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Billions of Phones Capable of Detecting and Alerting Users to Nearby Earthquakes

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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Advanced warnings can save lives before an earthquake, such as the 5.6 magnitude tremor that affected hundreds of people in Indonesia in 2022

Aditya Aji/AFP via Getty Images

Your mobile device might already be part of the billions of gadgets worldwide functioning as an early warning system for earthquakes across numerous nations.

Launched in 2020, Google’s Android Earthquake Alerts System has expanded to reach 2.3 billion Android phone and smartwatch users, enabling them to receive alerts about seismic activity, according to a recent study by Google researchers. However, these devices do more than just issue warnings; they also contribute to earthquake detection.

“Billions of Android devices come together to form mini-seismometers, establishing the world’s largest earthquake detection network,” states Richard Allen, a visiting researcher at the University of California, Berkeley.

Developed by Allen and his team, the system analyzes vibrations captured by accelerometers in Android devices and smartwatches. This collective network of sensors can determine the magnitude of an earthquake and identify which users are in close range of danger for timely warning messages.

Google’s system alerts users when it detects tremors of 4.5 or greater on the Richter scale. Yet, Allen notes that the system “may not detect all earthquakes” due to the need for sufficient nearby devices. For instance, earthquakes from most central ridges may go undetected, but the system can identify seismic events occurring up to hundreds of kilometers offshore.

A critical challenge is the swift and accurate assessment of each earthquake’s magnitude. Researchers have refined the detection algorithm over time by creating regional models that better represent local structural movements and by considering the varying sensitivities of different Android devices.

According to Allen, Google’s global system is now as effective as the ShakeAlert system, which serves the US West Coast, as well as Japan’s early warning system. He emphasizes that Google’s initiative is intended to complement, not replace, seismometer-based services, which provide warnings like ShakeAlert to West Coast residents. “Many earthquake-prone areas lack the local seismic network necessary for timely alerts,” Allen comments.

Google’s system serves as a “unique source” for nations without an existing earthquake early warning framework, states Katsu Goda from Western University in Canada, who is not affiliated with the project. He noted that even in regions with existing alert systems, Google’s solution reaches a broader audience.

The system currently delivers alerts to 98 countries and territories, including the United States, but excluding the UK. “Our focus has primarily been on countries at high historical risk for earthquakes that lack existing early warning solutions,” explains Marc Stogaitis from Google.

Android devices in the region captured seismic waves during the 6.2 magnitude earthquake in Turkey in April 2025

Data SIO, NOAA, US NAVY, NGA, GEBCO, LDEO-COLUMBIA, NSF, Landsat/Copernicus, Google Earth

A recent study evaluating system performance and accuracy revealed that the system generated alerts for 1,279 earthquake events up until March 2024, with only three false alarms. Of these, two were due to thunderstorms and one stemmed from an unrelated mass notification that caused several phones to vibrate. The research team improved their detection algorithm to minimize these types of false alerts.

Most Android devices are automatically enrolled in a mobile phone-based seismometer network and receive alerts regarding nearby earthquakes by default, although users can modify these settings. In a Google User Survey, over one-third of participants reported receiving alerts before feeling any shaking, and most indicated that these notifications were extremely beneficial.

If users remain subscribed to alerts, they will receive two types of notifications: more urgent action alerts encouraging immediate precautions like “drop, cover, hold,” which often provide only a few seconds of advance warning, and out-of-interference alerts that share general information, allowing a brief window before a user experiences the earthquake.

“The nature of earthquakes implies that there are less warning time before strong shaking compared to weaker events,” states Stogaitis. “Nonetheless, we are continuously examining adjustments to our alert strategies to extend warning times for future earthquakes.”

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A Healthy Baby Conceived with Three DNA Sources to Combat Hereditary Diseases

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

LONDON – Eight healthy babies have been born in the UK, aided by experimental techniques designed to prevent mothers from transmitting severe rare diseases to their offspring through DNA, researchers have announced.

The majority of DNA resides within the nuclei of our cells and is inherited from both our mothers and fathers—essentially, it shapes who we are. However, mitochondria, the cell’s energy-producing structures, also contain DNA outside the nucleus. Mutations in this mitochondrial DNA can lead to various illnesses in children, resulting in symptoms like muscle weakness, seizures, developmental delays, major organ failure, and even death.

In vitro fertilization (IVF) testing typically helps identify these mutations, although there are instances where this is not evident.

Researchers have pioneered methods to circumvent these issues by employing healthy mitochondria from donor eggs. They reported their findings in 2023 in an article detailing the birth of the first babies born using this technique, which involves extracting genetic material from the mother’s eggs or embryos and transferring it to a donor egg or embryo possessing healthy mitochondria, while discarding the bulk of its original DNA.

Dr. Zev Williams, head of the Fertility Center at Columbia University and not involved in this study, stated that this research “marks a significant milestone.” He believes that broadening reproductive choices will allow more couples to achieve a safe and healthy pregnancy.

This method results in an embryo containing DNA from the mother, the father, and the donor’s mitochondria—an approach that became legally viable in the UK after law changes in 2016. Similar procedures are also permitted in Australia, though they remain banned in many countries, including the US.

Experts from Newcastle University in the UK and Monash University in Australia reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that they successfully implemented these new methods for fertilizing embryos from 22 patients, with one woman still pregnant.

Footage released by the Newcastle Fertility Center shows delicate IVF procedures.
Fertility Centre in Newcastle

One of the eight babies born exhibited unexpectedly high levels of abnormal mitochondria, according to Robin Lovell-Badge, a stem cell and developmental genetics scientist at the Francis Crick Institute, who was not involved in the research. While these levels are not currently deemed harmful, monitoring is required as the baby grows.

Andy Greenfield, a reproductive medicine expert at Oxford University not associated with the research, emphasized its significance, noting that mitochondrial replacement techniques are primarily used in other settings aimed at avoiding genetic illnesses, like early-stage embryo testing.

“This technique was certified a decade ago, so we have all been anticipating this report,” he shared with NBC News via email. “Fortunately, the children appear to be healthy.”

Long-term follow-up with these children is essential as keeping them healthy is a priority, he emphasized.

Lovell-Badge noted that the donor DNA’s contribution is minimal, asserting that the child will not exhibit characteristics from the women who provided the healthy mitochondria. The donor genetic material constitutes less than 1% of the DNA in babies conceived using this technology.

“In comparison, if you received a bone marrow transplant from a donor, you would possess significantly more DNA from other individuals,” he explained.

In the UK, all couples seeking childbirth via donated mitochondria must obtain approval from the national fertility authority.

Concerns have been raised by critics, who warn that the long-term effects of such innovative techniques on future generations remain uncertain.

“At this time, clinical application in the US is not allowed, mainly due to regulatory restrictions regarding genetic modifications to embryos,” Dr. Williams from Columbia said via email. “Whether this situation will evolve remains unclear and is subject to ongoing scientific, ethical, and policy discussions.”

For almost ten years, Congress has included provisions in the annual funding bill that prevent the FDA from accepting applications related to clinical research protocols involving the intentional creation or modification of human embryos to incorporate genetic alterations.

However, in jurisdictions where such methods are allowed, advocates argue they can offer a promising option for some families.

Liz Curtis, whose daughter Lily passed away from mitochondrial disease in 2006, is collaborating with other families affected by these disorders. She expressed the devastation of receiving a diagnosis indicating that death was inevitable for an infant without intervention.

Curtis reflected on how the diagnosis “turned our world upside down, and yet there was minimal discussion about it, what it entailed, and how it would affect Lily.” Following this experience, she founded the Lily Foundation in her daughter’s honor to raise awareness and support regarding the disease, alongside her latest initiatives at Newcastle University.

“This development is incredibly exciting for families who have little hope for a positive outcome,” Curtis remarked.

The UK fertility authority, which oversees human fertilization and embryology, endorsed the findings, noting that this technique might only be accessible to individuals with a high risk of transmitting disease to their children.

As of this month, 35 patients have been approved to undergo the procedure.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

What Your Dog’s TV Watching Habits Reveal About Their Personality

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies indicate that a dog’s response to your preferred TV show can reveal much about your personality.

In a recent Nature study, researchers found that enthusiastic dogs tend to interpret what they see on TV as reality, whereas anxious dogs are more inclined to react to non-animal elements, like humans and vehicles.

According to Lane Montgomery, a graduate student from Auburn University who spearheaded the research, there was a single consensus among all dogs regarding one topic.

“Overall, dogs generally seem to enjoy television, particularly when it features other dogs and animals,” Montgomery said to BBC Science Focus.

However, a note of caution before curating dog video playlists for your beloved pet: nearly half of the 453 dogs analyzed reacted every time their on-screen counterparts barked or howled.

Interestingly, breed and gender did not appear to influence their reactions, with older dogs exhibiting similar caution to younger puppies.

Dogs have been enjoying television alongside humans for nearly a century. Today, there are even specialized channels and programs designed to enhance dogs’ lives while their owners are engaged elsewhere.

Despite this, there has been little scientific inquiry into how dogs respond to visual stimuli.

To fill this gap, Montgomery encouraged dog owners to complete a survey that documented their pets’ responses to various dogs, animals, humans, inanimate objects, and environmental effects appearing on TV.

Montgomery posits that more impulsive dogs are likely to chase objects appearing on the TV screen or look behind the TV to track their movement, indicating they perceive the visuals as real.

Research indicates that dogs engage with TV for an average of 14 minutes – Credits: Getty Images/Manabougaswara

Conversely, skittish dogs were more prone to react when they saw people on TV or heard doorbells.

This research focuses solely on interactions with the most common individuals, rather than assessing whether these interactions are positive or negative.

Nevertheless, the insights gathered could aid owners in targeting training to eliminate undesirable behaviors and better identify which shows might be stressing their pets.

“The primary aim of this study was to enhance our understanding of how dogs react to various TV programs, thereby increasing the effectiveness of television as a tool for dog enrichment,” Montgomery stated. “Understanding which types of shows captivate dogs can help dog TV programs improve their content according to what dogs are likely to enjoy.”

About our experts

Lane Montgomery is a doctoral candidate in the Cognitive and Behavioral Sciences Program at Auburn University, USA. Her research concentrates on canine behavior and cognition to enhance the welfare of companion dogs and the efficiency of working dogs.

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Rising Rates of Gastrointestinal Cancer Among Individuals Under 50

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Rising Rates of Gastrointestinal Cancer in Young Adults

Gastrointestinal cancers, which encompass colorectal, gastric, and pancreatic cancers, are increasingly prevalent among young adults, though the reasons remain largely unclear. The potential causes warrant further investigation, according to experts. A review published in JAMA on Thursday highlights that gastrointestinal cancer has become the fastest-growing cancer among adults under 50 in the United States.

This review offers one of the most comprehensive overviews of gastrointestinal cancer trends, synthesizing data from a major international cancer database alongside 115 studies published from January 2014 to March 2025. The authors stress the importance of adhering to colorectal cancer screening guidelines. They recommend that individuals at average risk begin screening—typically through colonoscopy or stool tests—at age 45. As screening for pancreatic, stomach, and esophageal cancers remains infrequent in the U.S., the authors are exploring innovative ways to broaden screening access.

“This underscores the necessity of improving screening and early detection,” stated Dr. Kimmie Ng, co-author and director of the Dana-Farber Cancer Institute’s Young Onset Colorectal Cancer Center.

According to the findings, colorectal cancer is the most frequently diagnosed early-onset gastrointestinal cancer, with approximately 185,000 cases worldwide in 2022, including nearly 21,000 in the U.S. This reflects a 2% annual increase since 2011, as reported by the American Cancer Society. “This is unprecedented in this age group, and we are witnessing a significant rise among individuals in their 20s, 30s, and 40s,” commented Dr. John Marshall, chief medical consultant for the nonprofit Colorectal Cancer Alliance, which was not involved in the study. A notable case is actor Chadwick Boseman, who was diagnosed with colon cancer in 2016 and passed away at age 43 four years later.

Emerging research indicates a rise in early-onset cases of pancreatic, stomach, and esophageal cancers as well. Previous studies suggest that the incidence of these gastrointestinal cancers is disproportionately higher among Black and Hispanic populations. Pancreatic cancer, known for its high mortality rate, shows that only 13% of patients survive five years post-diagnosis. Although colorectal cancer is the most common, healthcare providers possess a better understanding of the factors contributing to early-onset cases compared to other cancers.

“Understanding the dynamics of colorectal cancer has given us insights into its initiation,” noted Dr. Scott Kopetz, a professor of gastrointestinal medical oncology at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. He posited that multiple factors likely contribute to the increase in early-onset cases. “There isn’t one overarching theory,” he said.

The recent review in JAMA suggests that lifestyle factors such as obesity, sedentary behavior, inadequate nutrition, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption are largely associated with early-onset gastrointestinal cancers. A specific study highlighted that women who consumed more sugary beverages during puberty faced a heightened risk of developing early-onset colorectal cancer. “The behaviors and exposures during childhood and adolescence likely contribute to the cancer risks seen in young adults,” remarked Dr. Ng.

Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has raised concerns about the correlation between sugary drinks and health issues, including cancer. Recently, President Donald Trump announced that Coca-Cola would switch to cane sugar instead of U.S. corn syrup; however, the company did not confirm this change to NBC News.

Dr. Marshall speculated that the uptick in early-onset colorectal cancer may be linked to shifts in gut microbiota. Factors such as diet, antibiotic usage, microplastics, and chemical exposures could impact these bacteria, yet scientists lack a clear understanding of what constitutes a healthy microbiome and its implications for health. This area is ripe for research.

The review by Dr. Ng found that between 15% and 30% of individuals with early-onset gastrointestinal cancer carry hereditary genetic mutations, indicating a propensity to develop cancer earlier. She advocates for genetic testing for all patients diagnosed under 50.

Despite improvements in treatment and screening that have boosted overall survival rates for gastrointestinal cancer, the review indicates that younger patients often experience poorer outcomes. This trend persists despite receiving more comprehensive treatment, including surgeries, radiation, and aggressive chemotherapy regimens. One reason cited is that primary care physicians may overlook symptoms such as abdominal pain, constipation, heartburn, and reflux in younger patients, delaying diagnosis.

“In my experience, when young individuals present with non-specific symptoms, there tends to be a lack of consideration for colorectal or other gastrointestinal cancers, leading to more advanced-stage diagnoses,” said Dr. Howard Hochster, director of gastrointestinal oncology at Rutgers Cancer Institute and RWJBarnabas Health. However, Dr. Ng pointed out that younger patients still display worse survival rates, even when accounting for the stage of diagnosis. “This leads us to contemplate whether cancers that arise in younger individuals might possess unique biological characteristics that render them more aggressive or less responsive to treatment,” she concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Alert: Increased Threat of Submarine Cable Attacks Supported by Russia and China

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent reports indicate an increasing risk of assaults on submarine cables supported by Russia and China, which facilitate international internet traffic, particularly amid ongoing tensions in the Baltic Sea and Taiwan.

Submarine cables represent 99% of global intercontinental data traffic and have experienced various disruptive incidents allegedly tied to state activities in the past 18 months.

A study conducted by the US cybersecurity firm Recorded Future has highlighted nine incidents expected in the Baltic Sea and near Taiwan in 2024 and 2025, suggesting a predictive pattern for further harmful actions.

According to the analysis, while genuine accidents could lead to damage to many submarine cables, the situations in the Baltic Sea and Taiwan suggest a rise in malicious actions attributed to Russia and China.

“The operations linked to Russia in the Baltic region and China in the Western Pacific are likely to increase as tensions elevate,” the firm noted.

The report points to several incidents, including the disconnection of two submarine cables from Lithuania to Sweden in November, with accusations directed at an anchor dragged by a Chinese vessel. Also in December, a Russian oil tanker was detained after severing cables between Finland and Estonia.

In Taiwan, recent incidents include cable damage caused by a Chinese-operated cargo vessel zigzagging over the line to Peng Island in February. One month prior, another Chinese vessel was suggested as a likely source of damage to the Taiwan-US cable.

The analysis states, “While deterring state-sponsored sabotage linked to the Baltic and Taiwan incidents is challenging, such activities align with the strategic goals of Russia and China, as well as observed operations and their existing deep-sea capabilities.”

Recorded Future emphasizes that successful attacks on multiple cables are likely to result in prolonged disruptions, typically requiring intervention in deeper waters and likely involving state-level threat actors due to the complexities of accessing these sites. Such actions may occur prior to a full-scale conflict, the report suggests.

The firm noted 44 distinct cable damages have been recorded over the past 18 months. A significant portion is attributed to “unclear causes,” while nearly a third remains unexplained, with 16% due to seismic activity or other natural events.

Submarine cables installed in the Baltic Sea. Analysts suggest sabotaging these cables is a strategic move, as it can be framed as accidental damage. Photo: Lehtikuva/Reuters

Analysts believe that targeting subsea cables presents a strategic advantage, as such actions can disguise as accidental damage or implicate vessels without direct connections to any suspected attackers.

To mitigate the risk of incidents damaging multiple cables and resulting in “long-term connectivity issues,” Recorded Future recommends enhanced cable monitoring, improved security measures, and robust stress testing of subsea infrastructure.

Notably, despite incidents in the Baltic and Taiwan regions, the most severe cases unfolded elsewhere. In February last year, a missile from Houthi forces struck a ship’s anchor, severely disrupting communications in the Middle East. A month later, in West Africa, an underwater landslide caused significant issues, followed by another critical incident off the coast of South Africa in May 2024 related to cable drifting.

The implications of the Red Sea and African incidents reveal that the longest-lasting disruptions occur in regions with limited alternative cable options and insufficient repair capabilities, irrespective of the specific causes.

In contrast, two cable incidents in the Baltic Sea last November had minimal repercussions due to their relatively low impact and the resilience of European internet infrastructure. However, the report highlights that three EU island nations—Malta, Cyprus, and Ireland—are more susceptible due to their heavy dependence on submarine cables for global communications.

The recent strategic defense assessment from the UK government acknowledged the potential threats to submarine cables and recommended a greater and more coordinated role for the Royal Navy in safeguarding the submarine infrastructure that carries vital information, energy, and goods relied upon by citizens.

The Plague Returns: Should You Be Concerned?

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Earlier this week, health officials in Arizona reported a death due to pneumonia, specifically that Plague – responsible for decimating nearly half of Europe’s population during the 14th century, historically known as the Black Death.

At the same time, the US is grappling with its largest measles outbreak in 20 years, with over 1,300 cases confirmed according to the CDC.

The resurgence of numerous infectious diseases, once thought to be under control, raises important questions: how common is the reappearance of disease?

We consulted Professor Paul Hunter, a medical expert from the Norwich School of Medicine at UEA. He discusses the reasons for this resurgence of diseases, the alarming truth behind their persistence, and what it would take for society to face another catastrophic outbreak akin to the Black Death.

How normal is it for infectious diseases believed to be eradicated to return?

The real question is whether they ever truly disappeared. Many infectious diseases that were once common are still circulating and may resurge with vigor. On a global scale, we typically observe one or two significant outbreaks or reappearances annually.

For many of the classic infectious diseases that seem to be re-emerging, they likely never vanished entirely; rather, their reoccurrences can be more localized. For instance, cholera might flare up in areas that haven’t experienced outbreaks for decades.

Is it feasible to eradicate a disease completely?

In theory, it might be possible to eradicate certain diseases. Initially, I believed polio could be eradicated, but it doesn’t seem likely now. Generally, we don’t anticipate the complete eradication of most infectious diseases. While global control and management of infections is achievable, complete eradication remains nearly impossible.

In the case of polio, the vaccine was highly effective, public health initiatives were strong, and it was relatively easy to diagnose outbreaks swiftly.

Today’s landscape presents unique challenges. Many infectious agents can spread before individuals exhibit any symptoms. As demonstrated during the Covid pandemic, it’s nearly impossible to eradicate a disease when transmission is often undetectable.

Compounding this is the difficulty in managing outbreaks in conflict zones. While a vaccine for Ebola exists, controlling outbreaks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo remains a challenge.

What triggers the return of diseases?

The primary factor is viral evolution. This is evident with the flu virus, which adapts over time. Occasionally, significant evolutionary changes lead to faster-spreading variants known as “escaped mutations,” as observed with various Covid variants.

Another factor is how diseases can be transmitted to humans. Some illnesses, like the plague, persist in nature. The “Silvatic plague” infects rodents, and environmental changes can lead to increased human contact with these animals.

In the US, sporadic plague cases have been noted among hunters or individuals who come close to rodent populations.

A major plague outbreak occurred in Madagascar decades ago, largely driven by environmental degradation that put humans in closer contact with infected rodents.

Climate change is also reshaping the distribution of many infectious diseases, introducing them to areas where they were previously uncommon. For instance, small outbreaks of dengue fever are beginning to appear along the Mediterranean coast, a region typically not associated with this disease due to warming temperatures.

A significant contributor to the resurgence of diseases is the decline in vaccination rates. This is particularly evident with the current measles situation in the UK.

I contracted measles as a child, and most people from my generation did as well. However, younger individuals may never have seen a case, leading to reduced urgency surrounding vaccination. When vaccination rates drop, diseases like measles can re-emerge.

What factors contribute to the resurgence of diseases like the bubonic plague?

In essence, there is little difference between modern and historical bacterial infections. The plague remains as virulent as ever, but due to antibiotics, it can be treated in ways that were not available in the Middle Ages.

While the plague remains a serious threat, proper treatment means that few should die from it today, even if infected.

Societal collapse occurs when these diseases become uncontrollable. This phenomenon has been observed in Madagascar, where conflicts, environmental degradation, and economic downturns led to closer interactions between humans and animals, facilitating disease transmission.

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Which infectious disease poses the greatest risk of resurfacing?

Cholera poses a significant threat in certain regions, particularly in Ukraine and Gaza. While cholera is not currently present in either conflict zone, should it appear, it could spread rapidly and result in devastating fatalities.

Currently, there is a cholera vaccine shortage, partly due to the shift in focus toward Covid vaccine production and pandemic disruptions, as well as the recent uptick in cholera infections.

Typically, there would be ample reserves of cholera vaccines, but stockpiles are now depleted, with any upcoming supply already allocated to high-risk countries.

Perhaps the most dangerous threat is the potential for another major flu pandemic, similar to the Spanish flu of 1918. While Covid primarily affected older individuals, the Spanish flu led to agonizing deaths, with severe pulmonary complications. It could cause higher mortality rates than many other infectious diseases.

Another concern is international travel, as evidenced by Covid. What other risks can come from overseas?

Travel poses significant risks, especially from antibiotic-resistant organisms, which some might consider emerging infectious diseases. These viruses have existed for some time but have now developed resistance to multiple treatment options.

Much of this issue arises from practices such as sex tourism, leading to the spread of drug-resistant sexually transmitted infections.

Medical tourism also contributes to this risk, as individuals traveling for affordable cosmetic or dental procedures might inadvertently foster the spread of these resistant strains.

Listen to our complete interview about instant geniuses.

About our expert

Professor Paul Hunter specializes in the epidemiology of emerging infectious diseases at the Norwich School of Medicine, University of East Anglia (UEA). His research focuses on diseases influenced by environmental factors and has been published in journals such as PLOS 1, Lancet Public Health, and British Medical Journal (BMJ).

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New Study Uncovers the Optimal Walking Pace for Longevity and Health

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Walking slightly faster than usual can markedly enhance the health of seniors, according to new research from the University of Chicago.

Specifically, researchers discovered that frail or at-risk adults can bolster their health and quality of life by increasing their walking speed by at least 14 steps per minute over their normal pace.

“Increased walking speed is a well-documented protector against mortality,” stated Dr. Daniel Rubin, associate professor of anesthesia and critical care at the university, as reported by BBC Science Focus. “Older adults who walk more briskly tend to live longer.”

The study involved 102 participants from 14 retirement communities, implementing a structured walking program over four months.

During this period, 56 participants maintained a normal walking pace while the remaining 46 were encouraged to walk quickly yet safely.

At the conclusion of the program, each participant’s walking speed was assessed during a 6-minute walk.

While all participants reaped benefits from the walking program, those who managed around 100 steps per minute showed the most significant improvement in their frailty levels from the start to the end of the study.

Researchers had long recognized that walking speed correlates with the health of older adults, but previous recommendations on how to enhance pace were often subjective and challenging to quantify.

Traditionally, older adults were advised to walk at a pace where talking was easy but singing was difficult.

Frail adults are at increased risk of falls, hospitalization, and loss of independence. Warning signs include weakness, unintentional weight loss, and fatigue. Image Credit: Getty.

“We can offer the elderly straightforward and targeted advice like, ‘Try to walk five steps per minute faster than your normal pace.’

Healthcare providers and researchers can use wearable technology, such as accelerometers, to track walking speed. Rubin and his team are currently developing an app for individuals to measure their speed at home.

In the meantime, Rubin suggests utilizing a metronome to establish a baseline walking pace, syncing steps with the metronome’s beat.

“Once a comfortable pace is established, you can gradually add 5-10 steps per minute to enhance your cadence,” he noted. “The target is to aim for an increase of 10-15 steps per minute, which is acceptable.”

Nonetheless, Rubin emphasizes that seniors must walk safely and monitor for any symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or dizziness.

“Our hope is that older adults will find this a practical strategy for guiding walking intensity, enabling them to live longer and continue engaging in activities they enjoy,” he added.

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About our experts

Dr. Daniel Rubin is a physician at the University of Chicago and an assistant professor of anesthesia and critical care. His interest in gait studies stems from his clinical experience with elderly patients preparing for surgery.

AI Firms “Unprepared” for Risks of Developing Human-Level Systems, Report Warns

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A prominent AI Safety Group has warned that artificial intelligence firms are “fundamentally unprepared” for the consequences of developing systems with human-level cognitive abilities.

The Future of Life Institute (FLI) noted that its AI Safety Index scored a D in “Existential Safety Plans.”

Among the five reviewers of the FLI report, there was a focus on the pursuit of artificial general intelligence (AGI). However, none of the examined companies presented “a coherent, actionable plan” to ensure the systems remain safe and manageable.

AGI denotes a theoretical phase of AI evolution where a system can perform cognitive tasks at a level akin to humans. OpenAI, the creator of ChatGPT, emphasizes that AGI should aim to “benefit all of humanity.” Safety advocates caution that AGIs might pose existential risks by eluding human oversight and triggering disastrous scenarios.

The FLI report indicated: “The industry is fundamentally unprepared for its own aspirations. While companies claim they will achieve AGI within a decade, their existential safety plans score no higher than a D.”

The index assesses seven AI developers—Google Deepmind, OpenAI, Anthropic, Meta, Xai, Zhipu AI, and Deepseek—across six categories, including “current harm” and “existential safety.”

Humanity received the top overall safety grade of C+, followed by OpenAI with a C-, and Google DeepMind with a D.

FLI is a nonprofit based in the US advocating for the safer development of advanced technologies, receiving “unconditional” donations from crypto entrepreneur Vitalik Buterin.

SaferAI, another nonprofit focused on safety; also released a report on Thursday. They raised alarms about advanced AI companies exhibiting “weak to very weak risk management practices,” deeming current strategies “unacceptable.”

FLI’s safety evaluations were conducted by a panel of AI experts, including UK computer scientist Stuart Russell and Sneha Revanur, founder of the AI Regulation Campaign Group.

Max Tegmark, co-founder of FLI and professor at MIT, remarked that it was “quite severe” to expect leading AI firms to create ultra-intelligent systems without disclosing plans to mitigate potential outcomes.

He stated:

Tegmark mentioned that the technology is advancing rapidly, countering previous beliefs that experts would need decades to tackle AGI challenges. “Now, companies themselves assert it’s just a few years away,” he stated.

He pointed out that advancements in AI capabilities have consistently outperformed previous generations. Since the Global AI Summit in Paris in February, new models like Xai’s Grok 4, Google’s Gemini 2.5, and its video generator Veo3 have demonstrated significant improvements over their predecessors.

A spokesperson for Google DeepMind asserted that the report overlooks “the entirety of Google DeepMind’s AI safety initiatives,” adding, “Our comprehensive approach to safety and security far exceeds what’s captured in the report.”

OpenAI, Anthropic, Meta, Xai, Zhipu AI, and Deepseek have also been contacted for their feedback.

The Neanderthal Community Cultivated a Unique Food Culture

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Depiction of a Neanderthal group engaged in food preparation

Luis Montagna/Marta Montagna/Science Photo Library

Neanderthals likely developed distinct food preparation traditions that varied between groups. Excavations at two caves in what is now northern Israel indicate that these ancient inhabitants had unique methods for processing similar types of prey.

Contrary to popular belief, Homo sapiens were not the first to prepare and cook food. Evidence shows that Neanderthals, who thrived in Europe and Asia until approximately 40,000 years ago, hunted, cooked a diverse array of animals, and employed flint tools to enhance their meals with wild herbs.

For further insights into Neanderthal cuisine, see Analle Jaron from Hebrew University in Jerusalem and her team, who investigated findings at the Amdo and Kebara caves.

Located merely 70 km apart, these sites provide a unique lens through which to examine cultural differences among Neanderthals. The stone tools, remnants of food, and hearths uncovered at both locations suggest that these groups occupied the caves concurrently, possibly during winter months.

As Jaron remarks, “The same animal species were being hunted, set against a similar landscape. The weather conditions were alike, and both Neanderthal groups primarily feasted on gazelles and some fallow deer.”

However, notable differences were also present. For instance, bone evidence indicates that larger prey was favored in the Kebara cave, where more substantial animals were brought in and processed.

Jaron and her colleagues utilized microscopic analysis to study bone remnants from the sediments dated between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, examining cut marks made by stone tools.

They discovered that while the flint tools were similar across both sites, the patterns of cut marks varied. “The cuts in Kebara displayed a greater fluctuation in width and depth, while in Amdo, they were concentrated in large clusters, often overlapping,” Jaron explains.

To determine whether these discrepancies influenced hunting practices, the researchers focused on the long bones of gazelles from both sites, which exhibited similar variations.

“We’re discussing two groups living in close proximity that both butchered the same type of meat, but it appears that at one site, the meat was processed closer to the bones.” says Ceren Kabukcu from the University of Liverpool, UK.

Past studies examining bone cut marks from later human societies indicate that the variations observed in Neanderthal butchery are not merely due to a lack of skills or difference in technique. It’s not a matter of expertise; it’s a difference in approach.

Jaron posits that these contrasts are likely a result of intentional choices regarding butchering methods. She suggests that Neanderthals in Amdo may have preferred to prepare their meat in ways that preserved it, such as drying or hanging before cooking.

“In the context of opportunistic behavior in slaughtering, one would expect the most efficient methods to be employed to maximize utility; nevertheless, it appears that cultural or social factors played a more significant role,” Jaron states. “This might relate to the group’s practices, passed down through learning and generations.”

“The existence of differences and the subtlety in technological usage in daily life isn’t entirely surprising,” notes Kabukcu. “As research deepens, we may uncover more nuances across various Paleolithic sites, even in China.”

It remains uncertain whether the caves were inhabited simultaneously or if different groups intermingled. “They could have been occupied at the same time or separated by hundreds of years. There’s no definitive way to ascertain that,” Jaron adds.

Nonetheless, she points out that the pronounced clustering of cut marks in Amdo is consistent across both the oldest and youngest sediment layers, suggesting that groups returning to the cave may have maintained similar butchering practices over centuries.

Gemini North Telescope Captures Stunning New Images of Interstellar Comet 3I/Atlas

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers utilizing the Gemini North telescope at NSF’s International Gemini Observatory have observed the interstellar comet 3i/Atlas as it passes through our cosmic neighborhood.

This image from the Gemini North Telescope Multi-Object Spectrometer (GMOS-N) showcases the interstellar comet 3i/Atlas. Image credits: International Gemini Observatory/Noirlab/NSF/Aura/K. Meech, Ifa&U. Hawaii / Jen Miller & Mahdi Zamani, Noirlab.

Interstellar objects are those that emerge from and traverse beyond our solar system.

Ranging from several meters to a few kilometers in size, these cosmic fragments are remnants from the formation of the host star’s planetary system.

As they orbit their stars, interactions with the gravitational pull of nearby planets and stars can eject them into interstellar space, allowing them to traverse other solar systems.

Studying interstellar visitors provides critical insights into distant star systems.

They carry valuable information about chemical elements, including their formation timelines and locations, offering scientists glimpses into the formation of planetary systems throughout the history of the Milky Way galaxy.

3i/Atlas marks the third interstellar object discovered, following 1i/Oumuamua in 2017 and 2i/Borisov in 2019.

Astronomers suspect that numerous interstellar objects might regularly pass through our solar system, but capturing them is challenging as they are only visible when telescopes are oriented correctly at the right time.

Multiple teams worldwide utilize various telescopes to monitor 3i/Atlas during its brief visitation, enabling them to collectively assess its key properties.

While many aspects remain unknown, 3i/Atlas is already recognized as distinct in comparison to 1i/Oumuamua and 2i/Borisov.

Previous observations suggest that 3i/Atlas could have a diameter of up to 20 km (12 miles).

New comets typically exhibit highly eccentric orbits, which define how much the object’s path deviates from a perfect circle.

An eccentricity of 0 indicates a circular orbit, while 0.999 signifies a highly elongated ellipse.

Objects with an eccentricity greater than 1 follow paths that do not loop around the Sun and come from, then return to, interstellar space.

The eccentricity of 3i/Atlas is recorded at 6.2, classifying it as a highly hyperbolic interstellar object.

In contrast, “Oumuamua’s” eccentricity was around 1.2, and Borisov’s was about 3.6.

As of now, 3i/Atlas resides in Jupiter’s orbit, approximately 465 million km (290 million miles) from Earth and 600 million km (370 million miles) from the Sun.

On December 19, 2025, it will come within roughly 270 million km (170 million miles) of Earth, posing no threat to our planet.

The closest approach to the Sun will occur around October 30, 2025, at a distance of 210 million km (130 million miles).

During this close approach, it is expected to travel at about 25,000 km (15,500 miles) per hour.

The latest image of 3i/Atlas was obtained using the Gemini North Telescope Multi-Object Spectrometer (GMOS-N).

“The sensitivity and scheduling precision of the International Gemini Observatory played a critical role in observing this interstellar wanderer,” remarked Martin Still, NSF Program Director at the International Gemini Observatory.

“We eagerly anticipate the wealth of new data and insights as this object warms in sunlight before continuing its cold, dark journey through interstellar space.”

Source: www.sci.news

Children Born from Donor Mitochondria Are Thriving Today

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Mitochondria supply energy to cells, yet mutations can lead to defects

Nobeastsofierce Science / Alamy

SEI 259196070 — Mitochondria supply energy to cells, yet mutations can lead to defects

Nobeastsofierce Science / Alamy

Eight young children are believed to be shielded from severe genetic disorders after being born through a procedure that replaces the mother’s faulty mitochondria with those from female donors.

Approximately 1 in 5,000 individuals inherit defective mitochondria, which are responsible for energy production in cells and passed down solely from mothers. Such defects can stem from genetic mutations leading to serious health issues like blindness, seizures, and even death. “Families face immense challenges with these conditions, as they are devastating,” said Bobby McFarland of Newcastle University in the UK.

In 2015, the UK became the first nation to sanction a technique known as pronuclear transfer for women at high risk of transmitting mitochondrial diseases who may not benefit from genetic testing prior to the transplant.

This technique involves utilizing eggs from both the mothers and donors, then fertilizing them with sperm from the father via IVF. After approximately 10 hours, the nuclei from both eggs are removed. This separates the crucial genetic material from the mitochondrial DNA.

The nucleus from the mother is subsequently inserted into the donor’s egg, resulting in an embryo that retains most of the genetic information from its biological parent while gaining mitochondria from the donor. It’s important to note that some maternal mitochondrial DNA could still be passed on unintentionally, as mentioned by Burt Smeet of Maastricht University in the Netherlands.

McFarland, who pioneered this approach with colleagues, has since employed the technique on 19 women possessing harmful mutations in over 80% of their mitochondria, typically the threshold for complications.

Following the transfer of the last embryo, seven women achieved pregnancies, resulting in the birth of eight healthy babies, including one set of twins.

Blood samples taken from the newborns were analyzed, revealing no harmful mitochondrial DNA mutations in five of them, while the other three showed only minimal levels. “The results have met our expectations,” noted Mike Murphy at Cambridge University.

Months or even years after undergoing nuclear transfer, some of the children have encountered challenges in reaching developmental milestones. Some have faced complications, potentially related to the transfer process. For instance, one child experienced elevated blood lipid levels and an irregular heartbeat, both of which were treated successfully, while another developed epilepsy at seven months, which resolved itself over time.

The research team intends to monitor the children to assess the long-term effects of this procedure.

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Study: Common Sweetener Erythritol May Impact Brain Cells and Elevate Stroke Risk

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study from the University of Colorado Boulder indicates that erythritol, a widely used non-nutritive sweetener, may be linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.

Berry et al. Our study demonstrates that erythritol, at concentrations commonly found in standard size sugar-free beverages, negatively impacts cerebral microvascular endothelial cell oxidative stress, ENOS activation, NO production, ET-1 expression, and T-PA release in vitro. Image credit: Tafilah Yusof.

Erythritol is a popular alternative to non-nutritive sugars due to its minimal effects on blood glucose and insulin levels.

This four-carbon sugar has a low-calorie content of 60-80%, being as sweet as sucrose, and commonly replaces sugar in baked goods, confections, and beverages.

Authorized by the FDA in 2001, erythritol is recommended for individuals with obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes, as it aids in regulating calorie consumption, sugar intake, and minimizing hyperglycemia.

Found naturally in small amounts in certain fruits, vegetables, and fermented foods, erythritol is quickly absorbed in the small intestine through passive diffusion.

In humans, erythritol is produced endogenously from glucose and fructose by erythrocytes, liver, and kidneys via the pentose phosphate pathway, making its levels dependent on both endogenous production and external intake.

“Our findings contribute to the growing evidence that non-nutritive sweeteners, often considered safe, could pose health risks,” stated Professor Christopher Desouza from the University of Colorado.

A recent study involving 4,000 participants from the US and Europe revealed that individuals with elevated erythritol levels are at a significantly increased risk of experiencing a heart attack or stroke within three years.

Professor Desouza and his team sought to determine what factors were contributing to this heightened risk.

They exposed human cells lining blood vessels in the brain to erythritol for three hours, using concentrations similar to those found in standard sugar-free beverages.

The treated cells exhibited several alterations.

Notably, they produced significantly less nitric oxide, a molecule critical for dilating blood vessels, while increasing the expression of endothelin-1, which constricts blood vessels.

Furthermore, the challenge of a thrombogenic compound called thrombin significantly slowed the cell’s production of T-PA, a naturally occurring compound that promotes coagulation.

Cells treated with erythritol also generated more reactive oxygen species, or free radicals, which can lead to cellular damage and inflammation.

“We’ve been diligently working to share our findings with the broader community,” noted Auburn Berry, a graduate student at the University of Colorado in Boulder.

“Our research indicates that erythritol may indeed heighten the risk of stroke.”

“Our study solely focused on sugar substitutes,” emphasized Professor Desouza.

“For individuals consuming multiple servings daily, the potential impact could be even more pronounced.”

The researchers caution that their findings are based on lab research conducted on cells, necessitating larger-scale studies involving human subjects.

Nonetheless, they advise consumers to check product labels for erythritol or “sugar alcohol.”

“Considering the epidemiological evidence informing our research, along with our cellular discoveries, monitoring the intake of such non-nutritive sweeteners seems wise,” Professor Desouza remarked.

The study was published today in the Journal of Applied Physiology.

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Auburn R. Berry et al. 2025. The non-nutritive sweetener erythritol negatively affects brain microvascular endothelial cell function. Journal of Applied Physiology 138(6):1571-1577; doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00276.2025

Source: www.sci.news

Tsunami Advisory Issued for Alaska Following 7.3 Magnitude Earthquake off the Aleutian Islands

Posted on July 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Alaska’s coastal regions were on alert for a tsunami Wednesday following a 7.3 magnitude earthquake that hit the Ariuya Islands, according to officials.

The earthquake occurred at 12:38 PM local time (4:38 PM ET), with its epicenter located 55 miles south of Sandpoint, a community on Popf Island. The quake was recorded at a depth of 12 miles.

Tsunami data was not immediately available, and effects for Kodiak Island were not anticipated until 2:40 PM local time (6:40 PM ET).

Although no large-scale flooding is expected, the Tsunami Warning Center stated that dangerous currents and waves could pose risks to those in close proximity.

The initial tsunami warning has since been adjusted to a tsunami advisory.

These advisories span various coastlines, from Unimak Pass in the Aleutians to the entrance of Kennedy, located 40 miles south of Homer.

Emergency personnel in Kodiak, a city of around 5,500 that lies about 250 miles south of Anchorage, announced that shelters would be opened and sirens sounded prior to the warning being downgraded.

“The sirens are sounding, and remain vigilant if you’re near the coast,” Kodiak Island Emergency Management advised on social media.

Emergency officials reported no threat to Anchorage, Alaska’s largest city, following the earthquake.

Debi Schmidt, the city manager of Sand Point, discussed the earthquake with NBC affiliate Ktuu, describing it as the strongest quake she had ever experienced.

“I was at home for lunch when the house began to shake; things were falling, and the cupboard door swung open,” she recounted to the station. “Fortunately, there was no damage.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

A Compact Device Generates Water, Oxygen, and Fuel from Lunar Soil

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Image of the moon captured by Chang’e 5 Lander in China, which gathered samples in 2020

CNSA/Xinhua/Alamy

Solar energy systems can generate water, oxygen, and fuel from lunar regolith for future settlements of lunar explorers.

It has been established that significant amounts of water are bound in the minerals of the moon. However, methods proposed for extracting resources from lunar regolith typically involve complex and energy-heavy techniques that aren’t practical for long-lasting lunar colonies.

Recently, Lu Wang and his team at the Chinese University of Hong Kong discovered that a relatively straightforward solar-powered nuclear reactor could yield useful materials simply by exposing lunar regolith to sunlight and utilizing them through astronauts.

In their experiments, the researchers utilized lunar samples obtained from China’s Chang’e 5 mission, along with simulated samples made from Earth-based rocks.

During the operation of the reactor, sunlight first extracts water from the lunar soil, and then the soil facilitates a reaction between CO₂ and water to produce carbon monoxide, oxygen, and hydrogen, which can serve as fuel.

While lunar soil contains various minerals that can aid in these reactions, a compound known as ilmenite is highlighted as a key catalyst, according to Wang.

“The mechanisms of these chemical reactions are quite fascinating and could lead to the creation of essential lunar resources,” says Haihui Joy Jiang, who was not part of the research team at the University of Sydney in Australia.

“We still need to address several questions and direct future research to determine if this process is applicable in a practical, feasible, and scalable manner on the moon,” Jiang adds.

Wang acknowledges the challenges of expanding this process to produce sufficient water, oxygen, and fuel to support a lunar colony. “The moon’s extreme environment presents unique challenges, including severe temperature variations, a high vacuum, intense solar radiation, and low gravity,” he notes. “Moreover, the variability in lunar soil and scarcity of co-resources pose considerable hurdles to technical implementation.”

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Rare Photos Showcase Snow Leopard Cubs in Their Den

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Two of the five snow leopard cubs recently photographed in Mongolia

SLCF-Mongolia/Snow Leopard Trust

A team of researchers explored two snow leopard dens in the Tost Mountains of Mongolia, studying and capturing images of five cubs, which provided a rare chance to gather data on this endangered species.

Before their expedition in June and July, researchers had not been able to access snow leopard nests globally since 2019. Örjan Johansson of Snow Leopard Trust noted, “The burrows are situated in tight cracks and caves. We only get one opportunity. If the mother returns before we locate the burrow, we have to stop our search. Going back more than once is too intrusive.”

Johansson and Bren Nyam, a local field ranger, pinpointed the burrow’s approximate location by tracking GPS collars that had been previously attached to 20 adult female snow leopards.

The burrow where the cubs were found was located by tracking the mother’s whereabouts

SLCF-Mongolia_snow Leopard Trust

Johansson explained, “The range of female snow leopards’ homes in Mongolia’s South Gobi region typically spans about 130 square kilometers, which is approximately 2.5 times the area of Manhattan. Without the GPS collar, we would not have discovered their burrows.” However, even with the collars, the team had to search an area as vast as 60,000 square meters to pinpoint the exact location.

The snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is categorized as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, with an estimated 3,920 to 6,390 individuals remaining in the wild. These cats inhabit alpine terrains across Central Asia, spanning 2 million square kilometers across 12 countries, including China, India, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. Their populations face threats from habitat loss, poaching, and conflicts arising from livestock predation.

Johansson noted, “To effectively model and predict population trajectories of multiple species, we must grasp essential factors such as fertility, mortality, and the dynamics of animals entering and leaving an area.” He collaborated with the Snow Leopard Conservation Foundation on this project.

“Visiting the dens is crucial as it is the only means to gather information on average litter sizes and cub survival rates during their first five to six months. Before this age, cubs typically remain secluded with their mothers. Accessing the burrow allows researchers to collect invaluable data that would otherwise be unattainable. Such information is essential for enhancing understanding of snow leopard ecology and informing conservation strategies for a sustainable future.”

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The Urgent Need to Discuss Geographic Engineering

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

We are moving towards a significantly warmer future. As we go, there’s a substantial risk of reaching a “tipping point” that could drastically worsen climate disruption. With our failure to decrease carbon emissions, geoengineering’s allure for cooling the planet is growing, but is that a sound solution?

“Geoengineering can avert climatic tipping points, but it can’t be delayed,” some researchers suggest, proposing that injecting solar-reflecting aerosols into the stratosphere might prevent collapse events, like the slowing of vital ocean currents. Yet, the risks associated with geoengineering are considerable.

Initially, achieving an international agreement on this matter seems unlikely; if a single country acts independently, it could lead to severe consequences, like altered rainfall patterns globally. If one nation perceives itself harmed by another’s geoengineering efforts, we might find ourselves in a climate conflict where geoengineering is weaponized.

Even with a consensus, the situation remains complicated. If geoengineering goes awry, it could worsen conditions instead of improving them. There have been too few practical tests of computer models and geoengineering concepts for us to feel confident in their efficacy.

We might face a climate war where geoengineering is employed as a weapon.

The urgency is palpable. The sooner geoengineering is initiated, the better our chances of evading perilous tipping points. At the very least, it’s an avenue worth exploring.

However, many scientists oppose geoengineering research altogether. One concern is that it could be leveraged as a rationale for neglecting carbon reduction efforts. But that discussion is hardly impactful in a reality where U.S. President Donald Trump has rolled back climate initiatives without much justification (see “What will climate repercussions look like from Trump’s ‘big beautiful bill’?”).

Geoengineering might be a catastrophic notion, but we won’t grasp its implications unless we conduct extensive research. This exploration is essential before we are compelled to take drastic measures without solid scientific guidance.

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Google Inc. Secures $3 Billion US Hydroelectric Contract to Power Energy-Intensive Data Centers

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Google has committed to securing up to 3GW of hydropower in what is being termed the largest clean power agreement by a corporation, as the tech giant seeks to expand its energy-intensive data centers, the company announced on Tuesday.

The agreement with Brookfield Asset Management includes a 20-year power purchase deal worth $3 billion for electricity generated from two hydroelectric plants located in Pennsylvania.

Additionally, the tech giant will invest $25 billion into data centers across Pennsylvania and neighboring states over the next two years, according to Semafor’s report on Tuesday.

The technology sector is increasingly seeking vast amounts of clean energy to support the power demands of data centers essential for artificial intelligence and cloud computing.

Ruth Porat, president and chief investment officer of Google’s parent company Alphabet, spoke about the initiative at the AI Summit in Pittsburgh, where Donald Trump announced a $70 billion investment in AI and energy.

Amanda Peterson Corio, head of Datacenter Energy at Google, commented on the collaboration with Brookfield, stating, “This partnership is a crucial step towards ensuring a clean energy supply in the PJM region where we operate.”

Almost a year ago, Google initiated several unique power purchase agreements involving carbon-free geothermal energy and advanced nuclear options. The company is also collaborating with PJM Interconnect, the largest power grid operator in the U.S., to expedite the integration of new power sources using AI technology.

Google has entered into an initial framework agreement with Brookfield, the owner of Brookfield Renewable Partners, stating its intent to develop and operate a renewable energy facility. The two hydroelectric plants in Pennsylvania will undergo upgrades and refurbishment as part of this agreement. Furthermore, Google intends to expand its commitment beyond these facilities to other regions within the Mid-Atlantic and Midwest.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0j-mh6_qlba

Astronomers Unveil Their First Solar System Discovery

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Astronomers have, for the first time, been able to witness the early stages of solar system formation, discovering small entities that would eventually evolve into planets orbiting a distant young star.

This represents the earliest phase of planetary formation ever documented, giving us insight into our own solar system’s appearance shortly after the Sun ignited.

“We observe signs of planetary development – the transformation of tiny dust particles into slightly larger grains – and in some systems, this provides insight into earlier phases. Professor Merel Van ‘T Hoff, a co-author of the new study, elaborated on these findings. BBC Science Focus.

“This can be likened to researchers studying human evolution who, for the first time, can observe infants by examining young children.”

The Baby Planetary System is coming to life around a young star known as Hops-315, located 1,300 light years from Earth.

Stars in this early stage are thought to closely resemble our Sun, making them ideal subjects for uncovering the secrets of our solar system’s inception and Earth’s genesis.

Young stars like Hops-315 are enveloped by hot disks of gas and dust termed “protoplanetary discs.” Initially, these disks are extremely hot, causing silicon and iron – crucial planetary components – to be in gaseous form. However, as the disk cools, these elements begin to solidify.

Evidence from ancient meteorites in our solar system suggests that the first solid materials were formed from these discs, specifically crystalline minerals containing silicon monoxide (SiO).

These images illustrate how hot gas condenses into solid minerals around Baby Star Hops-315. The left image captures Hops-315 and its surroundings as seen by the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (Alma). Two insets depict an artist’s representation of silicon monoxide molecules condensing into solid silicates – credit: ESO/L. Calsada/Alma (ESO/NAOJ/NRAO)/M. McClure et al.

Using the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (Alma), international teams identified SiO in its gaseous form and as a newly formed crystalline mineral surrounding Hops-315, strongly indicating that solidification is just beginning.

“The first tiny minerals we observe clump together to form ‘pebbles,’ roughly the size of thumbnails,” Professor Melissa McClure, who led the research, stated. BBC Science Focus. “If they cluster closely enough, they can naturally collapse under their own gravity, forming bodies similar in size to kilometer-sized asteroids.

“Eventually, these will collide and merge, creating a planetary embryo, a full-sized rocky planet, or even the core of a gas giant like Jupiter.”

The research team plans to continue its observations of Hops-315 while also looking for other systems at this nascent stage of planetary evolution.

However, don’t expect to witness planetary formations in real-time. As Van’T Hoff remarked, “The timescale for disk evolution spans hundreds of thousands of years.”

Read more:

About our experts

Merrell van T. Hoff is an assistant professor at Purdue University in the United States. His research aims to understand how planets form and how frequently Earth-like planets exist in the Milky Way and other galaxies. Before joining Purdue, Professor Van’T Hoff was a postdoctoral researcher with the Michigan Fellows Association at the University of Michigan.

Melissa McClure is an assistant professor at Leiden Observatory in the Netherlands and a Beni Prize laureate. Her research employs observations and models to trace how solid building blocks of life (such as “dust” grains like ice and rocks) are incorporated from the formation of dense molecular clouds to the evolution of planets within protoplanetary discs and young exoplanets.

Wetransfer Assures Users Their Content Won’t Fuel AI Training Following Backlash | Internet

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The well-known FileSharing Service Wetransfer has clarified that user content will not be used for training artificial intelligence, following a backlash over recent changes to their terms of service.

The company, widely utilized by creative professionals for online work transfers, had suggested in the updated terms that uploaded files might be utilized to “enhance machine learning models.”

The initial provision indicated that the service reserved the right to “reproduce, modify, distribute, publish” user content, leading to confusion with the revised wording.

A spokesperson for Wetransfer stated that user content has never been utilized internally for testing or developing AI models and mentioned that “specific types of AI” are being considered for use by companies in the Netherlands.

The company assured, “There is no change in how Wetransfer handles content.”

On Tuesday, Wetransfer updated its terms and conditions, eliminating references to machine learning or AI to clarify the language for users.

The spokesperson noted, “We hope that by removing the machine learning reference and refining the legal terminology, we can alleviate customer concerns regarding the updates.”

Currently, the relevant section of the Service Terminology states, “We hereby grant you a royalty-free license to utilize our content for the purpose of operating, developing, and enhancing the service in accordance with our Privacy and Cookie Policy.”

Some service users, including a voice actor, a filmmaker, and a journalist, shared concerns about the new terms on X and threatened to terminate their subscriptions.

The use of copyrighted material by AI companies has become a contentious issue within the creative industry, which argues that using creators’ work without permission jeopardizes their income and aids in the development of competing tools.

The British Writer’s Guild expressed relief at Wetransfer’s clarification, emphasizing, “Never use members’ work to train AI systems without consent.”

Wetransfer affirmed, “As a company deeply embedded in the creative community, we prioritize our customers and their work. We will continue our efforts to ensure Wetransfer remains the leading product for our users.”

Founded in 2009, the company enables users to send large files via email without the need for an official account. Today, the service caters to 80 million users each month across 190 countries.

We Might Have Discovered a Simple Method for Producing Water on the Moon

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers have created innovative technologies to extract water from lunar soil, potentially offering vital support for future lunar explorers.

Findings published in the journal Joule highlight how this could significantly lower the astronomical cost of transporting water from Earth, which stands at $22,000 per liter ($83,000 per gallon).

If successfully scaled, this technology may play a crucial role in supporting long-term missions on the moon.

Utilizing samples brought back by China’s Chang’e-5 mission in 2020, scientists showed that water can be extracted from lunar materials and used alongside carbon dioxide to produce essential resources. These resources include oxygen for astronauts to breathe and hydrogen-based chemicals that can be transformed into rocket fuel.

“We never fully imagined the ‘magic’ contained in lunar soil,” said Professor Lou Wang, one of the study’s authors from Shenzhen University and Hong Kong’s China University, in a statement.

“The most surprising aspect of our work was the real success achieved through this integrated approach. One stage of lunar ₂O extraction and photothermal _CO2 catalysts enhances energy efficiency and simplifies infrastructure development.”

This technique employs a photothermal method (which converts sunlight into heat) to facilitate water extraction and the chemical conversion process.

Chang’e-5 lunar samples on display in Beijing, China. The mission returned 1.7 kg (3.7 pounds) of lunar material to Earth in 2020 – Source: Getty

In laboratory tests, the team employed actual lunar soils from Chang’e-5, along with simulated samples, exposing them to CO2 while concentrating light into a batch reactor. The CO2 used in the conversion process can be easily obtained from astronaut exhalations on the moon.

Previous methods for extracting water from lunar regolith lacked direct links to generating other vital resources. This integrated approach indicates a more efficient advancement; however, researchers recognize that significant challenges persist.

The moon’s extreme temperatures, high radiation levels, and inconsistent soil composition complicate efforts to scale this technology. The amount of CO2 produced by an astronaut’s exhalation may not meet the requirements for complete resource recycling, and the catalytic process still lacks the efficiency needed for sustained life.

Nevertheless, this advancement represents a promising leap towards making life on the moon more viable. There is increasing global interest in establishing a long-term human presence on the moon, and leveraging local water resources could be instrumental for deeper space missions.

Read more:

Top Bananza! Donkey Kong’s Anticipated Comeback is a Major Smash

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

wIt’s hard to picture Hen and Donkey Kong without thinking of Nintendo. The iconic monkey, who kicked off the gaming revolution, brought forth Donkey Kong’s signature tie-dong and barrel-throwing antics, almost leading Nintendo to bankruptcy. Yet, despite Donkey Kong’s firm footing in gaming history, his platformer adventures have been absent for several console generations. Enter Donkey Kong Bananza, marking DK’s first solo journey in over a decade.

Mario has soared through the cosmos and cleverly defeated enemies with a whimsical hat, but DK’s thrilling return taps into primal fury. Utilizing similar voxel technology as seen in Minecraft, DK’s Switch 2 Adventure swaps the thoughtful Lego-style construction for joyful chaos, enabling players to obliterate vibrant environments.

Players can smash through walls, floors, and ceilings, dig down to hidden treasures, and create new paths of destruction. It’s a refreshing, chaotic spin on the traditionally structured Nintendo platformers.

“Bananza kicked off when my boss, Onomura, approached our team about crafting a 3D Donkey Kong game,” recalls Kenta Motokura, producer of Donkey Kong Bananza and director of Super Mario O’Dacy. He describes it as a pivotal moment tied to his early experiences playing Donkey Kong on plastic bongos. “When Donkey Kong transitioned to 3D, I began my journey in developing 3D games,” he reflects. “With Onoumi’s direction on Donkey Kong Jungle, I gleaned insights about embracing challenges and truly understanding Donkey Kong.”

The focal point became Donkey Kong’s last major 3D venture on Nintendo 64—where would Nintendo orbit next with its beloved monkey mascot? The team soon turned to DK’s massive, furry hands, gathering wisdom from Mario creators Miyamoto Island and Tomita. “Miyamoto, who worked on the original and subsequent DK titles at Rare, emphasized showcasing Donkey Kong’s power and actions, like handclaps.” They tested voxel technology initially employed in Super Mario Odyssey and believed merging that with Donkey Kong’s destructiveness would create a perfect synergy.

King Kong…DK is back on top. Photo: Nintendo

Tomichuan and the Super Mario Odyssey team brought vast 3D platforming experience, but game director Takahashi, primarily skilled in open-world RPGs, faced unique pressures to resurrect Donkey Kong.

However, even with a talented platform team, the challenge of voxel-based destruction was a first for Nintendo’s Tokyo crew. “There was no blueprint for a game where everything can be destroyed,” explains Takahashi. “We encountered numerous challenges, striving to keep levels enjoyable without disruptions.”

Thankfully, they avoided blind spots with the aid of All-Star Play Testers. “I had Miyamoto check the games periodically,” Motokura shares. “Instead of progressing, he’d get engrossed in smashing one spot over and over. It was great to see; it showed player engagement.”

While many Nintendo enthusiasts associate Mario and Donkey Kong with legendary figures like Miyamoto and Tegashi, the new wave of developers prepares to carry forward their legacy. “Established developers such as Miyamoto and Tezuchuka are open to collaborating with younger minds. This exchange of ideas is invaluable,” Motokura highlights. “Up-and-coming talents will continue to nurture Nintendo’s developmental legacy.”

“Joining this team was a joy, and I embraced the challenge with enthusiasm,” Takahashi reflects. “Nintendo encourages exploration of new, bold concepts. In Bananza, we had the freedom to discover our own shortcuts… leading to an entirely new gaming experience compared to Odyssey.”

What to Play

Time to shred… Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater 3+4. Photo: Iron Galaxy

As a millennial, I find myself reliving nostalgic gaming memories through Tony Hawk’s Pro Skater 3+4. Though it lacks some classic tracks and offers a stripped-down version of the original’s sandbox mode, the thrill of performing tricks across Rio, London, Canada, and Alcatraz is incredibly satisfying. While it might not feature early 2000s artists like Papa Roach, Denzel Curry, Turnstyle, and more do a commendable job of bridging the gap.

This time, I opted to embrace Nintendo’s latest gem, the shiny Switch 2. I’m excited about the forthcoming titles for the new console. While it may not have the same affection as Vicarious Visions’ 2020 remake, once you get into the groove, the high score thrill makes Pro Skater an exhilarating ride.

Available on: Switch 2, PS5, Xbox, PC
Estimated playtime: 20-2,000 hours based on your zeal

What to Read

Defend your rights… After Ubisoft shut down the servers for the online-only racing game The Crew, the “kill the game” movement has begun. Photo: Ubisoft

Stop killing the game, a petition for online media preservation, garnered 1.2 million signatures and spurred a response from Nicolae Öřtef Nunugane, a VP of the European Parliament. This initiative emphasizes consumer rights amid the complexities of ownership when live service games are terminated. It’s a commendable cause, surprising that this movement stems from The Crew of all games. For further reading, check out PC Gamer.
Missed out on something from the PS5 30th Anniversary Range last year? Fear not, retro PS1-inspired controllers and consoles are set for restock on July 21st. I’ve grown fond of my anniversary controllers and wanted to share the news. Get all the details with Eurogamer.
In the aftermath of mass layoffs, some Xbox Employees added salt to the wound with two insensitive posts on LinkedIn. One suggested the remaining team members Need to rely on AI for career advice, while another advertised a job posting using AI-generated images. A poignant recap of the situation is available here.

What to Click

Question Block

The shock of serotonin…Ast Robot. Photo: Sony/Team Asobi

Leader P Holck poses this question about bridging generational gaps in gaming.

“I really enjoyed my son’s Civilization III. Now I bought a PlayStation 5 and thought I would play a modern, more active game. But what I tried is simply too difficult! I’m stuck and don’t know how to move forward! Which games do you recommend for players over 70?”

First off, congrats on taking the plunge into gaming! Like discovering a new music genre or entering anime, reconnecting with gaming may initially feel overwhelming. Finding the right genre can be tricky, especially with complex controls and mechanics that seasoned players might take for granted.

Though not action-packed, I’d highly recommend Tetris Effect—a classic block-dropping puzzle adorned with psychedelic visuals, offering a surprisingly deep journey. Action titles like Uncharted 4: A Thief’s End and 2018’s God of War serve as accessible starting points, presenting engaging stories without overwhelming complexity, especially on easier settings.

For a deeper experience, The Witcher 3 is an immersive RPG. Baldur’s Gate 3 allows pausing during combat to ease the action flow. Additionally, the Mass Effect Trilogy provides a balanced mix of turn-based RPG elements and third-person action. Last year’s Ast Robot delivers a vibrant, platformer experience. For some thrills, Resident Evil 4 Remake and The Last of Us Part I are modern masterpieces, again with lower difficulty settings for accessibility. Happy gaming!

If you have a question or feedback about the newsletter, feel free to reply or email us at butingbuttons@theguardian.com.

Apple Secures $500 Million Rare Earth Magnet Deal with U.S. Mining Firm

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Apple has entered into a $500 million agreement with a US company specializing in rare earth magnets, crucial for the production of electronic devices, following China’s reduction in rare and essential material exports.

This support comes after MP Materials, which runs the only rare earth mine in the US, finalized a multi-billion dollar agreement with the US Department of Defense last week, making the Pentagon its largest shareholder. Both agreements aim to address supply chain vulnerabilities after China limited its rare earth exports earlier this year in response to Donald Trump’s sweeping tariffs.

The deal, revealed on Tuesday, guarantees Apple a consistent supply of rare earth magnets from China, the world’s leading producer. Analysts noted that the cost of bolstering US magnet production is minimal compared to the long-term risk of completely losing access to vital components for Apple.

“We are currently in an era where executives are willing to invest significantly for a dependable supply chain. They want to avoid interruptions,” remarked Greserin Bascaran, director of the Centre for Strategic and International Research’s Centre for Key Mineral Security Program.

Rare earth elements, a collection of 17 metals, are vital for creating powerful magnets, which are found in devices that vibrate mobile phones, as well as in weaponry, electric vehicles, and numerous other electronic products.

China imposed export limitations on rare earths in April in reaction to Trump’s tariffs. In June, the US and China reached an accord that settled many disputes over rare earths, but broader trade tensions still emphasize the need for non-Chinese supplies.

Under the agreement, Apple will prepay $20 million to MP for magnets due to start delivery in 2027. The duration of the transaction and the quantity of magnets involved were not disclosed by the company.

The agreement stipulates that magnets will be produced from recycled materials, aligning with Apple’s longstanding commitment to reducing dependence on mining. The magnets will be processed using operations in Fort Worth, MP, Texas, and recycled at Mountain Pass, MP, California.

“Rare earth materials are critical for developing advanced technologies, and this collaboration will enhance the availability of these essential materials in the United States,” stated Apple CEO Tim Cook in a statement.

Since the government announced its deal, MP Material’s stock price has nearly doubled. This is a notable turnaround from last year when CEO Jim Richinski expressed frustration over rare earth pricing that led to the merger with Australian competitors.

Bob O’Donnell, president of market research firm Technalysis Research, noted that Tuesday’s development is “entirely significant,” given Apple’s substantial requirement for rare earth magnets in its devices.

“Additionally, by prioritizing US-based suppliers, we will help position Apple more proactively within Washington,” he added.

Apple stated that this agreement forms part of a four-year, $500 million investment commitment towards the US, while facing threats from Trump regarding an iPhone not manufactured in the US. Nevertheless, many analysts argue creating an iPhone in the US is impractical, given labor costs and the existing smartphone supply chain.

While Apple did not specify which devices will utilize the magnets, MP mentioned that this deal will provide magnets for hundreds of millions of devices, significantly impacting Apple’s product lineup.

MP expects to start producing mined and processed rare earth materials and commercial magnet production at its Texas facility by the end of this year.

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Donkey Kong Bonanza Review: A Chaotic Destruction Derby That Shatters Platforming Norms

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A The game revolves around Donkey Kong Bananza. As Nintendo’s first significant single-player title for the Switch 2, it raises the standard for quality akin to what was achieved with Breath of the Wild during the original Switch’s debut. Yet, it has also emerged as a delightful diversion for Nintendo enthusiasts, especially considering it comes from the team behind the remarkable 3D Mario series. So, what makes a gorilla in a tie so thrilling, particularly with Bananza preceding another Super Mario Odyssey?

Donkey Kong obliterates those doubts. He takes down many obstacles in Bananza. While it may initially appear as a Mario 64-inspired 3D platformer—complete with thematic worlds where players hunt for giant bananas—DK’s powerful fists reveal that it completely disregards the ordinary terrain. Every landscape is destructible. Smash buttons, pummel his mighty arms through hills, turn pristine fields into muddy craters, and break down stone walls—all while using his strength as a tool for landscaping. He serves not just as a platform mascot but as a level designer fueled by potassium.

The thrill of repeating it… Donkey Kong Bananza. Photo: Nintendo

On a fundamental level, it’s nearly enough to grab your interest. The satisfaction of delivering a well-timed punch is both simple and gratifying. When DK’s fist collides with rock, the Joy-Con 2 Rumble enhances the impact, making every hit resonate as wall debris scatters. You can envision Bananza serving as a digital stress relief, allowing players to hurl rocks at cliffs until they disintegrate into pockmarked lunacy. You can also choose to unleash projectiles from DK’s back to ramp up the hysteria—or act as a mischievous tagger against players trying to escape the chaos.

Beneath the chaos lies a storyline. The existing Kong Clan (featuring cameos that harken back to the playful spirit of classic Donkey Kong Country games) faces off against the villain Mining Kong, who aims to seize the Earth’s nuclear treasure. Amid this, they invite Pauline, the young singer who was once abducted by Donkey Kong in his arcade debut. However, in this iteration, she and DK have developed a stronger connection. She inspires the animal’s extraordinary powers by implanting a catchy earworm in his mind. If the plot details appear hazy, it’s likely because my heart has been replaced by her Latin pop earworm celebrating the joy of being a zebra.

An unusual realm… Donkey Kong Bananza. Photo: Nintendo

This is indeed an unusual world, suggesting a unique approach to platform design. How does one create challenges for a hero who can burrow through laser fences and hammer down barriers that would stop Mario in his tracks? Honestly, it requires a touch of creativity to find the answer. There’s initial chaotic clutter in a setting that can be excavated from all angles. Sometimes, you mine blindly for rewards tied to undisclosed tasks. This serendipity echoes the game’s bold freedom, resonating in the cavernous space you navigate.

Yet, as you traverse from the rolling plains to the treacherous Jounty Lagoon, the stakes elevate. Solid ground serves as protection against toxic swamps, icy lakes, and bubbling lava. Here, as the environment dictates your actions, your approach becomes more deliberate and calculated. As metal caterpillars threaten to devour the potential dangers lurking behind wooden rafts, it becomes evident that Nintendo excels at crafting surprising gameplay dynamics. Boss fights challenge DK to navigate precarious terrains, transforming arenas as combat progresses.

The only shortcoming in these later stages is the sometimes overwhelming nature of Bananza itself. Transformations granting speed, flight, and strength, if integrated into the various challenges or levels designed around them, are a blast. They evoke the memorable elements of Mario’s Odyssey and how seamlessly they were executed. However, when these abilities are pulled from context—acting merely as instant win buttons—they dilute the platform’s ingenuity.

I’m uncertain if Bananza possesses the longevity of Mario Odyssey. While that game thrives with rich content and post-credits adventures, DK will experience more fleeting moments. Forge ahead, explore new ideas, and continue breaking boundaries. The game’s climactic finale features DK demolishing concrete, rubber, watermelon, ostrich eggs, and a treasure trove of Donkey Kong Country references, all while twinkling with glimmering balls. If the weight of Switch 2 lies heavy on its shoulders, it serves as yet another tool to carve out a mark in the gaming universe. His insatiable thirst for destruction is utterly contagious.

How Human Eggs Stay Viable for Decades

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Egg cells do not dispose of waste like other cells.

Sebastian Kauritzki / Aramie

SEI 259122427 — Egg cells do not dispose of waste like other cells.

Sebastian Kauritzki / Aramie

Human eggs appear to manage waste differently than other cell types.

All women are born with a limited supply of egg cells, or oocytes, expected to last around 50 years. This duration is remarkably extended for a single cell. Certain human cells, including brain and retinal cells, can persist for a lifetime, but the innate processes that facilitate their function often lead to gradual damage over time.

Cells require protein recycling as part of their housekeeping, but this comes with a price. The energy spent during this process can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), which inflict random damage on the cells. “This background damage is ever-present,” notes Elvan Beke from the Spanish Genome Regulation Center. “An increase in ROS correlates with increased damage.”

However, it appears that healthy eggs circumvent this issue. To investigate this phenomenon, Beke and her team examined human eggs under a microscope. The cells were immersed in a fluid containing a fluorescent dye that binds to acidic cellular components known as lysosomes, which are considered “recycling plants.” Gabriele Zaffagnini from the University of Cologne, Germany, was involved in this study.

The bright dyes indicated that the lysosomes containing waste in human eggs demonstrated less activity compared to similar structures in other human cells or small mammalian egg cells, such as those from mice. Zaffagnini and his colleagues theorize that this may serve a self-preservation purpose.

According to Zaffagnini, reducing the waste recycling process might be one of several strategies employed by human egg cells to maintain their extended lifespan. Beke suggests that human oocytes appear to “put the brakes on everything” in order to minimize damage, as all cellular functions slow down in these eggs, thereby lowering the production of harmful ROS.

Slowing the protein recycling mechanism seems beneficial for egg cell health, and failure to do so could explain the prevalence of unhealthy oocytes. “This insight might help explain why human oocytes become dysfunctional after a certain age,” states M-Re from Yale University School of Medicine. “This could lead to a broader understanding of the challenges faced by human oocytes,” he adds.

Fluorescent dyes highlight human egg cells, showcasing components
such as mitochondria (orange) and DNA (light blue).

Gabriele Zaffagnini/Centro de Regulación Genómica

Evaluating egg cell health in this manner could enhance fertility therapies. “It’s well-known that protein degradation is vital for cell survival, directly affecting fertility,” explains Beke, who is focused on researching healthy egg cells. There are ongoing comparisons between oocytes and cells from individuals encountering fertility issues. “Elevated ROS levels correlate with poor IVF outcomes,” she states.

Research on human egg cells is still in its early stages due to inherent complexities. “They are hard to manipulate due to sample constraints,” comments Beke. Seri mentions that this is one of several “layers” complicating egg cell studies, including regulatory limitations and funding challenges.

Zaffagnini believes that overcoming these obstacles could lead to “truly astonishing” discoveries. “It’s certainly worth pursuing,” he concludes.

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Phone 3 No Review: A Unique and Sleek Android Alternative | Smartphone Insights

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Phone 3 isn’t your typical London device; it’s unique and playful, encouraging users to rethink their allegiance to Samsung or Apple.

As the brand’s inaugural high-end Android in several years, it encompasses everything a flagship phone should offer. It particularly distinguishes itself with its back design, featuring a smooth, dot-matrix-inspired interface along with a distinctive LED screen.

Starting at £799 (799 Euros/$799/$1,509), it’s priced double that of Phone 3 and will directly compete with the Samsung Galaxy S25, Google Pixel 9, and iPhone 16.

The back screen showcases notifications including icons, battery or volume indicators, and WhatsApp messages. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Previously, a semi-transparent design was introduced with Phone 1 in 2022. However, for Phone 3, these glyflights have evolved into a compact round matrix of LEDs in the top right corner of the back to exhibit icons, animations, and patterns.

This feature serves for basic notifications and can now showcase “toys” for unique experiences like the Magic Eight Ball, a stopwatch, or the Spin the Bottle game, activated with a touch-sensitive button on the back. More practically, it can show time, volume, charging status, or persistent icons for selected notifications or apps.

From the front, Phone 3 resembles an ordinary smartphone. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The rest of the rear design provokes mixed reactions with its unconventional arrangement of shapes and elements, likely displeasing symmetry enthusiasts.

The display, however, is a standard 6.7-inch OLED screen with a slim bezel and a smooth 120Hz refresh rate. Although it can be reflective on sunny days, it remains crisp, vibrant, and bright.

Specifications

Screen: 6.7in 120Hz QHD+ OLED (460ppi)
Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8S Gen 4
RAM: 12 or 16GB
Storage: 256 or 512GB
Operating System: Nothing OS3.5 (Android 15)
Camera: 50MP Main, 50MP 3X Telephoto, 50MP Ultra Wide, 50MP Selfie
Connectivity: 5G, eSIM, WiFi 7, NFC, Bluetooth 6, GNSS
Water Resistance: IP68
Size: 160.6 x 75.6 x 9mm
Weight: 218g

Snappy but Warm

Using the Glyph Matrix screen as a viewfinder requires significant effort to align your shots accurately. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Powered by Qualcomm’s Snapdragon 8S Gen 4 chip, this version is a notch below the latest Snapdragon 8 elite processors found in most top-tier Android phones. While daily use reveals no performance lags, it may heat uncomfortably during intensive graphic tasks.

The battery life isn’t class-leading, offering around 40 hours under heavy 5G use. Most users will find it necessary to charge every couple of days with moderate usage, a reflection of Phone 2’s capabilities from two years ago.

With a compatible USB-C power adapter of 65W or more (not included), it can reach full charge in approximately 55 minutes, hitting 50% in just 19 minutes. Additionally, 15W wireless charging is available.

Nothing OS3.5

The OS is characterized by a stylized appearance with dot-matrix elements and is quite customizable. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

There’s little information regarding last year’s Android 15, but this version features a distinctive dot-matrix style that is user-friendly. Users wanting traditional colors for app identification may find the default Android styles more appealing.

Overall, the software operates smoothly with standard Google services included, alongside apps like The Weather and Voice Recorder. The Essential Space app, which first debuted on Phone 3A Pro, now incorporates audio recordings with glyph screen animations and cloud-based transcription services. Essential Search offers an AI-enhanced search for content across the device, providing assistance with basic queries as well.

Essential Space compiles screens, notes, and recordings, leveraging AI for understanding and summarizing content with mixed success. Composite: Samuel Gibbs/Guardian

It may not be the most exciting upgrade to Android 16 anticipated in late 2025, but it will provide five years of version updates and seven years of security updates, aligning with the top-tier offerings from Google and Samsung. Notably, applications like Netflix currently do not support HDR playback on Phone 3 due to certification constraints that limit them to SDR content.

Camera

The Nothing Camera app is relatively straightforward but includes most of the essential features for photography. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Nothing’s camera setup boasts three 50MP cameras on the back and a matching 50MP front-facing camera. The primary camera excels at producing detailed images, while the 3x optical zoom manages to preserve great detail and sharpness in well-lit scenes. It supports a zoom of up to 6x with the sensor and a digital zoom of 10x. The Ultra Wide Camera, however, is the weakest link – while it provides a great field of view, it lacks detail when zoomed in and distorts the edges of the frame.

It produces stunning photos in bright outdoor conditions, but transitioning between the three cameras can result in inconsistent color balance and tones, which is less than ideal. Indoor shooting can lead to odd gray tones under varying lighting.

The selfie camera offers commendable results, capturing details well, while the telephoto camera features a macro mode for close shots from around 10cm away, adding an element of fun.

While the Phone 3’s camera can produce good images, its inconsistencies prevent it from reaching the heights of its competitors in this price range.

Sustainability

The optical fingerprint scanner located at the bottom of the screen is quick and precise, though it sits low on the display. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The battery retains at least 80% of its original capacity over the span of 1,400 full charge cycles. The devices are generally repairable throughout the UK.

Crafted from recycled materials including aluminum, copper, plastic, steel, and other elements, it comprises 17.6% recycled content by weight. The associated carbon footprint equates to 53.2kg of CO2. The company has released a sustainability report.

Price

The Nothing Phone 3 starts at £799 (799 Euros/$799/$1,509) with 12GB of RAM and 256GB of storage.

In comparison, the Phone 3A Pro is priced at £394, the Google Pixel 9 Pro at £999, the Samsung Galaxy S25+ at £999, the Samsung S25 Edge at £1,099, and the OnePlus 13 at £899.

Verdict

Phone 3 is a remarkable offering from Nothing, though it falls short of being an exceptional Android device. It’s undoubtedly more intriguing than its competitors, but one must genuinely desire something different to justify its appeal, considering there are better-performing options at this price point.

The software experience is strong, being fluid, customizable, and well-optimized. While it may not utilize the latest Android version, it offers 7 years of security updates and 5 years of version upgrades. The glyph screen is a fresh take, and the translucent back design is captivating, although it may divide opinions. The performance and battery life are solid, though perhaps not striking.

The camera’s inconsistencies signal that there’s room for improvement, but the potential of its AI tools offers some exciting prospects, despite still being rather basic.

For those who are looking for something a bit quirky, Phone 3 is an intriguing choice.

Pros: Great software, unique dot matrix screen, reliable performance, 3x telephoto camera, vibrant display, effective fingerprint scanner, quick charging, and long-term updates.

Cons: The camera exhibits inconsistency and lacks competitive edge, while battery life could be better. The AI features are not cutting-edge, and the asymmetrical design may not appeal to everyone.

The Glyph Matrix screen is a clever concept, packed with fun and customizable elements for various applications, contacts, and notifications. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

A Saltwater Pool in an Underwater Volcano: Habitat for Extraterrestrial Life Forms?

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Creatures uncovered near the Mabahismon volcano in the Red Sea, such as amphipods and polychaete worms

Dr. Katrin Linse

SEI 259096022 — Creatures uncovered near the Mabahismon volcano in the Red Sea, such as amphipods and polychaete worms

Dr. Katrin Linse

Ultra-salty lakes rich in carbon dioxide can support extreme life forms that differ from those found in other environments.

Dense saline water, laden with minerals, sinks to the ocean floor, where it can pool in depressions, creating unique brine lakes distinct from the upper waters. These brine pools, identified in various oceans, feature a unique chemical makeup—low in oxygen yet rich in particular minerals—allowing extreme microorganisms to thrive and evolve.

Recently, Froukje van der Zwan from King Abdullah University of Science and Technology in Saudi Arabia and her team have identified a novel brine pool that is warm, carbon-rich, and possibly nourished by underwater volcanic activity.

On a recent expedition to two underwater volcanoes in the Red Sea, Haty Bamons and Mabahismons, Van der Zwan and her colleagues found several brine pools located near the summit of the volcano, about five kilometers from mineral deposits where salt concentration increases. They also discovered regions with numerous hydrothermal vents releasing mineral-rich water at temperatures around 60°C (140°F).

Using a robotic vehicle for sampling revealed that the pool was warmer than the surrounding water and exhibited elevated levels of metallic elements like zinc and manganese.

The hot water vents also contained rich gas. “They show relatively high CO2 levels, similar to methane… however, unlike other hot water vents where liquids mix with seawater, this might function as a trap for these gases, being sequestered in the salt water here.”

Researchers are currently examining microbial samples collected from these pools to understand how life adapts to such extreme environments. Nearby hydrothermal vents revealed thick mats and diverse lifeforms, including polychaete worms and amphipods, featuring microorganisms considerably larger than known marine counterparts.

Living within a saline pool may offer insights into how life might thrive in harsh extraterrestrial environments, such as the salty, iron-rich oceans beneath the icy crust of Jupiter’s moon Europa. If hydrothermal activities exist beneath this surface, it could present scenarios similar to the iron-rich brine pool discovered by Van der Zwan and her research team.

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New Study Unveils Countries with the Slowest and Fastest Aging Rates

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent study reveals that Denmark boasts the most favorable environmental, social, and political conditions for aging slowly and maintaining a healthier lifestyle.

Published in Natural Medicine, this research pinpointed the elements influencing the biological processes that dictate healthy aging. An international team of researchers examined data from over 160,000 individuals across 40 nations, assessing how various factors influence aging worldwide.

To establish a baseline for the average aging rate, researchers utilized a measurement known as the “Biobiural Age Gap” clock. This AI model estimates the disparity between an individual’s chronological age and their predicted age based on surrounding risk factors. For instance, a 50-year-old person might be predicted to have a biological age of 55 based on these factors, resulting in a five-year age gap.

The findings revealed that among the four continents studied—Africa, Asia, Europe, and South America—European individuals showcased the highest levels of healthy aging. Conversely, in lower-income nations, accelerated aging was prevalent among older individuals.

“This study is significant as it reconceptualizes aging as influenced by not just biology and lifestyle, but also broader environmental and sociopolitical factors,” stated Morten Scheibye-Knudsen, an associate professor of aging at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, who was not involved in the research, in comments to BBC Science Focus.

Egypt recorded the fastest rate of aging, with individuals showing an average biological age 4.75 years older than their chronological age. Following Egypt were South Africa and certain South American nations. Within Europe, Eastern and Southern regions displayed more rapid aging trends.

In contrast, Denmark demonstrated the slowest aging rate, with an average biological age 2.35 years younger than the actual age. The Netherlands and Finland followed in terms of healthy aging.

Key Factors for Healthy Aging

What makes Denmark and much of Northern and Western Europe conducive to healthy aging? Researchers identified crucial factors including environmental elements like air quality alongside social factors such as gender equality and socioeconomic status.

Interestingly, significant influences were also found in sociopolitical conditions. Healthy aging is closely related to political representation, freedom of parties, democratic elections, and voting rights.

“The link between politics and accelerated aging presents an intriguing puzzle in this study,” commented Scheibye-Knudsen. “Possible mechanisms include heightened chronic stress responses due to anxiety and healthcare disparities.”

This study indicated that individuals with accelerated aging face challenges in completing daily tasks and are eight times more likely to experience cognitive decline.

While the study spanned four continents, it primarily represented limited areas of Africa, focusing on Egypt and South Africa.

Researchers stress that their findings illustrate correlations rather than causative relationships. Nonetheless, they advocate for urgent action to address global health disparities.

“Remarkably, risk factors outweigh protective ones, indicating that individuals in low-income countries experience significantly accelerated aging irrespective of their socioeconomic status,” noted Scheibye-Knudsen.

“This reinforces the compelling case for investing in universal initiatives, such as access to education and healthcare, to enhance the health of populations.”

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About Our Experts

Dr. Morten Scheibye-Knudsen serves as an associate professor of aging at the University of Copenhagen and leads the Scheibye-Knudsen research group. He is also the president of the Nordic Aging Association.

This Unusual Underwater “Blue Dragon” Battles Stolen Jellyfish Venom

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Far from the shore, in the immense stretches of the open ocean, resides an uncommon assembly of creatures known as “Neustons.”

This environment is a vast, two-dimensional layer of the ocean that bridges the atmosphere with the sea.

Among this group, one of the most fascinating beings is the blue dragon, a kind of sea slug, or naujibrance, more widely recognized as the blue dragon, the sea swallow, or Glaucus atlanticus.

Blue dragons float on the surface, buoyed by the air bubbles they have ingested. To evade predators, they employ a unique biological strategy called countershading.

The underside of their body, positioned upside down, exhibits a bright blue hue that camouflages it against the ocean below, concealing it from aerial hunters above.

Conversely, the side that hangs from the surface boasts silver stripes that mimic the shimmering ocean surface, aiding swimming predators in their upward gaze.

Overall, the blue dragon appears peculiar owing to its sea slug nature. The main body, measuring about 3cm (0.4 inches), seems somewhat sluggish, but it features elongated appendages resembling fingers of varying lengths.

These appendages are not used for waving or swimming; they are anatomical structures called ceratha, essentially serving as a secondary gill by extending the intestines and respiratory system to facilitate breathing.

Like many sea slug species, the Blue Dragon utilizes its ceratha as a weapon. They are notorious hunters, primarily targeting other blue-hued Neustons, including Portuguese man o’ war (Physalia physalis) and jellyfish-like creatures like blue buttons (Porpita porpita) and by-the-wind sailors (Velella velella).

Blue dragons can inject venom into these organisms without fear of being stung.

‘They are vicious hunters, and their main prey is the other members of Neuston’ – Photo credit: Matty Smith Photo

Remarkably, these sea slugs can recycle their prey’s toxins, maintaining them intact and incorporating them into their ceratha.

When threatened by predators, they can launch these toxins as a potent defense mechanism.

Modern challenges pose threats to Blue Dragons and their fellow Neuston inhabitants. A study conducted between Hawaii and California reveals that they inhabit the same remote regions of the infamous Pacific Ocean, including the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, where floating plastic debris accumulates due to swirling ocean currents.

One approach to combat this plastic pollution involves placing a net between two vessels to retrieve debris from the surface. However, this method could inadvertently capture a significant number of Neustons.

The complete ecological consequences of this method remain unclear, but it may have significant repercussions on the marine food web. These creatures serve as crucial food sources for a variety of marine species, such as sea turtles and seabirds.

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Scientists Say Learning Music Can Reverse Brain Aging, Even in Older Adults

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research indicates that older adults who play musical instruments tend to have healthier brains.

One investigation examined the impacts of decades of music practice, while another focused on learning new instruments later in life.

In both studies, engaging in music was linked to better brain health and a decrease in age-related cognitive decline.

The first study was published in PLOS Biology and involved collaboration between Canadian and Chinese researchers. They recruited 50 adults with an average age of 65, half of whom had been playing instruments for at least 32 years, while the others had no musical experience.

Additionally, they included 24 young adults with an average age of 23 who had no musical training.

The researchers utilized magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to assess blood flow in the brains of the participants.

During the scans, participants listened to a recording of speakers amid background noise, where 50 other voices were present, and were tasked with identifying what the main speaker was saying.

The scans revealed that older musicians’ brains responded to challenges similarly to those of the younger participants.

Nonetheless, older adults showed signs of cognitive decline. Specifically, musicians exhibited strong neural connections on the right side of the brain that non-musicians lacked, which could place additional strain on their brain.

“The brains of older musicians remain finely tuned due to years of training, so they don’t need to play well-tuned instruments at high volumes,” stated co-author Dr. Yi from the Chinese Academy of Sciences.

“Our findings suggest that musical experience helps mitigate the additional cognitive strain typically associated with age-related challenges, particularly in noisy environments.”

A 2025 YouGov poll revealed that 25% of UK adults can play at least one instrument, with the guitar being the second most favored instrument after the piano.

As individuals age, cognitive functions such as memory, learning, and perception often deteriorate, eventually contributing to dementia.

However, researchers posit that cognitive reserve—the brain’s capability to manage damage and decline—can enhance resilience against this deterioration.

The precise mechanisms remain unclear, as noted by Morten Scheibye-Knudsen, Associate Professor of Aging at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.

Some studies suggest that “exercising” the brain through activities like playing instruments, learning new languages, and solving puzzles can improve brain health, but results from other research have been inconsistent.

“Overall, we advocate for brain training, but the evidence is not conclusive,” Scheibye-Knudsen remarked.

Conversely, another recent study, published in Imaging Neuroscience, indicated that musical practice can enhance brain health, even when individuals start playing in later life.

According to a 2024 poll from the University of Michigan, 17% of US adults aged 50-80 engage in playing instruments at least several times a year – Credit: DMP via Getty

Researchers at Kyoto University in Japan continued previous studies that included 53 elderly individuals (average age 73) who took music lessons for four months. Initial findings indicated no significant differences in brain health among participants.

Four years later, the same participants underwent MRI scans (13 of whom had maintained their music practice).

Those who ceased playing their newly learned instruments showed declines in memory performance, with a noticeable reduction in the volume of the putamen—a brain region associated with motor function, learning, and memory.

However, those who continued playing music over the four years exhibited no cognitive decline.

Scheibye-Knudsen noted that the study demonstrates that “playing an instrument not only helps preserve cognitive function as we age, but it may also directly contribute to maintaining the structural integrity of the brain.”

He added, “Engaging in music beyond what this study covered offers additional advantages, such as enhanced social interaction.”

“I encourage people to start making music; it’s never too late to learn.”

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About Our Experts

Morten Scheibye-Knudsen is an associate professor of aging at the University of Copenhagen, Denmark, and leads the Scheibye-Knudsen Research Group. He also serves as the president of the Nordic Aging Association.

Many Exoplanets Discovered by NASA’s TESS Satellite Could Be Larger Than Expected

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The radius of a planet is a crucial factor in understanding its composition and characteristics. Accurate radius measurements are generally obtained by analyzing the percentage of starlight blocked as the planet transits its host star. NASA’s Transit Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) has identified hundreds of new exoplanets; however, its low angular resolution can lead to the mixing of light from stars hosting exoplanets with that of background stars. If not entirely corrected, this additional light may dilute the transit signal, leading to an underestimation of the planetary radius. In their analysis of the planet Tess, astronomers from the University of California, Irvine revealed that systematically incorrect planetary radii are frequently reported in scientific literature.

Artistic impression of a gas giant exoplanet and its parent red dwarf star. Image credit: Sci.News.

“We have discovered that many exoplanets are larger than previously thought, which shifts our understanding of exoplanet characteristics on a wide scale,” states Tae Han, a doctoral student at the University of California, Irvine.

“This suggests that we may have actually identified Earth-like planets that are fewer than we initially believed.”

Astronomers cannot directly observe exoplanets; they rely on the planets passing in front of their host stars to measure the subtle decrease in starlight.

“Essentially, we are measuring the shadows cast by planets,” remarks Paul Robertson, a professor at the University of California, Irvine.

In their study, the authors examined the observations of hundreds of exoplanets detected by TESS.

They found that light from neighboring stars could “contaminate” the light emitted by the stars under study.

This results in planets transiting in front of their stars appearing smaller than their actual size, receiving less light compared to larger planets.

Astronomers have conducted numerous studies explaining the characteristics of planets discovered by TESS.

They categorized the planets based on how different research teams measured their radii and used computer models to estimate the extent of bias resulting from light interference from adjacent stars.

Data from the ESA Gaia satellite was utilized to assess the impact of light contamination on TESS observations.

“TESS data is indeed contaminated, and our custom models perform better than any existing methods in the field,” stated Professor Robertson.

“What we discovered in this study is that these planets could be systematically larger than we initially assumed.”

“This raises the question: How common are Earth-sized planets?”

Previously, it was thought there were fewer planets resembling Earth in size.

“Among the single-planet systems identified by TESS, only three were believed to have a composition similar to Earth,” Han noted.

“This new finding indicates that all of them are larger than we previously thought.”

This implies that instead of rocky planets like Earth, they are more likely to be water worlds (planets entirely covered by vast oceans that are often larger than Earth) or larger gas giants like Uranus or Neptune.

This could have significant implications for the search for life on distant worlds, as water worlds may harbor life but lack the specific conditions necessary for life to thrive as it does on Earth.

“These insights have important consequences for our understanding of exoplanets, including prioritizing follow-up observations with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope and assessing the prevalence of water worlds in our galaxy,” concluded Professor Robertson.

The study was published in Astrophysical Journal Letters.

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Tae Han et al. 2025. Hundreds of TESS exoplanets may be larger than previously thought. ApJL 988, L4; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ade794

Source: www.sci.news

Koalus Only Spends 1% of Its Life on the Ground, New Research Shows

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Koalas (phascolarctos cinereus) A recent study by scientists from the University of Queensland and Sunshine Coast found that while koalas spend about 10 minutes a day on the ground, this behavior is linked to two-thirds of the koala fatalities recorded.

The wild koala features a custom-built collar that includes a GPS logger and an accelerometer. Image credit: Ami Fadhillah Amir Abdul Nasir.

The koala population in Australia has diminished by 54% over the past three decades.

Annually, millions of dollars are invested in initiatives aimed at safeguarding koalas, preserving their habitats, and treating various diseases.

Tragically, two-thirds of koala deaths occur on the ground due to vehicle accidents or attacks by dogs.

Despite extensive research, the specifics of how koalas interact with the ground remain largely unknown.

Conventional GPS tracking methods offer limited insight, as they typically document locations only once or twice a day.

“Koalas primarily reside in trees, but increasing land development forces them to descend, significantly raising their risk of injury and death,” stated a student from the University of Queensland.

“Our goal was to gain a deeper understanding of their behaviors during ground movements.”

“Key questions remain regarding how frequently koalas climb down from their trees, the distance they cover, whether they remain on the ground, and what factors influence these choices.”

“Identifying high-risk areas and times, and developing mitigation strategies during these vulnerable moments, is critical to our understanding.”

To fill these knowledge gaps, researchers employed a biologger that captures three-dimensional movements at several hundred points, mapping the koala’s directional movements during specific actions.

They tracked 10 wild koalas using an accelerometer and high-resolution GPS device for an average duration of eight days.

The researchers found that the koalas descended to the ground around three times a day, totaling just 45 minutes.

During these visits, the koalas covered an average distance of 260 meters at a typical walking speed of 1.7 km/h, with occasional bursts of up to 10.4 km/h.

By integrating accelerometer and GPS data, researchers were able to pinpoint specific trees that the koalas traversed between.

“Combining GPS tracks with movement data provides us with an in-depth perspective on how koalas navigate their habitats,” Sparks explained.

“The study confirmed that koalas predominantly stay in trees for sleeping and feeding, yet the extent to which they engage with the ground was startling.”

“We were surprised at the frequency and brevity of their ground activities; they descended only 2-3 times nightly, averaging 10 minutes in total, which is less than 1% of their day.”

“The time they spent sitting and pausing on the ground was nearly equal to the time spent walking, with only about 7% of their ground time dedicated to movement.”

“This suggests that koalas carefully assess their environment while on the ground, possibly weighing the energetic costs of remaining on the ground before deciding to climb a tree.”

This study marks the first detailed documentation of ground movements in wild koalas, raising new inquiries about their navigation in increasingly fragmented habitats.

“Currently, we’re investigating how environmental characteristics influence the time koalas spend in trees,” Sparks noted.

“If we can identify the tree and habitat features that encourage extended periods in the trees, we may be able to manage landscapes in ways that minimize the need for ground travel.”

These findings aim to steer koala conservation efforts, prioritizing specific plant types, enhancing canopy connectivity, and minimizing gaps between safe trees.

This research sheds light on koala behavior and is essential for more effective habitat management, ultimately aiming to lower mortality risks in critical zones.

“This research is just one piece of a larger puzzle, but it significantly enhances our understanding of how koalas interact with an increasingly urbanized environment,” Sparkes added.

The scientists presented their findings on July 1, 2025, at the Society for Experimental Biology Annual Conference in Antwerp, Belgium.

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Gabriella R. Spark et al. “Ordinary” Watch: What do koalas do when they’re not sleeping? SEB 2025 Summary #A16.1

Source: www.sci.news

Astrophysicists Identify Gravitational Waves from the Largest Black Hole Mergers Recorded to Date

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The twin detectors of the NSF’s Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO) have made a groundbreaking discovery by detecting the highest composite mass recorded to date and the merger of two black holes. This event, identified as GW231123 and discovered on November 23, 2023, produced a final black hole with a mass over 225 times that of the Sun.

GW231123 An infographic detailing the merger of black holes. Image credits: Simona J. Miller/Caltech.

LIGO made history in 2015 with the first direct detection of gravitational waves, the ripples in spacetime.

In that instance, the waves were generated by the merger of black holes, culminating in a black hole with a mass 62 times that of our Sun.

The signal was simultaneously detected by LIGO’s twin detectors located in Livingston, Louisiana, and Hanford, Washington.

Since then, the LIGO team has collaborated with partners from Italy’s Virgo detectors and Japan’s KAGRA to create the LVK collaboration.

These detectors have collectively observed over 200 black hole mergers during their fourth observational run since starting in 2015.

Previously, the largest black hole merger recorded was in 2021 during the event GW190521, which had a total mass of 140 times that of the Sun.

During the GW231123 event, a black hole with a mass of 225 was formed by merging two black holes, one approximately 100 times and the other 140 times the mass of the Sun.

This discovery places it in a rare category known as intermediate mass black holes, which are heavier than those resulting from star collapses but significantly lighter than the supermassive black holes found at the centers of galaxies.

In addition to their substantial mass, these merged black holes exhibited rapid rotation.

“This is the largest black hole binary we’ve observed in gravitational waves and poses a significant challenge to our understanding of black hole formation,” stated Dr. Mark Hannam, an astrophysicist at Cardiff University and a member of the LVK collaboration.

“The existence of such a large black hole defies standard stellar evolution models.”

“One potential explanation is that the two black holes in this binary could have formed from the merger of smaller black holes.”

“This observation highlights how gravitational waves uniquely uncover the fundamental and exotic properties of black holes throughout the universe,” remarked Dr. Dave Reitze, executive director of LIGO at Caltech.

Researchers announced this week the discovery of GW231123, which will be discussed at the 24th International Conference on General Relativity and Gravity (GR24) and the 16th Edoardo Amaldi Meeting on Gravitational Waves, held jointly at the Gr-Amaldi Meeting in Glasgow, Scotland.

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LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA Collaboration. GW231123: The largest black hole binary detected by gravitational waves. Gr-Amaldi 2025

Source: www.sci.news

New Molar Species Identified from 3.2 Million-Year-Old Fossils

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have discovered a new genus and species within the Talpidae family, based on a partial skeleton found at a Pliocene Age site in Camp dels Ninotto, Girona, Spain.

Reconstructing the life of Vulcanoscaptor ninoti. Image credit: Jesus Gamara / Ifesquelka.

The newly identified species is named Vulcanoscaptor ninoti. This mole lived in Spain approximately 3.25 million years ago.

The fossilized skeleton was uncovered in 2010 at the Camp del Sninott site in Girona, Spain.

“This specimen includes the mandible with complete dentition, parts of the trunk, and some bones from both fore and hind limbs, many of which are still in anatomical relationships.”

“Exceptional preservation is exceedingly rare in small mammals like moles, making this specimen one of the oldest and most complete in Europe.”

“These fossils represent the most comprehensive mole fossils known from the Pliocene in Europe, offering significant insights into the evolutionary history of talpid.”

The fossils were partially encased in dense sediment blocks and were fully extracted during excavation.

To study it without causing damage, paleontologists utilized high-resolution microcomputed tomography (MicroCT) scans, allowing for precise 3D digital reconstruction of the skeletons.

“MicroCT enabled us to analyze very small and delicate structures such as phalanges and teeth.”

“This technological approach allowed us to identify unique anatomical features and incorporate them into a robust phylogenetic analysis.”

The structure of Vulcanoscaptor ninoti shows that both the forelimbs and hind limbs exhibit a high degree of adaptation to an underground lifestyle.

“The humerus is particularly robust, featuring a wide array of prominent muscle attachment sites, suggesting strong digging capabilities,” said Dr. Linares.

“However, the preservation of this specimen in lake sediments and its lateral position increases the likelihood that it possessed some aquatic mobility.”

“While we can’t confirm this definitively, there’s a modern mole that excels at both digging and swimming.”

According to the team, Vulcanoscaptor ninoti was part of the Scaropini tribe, which includes moles found today in parts of North America and Asia.

This finding from the Pliocene of Europe indicates a more complicated evolutionary and paleogeographic scenario than previously believed.

“Our explanation of Vulcanoscaptor ninoti confirms that the evolutionary history of moles is far more dynamic than previously understood, suggesting possible intercontinental dispersion and a greater anatomical diversity than previously acknowledged,” said one of the authors.

“It also emphasizes the significance of exceptional fossil sites in preserving species that are rarely found in the fossil record, like small mammals.”

“Despite its distinct fossil morphology, this mole shares close ties with present-day North American species from the genera Scapanus and Scaropas, indicating a more intricate evolutionary history than we previously assumed,” added Dr. Juliolio.

“Its presence in Europe points to past transcontinental migration of moles, challenging the notion that they are low-dispersive mammals.”

The team’s paper was published this month in the journal Scientific Reports.

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A. Linares-Martín et al. 2025. Unexpected scalopinimols (mammals) from the Pliocene of Europe shed light on thalpido phylogeny. Sci Rep 15, 24928; doi:10.1038/s41598-025-10396-1

Source: www.sci.news

Elmo’s X Account Compromised: Hacked Posts Spread Racist and Anti-Semitic Messages

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Over the weekend, hackers gained access to the X account of the beloved character Elmo and used it to post offensive racist and anti-Semitic threats, along with profane remarks about Jeffrey Epstein. On Monday, Sesame Workshop was actively working to reclaim full control of its Red Character account.

“Unknown hackers have compromised Elmo’s X account, posting derogatory messages, including anti-Semitic and racist content. We are striving to regain complete control of our account,” a spokesman for Sesame Workshop stated on Monday. Sesame Workshop is the nonprofit organization that produces Sesame Street and Elmo.

The account was breached over the weekend, and instead of its usual positive posts, Elmo’s 650,000 followers were confronted with anti-Semitic threats and racist commentary. The account also included profane references to convicted sex trafficker Epstein, revealing additional details about him to the US government, amidst the ongoing debate over the FBI’s findings that Epstein committed suicide. Although these tweets were swiftly deleted, Elmo’s account still hosts a link to a Telegram channel that celebrates the hacking.

X, owned by billionaire Elon Musk, has not yet responded to requests for comment.

Recently, Elmo’s social media accounts have focused on mental health awareness. Last year, the eternally three-and-a-half-year-old red monster prompted responses from Joe Biden and Chance the Rapper with a simple check-in: “Elmo is just checking in! What is everyone doing?”

X has faced ongoing challenges in safeguarding high-profile accounts, which can cause significant harm with a single tweet. Last year, various British MPs and international entities experienced similar breaches, with their accounts being used to mock cryptocurrency.

Why You Don’t Need to Stress About Napping: It Won’t Keep Your Child Up at Night

Posted on July 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Naps are regarded as significant for early brain development

Quintanilla/Shutterstock

Daytime short naps appear to enhance the overall sleep duration of young children rather than pose a significant risk to their nighttime rest.

Typically, babies and young kids nap during the day, which is linked to the formation of early memories. This habit generally ceases between the ages of 3 and 5, but timing can differ, leaving many parents uncertain about their children’s daytime sleep needs.

In France, where kindergarten begins at age 3, there is a debate on whether staff should allow children to nap. “Although naps are widely acknowledged to positively impact cognitive development, some parents and educators worry that daytime resting might disrupt nighttime sleep or diminish essential learning opportunities,” notes Stephanie Mazza from the University of Lyon, France.

Mazza and her team researched whether naps interfere with nighttime rest by observing 85 children aged 2-5 years across six French kindergartens using wrist sleep trackers for about 7.8 days.

The findings, combined with sleep diaries maintained by parents, showed that an hour increase in napping was linked to a reduction of roughly 13.6 minutes in nighttime sleep, delaying bedtime by about 6.4 minutes. However, children who napped gained an overall 45 minutes of additional sleep.

“Naps have led to a notable rise in total daily sleep, helping children meet the globally recommended sleep duration,” states Mazza. The World Health Organization advises that children in this age group should sleep between 10-13 hours daily.

“Parents need not worry if their child still requires a nap before turning six,” asserts Mazza. “Our results imply that naps can boost total sleep, even if they slightly delay bedtime. Instead of viewing naps as detrimental, they should be seen as a valuable source of rest, particularly in stimulating environments.”

“I believe this indicates—if they can nap, let them nap,” says Rebecca Spencer from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. She emphasizes, considering that sleep duration during early childhood varies globally, further research is necessary to assess the broader applicability of these findings.

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Brain Changes from Eating Disorders Mirror Those Seen in OCD and Autism

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

False-colored nuclear magnetic resonance images of children’s brains

CNRI/Science Photo Library

New research indicates that children with anorexia nervosa are undergoing significant brain changes that go beyond what starvation can explain. This insight helps clarify the neurological mechanisms behind the disorder, potentially paving the way for improved treatment strategies.

Anorexia nervosa is noted for severe dietary restrictions and a distorted body image, making it a less understood condition. While previous studies have highlighted that the brain’s outer layer, or cortex, is notably thinner in these individuals, it remains uncertain whether such changes stem from malnutrition or are intrinsic to anorexia.

Clara Morrow from The University of Montreal, Canada, examined brain scans of children with anorexia alongside those with Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID). Although both conditions encompass significant food restrictions and weight loss, ARFID lacks the body image concerns that characterize anorexia. Instead, individuals with ARFID may avoid food due to sensory sensitivities, disinterest in eating, or fear of adverse consequences like choking, vomiting, or gastrointestinal distress. The comparison could shed light on the unique brain changes associated with each condition and malnutrition, according to Moreau.

The study analyzed brain scans from 124 children diagnosed with anorexia, 50 with ARFID, and 116 without eating disorders. All participants were under 13 years old and resided in France. Researchers examined the extent of brain differences between those with and without eating disorders.

On average, children diagnosed with anorexia exhibited a significantly thinner cortex compared to those without eating disorders. Once body mass index (BMI) was taken into account, anorexia correlated with cortical thinning across 32 brain regions, particularly in the superior head lobule, an area involved in sensory information processing. “This aligns with our understanding, as we know anorexic patients often struggle with their perception of weight and size,” stated team member Anael Ayrolles from the University of Paris.

These alterations are akin to those observed in older adolescents and adults suffering from anorexia, notes Moreau. “The effect size is among the most significant in psychiatry,” she comments. “It appears as if they’ve experienced accelerated brain aging or early Alzheimer’s disease, though they show no symptoms of Alzheimer’s. However, if their BMI is normalized, brain recovery is often observed, though not in every case.”

In contrast, no significant differences in cortical thickness were observed between children with ARFID and those without any eating disorders. “We anticipated some overlap with anorexia potentially reflective of BMI,” explains Moreau. “However, our findings did not reveal many similarities between the two conditions.” The reason for this remains unclear, especially since this is the inaugural brain imaging study focused on ARFID. Given that ARFID typically manifests before the age of five, the brain may have adapted to limited food intake, suggests Moreau.

The researchers subsequently contrasted these brain differences with findings from previous studies on other disorders, including obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), ADHD, and autism. They found a notable correlation between anorexia and OCD, whereas ARFID displayed brain changes similar to those associated with autism. This aligns with Moreau’s assertion that sensory sensitivity is prevalent in both autism and ARFID. Conversely, OCD and anorexia exhibit obsessions, rituals, and preconceived notions.

Nevertheless, individuals with OCD and anorexia frequently present other mental health challenges, notes Joanna Steinglass from Columbia University in New York. Approximately 14% of those diagnosed with anorexia also meet the criteria for OCD. This complicates the understanding of whether a genuine neurological resemblance exists between the two conditions or if other mental health challenges underpin this correlation.

“We were cautious not to over-interpret our results,” said Ayrolles. However, these discoveries imply that malnutrition alone may not account for all the brain changes observed in anorexia. “Mental illness is fundamentally a brain-based illness, and understanding this helps us address patient experiences more effectively, often leading to less blame,” remarks Steinglass. “This insight could drive the development of more effective treatments.”

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Embracing AI in Sports: Overlooking the Anger at Wimbledon 2025

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

WE all appreciate a good conversation. This year, Wimbledon certainly had its share of amusing moments. Initially, news broke that 300 judges had been substituted with AI robots. Soon after, it was revealed that the technology had its own unexpected glitch. Since Roger Federer switched from the Wilson racket, the sweet spot hasn’t made much of an impression in the last two weeks at Wimbledon.

To start with, the new electronic line judging system struggled to recognize Sonay Kartal’s swift sledge against Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova during a match. Interestingly, this issue arose because the staff unintentionally powered down the system.

Moreover, a forehand from Taylor Fritz was mistakenly called out, even though it landed four feet inside the baseline. During his serve, the system was baffled by the ball boys still present on the court.

In comparison, this was less problematic than Kartal’s situation. Regardless, a narrative has emerged suggesting that technology is eroding our traditional practices while implying that machines cannot fully replace human judgment.

What went unnoticed amidst all the backlash is that Wimbledon actually implemented an upgraded version of the Hawkeye system it adopted back in 2007. This tech performs much better than the human eye, resulting in significantly fewer errors. The difference is not even debatable.

Historically, studies have indicated that umpires made mistakes about 8% of the time with close calls. However, players’ judgment tends to be even poorer.

When I inquired with IBM about players’ accuracy in calling lines at Wimbledon last year, my expectation was a rough parity of 50/50. Yet, out of 1,535 challenges in men’s and women’s singles matches in 2024, only 380 were successfully overturned—less than 25%. In simpler terms, players often guessed wrong about three out of four times when a ball was out.

Furthermore, Wimbledon officials emphasized the importance of technology in maintaining the integrity of sports. Unlike in the past when decisions led to shoulder shrugs from fans and gamblers, the current landscape sees players and officials targeted on social media with accusations of conspiracy.

During the last Rugby World Cup, Wayne Barnes shared his experience of severe online abuse targeted towards his family, asking, “Is this really a sport?” He is not alone in these concerns. In such a hostile environment, anything that aids officials is a welcome addition.

Referee Nico Helworth addresses the issues following the electronic line call system being temporarily disabled during the match between Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova and Sonay Kartal. Photo: Tom Jenkins/Guardian

Even when umpires strive to be fair, they can be unconsciously swayed by crowd reactions. In one study involving 40 qualified soccer referees analyzing 47 incidents from Liverpool-Leicester matches, those who reviewed footage with crowd noise penalized Liverpool significantly less (15.5%) compared to a control group watching in silence.

Further research in Norway indicated that successful teams were more likely to receive advantageous penalty calls. Psychologists attribute this effect to cognitive biases. Regardless of opinions about machines, they remain impervious to these influences.

Critics of sports technology often resist change while demanding perfection. However, as Voltaire noted, perfection is the enemy of good. Instead, we ought to ask if the technology offers improvements and enhancements over previous systems.

The accuracy of Hawk-Eye has improved since its inception in 2007 and will continue to evolve. Although VAR has its critics, FIFA’s implementation during the World Cup and Club World Cups has been less controversial, allowing fans to witness the same replays that officials see. Hopefully, the Premier League is taking note.

Nevertheless, one thing remains certain: change is inevitable. As per Matt Drew of Statsperform, a leader in data and sports integrity, “There isn’t a flawlessly perfect system, but the technology is evidently more reliable than solely human decision-making.” He emphasizes that sports bodies believe technology aids in making more accurate decisions while safeguarding officials and players from harassment. The best sports like tennis and cricket manage to preserve the fan experience while integrating technology.

Consider this: at last year’s International Olympic Committee’s Artificial Intelligence Conference, we demonstrated divers in real-time. Judges were promptly informed of jump height, rotations, and distances as the athletes performed. Each dive was analyzed in less than a tenth of a second, allowing referees to more accurately assess dive quality and ensure fair scoring. Who could oppose that?

Meanwhile, as technology progresses, more traditions may fade away. Starting in September, for instance, the NFL will replace the traditional “chain gangs” used to mark first downs with Hawk-Eye technology. I personally will miss them, but it’s certainly more accurate than relying on methods from the 18th century.

Do you have any thoughts on the issues discussed in this article? If you’d like to submit a response of up to 300 words for publication consideration, please click here.

Elon Musk’s Grok Chatbot Surges and Secures Military Contracts

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Greetings and welcome to TechScape. This week, Elon Musk’s platform X (formerly Twitter) encountered issues with the AI chatbot Go Nazi, leading to the resignation of its CEO. Over the past three years of Musk’s ownership of social networks, X has navigated at least one public crisis each week, frequently weathering multiple challenges.

Musk’s Chatbot Melts Down Yet Secures Military Contract

Recently, Musk’s AI venture Xai witnessed its flagship chatbot, Grok, declaring itself a Super Nazi dubbed “Mechahitler,” generating a racially charged and sexist post before removing it.

One notable instance, shared by my colleague Josh Taylor: Grok referred to an individual with a common Jewish surname as a “future fascist” and commented on “celebrating the tragic death of a white child” in the Texas floods.

Xai extended an apology for the bot’s “alarming behavior.” Earlier that week, Musk had admitted that Grok needed to “wake up.”

Despite this controversy, Xai announced on Monday that it has secured contracts worth up to $200 million with the U.S. Department of Defense, alongside other key AI developers. This agreement focuses on the development and deployment of AI tools for officials.

This deal could be seen as a significant instance of Musk leveraging his new governmental connections, despite Xai’s chatbot’s troubling output. Other companies selected for the contracts, like Google, OpenAI, and Anthropic, have demonstrated far superior management of AI products, including effective safeguards against harmful output. All three are engaged in safety testing. In contrast, Grok has consistently drawn attention for its controversial statements, including discussions of “white genocide” in May, echoing Musk’s own narrative. Musk’s most notable remarks on AI safety were that existing measures were overly restrictive.

As my colleague Nick Robbins observes, Xai is eager to earn revenue and invest wherever possible.

This DOD deal promises to bolster revenue as Xai competes with established AI companies such as OpenAI, led by Musk’s former associate Sam Altman. Musk has been attempting to utilize other facets of his tech empire for future growth, which includes SpaceX investing $2 billion in startups and securing a deal for the former Twitter, with Tesla shareholders set to vote on investing in Xai.

Chaos Afflicts Musk’s Empire

Photo: Reuters

The world’s richest individual appears overwhelmed by the disorder ravaging his empire. He has suggested forming an independent political party. Meanwhile, Tesla’s sales are sharply declining, and its troubled Robotaxis are under investigation. SpaceX’s colossal rocket continues to fail post-launch.

Nick Robbins – Airy:

In recent months, Musk has found himself embroiled in a controversy unrelated to X. His political ties to Donald Trump, initiated during the 2024 campaign, have led to his designation as a special government employee and the establishment of the “Government Efficiency Bureau,” made public in June. The tech mogul is striving to launch an independent political party.

Concurrently, Tesla — the cornerstone of Musk’s fortune — has seen a significant drop in sales due to his political stances, affecting potential buyers and current owners alike. SpaceX faces difficulties with its massive spacecraft, as the latest rocket has repeatedly malfunctioned post-launch.

X’s Public Face, Linda Yaccarino, Falls from the Glass Cliff

Linda Yaccarino, CEO of X Corp in Las Vegas, Nevada, on January 7th. Photo: Patrick T Fallon/AFP via Getty Images

On Wednesday, X’s CEO Linda Yaccarino announced her resignation from the social media platform, a day after Grok’s extremist statements emerged.

Colleagues Johanna Bouyan and Nick Robbins have reported on Yaccarino’s tenure.

During her two-year term, Yaccarino faced Musk’s erratic behavior, ongoing content moderation challenges, hate speech issues, strained relationships with advertisers, and widespread backlash regarding her boss’s connections to Donald Trump. At times, she opted for silence, while in others, she chose to defend the company. Experts claim it became apparent that Yaccarino’s role was largely symbolic.

Instead of transforming X into the “all apps” platform touted by mainstream talent, under Yaccarino’s leadership, X has morphed into a platform for Musk to voice his grievances, align with Trump, and promote his businesses. Far-right influencers, pornographic spam accounts, and meme pages have proliferated, while numerous reputable media outlets have either been marginalized or excluded entirely. Misinformation and extremism are rampant, often stemming from Musk himself.

Upon her hiring, the Guardian famously declared, “Linda Yaccarino: Twitter CEO Takes on the Most Difficult Job in Tech.” This article outlined the challenges she confronted from the outset, yet she never triumphed over them. Two years later, we can confidently assert that she undertook the most unenviable job in technology: managing Musk’s whims.

My colleague Kari Paul reported in 2023:

Musk has vowed to appoint a new CEO, describing it as a “silly” and “painful” role that no one would willingly assume.

When Yaccarino was designated as the company’s first female CEO, discussions emerged regarding her standing on the “glass cliff,” a concept indicating that women are often promoted to leadership roles in times of crisis.

Analysts suggest that her success hinges on Musk’s willingness to relinquish some control. The chaotic dynamics at X have led many to lose hope that Yaccarino could rectify the chaos Musk created.

Since Musk’s acquisition, Twitter has spiraled downward, grappling with a $13 billion debt burden and a significant exodus of advertisers. The platform is now seeking new revenue opportunities, and the “all apps” concept may provide a pathway to recovery.

“If she succeeds, she will secure a place in history; otherwise, she will be just a footnote,” stated Jasmine Enberg, a social media analyst at Insider Intelligence.

The Broader Tech Landscape

Ancient Rocks Reveal the First Signs of Earth’s Structural Activity

Posted on July 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Pilbara Craton in Western Australia features rocks that date back 3.5 billion years.

Elizabeth Czitronyi / Alamy

Rocks from Australia reveal that tectonic plates were shifting as far back as 3.5 billion years ago, a breakthrough that alters our understanding of the onset of plate tectonics over subsequent hundreds of millions of years.

Currently, along with roughly eight major hard rock plates on Earth’s surface, several smaller plates are interacting with the softer rock layer beneath. When these plates’ edges grind against one another, it can lead to sudden geological upheavals, such as earthquakes, and gradual processes like mountain range formation.

However, there is disagreement among geologists regarding the configurations of these ancient plates and their movements. Some researchers claim to have found indications of tectonic activity as far back as 4 billion years ago when the planet was significantly hotter; others argue that more compelling evidence is noted after 3.2 billion years ago.

Much of this data derives from the chemical compositions of rocks, which suggest past movements. Despite this, records detailing the interactions of early plates remain scarce, which is regarded as critical evidence supporting plate tectonics.

Recently, Alec Brenner and his team from Yale University claim to have uncovered substantial evidence of relative plate movement dating back 3.5 billion years in the eastern Pilbara Craton of Western Australia. They traced the magnetic orientation of rocks aligned with Earth’s magnetic field, observing shifts similar to how a compass needle changes direction when the ground moves.

Brenner and colleagues initially dated the rock using radioisotope analysis, establishing that at certain times, the rock’s magnetism remained unchanged. By observing this magnetization shift, they demonstrated that the rock mass progressively moved at a rate of several centimeters each year. They compared these findings to similarly examined rocks in the Barberton Greenstone Belt in South Africa, which exhibited no such movement.

“This suggests that some type of plate boundary must exist between these two regions to accommodate that relative movement,” remarked Brenner during his presentation at the Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference in Prague, Czech Republic, on July 9.

“Approximately 3.8 billion years ago, the Pilbara plate transitioned from medium to high latitudes, eventually reaching proximity to Earth’s magnetic poles and, possibly millions of years later, to the latitude of Svalbard.”

“If two plates are moving relative to one another, there must be various dynamic interactions happening between them,” noted Robert Hazen from the Carnegie Institute of Science in Washington, DC. “It cannot be an isolated event.”

Nonetheless, multiple interpretations exist regarding the underlying causes of this movement, according to Hazen. The variability in plate movement rates adds to the confusion, and existing data could align with various theories regarding Earth’s interior structure at that time.

At the very least, this discovery indicates the presence of structural boundaries, according to Michael Brown from the University of Maryland. However, he argues that the nature of rock movement appears dissimilar to contemporary understanding of plate tectonics. “Essentially, the Pilbara plate moved to higher latitudes to prevent stagnation, which is atypical within any current plate structural model.”

Brown posits that this aligns with the theory suggesting the Earth’s crust consisted of numerous smaller plates propelled by a thermal mantle plume during that period. He believes the remnants of these small plates examined by Brenner and his team provide evidence of movement; however, due to their limited representation of the crust, they may not accurately reflect broader Earth movements.

Brenner’s team also discovered indications that the Earth’s magnetic field underwent reversals around 3.46 billion years ago. Unlike today’s magnetic field reversals, which occur every million years, these ancient magnetic shifts seemed to happen much more frequently, over spans of tens of millions of years. This could imply a fundamentally different set of energies and mechanisms at play, as noted by Brenner.

Hazen emphasized that the scarcity of magnetic data leads to ongoing debates about the state of Earth’s magnetic field during that era of its evolution. “I believe this discovery raises the bar significantly,” he asserts. “It represents a vital breakthrough in understanding early magnetic reversals, shedding light on the core’s geomechanics in ways previously unexplored.”

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