. Does AI facilitate clearer communication of our intentions and dismantle the barriers to writing that hinder emotional expression? Or does it impede our relationships, as we avoid the emotional labor of drafting our own messages? Does AI enable connection without genuine effort?</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">The benefits and drawbacks are undeniable, with some scenarios appearing more suitable than others. Perhaps certain people wouldn't have sent a birthday card if they hadn’t had a personalized message readily available. One author from the <a href="https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2025/07/google-drive-personalized-chatbot/683436/" data-link-name="in body link">Atlantic</a> was taken aback when Google's Gemini, equipped with access to her conversations, generated a warm and specific birthday card that referenced genuine moments from her friendship. It's possible that they might have left someone without a personal touch had it not been for a mechanical speechwriter. All the variations in reception depend on the context of your decision to employ AI for writing.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">We would love to hear from you. AI is impacting our personal moments and connectivity, as well as our professional interactions, and we want to learn about the situations you believe are most appropriate.</p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">***<br/><strong>Do you use generative AI to craft personal communications?</strong></p>

<p class="dcr-16w5gq9">If you do, please reach out to tech.editorial@theguardian.com and share how and how often you utilize AI. Has it enhanced your relationships or complicated them further?</p>

<h2 id="the-wider-techscape" class="dcr-12ibh7f">Broader Technology Landscape</h2>

Palantir Claims UK Physicians Prioritize “Ideology Over Patients’ Interests” in NHS Data Legislation

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Palantir, a U.S. data firm collaborating with the Israeli Defense Department, criticized British doctors for prioritizing “ideology over patient interests” following backlash against its contract to manage NHS data.

Louis Mosley, executive vice president of Palantir, recently addressed the British Medical Association, which labeled the £330 million agreement to create a unified platform for NHS data—covering everything from patient information to bed availability—as a potential threat to public trust in the NHS data system.

In a formal resolution, the association expressed concerns over the unclear processing of sensitive data by Palantir, a company co-founded by Trump donor Peter Thiel. They highlighted the firm’s “study on discriminatory policing software in the U.S.” and its “close ties with the U.S. government, which often overlooks international law.”

However, Mosley dismissed these critiques during his testimony to lawmakers on the Commons Science and Technology Committee on Tuesday. Palantir has also secured contracts for processing large-scale data for the Ministry of Defense, police, and local governments.

Libertarian Thiel, who named the company after “Seeing Stones” from the Lord of the Rings series, previously remarked that British citizens’ admiration for the NHS reflects “Stockholm syndrome.” However, Mosley claimed he was not speaking on behalf of Palantir.

Palantir also develops AI-driven military targeting systems and software that consolidates and analyzes data across multiple systems, including healthcare.

“It’s incorrect to accuse us of lacking transparency or that we operate in secrecy,” claimed Mosley. “I believe the BMA has chosen ideology over the interests of patients. Our software aims to enhance patient care by streamlining treatment, making it more effective, and ultimately improving the efficiency of the healthcare system.”

In 2023, the government awarded Palantir a contract to establish a new NHS “Federated Data Platform,” though some local NHS trusts have raised concerns that the system might not only be subpar compared to existing technologies but could also diminish functionality, as reported. Palantir is also among the tech companies reported by the Guardian last week, which recently led to a discussion with Attorney General Shabana Mahmood about solutions for the prison and probation crisis, including robotic support for prisoners and tracking devices.

During the session, Senator Chi Onwurah questioned the appropriateness of involving the company in the NHS while also working with the Israeli Defense Forces in military applications in Gaza.

Mosley did not disclose operational specifics regarding Palantir’s role with Israeli authorities. Their offerings include a system labeled “supporting soldiers with AI-driven kill chains and responsibly integrating target identification.”

Onwurah remarked on the necessity for cultural change within the NHS to foster acceptance of new data systems, posing the question to Mosley: “What about a unified patient record in the future?”

“Trust should depend more on our capabilities than anything else,” Mosley responded. “Are we delivering on our promises? Are we improving patient experiences by making them quicker and more efficient? If so, we should be trusted.”

Liberal Democrat Martin Wrigley expressed serious concerns about the interoperability of the data systems provided by Palantir for both health and defense, while Conservative MP Kit Malthouse inquired about the military’s potential use of Palantir’s capacity to process large datasets to target individuals based on specific characteristics. Mosley reassured: “Our software enables that type of functionality and provides extensive governance and control to organizations managing those risks.”

Malthouse remarked, “It sounds like a Savior.”

The hearing also revealed that Palantir continues to engage Global Counsel, a lobbying firm co-founded by the current U.S. ambassador. Mosley denied any claims that British Prime Minister Keir Starmer visited Palantir’s Washington, D.C. office “through appropriate channels,” clarifying that Mandelson resigned as a global advisor “in early 2025.” According to the consultant’s website.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/07/squirtingCucumber3.mp4

This “explosive” squirting cucumber can launch seeds at nearly 30 mph!

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have uncovered an astonishing mechanism of seed dispersal in nature: the squirting cucumber.

This plant, Ecballium, boasts an extraordinary method of ejecting seeds over considerable distances, with a new study from Kiel University in Germany providing deeper insight into the process.

The mature squirting cucumber fruits are packed with thick liquid, creating significant internal pressure. When ripe, the stems disconnect, causing the fruit to forcefully discharge its seeds.

“This typically occurs when the fruit is fully mature and is disturbed,” Helengoge from Kiel University mentioned in BBC Science Focus.

“The plant aims to scatter its seeds as far as possible, which can propel them over 12 meters (39 feet) from the parent plant.”

Even minimal contact can trigger the fruit’s release, prompting Gorges’s team to utilize CT imaging to construct 3D models of the fruit without causing any damage.

Additionally, a high-speed camera captured the moment the cucumber expelled its seeds at speeds of up to 47 km/h (29 mph).

The cucumber was recorded at 10,000 frames per second, showcasing the extraordinary force behind the seed ejection.

Gorge observed the maturation process of the fruits, noting that the stems straighten as the cucumber approaches readiness, ultimately hanging at a 52º angle just before bursting. The optimal angle for ballistic projection is theoretically 50º, making the cucumber nearly precise in its seed dispersal.

Like many plants, cucumbers aim to distribute their seeds widely to minimize competition for essential resources like light, water, and nutrients between parent and offspring plants.

While most plants have evolved to rely on wind, water, or animals for seed dispersal, squirting cucumbers have taken an active, ballistic approach.

The research team hopes their findings will inspire others to develop naturally derived solutions for future challenges.

“There are numerous applications in soft robotics, drug delivery systems, and similar technologies where efficient launching systems are needed,” Gorges stated.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/07/squirtingCucumberSlow5.mp4

Slight disturbances can cause ripe cucumbers to explode.

About the experts

Helen Gogges is a doctoral student specializing in functional morphology and biomechanics at Kiel University in Germany, focusing on optimizing plant mechanisms for seed distribution.

read more:

Revitalize Your Old Nintendo Switch Games with the Switch 2 | Gaming Tips

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

oThe exciting Mario Kart World and next week’s Utside of Donkey Kong Bananza may not have a plethora of new Nintendo titles for early Switch 2 adopters. Fortunately, Nintendo is stepping up to refine its extensive library of existing Switch games by offering free updates to enhance graphics and more substantial paid revisions. However, navigating these options can be somewhat perplexing.

What is the difference when playing Switch games on Switch 2?

Depending on their coding, some original Switch games will perform better on Switch 2 without any developer intervention. Games that lack frame rate caps—often imposed by developers—will especially gain from this, leading to smoother performance. For instance, the 2023 Brilliant Bayonetta 3 shines at 60fps on Switch 2 (and the resolution increase is a welcome bonus). Additionally, Super Smash Bros Ultimate, a game I’ve invested over 700 hours into, now enters matches notably quicker. Titles like Animal Crossing: New Horizons and Skyrim benefit from a stable frame rate and greatly reduced load times, including the notorious Hyrule Warriors: Age of Calamity.

The remastered Witcher 3 on Switch transforms the prior blurred visuals into something much crisper and smoother, thanks to dynamic resolution scaling and unlimited frame rates. Xenoblade Chronicles 2, Arkham Knight, and Wolfenstein 2 also showcase significant improvements in resolution and performance.

Which games have received free Switch 2 upgrades so far?

Switch 2 owners can now enjoy high dynamic range (HDR) support and higher resolutions (up to 4K). Many beloved Nintendo Switch games have received free updates taking advantage of the new hardware.

Initially, minor updates were provided for less prominent titles. To improve multiplayer experiences, two of Nintendo’s party game collections, Clubhouse Games and Big Brain Academy, have been updated free of charge, introducing useful Gameshare features that allow multiplayer play with others who do not own the game. Additionally, niche titles like Game Builder Garage and Egg Plaza now support Joy-Con mouse functionality. More significant free updates await you on Switch 2.

Pokemon Scarlet/Violet

Paldare feels more vibrant on Switch 2… Pokemon Scarlet. Photo: Nintendo

Previously, one of the most poorly performing games on the Switch, the 2022 Pokemon Scarlet/Violet, struggled with frustrating frame rates and low-quality textures that detracted from gameplay. Fortunately, developer Game Freak has worked to enhance things on Switch 2. These games now boast dramatically improved frame rates and more fluid animations, making interactions with Pokémon smoother than ever, especially in handheld mode. Exploring the expansive region on Switch 2 makes it feel even more alive. While there is no HDR support and some original texture issues persist, the visual and performance enhancements create a much more enjoyable experience.

Super Mario Odyssey
Nintendo wisely opted to elevate the finest 3D Mario title ever, enhancing the game’s resolution to 1800p in docked mode and fully implementing HDR. The artistic direction of Odyssey has always been outstanding. Now, the colorful landscapes sparkle even brighter, from the glowing red dunes of the Sand Kingdom to the sharper rings of ros. The frame rate also remains consistently high, making every jump and spin feel even more exhilarating. Gameshare support has also been added, allowing a second player to jump in as Cappy on a second Switch.

The Legend of Zelda: Link’s Awakening and Echo of Wisdom

A sophisticated performance… The Legend of Zelda: Echo of Wisdom. Photo: Nintendo

Both charming Zeldas on Switch were known for their unique appeal, but their performance was lacking. With frame rate dips reminiscent of outdated hardware, these often captivating experiences fell short of potential. The good news is that Nintendo has dramatically enhanced both titles for Switch 2, rendering them in crisp 4K with full HDR support. Yes, both now run at 60fps. These Grezzo-developed games now radiate from the screen like never before. If, like me, you shelved an echo of wisdom last year due to its performance issues, now is the time to dive back into both this and Link’s Awakening.

New Super Mario Bros U
While last year’s Super Mario Wonder might have garnered the spotlight, Nintendo decided to give Wii U’s 2D Mario some love on Switch 2. With enhanced resolution, improved frame rates, and of course, HDR, this beloved Mario platformer has never looked better.

ARMS

More accurate controls… ARMS. Photo: Nintendo

Remember your ARMS experience? A motion-controlled fighting game that launched soon after the original Switch? Surprisingly, Nintendo has chosen to give this gem some love eight years post-release. The game’s motion controls now feature improved accuracy, allowing you to land hits more precisely. Local multiplayer for four players now operates smoothly. While its distinct controls might not be for everyone, its artful character designs and vibrant world have been revitalized.

Super Mario 3D World + Bowser’s Fury
Another Wii U classic with a new lease on life. The multiplayer experience of Mario’s 3D World has been refreshed with frame rate improvements and upgraded resolution, while Bowser’s Fury also enjoys enhanced graphics and full HDR support, ideal for 4K displays.

Captain Toad: Treasure Tracker
This charming, leisurely-paced puzzle adventure has seamlessly transitioned to the Switch 2, benefiting from HDR support and improved resolutions in both docked and handheld modes. Additionally, the game now includes Gameshare support for cooperative play.

Splatoon 3

Designer’s Splatting… Splatoon 3 Photo: Nintendo

Originally born on the Wii U, Splatoon has evolved significantly. While always vibrant, the graphical issues plagued by low resolution have been corrected. Now rendered in stunning 4K on Switch 2, Splatoon 3’s colorful world shines with intricate details. Whether you’re defeating bosses in the engaging single-player campaign or battling it out in online turf wars, Splatoon 3 on Switch 2 feels refreshed—like an entirely new experience. If you missed it previously, there’s never been a better time to get on board.

What upgrades are available for the paid Nintendo Switch 2 edition?

In contrast to the free upgrades mentioned earlier, the Switch 2 edition is typically an older game repackaged with additional content. Upgrading your existing games to the Switch 2 edition costs between £7.99 to £16.99. New players can purchase the Switch 2 edition outright for £60-70. Notably, subscribers to Nintendo’s online service will receive some of these upgrades at no additional cost.

The Legend of Zelda: Breath of the Wild and Tears of the Kingdom

A groundbreaking experience… The Legend of Zelda: Tears of the Kingdom. Photo: Nintendo

Regarding iconic launch titles, few can compete with Breath of the Wild. Instead of simply remaking it, Nintendo has opted to enhance both it and its sequel. These top-tier open-world games have been revitalized, with Hyrule’s painterly landscapes appearing richer than ever. Areas that previously caused performance issues on Switch, like the Kokoro Forest, now reveal intricate details in high-resolution textures, alongside HDR support. The updates also make exploration rewarding with new assists, such as a Zelda Notes app for keeping track of secrets. Both editions are available for free to Nintendo Switch Online subscribers or can be upgraded from the original for £7.99 each.

No Man’s Sky
This acclaimed space exploration simulator from Hello Games has undergone a massive transformation over its nine-year history. Its 2022 port to the original Switch was functional but lacked excitement. However, on Switch 2, players can experience it as if it were an entirely new game. Running at up to 1440p with HDR, each vibrant planet bursts forth with vivid colors, immersing players in its rich sci-fi atmosphere. The best part? Hello Games offers an upgrade for this Switch 2 edition at no extra cost.

Fortnite

A much-needed upgrade… Fortnite 2 for Nintendo Switch 2. Photo: Epic Games

The Battle Royale that captured the world often felt restrained on older consoles. However, Epic Games has given it a significant facelift. Now running at a smooth 60fps and improved resolutions, Switch 2’s version of Fortnite features enhanced textures and significantly better draw distances. Notably, it also offers GameChat support and mouse controls for players seeking a competitive edge over those using analog sticks.

Super Mario Party Jamboree TV – July 24
This notable Switch 2 edition features a variety of new party experiences alongside expected graphical enhancements. A key addition is the PlayStation Eyetoy-inspired Bowser Live Mode, prompting players to complete mini-games using the Switch 2’s camera. Plus, Jamboree TV introduces a fresh microphone and camera-based setup for a completely new experience, alongside a mouse-controlled carnival coaster mode. Owners of the 2024 Super Mario Party Jamboree can access this upgrade for an additional £16.99.

Kirby and the Forgotten Land + The World of Stars Crossing – August 28
This Switch 2 Edition of Kirby and the Forgotten Land expands upon the previous entry, introducing a new, story-driven adventure. It invites our squishy protagonists to leap, swallow, and battle through new challenges while rescuing friends from a newly crystallized world. Both the star-crossed world and the original benefit from enhanced resolutions and improved frame rates. This upgrade to the Switch 2 edition is priced at £16.99.

Scientists Uncover the (Surprising) Creepy Reason Humans First Domesticated Cats

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies have uncovered new insights regarding the timing and locations of cat domestication. Contrary to the belief that these early felines were simply pampered companions or helpful pest eliminators, it appears they may have primarily been bred for mass sacrificial purposes.

Historically, it was thought that the domestication of cats began over 9,000 years ago as Wildcats started to adapt to the first agricultural settlements.

As grain storage attracted rodents, North African Wildcats (Ferris Livica) began hunting these pests, fostering mutually beneficial relationships that ultimately led to domestication.

However, this model is now being rigorously examined. “North African wildcats, the wild ancestors of domestic cats, were believed to have been tamed during the Neolithic era,” states Dr. Shawn Doherty, an archaeological scientist at the University of Exeter and lead author of a study featured in BBC Science Focus.

“Our research challenges this narrative by reviewing existing osteological, genetic, and iconographic evidence. We propose that cat domestication actually began in Egypt around the first millennium BC.”

Dr. Doherty’s team reassessed ancient cat artifacts from archaeological sites across Europe and North Africa, from antiquity to the present, utilizing zooarchaeological analysis, genetics, and radiocarbon dating. They found that the bones from agricultural villages in Cyprus dating back 900 to 500 years ago closely resembled those of Wildcats, undermining prior assumptions of early domestication.

Some misconceptions stem from the small size of cat bones, which can migrate between soil layers over time. “We employed radiocarbon dating to verify the ages, revealing that many cat remains are significantly more recent than previously believed.”

This data implies that the domestication of cats actually occurred much later than previously thought.

Millions of cats were sacrificed and mummified in ancient Egypt, dating from the late period to the Ptolemaic period (715-30 BC). – Getty

Researchers suggest that while rodent control may have played a role in domestication, religion could have been even more significant. In ancient Egypt, cats were revered as sacred to the goddess Bastet, and millions were kept for sacrificial purposes.

“The bond between domestic cats and the Egyptian goddess Bastet peaked in the first millennium BC,” Dr. Doherty noted. “Millions of mummified cats have been discovered in temples dedicated to her. During the Victorian era, these remains were often exhumed and transported to England for use as fertilizer.”

Through the breeding of vast numbers of kittens for ritualistic sacrifice, traits that made them more manageable may have gradually been selected, leading to the emergence of the domestic cat.

A second genome-related study, co-authored by Dr. Doherty, analyzed 87 ancient and modern cat genomes, finding no evidence that domestic cats migrated to Europe with Neolithic farmers. Instead, they likely arrived within the last 2,000 years from North Africa.

“I think this illustrates that the bond between humans and cats is not necessarily a result of the length of time they have been together, unlike with dogs,” Dr. Doherty stated.

Considering the motivations behind their early domestication, it is no surprise that cats exhibit such ethereal behavior.

Both studies are preliminary and are currently awaiting formal peer review.

Read more:

About our experts

Shawn Doherty is a senior researcher at the University of Exeter. His expertise lies in exploring deep time and animal-environment interactions through the integration of fauna, biomolecules (isotope analysis, proteomics, and genetics), alongside historical and anthropological studies.

Harnessing AI: How Terrorist Organizations Like the Islamic State Fund and Adapt Their Operations

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Counterterrorism officials have long assessed their approach to the utilization of terrorist organizations alongside digital tools and social media platforms, often likening their efforts to a whac-a-mole scenario.

Groups like the Islamic State and neo-Nazi organizations such as The Base harness digital tools to covertly gather finances, obtain 3D-printed weaponry, and disseminate these resources among their followers.

Over time, thwarting attacks and preserving an upper hand over such terrorist factions has progressed as more open-source resources have become accessible.

Currently, with artificial intelligence rapidly evolving, and now freely available as an app, security agents are in a race against time.

A source acquainted with the U.S. government’s counterterrorism initiatives informed the Guardian that several security agencies are deeply worried about how AI enhances the operational efficiency of hostile groups. The FBI refrained from commenting on the situation.

“Our research accurately forecasted the trends we are witnessing. Terrorists are leveraging AI to expedite their existing strategies rather than reinventing their operational frameworks,” remarks Adam Hadley, the founder and executive director of Tech Against Terrorism, an online counter-terrorism watchdog. He references the UN Anti-Terrorism Commission Secretariat (CTED).

“Future dangers encompass the potential for terrorists to utilize AI for rapid app and website development, essentially amplifying threats associated with pre-existing technologies rather than introducing entirely new categories of risk.”

So far, groups like IS and affiliated organizations have started to amplify their recruitment propaganda across diverse media formats, utilizing AI technologies such as OpenAI’s ChatGPT. This poses a more immediate risk as numerous sectors of employment prepare for potential upheavals, benefiting some of the wealthiest individuals globally while complicating public safety issues.

“Consider breaking news from the Islamic State. Today, it can be converted into an audio format,” states Mustafa Ayad, executive director for Africa, the Middle East, and Asia at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue. “We’ve observed supporters establishing groups to bolster their efforts, and we also have a photo array generated in the center.”

Ayad continues, aligning with Hadley’s insights: “Much of AI’s impact enables pre-existing methods. It also enhances their propaganda and distribution capabilities, which is critically significant.”

The Islamic State is not merely curious about AI; it actively acknowledges the potential benefits it offers, even providing encrypted channels with a “Guide to AI Tools and Risks” for its supporters. A recent propaganda magazine elaborates on the future of AI and the necessity for the group to incorporate it into their operations.

“It’s become crucial for everyone to understand the intricacies of AI, irrespective of their field,” the article states. “[AI] is evolving into more than just technology; it is becoming a driving force in warfare.” The writer even posits that AI services could serve as “digital advisors” and “research assistants” for any member of the organization.

Within the perpetually active chat rooms used for communication among followers and recruits, discussions are emerging on various ways AI could be utilized as a resource, though some remain cautious. One user queried whether it was safe to use ChatGPT for “explosives practices,” expressing uncertainty about whether authorities were monitoring the platform. Privacy concerns have surfaced as chatbots are increasingly utilized.

“Are there any alternatives?” an online participant asked among supporters in the same chat room. “Ensure safety.”

However, another participant discovered a method to evade attention during monitoring. By omitting schematics and instructions for creating a “basic blueprint for remote vehicle prototypes using ChatGPT,” they shifted focus. Truck ramming has emerged as a tactic in recent assaults, as well as for followers and operatives. In March, an IS-linked account released a video featuring AI-generated bomb-making tutorials utilizing avatars for crafting recipes from household materials.

Far-right entities are similarly drawn to AI. Advising followers on creating misinformation memes, such as graphic content featuring Adolf Hitler.

Ayad emphasized that some of these AI-powered tools are advantageous for terrorist groups in enhancing their operational security, enabling them to communicate securely without attracting undue scrutiny.

Terrorist organizations continually strive to maximize and adapt digital spaces for their advancement, with AI representing the latest example. Since June 2014, when IS first commanded global attention amid dramatic live-tweeted accounts of mass executions in Mosul, they have undergone significant cyber operations. Following the establishment of their so-called caliphate, there was an organized response by both government entities and Silicon Valley to mitigate online presences. Western intelligence agencies have increasingly focused on encrypted messaging applications, particularly where 3D-printed firearms can be located, for surveillance and policing efforts.

Nonetheless, recent reductions in comprehensive global counterterrorism initiatives, including some from U.S. agencies, have undermined these efforts.

“The more urgent weakness lies in the deteriorating counterterrorism infrastructure,” Hadley remarked. “Standards have considerably declined as platforms and governments divert focus from this critical domain.”

Hadley is advocating for improved “content moderation” concerning AI-enabled materials, pressing companies like Meta and OpenAI to “enhance current mechanisms such as hash sharing and traditional detection methods.”

“Our vulnerabilities do not stem from new AI capabilities, but rather from the reduced resilience against established terrorist activities online,” he concluded.

Alpha Males: An Exception to the Norm, According to Groundbreaking New Research

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Forget everything you thought you knew about alpha males: Major new research suggests that clear male dominance in primate societies is not a universal truth, indicating that in many species, females either hold equal power or may even surpass males.

Over five years, researchers gathered data from 253 primate populations across 121 species to investigate gender power dynamics. Rather than relying on generalizations, they meticulously documented behavioral patterns.

“We aimed to observe individual-level interactions, identifying specific conflicts rather than relying on overarching categories like ‘men dominate here’,” stated study co-author Dr. Dieter Lukas in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We then assessed how frequently men and women actually come out on top.”

The findings challenge deeply-held stereotypes.

Out of the populations studied, male dominance was noted in only 25 of the 151 observed groups, where they triumphed in over 90% of contests against females. Female dominance was observed in 16 groups, while the remaining 70% displayed moderate or variable gender dynamics.

“Strict male dominance was a surprisingly rare occurrence,” said Dr. Ellis Fuchard, the author of a related study, to BBC Science Focus. “We were aware of existing literature and did not anticipate it to be the majority, but discovering it was under 20% was more surprising than expected.”

The frequency of sexual conflict—clashes between males and females—was also found to be considerably higher than previously thought, comprising nearly half of all adult disputes.

Lucas pointed out that most studies tend to focus exclusively on either males or females, with few examining the interactions between the two. “However, here,” he remarked, “the conflict between genders is clearly highlighted, showcasing frequent confrontations.”

A group of chakma baboons during a grooming session. To the left, a large male is groomed by a smaller female along with a juvenile. In this species, males tend to dominate over females. – élise Huchard

This research also challenges the notion that power dynamics are solely dictated by physical prowess. In numerous primate societies, female dominance arises not from strength, but from control over reproduction.

“If a female chooses not to mate, a male is powerless to intervene,” Huchard explained. “If females manage breeding, it can serve as a leverage point in their interactions with males.”

While researchers are cautious about extrapolating their results to human behavior, they suggest the findings illuminate the remarkable flexibility of gender roles among our evolutionary relatives.

“We have two close relatives, the chimpanzee and the bonobo. One exhibits male dominance while the other operates predominantly under female leadership,” Huchard noted. “Thus, even prior to our research, we understood that these dynamics are not deterministic.”

The findings indicate that the social hierarchy within primate societies—and possibly humans—is adaptable, shaped by environmental conditions, group composition, mating strategies, and individual relationships. In essence, no single model dictates who holds power.

Read more:

About our experts

Dieter Lukas is an evolutionary biologist specializing in the social systems of both past and present populations, approached from a comparative perspective at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. His recent studies challenge fundamental assumptions in human behavioral ecology, revealing that variations in human behavior are likely influenced by similar factors that guide the behaviors of other mammals and birds.

élise Huchard is a researcher at the University of Montpellier in France. Her primary focus is on mammalian social behavior, conducted through comparative analysis, as well as long-term investigations in natural populations. She also serves as the editor-in-chief of the journal Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution.

Amazon Requests Corporate Employees to ‘Volunteer’ for Grocery Deliveries as Prime Day Approaches

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

On Monday, Amazon’s corporate staff were encouraged to volunteer at the company’s warehouse to assist in delivering groceries for the upcoming Prime Day sale.

According to a Slack message obtained by the Guardian that was sent to numerous white-collar employees in the New York City region, from engineers to marketers, an area manager urged team members to “help with Prime Day to connect with our customers on this significant day.” The response to this request remains unclear.

The appeal came just a day before Prime Day was set to start. The manager indicated that volunteers were “needed” for two-hour shifts from 10 AM to 6 PM in Red Hook, Brooklyn, running from Tuesday to Friday. Employees from partner companies at the warehouse will be responsible for selecting products, preparing grocery carts and bags for delivery, packing boxes upon cart arrival, and “boosting morale by distributing snacks.” Volunteers were also encouraged to attend a meeting room for further engagement. The manager emphasized that these efforts would help enhance the connection between the warehouse and corporate teams.

Amazon typically employs thousands of additional warehouse workers in anticipation of its annual Prime Day sale, leading to a surge in demand for orders and deliveries as large online retailers offer substantial discounts on various items. While Amazon Fresh is a service available to Prime members, it operates independently from Amazon’s Whole Foods subsidiary, which is providing discounts this week in celebration of Prime Day. For instance, there is a $30 discount on current member delivery while maintaining a 90-day free trial of delivery services, which includes same-day or next-day options. New York is recognized as one of the busiest areas in the United States.

Amazon spokesperson Griffin Buch stated that this is not the first occasion employees from “grocery” sectors have been “invited to volunteer.”

“This initiative is entirely voluntary and allows company employees to engage more closely with customers while enabling store teams to concentrate on the most essential tasks,” said Buch.

Amazon Fresh has encountered challenges in recent years. As part of cost-cutting measures and issues with profitability in the grocery delivery sector in 2023, CEO Andy Jassy has closed multiple physical Amazon Fresh locations and laid off hundreds of employees in this segment. Overall, Amazon has reduced its workforce by over 27,000 employees since initiating cost-cutting efforts in 2022.

Just a week ago, an Amazon CEO spoke on CNBC about the future, highlighting the use of drones and robots for delivering goods to customers.

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“As we progress and increase the application of robotics at fulfillment centers, we will be relying on robots for fulfillment and transportation,” he added.

Fresh Challenge: Lowering Earth’s Temperature

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Unwanted Thoughts

Sometimes our minds become cluttered with confusing thoughts. What can we do when we’re unable to release them? Here are some tips to manage these thoughts and soothe your mind:

Pups vs. Parenting

In recent years, many individuals have opted for furry companions over raising children. When it comes to achieving happiness, which is preferable: owning a dog or raising a child?

Asteroids and the Apocalypse

Meet the dedicated scientists, astronomers, and mathematicians who tirelessly monitor the skies, keeping a watchful eye on asteroids that could threaten our world.

Feelings of Isolation

Loneliness encompasses the negative emotional state we experience when we lack sufficient personal time. While social interactions are essential, carving out quality time for yourself can significantly lower stress levels.

Plus

Eliminate Fluoride from US Water: US Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has urged the CDC to cease recommendations for water fluoridation. Dental experts express concerns about potential impacts on oral health. Explore the facts.
Cyborg Advancements: Imagine a future where humans possess extraordinary strength, enhanced vision, and the ability to fly—it may sound far-fetched, but it’s already in progress. Discover the leading “cyborg technology” that will soon be commercially available.
Q&A: This month’s burning questions answered! Can animals become intoxicated? What’s the best way to use a defibrillator? What are tufted ground squirrels? How much exercise do you require? Do you really control my blood pressure? What if a Super Collider were built around the moon? What’s the ideal sleeping position? How do you combat compassion fatigue? Are there other sites akin to Stonehenge? And more…

Issue 421 Available on Tuesday, July 8th, 2025

Don’t forget, BBC Science Focus is accessible on all major digital platforms. You can find it on Android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-readers, as well as on the iOS App for iPhone and iPad.

Hubble Discovers More Than 100 Galaxies in Abell 209

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Abel 209 is an expansive galactic cluster situated approximately 2.8 billion light years from the constellations of Cetus.

This Hubble image illustrates Abell 209, a galactic cluster positioned approximately 2.8 billion light years away from the constellations of Cetus. The color imagery incorporates both optical and infrared data gathered by Hubble’s Advanced Camera for Survey (ACS) and Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3). We employed 12 filters to explore various wavelengths. The colors arise from assigning distinct hues to each monochromatic image tied to separate filters. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/M. Postman/P. Kelly.

Galaxy clusters consist of thousands of galaxies representing a variety of ages, shapes, and dimensions.

Typically, their mass is around 10 billion times that of the sun.

In the past, galactic clusters were thought to be the largest structures in the universe. They typically extend across hundreds of millions of light years, encompassing numerous galactic clusters and groups, until the discovery of superclusters in the 1980s altered this perception.

Nevertheless, one aspect remains unchanged for galaxy clusters. As superclusters are not bound by gravity, galaxy clusters still hold the distinction of being the largest gravitationally bound structures in the universe.

“The galaxies within Abel 209 are spaced millions of light years apart, and the apparently vacant space in between is filled with hot, diffuse gases detectable only at X-ray wavelengths,” Hubble astronomers stated.

“An even more enigmatic inhabitant of this galactic cluster is dark matter, a type of matter that does not interact with light.”

“It’s estimated that the universe contains 5% ordinary matter, 25% dark matter, and 70% dark energy,” they added.

“Hubble’s observations, including those contributing to this image, can help address fundamental questions regarding our universe, including dark matter and the enigmas of dark energy.”

“These studies take advantage of the immense mass of galaxy clusters, which enables us to warp the fabric of space-time to produce distorted, enlarged images of background galaxies and stars through a process known as gravitational lensing.”

“While this image lacks the dramatic ring that gravitational lenses can sometimes produce, Abel 209 still reveals subtle indications of hierarchy, illustrated by a slightly curved galaxy of stripes nestled within the golden glow of the cluster.”

“Analyzing the distortions in these galaxies allows astronomers to map the distribution of mass within clusters and shed light on the clouds of dark matter that lie beneath.”

“This information, made possible by Hubble’s remarkable resolution and precision, is crucial for testing theories about how our universe has evolved.”

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Discover That Wild Killer Whales Occasionally Share Food with Humans

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In the paper published online in the Journal of Comparative Psychology, marine biologists detail 34 interactions where killer whales (Orcinus orca) offered food to humans over the last 20 years. These incidents were reported in oceans worldwide, including locations from California to New Zealand, Norway, and Patagonia. The killer whales provided a diverse array of 18 species: six fish, five mammals, three invertebrates, two birds, one reptile, and one type of seaweed. The authors propose that these occurrences may illustrate a form of general altruism.

Case presented by Towers et al. Wild killer whale (Orcinus orca) utilized prey and other items to incite interactions with humans. Image credits: Towers et al., doi: 10.1037/com0000422.

Altruistic behaviors, such as sharing prey, are prosocial acts that can foster various forms of reciprocity.

Such relationship dynamics lay the groundwork for cerebral development related to the evolution of social norms in species like primates and dolphins.

Despite some cultures among these species benefiting from interactions with other mammals, documented cases of wild animals actively providing for humans are exceedingly rare.

“Orcas frequently share food with one another. It’s a prosocial behavior that helps them build relationships,” remarked Dr. Jared Towers, a researcher at Bay Setrogy.

“We are also intrigued by what they choose to share with people and how that relates to us.”

Dr. Towers and his collaborators, Dr. Ingrid Visser from the Orca Research Trust and Dr. Vanessa Prigollini from the Marine Education Association, collected and analyzed data on the 34 food distribution events they and others encountered.

In 11 cases, people were in the water when killer whales approached them. In 21 instances, they were on boats, and in two cases, they were on the shore.

Some instances were recorded through videos and photos, while others were documented via interviews with researchers.

All incidents had to meet strict criteria for inclusion in the analysis; each case required the whale to approach humans and present items voluntarily.

In every instance except one, killer whales observed the reactions after they offered food, and in seven instances, they initially refused to present it before trying multiple times.

“While domesticated animals like dogs and cats occasionally share food with humans, our study provides one of the first comprehensive accounts of such behaviors in non-domesticated species,” the scientists stated.

“This behavior makes sense, as killer whales are intelligent, social creatures that use food sharing to form relationships with both kin and non-kin.”

“They often hunt prey much larger than themselves.”

“By offering items to humans, they are presented with chances to practice, explore, and engage with the cultural behaviors typical of killer whales, while also learning to manipulate and enhance their interactions with us.”

“We believe that the cognitive abilities and social nature of these animals can help explain these behaviors.”

____

JR Towers et al. 2025. Water Test: An Attempt by a Wild Killer Whale (Orcinus orca) to Provide for People (Homo sapiens). Journal of Comparative Psychology in press; doi: 10.1037/com0000422

Source: www.sci.news

Lucy provides a comprehensive look at the main belt asteroid Donald Johansson

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s Lucy Mission is actively examining images obtained during its encounter with the carbonaceous asteroid Donald Johansson on April 20, 2025.

Donald Johanson is located on NASA’s Lucy spacecraft, approximately 2,700 km (1,700 miles) away, about 3.2 minutes before closest approach on April 20, 2025. The lighting conditions, which are primarily behind Lucy, significantly diminish the visibility of topographic features. Image credit: NASA/GODDARD/SWRI/JOHNS HOPKINS APL.

Donald Johansson resides in the inner region of the solar system’s major asteroid belt.

The asteroid was initially discovered on March 2, 1981, by American astronomer Sheltebus at the Siding Spring Observatory.

On April 20, 2025, NASA’s Lucy spacecraft executed a flyby near Donald Johansson, approaching within 960 km (600 miles) of its surface.

This encounter confirmed that the asteroid is an elongated contact binary, a structure that forms when two small celestial bodies collide.

Nonetheless, members of the Lucy team were taken aback by the unusual shape of the narrow neck connecting the two lobes.

A pair of stereo images combining the final full approach image (right) with slightly clipped images taken 72 seconds later. For a three-dimensional view of the asteroid’s structure, cross your eyes while focusing on the image. Image credits: NASA/GODDARD/SWRI/JOHNS HOPKINS APL/BRIAN MAY/CLAUDIA MANZONI.

“The newly released image was captured by the L’Lorri Imager on the spacecraft just minutes before the closest approach,” the researchers stated.

“This successful dress rehearsal assures the team that both the spacecraft and our crew are well-prepared for the main event: an encounter with a Jupiter Trojan asteroid.”

“Currently, the spacecraft is in a relatively quiet cruising phase as it journeys through the main asteroid belt.”

“Lucy is traveling at over 50,000 km/h (30,000 mph) away from the Sun.”

“We will continue to monitor the spacecraft as it heads toward the cooler, dimmer regions of the solar system.”

“Upon reaching the Trojan asteroid, the mission plans to conduct four encounters and observe at least six asteroids (including two satellites discovered by our team) over the course of 15 months.”

“The first encounter is scheduled with the asteroid Euribates in August 2027.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Uncovers Small Crystals in Interstellar Amorphous Ice

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Low-density amorphous ice is one of the most prevalent solid materials in the universe and plays a crucial role in deciphering numerous well-known anomalies of liquid water. Despite its significance and discovery nearly 90 years ago, its structure remains a topic of debate. In a recent study, researchers from the University of London and Cambridge found that prior computer simulations of low-density amorphous ice were influenced by a disturbed structure where the ice was not entirely amorphous. Instead, it contained small crystals measuring 3 nm in width, slightly wider than a single DNA strand. In their experimental studies, actual samples of amorphous ice, which formed through different methods, were recrystallized (i.e., warmed up). They observed that the resulting crystal structure varied based on the method used to generate the amorphous ice. The researchers concluded that if the ice was completely disordered, it would not retain any imprint of its previous shape.

Low-density amorphous ice structure: Many small crystals (white) are hidden in the amorphous material (blue). Image credits: Michael B. Davis, UCL & Cambridge University.

“We now have a solid understanding of what the most common ice structures in the universe look like at the atomic level,” states Dr. Michael Davis, a researcher at the University of London and Cambridge.

“This is significant because ice is involved in numerous cosmological processes, including planet formation, galaxy evolution, and the movement of matter throughout the universe.”

For their investigation, Dr. Davis and his colleagues utilized two computer models of water.

They simulated the freezing of water molecules in these virtual “cages” by cooling to -120 degrees Celsius (-184 degrees Fahrenheit) at various rates.

These different cooling rates affected the proportions of crystalline and amorphous ice produced.

The researchers determined that low-density amorphous ice, as evidenced by X-ray diffraction studies, appears to align with a mixture of up to 20% crystallinity and 80% amorphous structure (i.e., researchers fired X-rays at ice and analyzed the deflection patterns).

Using an alternative method, they created a large “box” filled with numerous small ice crystals tightly packed together.

The simulation then disordered the regions between the ice crystals, resulting in structures remarkably similar to those obtained from the initial approach of 25% crystalline ice.

In additional experimental efforts, scientists generated actual low-density amorphous ice samples through various methods, including deposits of water vapor onto extremely cold surfaces (mimicking how ice forms on interstellar dust) and from high-density amorphous ice (ice crushed at very low temperatures).

These amorphous ice samples were then gently heated to provide energy for the formation of crystals.

They noted variations in the structure of the ice depending on its origin, particularly regarding the arrangement of molecules in a hexagonal (6x) formation.

This provided indirect evidence that low-density amorphous ice contained crystalline constituents.

Should it be entirely disordered, the ice would lack any memory of its prior form.

The findings raised further inquiries about the nature of amorphous ice, such as whether crystal size varies based on the formation method, and whether truly amorphous ice is achievable.

“Water is essential to life, yet our understanding is still incomplete,” remarked Professor Michael Ryde from Cambridge University.

“Amorphous ice may be key to explaining many anomalies observed in water.”

“Ice holds potential as a high-performance material in space,” added Dr. Davis.

“It can shield spacecraft from radiation and supply fuel in the form of hydrogen and oxygen.”

“Understanding the various structures and properties is critical.”

Moreover, this research touches upon a speculative theory regarding the origins of life on Earth.

This theory posits that life’s building blocks were transported here on an icy comet, known as Panspermia.

“Our findings indicate that this ice might be a suboptimal transport medium for these biological molecules,” stated Dr. Davis.

“This is due to the reduced space available for partial embedding of these components in the crystal structure.”

“Nonetheless, the theory could still hold merit, as there are amorphous regions within the ice capable of storing and concealing life’s building blocks.”

“Ice on Earth captivates our curiosity due to our warm climate,” observed University College professor Christophe Salzmann from the University of London.

“You can see the intricate order of snowflakes in their symmetry.”

“Ice elsewhere in the universe has long been viewed as a frozen snapshot of liquid water: a disordered arrangement that is fixed in place. Our findings suggest that this perception is not entirely accurate.”

“Our results also prompt questions regarding the properties of amorphous materials in general.”

“Such materials are vital in advanced technologies.”

“For instance, fiberglass used for data transmission must be amorphous or disordered to function.”

“If these materials contain small crystals, their performance can potentially be enhanced by removing them.”

The findings were documented in a paper published today in the journal Physical Review B.

____

Michael Benedict Davis et al. 2025. Low-density amorphous ice contains crystalline ice grains. Phys. Rev. B 112, 024203; doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.112.024203

Source: www.sci.news

Newly Discovered Armored Dinosaur Species Unearthed in China

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have identified a new species from the Ankylosaurus dinosaur genus Zhongyuansaurus, using specimens discovered in Henan Province, China.

Reconstructing the life of Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi. Image credit: Connor Ashbridge / CC by 4.0.

Ankylosaurids (Antirosaurididae) were a group of herbivorous tetrapods known for their sturdy, scute-covered bodies, distinct armor, leaf-shaped teeth, and club-like tails.

The earliest and most renowned ankylosaurid dates back to approximately 122 million years ago, while the last species went extinct around 66 million years ago during the mass extinction event.

The newly recognized species belongs to a previously monospecific genus of Ankylosaurus called Zhongyuansaurus.

It is named Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi and lived in the region now known as China.

Fossils were collected from the upper section of the Haoling Formation in Zhongwa village, Henan Province, China.

“The fossils are preserved within an area of about 9 m.²,” noted Dr. Ji Min Chang from the Henan Museum of Natural History.

“They are fragmented and show no overlapping preservation, indicating they belong to a single individual.”

“The specimen includes one right mandible, 14 free caudal vertebrae, seven fused terminal caudal vertebrae forming a rod-like structure, four ribs, one left humerus, one elongated metatarsal, and 41 osteoblasts of varying sizes and shapes.”

The right lower jaw of Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi. Image credit: Zhang et al., doi: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023037.

Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi exhibits a unique autapomorphy, featuring at least five caudal armor plates arranged in a distinct shiny pattern resembling a swallow shape.

“Furthermore, it has a relatively slender mandible compared to the more robust mandibles found in advanced Ankylosaurina,” the paleontologist added.

“The anterior tip of the coronoid process differentiates it from Chamosaurus, extending only into the last two alveoli.”

“The distal caudal vertebrae are decorated with small osteoblasts, and the humerus has a shaft proportion enclosed within 0.46, distinguishing it from Zhongyuansaurus luoyangensis.”

“The discovery of Zhongyuansaurus Junchangi provides new insights into the evolution of ankylosaurs in the lower Cretaceous layers of Ruyang and enhances the species diversity within the Ruyang Dinosaur Fauna,” the researchers concluded.

Their paper was published in the journal Acta Palaeontologica Sinica.

____

Ji-Ming Zhang et al. 2025. New ankylosaur material from the lower Cretaceous period in the Luyan Basin, Henan Province. Acta Palaeontologica Sinica 64(1): 60-73; doi: 10.19800/j.cnki.aps.2023037

Source: www.sci.news

Instagram Users Claim They Were Banned Without an Appeal Process | Consumer Concerns

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

I am a young black entrepreneur and RM leader. His personal and business social media profiles have been deleted by Meta, the parent company of Instagram. There was no notice, no option to appeal, and no explanation given to my understanding. He had successfully established two businesses in clothing design and music events.

Just six days prior to the ban, he sold 1,500 tickets for an electronic dance event in London. Instagram, rather than his website, serves as the main platform for his work. Yet, he was abruptly informed that his content violated Meta’s community guidelines regarding violence and incitement.

His business account boasted 5,700 followers, while his personal account had nearly 4,000 contacts. All were erased without alternative means of contact, leaving him without his entire social and professional network. Retrieving this data is not allowed. IP address His device is inaccessible due to restrictions New account.

In following his work, I’ve yet to see anything violent in his promotional videos, save for toy weapons. His life is being upended by what seems to be an unyielding algorithm.

RP, London

The pivotal role of social media in the lives of young people often confuses older generations who rely on websites and direct contacts.

When I spoke with RM, 21, he shared that the abrupt account closure by Meta, due to vaguely defined infractions, also affected fellow students, resulting in a loss for their burgeoning businesses.

“For my generation, my Instagram profile is not just my sole source of income; it’s part of my identity, making recovery challenging,” he explains. “I wasn’t notified about violating any guidelines. This decision has cost me thousands of pounds in lost sales, which is especially devastating for single parents in the city center.”

RM firmly denies posting any content that could be perceived as violent or inciting harm. His account has been deleted, leaving him unable to clarify.

Instead, I came across an interview with RM on a music website that offered insights into the cyberpunk rave scene he participates in. Some band and song titles might trigger the algorithms.

Terms like drug, sex, and kill are prevalent in various musical genres. It remains unclear which specific lines resulted in RM’s discharge, as Meta has provided no communication to RM or myself, citing “confidentiality.”

While they declined to comment further, a spokesperson indicated that they would not restore RM’s account or provide him with contact details due to a “violation” of the guidelines. There is no avenue for appeal.

Meta, as a commercial entity, has the right to decide its clientele and eliminate harmful content, yet its role as judge, jury, and executioner is concerning given the repercussions of such decisions.

RM can file a Subject Access Request to discover what information Meta holds about him. While this won’t restore his account, it might help him comprehend the basis of the actions taken against him. Should Meta refuse to comply, he can reach out to the Information Commissioner’s Office.

He has created a new account and purchased a laptop to begin the process of rebuilding. I advise him (and others) to regularly back up contacts and not solely rely on companies that offer opaque administrative practices.

Meta currently faces scrutiny for enforcing widespread bans on users via algorithms on Facebook and Instagram. A petition has garnered over 25,000 signatures, advocating for human intervention.

Locked out of Facebook

em West Sussex hit a digital dead end after being locked out of her Facebook account when hackers changed her password, email address, and phone number. She states that Facebook’s automated system provided a lengthy set of instructions when she sought guidance to regain access from the hackers. Subsequently, the hackers switched her account from private to public, exposing her sensitive personal information.

Upon seeking help from Facebook, her newly established account was permanently closed. “It’s impossible to find someone to communicate with via email, chat, or phone,” she laments. “On a positive note, I enjoy the absence of Facebook noise in my life, though it felt like having my arm amputated!”

Meta did not respond to requests for comment.

Vapor-Sensing Drug Detector Tested at the US-Mexico Border

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The vapor detector has the ability to detect traces of fentanyl and other substances in the air.

Elizabeth Dennis/Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

The U.S. Customs and Border Protection Agency is currently evaluating technology that can detect illegal substances in the air without any physical contact. This device aims to screen border items within seconds, targeting the trafficking of drugs like fentanyl, which is a major factor in the U.S. opioid crisis.

Detecting drugs and explosive materials is challenging due to the limited number of molecules they release into the air, which is already crowded with various vapors. To tackle this issue, Robert Ewing and his team at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) have dedicated over a decade to developing an advanced system known as VaporID. This system can accurately identify certain substances within a range of 0.6 to 2.4 meters at an astonishing sensitivity, comparable to locating a single coin amidst 17 million stacked pennies equivalent to the height of Mount Everest.

Government researchers achieved this by allowing molecules to interact longer, increasing the chances of detectable chemical reactions. Most devices for detecting unknown substances only provide a reaction time of milliseconds, Ewing stated. “We designed an atmospheric flow tube that allows for a reaction time of 2-3 seconds, enhancing sensitivity by three orders of magnitude.”

The technology is currently implemented in an 18-kilogram commercial device that fits in the size of a microwave. This compact machine, developed by Bayspec, is indeed lighter than their previous versions, which weighed over 100 kilograms but were less sensitive than the PNNL prototype, which is about the size of a small fridge. Nevertheless, it claims to be “more accurate and sensitive than a canine detector,” according to William Yang, CEO of Bayspec.

In October 2024, Bayspec and PNNL tested the portable device at a Customs and Border Protection facility in Nogales, Arizona. In separate trials, researchers swabbed the surfaces of seized tablets and then heated the swabs to generate steam for detection. “Both methods yielded strong and reliable results,” stated Christian Thoma from Bayspec.

The prototype is still under evaluation and requires further scientific data review, as noted by a spokesperson from CBP.

Alex Krotulski from the Center for Forensic Research and Education, a nonprofit based in Pennsylvania, expressed caution, stating, “We have seen numerous devices that have promised much but have often disappointed, and we remain skeptical until thorough research proves their efficacy.”

Current portable detection techniques, including x-ray technology, already exist for uncovering concealed drugs. Independent consultant Richard Crocombe acknowledged the new tool as a “valuable addition to existing techniques,” but cautioned that it “doesn’t fulfill every requirement.” For instance, a CBP representative mentioned that while the device could expedite drug testing in field labs, new innovations would necessitate analysis by trained chemists.

Concerns about false positives are also prevalent, as noted by Joseph Palamar at New York University. A past study indicated that a majority of U.S. banknotes carry contamination. “If you are near someone using fentanyl, a positive result can occur due to residual traces on their clothing or shoes, leading to potential wrongful detainment of innocent individuals,” he added, as explained by Chelsea Schauber from UCLA.

Intercepting drugs before they reach the country is merely one component of a comprehensive strategy required to tackle the opioid crisis, says Schauber. This broader effort demands robust public health resources, healthcare access, and extensive treatment alternatives. “Currently, these supports are being reduced under the Trump administration,” she noted. “To genuinely save lives, we need to make effective, evidence-based treatments more accessible than illicit substances,” Schober emphasized.

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What If Jesus Were a Blogger? Exploring AI-Driven Bible Stories on Social Media | Culture

Posted on July 8, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

jESUS strolls through the lush green field holding a selfie stick. The initial notes from Billie Eilish’s ethereal tune rise like a prayer. “It’s all good, Besties, this is my choice. Totally a genuine Save Humanity Arc,” he smiles. “Adore it for me,” Jesus playfully tucks Jonathan Van Ness’s hair behind his ears.

We transition to a new scene. He still wields a selfie stick, but now he’s wandering through a gritty town. “So, I told the team I had to die. Peter literally tried to gaslight me. It’s not dramatic, like Baby. This is a prophecy.”

Cut to Jesus at a candlelit feast. “It’s more of a conversation, so here I am in the middle of dinner. Judas couldn’t even hold my gaze,” he shakes his head, then turns to the camera, grinning at his insight. “Such a phony!”

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Initially, videos of this genre—a retelling of biblical tales through the lens of Americanized video blog culture—may seem bizarre and sacrilegious. However, might they represent a unique synthesis of the Holy Trinity of 2025: AI, influencer culture, and rising conservatism? Are these videos indicative of our era? Do they reflect the concerns of American conservatism? Am I being subtly influenced towards Christianity? Why do these Biblical inspirations feel oddly alluring? Why can’t I look away? What’s happening to my brain?!

My first encounter with these biblical video blogs was while I lounged in bed. When the algorithm unveiled Joseph of Nazareth, I momentarily halted my endless scrolling. “Whoa, look at that fit! Ancient rock vibes.” I wiped the drool from my chin and took a moment. Although mindlessly scrolling may not usually be a cure for mental fatigue, that day, I felt like Daniel in the lion’s den or Jonah in the whale. My commitment to scrolling brought me a sense of salvation.

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In my younger days, I flirted with religion. When my grandparents visited, I would kneel in prayer, attend Bible studies, and socialize with youth groups to meet friends and boys. I had a brief infatuation with Hillsong (I was 13 and just wanted to plan for a Friday night). a) The girl before me screamed, “I’ve been captured by the devil.” And b) I sneaked behind the church curtains to find the teenagers locked in each other’s glances.

My attitudes towards both faithfulness and spirituality have transformed. Now, my spiritual routine consists of exclamations like, “Jesus take the wheel!” or “What a deity!” as I snap photos of church art while traversing Catholic nations, sharing through Instagram later on.

Yet, every night, I find myself scrolling past clothing and dining suggestions while immersing myself in the cultures that birthed them. Vibrator check from last night’s gathering. Then I slide into a video blog Unboxing Trojan horses. Or perhaps a Vox Pop from Easter Monday. Followed by a series of street reactions David defeats Goliath. Something totally fascinating.

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Recently, I came clean to a friend about my obsession. I was evangelizing to a fellow enthusiast. She mentioned that Jesus resembled the first influencer and that Mary and Joseph embodied the archetypal toxic vlog parents. If Judas were alive today, he would upload lengthy unedited rants on YouTube.

Momentarily, I ponder the environmental ramifications. How much water was used for Mary’s perfect dab? What resources were consumed so AI Jesus could jokingly narrate a tutorial on wine making? And how long have we been off-planet? Hold on! Shhh, the next video starts.

Adam is now seated in a podcast studio, headphones on, microphone positioned, dressed informally with leaf-patterned fabric. “So, God creates me? Boom. The first man, the parents, nothing. I… ‘Ah… I’m literally going to be everyone’s dad! When they split up, I’ll ensure they clash endlessly. Another! Another! Another! Another!”