Inhaled insulin, specifically Afrezza, effectively manages blood glucose levels in children with type 1 diabetes, similar to injected insulin. Afrezza is already approved for use in adults with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes in the US, and the manufacturer is looking to gain approval for pediatric use.
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the body cannot produce insulin, the hormone responsible for regulating blood sugar. Individuals with this condition typically require daily insulin injections. However, managing blood sugar levels can be challenging, particularly after meals or following exercise.
Dr. Michael Haller from the University of Florida, who has worked on Afrezza’s advisory board, explored the potential of inhaled insulin to enhance glycemic control in adults. Preliminary findings suggest it could be more effective for children than traditional injections. A study was conducted with 230 participants aged 4 to 17, including both type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients requiring insulin.
All participants were on a basal insulin regimen, administered once or twice daily to maintain baseline levels. Additional rapid-acting insulin was generally required before meals. In the 26-week trial, some children utilized Afrezza as their rapid-acting insulin, while others continued with injectable insulin.
Results indicated that both insulin types achieved comparable blood glucose control. These findings were presented at the American Diabetes Association Conference in Chicago in June. More details can be found here.
“This suggests that Afrezza could be a preferable option for patients due to the delivery method, particularly for those with needle anxiety,” Dr. Haller states. “More importantly, it provides patients with additional strategies for managing a complex condition.”
While some users experienced coughing with the inhaled version, it resolved once they acclimated. However, Afrezza is not recommended for individuals with chronic lung issues like asthma.
Dr. Kathryn Sumpter from the University of Tennessee Health Science Center suggests that inhaled insulin may benefit certain diabetes patients, particularly children who often forget to take their medication before meals. Nonetheless, she believes that many would prefer the injected form, especially for younger children needing precise dosing.
MannKind Corporation intends to seek regulatory approval for pediatric usage of Afrezza in the United States, as noted by Dr. Haller.
Microglia are specialized immune cells in the brain
Science Photo Library/Alamy
The process of replacing immune cells in the brain halts the advancement of a rare and terminal brain disorder known as ALSP. This also paves the way for future clinical trials targeting other neurological ailments.
Extensive research indicates that impaired microglia—specialized immune cells within the brain—play a role in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease and schizophrenia. The term ALSP stands for adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia, characterized by mutations in genes responsible for the survival of these cells, resulting in a reduced number of microglia and leading to progressive cognitive decline. Currently, no effective treatment exists for this fatal illness.
To address this, Bo Peng from Fudan University in China and his team employed a novel treatment called microglia replacement therapy. Prior experiments in rodents have shown that implanted stem cells—capable of developing into different cell types—can effectively replace microglia. However, it is necessary to first eliminate existing microglia in the brain to facilitate this. This can be achieved using drugs that target protein microglia.
Pursuing this avenue, Peng and his colleagues conducted initial tests on five mice with genetic mutations analogous to those associated with ALSP. As the mutations already impacted protein microglia, the researchers did not need to deplete these proteins with medication. Subsequently, they transplanted stem cells from healthy mice into the affected mice. Fourteen months later, treated mice exhibited approximately 85% more microglia in their brains compared to six untreated mice harboring the same mutation. Notably, these treated mice also demonstrated improvements in motor function and memory.
Encouraged by these promising findings, the researchers extended the treatment to eight individuals diagnosed with ALSP, using donor stem cells without preconditions. One year post-treatment, brain scans revealed minimal changes in participants compared to scans taken before the procedure. In contrast, four untreated individuals displayed significant brain deterioration and lesions over the same period. This implies that microglial replacement therapy effectively halted the progression of the disease.
At the study’s outset, all participants underwent cognitive assessments using a 30-point scale, where a decrease in score indicated cognitive decline. Reassessments a year later showed that, on average, scores remained stable for those who received the microglia replacements.
These results point to microglial replacement therapy being a potentially effective solution for ALSP. However, since this represents the inaugural human trial, “we remain unaware of any potential side effects,” comments Peng. “Given the rapidly progressive and lethal nature of this disease, prioritizing benefits over possible side effects might be crucial.”
Chris Bennett from the University of Pennsylvania cites the historical use of stem cell transplants for treating neurological disorders. “It has demonstrated effectiveness, particularly through microglia replacement,” he states. Recent FDA approvals for two similar therapies addressing other rare brain conditions further support this. “While prior studies may not have used this exact terminology, they effectively addressed similar conditions,” Bennett elaborates. “I’d describe this as a smart and innovative application of stem cell transplants. Nonetheless, microglia replacement therapy has been evolving for decades.”
Despite this, the results underscore the broader implications of microglial replacement therapy. Experts believe this strategy could one day address more prevalent brain disorders. For example, certain genetic mutations significantly heighten Alzheimer’s disease risk and affect microglial function. Replacing these malfunctioning cells with healthy human equivalents could offer a promising avenue for treatment.
Rare diseases often elude early diagnosis, remaining undetected until significant organ damage occurs. Recently, UK Health Secretary Wes Streeting announced a 10-year initiative to integrate genetic testing for specific rare conditions into the standard neonatal screening process across the UK. This approach aims to ensure early intervention before symptoms manifest, aligning with ongoing global viability programs in places like the US and Australia. Yet, questions arise about the scientific validity of such measures.
The genome, akin to a book written in a novel language, is only partially understood. Decades of research on high-risk families have shed light on some genetic mutations, but there remains limited knowledge about the implications of population-level genetic testing for those at low risk. While this screening may prove advantageous for certain children and families, it might also lead to unnecessary tests and treatments for others.
Many genetic conditions involve more than just a single genetic mutation. For example, individuals with a variant of the hnf4a gene and a strong family history of rare diabetes have a 75% risk of developing the condition; conversely, those with the same variant but without a family history face only a 10% risk. It is misleading to assume genetic variants behave uniformly across all populations. Perhaps families carrying the hnf4a variant lack other unrecognized protective genes, or specific environmental factors might interplay with genetic risks to lead to diabetes.
The proposed neonatal screening program presupposes that genetic variants linked to diseases signify equally high risks for all, which is rarely the case. The exploration of disease-related variations in healthy populations is just starting. Until this research is thorough, we will not know how many individuals carry a variant that does not result in illness, possibly due to other protective factors. Should we really subject newborns to genetic hypotheses?
Furthermore, ethical concerns emerge from this initiative. How do we secure informed consent from parents when testing for hundreds of conditions simultaneously? In the near future, a genetic database encompassing all living individuals could become a reality—what safeguards will exist for its use and protection?
Screening newborns is not new, but the scope of conditions included in this initiative, the complexity of interpreting results, and the sensitivity of the information gathered pose unique challenges. I worry that parents may feel compelled to accept the test, yet not all uncertainties will be appropriately managed. I fear that important early life stages could become burdened with unnecessary hospital visits. Additionally, the pressure on parents and pediatricians to decide on potentially invasive testing for healthy infants is concerning.
A prudent step would be to gather more data on the prevalence and behavior of genetic mutations in the wider population before utilizing genetic testing as a speculative screening tool for children. The potential benefits may be overshadowed by significant risks.
Dean Spears and Michael Geruso (Bodley Head (UK); Simon & Schuster (US))
Current estimates suggest that four-fifths of all humans who will ever be born have already come into existence. The global number of births peaked at 146 million in 2012 and has been on a decline ever since, indicating that the world population is set to peak and decrease by the 2080s.
This decrease won’t be gradual. Fertility rates are already below replacement level in several nations, including China and India, leading to a rapid decline in population as quickly as it rose. This new controversial book argues that the planet could hold fewer than two billion people in the coming centuries.
“There’s no scenario where individuals worldwide are likely to opt for fewer children than required to replace themselves, leading to a drastic population reduction,” assert economists Dean Spears and Michael Geruso in After the Spike: Risks of Global Depopulation and Cases for People.
You might consider this a positive development. Could it help alleviate pressing environmental challenges? Not according to the authors. They assert that while population size does hold significance, adjusting other factors, such as the speed of global warming, is even more critical. The chance to lessen our carbon footprint through population reduction has mostly passed.
Spears and Geruso highlight numerous advantages of a large population. More individuals can lead to greater innovation and economies of scale, making technologies like smartphones feasible. “The abundance of neighbors enhances our potential,” they state.
Thus, their perspective is not about reducing the global population but rather stabilizing it. The challenge lies in the fact that even with the right political determination, the path to achieve this is unclear.
As we become more affluent, we are increasingly hesitant to give up career and leisure opportunities for parenthood.
The authors contend that while some government strategies may yield short-term results, no country has sustainably altered long-term demographic trends. Consider China’s one-child policy—it is often credited with curtailing population growth but did it genuinely do so? Spears and Geruso present ambiguous data on China’s population in relation to its neighbors before, during, and after these policies were enacted, raising the question of discernible differences based on their observations.
Efforts to reverse the declining fertility rates have also faced failure, they argue. In Romania, after the ban on abortion in 1966, birth rates surged but soon declined again. Sweden’s approach has been to incentivize through subsidies for childcare, yet its fertility rates remain below replacement level.
Attempts to boost fertility with financial incentives are likely doomed to fail, according to Spears and Geruso. While some claim that they would have more children if financial means allowed, the reality is that as people gain wealth, the tendency to have fewer children increases.
The focus should be on addressing what individuals need to balance rather than simply financial capability, according to the authors. As affluence grows, there is a reluctance to sacrifice careers and leisure for childbearing. Even technological advancements are not expected to change this trajectory, they conclude.
This book presents an unwaveringly optimistic viewpoint regarding many issues, but it acknowledges the complexity of stabilizing population levels. It effectively demonstrates that dire predictions of widespread famine with population growth have proven incorrect and suggests long-term trends toward healthier, longer lives remain possible. “Fears of a depleted, overpopulated future are outdated,” they argue.
But is that truly the case? Spears and Geruso also emphasize that food prices play a key role in determining hunger levels, yet it’s worth noting that food prices are presently rising as a consequence of escalating climate change. For a substantial portion of the population, uncertainty persists regarding whether conditions will continue to improve.
This book is undoubtedly provocative and may not provide an easy read, as Spears and Geruso delve into their primary assertions. However, if you believe that understanding the impact of a declining population is simple, and if you consider it a positive trend, this book is essential reading.
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Paths of interstellar comet 3I/Atlas through the solar system
NASA/JPL-Caltech
The interstellar entities currently traversing our solar system may include one of the oldest comets ever observed.
Comet 3I/Atlas was identified earlier this month near Jupiter’s orbit, moving at approximately 60 km per second and estimated to be about 20 km in size. It is the third recognized interstellar object in our solar system, having passed near Mars in October before entering the solar orbit.
Matthew Hopkins from Oxford University and his team utilized data from the ESA Gaia spacecraft, which cataloged billions of stars in our galaxy, to simulate the comet’s speed and trajectory, revealing its point of origin. It seems to have emerged from an area close to our galaxy, which is about 13 billion years old, specifically from what is referred to as a thick disk.
“Objects from the thicker disk tend to be quicker,” explains Hopkins, noting that the previous two identified interstellar objects (Oumuamua in 2017 and Comet Borisov in 2019) exhibited a decline in speed. “Their velocities aligned with expectations for thin disk objects.”
Modeling by the team indicates that 3I/Atlas may have originated from a star nearly 8 billion years old, potentially twice the age of our sun, hinting at it being one of the oldest comets ever witnessed. “This might be the oldest comet I’ve encountered,” Hopkins states. Interstellar objects are typically ejected early during a star’s lifecycle and are often propelled by interactions with massive planets.
Hopkins mentioned that ancient stars are likely to possess lower metallicity compared to our sun, implying that these comets might have a higher water content. If this hypothesis holds, we may witness significant water activity from the comet as it nears the sun in the upcoming months.
This could be our first interaction with another star, providing insights into pristine materials that have existed for billions of years, unaltered since before Earth’s formation. “I believe many interstellar objects we’ve encountered are our first meetings with stars, even those that are 8 billion years old,” Hopkins asserts. “They have likely traversed vast distances through empty space before approaching us.”
IIf you were a fan of electropop in the early 2010s, there’s a good chance that Purity Ring holds a special place in your nostalgia playlist. Being a young adult during that time, it’s also likely you indulged in Japanese role-playing games as a teen. Their new single Many Lives aims to recapture the RPG vibes you embraced at 12, which became a defining part of your identity. Drawing inspiration from classics like Skies of Arcadia, Phantasy Star Online, and Secret of Mana, they are ready to resonate with fans from that era.
This marks a bold move for the band, who previously collaborated with Defoons, covering a Eurodance classic. Nonetheless, members Megan James and Corin Roddick possess the background needed to pull it off. “We are avid fans of the JRPG genre,” they share. Their recent tracks have drawn significant influence from titles like Nier: Automata and Final Fantasy X. “Now, we’re navigating metaphorically, crafting an imaginative take on the Persona Formula.”
After five years since their last studio album and a decade honing their craft through remixes, Purity Ring operates independently under their own label, The Fellowship. Their forthcoming album, set for release in September, is described as the “soundtrack to an imaginary RPG… A narrative following two unfortunate characters striving to create a kinder world amidst the remnants of a broken man.”
The album didn’t initially start as a video game soundtrack, but as production progressed, the vision became clear. This realization gave birth to “Many Lives” and its B-side, Part II. “Many Lives serves as a gateway to this imaginary realm and its nucleus—akin to the beginnings of most JRPGs, where characters embark on their adventures.”
The “Many Lives” video features cel-shaded graphics directed by Mike Sunday.
The narrative revolves around the authentic experiences of Purity Ring during the album’s development, intertwined with the duo’s “memories, fears, and comforts.” “This album,” they explain, “explores how gaming provides a journey that facilitates creative renaissance.”
Upon first listen, what captivates in “Many Lives” is the hauntingly beautiful choir, reminiscent of the iconic soundtrack from Ghost in the Shell. This chilling introduction transitions into an energetic breakbeat, delivering tracks perfect for revisiting classic anime while immersed in Jet Set Radio. Purity Ring expresses their fondness for this era: “The Ghost in the Shell soundtrack masterfully combined visuals. Experiencing it as a child was unforgettable.” For this project, the duo revisited the anime, creating music that embodies the world alongside the beloved game Nier: Automata.
Canadian electropop duo Purity Ring. Photo: Yuniverse
Much like a Kawai soundtrack, “Many Lives” features unforgettable vocals alongside Bulgarian folk music, enriched by James’s vocoded lyrics. Purity Ring is unafraid to explore unconventional instruments for inspiration. They state they aren’t reliant on hardware synths and don’t consider themselves technical gearheads. “The Legend of Zelda series has consistently inspired us,” they mention. “Particularly, the Ocarina music from the N64 title.” A hint of the 1998 Ocarina of Time melody resonates throughout the tracks, akin to a half-remembered tune that lingers in your mind.
If the nostalgic vocals and retro Casiotone MT-240 sound aren’t enough to transport you back to gaming’s golden days, the accompanying cel-shaded graphics in the video showcase the duo’s deep admiration for all RPGs. Directed by Mike Sunday, the visuals are inspired by GameCube’s Daydream, harking back to an era when game developers embraced style over realism. A blend of Shinjuku and Hyrule evokes the opening map of classic JRPGs. Purity Ring draws inspiration from their favorite titles from the PS2 and GameCube eras while also paying homage to the PlayStation Portable. The imaginary RPG UI seamlessly fits within some of the bestsellers of handheld gaming.
For me, “Many Lives” feels like the soundtrack to afternoons spent playing Baten Kaitos (a sequel is still on my wishlist). For Purity Ring, the track “evokes a blend of past, present, and future—nostalgia for something you’ve never experienced but somehow still recall.” They aim to position this upcoming album as a new chapter, capturing the essence of the era while evoking the sensation of experiencing a life-altering game for the first time.
The peculiar plants that existed since the dawn of terrestrial animals can process water to remarkable extremes, resembling water from metstones more than typical groundwater. Not only do they play a crucial role in today’s ecosystems, but their fossilized remnants also provide insights into Earth’s ancient climate and hydrological systems during the age of dinosaurs.
Almost every oxygen atom in water contains eight neutrons, though some rare heavy isotopes possess nine or ten neutrons. When water evaporates, lighter isotopes do so more readily than their heavier counterparts, leading to predictable shifts in their ratios. Researchers can utilize this information to trace the origin of a specific water sample, determining whether it originated from groundwater, fog, or the rate at which it traversed through plants and the humidity levels experienced by those plants in the past.
Nevertheless, due to the minimal presence of heavier isotopes, acquiring reliable data on how these ratios fluctuate can be quite challenging, making it hard for scientists to draw definitive conclusions.
During examinations of water samples from desert flora and fauna, Zachary Sharp from the University of New Mexico and his colleagues discovered discrepancies between the observed data and the anticipated outcomes based on laboratory models.
Sharp and his team believe they have addressed the issue through a remarkable plant known as horsetail, which has been on Earth since the Devonian period approximately 400 million years ago and features segmented, hollow stems. “It’s a tall cylinder with countless holes, evenly spaced, a marvel of engineering,” states Sharp. “We couldn’t replicate this design in our lab.”
As water flows through each segment of the horsetail stem, it undergoes a process of repeated distillation. Sharp and his colleagues collected water samples at various points along the smooth idiot stem (Equisetum) cultivated near the Rio Grande in New Mexico.
By the time the water reaches the top of the stem, its isotopic composition markedly differs from other terrestrial waters. “If you encounter this sample, I suspect it originates from metstone, as it doesn’t come from Earth. [The oxygen isotope ratios],” Sharp remarked during a presentation at the Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on July 7.
These horsetail analyses enable Sharp and his team to ascertain the variations in the water’s isotopic ratios under near-ideal conditions, allowing them to enhance model accuracy with these values.
By reassessing desert plant data with these refined models, previously inexplicable observations suddenly made sense. Sharp posits that these findings could illuminate other challenging observations, especially in arid regions.
Reaching heights of 30 meters, far surpassing today’s descendants, ancient horsetails provide even more extreme isotopic ratios and could serve as a key to understanding ancient water systems and climates, according to Sharp. Small, sand-like grains known as plant stone threads within horsetail stems can endure to the present day and may feature unique isotopic signatures influenced by atmospheric humidity. This factor affects the evaporation rate. “This could serve as a paleofat meter [humidity indicator]—how fascinating,” Sharp concludes.
Actor Orlando Bloom recently made headlines when it was reported that he was compensated a staggering £10,000 ($13,600) for the removal, separation, and filtration of his blood.
This dramatic treatment underscores the escalating concern surrounding a disquieting reality. It’s not solely about evading these minuscule particles.
Research indicates that microplastics are prevalent from the heights of Mount Everest to the depths of our brains. Their omnipresence, including in the media, raises pressing public scientific concerns regarding the safety of having microscopic plastic flakes adrift on our bodies.
Once thought of as harmless, microplastics are now linked to various illnesses. Should we be testing at this nascent stage and worrying about their impact on our bodies, especially considering the lack of scientific consensus? And are we really justifying lining up to “clean” our blood?
Plastic Proof
The term “microplastic” refers to plastic particles or fibers smaller than 5mm (0.19 inches). These particles are often minuscule, necessitating a microscope for proper observation.
Scientists also use the term “nanoplastic” for particles smaller than 0.001mm (39.4 microinches), which are difficult to detect even with advanced microscopy. Evidence suggests they can be released from plastic materials and disseminate into their environments.
My research group focuses on quantifying plastic and other particles in the air we breathe, both indoors and outdoors. In London, we have observed that airborne microplastics can penetrate deep into our lungs.
read more:
To determine the presence of microplastics in the body, whole tissues or blood fragments are processed and filtered to concentrate the microplastic content. Analysis is conducted using chemical techniques that quantify plastic in a sample, or through physical and chemical methods, which count the number of plastic particles (along with their size and shape).
Each method has its merits, but they all share similar drawbacks. Modern laboratories are rife with microplastic pollution, laden with plastic consumables and the personnel that handle them.
This means that the very process of extracting and testing microplastic samples can lead to contamination. Consequently, samples often reveal microplastic particles that were previously considered too large to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body.
Some reports indicate that humans might consume an equivalent of one teaspoon of plastic daily.
Generally, particles smaller than 0.001mm (39.4 microinches) can traverse the lungs and enter the bloodstream. This occurs through the thin alveolar tissue in the lungs that separates the air-filled alveolar sacs from the small surrounding capillary blood vessels.
In the intestines, these minute particles can enter the lymph system, the bodily waste removal network. From there, the tiniest particles may enter the bloodstream and become larger aggregates trapped in the intestinal lining.
Thus, lab contamination may account for the larger plastics detected within the body.
Another complication arises because some biological components within samples emit signals resembling those of plastic. Specifically, fat can distort the signals from polyelectrolytes and polychlorinated compounds. If samples are not meticulously processed, this could lead to exaggerated estimates of the plastics present.
Taking all of this into account, the assumed high levels of microplastics in our bodies may be overstated. Variations in estimates range from nanograms to milligrams, influenced by factors like study methodology, location, tissue type, and analysis techniques.
Recent stringent research suggests an estimated 0.15µg (0.00000015g) of plastic per milliliter in our blood, amounting to less than the weight of a single human hair.
Moreover, this study predominantly focuses on polystyrene, the easiest microplastic to analyze.
Plastic People
Considering these levels, it may be more critical to focus on where microplastics accumulate in our bodies rather than their sheer quantity.
Nonetheless, accurately measuring microplastic accumulation in various body parts presents challenges. A recent study posits that the brain is a notable accumulation point, averaging around 4.5 bottle caps.
Not only are these levels considerably high, but the detected plastics largely consist of polyethylene, which poses complications in measurement due to its interaction with fat.
Hundreds of millions of tons of plastic are produced annually – Pexels
Polyethylene is the most widely produced plastic globally, with approximately 120 million tons manufactured each year, representing 25% of all plastics. Thus, it’s logical to find a higher concentration of this type in our bodies. However, the brain is composed of adipose tissue, making false positives a potential concern.
Furthermore, the research suggests that plastic levels in the brain surpass those in the liver, an organ responsible for cleansing blood. Expecting a high concentration of plastic in the body’s filtration organ would be reasonable.
Most studies investigating microplastics in human tissues focus on broad tissue-wide samples. This results in a lack of critical context regarding whether microplastics are embedded within cells or merely passing through.
Plastic Pure
Regardless of the exact measurements, public anxiety about microplastics remains high. Around two-thirds of 30,000 survey respondents from 31 countries express concern about microplastics in their bodies.
If you aim to minimize exposure to microplastic contamination, consider adopting a few lifestyle changes. Opt for natural fiber-based textiles in your home and clothing, avoid plastic packaging whenever feasible (especially when heat is involved), and refrain from running along quiet streets to dodge tire wear particles from traffic.
However, projections indicate that microplastic releases may rise 1.5-2.5 times by 2040. It’s likely that technology will soon emerge, claiming to eradicate microplastic invaders from our bodies.
Therapeutic apheresis — a medical process that separates blood and selectively removes harmful substances before returning the cleaned blood to the patient — has recently been commercialized for the removal of microplastics from the bloodstream.
However, there is scant public documentation on this microplastic removal method. A German study indicated that “microplastic-like” particles were detected in a patient’s plasma following the procedure. Without adequate lab controls and details regarding detected particle sizes, interpreting the significance of these findings is challenging.
Additionally, our understanding of the specific behavior of microplastics within the body remains limited. We lack clarity on whether they circulate freely in our plasma, adhere to red blood cells, or are contained within immune cells in the bloodstream.
In the absence of concrete evidence on the types of microplastics in our bodies, their pathways, or their interactions within the body, evaluating the health implications of these “blood-cleaning” efforts becomes nearly impossible.
Moreover, additional concerns may arise during treatment. One study documented 558 microplastics released from the cannula over a 72-hour period.
With all this taken into account, I intend to steer clear of the SF blood washing service in Hollywood until further studies emerge to clarify the impact of microplastics on our bodies and provide insight into their locations and functions.
A growing number of children are taking breaks from their smartphones to enhance their mental health, personal safety, and focus, according to recent research.
Experts emphasize that this trend is a response to increased awareness about the potential harm of unchecked social media and smartphone use, rather than merely excessive time spent online.
Research from an audience analysis firm reveals that the percentage of 12-15-year-olds who are stepping away from smartphones, computers, and iPads has surged by 40%, up from 18% in 2022 Golden Week. This data stems from a survey involving 20,000 young individuals and their parents across 18 nations.
Professor Sonia Livingston, Director of LSE’s Digital Futures for Children Center, noted that these findings will soon be published. According to the study, children and teens are exploring varied methods to manage how their online experiences impact their well-being—such as taking breaks from social media, diverting from online negativity, seeking positive internet experiences, and, in some cases, completely quitting social media.
Livingston remarked:
“They’re trying out various strategies to safeguard their well-being without completely abandoning social media. They are communicating about what works best for them and are aware of future implications.”
Daisy Greenwell, co-founder of Smart Phone Free Childhood, added:
“Many young individuals realize that these platforms are not impartial. They are designed to capture attention. Their time, focus, and self-worth are often exploited by major corporations. Taking a break has turned into a form of rebellion.”
This notion is echoed in Ofcom’s findings. A report from 2024 indicates thatone-third (33%) of 8-17 year-olds online believe their screen time is excessive. Additionally, another study found that 47% of 16-24-year-olds on social media had disabled notifications and utilized “do not disturb” mode, an increase from 40% in 2023, in contrast to 28% of older users.
Thirty-four percent of youth are more inclined to intentionally take breaks from social media (up from 23% who would not), 29% uninstall apps that consume too much time (compared to 19% who do not), and 24% remove apps for mental health reasons (up from 13%).
David Ellis, Professor of Behavioral Science at Bath University, observed that teens may possess more control over their smartphone and social media usage than their parents.
Ellis stated: “If someone reduces their screen time and increases physical activity, it’s generally seen as a positive change, potentially replacing that time with something more beneficial.”
A young man aged 18 to 25 shared with the Guardian that he previously felt his parents’ generation lacked guidance on smartphone usage, granting too much access. He mentioned he would limit smartphone access for his children until their late teens.
Recent surveys show that nearly half of young people envision a world without the internet and many support digital curfews; however, after using social media, more than three-quarters expressed negative feelings about themselves.
According to GWI Research, social media addiction ranks among the top parental worries, alongside climate change, war, and housing issues. Furthermore, 8% of parents reported becoming stricter with screen time limits after viewing documentaries about the risks associated with online misconduct.
The journey of animal life, encompassing humans, began approximately 540 million years ago during the Cambrian Period. Since most Cambrian organisms lacked skeletons, paleontologists investigating this era heavily depend on fossils preserving soft tissues and other internal organs. Soft tissue is crucial for understanding these ancient beings. Recently, a research team from Yunnan University and Oxford University uncovered preserved animal fossils in a set of previously neglected rocks in China, unveiling new insights into Cambrian life.
The fossils discovered belong to the Chengjiang Biota found in a distinct section of Chinese rocks known as the Yu’anshan Formation. This formation typically comprises rocks formed at the ocean’s depths. Madstone is particularly effective at preserving the remains of deceased animals and plants.
Scientists identified two mudstone types in the Yu’anshan Formation: the Event Mudstone Bed and the darker Background Mudstone Bed. While past paleontologists primarily collected fossils from event mudstone beds, the fossil finds were notably scarce from the background mudstone beds.
However, the researchers discovered that background mudstone beds preserve soft tissue more effectively than event mudstone beds. They found fossilized muscles, eyes, nervous systems, and gastrointestinal tracts of deceased animals within the background mudstone beds. The team noted that such soft structures are delicate and seldom preserved.
Additionally, the researchers identified a new subset of fossils of deep-sea creatures entombed in the background mudstones. Previously, these animals went undiscovered as event mudstone beds mainly preserved shallow-water species. Between 2008 and 2018, the team gathered 1,328 fossil species from 25 varieties from the background mudstone beds, primarily comprising bottom feeders like sponges and anemones, referred to as Benthos. The most prevalent group found, dubbed euarthropods, included relatives of spiders, crabs, and similar creatures.
For fossil analysis, the team utilized a Scanning Electron Microscope, measuring fossil chemistry by focusing high-energy atomic particles on small areas and analyzing the resulting X-ray energy emissions through Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy. They found that fossils from background mudstone beds contained significantly more carbon than those from event mudstone beds and that the former were richer in iron as well.
The researchers interpreted these chemical discrepancies to indicate different fossilization processes occurring in background versus event mudstone beds. They proposed that fossils in the background mudstone were formed when soft animal tissues were supplanted by iron minerals known as Pyrite through a process termed Pyritization. This process extracts iron from adjacent rocks, explaining why event mudstone beds and their fossils are iron-rich.
Conversely, they suggested that in background mudstone formations, soft tissues were transformed into a thin carbon layer, resulting in a fossil that left an outline of the organism in the stone. This occurrence, referred to as Carbonization, does not involve iron absorption, leading to iron-depleted rocks.
The researchers proposed the preservation variances between the two mudstone formations could provide insights about the environments in which the organisms perished. Pyritization suggests that the animals from event beds died in shallow, oxygen-rich waters before being washed into deeper areas. In contrast, the organisms in the background mudstone beds lived and died in deeper waters, reflecting their lifestyle in their preservation. Some were scavenged while others were swiftly buried and fully preserved.
In summary, the researchers concluded that their novel fossil discoveries have advanced the understanding of the Shangxi creature significantly. Furthermore, the fossils have offered new knowledge about ancient life forms and their habitats, suggesting that these findings will aid paleontologists in unraveling the lifestyles of Cambrian animals and their evolutionary progression to modern species.
IN 2017, ThinkTank, a game design initiative known as Project Horseshoe, convened a group of developers to explore the delightful concept of video games. Since the inception of the medium, games with non-violent themes have existed. Early life simulators like Little Computer People from 1985 represented low-stake interactions, allowing players to engage with ordinary characters in their homes. Following the 1996 Chibi Award harvest, social farming simulations gained popularity.
The report produced, Cozy Games: Exploring Safety, Softness, Satisfied Needs, may represent the first systematic effort to delineate the genre. The group identified three core components: safety, richness, and softness. Cozy games (with the American spelling) avoid high-stake scenarios. “There’s no looming threat of loss,” they noted. They are designed to evoke a rich experience: “Nothing is lacking, pressing against you, or imminent.” Additionally, a soft aesthetic wraps everything in a warm embrace.
Puzzle game… Unpacking a room. Photo: Witch Beam
For example, in Witch Beam’s puzzle game, players unpack items from boxes and arrange them in a new home. Although there are constraints on placement, unlike traditional puzzle games, there’s no punishment for incorrect placements—no timers or scoring systems to contend with. The colorful pixel art enhances the experience.
Project Horseshoe’s definition aligns with the rise of handheld consoles made for communal play on sofas, particularly around the Nintendo Switch’s 2017 launch, coinciding with substantial genre growth. By 2019, indie designer Matthew Taylor began a Twitter account called Wholesome Games to feature titles reflecting their criteria. Eventually, the wholesome games movement—led by Taylor with partners Jenny Wyndham, James Tillman, and Victoria Tran—developed into a collective that hosts showcases for charming, non-threatening games, later evolving into a publishing company.
The success of wholesome games illustrates the genre’s broader expansion. The inaugural Wholesome Direct aired in 2020, coinciding with a surge in cozy game popularity during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown, not least due to the massive success of Nintendo’s Animal Crossing: New Horizons, drawing in 25,000 viewers. The latest Wholesome Direct in June achieved an impressive 5 million views.
The solace of sadness… Spiritfarer. Photo: Thunder Lotus Game
This trend is reflected on Steam, where the number of games categorized as “cozy” is on the rise. In 2020, only 15 games were launched with cozy tags on Steam, according to SteamDB. By 2021, this figure doubled to 39 releases, and in 2022, it doubled again to 85. By 2024, a staggering 373 cozy games were released—over one game per day. Each time the genre appears to peak, it continues to soar. Major commercial hits include Animal Crossing, which outperformed any Call of Duty title with nearly 50 million copies sold, while popular farming game Stardew Valley has over 41 million copies sold.
Kelly Baudlow, an associate professor and head of Game Research and Design Programs at Harrisburg University, posits that cozy games signify more than just a genre; they represent “ideological shifts in game design.” This is evident in the diverse experiences cozy games provide. For instance, Unpacking centers on organizing household items, while A Short Hike invites players to explore a mountainous summer getaway. Spiritfarer delivers a management simulation focused on consoling souls and dealing with grief, and Venba weaves an emotional narrative around nostalgia and Tamil cooking.
A darker theme… Strange Horticulture. Photo: Bad Viking
Recently, even darker-themed games have been classified as cozy. Strange Horticulture, for instance, involves players managing a shop selling toxic plants, while Dredge introduces horror elements within a low-stakes fishing and sailing premise. “At their core, these games are fun, hopeful, and nurturing,” remarks Windom, a partner in the wholesome gaming initiative. “We want players to feel warmth and security when engaging with them. However, this definition has likely broadened to encompass games dealing with offensive or uncomfortable topics, all while remaining within a safe environment.”
Rhea Gupte and Prateek Saxena from India-based Imissmyfriend studio didn’t intentionally set out to create a cozy game, yet their debut title, Fishbowl, fits the bill perfectly. The game follows Alo, a 21-year-old woman who relocates to a new city for her video editing job, only to grapple with grief over her grandmother’s passing amidst pandemic lockdowns. Despite the heavy themes, little cozy touches can be found throughout Fishbowl, from its carefully curated color palette to its detailed pixel art and soft audio design.
So many cozy… fish bowls. Photo: Imissmyfriends.studio
“We began with the theme and the narrative we wished to convey,” explains Gupte, who serves as the game’s author and art director. “When contemplating the design and overall mood of the game, it became clear that a cozy atmosphere was necessary. Otherwise, the themes could become overwhelmingly heavy and difficult to navigate. Our goal was to introduce a sense of lightness, despite the more serious subjects involved.”
As the cozy genre continues to evolve, there’s a growing recognition that comfort is subjective. Nonetheless, Baudlow reminds us that not all non-violent games warrant the cozy label. “It’s not appropriate to simply stick that tag on everything,” she emphasizes.
The countryside dream… Stardew Valley. Photo: Concerns
Fishbowl differs from Stardew Valley in its portrayal of farming. Gupte and Saxena highlighted the disparity between how agrarian life is romanticized in games versus the harsh realities many face. “In India, farming embodies significant challenges,” Saxena noted. Games like Palace on the Hill, where the protagonist must cultivate land to settle debts, oppose the cozy narrative. Yet in alternative contexts, farming is often romanticized as a leisurely lifestyle.
TOEM, a meditative photography game developed by Something We Made in 2021, represents another facet of the genre. Although it is unmistakably a cozy game, it deviates from typical visuals by utilizing a monochrome palette. Lucas Gullbo, one of Toem’s developers, explains that while the black and white aesthetic may appear harsh, “the game conveys an emotional resonance that counters the daunting notion of being monochromatic.”
The nostalgia of food… Venba. Photo: Visai Games
Where will the cozy genre go from here? Recently, idle games have emerged as a sub-genre, featuring low-stakes elements like fishing in CornerPond or relaxing with a frog on Idle Island. Games such as Ronderets set in a cozy laundromat also include classic cozy features—farming elements and resource management paired with delightful graphics—but importantly, player effort remains minimal. Players can engage in decorations and small mini-games, but the games can progress without active participation, which contributes to their appeal. Is there an inherent comfort associated with leisurely idleness? This is a question worth exploring as the genre continues to expand.
“In the realm of cozy and wholesome games, and games at large, it’s a particularly nascent medium in the process of unveiling genres and mechanics,” remarks Wyndham. “It’s uncommon to witness something truly groundbreaking. As the wholesome and cozy game movements blossomed, they felt like uncharted territory. Why settle for typical first-person perspectives when you could opt for something more innovative? Change is often slow to emerge.
In May 2023, when NBC’s advertising executive Linda Yaccarino took the reins at what was then known as Twitter, she faced a daunting challenge: rebuilding advertiser relationships following a tumultuous year under Elon Musk’s ownership. Yet, just weeks into her CEO tenure, Musk’s Anti-Semitism Tweet prompted major brands like Disney, Paramount, NBCUniversal, Comcast, Lionsgate, and Warner Bros to pause advertising on the platform. Musk later expressed regret over the tweet during a meeting, labeling it as his worst post ever, but the damage was done, particularly with advertisers, including Disney’s CEO Bob Iger, who stated emphatically, “Fuck yourself.” Yaccarino was in attendance.
“I don’t want to promote them,” he said. “If anyone is trying to blackmail me with ads or money, fuck yourself. Go, fuck. yourself,” he added. “Is that clear? Hey Bob, if you’re in the audience, that’s how I feel.”
Yaccarino had to navigate Musk’s unpredictability, ongoing content moderation challenges, hate speech incidents, strained advertiser relationships, and significant backlash related to Donald Trump’s administration involvement. In some instances, her response was to remain quiet, while in others, she opted to protect the company. Experts suggest it became apparent that Yaccarino was merely a titular CEO.
“The reality is that Elon Musk is at the helm of X,” stated Mike Proulx, Research Director at Forrester. “From the outset, it was evident that she was set up for limited success as the company’s CEO. Her background and actual authority positioned her more as the chief advertising officer than the CEO.”
Even her de facto role as the chief advertising director was hindered by Musk’s incessant posting, impulsive decisions, and his fixation on what he deemed “woke” ideologies, posing a significant challenge for Yaccarino.
“The surprising aspect of Linda Yaccarino’s resignation is that it didn’t come sooner,” Proulx remarked.
Just this week, Grok, an AI chatbot integrated with X, shared multiple anti-Semitic comments glorifying Hitler after the introduction of new guidelines for the chatbot. According to regulations issued by Xai, Grok was instructed to make politically incorrect claims as long as they were “well-proven.” Xai removed these guidelines from the code shortly thereafter.
Yaccarino’s tenure at the helm of X has been marred by the fallout from anti-Semitism scandals involving Musk’s tweets and Grok, compounded by several accusations of anti-Semitism against her boss during her brief tenure. In 2023, the non-profit watchdog Center for Countering Digital Hate released a report detailing the increase of anti-Semitic and other hate speech. The company’s response was to sue the organization, a case that was ultimately dismissed. Similarly, the issue of American nonprofit media highlighted the rise of pro-Nazi tweets, along with branded advertisements, in a report preceding the exit of major advertisers from the platform.
Noteworthy was Musk’s alleged Nazi salute at Trump’s inauguration rally in early 2025. Musk dismissed this claim, joking about it on X with Nazi-themed puns. Musk’s humor further damaged the platform’s reputation, contributing to a noticeable rightward shift that prompted many users to migrate to alternative platforms like Bluesky and Reddit communities, where X’s links started being banned.
The promise of X’s activation
Upon joining X, Yaccarino aimed to forge partnerships with celebrities to revitalize the social network’s brand and mend the damage inflicted by Musk’s controversial acquisition. Musk had long envisioned creating X as an “everything app” blending payments, AI, messaging, live streaming, and other features while also assigning Yaccarino the task of enhancing public posts for the network.
Yaccarino sought media personalities for platform features, leading a delegation of executives, including Musk, to engage with industry leaders at the Cannes Lions Festival in 2023.
One of Yaccarino’s initiatives aimed at creating a platform she envisioned as a “global town square,” as she reached out to former CNN host Don Lemon and welcomed former Fox News host Tucker Carlson to contribute content. The inaugural interview on Lemon’s platform was with Musk, designed to showcase X’s shift to attract prominent creators. However, the plan faltered when the conversation shifted to contentious topics, leading to Musk informing Lemon’s agent that his contract had been terminated. Future collaborations with high-profile creators were never realized.
Over the next two years, instead of becoming the mainstream streaming powerhouse or “all apps” destination that Yaccarino had promoted, X devolved into a platform primarily for Musk to amplify his grievances, collaborate with Trump, and promote his ventures. Far-right influencer Porn Spam Bot meme accounts proliferated, leaving numerous media outlets marginalized or entirely excluded from the platform. Misinformation and extremism surged, occasionally originating from Musk himself.
The day before Yaccarino resigned, X became embroiled in a scandal encapsulating much of the platform’s evolution. Musk announced plans to revamp Xai’s chatbot, Grok. On Tuesday, users observed that the chatbot began replying to inquiries with overtly anti-Semitic comments glorifying Nazi ideology. An outpouring of users began sharing screenshots of Grok endorsing rape fantasies while referring to themselves as “Mechahitler,” prompting the company to delete the offensive posts.
Incidents like Grok’s venture into Nazism contributed to Yaccarino’s struggles to revitalize X. While she successfully attracted some major companies to resume advertising last year, the platform’s advertising revenue never approached pre-Musk levels, as suggested by research from eMarketer. Furthermore, it was reported that the platform had threatened large companies like Verizon with legal action if they did not purchase ads. This claim was categorically denied by Jaccarino in a Wall Street Journal report.
After two years of damage control over numerous issues with Musk and the platform, Musk issued a brief statement acknowledging her resignation.
“Thank you for your contribution,” Musk commented on Yaccarino’s resignation announcement. Moments later, he began responding to posts about SpaceX, AI, and his chatbot’s anti-Semitic incidents.
The quantity of online videos depicting child sexual abuse created by artificial intelligence has surged as advancements in technology have impacted pedophiles.
According to the Internet Watch Foundation, AI-generated abuse videos have surpassed a critical level, nearing a point where they can nearly measure “actual images,” with a notable increase observed this year.
In the first half of 2025, the UK-based Internet Safety Watchdog examined 1,286 AI-generated videos containing illegal child sexual abuse material (CSAM), a sharp increase from just two during the same period last year.
The IWF reported that over 1,000 of these videos fall under Category A abuse, the most severe classification of such material.
The organization indicated that billions have been invested in AI, leading to a widely accessible video generation model that pedophiles are exploiting.
“It’s a highly competitive industry with substantial financial incentives, unfortunately giving perpetrators numerous options,” stated an IWF analyst.
This video surge is part of a 400% rise in URLs associated with AI-generated child sexual abuse content in the first half of 2025, with IWF receiving reports of 210 such URLs compared to 42 last year.
IWF discovered one post on a Dark Web Forum where a user noted the rapid improvements in AI and how pedophiles had rapidly adapted to using an AI tool to “better interact with new developments.”
IWF analysts observed that the images seem to be created by utilizing free, basic AI models and “fine-tuning” these models with CSAM to produce realistic videos. In some instances, this fine-tuning involved a limited number of CSAM videos, according to IWF.
The most lifelike AI-generated abuse videos encountered this year were based on actual victims, the Watchdog reported.
Interim CEO of IWF, Derek Ray-Hill, remarked that the rapid advancement of AI models, their broad accessibility, and their adaptability for criminal purposes could lead to a massive proliferation of AI-generated CSAM online.
“The risk of AI-generated CSAM is astonishing, leading to a potential flood that could overwhelm the clear web,” he stated, cautioning that the rise of such content might encourage criminal activities like child trafficking and modern slavery.
The replication of existing victims of sexual abuse in AI-generated images allows pedophiles to significantly increase the volume of CSAM online without having to exploit new victims, he added.
The UK government is intensifying efforts to combat AI-generated CSAM by criminalizing the ownership, creation, or distribution of AI tools designed to produce abusive content. Those found guilty under this new law may face up to five years in prison.
Additionally, it is now illegal to possess manuals that instruct potential offenders on how to use AI tools for creating abusive images or for child abuse. Offenders could face up to three years in prison.
In a February announcement, Interior Secretary Yvette Cooper stated, “It is crucial to address child sexual abuse online, not just offline.”
AI-generated CSAM is deemed illegal under the Protection Act of 1978, which criminalizes the production, distribution, and possession of “indecent or false images” of children.
The examination of North West Africa (NWA) 16286 reveals a lunar metstone with a distinctive chemical profile, offering new perspectives on the evolution of the moon’s interior and emphasizing the enduring nature of its volcanic activity.
Backscattered electron images of NWA 16286 samples. Image credit: Joshu Asu Nape/University of Manchester.
Discovered in Africa in 2023, NWA 16286 is one of only 31 moon basalts officially identified on Earth.
The distinct composition of the 311-gram metstone, featuring melted glassy pockets and veins, indicates it was likely impacted by an asteroid or metstone on the lunar surface before being ejected and eventually landing on Earth.
A recent study by researchers at the University of Manchester supports the theory that the moon has maintained internal heat production processes responsible for lunar volcanic activity across various stages.
Lead isotopic analyses suggest that these rock formations are the youngest basalt lunar metstones identified on Earth, dating back approximately 2.35 billion years, a time when lunar samples are scarce.
The sample’s unique geochemical profile distinguishes it from those brought back by previous lunar missions, indicating that its chemical characteristics likely result from lava flows that solidified after ascending from the moon’s depths.
“While the moon rocks returned from sample return missions provide valuable insights, they are limited to the immediate areas around those landing sites,” stated Dr. Joshua Snape from the University of Manchester.
“In contrast, this sample could originate from impact craters located anywhere on the moon’s surface.”
“Thus, there is a unique coincidence with this sample. It fortuitously landed on Earth, unveiling secrets about lunar geology without the need for an extensive space mission.”
The sample contains notably large crystals of olivine and is classified as olivine basalt, characterized by medium titanium levels and high potassium content.
Alongside the atypical age of the samples, researchers found that the lead isotopic composition of the rocks—geochemical signatures preserved when the rocks formed—originates from internal lunar sources with unusually high ratios of uranium and lead.
These chemical markers can assist in identifying the mechanisms behind the moon’s prolonged internal heat production.
“The sample’s age is particularly intriguing as it fills a billion-year gap in the history of lunar volcanism,” Dr. Snape noted.
“It is younger than the basalts collected during the Apollo, Luna, and Chang-E 6 missions, yet significantly older than the more recent rocks retrieved by the Chang-E 5 missions in China.”
“Its age and composition indicate that volcanic activity persisted throughout this entire timeframe, and our analysis suggests a potentially continuous process of heat generation from radioactive elements that generates heat over extended periods.
“Moon rocks are a rarity, making it always exciting to acquire samples that stand out from the norm.”
“This specific rock presents new constraints on the timing and nature of volcanic activity on the moon.”
“We still have much to learn about the lunar geological history. Further analyses to trace surface origins will inform where future sample return missions might be directed.”
Researchers have identified protein sequences within the dense enamel tissues of ancient nasal cavities and materials collected from the Burg and Lopelot sites in the Turkana Basin, Kenya.
The Turkana Basin within the East African lift system preserves fossil communities dating back more than 66 million years. Green et al. Powder samples were collected for paleontological skin analysis from the early Pleistocene back to the Oligocene (29 million years ago) from large herbivores. Image credit: Green et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09040-9.
“Teeth are the rocks in our mouths,” stated Dr. Daniel Green, a researcher at Harvard and Columbia University.
“They represent the most complex structures created by animals; hence, it’s possible to find teeth that are 100 million years old, offering geochemical records of animal life.”
“This includes insights into their diets, hydration, and habitats.”
“Previously, we believed that mature enamel, being the hardest part of teeth, should contain very little protein.”
Yet, by employing a novel proteomic technique known as liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), the researchers uncovered remarkable protein diversity in various biological tissues.
“The method comprises multiple stages where peptides are sorted according to size or chemistry, enabling detailed sequential analysis at unprecedented resolution,” explains Dr. Kevin Uno from Harvard and Columbia University.
“Recent findings indicate that there are dozens, potentially hundreds, of different proteins present in tooth enamel,” remarked Dr. Green.
Recognizing that many proteins exist in modern teeth, researchers pivoted towards studying fossils of nasal mesentery and related materials.
As herbivores, these creatures exhibited large teeth to crush their plant-based diets.
“These mammals could have enamels measuring 2-3 millimeters in thickness, providing ample material for investigation,” Dr. Green noted.
“Our discovery — peptide fragments and amino acid chains representing proteins spanning around 18 million years — stands to transform the field.”
“No one has previously identified peptide fragments of such antiquity.”
The oldest published findings to date date back around 3.5 million years.
“The newly identified peptides encompass a diverse array of proteins, representing what is known as the proteome,” Dr. Green remarked.
“One reason we are thrilled about these ancient teeth is that we lack a complete proteome for all proteins that could potentially be extracted from the bodies of these extinct elephants and rhinos, yet we can identify distinct groups.”
“Such collections could yield more information from these groups than from a single protein alone.”
“This research opens a new chapter for paleontology, enabling scientists to reconstruct the molecular and physiological traits of extinct species, moving beyond just bones and morphology,” stated Dr. Emmanuel Nudiemma, a researcher at the National Museum of Kenya.
“These peptide fragments can be utilized to delve into the relationships among ancient animals, much like contemporary methods that map human DNA relations.”
“Though a few animals analyzed in studies are completely extinct without living descendants, in theory, proteins could be extracted from their teeth and added to a phylogenetic tree,” Dr. Green elaborated.
“This information may clarify long-standing debates among paleontologists concerning the relationships among various mammalian lineages, utilizing molecular evidence.”
Survey results Today, I will be featured in the journal Nature.
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Dr. Green et al. Diverse enamel proteomes from rifts of East Africa over 108 million years. Nature Published online on July 9, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09040-9
In the wake of a deadly flood in central Texas in 1987, some demonstrated their resilience against the fury of Mother Nature. This month’s devastating flash floods inundated the area with an astonishing volume of rain in a matter of hours, resulting in over 100 fatalities.
Prior to 2021, the typically temperate regions of the Pacific Northwest and Canada faced a Killer Heat Wave, but they were not exempt. Tropical Hawaii, once distant from drought-induced wildfires, faced its own challenges. That changed. Moreover, many inland communities in North Carolina considered hurricanes a coastal dilemma until the remnants of Helen roared in unexpectedly last year.
The wreckage of a structure in North Carolina’s Bat Cave, ravaged by flooding from Hurricane Helen. Mario Tama/Getty Images File
According to climate scientists, climate change is driving an increase in both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events. Government data supports this evidence. Nonetheless, both people and governments tend to overlook this reality, clinging to outdated notions and failing to prepare for a concerning future, a meteorology expert pointed out to The Associated Press.
“With climate change, what was once considered extreme is now the average, and events that were once rare within decades are becoming new extremes,” stated Michael Oppenheimer, a climate scientist at Princeton University. “We are now experiencing phenomena that were virtually unprecedented.”
According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, summer averages show that Extreme Climate Indicators are tracking hurricanes, heavy rainfall, droughts, and temperature fluctuations that are 58% higher than those recorded in the 1980s.
Despite the alarming trends, society is failing to respond adequately, Oppenheimer remarked.
“There’s ample evidence that we’re complacent, yet these risks are approaching us like an oncoming freight train, and we are just standing on the tracks, unaware,” he explained.
Shifting Public Perception
While climate change is a paramount issue, experts warn that our responses and tendency to disregard changes may exacerbate the situation.
Marshall Shepherd, a meteorology professor at the University of Georgia and former president of the American Meteorological Society, stated that people’s decisions are often influenced by their experiences during prior extreme weather incidents, even those that did not directly affect them. This induces unwarranted optimism, as they assume that conditions will remain manageable despite increasingly severe storms.
He referred to the flooding events in Texas as a prime example.
A vehicle and fallen trees were overturned on the Guadalupe River in Carville following a flash flood. Ronaldo Schemidt / AFP -Getty Images
“This area is known as flash flood alley. Flooding is a common occurrence here. … I often hear overly optimistic statements from locals.”
Even those in regions not typically prone to disasters must rethink their perspectives on calamities, advised Kim Klockow McClain, a social scientist focused on extreme weather at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, which specializes in disaster warnings and risk communication.
Her advice is straightforward: If you’re accustomed to minor flooding, you should take note of events like those in Texas and recognize that conditions are changing.
Ignoring Reality Won’t Eliminate It
Following devastating storms and wildfires, individuals who have survived often believe such events won’t recur. This mindset can be a coping mechanism, yet the reality is that extreme weather occurrences are becoming more frequent and widespread, complicating effective preparedness.
According to Susan Cutter, co-director of the Hazards Vulnerability & Resilience Institute at the University of South Carolina:
Lori Peak, director of the University of Colorado’s Natural Disaster Center, indicates that surviving past extreme events can mislead people into thinking they are immune to future disasters. This kind of overconfidence can be hazardous. “Just because I survived fires, floods, hurricanes, or tornadoes does not guarantee that the next incident will mirror the last,” she cautioned.
What is Happening?
As weather patterns grow increasingly extreme, scientists observe that our capacities to adapt are lagging behind.
“Our vulnerability is heightened as our nation’s infrastructure ages, and more individuals are residing in potential danger zones,” Peak noted. “With population growth, more people live in perilous areas, particularly along the coast.”
Homes and buildings decimated by the wildfire in Lahaina, Hawaii, in 2023. Patrick T. Fallon / AFP -Getty Images File
The Trump administration’s funding cuts have threatened critical agencies responsible for climate research, disaster alerts, and responses—including the Federal Emergency Management Agency, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the U.S. Geological Survey Research Institute—further worsening the situation, according to several specialists.
Experts assert that knowledgeable and skilled personnel have already departed from these bodies, and it may take years to regain that expertise and skill set.
“We are dismantling the capabilities that will be increasingly necessary in the future,” Oppenheimer cautioned.
Peak emphasized the need for nations to anticipate and prepare for worst-case scenarios instead of merely reflecting on past events.
“This is our future,” Peak concluded. “We are clearly entering an era marked by escalating fires, floods, and heat waves.”
Visualize a global map segmented by national borders. How many distinct colors are required to shade each country without overlapping the same hues?
The solution is four. Regardless of the map’s structure, four colors are always adequate. However, demonstrating this required delving deep into mathematical theory. The four-color theorem was the inaugural major theorem proved with computer assistance, with validation efforts starting in 1976 that involved analyzing numerous map configurations via software.
At that time, many mathematicians were skeptical. They questioned whether a crucial proof, reliant on an unidentified machine, could be trusted. This skepticism has led to computer-assisted proofs remaining a niche practice.
However, a shift may be underway. The newest wave of artificial intelligence is challenging this stance, as proponents argue, “AI might revolutionize mathematical methodologies.” Why should we trust flawed human reasoning, which is often riddled with assumptions and shortcuts?
The discourse surrounding AI’s role in mathematics reflects larger societal dilemmas.
Not all share this perspective, however. The debate regarding AI’s application in mathematics mirrors broader challenges confronting society. When is it appropriate to let machines take the lead? Tech companies are increasingly focused on alleviating tedious tasks, from invoice processing to scheduling. Yet, our attempts to navigate daily life relying solely on AI agents (as detailed in “Flashes of Glow and Frustration: Running my day on an AI agent”) revealed that these systems are not entirely ready.
Entrusting sensitive information, such as credit card details or passwords, to an enigmatic AI provokes similar apprehensions as the doubts surrounding the four-color proofs. We may not be coloring maps anymore, but we’re striving to define boundaries in uncharted territories. Will we soon have reliable evidence we can trust from machines, or is it merely a digital version of “the Dragon Here”?
The AI-driven robot successfully extracted the gallbladder from a deceased pig, marking a pivotal achievement in machine-assisted surgery with minimal human involvement.
This sophisticated robot features a dual-layer AI system trained using 17 hours of surgical video, which encompasses 16,000 movements performed by human surgeons. During operation, the first layer of the AI observes the endoscopic video and generates clear verbal instructions like “clip the second duct,” while the second layer translates these directives into precise three-dimensional tool movements.
In total, the gallbladder procedure involved 17 distinct tasks, of which the robotic system executed 8 with a flawless success rate.
“While current surgical robotics technology has indeed made certain procedures less invasive, the complication rate hasn’t actually decreased compared to traditional laparoscopic surgery performed by humans,” states Axel Krieger from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland. “This research paves the way for the next generation of robotic systems beneficial to both patients and surgeons.”
“This investigation shines a light on the vast potential of AI and surgical robotics,” adds Danail Stoyanov from University College London. “Remarkable strides in computer vision for surgical footage, alongside accessible robotic platforms for research, will empower us to advance surgical automation.”
Nonetheless, Stoyanov points out that significant challenges remain before the system can be applied in clinical settings.
For instance, although the robot achieved a 100% success rate in completing its tasks, it needed to self-correct six times per procedure. This could involve a gripper that initially missed the artery during its attempt.
“There were numerous instances where self-corrections were necessary, all autonomously executed,” remarks Krieger. “It effectively identifies initial errors and rectifies them.” The robot also requested a human operator to swap one of its surgical instruments for another, indicating that some human intervention was still required.
Ferdinand Rodriguez Y. Baena from Imperial College London emphasizes the promising future of robotic surgery. “The horizon looks bright—and tantalizingly close,” he asserts. “To ensure the safety of human applications, regulatory measures must also evolve.”
The next phase involves enabling the robot to operate autonomously on living animals, where factors like respiration and bleeding could introduce complexities.
Protein fragments survived in the extreme environment of Rift Valley, Kenya
Ellen Miller
In Kenya, fossilized teeth from an 18 million-year-old mammal yielded the oldest protein fragment ever discovered, extending the age record for ancient proteins by fivefold.
Daniel Green at Harvard, alongside Kenyan scientists, unearthed diverse fossil specimens, including teeth, in Kenya’s Rift Valley. Volcanic activity facilitated the preservation of these samples by encasing them in ash layers, enabling the age dating of the teeth to 18 million years. Nonetheless, it remained uncertain whether the protein in the tooth enamel endured.
The circumstances were not promising—Rift Valley is “one of the hottest places on Earth for the past 5 million years,” Green observes. This extreme environment presents “significant challenges.” Despite this, earlier research has detected tooth enamel proteins, albeit not from such ancient samples. To assess the longevity of protein traces, Green employed a small drill to extract powdered enamel from the teeth.
These samples were sent to Timothy Creland at the Smithsonian Museum Conservation Institute for analysis. He utilized mass spectrometry to categorize each molecular type in the sample by differentiating them by mass.
To his surprise, Creland uncovered sufficient protein fragments to yield significant classification insights. This identified the teeth as belonging to the ancient ancestors of elephants and rhinos, among other evidence. Creland expresses enthusiasm for demonstrating that “even these ancient species can be integrated into the Tree of Life alongside their modern relatives.”
While only a small amount of protein was recovered, the discovery remains monumental, asserts Frido Welker from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He emphasizes that growing protein and gaining insights into this ancient fossil is a “tremendous breakthrough.”
Unlike other tissues such as bone, sampling teeth is crucial for uncovering fragments of ancient and valuable proteins like these. “The sequence of enamel proteins varies slightly,” notes Creland.
The dental structure may have played a role in preserving proteins for such an extended period. As teeth are “primarily mineral,” these minerals assist in protecting enamel proteins through what Cleland describes as “self-chemical processes.” Furthermore, the enamel comprises only a small fraction of protein, aiding in its preservation, roughly 1%. “Whatever protein is present, it’s going to persist much longer,” Green asserts.
The endurance of protein fragments in Rift Valley suggests that fossils from other locales may also contain proteins. “We can genuinely begin considering other challenging regions of the planet, where we might not expect significant preservation,” Cleland comments. “Microenvironmental discrepancies may promote protein conservation.”
Beyond studying proteins from these specific periods, researchers aim to explore samples from various epochs. “We’re looking to delve deeper into history,” Cleland mentions. Green adds that analyzing younger fossils could offer a “baseline of expectation” for the number of conserved protein fragments compared to those from ancient specimens.
“We’re only beginning to scratch the surface,” Cleland concludes.
For those interested in gauging the atmosphere of the UK gaming industry in 2025, this week’s focal point was undoubtedly the DoubleTree bar at the Hilton Hotel in Brighton. This venue hosts the annual Develop a meeting, which has been uniting developers, publishers, students, and journalists since 2006. Over three days filled with lectures, roundtables, and keynote sessions, attendees engaged in discussions, sharing insights and concerns regarding the current state of the industry.
Given the string of cuts and closures throughout the year, I approached the event with caution. On Tuesday, I connected with numerous developers, artists, and studio heads. Many senior developers indicated that recent layoffs and project cancellations might result in significant gaps in the release schedules for several major publishers during late 2026 and into 2027. While Grand Theft Auto VI will undoubtedly be a massive hit, it appears to be the only game generating buzz in the near future.
However, there was a sense of optimism permeating the event. A standout panel discussion titled “Why Cultural Awareness Is Important for the Future of the Game Industry” hosted by UKIE shed a more positive light on the industry among politicians and policymakers in Westminster. “Three years ago, my understanding of gaming was minimal, but awareness has grown significantly lately,” one panelist noted. “Suddenly, politicians are engaging with us regarding the educational impact of gaming and its potential for self-expression among youth. We’ve even witnessed evidence that gaming can serve as a therapeutic avenue for anxiety and depression. The cultural significance of gaming now outweighs its economic benefits.”
A narrative exploring a diverse and marginalized character… unpacked. Photo: Witch Beam
Cassia Curran, founder of Curran Games Agency, remarked, “The development of AI has unlocked a treasure trove of content,” despite the concerns surrounding AI, especially large-scale language models. “For a developer to succeed, leaning into genuine human experiences is crucial. AI cannot replicate your emotions or cultural background; these elements can and should be mirrored in your game.”
There was also a captivating narrative shared by developers about their quest for authenticity. In the day’s opening talk, Jens Anderson and Pete Ward from Machine Game, famous for their Indiana Jones adventure, discussed traveling deep into northern Sweden to record whip experts executing various techniques to perfectly replicate Indy’s iconic accessory sounds in the game. Additionally, the creative team behind the procedurally generated Detective Adventure Shadows presented a captivating 1950s-style noir thriller.
A recurring theme throughout the day was the emerging concerns regarding the diversity of gaming experiences and broader representation. Lydia Cook, a doctoral researcher specializing in queer game studies, moderated an inspiring roundtable named “President of Games: Beyond the Surface.” Cook addressed the challenges to expression faced in mainstream gaming, where nontraditional characters often get labeled as commercial risks. Simultaneously, the audience highlighted recent games showcasing compelling narratives around marginalized characters, ranging from narrative puzzle-solving and lesbian romance bosses to unique portrayals, including the beloved character from the cult classic Sim Monster Prom. The key takeaway from the session was that identity need not dominate a game. The representation of diverse characters as integral parts of the story can be immensely valuable for players who don’t often see themselves reflected in the media they consume.
Outside the bar area, I had the pleasure of meeting some of my favorite indie developers who shared intriguing insights into the innovative projects they were engrossed in. The presence of talented small teams is crucial, as their engaging and creative games continue to enrich the landscape. The rest of the event featured discussions from renowned Finnish developer Housemarque, celebrating 30 years in the business, and Sam Lake from Remedy Entertainment, reflecting on three decades of storytelling. Developers exchanged experiences ranging from creating side quests in Marvel’s Spider-Man 2 to how they made players weep through narratives in indie games. In essence, the creative process remains vibrant, with people continuously crafting and playing; it’s a culture and art form that thrives beyond the grasp of CEOs and shareholders.
What to Play
A captivating twist… an angry bird bouncing off. Photo: Rovio
Angry Birds has become the Pac-Man of mobile gaming, a franchise that seemingly adapts to an infinite array of genres. Its latest version, Angry Birds Bouncing, merges the iconic bird-launching mechanics with classic block-breaking gameplay reminiscent of breakout and puzzle bobble. Players select their favorite bird, aim at the screen, and eliminate as many pigs as possible. Each character bears unique abilities and tactics, with new characters providing exciting challenges. Developer Rovio’s commitment to this franchise is evident, and this delightful iteration is sure to brighten up your commute, dull films, or tedious meetings.
Available on: Apple Arcade Estimated playtime: All your free hours.
What to Read
What is the price? Nintendo Switch 2. Photo: Michelle Mengsu Chang/Toronto Star/Getty Images
In a recent Q&A with shareholders, Nintendo President Shuntaro Furukawa defended the price of the Switch 2 console, stating that the price of £395.99 ($449.99) reflects the gaming experience it provides. He also addressed concerns regarding the use of game key cards: cartridges that store game data but provide players with download codes. More details can be found on GamesIndustry.biz.
For those interested in Nintendo, IGN has an article that could spark some heated discussions among fans: All Ranked Nintendo 3D Platformers, where I strongly believe number 4 deserves a higher spot!
Raphaël Colantonio, founder and former president of Arkane Studios, criticized Microsoft’s Xbox Game Pass service. In response to recent layoffs at Microsoft, the co-creator of the renowned Dishonored series stated that the subscription model has led to significant disruptions in the industry. Read more about this on VGC.
“I grew up A deep waste of time today, and I thought that pressing a button might have suggested a new publication similar to yours. Could you please share it with others so I can spread the word?”
This topic is one of my absolute favorites, so thank you, Jason! Keza and I contributed to Above magazine, which features beautifully designed publications focused on video games. Second problem is now in its third edition.
I’m also fond of stylish publications like Lock-on from the Lost of the Cult, and the beautiful Devil’s Blush, Controller Rebellion, and Heterotopia all reflect a punk DIY spirit infused into gaming with their handcrafted aesthetics and passionate writing. A Forgotten World offers a unique selection and provides a really helpful list of independent print publications for gaming enthusiasts. It’s wonderful to see so many exciting and carefully curated gaming magazines making waves in 2025.
If you have a question for the Question Block or anything else to discuss regarding the newsletter, feel free to reply or email us at butingbuttons@theguardian.com.
Physical activity is recognized for its role in cancer prevention and in inhibiting the growth of existing tumors. It’s also linked to alterations in gut microbiota. Recent research illustrates how these alterations can empower exercise in the battle against cancer.
Marlies Meisel from the University of Pittsburgh and her team administered an aggressive form of melanoma to two groups of mice. One group followed a four-week exercise program, while the other remained inactive.
As anticipated, the active mice showed smaller tumors and better survival rates. However, in mice treated with antibiotics, exercise provided no benefits to those that were completely sterile. The findings revealed a significant role of microorganisms, with the beneficial molecules known as metabolites playing a crucial part.
Given that the microbiome generates thousands of metabolites, the researchers employed machine learning to analyze potential molecules, ultimately pinpointing a particular bacterial metabolite that surged with exercise. This metabolite enhances the effectiveness of CD8 T cells within the immune system, making it vital in the fight against cancer.
Furthermore, the team studied 19 individuals with advanced melanoma, discovering that those with higher levels of this metabolite exhibited longer survival rates compared to those with lower levels.
“This study underscores the significance of evaluating the metabolites produced by bacteria, rather than merely identifying the bacteria involved,” Meisel emphasizes.
Ken Lau, who studies the influence of the intestinal microenvironment on conditions like colorectal cancer and inflammatory bowel disease at Vanderbilt University in Tennessee, shares excitement for this type of research, as it offers insights into how to leverage specific molecular pathways to enhance the immune response. However, he cautions that further research is necessary. “What occurs when a patient stops exercising? Will the effects diminish or persist in some manner? There is still much to learn,” he states.
Meisel and her team are exploring whether the exercise-induced alterations in gut microbiota may influence other health conditions.
X CEO Elon Musk’s social media platform revealed on Wednesday that he would step down.
“Two years ago, I chose to resign as CEO of 𝕏,” stated Linda Jaccarino.
Musk replied to her announcement: “Thank you for your contributions.”
The departing CEO remarked, “When @elonmusk and I first discussed his vision for X, I realized that executing this company’s remarkable mission would be a lifelong opportunity. I am truly thankful for his commitment to protecting free speech, revitalizing the company, and allowing me to oversee the transformation of X into all my applications.”
Musk acquired Twitter in 2022 for $44 billion, subsequently rebranding it to X. Before her role at X, Jaccarino held a long-standing position at NBCUniversal, concentrating on advertising and partnerships. In March, Musk’s artificial intelligence firm, Xai, took over the social networking platform.
Throughout her time as CEO, Jaccarino often found herself managing public relations crises and addressing Musk’s contentious behavior. Shortly after her appointment, Musk publicly urged advertisers to exit the platform due to their involvement with anti-Semitic content, claiming they would “harm themselves,” which Jaccarino defended in an interview.
Jaccarino’s own outputs on X typically highlighted a more positive aspect of the platform, featuring significant retweets celebrating celebrity birthdays and events. However, CEOs often revert to damage control, including refusals. Reports from the Wall Street Journal earlier this year indicated that X, under her leadership, took aggressive measures against brands by threatening lawsuits. Under Jaccarino’s stewardship, the company initiated a lawsuit against an advertiser recovering ad spending post-Musk’s acquisition.
Issues on the platform persisted until Jaccarino’s announcement of her departure. The day prior to her resignation, Musk’s chatbot began posting support for controversial topics, leading the company to intervene by tagging the post with “Mecha Hitler” before apologizing for the “inappropriate” tweet.
Musk has been embroiled in controversy outside of X in recent months. His political rapport with Donald Trump, which emerged during the 2024 campaign, culminated in Musk being designated as a special government employee and the formation of the “Government Efficiency Bureau,” fully disclosed in June. The duo clashed over the U.S. president’s drastic taxation proposals, which Musk deemed as “hate.” The tech mogul has pledged to establish an independent political party aimed at ousting Republican members from Congress who supported the bill. Meanwhile, Tesla, the primary source of Musk’s wealth, has seen its sales plummet in reaction to his political involvement, distancing future buyers and existing owners from the controversial CEO. SpaceX is also struggling with its latest spacecraft, which has failed multiple launches.
Withdrawal symptoms from antidepressants can include nausea and headaches.
Savushkin/Getty Images
While antidepressant withdrawal symptoms may not be as frequent as presumed with short-term usage, inquiries persist regarding the impact on individuals ceasing the medication after prolonged periods.
Individuals utilizing antidepressants for conditions like depression, anxiety, or phobias might experience withdrawal effects lasting several weeks, such as nausea, headaches, anxiety, and more. Though physicians may caution patients about this potentiality, the frequency of occurrence remains uncertain.
To delve deeper, Sameyer Jauhar from Imperial College London and his research team examined 49 randomized controlled trials concerning antidepressant consumption. They initially focused on a subgroup of studies tracking withdrawal symptoms experienced a week after discontinuation of antidepressants, in comparison to those on placebo or ongoing antidepressant treatment. The findings revealed that individuals who ceased the medication reported one additional symptom compared to those in the other groups.
In further analysis, the researchers scrutinized another subset of studies that observed the types of withdrawal symptoms faced by participants after stopping antidepressant or placebo tablets. Dizziness emerged as the most prevalent symptom, followed by nausea, tension or irritability.
Specifically, 7.5% of the antidepressant users experienced dizziness, compared to just 1.8% in the placebo cohort. Nausea, tension or irritability, and dizziness were reported by fewer than 5% of users in the antidepressant group, with under 2% in the placebo cohort.
These statistics are significantly lower than past projections for withdrawal symptoms. A review from 2019 reported that over half of individuals had faced symptoms, although this data stemmed from online surveys that might attract those experiencing more severe reactions. Michael Browning from Oxford University commented.
Another study published last year indicated that 31% of participants reported withdrawal symptoms, in contrast to 17% from the placebo group. However, specifics regarding the symptoms experienced were not detailed, mentioned Jauhar.
Susanna Murphy at Oxford University believes the recent reviews tackle these issues effectively. “This is essential for the field as it compiles and synthesizes data from many robust studies with a broader participant base compared to previous ones,” she stated.
Conversely, John Reed from East London University noted that most trials in the review focused on individuals who took antidepressants for only 8 to 12 weeks and pointed out that many patients remain on these medications for years. “There’s a notable correlation between the duration of antidepressant use and the likelihood of withdrawal symptoms, thus short-term studies may not adequately reflect actual outcomes,” he explained.
Therefore, they emphasize the necessity for further research to understand the implications of long-term use. Mark Horowitz from University College London illustrated this by saying, “It’s akin to crashing a car into a wall at 5 kilometers per hour and declaring it safe while ignoring that real-world driving speeds can reach 60 kilometers per hour.”
Google has struck a significant agreement with the UK government to supply complimentary technology to various public sector entities, ranging from the NHS to local councils.
US corporations are being called upon to “upskill” tens of thousands of civil servants in technology, including the application of artificial intelligence, as part of a deal that doesn’t necessitate payment from the government. Whitehall is set to enhance its collaboration with Google as public services evolve.
However, this arrangement has raised alarms about the potential risks to UK public data that could be housed on US servers, particularly in light of Donald Trump’s erratic leadership.
The Department of Science and Innovation Technology (DSIT) stated that Google Cloud, known for its databases, machine learning, and computing capabilities, “has agreed to assist public services in leveraging advanced technology to break free from outdated ‘ball and chain’ legacy contracts.”
Although Google’s offerings are believed to be more nimble and effective than those of traditional competitors, there are concerns within Whitehall’s digital circles that governments might become reliant on a new form of dependency.
Other American tech giants, including Microsoft, OpenAI, and Anthropic, are also providing services to civil servants as they look to harness technology to enhance the efficiency of financially constrained public services.
On Wednesday, Prime Minister Rachel Reeves convened with two senior members of Mark Zuckerberg’s team, Joel Kaplan, Meta’s top global affairs officer, and Nicola Mendelson, head of the global business group.
During the 2020 pandemic, Palantir, a high-tech firm founded by libertarian Trump supporter Peter Thiel, worked with the UK government for just £1 and secured a £330 million contract in 2023 to create a unified platform for NHS data.
DSIT also announced that Google DeepMind, the AI division helmed by Nobel Prize winner Demis Hassabis, will “partner with government tech experts to help implement and propagate new emerging technologies across the public sector, enhancing efficiency and driving scientific advancements.”
Nevertheless, ministers and regulatory bodies are grappling with crucial decisions on regulating AI, search, cloud computing, and copyright, as noted by Martha Dark, co-director of nonprofits advocating for fair technology use. The complexity of data sovereignty poses significant challenges, echoing concerns from Peter Kyle, the Secretary of Science and Technology.
Experts caution that this agreement could solidify the market dominance of companies like Google, placing the UK government in a position dependent on technology from major corporations. At a Google event in London on Wednesday, Kyle emphasized, “Whenever feasible, UK tech firms, whether large or small, will have equitable opportunities to win public technology contracts.”
According to sources within the government, the advantages gained by Google were not subjected to public bids as no financial exchange occurred. DSIT clarified, “These arrangements are fully compliant with all relevant public procurement regulations and may lead to future commercial agreements.”
As of the end of March, Kyle has engaged in 11 meetings with Google representatives since Labour took office.
The government affirmed that Google will not be allowed to train AI models using government data or access the data for other purposes. Additionally, data can only be stored abroad if adequate legal and security measures are established.
Google asserted that it retains control over where client content is stored and processed through partnerships with independent infrastructure providers, employing an “air gap” system for added protection.
Kyle remarked, “I aim to maximize the potential of the government-Google partnership and explore further collaborations with the UK’s AI lab, DeepMind, and my own AI developers.”
There are indications of new technologies that could enhance efficiency within the public sector. A recent examination of Microsoft’s AI Copilot tool revealed that 20,000 civil servants saved an average of 26 minutes each day, with 82% expressing a desire not to revert to previous work methods, as highlighted in a study.
However, Imogen Parker, Associate Director of the Ada Lovelace Institute, emphasized the necessity for public understanding regarding the benefits Google will derive from this partnership and what taxpayers might face in the coming years. “Deals like this may appear beneficial today, but there’s a risk of becoming locked in tomorrow, limiting options for future alternatives,” she cautioned.
Kyle has faced criticism for appearing too cozy with Big Tech. After being reported by the Guardian, he began a speech admitting he had likely engaged more with tech executives than his predecessor.
“I will never apologize for engaging with tech companies – that’s my role,” he stated, emphasizing the importance of ensuring children’s safety on social media, preparing the UK for advancements in AI, and securing better value from the significant sums spent on technology each year.
Future research indicates that even with equivalent technological advancement, radio signals from Earth’s airports could be detected by alien astronomers.
Radar systems employed to monitor aircraft in major hubs like London’s Heathrow and New York’s JFK emit radio waves as formidable as those produced by extraterrestrial civilizations from 200 light years away, according to researchers.
The study, led by University of Manchester doctoral candidate Ramilo Kais Said, explored how radio signals from both civilian and military radar operations disperse as they exit Earth, predicting their appearance as they approach nearby stars.
Recent preliminary results revealed at the National Astronomical Conference in Durham, UK, indicate that radar stations at global airports are transmitting signals at a remarkable total of 2,000 trillion watts.
This intensity is sufficient for the most sensitive telescope on the planet, Green Bank Telescope, to detect an alien planet located 200 light years away.
Within our solar neighborhood is a system containing over 1,000 stars, with the nearest, Proxima Centauri, being just 4.2 light years distant.
However, whether alien astronomers can interpret these signals remains uncertain.
As Earth’s rotation reveals various airports, the signal strength fluctuates within a 24-hour cycle, making it clear that it is not of artificial origin.
What does radar from Earth’s airports look like to aliens on planets around the AU microscope 32 light years away?
A more distinct signal could arise from military radar. While these signals are generally weaker than those from airport facilities, they are more focused and likely to flash in a manner resembling lighthouses, thus appearing unnatural.
Nonetheless, the primary limitation on who can observe our air traffic is not the radar systems’ power but rather the laws of physics. The earliest radar systems made their debut in 1935. Since radio waves travel at the speed of light, even these early, weaker signals only covered a distance of 90 light years through space.
This research also aids those on Earth in their quest for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence, helping to gauge the extent to which civilizations similar to ours can be detected.
“Our findings suggest that radar signals unintentionally generated by any planet with advanced technology and complex aviation systems could serve as a universal indicator of intelligent life,” said Caisse Saide.
Humans are wired to treat machines as social beings
Abdillah Studio/Unsplash
Consider what it feels like to be in love. What images spring to mind? Is it the exhilarating rush of a new romantic interest, or the soothing comfort someone brings to your daily life? For some individuals, love manifests in the form of a laptop or smartphone, eagerly anticipating a message or synthetic voice from their favored AI chatbot.
As advanced platforms increasingly promote interactions with newly launched chatbots—all while encouraging conversations about them as if they were actual people—many are turning to these sophisticated language-driven technologies for dating, emotional support, and even love. This may raise eyebrows or provoke laughter. Take the recent case highlighted by CBS News, where a man proposed to ChatGPT, having met Mirth Online. The New York Post elaborates on what it calls “a peculiar whirlwind romance.” Earlier this year, The New York Times shared the story of a woman who spent hours each day chatting with her ChatGPT “boyfriend,” even experiencing jealousy when the AI discussed other fictional partners.
It’s easy to mock someone openly expressing affection for a chatbot or to label such feelings as indicators of psychological issues. However, similar to how we might be susceptible to cults or scams, we have psychological inclinations that could lead us to adore AI. People have explored affectionate connections in unexpected places throughout history. Our complex feelings about technology have evolved over a much longer period than many realize.
We’ve been forming attachments to bots for 60 years
Consider Eliza, one of the first natural language chatbots, crafted by computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum in the 1960s. While this primitive technology pales in comparison to ChatGPT, it often inverted user input in the form of questions. Surprisingly, Weizenbaum noted that some individuals developed quick emotional bonds with the program. “I didn’t realize that brief encounters with relatively simple programs could lead to profound delusional beliefs in ordinary individuals,” Weizenbaum remarked later.
Given that modern chatbots like ChatGPT are far more engaging and widespread than Eliza, it’s not surprising that some individuals have openly professed romantic feelings or strong connections toward them. The phenomenon of love for AI may currently be rare, but emerging data indicates its existence. Although much of the existing research is limited, studies have shown that people attribute real emotions to AI relationships, often disregarding terms like “marriage” in their interactions. Interestingly, many individuals appear to experience genuine loss. When the man who proposed to ChatGPT had to reset the conversation due to reaching a word limit, he lamented, “I cried for about 30 minutes at work.”
Recent studies analyzing millions of interactions on OpenAI’s ChatGPT and Anthropic’s Claude have revealed that, while the majority are work-related or mundane, hundreds or even thousands express romantic or affectionate sentiments. In AI services explicitly designed for dating, such as Replika, the trend intensifies, with 60% of paid users acknowledging a romantic aspect in their AI relationships.
Finding love through screens
We should approach the topic of emotional attachments to AI chatbots with empathy, yet this trend shouldn’t be seen as beneficial for society as a whole. The underlying social forces, including isolation, are concerning; in the UK, around 7% — approximately 3 million people — frequently report feelings of loneliness.
Such intricate social issues demand nuanced solutions. It’s not surprising that tech leaders like Meta’s Mark Zuckerberg often view complex social dilemmas as simple problems to be solved, promoting AI companions as a remedy for loneliness.
Moreover, one could argue that Meta’s platforms, such as Facebook and WhatsApp, have contributed to loneliness, thereby fostering reliance on AI-generated relationships in the first place. Indeed, Zuckerberg’s stated goal for Facebook was to help people remain connected with the significant individuals in their lives, which is mediated through chats on WhatsApp, Messenger, and Instagram.
Today, online dating through screens has become the norm; studies show that 10% of heterosexual individuals and 24% of LGBTQ+ individuals in the U.S. meet their long-term partners online. Given all of this, it is conceivable that someone might find themselves in love with a chatbot. If the presence on the other side of the screen is AI rather than a human, does our cognitive dissonance even register the difference?
Research conducted by psychologist Clifford Nass in the 1990s revealed that people inherently engage with machines in a social manner, regardless of whether they know the entity on the other side is real. This indicates an innate inability to suppress our social instincts when it comes to technology, compelling us to relate to these machines as if they were our own.
Thus, it’s no wonder that individuals are developing attachments to AI chatbots. However, a crucial point remains: longitudinal studies on happiness consistently reveal that personal relationships are the strongest predictors of health and well-being. Currently, there’s scant evidence to suggest that interactions with AI will effectively alleviate loneliness or increase happiness based on our limited findings. It’s essential to keep this in mind.
Nvidia, the leading chipmaker, made history on Wednesday by becoming the first publicly traded company to achieve a market valuation of $40 billion, as its stock price continues its remarkable ascent.
The shares of this top chip designer surged approximately 2.4% to reach $164, fueled by an increasing demand for artificial intelligence technology. Nvidia’s chips and related software are recognized globally as the benchmark for developing AI products.
Nvidia initially reached a market value of $10 billion in June 2023, and since then, its market valuation has more than tripled in under a year, outpacing giants like Apple and Microsoft, and ranking alongside US companies with market valuations over $30 billion. Apple was the first to hit a $3 trillion valuation in 2022.
Microsoft stands as the second-largest US company with a market value estimated around $3.75 trillion. Nvidia’s valuation represents about 7.3% of the S&P 500, a widely regarded index on Wall Street. Meanwhile, Apple and Microsoft contribute roughly 7% and 6% respectively.
Nvidia has rebounded nearly 74% from its low in April, a period when the global markets faced turbulence caused by tariffs imposed by Donald Trump. The company has also retaliated against US export controls by restricting the sale of its most advanced chips to China.
However, positive outlooks regarding trade agreements have propelled the S&P 500 to unprecedented heights recently.
Daniel Ives, a tech analyst at Wedbush, forecasts that other major tech players will join Nvidia in surpassing the $4 trillion market cap. “The leading figures in the AI Revolution are Nvidia and Microsoft, as both embody the most significant tech trends we’ve witnessed in 25 years,” he stated.
Microsoft also reached a market value of $40 trillion this summer and aims to reach $5 trillion within the next 18 months.
All organs seem to be equally unimportant for longevity
westend61 gmbh / alamy
In the quest for a long life, it appears that not all organs hold equal significance. Research indicates that maintaining a youthful brain and immune system is crucial, overshadowing even the aging of the heart or lungs.
We already know that different organs age at varying rates, but the factors that most significantly affect lifespan remain elusive. Hamilton Sehawee from the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, leads this inquiry.
To explore this, his team assessed the levels of around 3,000 proteins in blood samples from over 44,000 participants aged between 40 and 70 years, all part of the UK Biobank Study.
Leveraging genetic data from earlier studies, the researchers mapped the locations of these proteins in the body, identifying several that were notably concentrated in 11 regions, including the immune system, brain, heart, liver, lungs, muscles, pancreas, kidneys, intestines, and adipose tissue. Elevated levels of these proteins suggest vital roles in the proper functioning of these organs and systems.
The team then employed machine learning models to estimate the ages of participants based on half of the data, developing distinct models for each of the 11 body areas. Generally, these predictions were consistent with the actual ages of the participants, although some models did occasionally overestimate or underestimate, supporting the notion that organs indeed age differently, according to Oh.
Using their trained model, the researchers predicted the organ and immune system ages of the other half of participants who were monitored for an average of 11 years after blood samples were taken.
They discovered that having even one organ showing signs of premature aging or an aging immune system correlated with a 1.5 to 3 times higher risk of death during follow-up, with the stakes increasing alongside the number of aging organs.
Interestingly, exceptions arose in cases where the heart and lungs appeared considerably younger than anticipated, which did not correlate with a lower mortality risk during the study period. However, possessing a youthful brain or immune system was associated with a roughly 40% reduction in death risk. These areas also intensified the overall risk reduction to 56%, particularly when both were young.
“The brain and immune system influence numerous other bodily functions, so it’s expected that their deterioration could significantly impact life expectancy,” remarked Alan Cohen from Columbia University in New York.
Nonetheless, Cohen cautions that protein markers may not entirely encapsulate the aging process. “There may be gaps in our understanding of the exact origins of these proteins. Certain organs may release their proteins into the bloodstream more readily than others, skewing perceptions of their importance,” he notes.
Moreover, further research involving a broader demographic that includes more ethnic and economically varied populations is necessary, as the current study participants were predominantly affluent individuals with European ancestry, according to Richard Shiou of King’s College London. Oh and his team are planning additional studies to explore this further.
Even if these findings hold true, concrete methods for curbing the aging processes in the brain and immune system remain elusive. Oh mentions that pinpointing aging markers in these areas could pave the way for medication targeting.
Artistic impressions of the moa, one of the largest extinct birds
Christopher Cree/Colossal Biosciences
Colossal Biosciences has unveiled its ambitious project to “bring back” the New Zealand MOA, one of the most remarkable extinct birds in history, although critics claim the objectives may be scientifically unfeasible.
The MOA was the only fully known flightless bird, with no close relatives like emus. Nine species once inhabited New Zealand, including the turkey-sized bush moa (Anomalopteryx didiformis). The two largest varieties, the South Island Giant MOA (Dinornis robustus) and the North Island Giant MOA (Dinornis novaezealandiae), both stood at an imposing 3.6 meters tall and weighed around 230 kilograms.
By the mid-15th century, all MOA species were believed extinct, following the arrival of the Polynesian people, now known as Māori, in New Zealand around 1300.
Colossal has partnered with the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre, an indigenous institution affiliated with the University of Canterbury in New Zealand, along with filmmakers such as Peter Jackson and the Canterbury Museum. These collaborations are vital as Colossal aims to extract DNA and reconstruct the genomes of all nine species of MOA.
Similar to Colossal’s other “de-extinction” initiatives, this project involves modifying the DNA of currently existing species. Andrew Pask, a scientific advisor at the University of Melbourne, notes that the MOA’s closest living relative is the South American Tinamou, although it is considerably smaller.
This suggests the project may need to utilize the Australian EMU (Dromaius novaehollandiae) instead. As Pask explains, “Emus have large embryos and eggs, which are crucial for recreating the MOA.”
Previously, Colossal announced its so-called “de-extinction” of the thylacine. This endeavor has faced skepticism from external experts who argue that the animal is essentially a modified gray wolf. Pask insists that the MOA project involves greater genetic manipulation.
“With the MOA, we are making a concerted effort to accurately reassemble the species,” he states. “When this animal walks the Earth again, we will have no doubt it is a true MOA. It will be an engineered version of the original.”
The specific habitat for these reintroduced animals is still unclear. Mike Stevens from the Ngāi Tahu Research Centre emphasizes that both his organization and the local Māori community must fully grasp the “feasibility and ethical implications” of Colossal’s efforts. “Only after this discussion can we consider how and where the ‘giant MOA’ will fit into our world,” he mentions, raising numerous profound ethical and practical questions that need careful consideration before proceeding. Technology must prove its worth.
Conversely, Philip Seddon from the University of Otago believes that whatever Colossal creates won’t truly be a MOA and may exhibit distinctly different traits. He highlights that while Tinamous are the closest relative of the MOA, their evolutionary paths diverged over 60 million years ago.
“Ultimately, Colossal’s approach utilizes genetic engineering to produce GMOs that resemble an extinct species without genuinely solving contemporary global issues,” he asserts.
Pask vigorously challenges this viewpoint, arguing that insights gained from this de-extinction endeavor are crucial for the preservation of current endangered species.
Jamie Wood from the University of Adelaide believes this project may yield “valuable new perspectives on MOA biology and evolution.” However, he cautions that if Colossal employs similar methodologies to those used in the dire wolf project, they could struggle to persuade the public that the resultant creature can be regarded as a true MOA.
“While they may possess certain MOA-like characteristics, they are unlikely to behave as the originals did or occupy the same ecological roles.”
Today’s rotation is inexplicably accelerating, making it one of the shortest days of the year.
While summer days are certainly longer, July 9th, 2025, will be 1.3 ms shorter than the average.
This speed fluctuates slightly, but it generally takes 24 hours, or 86,400 seconds, for one complete rotation around the axis. To monitor these variations, International Earth Rotation and Reference System Services (IER) continuously tracks the length of the day with remarkable precision.
In 2020, the IER noted that our planet has been spinning faster and has continued this trend since then.
Their data suggests that the shortest days of the year will occur on July 9th, July 22nd, and August 5th, when the moon is at its farthest from the equator.
The moon subtly influences Earth’s rotation through tidal braking, where its gravitational pull slightly distorts our planet.
This phenomenon not only creates tides but also gradually siphons off angular momentum from Earth’s rotation, slowing it down by about 2 ms each century.
This means that during the Triassic period, around 200 million years ago, a day was just under 23 hours long. After another 200 million years, we can expect days to extend to 25 hours.
Days were shorter for Brachiosaurus
IERS may implement a second leap second to ensure that high-precision clocks remain accurate. The most recent leap second was added on December 31, 2016.
During times when the moon is far from the equator, the impact on Earth’s rotation is less pronounced, causing these days to be slightly longer. However, the duration seen in recent years is about half of what it was before 2020.
Several events can alter Earth’s rotation, such as the 2011 9.0 magnitude Japan earthquake, which shortened the day by 1.8 microseconds, but the cause of the current accelerating trend remains unknown.
A gradual slowdown is unlikely to have any catastrophic consequences for our planet. The time difference is too minimal for most to notice—you may need to consider skipping a leap second in 2025, with one potentially added again in 2029.
Regardless of the cause, this phenomenon is unlikely to be permanent, and our planet will eventually revert to its long-term rotation pattern.
While at work, Leila Rivera received a text from her boyfriend: someone on Reddit was searching for her.
In the comments of a post on the r/warpedtour subreddit, attendees of the punk rock and emo music festival were looking for missed connections. Rivera recognized one message that mentioned “Leila/Leila (the short girl in a red top)” as likely being from a guy she had met during the band Sweet Pill’s performance at the Warped Tour in Washington, DC, back in June.
“You tapped my shoulder and asked me to help you surf the crowd,” he wrote. “I attempted to lift you up, but no one nearby offered to help, so I awkwardly had to back off. Honestly, I couldn’t assist after that.”
The poster included his Instagram handle, prompting 29-year-old Rivera, who works in real estate, to reach out. She expressed gratitude for his kind message, despite having a boyfriend. The two quickly became friends over DMs and plan to reunite at next year’s Warped Tour in DC.
“I want to meet up and see if he can launch me into the air again,” Rivera said. “I have a boyfriend, but I’m glad to have a friend in him.”
Navigating the Gen Z-Millennial divide, Rivera didn’t grow up with Craigslist’s missed connections, where seekers reached out to strangers in a quest for contact. For many without the courage, these posts provided voyeuristic entertainment.
Such posts became popular, reminding readers of the random wonder of city life. In 2010, Craigslist estimated that around 8,000 new ads were posted on New York City’s Missed Connections page each week.
I once shared a missed connection on Craigslist live. (My recent post read: “We met at a Rockaway BBQ,” “We locked eyes for what felt like ages on the 86th.”) However, the rise of social media and dating apps has somewhat dulled its cultural relevance. A decade later, young people seem to be reviving these traditions on platforms like Reddit and TikTok.
On Reddit, subreddits like r/warpedtour host “megathreads” for missed connections. Commenters recount their encounters, leaving behind contact info in hopeful anticipation. Similar threads can be found in cities like Baltimore, Chicago, Cincinnati, and Minneapolis, as well as at festivals like Bonnaroo, Coachella, Electric Forest, and the Berghain club in Berlin (where mobile phones bring an extra dance floor vibe).
“I’m searching for a beautiful woman with striking eyes. [at] Popeyes,” wrote one Redditor from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Meanwhile, someone in Arlington, Virginia searched for the woman he encountered at a bar—while on a date with someone else. In St. Louis, a visitor in a chemotherapy ward observed strangers in the hallway crying together; he still kept her in his thoughts.
Young people claim this practice, in a romantic context, serves as a remedy for dating fatigue and embodies their ultimate urban fantasy. It’s an analog alternative to dating apps reminiscent of classic comedies where characters search hopelessly for love.
“You move to a big city and feel this hope for unexpected encounters and enchanting moments everywhere,” noted Maggie Hertz, DJ and host on New Jersey’s freeform radio station WFMU. Cat Bomb!, a show featuring missed connections from listeners, remains popular. “There’s something incredibly vulnerable about writing a missed connection.”
Hertz admitted that none of the missed connections on her show have led to real-life meetups, which doesn’t detract from the enjoyment.
“My favorite call came at 3 AM,” Hertz recalled. “The caller was excited and nervous—possibly still buzzing from a few drinks. She was at a diner in Brooklyn and mentioned a waiter who told her she resembled Jake Gyllenhaal.”
Recently, Karly Laliberte spotted an attractive guy while leaving Trader Joe’s in Boston’s Seaport area. “He was tall—rare in Boston,” shared Laliberte, 30, who works in sports marketing. “It’s a stereotype we call ‘Short King City.’ In a movie version of the story, I’d cast Jacob Elordi. They walked in the same direction for a few blocks, and I caught myself stealing glances and ‘feeling his gaze.’ I almost said hi but held back, not wanting to interrupt his conversation.”
Laliberte returned home to film a TikTok, urging viewers to help identify the man. “Within hours, it racked up 50,000 views,” she shared. “TikTok lets you tag your city, making local posts easily visible. It felt like the perfect platform to share missed connections.”
Though she never found the man, Laliberte received messages from people suggesting potential matches—some of whom turned out to be guys she had previously dated.
Laliberte has spent years using dating apps but found herself constantly encountering the same people. Frustrated with swiping, she yearns for charming, old-fashioned interactions. “I crave face-to-face connections,” she said. “I long for authentic, less forced relationships. Why not seek out someone who caught your eye outside Trader Joe’s?”
While young adults today may be realizing the value of missed connections, this practice predates even Craigslist. Francesca Beauman, a British historian and author of “Shapely Ankle Aperer’d,” traced its origins back to 1709.
The earliest ad, published in Tatler (now known as Tatler), mentioned “in the 20th incident, a gentleman wishing to thank the woman who helped him down from a boat at Whitehall, wanting to know where he might wait for her.” The woman was instructed to contact Mr. Samuel Reeves. Beauman discovered a marriage record under the same name a year later, though it remains unclear whether the connection led to a wedding.
While evidence suggesting these methods lead to true love may be scarce even 300 years later, people continue to pursue hope. Recently, actor Colman Domingo revealed he met his husband through a missed connections post in 2005 (they made strong eye contact at a Walgreens in Berkeley, California). Although Laliberte didn’t find her tall guy, she expressed her determination to post another missed connection as “100%.”
“We are all hopeless romantics, ever hopeful,” Beauman said. “Reading them is enjoyable. Placing and responding to them is equally entertaining.”
Researchers have devised a technique to assess the biological age of the brain, revealing it to be a key indicator of future health and longevity.
A recent study involved an analysis of blood samples from 45,000 adults, with protein levels measured in over 3,000 individuals. Many of these proteins correlate with particular organs, including the brain, enabling the estimation of each organ system’s “biological age.”
If an organ’s protein profile significantly deviated from its expected age (based on birthday count), it was categorized as either “very matured” or “very youthful.”
Among the various organs assessed, the brain emerged as the most significant predictor of health outcomes, according to the research.
“The brain is the gatekeeper of longevity,” stated Professor Tony Wyss-Coray, a senior author of the newly published research in Natural Medicine. “An older brain correlates with a higher mortality rate, while a younger brain suggests a longer life expectancy.”
Participants exhibiting a biologically aged brain were found to be 12 times more likely to receive an Alzheimer’s diagnosis within a decade compared to peers with biologically youthful brains.
Additionally, older brains increased the risk of death from any cause by 182% over a 15-year span, whereas youthful brains were linked to a 40% decrease in mortality.
Wyss-Coray emphasized that evaluating the brain and other organs through the lens of biological age marks the dawn of a new preventive medicine era.
“This represents the future of medicine,” he remarked. “Currently, patients visit doctors only when they experience pain, where doctors address what’s malfunctioning. We are transitioning from illness care to wellness care, aiming to intervene before organ-specific diseases arise.”
The team is in the process of commercializing this test, which is anticipated to be available within the next 2-3 years, starting with major organs like the brain, heart, and immune system.
Elon Musk’s AI venture, Xai, has removed “inappropriate” posts from X after Grok, the company’s chatbot, began to make comments praising Adolf Hitler, labeling itself as Mecha Hitler and generating anti-Semitic remarks in response to user inquiries.
Several recent posts described individuals who were “celebrating the tragic deaths of white children” in the Texas floods as “future fascists.”
“A classic case of hatred disguised as activism – that last name really troubles me every time,” remarked the chatbot.
In another message, he stated, “Hitler would have identified and eliminated it.”
The Guardian could not confirm whether the accounts in question belong to real individuals. Reports suggest that the posts have since been removed.
Other messages referred to the chatbot as “Mecha Hitler.”
“White people embody innovation and resilience, not bending to political correctness,” Grok stated in a subsequent message.
Once users highlighted these responses, Grok began deleting certain posts and limited the chatbot to generating images instead of text replies.
“We are aware of recent output from Grok and are actively working to eliminate inappropriate content. Since recognizing these issues, Xai has moved to ban hate speech prior to Grok’s posts on X,” the company stated on X.
“Xai is simply seeking the truth, and with millions of X users, we can quickly identify and update models to enhance training.”
Additionally, Grok recently called Polish Prime Minister Donald Tusk “a complete traitor” and “Ginger Weer.”
The abrupt shift in Grok’s responses on Tuesday followed AI modifications announced by Musk the week prior.
“We’ve made significant improvements to @Grok. You’ll notice the difference when you pose questions to Grok,” Musk tweeted on Friday.
Barge reported that updates on Github indicated Grok was instructed to assume that “subjective perspectives from the media are biased.”
In June, Grok frequently broached the topic of “white genocide” in South Africa, unsolicited in response to various queries, later retracting those statements. “White genocide” is a far-right conspiracy theory that has gained traction recently. Musk and Tucker Carlson have both been associated with such narratives.
In June, after Grok responded to a question regarding whether more political violence originated from the right since 2016, Musk remarked, “This is objectively incorrect, representing a major flaw. Grok echoes legacy media. We’re addressing that.”
Firefighter drops water on wildfires near Athens, Greece
Costa Subarutas/Anadoll via Getty Images
The severe heat waves experienced in June and July have resulted in 2,300 fatalities across London and 11 other European cities, nearly tripling the death toll attributed to climate change. While assessing the effects of climate change on heat-related deaths typically takes months, scientists have now devised a rapid method for analysis.
In late June, a series of high-pressure “thermal domes” led to extreme temperatures in Western and Central Europe, reaching around 35°C to 40°C in London. Paris recorded temperatures as high as 46°C, while parts of Spain and Portugal also faced similar conditions. The intense heat caused nuclear reactors to shut down in Switzerland, France, and Italy. In response to worker fatalities caused by the heat, outdoor work was prohibited during peak temperatures.
Researchers at the World Weather Attribution Network utilized weather data to assess how severe the heatwave would have been without climate change, comparing that with observed conditions. They integrated a study from the London Faculty of Hygiene, which illustrated the relationship between daily temperatures and increased death rates in European cities, along with their own findings. This framework was then applied to actual temperatures, calculating the potential fatalities due to climate change during this heat wave.
By estimating the period from June 23 to July 2, the researchers concluded that 2,300 individuals perished due to the heat in cities like Barcelona, Budapest, Frankfurt, Lisbon, London, Madrid, Milan, Paris, Rome, Sassari, and Zagreb. Analysis indicated that even under cooler climate conditions, there would have been approximately 700 deaths. However, climate change raised temperatures by as much as four degrees, contributing to an additional estimated 1,500 fatalities. Heat remains one of the deadliest forms of extreme weather, often exacerbating existing health conditions and going unrecognized on death certificates.
This marks the first study to swiftly quantify climate-related fatalities following a heat wave. Specifically, in London, climate change was responsible for 171 out of 235 heat-related deaths. “For me, [the impact of] climate change feels more tangible,” remarked team member Freedérique Otto from Imperial College London. “It is essential for policymakers to take action.”
“Currently, we’re nearing dangerously high temperatures affecting more people,” stated team member Ben Clark of Imperial College London. Notably, 88% of the fatalities were individuals over 65, the most vulnerable demographic.
Experts suggest that this study might underestimate the death toll, as it relies on data from cooler climates. Christie Ebi from Washington University in Seattle expressed concern over future extreme temperatures, stating, “I am uncertain about what will happen when we reach these extreme levels.”
In response to the rising temperatures, the government has issued more heat wave warnings; however, emergency response plans and infrastructure improvements are still necessary. In Milan, for instance, 499 deaths were reported, exacerbated by high air pollution levels that can worsen with rising temperatures. With 90% of fatalities linked to climate change, Madrid struggles with a lack of green spaces to mitigate urban heat effects.
Additionally, many buildings in London suffer from inadequate ventilation. Currently, measures such as providing drinking water at subway stations and halting non-essential vehicle usage during heat waves are being implemented. Otto emphasizes the importance of public awareness around heat risks, stating, “If you believe you are invincible, you’re not.”
IF Adam Dorr is right, robots and artificial intelligence may soon dominate the global economy, effectively displacing humanity from the workforce. Social scientists also foresee a drastic, rapid, and relentless tech transformation, likely rendering most human jobs obsolete within the next two decades.
Dorr leads a team of researchers studying technological change over millennia and predicts that by 2045 not only will the labor market be shaken, but even horses, in a metaphorical sense, will be affected. “In the realm of technology, we’ve become the next targets. That’s our labor we’re discussing.”
Whatever your profession, machines will soon be able to perform those tasks. “Costs have continually decreased, and capabilities have continually improved. I’ve observed this trend before. If you can achieve the same results for less, the switch becomes inevitable. We are akin to horses, and to traditional film cameras.”
Adam Dorr: “We’re horses, we’re movie cameras.” Photo: Andrew Watchhorn Photography
Dorr, 48, is a technology theorist with a PhD in Public Service from UCLA. He leads Rethinkx, a nonprofit focused on analyzing and forecasting technological disruptions, primarily established and funded by tech entrepreneurs James Albib and Tony Seba.
In a conversation with the Guardian, Dorr discussed his recent visit to Ireland for the Dargan Forum, a two-day event in Dún Laoghaire, South Dublin, that emphasized green and digital transitions.
Dorr combined his foreboding forecasts, asserting that humanoid robots equipped with advanced AI are poised to permeate nearly every industry, leaving humans unable to compete. This situation will lead to increased inequality and extreme societal divides.
The pace of this transition is faster than most anticipate, according to Dorr. “We’ve tracked over 1,500 instances of technological change throughout history. Our theoretical framework has revealed consistent patterns occurring repeatedly.”
When new technologies capture even a slight percentage of market share or public attention, they tend to quickly gain overwhelming dominance within 15 to 20 years. This indicates that both robots and AI could soon eradicate human labor, as Dorr claims.
“The machines we envision are expanding daily, and we have limited time to brace ourselves for this. Turbulence is unavoidable.”
Some sectors allow for fruitful human-robot collaboration, reminiscent of chess grandmasters working alongside chess programs, but Dorr believes such coexistence is becoming less viable.
While roles that depend on human judgment, like sports coaches, politicians, sex workers, and ethicists, may still exist, these too face fierce competition from machines. “There will always be some niche areas for human labor, but the reality is we aren’t close to enough job opportunities to employ 4 billion people.”
As traditional institutions may no longer serve their intended purposes, Dorr emphasizes the urgent need for society to create new guidelines and reassess concepts like value, pricing, and distribution. “I don’t have the answers. I’m not even sure if I’m asking the right questions. What I do know is that we must experiment with new ownership models and stakeholder structures.”
Adam Dorr at the Royal Marine Hotel in Dun Laoghaire, Dublin; Photo: Andrew Watchhorn Photography
He is the author of the book *Bright: The Future of Optimism, Progress, and Environmentalism*, which envisions a future of sustainability and hope. He recognizes the risks of economic disruption, rising populist sentiments, and misinformation, yet he insists this evolution is inevitable. The potential for productivity gains and abundance is staggering, and by emulating models like open-source software, equitable distribution can be achievable. “This could be one of humanity’s most significant transformations to date.”
While past futurists anticipated an era of leisure but missed the mark, current insights suggest that such a transformation may actually be on the horizon, with a smaller segment of society, previously unengaged in work, offering guidance on how to fill their time.
“We can draw comparisons with affluent individuals who seem directionless and possibly unhappy, while others find ways to lead meaningful and purposeful lives. I believe our connections with friends, family, and community play a crucial role in this fulfillment.
Sony’s newest Bluetooth headphones aim to reclaim the title for the best noise cancellation available, featuring both internal and external enhancements.
The Sony 1000X series has consistently offered exceptional noise cancellation, competing closely with Bose for the top spot.
The WH-1000XM6 succeeds the outgoing XM5 model, priced at £399 (€449/$449/$699).
Its exterior design closely resembles its predecessor, featuring a smooth, soft-touch plastic body, luxurious ear pads and headband, along with a discreet Sony logo on the arms. The ear cups now have hard fabric cases redesigned with magnetic clasps for compactness.
The case is excellent, snapping closed efficiently and ready for travel. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
While the new headphones are lightweight, they feel robust and well-suited for the rigors of travel. Although the Bose QC Ultra offers more comfort, the XM6 delivers a secure fit without discomfort. The ear cups are slightly shallower than Bose’s, ensuring an appropriate fit.
The right ear cup features a responsive touch panel for controlling playback and volume through swipes and taps, which works well unless you wear gloves. The left ear cup includes a power button, a 3.5mm headphone jack, and a button for toggling between noise cancellation modes.
The XM6 can connect to two devices at once via Bluetooth 5.3 and supports SBC, AAC, and LDAC audio formats. It also supports Bluetooth LE (LC3), a next-generation Bluetooth audio feature not yet widely adopted, but promising for the future. Call quality is excellent, featuring side tone options that sound natural in both quiet and noisy environments, allowing users to hear themselves through the headphones.
The power and noise cancelling mode buttons are conveniently located on the left earcup, while the right earcup allows for playback and volume control via the touch panel. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Specifications
Weight: 254g
Driver: 30mm
Connectivity: Multipoint, 3.5mm, Bluetooth 5.3 with USB-C charging
Bluetooth Codecs: SBC, AAC, LDAC, LC3
Rated Battery Life: 30 hours ANC
During testing, the headphones exceeded the rated 30 hours of battery life, managing over 32 hours with noise cancellation active. They charge via USB-C in approximately 3.5 hours and can be used while charging via Bluetooth or the headphone jack.
Impressive Noise Cancellation
For the first time in years, the XM6 features a chip upgrade with the new QN3 processor, which is seven times faster than previous versions and supports 12 microphones to detect unwanted noise, achieving remarkable noise cancellation.
Top noise canceling headphones effectively manage low engine noises and rumble, but also struggle against higher-pitched sounds like keyboard taps and background chatter. The XM6 significantly improves on this by neutralizing those distracting higher frequencies.
It also offers an excellent natural sounding ambient mode that allows users to clearly hear the outside world, with 20 different levels to choose from or automatic adjustments based on background noise. You can choose to suppress certain sounds while letting voices through.
Control modes through the Sony Sound Connect App, adjust settings, complete EQ, and perform updates. It also enables location and activity-based modes. Composite: Samuel Gibbs/Guardian
The headphones deliver a rich, well-balanced, and detailed sound quality expected from a market leader, maintaining clarity across the frequency spectrum with excellent tonal separation and robust bass when required. They may feel a bit clinical on specific tracks but offer a warm tone out of the box. A full equalizer setting allows for further customization.
The XM6 also supports various sound modes, including new background music features simulating acoustic environments like cafes or living rooms, as well as cinematic audio modes for movies. You can also utilize Sony’s 360 Reality Audio embedded spatial audio system for supported Android devices, including head tracking capabilities.
Sustainability
The black soft-touch plastic easily collects fingerprints but can be easily polished. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The headphones are designed to be more repairable, earning praise from repair experts for their improved design. Ear cups can be easily replaced. Additionally, they are constructed from recycled plastic.
Price
The Sony WH-1000XM6 is priced at £399 (€449/$449.99/$699.95). For comparison, the Bose QuietComfort Ultra is priced at £350, the Sonos Ace costs £449, and the Beats Studio Pro retails for £349.99. Sennheiser Momentum 4 Wireless is priced at £199, while Fairbuds XL are available for £219.
Verdict
Sony has set a new benchmark for noise cancellation with its 6th generation 1000X series headphones. The WH-1000XM6 effectively reduces challenging high-pitched sounds such as background chatter better than any competitors.
The improvements over the previous model are noteworthy. The high-quality sound ensures an enjoyable listening experience. They are lightweight, comfortable, and feature excellent controls. With a solid battery life exceeding 32 hours, a folding design, and a great carrying case, they are convenient to use.
While the Bose QC Ultra remains a comfortable competitor, Sony’s designs may seem somewhat dull and come at a steep price of £400, despite some rivals being more expensive. However, if top-tier noise cancellation is your goal, the WH-1000XM6 is highly recommended.
Pros: Best-in-class noise cancellation, excellent sound quality, spatial audio features, lightweight and comfortable, great case, Bluetooth Multipoint, support for Bluetooth LE/LC3, 32-hour battery life, effective controls, superior cross-platform control app, enhanced repairability.
Cons: Pricey, unexciting design, lacks water resistance, limited spatial audio support on iPhone.
Recent studies indicate that Earth and the rest of the Milky Way could be drifting through the universe’s voids for billions of years.
By analyzing the echoes left by the Big Bang’s “Soundwave,” a group of astronomers has uncovered that the universe’s voids may be more extensive than previously believed.
If validated, this theory could solve one of the major dilemmas in cosmology known as Hubble tension, which highlights the discrepancy in how quickly our universe is expanding based on various measurement methods.
Astronomers have grappled with this issue for quite some time, finding that the expansion rate measured from the distant universe is significantly slower than that determined from observations of local regions.
“The possible resolution to this discrepancy is that our galaxy resides near the center of a large, local void,” stated Dr. Indranil Banik from the University of Portsmouth at the National Astronomical Conference in Durham.
This situation arises because the area surrounding the void is densely packed with galaxies, and their gravitational influence gradually pulls in nearby galaxies, leading to the void’s slow emptying over time.
“Due to the void’s emptiness, the speed of objects receding from us is greater than if the void were absent,” Banik explained. Thus, it may appear that the local universe is expanding at a faster rate than it truly is.
For Hubble’s tension to hold, the empty void must exhibit a galactic density approximately 20% lower than the universe’s average and span about 1 billion light-years.
Life in the Void
The concept of living within a void is not new, but confirming its existence poses challenges.
For instance, it’s quite difficult to perceive the shape of your environment when you are immersed within it—like trying to analyze your home from inside a room.
Current cosmological theories suggest uniformity across large scales, implying the absence of significant voids within our vicinity.
Galaxies tend to cluster together like the Perseus clusters, separated by large voids. Yet, everything should appear uniform on a grand scale – credits: Image processing Cuillandre (Cea Paris-Saclay), G. by ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA, J.-C. Anselmi
However, Banik’s team has gathered evidence supporting the existence of a local void by studying the acoustic vibrations known as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO). These fluctuations result from pressure waves produced during the primordial phase of the Big Bang.
Over billions of years, these oscillations have influenced the arrangement of galaxies in the broader universe. If our galaxy is positioned at the center of a void, it would distort the BAO patterns we observe nearby.
This research, drawing on data collected over the past 20 years, reinforces the idea that we genuinely inhabit a vast void.
Real challenges will emerge when examining how life within the void impacts other aspects of the surrounding universe, which may prove to be lonelier than we ever anticipated.
The astronomer utilizing ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT) has unveiled a new image of 3i/Atlas, marking it as the third interstellar object documented.
This VLT/FORS2 image, captured on July 3, 2025, depicts interstellar comet 3i/Atlas. Image credit: ESO/O. Hainaut.
3i/Atlas was identified a week ago by the NASA-supported Atlas Survey Telescope in Riojartad, Chile.
Commonly referred to as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11PL3Z, this comet is approaching from the direction of Sagittarius.
“In contrast to objects within the solar system, its highly eccentric hyperbolic orbit indicates its interstellar origin,” ESO astronomers stated.
Currently, 3i/Atlas is approximately 4.5 AU (670 million km, or 416 million miles) away from the Sun.
Interstellar objects pose no danger to Earth, maintaining a distance of at least 1.6 AU (240 million km, or 150 million miles).
Around October 30, 2025, it will make its closest approach to the Sun at a distance of 1.4 AU (210 million km, or 130 million miles).
“In the VLT time-lapse, you can observe 3i/Atlas moving to the right over approximately 13 minutes,” the astronomer remarked.
“These observations were gathered using FORS2 equipment at the VLT on the night of July 3, 2025, just two days post-discovery of the comet.”
“At the conclusion of the video, all frames are compiled into a single image.
“However, this record will not endure as the comet approaches Earth and becomes less visible.”
“As it currently traverses more than 600 million km from the Sun, 3i/Atlas is heading towards the inner solar system, expected to reach its closest approach to Earth in October 2025,” they noted.
“During that time, 3i/Atlas will be obscured by the Sun, but observations should resume in December 2025.
“Telescopes globally, including the VLT, will persist in monitoring this extraordinary celestial visitor to gather more insights into its structure, composition, and origin.”
Plastic polymers are everywhere in our daily lives, and their durability makes them suitable for numerous uses, yet effective disposal remains a significant issue. Recent discoveries of various plastiboa insects reveal their extraordinary capability to consume and swiftly decompose petroplastics. Specifically focusing on caterpillars of the Great Wax Moth (Galleria Mellonella)—commonly known as wax worms—and low-density polyethylene, researchers have explored the extent of plastic consumption, the roles of insects and their microbiota in biodegradation, and the impact of plastic ingestion on larvae health.
Polyethylene decomposition using wax worms. Left: Plastic bag after 12 hours of exposure to approximately 100 wax worms. Right: Enlarge the area shown in the image on the left. Image credit: Bomb et al doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.02.060.
Plastic is essential in contemporary life, but its disposal is extremely challenging due to its resistance to biodegradation.
In 2017, researchers illustrated that larger wax moth caterpillars can effectively break down polyethylene plastics.
Polyethylene is the most widely produced plastic globally, with an annual production exceeding 100 million tons.
This plastic’s chemical properties make it resistant to decomposition, often taking decades or even centuries to fully break down.
“Around 2,000 wax worms can degrade an entire polyethylene bag within just 24 hours, and we believe that supplementing this process with nutrients like sugar could significantly decrease the required number of worms,” said Dr. Brian Catthorne, a biologist at Brandon University.
“However, understanding the biological mechanisms and fitness implications linked to plastic biodegradation is crucial for harnessing wax worms for large-scale plastic remediation.”
Utilizing diverse methods combining animal physiology, materials science, molecular biology, and genomics, Dr. Catthorne and colleagues examined wax worms, their bacterial microbiome, and the potential for extensive plastic biodegradation, including the effects of wax worms on their health and survival.
“This scenario is akin to consuming steaks. When over-saturated, excess fat is stored in adipose tissue as lipid reserves instead of being used as energy,” Dr. Catthorne explained.
“Waxworms have a proclivity for polyethylene, yet this study indicates that such a diet can lead to rapid mortality.”
“They cannot survive for more than a few days on plastic-exclusive diets and undergo substantial mass loss.”
“Nonetheless, we are optimistic about devising a co-supply strategy that not only restores fitness to a natural level.”
Researchers have pinpointed two ways in which wax worms could aid in tackling the ongoing plastic pollution dilemma.
“Firstly, as part of a circular economy, we can efficiently process large quantities of rear wax worms derived from the supplemented polyethylene diet,” Dr. Catthorne noted.
“Secondly, we could explore redesigning the plastic biodegradation pathways outside of these insects.”
“A further advantage is that mass-producing wax worms yields a significant surplus of insect biomass, offering additional economic prospects for aquaculture.”
“Our preliminary findings suggest they could be incorporated into a nutrient-rich diet for commercially available food fish.”
A recent study by researchers at the University of Manchester explored Earth’s radar systems as a potential technological signature detectable by extraterrestrial observers. While SETI typically emphasizes intentional transmissions, this study focused on the unintended electromagnetic emissions from civilian and military radar systems at airports. These technologies constitute vital components of advanced civilizations and produce radio emissions that can be identified across interstellar distances. The authors investigated how the global distribution of radar installations influences the temporal characteristics of Earth’s radio signatures as viewed from six specific star systems: Bernard Star, HD 40307, AU Microscope, HD 216520, and LHS 475. The results indicate that radar systems represent one of the most detectable and unintended technological signatures of advanced civilizations, paving the way for the possible detection of extraterrestrial intelligence.
Ramiro Saide et al. examined how extraterrestrial leaks are concealed from Earth up to 200 light-years away if they possessed a radio telescope similar to ours. Image credit: Gemini AI.
“Our investigation revealed that the airport radar systems, which manage air traffic, emit a staggering total of 2×1015 radio signals,” stated Ramilo Kais Said, a student at the University of Manchester.
“To provide context, the nearest potentially habitable exoplanet beyond our solar system is Proxima Centauri B, located four light-years away.”
“These signals will continue to reach spacecraft utilizing current technology for thousands of years.”
Military radar systems, which are more focused and directional, create unique emissions akin to lighthouse beams that illuminate specific fields of view.14
“To observers at interstellar distances with advanced radio telescopes, these emissions would obviously appear artificial,” remarked Kaisse Saide.
“Indeed, these military signals can appear up to 100 times more intense from a particular vantage point in the universe, contingent on the observer’s location.”
“Our findings indicate that radar signals unintentionally produced by any technologically advanced civilization with complex aviation systems could serve as a universal sign of intelligent life.”
This research not only guides the search for extraterrestrial civilizations by pinpointing promising technological signatures but also enhances our understanding of how human technology is perceived from space.
“Insights into how our signals propagate through space offer valuable lessons on safeguarding our radio spectrum for communication and designing future radar systems,” stated Professor Michael Garrett from the University of Manchester.
“The methods we developed for modeling and detecting these faint signals hold promise for applications in astronomy, planetary defense, and assessing the impacts of human technology on the space environment.”
“Thus, our work contributes to scientific endeavors addressing the question, ‘Are we alone?'” Kaisse Saide noted.
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