The captivating flickering of the young F-type star, Gaia-20ehk, along with the expanding dust cloud encircling it, indicates a dramatic planetary collision unfolding in real time. This event provides a unique opportunity to observe the violent processes involved in the formation of nascent planetary systems.
A planetary collision around the star Gaia20ehk. Image credit: Andy Tzanidakis.
Located approximately 11,000 light-years from Earth in the constellation Leo, Gaia20ehk is a stable “main sequence” star, typically known for its steady and predictable luminosity. However, since 2016, this star has exhibited violent flickering.
“Initially, the star’s light output was consistent, but it has since dropped by around 3 degrees,” remarked Anastasios (Andy) Tzanidakis, a doctoral candidate at the University of Washington. “By 2021, the situation escalated dramatically.”
“Such behavior is unexpected for stars like our Sun. When we observed this, we thought, ‘What could be happening here?'”
The flickering of Gaia20ehk is not due to the star itself. Instead, it is caused by a cloud of rocks and dust obstructing the light as it orbits the system.
The astounding source of this debris appears to be a catastrophic planetary collision.
“It’s remarkable that multiple telescopes captured this impact in real time,” Tzanidakis stated.
“There are only a handful of documented planetary collisions, and none possess as many parallels to the impacts that formed Earth and the Moon.”
“Observing similar events in other parts of the galaxy could significantly enhance our understanding of our planet’s formation.”
Additionally, evidence suggests this impact may closely resemble the one that created the Earth and Moon approximately 4.5 billion years ago.
This dust cloud orbits Gaia20ehk at about 1 astronomical unit, the same distance from its star as Earth is from the Sun.
At this distance, materials could eventually cool and solidify into structures akin to the Earth-Moon system.
“How rare was the event that shaped the Earth and Moon? This inquiry is essential to the field of astrobiology,” commented James Davenport, a professor at the University of Washington.
“The Moon seems to play a crucial role in making Earth a habitable place, shielding it from some asteroids, influencing ocean tides and weather patterns, and potentially even facilitating geological activity.”
“Currently, the prevalence of these dynamics remains uncertain, but as we observe more collisions, we will gain clearer insights.”
The team’s research paper will be published in today’s Astrophysical Journal Letters.
Two king penguins sing in the middle of a colony on Possession Island, a French territory in the southern Indian Ocean.
Gael Baldon (CSM/CNRS/IPEV)
King penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus) are thriving in the changing subantarctic climate. As temperatures rise, the survival rates of chicks reaching adulthood are also on the rise. While these penguins appear to be benefiting from climate change, researchers caution that they may eventually face challenges in accessing essential food sources.
In 2023, king penguin chicks on French Possession Island began hatching approximately 19 days earlier than in 2000. With a longer breeding season, the survival rate of chicks has increased to an average of 62%, compared to 44% in 2000, as reported by Gael Bardon from the Monaco Science Center and colleagues.
“King penguins are showing rapid changes that seem positive in the short term, but the long-term effects are still uncertain,” said Burdon.
Each summer, a pair of king penguins, easily recognized by their bright yellow-orange neck feathers, tend to a single egg, which hatches into a fluffy brown chick about two months later. After laying eggs, the parents leave the chicks on the island and swim hundreds of kilometers south to the polar front, where warm and cold currents create a nutrient-rich environment for plankton growth. The penguins catch small lanternfish that feed on this plankton and return to nourish their young.
Warmer waters may boost lanternfish populations. The study suggests that the early breeding of king penguins correlates with rising sea surface temperatures and decreasing plankton concentrations, indicating potential increases in lanternfish availability.
Burdon explained that this early breeding gives chicks more time to feed and gain weight before the challenging winter months, thus reducing the risk of starvation.
Although the Possession Island population appears stable due to improved chick survival, there may be penguins migrating to other islands, leading to population growth in new colonies.
A flock of king penguins on Possession Island
Gael Baldon (CSM/CNRS/IPEV)
Team members emphasize that the king penguin’s shift to early breeding is occurring faster than that of most polar species, serving as a “wake-up call” regarding environmental changes. Celine le Bohec from the Monaco Science Center shared these insights.
In recent years, abnormal warmth has caused the polar front to shift south, compelling king penguins to travel farther for food, resulting in declining chick survival and potential population decreases on Possession Island. Without islands beyond Possession Island for migration, the penguins are forced to expand their foraging areas. A study indicated that this population could diminish in the coming decades if the polar front continues to shift southward gradually. Research also suggests compromising food availability could be a critical issue.
“Rapid changes that extend the breeding cycle are favorable, but food availability on the polar frontier may collapse if colonies distance themselves too far,” cautions Le Bohec. “We risk reaching a tipping point.”
On the optimistic side, some researchers like Lewis Halsey, a professor at the University of Roehampton, UK, noted the resilience of penguins on Possession Island after the 2004 mini-tsunami. He highlighted that penguins also consume other nearby foods, such as squid, suggesting that while populations may decline, extinction is unlikely. “They demonstrate remarkable flexibility, indicating that a collapse is improbable.”
Scientists had hoped that the king penguin’s reproductive stability would hold as they adapted to climate changes, and the actual improvement in reproduction is a promising sign, according to Tom Hart from Oxford Brookes University, UK.
“This is encouraging news. Although conditions can change, king penguins are currently outperforming many of their counterparts in overall penguin populations, which are generally declining,” he remarked. “This is a rare success story.”
Churchill Polar Bear Adventures: Canada
Embark on a journey to Churchill in northern Canada, known as the “Polar Bear Capital of the World,” and experience the highest concentration of these iconic Arctic predators. Discover their evolutionary history, observe their natural behavior, and understand the delicate balance of the Arctic ecosystem firsthand.
In a groundbreaking development, researchers have designed a magnet small enough to fit in your palm that rivals the strength of the world’s most powerful magnets.
High-performance magnets are crucial in various scientific fields, being utilized in applications ranging from MRI machines and particle accelerators to advanced nuclear fusion research. The strongest magnets available typically use superconductors, which are materials that conduct electricity nearly without loss.
However, most superconducting magnets are sizable. Often, their smaller counterparts share similar dimensions with traditional superconductors. Take for instance Star Wars‘ R2D2; at its largest, it resembles a two-story structure. According to Dr. Alexander Burns from ETH Zurich, Switzerland, his team has engineered a superconducting magnet capable of matching the strength of larger counterparts, yet it’s only 3.1 millimeters in diameter. They achieved this by coiling a thin tape made of a ceramic known as REBCO, which becomes superconducting at cryogenic temperatures, generating a magnetic field when current flows through the coils.
Dr. Burns stated that the team procured REBCO tape from a commercial source, embarking on a rigorous exploration to determine the optimal magnet design, which involved creating and testing over 150 prototypes. “We adopted a ‘fail fast, fail often’ approach in our strategy,” he noted.
Design and Strength Comparison
Eventually, they refined a design using two or four pancake-shaped coils, achieving magnetic field strengths of 38 Tesla and 42 Tesla, respectively. To provide context, conventional refrigerator magnets typically generate fields less than 0.01 Tesla. The most powerful magnets currently in existence generate field strengths of around 45 Tesla, each weighing several tons and consuming up to 30 megawatts of power. In contrast, Burns and his team’s magnet is hand-sized and operates on less than 1 watt.
The ultimate goal for this groundbreaking technology is to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), a technique that utilizes magnetic fields to unveil molecular structures, including those of drugs and industrial catalysts. This technology has long been hindered by the large size and cost of traditional magnets, but the research team intends to democratize access to such advanced tools for chemists. Ongoing tests are being conducted to integrate the magnet into NMR setups.
“Historically, achieving magnetic fields exceeding 40 Tesla necessitated massive and costly facilities, making it crucial to utilize superconducting tape to attain similar strengths in a compact device,” stated Dr. Mark Ainslie from King’s College London. “This innovation indicates that ultra-high-field magnets may soon be accessible to a broader range of laboratories.”
Despite these advancements, several challenges remain before widespread adoption. Questions concerning how to maintain uniform magnetic fields and manage the electromagnetic behavior of the coils must be addressed.
A groundbreaking study led by University of British Columbia Ph.D. student, Hannah Griebling, reveals that raccoons (Procyon lotor) continue to engage with complex puzzle boxes long after securing their only marshmallow reward. This behavior suggests that these clever animals are driven by an inherent desire for information, a trait that may contribute to their remarkable adaptability in urban environments.
Multi-access puzzle box showcasing easy (a), medium (b), and difficult (c) solutions. Image credit: Griebling et al., doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123491.
In this innovative study, Griebling and her team employed custom multi-access puzzle boxes equipped with various mechanisms, including latches, sliding doors, and knobs. These boxes featured nine entry points, categorized as easy, medium, and difficult.
During each 20-minute trial, the puzzle box contained a single marshmallow; however, the raccoons frequently pursued additional mechanisms even after consuming the treat, signaling their quest for knowledge.
“We were surprised to observe all three solution types being utilized in a single trial,” Griebling remarked.
“Even after the marshmallows were gone, they continued to tackle the puzzle.”
When faced with easier tasks, the raccoons explored multiple openings, mixing up their approach while covering a broad area.
As the difficulty increased, they favored reliable solutions but still demonstrated flexible problem-solving abilities, exploring various solutions even in the most challenging scenarios.
“This behavior highlights the classic trade-off between curiosity and potential risk,” Griebling noted.
Raccoons adapted their strategies based on perceived costs and risks, similar to decision-making patterns observed in other animals and humans.
“It’s akin to the common dilemma of choosing a dish at a restaurant,” Griebling explained. “Do you stick with your favorite or try something adventurous? If the risk is high—like an expensive meal you may dislike—you opt for the safe choice.”
“Raccoons tend to explore when costs are minimal and quickly play it safe once the stakes rise.”
This research sheds light on why raccoons thrive in urban areas. Their success can be attributed to cognitive and physical traits that make them well-adapted to city life.
With front limbs rich in sensory nerves for foraging in rivers, they are particularly skilled at manipulating locks and handles, often similar to those used by humans.
By solving problems related to information access—not merely food—raccoons gain advantages in complex environments, facilitating their ability to access trash cans and other food sources.
“Understanding cognitive traits that empower raccoons can inform strategies for managing struggling species and provide insights for other animals, such as bears, that utilize problem-solving to access engineered resources,” Griebling asserted.
The experiment was conducted with raccoons in a research facility in Colorado; however, earlier studies have indicated that wild raccoons exhibit comparable problem-solving capabilities, though researchers caution that their behaviors may differ.
“Raccoon intelligence has long captivated folklore, yet scientific research into their cognitive abilities remains relatively nascent,” stated Sarah Benson-Amram, also from the University of British Columbia.
“Research like this provides empirical validation for that reputation.”
The team’s results were published in the Journal of Animal Behavior on February 27, 2026.
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Hannah J. Griebling et al. 2026. Raccoons optimally gather information: The exploration-exploitation tradeoff in innovation. Animal Behavior 234: 123491; doi: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2026.123491.
Astronomers have utilized NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory along with other advanced telescopes to investigate a transient gamma-ray burst event known as GRB 230906A. This burst originated from a faint dwarf galaxy hidden within a vast flow of intergalactic gas. The discovery indicates that neutron star mergers—violent collisions responsible for producing heavy elements like gold and platinum—can occur far away from the luminous centers of galaxies, which may elucidate why some bursts appear to lack a defined host galaxy.
GRB 230906A originated in a small galaxy in a gas stream approximately 4.7 billion light-years from Earth. Image credit: NASA / CXC / Pennsylvania State University / S. Dichiara / ESA / STScI / ERC BHianca 2026 / Fortuna and Dichiara, CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 / SAO / P. Edmonds.
A neutron star is the remnants left after a massive star depletes its nuclear fuel, collapses, and violently explodes.
Despite their compact size, neutron stars possess a mass greater than our Sun and are incredibly dense.
These celestial bodies are considered among the most extreme entities in the universe.
In recent years, astronomers have gathered evidence of neutron star mergers occurring within larger galaxies.
However, this recent revelation highlights that neutron star collisions can also take place within smaller galaxies.
“Discovering a neutron star collision in such an unexpected location is a pivotal moment for our field,” stated Dr. Simone DiChiara, an astronomer from Pennsylvania State University.
“This finding may hold the key to resolving two significant mysteries in astrophysics.”
The first question this groundbreaking neutron star collision site may clarify is why gamma-ray bursts from neutron star mergers often do not appear at the central regions of galaxies.
The second mystery this discovery could illuminate concerns the presence of heavy elements like gold and platinum in stars located far from a galaxy’s core.
This neutron star collision is intriguingly situated in a gas stream spanning approximately 600,000 light-years, originating from a diminutive galaxy about 4.7 billion light-years away.
This gas flow likely emerged hundreds of millions of years ago during a galactic collision that stripped gas and dust from the involved galaxies, leaving remnants in intergalactic space.
“Our discovery reveals a collision within a collision,” remarked Dr. Eleonora Troja of the University of Rome.
“The merging of galaxies instigated a surge of star formation, ultimately leading to the birth and subsequent collision of neutron stars over millions of years.”
To identify the GRB 230906A phenomenon, which occurred on September 6, 2023, astronomers employed multiple NASA telescopes, including the Chandra X-ray Observatory, Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope, Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, and the Hubble Space Telescope.
Fermi detected neutron star collisions by recognizing the characteristic gamma-ray burst (GRB) signals.
Following initial location analysis by the interplanetary network, the precise location of the object was further defined using the advanced observational capabilities of Chandra, Swift, and Hubble.
NASA’s initiative is part of a growing global network dedicated to monitoring cosmic phenomena to uncover the secrets of the universe.
“Chandra’s pinpoint accuracy in X-ray localization made this research possible,” said Dr. Brendan O’Connor, a postdoctoral fellow at Carnegie Mellon University.
“Without this data, connecting the burst to a specific cosmic source would have been unattainable.”
“Once Chandra provided us with a precise location, Hubble’s exceptional sensitivity unveiled a small, faint galaxy in that area.”
“We managed to achieve this groundbreaking discovery by synergizing various research elements.”
This insight might elucidate why certain GRBs seem to lack identifiable host galaxies.
It suggests that some host galaxies may be too diminutive to be discerned in standard optical surveys conducted by ground-based observatories.
GRB 230906A’s unusual positioning could also contribute to the understanding of how astronomers found heavy elements like gold and platinum in stars situated far from their galaxy centers.
These stars are generally believed to have formed from older gas that had less opportunity to accumulate heavy elements from supernova events.
Collisions between neutron stars can synthesize heavy elements, including gold and platinum, via various nuclear reactions, similar to those observed in a well-documented neutron star collision from 2017.
Events like GRB 230906A can produce such elements that eventually disperse throughout the galactic outskirts and can appear in future generations of stars.
Another potential explanation for this explosion is its positioning within a more distant galaxy located behind the cluster of galaxies.
“We consider this a less likely explanation compared to the presence of small galaxies,” the researchers concluded.
This groundbreaking finding is detailed in the research paper published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
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S. Dichiara et al. 2026. A merger within a merger: Chandra identifies short GRB 230906A in exceptional circumstances. APJL 999, L42; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae2a2f
As energy demands soar in data centers and the need for chips intensifies, could biological cells offer a solution? Australian startup Cortical Labs is pioneering this concept by establishing two innovative biological data centers in Melbourne and Singapore. These facilities will utilize chips populated with reproducible neurons for data processing.
Cortical Labs stands out as a leader in the emerging field of biological computing, using nerve cells linked to microelectrode arrays to both stimulate and record cellular responses during data input. Recently, the company showcased its flagship computer, the CL1, demonstrating its ability to learn to play games like Doom within a week.
The Melbourne data center is set to feature approximately 120 CL1 units, while a collaboration with the National University of Singapore will launch with 20 units, aiming for a total of 1,000 CL1s, pending regulatory approval. This ambitious expansion is designed to enhance their cloud-based brain computing services.
Michael Barros from the University of Essex remarks, “Biological computers like CL1 have been developed by multiple research teams globally but pose construction challenges for widespread adoption.” He continues, “Cortical Labs is making biocomputers more accessible, set to be the first company to do this at scale.”
These biological systems can be trained for tasks like playing Doom, although understanding the optimal training methods for neurons remains a complex issue. Reinhold Scherer, also from the University of Essex, notes, “Having access can facilitate explorations in learning and programming, yet neurons cannot be programmed as traditional computers.”
Moreover, Cortical Labs asserts that its biological data centers are significantly more energy-efficient than conventional computing systems, with each CL1 unit consuming just 30 watts compared to thousands of watts used by state-of-the-art AI chips.
Paul Roach from Loughborough University highlights that scaling up these systems to function like traditional data servers could lead to remarkable energy savings, even if they require nutrients to sustain the neuron chips. However, the cooling requirements are expected to be much lower than in traditional setups, indicating considerable power conservation according to Cortical Labs’ estimates.
Yet, the technology is still nascent. Tjeerd Olde Scheper, who has collaborated with a competitor, FinalSpark, poses questions about efficacy, stating, “We’re still in early development stages.” He emphasizes that transitioning from a small network managing simple tasks to a larger-scale language model is a substantial leap.
A primary challenge remains: the capacity to save training outcomes and utilize these neurons for computational algorithms beyond specific tasks like gaming. Retraining these neurons after their life cycle is another hurdle, as Scherer points out, “If retraining is needed every month, longevity of use becomes an issue.”
Starlink’s satellite constellation delivers reliable internet connectivity to nearly every corner of the Earth, enhancing operational capabilities in modern military applications. However, the network is overseen by the controversial billionaire Elon Musk, posing potential challenges for military reliance on external internet services.
Comprising approximately 10,000 satellites, the Starlink network facilitates internet access through small terrestrial dishes, reportedly serving over 10 million paying civilian clients. The system is also essential for military operations, which rely heavily on data, high-definition video feeds, and drone controls around the clock.
In contrast to traditional radio systems that can be easily jammed, Starlink’s signals are sent directly into space from ground stations, making them more resilient. Additionally, the affordable receivers enable deployment by small military units and are compatible with both ground and airborne drones.
Given escalating global tensions and nations vying for control over critical technologies, such as nuclear deterrents, relying on foreign services like Starlink for military communication is increasingly seen as a vulnerability, especially under Musk’s unpredictable stewardship.
During the ongoing conflict between Ukraine and Russia since the 2022 invasion, Starlink has proven invaluable. Reports indicate that Russian drones were guided using Starlink technology; however, access to the service was restricted for Russian military operations in February, significantly impacting their operational coordination. This situation temporarily favored Ukraine, illustrating the risks other nations face in relying on a foreign-controlled satellite network.
The European Union is currently developing an alternative system known as Infrastructure for Resilience, Interconnectivity, and Security through Satellites (IRIS²), which aims to deploy around 300 satellites by 2030. Meanwhile, China is working on a similar project, the Guowang Network, expected to comprise 13,000 satellites, although fewer than 200 are operational at present. The Qianho Constellation is also in its initial building phase, and Russia’s Sfera Constellation has encountered delays.
Additionally, individual European nations are pursuing independent satellite initiatives apart from the EU umbrella. Germany is in talks to construct its own network, while Britain invests in Eutelsat OneWeb, a crucial satellite internet provider that previously avoided bankruptcy due to its technology. A British startup, OpenCosmos, is also developing a comparable system, supported by the CIA.
According to Anthony King, a professor at Exeter University in the UK, it’s remarkable that private telecommunications companies wield so much influence in global conflicts, often determining tactical advantages. However, with the rise of superpowers, future secure satellite communications will likely evolve. “Certainly, China is advancing their capabilities,” he remarked, emphasizing that secure satellite communication will become vital in future military scenarios.
Rising Costs
Although Starlink is a private entity, Barry Evans from the University of Surrey highlights the availability of a secure military version known as StarShield, which is partly funded by the U.S. government because of its strategic importance.
“Dependence on private entities raises concerns in Europe,” Evans noted. “With Musk’s unpredictable shutoff times across different regions, this uncertainty is especially worrisome for the UK, given its insufficiency of funds to develop an independent system.”
Currently, Russia and China lag behind Starlink, which operates under the wholly owned rocket company SpaceX, enabling more economical satellite launches on a flexible schedule, according to Evans.
Building expansive satellite networks incurs massive initial costs, but ongoing maintenance and regular satellite launches are essential to replace those that fail or exhaust their fuel reserves, complicating sustainability. The UK lacks independent launch capabilities, implying reliance on external partners for its satellite constellation.
Ian Muirhead at Manchester University, who has extensive military communications experience, explains that militaries have transitioned from using radios to temporary cell networks for combat communication. However, following the Cold War, shaping such networks became prohibitively costly, leading military operations to opt for satellite communications instead. Starlink simplifies this process, providing higher capabilities at lower costs and complexities.
“Moreover, when considering space warfare, there are benefits arising from the multitude of satellites,” Muirhead added. “It’s difficult to neutralize a satellite system since they constantly orbit overhead.”
Investigating the Olfactory Response to Citrus for Diagnosing Parkinson’s Disease
Getty Images
Research indicates that individuals with Parkinson’s disease often struggle to enjoy pleasant aromas, such as that of lemons. This intriguing finding suggests that “the world smells different” for those affected, presenting a potential opportunity for healthcare professionals to diagnose Parkinson’s disease using a cost-effective and non-invasive method, which traditionally requires several years and extensive evaluations.
The inability to detect scents is a primary symptom of Parkinson’s disease, affecting 75-90% of patients and frequently manifesting years or even decades prior to the characteristic tremors. Although numerous efforts have aimed to utilize olfactory loss as a diagnostic criterion, challenges arise since this sensory decline also occurs with normal aging.
Recently, Professor Noam Sobel and his team at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, adopted a novel method of examining odor perception.
The study involved 94 participants, primarily aged 50 to 70. Among them, 33 were diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease, another 33 reported no known medical issues, while 28 were affected by anosmia not related to Parkinson’s. Standardized tests and surveys were employed to evaluate the participants’ ability to recognize and identify odors.
A unique feature of the study was the assessment of so-called olfactory fingerprints. Participants rated the intensity and pleasantness of scents from three bottles: one with a high concentration of lemon-scented citral, another containing a mix of compounds that emitted a feces-like odor, and a third bottle that was empty.
All tests observed periods of reduced olfactory ability, but only the olfactory perceptual fingerprint successfully differentiated between those with anosmia and individuals with Parkinson’s disease, achieving an impressive 88 percent accuracy. This accuracy rose to 94% when participants were matched by age and gender.
Interestingly, individuals with Parkinson’s disease reported perceiving citrus scents as equally strong compared to a healthy group, though both scent-related issues considered had lower comfort ratings than the healthy participants. Notably, those with Parkinson’s sniffed nearly 2 percent longer in response to unpleasant odors than lemon scents, while the other groups exhibited a decline in sniffing duration by 11 to 12 percent.
Sobel and his colleagues hypothesize that while the olfactory system remains functional in people with Parkinson’s disease, their brains interpret these signals differently, resulting in reduced enjoyment of pleasant scents and an involuntary sniffing response that is disconnected from the aroma’s pleasantness.
Distinguishing between aging-related anosmia and that caused by Parkinson’s is immensely valuable. Michał Pieniak from the Smell and Taste Clinic at the Technical University of Dresden, Germany, highlights that around one in ten individuals seeking help for lost smell may, in fact, develop Parkinson’s disease. “If we can refine the identification of their personal risk, it would be a major breakthrough.”
Charles Greer, a professor at Yale University School of Medicine, asserts that this innovative method shows remarkable potential but emphasizes the necessity for further testing with a larger population. Given that olfactory loss can precede other Parkinson’s symptoms by years, it may take considerable time to fully evaluate this approach.
According to a new study by researchers at UNSW Sydney and Australian National University (ANU), many individuals exhibit overconfidence in identifying AI-generated faces.
The research, published in the British Journal of Psychology, involved 125 participants, including 36 “super-recognizers” and 89 control participants.
Super-recognizers, a unique group constituting 1 to 2 percent of the population, possess an exceptional memory for faces. They can recognize individuals they’ve met briefly years ago, identify familiar faces even after significant changes in appearance, and pick out background actors in films and TV shows that others typically overlook.
During an online assessment, both super-recognizers and control participants were tasked with determining whether a series of faces were real or AI-generated.
“We aimed to explore whether super-recognizers are adept at detecting AI-generated faces,” says Dr. James Dunn, a researcher at UNSW School of Psychology, in an interview with BBC Science Focus.
The outcome? Yes, they did perform better, but only marginally compared to controls, who themselves operated just above chance. Control participants averaged 50.7% accuracy, while super-recognizers achieved 57.3%.
The researchers were surprised to find the slight impact of being a super-recognizer on AI face detection abilities.
In fact, some control participants outshone super-recognizers, indicating the potential existence of “super AI face detectors” with specialized capabilities for identifying artificial faces.
In this facial recognition test reproduction, six faces are real and six are AI-generated. Can you discern the difference? The answer is at the end. – Image credit: UNSW Sydney/Adobe Stock Images
However, one consistent finding among all participants was their overconfidence in their abilities, even when results indicated otherwise.
Researchers caution that such overconfidence could make individuals more susceptible to fraud and false identities on social media, dating platforms, and professional networks.
While AI-generated images previously featured quirky distortions—like extra limbs and mismatched backgrounds—advancements in technology have now made them nearly indistinguishable from real images.
So, how can you enhance your AI recognition skills?
“Ironically, cutting-edge AI is often misidentified not by its mistakes but by its uncanny ability to appear almost perfect,” stated Dr. Amy Dowell, a psychologist at ANU. “Rather than displaying obvious flaws, it tends to conform to averages, exuding symmetry, proportion, and statistical typicality.
“It truly seems too good to be true.”
Do you think you can improve your skills? Participate in a demo of the recognition test here.
For the image above: Surfaces 2, 3, 5, 8, 9, and 11 are AI-generated.
A single dose of stem cells can significantly enhance physical endurance in older adults experiencing frailty. According to 1 in 10 people over the age of 65 are affected by this condition, as highlighted by a recent study published in the journal Cell Stem Cells.
The randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated four escalating doses of laromestrocel, a treatment derived from donated bone marrow, in 148 adults aged 70 to 85 who were diagnosed with frailty.
After nine months, participants receiving the highest dose walked an average of 60 meters further than those given a placebo during a standard six-minute walk test, reflecting a remarkable 20% improvement.
“The results were astonishing,” said Dr. Joshua Hare, chief scientific officer of Ronnebellon, the company behind the treatment. He emphasized, “We noted a clear correlation based on dosage over time; higher doses led to a more pronounced increase in the six-minute walk test.”
Frailty is a prevalent but often misunderstood medical condition characterized by heightened vulnerability to stressors such as infections, falls, and surgical procedures, significantly beyond what is typically expected from normal aging.
This condition includes decreased muscle strength and endurance, leading to a sharply increased risk of disability, hospitalization, and mortality. According to the British Geriatrics Society, individuals with severe frailty are five times more likely to die within a year compared to those without frailty.
“When you observe 80-year-olds, some require 24-hour care in nursing homes, while others lead vibrant lives, participating in activities like tennis and golf,” Hare noted. “The biological differences play a crucial role.”
Hare suggests that inflammation, often exacerbated by age-related factors, is a significant contributor. As individuals age, their immune systems become dysregulated, with higher levels of inflammatory signaling molecules known as cytokines.
This chronic inflammation can damage blood vessels, deplete stem cell reserves, and accelerate muscle loss, culminating in a condition known as sarcopenia.
The result is frailty; the body becomes less capable of self-repair and responding to physical or medical stressors.
Current treatments primarily focus on nutritional support and physical therapy.
“Typical interventions are rather straightforward,” Hare explained. “We recognized the need to address this at a biological level, as we understand the underlying issues.”
Mesenchymal stem cells, naturally found in bone marrow and other tissues, are of great scientific interest due to their immune-modulating capabilities.
Importantly, these cells possess minimal surface proteins responsible for immune rejection, minimizing the need for immunosuppressive drugs—an important consideration for vulnerable patients.
Participants receiving the highest dose of stem cells achieved a remarkable 20% improvement in a six-minute walk test – Photo credit: Getty
Hare and his team harvested stem cells from donated bone marrow and administered them intravenously to participants, who were either given a placebo or one of four doses of lalometrocel in a double-blind setup.
The results, monitored every three months over nine months, clearly indicated that increased stem cell doses significantly enhanced walking distance. Conversely, the placebo group exhibited expected declines in physical performance typical of frail individuals aged 75 and older.
Patient-reported outcomes from questionnaires assessing physical performance, upper body strength, and mobility confirmed improvements that aligned with objective measurements from the walk tests. Participants also showed progress on a doctor-rated frailty scale ranging from 1 (most frail) to 9 (least frail).
“One-third of treated participants achieved health scores of 2 or 3,” Hare stated, indicating they were no longer deemed frail.
Researchers identified soluble Tie2 as a potential biological marker for therapeutic efficacy, a protein released into the bloodstream upon inflammation or breakdown of blood vessel walls. Patients receiving stem cells showed decreasing levels of this marker in a dose-dependent manner.
“This evidence suggests that medical interventions can potentially reverse frailty,” stated Dr. Andrew Steele, Director of the Longevity Initiative. He highlighted the challenge of achieving physical activity in frail individuals and celebrated the remarkable potential of stem cell infusions to not only slow decline but also to foster tangible improvement.
Nonetheless, the study raises key questions. The wide-ranging effects of stem cells leave uncertainties about the exact mechanisms at play.
“These cells might be targeting areas where they are most needed and regenerating cells,” said Steele. “Alternatively, they could be releasing a mix of anti-aging molecules that rejuvenate the body’s own cells.”
The follow-up period lasted nine months, leaving questions regarding the sustainability of improvements and the effectiveness of repeated doses.
Hare’s team has conducted long-term trials with multiple doses, showing preliminary evidence that participants improve without side effects and maintain benefits, though the evidence lacks robustness compared to controlled trials. Formal studies on repeat dosing are on the horizon.
Furthermore, significant regulatory challenges loom. Currently, frailty is not recognized as a disease by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration or the European Food and Drug Administration, complicating the approval process.
“It will be a tough fight,” Hare cautioned, adding that the approval pathway for laromestrocel could be expedited for Alzheimer’s disease, with promising results in related clinical trials evidenced in another study.
“We believe treatments for age-related frailty will likely be approved alongside those for Alzheimer’s, given that the latter is a well-defined condition with pressing unmet needs.”
To date, the trials indicate promise, presenting strong evidence that frailty is not an inevitable consequence of aging but a biological process that can be at least partially reversed.
“Human lifespan has nearly doubled in the last 120 years,” Hare remarked. “However, healthy life expectancy hasn’t progressed at the same pace. There will always be an end-of-life phase marked by disability and frailty.”
If progress continues, the gap between lifespan and healthy living could finally begin to close.
The medical term for teeth grinding during sleep, known as sleep bruxism, is surprisingly common. Many individuals engage in this unconscious behavior without even realizing it.
It’s estimated that up to 8-10% of adults will experience this condition at some point in their lives.
While the exact causes of sleep bruxism remain unclear, several factors are believed to contribute. Stress and anxiety often serve as significant triggers, causing your body to unconsciously tense muscles during sleep.
Other contributing factors include misaligned teeth, certain medications (such as some antidepressants), consumption of caffeine or alcohol, and sleep disorders like sleep apnea.
In fact, research indicates a high correlation between sleep bruxism and obstructive sleep apnea, a condition where the airway intermittently becomes blocked during sleep, leading to respiratory arrest and disrupted sleep patterns. Approximately half of individuals with sleep apnea exhibit signs of teeth grinding during sleep studies. This study suggests that the relationship between these two conditions may be influenced by shared neurological mechanisms affecting jaw and airway muscle activity during sleep.
Recognizing the Signs of Teeth Grinding
Although teeth grinding occurs unconsciously while you sleep, certain signs may indicate that you are grinding or clenching your teeth. Nighttime clenching can lead to headaches, jaw pain, tooth wear, and even temporomandibular joint (TMJ) issues.
Symptoms of temporomandibular joint disorder can include:
Jaw, ear, and temple pain: Discomfort may arise in these areas, accompanied by clicking or grinding sounds when moving your jaw.
Morning headaches: Tension from clenching can result in headaches near the temples.
Worn or cracked teeth: Teeth may become unusually flat, chipped, or sensitive.
Jaw functionality issues: Clicking, popping, or difficulty moving your jaw may signal stress in your TMJ.
Earache-like pain: You may experience discomfort around your ears or cheeks.
Loud grinding sounds: Your partner may hear you grinding or clenching your teeth during sleep.
Mouth injuries: Look for small bites or irritation on your cheeks and tongue.
If you discover that you are grinding your teeth, you might be wondering how to stop.
If your jaw hurts in the morning, you may be grinding your teeth while you sleep – Photo credit: Getty
Strategies to Reduce Teeth Grinding
To alleviate or completely stop teeth grinding, consider addressing lifestyle factors. Managing stress through relaxation techniques, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), meditation, and gentle yoga before bedtime can be beneficial. Additionally, limiting alcohol and caffeine, along with maintaining regular sleep habits, may help.
Improving your overall sleep quality can also reduce instances of teeth grinding. Studies indicate that poor sleep quality is often associated with more frequent grinding incidents.
If discomfort is a concern, over-the-counter pain relief and cold compresses (like an ice pack wrapped in a cloth for 20-30 minutes) can help alleviate pain and swelling. Engaging in jaw exercises, light stretching, and adjusting your sleeping position may also provide relief.
Research has shown that targeted physical therapy can improve TMJ function and decrease pain related to teeth grinding.
If your symptoms persist or become significantly painful, consulting a dentist is crucial. They can diagnose underlying issues, provide a custom night guard, and refer you to additional treatments such as physical therapy or specialized dental care.
If your teeth grinding is linked to sleep apnea or other sleep disorders, a sleep specialist may suggest further evaluation, as treating the root sleep issue can reduce teeth grinding intensity. With consistent care and lifestyle adjustments, most individuals can reduce the frequency and severity of sleep bruxism, protect their teeth, and alleviate discomfort.
This article addresses the question (from Alex Jevons of Leeds): “How do I stop clenching my jaw at night?”
The newly discovered gas cloud, known as G2t, shares an almost identical orbit with two previously identified clouds, indicating that they may have originated from a pair of massive stars situated near the Milky Way’s core.
This VLT image illustrates the stars and gas surrounding Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way. Image credit: ESO/D. Ribeiro, MPE GC Team.
“This is a dynamic environment where stars and gas clouds orbiting the black hole move at astonishing speeds,” remarked Dr. Stefan Gillessen from the Max Planck Institute for Extraterrestrial Physics.
“While the gas clouds G1 and G2 were previously known, their origins and compositions remained subjects of debate.”
“Specifically, questions arose about whether these clouds contained hidden stars or were purely gaseous.”
“With the identification of G2t, we are starting to unravel these mysteries.”
G2t was detected using the High-Resolution Imager and Spectrograph (ERIS) on the ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT).
“Thanks to the VLT, we successfully measured the 3D orbit of this gas cloud around the black hole,” the team explained.
“G2t traverses a remarkably small area within this expansive image of the center.”
“Interestingly, G1, G2, and G2t are found to have nearly identical orbits, albeit slightly tilted in relation to one another.”
“The odds of different stars maintaining such similar orbits are minimal, further suggesting that each cloud does not harbor a star at its core.”
“These orbital similarities indicate that all three clouds likely stem from the same source, most probably IRS16SW, a pair of massive stars that discharge substantial quantities of gas.”
“As IRS16SW moves around the black hole, each gas cloud is ejected on a slightly different trajectory, explaining the subtle variations observed among the ‘G-triplets.’
“This finding highlights that despite years of observing our galaxy’s center, fresh enigmas await discovery,” the researchers noted.
“What could be more thrilling than a mystery poised to be unraveled?”
For more about this discovery, refer to the paper published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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S. Gillessen et al. 2026. Gas streamer G1-2-3 at the center of the galaxy. A&A 707, A79; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202555808
In a shocking event, hundreds of dolphins found themselves trapped in Argentina while trying to escape relentless killer whales, highlighting a troubling situation for marine wildlife.
Footage shared on social media and various citizen science platforms has played a crucial role in helping experts understand the underlying causes of two significant mass strandings that occurred in recent years. According to Magdalena Arias from the Argentine National Council for Scientific and Technological Research, “This does not mean that predators are always to blame for mass strandings; however, it indicates that predator-prey dynamics can trigger such events under certain conditions, particularly when influenced by coastal geography, water currents, and the dolphins’ cohesive social behavior.”
Marine mammals have been experiencing mass mortality for millennia, yet scientists continue to debate the reasons behind this phenomenon. Potential causes include human interference, toxic algal blooms, infectious diseases, disorientation, overpopulation, natural disasters, and misguided hunting practices.
Over the past five years, the species Mileka (Delphinus Delphis) has been involved in three separate stranding incidents in Northern Patagonia, an unprecedented trend. Consequently, Arias and her team initiated detailed investigations.
Researchers utilized video data collected from drones and mobile phones through citizen science platforms like e-whale, alongside contributions from tourists, local fishermen, and residents.
In 2021, approximately 350 dolphins, pursued by a pod of eight killer whales, raced toward San Antonio Bay in Argentina’s Rio Negro province. About 30 minutes later, the killer whales retraced their route into the ocean, but several dolphins, panicked, sought refuge in a shallow harbor. Tragically, the next day, numerous dolphins were found dead in that same harbor.
Similarly, in 2023, around 570 dolphins sprinted into the bay, closely followed by a pod of killer whales. Although some dolphins managed to enter the harbor, local officials and volunteers successfully rescued them as the killer whales veered away.
Necropsies performed on 38 deceased dolphins from the 2021 incident indicated that the animals were in good health with no significant injuries. Notably, their stomach contents revealed no recent meals, suggesting they had not been actively pursuing prey. This finding raises doubts about the most common theories surrounding mass strandings, according to Arias.
By analyzing reports of killer whale sightings, the research team developed a timeline detailing orca activity in the area, revealing two confirmed instances of killer whales hunting and preying on dolphins.
It is likely the dolphins sought refuge in shallow waters, which hindered the orcas’ echolocation capabilities and prevented their movement. However, this strategy backfired, as the dolphins became trapped between sandbars and tidal channels, Arias explained.
Conversely, it is possible that killer whales purposely herd dolphins into the bay to trap them. Evidence suggests that two killer whales observed during the 2021 incident frequently exploited offshore formations to catch sea lions.
The extended stress and disorientation resulting from the chase may have dissuaded the dolphins from returning to deeper waters. Arias emphasized that situations like this likely occur worldwide, but remain largely undocumented.
“This study underscores the pivotal role of citizen science in advancing research efforts. Understanding these interactions not only sheds light on mass strandings but also enhances our knowledge of shifting marine ecosystems and species responses,” she concluded.
A groundbreaking discovery in paleontology has unveiled a new genus and species of Permian archaic tetrapods, identified from fossilized jawbones found in Brazil. Named Tanika amnicola, this intriguing amphibian relative showcases unique horizontal teeth and abrasive, file-like surfaces. This suggests that ancient tetrapod vertebrates may have begun experimenting with plant consumption much earlier than previously thought.
Tanika amnicola. Image credit: Vitor Silva.
Tanika amnicola thrived in the southern regions of the Gondwana supercontinent during the early Permian period, approximately 275 million years ago.
“Tanika amnicola has captivated researchers,” says Dr. Jason Pardo, a paleontologist at the Field Museum.
“We were intrigued by an unusual twist in its jaw that we were determined to understand.”
“For years, we speculated whether this was a variant, but with nine jaw samples now extracted, all exhibiting this distinctive twist—some exceptionally well preserved—it’s clear this was characteristic of the species, not a deformity,” he added.
Tanika amnicola represents a pedunculated tetrapod lineage, the oldest subset of tetrapods that eventually diversified into two major groups: those laying eggs outside of aquatic environments and those that lay eggs in water.
Modern reptiles, birds, and mammals descend from the branches that evolved to lay watertight eggs on land, while contemporary amphibians, like frogs and salamanders, represent tetrapod relatives that require moist environments for their eggs.
Nonetheless, some pedunculated tetrapods persisted even after more modern variations evolved, with Tanika amnicola being a notable example.
“In essence, Tanika amnicola survived as a remnant of the pedunculated tetrapod lineage long after newer tetrapods emerged. Its appearance is somewhat akin to that of a platypus—a true living fossil,” remarked Dr. Pardo.
Many aspects of Tanika amnicola‘s anatomy still puzzle scientists.
“The isolated jawbones we’ve discovered are remarkably unique and distinctive,” stated Dr. Ken Angielczyk, curator of paleomammalogy at the Field Museum.
“However, until we find a skull or additional bones definitively connected to these jaw samples, we cannot conclusively ascribe other nearby bone fragments to Tanika amnicola.”
Yet, the jawbone alone is revealing, demonstrating the rarity of this creature.
“Run your tongue across your lower teeth. Do you feel the tops pointing towards the roof of your mouth?” they explained.
“In Tanika amnicola, the lower jaw twists, with teeth projected sideways rather than upwards.”
“Conversely, the portion of the jaw facing the tongue in Tanika amnicola angles upward, towards the roof of the mouth.”
“The jawbone is adorned with numerous small teeth, known as denticles, creating a grinding surface akin to a cheese grater.”
Scientists hypothesize that the teeth and dental arrangements in the upper jaw harmonized with those in the lower jaw.
“We theorize that the lower jaw’s teeth would rub against similar teeth in the upper mouth,” Pardo explained.
“This grinding action suggests a distinctive feeding method predominantly aimed at plant material.”
“Based on dental morphology, we believe Tanika amnicola was likely an herbivore, consuming plants at least occasionally,” remarked Dr. Juan Carlos Cisneros from the Federal University of Piauí.
“It’s astonishing that a quadrupedal creature like Tanika amnicola existed, especially considering most of its tetrapod relatives primarily consumed meat, indicating an evolved adaptation to a plant-based diet.”
The peer-reviewed findings are published in the journal Proceedings of the Royal Society B.
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Jason D. Pardo et al.. 2026. A quadrupedal organism with an anomalous jaw structure living during the early Permian period in Brazil. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2066): 20252106; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2025.2106
Ancient DNA extracted from vibrant feathers found in Peru has been linked to at least four distinct species of Amazonian parrots: the scarlet macaw (Ara macao), blue and yellow macaw (Ara ararauna), red and green macaw (Ara chloropterus), and mealy amazon (Amazona farinosa). These birds were reportedly transported alive across the Andes centuries before the rise of the Inca Empire, showcasing a complex network of long-distance trade that connected Amazonian communities, high-altitude routes, and the Pacific Ocean.
A pair of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) in Costa Rica. Image credit: Julio-César Chávez / CC BY 4.0.
Discovered in Pachacamac, Peru, an ancient parrot feather lies far beyond the natural habitat of these birds, which are native to the rainforest.
“Through the integration of ancient DNA sequencing, isotope chemistry, and computational landscape modeling, we tracked the movement of these birds across diverse terrains,” explained Dr. George Oler, a researcher affiliated with the Australian National University and King’s College London.
“Our models of ancient habitats confirm that the western Andes were equally inhospitable for these species a millennium ago. These parrots thrive solely in rainforest environments, typically spanning a natural home range of about 150 kilometers.”
“The evidence that they were found on the opposite side of South America’s tallest mountain range—over 500 kilometers away—indicates human involvement, as these birds do not fly over the Andes under normal conditions.”
“Our research illustrates that multiple species of Amazonian parrots were captured in their natural habitat, transported over mountainous pathways, and survived long enough to regrow feathers along the coast.” – Dr. Oler.
Through genome analysis, researchers identified the four Amazonian parrot species from feather assemblages: scarlet macaw, blue and yellow macaw, red and green macaw, and mealy amazon, all of which traditionally inhabit tropical rainforests hundreds of kilometers from the Pacific coastline.
The journey for these birds likely took weeks or even months as traders navigated rugged mountain terrain and steep plateaus.
“Our findings provide genetic and isotopic evidence showing that these parrots were not merely traded for their feathers but were actually transported alive across challenging landscapes to significant coastal ceremonial sites,” Dr. Oler asserted.
By investigating chemical signatures within the feathers, the team discovered that the birds’ diet had shifted to include C4 plants like corn and marine proteins, implying that they continued to live post-transport over the Andes.
“Our analysis indicates that the parrots were fed a nitrogen-rich diet similar to that of their captors, clearly illustrating long-term care after their removal from the rainforest,” Dr. Oler noted.
Landscape modeling tools further unveiled trans-Andean corridors and river routes that may have facilitated avian transport, revealing a sophisticated network of overland and river exchanges.
This bird species, valued for its striking plumage, held immense cultural significance in pre-Hispanic societies and was frequently featured in rituals and elite burial practices.
“This discovery challenges previous beliefs that pre-Inca societies were isolated or fragmented,” Dr. Oler remarked. “Instead, we uncover evidence of organizational networks, ecological understanding, and logistical strategies that connected vastly differing ecosystems long before formal imperial roads established these routes.”
For further details, refer to the original publication in the journal Nature Communications.
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G. Ola et al. 2026. Ancient DNA and spatial modeling reveal pre-Inca trans-Andean parrot trade. Nat Commun 17: 2117. doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69167-9
A decommissioned NASA satellite, **Van Allen Spacecraft A**, launched 14 years ago to study Earth’s radiation belts, is set to crash into Earth on Tuesday.
Weighing in at 1,323 pounds, the spacecraft is predicted to enter the atmosphere around 7:45 p.m. EDT, according to U.S. Space Force forecasts. This will be an uncontrolled re-entry, which means NASA cannot steer the spacecraft; however, they anticipate that most of the satellite will incinerate during its fiery descent through the atmosphere.
As NASA stated, “some components are expected to survive reentry.”
“The risk of harm to anyone on Earth is low, approximately 1 in 4,200,” according to NASA. “NASA and the Space Force will continue to monitor the reentry.” For the latest updates, visit this forecast.
Deactivated satellites, spent rocket stages, and space debris re-enter Earth’s atmosphere regularly. In fact, such objects make uncontrolled descents nearly every day, as reported by the European Space Agency.
Typically, hardware burns up harmlessly upon re-entry, but some parts may survive. Fortunately, with oceans covering approximately 71% of the Earth’s surface, the chances of space debris landing on populated areas are minimal.
Accurately predicting the time and location of an uncontrolled spacecraft’s re-entry is challenging due to various factors, including atmospheric dynamics, space weather, and the spacecraft’s descent trajectory. The Space Force projects a re-entry window for Van Allen A with a margin of error of plus or minus 24 hours.
Van Allen Spacecraft A was launched on August 30, 2012, alongside its twin, Van Allen Spacecraft B. Both probes were designed to investigate a ring of high-energy radiation particles trapped in Earth’s magnetic field, known as the Van Allen radiation belts.
Three donut-shaped radiation belts around Earth. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory
The Van Allen belts are crucial for protecting Earth from solar storms, cosmic radiation, and charged particles from the solar wind. Without these belts, satellites could be damaged, human health could be jeopardized, and power grids on Earth could face disruptions. However, astronauts must navigate through the Van Allen belts to reach space, exposing them to potentially harmful radiation.
NASA’s Van Allen Probes A and B were instrumental in advancing our understanding of these radiation belts. The mission led to numerous discoveries about the radiation belts, including the identification of a temporary third radiation belt formed during intense solar activity.
These twin spacecraft continued their mission until 2019 when they exhausted their fuel. NASA subsequently concluded the mission, leaving the probes in orbit.
Initially, NASA projected that the spacecraft would re-enter Earth’s atmosphere in 2034. However, increased solar activity has recently intensified atmospheric drag on both probes, accelerating their descent. As solar activity rises, denser atmospheric layers can slow down satellites, complicating their orbits.
Van Allen Spacecraft B is anticipated to re-enter Earth’s atmosphere by 2030.
These re-entries shed light on the growing issue of space debris, especially as the frequency of launches rises. Tens of thousands of pieces of space junk, along with millions of tiny orbital debris, clutter low-Earth orbit, the zone where many telecommunications and GPS satellites operate.
Debris fragments can travel at speeds of up to 18,000 miles per hour, posing safety risks to functioning spacecraft and astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
In March 2025, renowned mathematician Daniel Litt placed a bet regarding the impact of artificial intelligence on mathematics. He asserted that by 2030, there would be only a 25 percent chance that AI could produce mathematical papers comparable to those of top human mathematicians. However, just a year later, he anticipates losing this wager, stating, “I now expect to lose this bet,” as noted in his blog.
The rapid advancements in AI’s problem-solving capabilities have left mathematicians astounded. “Only a few years ago, AI struggled with even simple high school math problems, but now it can tackle real challenges faced by mathematicians,” Litt comments from the University of Toronto.
This acceleration in AI development is unprecedented, with mathematicians expressing concerns about the rate at which their field is evolving. “There’s no place to hide,” warns Jeremy Avigado from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania in his essay. “We must confront the reality that AI will soon outperform us in theorem-proofing.”
This shift is not due to a singular event but the cumulative progress AI is making in mathematics. Last year, companies like OpenAI and Google DeepMind accomplished unprecedented feats at the International Mathematics Olympiad—an elite competition once deemed too complex for AI tools. In January, mathematicians began leveraging AI to address longstanding questions posed by Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős.
AI is now addressing more intricate mathematical challenges, tackling real-world research problems and assisting in the automatic verification of complex proofs that traditionally required extensive collaboration among mathematicians.
In February, Nikhil Srivastava from the University of California, Berkeley, launched the First Proof project to establish realistic benchmarks for evaluating AI’s mathematical capabilities. The initial phase consisted of ten problems drawn from various mathematical areas that researchers regularly encounter.
Evidence of AI Progress
Once the challenge was publicized, solutions began to pour in. Researchers from technology giants like OpenAI and Google DeepMind participated in solving the First Proof challenge. OpenAI reported that it correctly answered half of the questions based on “expert feedback,” while Google DeepMind achieved success on six of ten questions, according to consulted mathematicians.
“Everything changed rapidly,” reflects Thanh Luong from Google DeepMind. “AI has become a legitimate research collaborator, capable of yielding significant research results, as demonstrated by First Proof.”
Google’s AI mathematics tool, Aletheia, combines a compute-intensive version of the Gemini AI chatbot with validation algorithms to identify flaws in proposed solutions. The iterative nature allows researchers to refine their answers continuously. While Google has not disclosed the number of iterations taken to solve problems, mathematicians remain impressed.
Not all proposed solutions received unanimous approval. For example, in geometry, out of seven experts consulted, only five agreed on the correctness of one solution. Ivan Smith, a professor at the University of Cambridge not involved with Google’s team, noted that AI is approaching problems sensibly and showing promise. “If this were a PhD student presenting ideas, it would encourage confidence that the results are valid,” Smith states.
This situation highlights the complications associated with AI-generated proofs. The challenge lies in the verification process. The speed at which AI generates proofs may outpace human verification capabilities. If an AI produces a theorem but no one is available to verify it, has it truly been proven? AI may assist in this area as well.
Technology is rapidly advancing, converting handwritten proofs expressed in natural language, like those posed in the First Proof challenge, into formats that computers can validate through a process called formalization.
Recently, Math, Inc. surprised mathematicians by announcing that its AI tool, Gauss, had successfully formalized and verified an award-winning proof. This proof pertains to how many spheres can be efficiently packed in space, a subject central to Marina Wiazowska’s 2022 Fields Medal, the mathematics equivalent of the Nobel Prize.
Efforts to formalize Wiazowska’s work began in late 2024, independent of Math, Inc.’s initiative to manually convert the problem into code. They initially analyzed Wiazowska’s eight-dimensional sphere-packing solution. As they made steady strides, Math, Inc. unexpectedly declared it had already obtained a complete proof, along with a broader version of the result in 24 dimensions.
Bhavik Mehta and his team at Imperial College London initially outlined a framework for formalizing the research and identifying essential mathematical definitions. Without this groundwork, Mehta notes, the AI tools would have been unable to complete the proof.
“I compiled all the components but didn’t provide instructions on assembling them,” states Chris Birkbeck, a PhD candidate at the University of East Anglia, who is part of the team.
A New Era of Mathematicians
The final proof consists of around 200,000 lines of code, representing about ten percent of all formalized mathematics to date. Although this output may be ten times longer than a human would typically take, it marks a significant achievement, according to Johann Kommelin from Utrecht University. “This is groundbreaking work that is effectively being formalized,” he affirms.
Similar initiatives could emerge across various fields, transforming traditional mathematical practices. “The future we envision is a tool that automates the formalization of new research and mathematical papers, while also flagging potential errors,” Commelin emphasizes. “This would greatly influence peer review processes and evaluations.”
Faced with a future where AI completes a significant portion of mathematical tasks, some mathematicians, like Avigad, are raising concerns about the ramifications on our ability to innovate and engage with new mathematics.
Engaging with tools to solve problems presented in First Proof can yield concrete proofs, notes Anna Marie Bowman. However, she emphasizes that we’re losing valuable “learning opportunities.” The process of generating and formulating new ideas and confronting complex problems is vital for consolidating knowledge for both learners and practitioners.
Similarly, Tony Fen, a member of the Google DeepMind Aletheia team, expresses hesitance toward the tool’s use. “I often believe in doing one’s own work and fostering personal intuition,” he states.
Mehta adds that merely formalizing the proof provides crucial insights, and now he and his colleagues must meticulously sift through the 200,000 lines of AI-generated proof to extract useful components for future projects.
However, mathematicians remain optimistic about their role in an increasingly AI-driven environment. Reflecting on historical parallels, Kommelin notes that manual computations once formed the backbone of mathematical work but have since transitioned to automated methods. “I believe we are on a similar track; this will revolutionize our field. Yet, even in 10 or 20 years, we’ll still possess a unique identity in mathematics.”
A small number of companies are developing biological computers
Floriana/Getty Images
Data centers consume vast amounts of energy while the demand for computer chips continues to soar. Could utilizing brain cells be the solution?
Australian startup Cortical Labs is pioneering this field, planning to establish two innovative “biological” data centers in Melbourne and Singapore. These cutting-edge data centers will feature chips integrated with reproducible neurons. Pon vs. Doom.
Cortical Labs stands out as one of the few firms creating biological computers that link nerve cells to microelectrode arrays, enabling the stimulation and measurement of cell responses during data input. Recently, the company successfully showcased that its primary model, the CL1, can learn to play games like Doom within just a week.
The first data center in Melbourne is set to accommodate around 120 CL1 units, while a second facility in collaboration with the National University of Singapore will initially support 20 CL1 systems, with plans to expand to 1,000 pending regulatory approval. This initiative aims to enhance cloud-based brain computing services.
According to Michael Barros from the University of Essex, UK, while biological computers have been constructed and tested globally, they remain challenging to build and use. He states, “We invest a lot of time and resources developing these systems.”
Barros further elaborates that Cortical Labs is democratizing access to biocomputers at scale, pioneering an accessible approach in the industry.
These systems can be trained for simple tasks, such as playing Doom, yet there are challenges in understanding how neurons function and training them for more complex tasks like machine learning. Reinhold Scherer, also from the University of Essex, notes, “When you access this technology, it opens doors to exploration in learning, training, and programming, but neurons cannot be programmed like standard computers.”
Cortical Labs asserts that its biological data centers use significantly less energy than traditional computing systems, with each CL1 requiring only 30 watts compared to thousands needed by leading conventional AI chips.
Paul Roach from Loughborough University, UK, emphasizes that scaling biocomputers into entire rooms, akin to traditional data servers, could yield substantial energy savings. Notably, while biological data centers may necessitate nutrients to sustain neuron chips, they require less cooling energy than conventional computing infrastructures, suggesting significant potential for energy conservation.
Nevertheless, experts like Tjeerd Olde Scheper, who holds a PhD from Oxford Brookes University, recognize that the technology remains nascent. “Will it perform as expected? We are still in the early developmental phase,” he comments.
Although direct comparisons between the sizes of biological and silicon AI systems remain complex, it’s notable that the envisioned biological data center would integrate hundreds of biological chips in contrast to the hundreds of thousands of GPUs typically found in large-scale AI data centers.
“We have a long way to go before these systems are production-ready. Transitioning from a small network playing games to a large language model is a substantial leap,” says Steve Furber from the University of Manchester, UK.
A pressing concern is the lack of clarity on how to store training outcomes within neurons as memory, or how to execute computational algorithms beyond specific tasks, such as video gaming.
Additionally, retraining neurons post-task completion poses challenges, as their training and learning may be lost upon the end of their lifespan. “Proper retraining is essential,” Scherer states. “If retraining is required every 30 days, it may hinder technological continuity.”
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New Scientist Reporter James Woodford shares his encounter with a rabbit.
D. Cunningham/Shutterstock
On a fateful Sunday shift, I felt an unsettling dread arise when breaking news emerged about a biological control virus aimed at Australia’s massive rabbit population escaping quarantine. This incident occurred near Yunta, a tiny speck on the South Australian map, roughly 250 km off the coast. Surprisingly, authorities identified only two individuals who had traveled to both Point Pearce and the new quarantine zone—myself included.
This unsettling event took place in October 1995, while I was a junior environmental reporter for one of Australia’s major newspapers in Sydney. Amid a whirlwind of topics, one article caught my attention: the ambitious endeavor to eradicate Australia’s invasive feral rabbit population was faltering.
The project, spearheaded by CSIRO, Australia’s foremost federal science agency, involved testing the lethal rabbit calicivirus at a quarantine facility on Wardung Island, situated a few kilometers off South Australia’s coast. Significant work remained before the virus was deemed fit for release; scientists were determined to ensure it posed no risk to native wildlife or the ecosystem.
However, on October 10, CSIRO announced that the virus had spread beyond its quarantine confines, reaching two additional locations, while oddly asserting that it had not escaped the island. Just a week later, I arrived at my desk to learn that the virus had somehow crossed from Wardung Island to Point Pearce on the mainland. I promptly urged my editor to let me and the photographer fly to Adelaide and head straight to Point Pearce.
By early afternoon, photographer Peter Ray and I traversed the arid landscape of Point Pearce for a meeting with government scientists managing the quarantine response.
Upon our arrival, local Aboriginal community members escorted us the final few kilometers to meet the quarantine team. Despite being the sole reporters present, the evidence of the impending rabbit crisis was unmistakable—dead rabbits littered the paddock. We documented interviews with researchers and accompanied them to the cabin where autopsies were taking place.
As the gravity of what we witnessed became apparent to our editors back in Sydney, I was tasked with exploring the potential implications if the virus continued to breach quarantine controls. I reached out to a rabbit meat wholesaler who connected me to an archer supplying rabbit fur for Australia’s renowned Akubra hats.
The next morning, we traveled to Yunta, over 300 km north of Adelaide, to meet rabbit shooter Clinton Degenhardt, who sat in his car with a rifle beside him. He and others in the rabbit meat and fur industry were deeply concerned about their livelihoods.
The following day, our front-page story was published, and as the week progressed, nothing more transpired until that Sunday, when the devastating news broke that the virus had reached Yunta.
South Australia’s chief veterinarian suggested that Peter and I might have inadvertently spread the virus, prompting a press release to that effect. My tranquil Sunday was suddenly transformed into a chaotic meeting as our editor tried to ascertain how we were tied to this incident.
The next day, Tim Fisher, the then-leader of the Australian National Party, raised the issue in Parliament, proposing that if our involvement was confirmed, we should take up jobs on the Dog Control Fence—a lush 5,600 km long pest control barrier separating southeastern Australia from the rest of the country.
Fortunately, scientists soon suggested that blowflies might have transmitted the virus instead of us, allowing the story to evolve. Nonetheless, it perplexed me that the virus first surfaced in Yunta, the area where I’d interviewed the rabbit shooter. Was this mere coincidence, a conspiracy, or a hoax? I may never know.
Competing news outlets thrived on the irony of our major scoop morphing into a public relations nightmare, and my friends and colleagues found endless amusement in teasing me. During those initial tumultuous weeks, I received a copy of the book Watership Down, and many dubbed me the “Bunny Killer.”
Interestingly, while many harbored animosity towards rabbits, there was also excitement at the prospect of liberating the land from these invasive hares. Farmers, conservationists, and endangered species researchers rejoiced at the likelihood of eradicating one of Australia’s most notorious pests, albeit temporarily until resistance would develop. In those initial two months following October, at least 10 million rabbits perished, and ultimately, hundreds of millions more would follow.
Nearly four years later, I found myself at Herdanda Station, a sprawling 3,000 square kilometer ranch near Alice Springs. Before the calicivirus outbreak, the property was home to 20,000 rabbit warrens. When I visited, the rabbit population had dwindled to nearly zero. When the owner, Bernie Kilgariff, discovered my identity as the reporter accused of spreading the virus, he insisted I sign the visitor’s list as a guest of honor rather than as a governor-general.
Unlocking Genetic Data: The Risks of Polygenic Risk Scores
Genetic data can be analyzed to estimate the risk of developing specific health conditions. Science Photo Library / Alamy
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) summarize an individual’s likelihood of developing particular health conditions, revealing insights into a person’s DNA through advanced mathematical methods. These scores could potentially be leveraged by health insurance companies to reconstruct genetic data from summary genomic reports, uncovering health risks that patients might not disclose. Furthermore, individuals sharing their scores anonymously could be identified by extracting genetic data and querying public genealogy databases.
Understanding Polygenic Risk Scores
Polygenic risk scores measure the impact of variations in tens to thousands of specific letters in the genome, known as single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Researchers and DNA testing companies like 23andMe use these scores to summarize potential health risks, which may also be made public by individuals seeking advice on score interpretation.
Solve a polygenic risk score is akin to deducing a phone number, only knowing that the digits sum up to a specific number, illustrating a mathematical challenge known as the knapsack problem. This complexity makes PRS considered to have a low privacy risk.
However, each SNP value in the score is multiplied by a highly precise weight—up to 16 orders of magnitude—reflecting its contribution to overall disease risk. This makes even low-risk models vulnerable to data attacks.
Research Findings on Genetic Risk Scores
According to Gamze Gyursoy at Columbia University, “The final polygenic risk score can be estimated with a high degree of accuracy because it is constrained by the finite methodology used to reach that figure and the statistically probable arrangement of the underlying SNPs.” Gyursoy, alongside Kiril Nikitin, also from Columbia, conducted experiments using 298 polygenic risk models based on data from 2,353 individuals. They worked backwards to calculate all possible genomes that could generate each score while excluding those with numerous rare mutations.
As a result, they were able to reconstruct donor genotypes with an impressive 94.6% accuracy and accurately predicted 2,450 SNPs per person. Testing revealed that just 27 SNPs were sufficient to identify an individual from a pool of 500,000 samples, with up to 90% accuracy in predicting family relationships. Interestingly, individuals of African and East Asian descent were easier to identify, largely due to underrepresentation in available genetic databases.
Mitigating Risks and Ethical Considerations
Gyursoy highlights that 447 small, high-precision models in the public database of polygenic scores are susceptible to such attacks. “I wanted to emphasize that the risk is low; however, [certain conditions] still present the potential for data leakage, which must be considered in study planning, especially when involving vulnerable populations,” Gyursoy states.
Researchers at Massachusetts General Hospital believe existing data protection methods and computational barriers limit the potential misuse of polygenic risk scores. “These findings serve as a crucial reminder that small models should be treated as sensitive data in clinical reporting and informed consent discussions,” they add.
Globular cluster NGC 1850 lies within the Large Magellanic Cloud, our Milky Way’s satellite galaxy.
Copyright: NASA, ESA, and P. Goudfrooij (Space Telescope Science Institute). Processing: Gladys Kober (NASA/Catholic University of America)
What distinguishes a collection of stars from an entire galaxy? This seemingly simple inquiry poses a significant challenge to astronomers today.
Most casual stargazers view galaxies as distinct entities, akin to completed masterpieces. When peering through a backyard telescope, one can observe billions of stars or even more than 100 billion, radiating in a spiral formation of vibrant light. My experiences as a theoretical particle cosmologist reveal that galaxies are enveloped by an unseen dark matter halo, stretching far beyond the visible sphere. It’s also crucial to note that not all galaxies conform to the spiral design; some take on oval shapes, resembling a flattened sphere, making the classification of galaxies more complex than it appears.
As I’ve noted in previous discussions, our classification of galaxies continues to evolve. Clearly defining an object with a distinct spiral formation and vast star count is straightforward, but what about those that appear spheroidal yet possess millions of stars? Some of these may be categorized as globular clusters—collections of tens to millions of stars bound by gravity within a mere few light years.
These globular clusters are exclusively found within galaxies, indicating a fundamental difference between them and galaxies themselves. Globular clusters exhibit compactness, in contrast to galaxies, which expand more diffusely throughout space. The same holds true for dwarf spheroidal galaxies, which, despite being smaller than our Milky Way, still exhibit a relatively vast reach and often contain a more diverse stellar population. Moreover, while dwarf spheroidals are surrounded by their own dark matter halos, globular clusters typically are not.
Visualize a nested structure of galaxies enveloped by dark matter: at the center lies the Milky Way, encircled by a substantial halo, featuring a small quasi-spheroid and then an even smaller subhalo. This framework assists astronomers in distinguishing between galaxies and globular clusters, as the presence of dark matter identifies an object as a galaxy.
The understanding of these classifications was relatively clear until 2005, when the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) released its initial data set. This monumental project aimed to document a quarter of the night sky, revealing numerous celestial entities never before observed. Among these findings was a faint cluster of stars near the Milky Way, dubbed ultra-faint satellites, which blurred the lines separating globular clusters from galaxies.
Further investigations into these enigmatic objects have unveiled some to be galaxies saturated with dark matter, yet the challenge persists, as these satellites remain elusive and hard to detect, living in what is described as the “valley of uncertainty.” A 2018 study by Blair Conn and colleagues noted these peculiar entities—neither clearly galaxies nor definitively not.
Ursa Major III has an astonishingly low count of only 60 stars.
CFHT/Unions/S. Gwin
Despite our anticipation for data to clarify these obscure classifications, recent sky surveys have unveiled even fainter clusters of celestial objects. We have learned to hesitate before declaring what is or isn’t a galaxy. A recent 2023 study led by Simon Smith from the University of Victoria has reported the discovery of Ursa Major III, labeled as “the least luminous known satellite of the Milky Way.” While this assertion instills confidence, the supporting evidence comprises merely 60 stars—an extraordinarily small number.
Ursa Major III might seem diminutive, yet its implications could resonate widely. A study last year asserted that, if it qualifies as a galaxy, it could help eliminate certain dark matter models. Determining whether Ursa Major III and its counterparts are genuinely galaxies could significantly impact astrophysics, cosmology, and particle physics.
Progress continues on this front. Recently, William Cerny and his team at Yale University published findings from an extensive study on a large group of these mysterious objects. Their conclusion? A diverse array exists among these entities, though further investigation is essential. We may not have definitive answers yet, but we sit at an exciting crossroads—firmly engaging in the pursuit of knowledge and further discoveries.
Your reading list:
Special collection: Poets, particularly Courtney Lamar Charleston and Comeonfune Felix’s Manifesto: Let the poets rule.
What are you currently viewing?
Too Much Alfred Hitchcock!
What are you presently working on?
Prepping for the U.S. release of my book, The End of Space and Time, on April 7th!
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire. She is the author of Turbulent Universe and her forthcoming book The Ends of Space and Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Boogie of Cosmic Dreams.
Unraveling Cosmic Mysteries in Cheshire, England
Join some of the brightest scientific minds for an insightful weekend delving into the universe’s enigmas, inclusive of a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.
Discover the captivating elements of Project Hail Mary, Andy Weir’s gripping tale about a desperate mission to save the sun. I initially struggled to engage with it, setting it aside after just 100 pages. The protagonist, Ryland Grace, a molecular biologist turned astronaut, awakens in a spaceship with no memory of his identity or mission.
At first, I struggled to connect with Ryland’s immature and cynical demeanor. His humorous yet crass references detracted from the book’s potential, leaving me questioning the need for interstellar missions to save the sun. Ultimately, I decided to abandon the narrative.
But I regret not persevering. The heartwarming journey and scientific depth of the film adaptation of Project Hail Mary offered unexpected joy and insights.
I felt a great sense of relief during Ryland’s awakening scene, where a robotic arm unhooks him from life support. This adaptation efficiently compresses lengthy contemplative moments often muddled in the book. The film’s pacing is swift and engaging, showcasing Ryland’s struggle effectively.
The film skillfully avoids excessive exposition, allowing the talented cast to convey essential emotional nuances. Ryan Gosling portrays Ryland as a relatable character, injecting humor and depth into his role.
As the narrative unfolds, we learn Ryland is recruited by the formidable Eva Strutt (Sandra Hüller), who heightens the story’s stakes. With the sun predicted to dim by 5% in the coming two decades, she propels the urgency of their mission to prevent impending climate catastrophe. Hüller brings a captivating emotional dynamic to her interactions with Gosling and James Ortiz, creating memorable performances.
The scientific themes, brilliantly crafted by screenwriter Drew Goddard, resonate throughout Project Hail Mary. Echoing the spirit of Weir’s previous work, The Martian, the film blends elements of survival with profound scientific concepts in physics and biology.
Faced with isolation after his pilot and engineer perish during the mission, Ryland must leverage his intellect for innovative solutions to navigate the challenges of space travel. This cleverness is sure to delight hardcore sci-fi fans, even if some explanations are not fully fleshed out.
While the plot takes unexpected twists, central questions about the essence of life and its significance drive the narrative of Project Hail Mary. Although certain character traits of Ryland may feel overplayed, I found myself surprisingly invested in his journey and fate.
Overall, Project Hail Mary presents a beautifully shot, highly entertaining adventure, transforming my initial skepticism into appreciation. I might even return to finish reading the original book!
“Whippet” as envisioned by New Scientist picture desk
Credit: NASA/Muratato/Shutterstock/Adobe Stock
A mysterious burst of bright light in the night sky may indicate a black hole consuming an unusually sparse star.
In 2018, astronomers detected a new kind of cosmic explosion, designated AT2018cow, or “Cow.” This unique flash reached peak brightness in only a few days, significantly faster than typical supernovae.
Initially, the origins of these explosions were unclear. Since the discovery of Cow, several more similar events have been recorded, termed fast blue light transients (FBOTs), yet their origins remain enigmatic.
Recently, Liu Jialian and his research team at Tsinghua University in China propose that the latest cosmic flash, the brightest FBOT to date, results from an exotic star over 30 times the mass of the Sun shedding its outer hydrogen layer and becoming a meal for a black hole.
Named AT 2024wpp, or “Whippet,” this outburst was identified by the Zwicky Transitional Observatory in late 2024 and quickly outshone Cow by approximately tenfold. Liu’s team monitored the explosion using various telescopes, including the Swift X-ray Telescope, collecting data across different wavelengths.
The observed light spectrum indicates the explosion was over six times hotter than the Sun’s surface and expelled plasma at approximately one-fifth the speed of light. Approximately a month after the initial light burst, a previously unobserved X-ray outburst emerged, adding to the mystery of FBOTs.
Liu and his colleagues attribute these observations to a type of rare star known as a Wolf-Rayet star. This star features an exposed core devoid of gas. They argue that Whippet is a consequence of a Wolf-Rayet star being engulfed by a black hole approximately 15 solar masses.
The initial merger triggered the first light burst, while some remaining stellar material eventually spiraled towards the black hole, resulting in the second X-ray burst. As noted by Ashley Chrimes from the European Space Agency, “Of all the proposed explanations, this one is likely the least problematic.”
One of the most compelling elements supporting this theory is that the event appears to originate from young galaxies, where short-lived extreme stars like Wolf-Rayet stars are prevalent. Chrimes adds, “In this environment, such events would be expected, and we’re also observing this late-time bump, which could signal a significant post-merger response. This is indeed promising.”
The Advent of Agriculture and Evolutionary Pressures on Humans
Christian Jegou/Science Photo Library
The comprehensive analysis of ancient genomes has revealed significant insights into human evolution over the last 10,000 years. This research indicates that various populations worldwide have experienced similar evolutionary changes, particularly following the introduction of agriculture.
“Similar traits and genes are being selected in diverse populations,” says Laura Colbran from the University of Pennsylvania.
Evolution happens when genetic variation becomes prevalent in a population—often because it confers an advantage. By comparing genomes, we can identify recent signs of human evolution.
Colbran notes that ancient DNA is exceptionally valuable for this research, stating, “Using ancient genomes allows us to witness genetic history directly, as opposed to relying solely on inferential methods.”
Much of the recent research has primarily focused on European genomes, but Colbran’s team leveraged an increasing collection of genomes from outside Europe, analyzing over 7,000 ancient and contemporary genomes. Ancient genomes mainly originate from the last 10,000 years, while modern genomes are derived from living populations.
The research team utilized ancient genomes to predict possible modern genetic profiles without evolutionary influence, highlighting differences known as selection signals. They identified 31 selection signals, many of which were shared among varied populations, likely due to the independent rise of agriculture around the same era globally.
For instance, less than 25% of ancient individuals possessed the FADS1 gene, which encodes an enzyme that aids in converting short-chain fatty acids (common in plants) into long-chain fatty acids (predominant in meats). Increased production of this enzyme is thought to benefit individuals who adopt a plant-heavy diet. Currently, over 75% of people in Europe, Japan, and northern China carry advantageous FADS1 variants. The strength of selection for this gene has remained stable over the last 300 generations in Europe while intensifying in East Asia over the last century.
The genes impacting the alcohol dehydrogenase 1B enzyme, encoded by ADH1B, have also been critically analyzed. Variants of ADH1B are prevalent in East Asia and are associated with quick alcohol metabolism, leading to symptoms like facial flushing. Colbran stated, “This showcases the strongest selection signal we’ve observed in East Asia,” suggesting that this variant was favored to curb excessive alcohol consumption.
Even though this variant was absent in ancient Europeans, strong selection signals related to the ADH1B enzyme were identified. Colbran emphasized the need for further investigation to discern the involved variants and their specific impacts, indicating a likely adaptation to evolving alcohol consumption patterns.
The research team also explored traits influenced by multiple genetic variations, such as waist-to-hip ratios, often correlated with fertility. Surprisingly, they found a robust selection process stabilizing women’s waist-to-hip ratios within certain limits. “This is intriguing as it suggests a stabilization of selection,” Colbran remarked, emphasizing that while waist-to-hip ratios can differ across various populations, the ideal measurement likely exists in a balanced range.
As noted by Alexander Gusev at Harvard University, this study is remarkable for its analysis of ancient DNA that has yet to be thoroughly examined. Gusev explained, “The authors found enriched variants being selected within one population compared to others, indicating parallel selection across populations, previously hypothesized but not empirically demonstrated.”
Yashin Souilumi, from the University of Adelaide, emphasized that their novel approach reveals regions of the genome newly identified as subject to selection, complementing previously known areas. “Their innovative method optimally utilizes the vast amounts of available ancient DNA,” Souilumi stated.
Colbran concluded that these findings are merely the initial discoveries. As more non-European genomes are sequenced, we will uncover even more evidence of recent human evolution.
Discovery Tour: Archaeology, Human Origins, and Paleontology
New Scientist frequently covers extraordinary archaeological sites that reshape our understanding of human evolution and early civilizations. Join us on this fascinating journey!
Two severed killer whale fins discovered on a remote Russian island may reveal a shocking new behavior: killer whales may be hunting and consuming their own species. Each fin is newly severed, and a recent study indicates that the tooth marks belong to another killer whale.
Dr. Olga Filatova, an associate professor at the University of Southern Denmark, received the alarming photographs from her collaborator, Sergei Fomin, and was certain about the implications.
“I was astonished when he discovered the first fin,” she stated in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “We never believed we would witness this phenomenon in our lifetime, but it appears we have.”
Genetic analysis confirmed that the severed fins belonged to resident killer whales, which are fish-eating mammals living in tight family groups for generations. The likely aggressor is the transient killer whale, a separate population that preys on marine mammals such as seals, sea lions, and other whales.
From a taxonomic perspective, all killer whales belong to a single species, meaning this behavior technically qualifies as cannibalism. Killer whale.
However, Filatova emphasizes that the situation is more nuanced. Resident and transient populations do not socialize or interbreed, and in the wild, they may not even recognize one another as the same species.
Filatova suggests that the attack likely occurred during a large social gathering, where numerous resident families convened for breeding. Due to the familial ties within these groups, killer whales must seek mates from outside their family units, resulting in fragmented populations that may extend over several kilometers.
During these social events, young males may become separated from their protective family units. “This provides an opportunity for mammal-eating species to target these vulnerable young, as other adults are preoccupied,” Filatova explained.
Fomin observed one such gathering shortly before he came across the second fin.
The second fin was found in 2024, approximately 2 km (1.2 miles) from the first fin – Photo credit: Sergey Fomin/SDU
Both fins belonged to young whales, and their severed state—rather than being simply bitten off—suggests that killer whales that hunt other species typically remove fins to access the flesh beneath, leaving low-energy remains.
This discovery carries implications beyond the immediate tragedy. Filatova posits that the strong social bonds characteristic of resident killer whale communities could stem from the pressures of predation.
“These populations remain stable for a specific reason: they need to safeguard themselves,” she remarked.
She theorizes that the two populations first encountered each other around 100,000 years ago when resident whales—more genetically similar to Atlantic killer whales—migrated to the North Pacific, encroaching on territory already inhabited by transients.
The remarkable family cohesion seen in today’s killer whales may be a result of evolving under the long-term threat of predation.
With only two fins discovered thus far, Filatova is cautious about drawing definitive conclusions. It remains uncertain whether this killing behavior signifies a recent shift or if it has been occurring unnoticed.
Stellar activity and plasma turbulence can significantly distort narrow radio signals before they exit their planetary systems. This phenomenon may help explain the prolonged silence observed in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence (ETI).
Research by Vishal Gajjar and Grayce C. Brown introduces one of the first quantitative frameworks to assess how stellar environments affect the detectability of narrowband technosignatures. Image credit: Sci.News.
In our exploration of technosignatures, astronomers typically take into account the distortions that occur as radio waves traverse interstellar space.
Variations in plasma density from stellar winds and sporadic eruptive events like coronal mass ejections can severely distort radio waves near their source, effectively “smearing” the frequency and diminishing the peak intensity necessary for detection.
“SETI searches are usually optimized for very narrow signals,” stated Dr. Vishal Gajjar, an astronomer at the SETI Institute.
“If a signal is amplified by its stellar environment, it might drop below the detection threshold, potentially elucidating some of the radio silence encountered in the search for technosignatures.”
To quantify this effect, Dr. Gajjar and his colleague Dr. Grace Brown leveraged directly measurable data: radio transmissions from spacecraft within our solar system.
They utilized empirical data from solar system probes to calibrate how turbulent plasma disperses narrowband signals, extrapolating these findings across various stellar environments.
The outcome is a comprehensive framework for estimating the extent of signal broadening across different star types and observation frequencies, particularly under “space weather” conditions prevalent around active stars.
This groundbreaking study has significant implications for target selection and search design in SETI.
M-type dwarfs, which constitute approximately 75% of stars in the Milky Way, are particularly prone to having narrowband signals distorted before departing their systems.
Astronomers advocate for search strategies that maintain sensitivity, even when the detected signal is not purely ultrathin.
“By quantifying how stellar activity alters narrowband signals, we can create searches that more accurately reflect what actually arrives on Earth, not just what may be transmitted,” noted Dr. Brown.
The team’s research was published on March 5th in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Vishal Gajjar and Grace C. Brown. 2026. Exo-IPM scattering as a hidden gatekeeper of narrowband technology signatures. APJ 999, 201; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae3d33
New findings reveal that the 2022 DART collision not only decreased the orbit of the moon Dimorphos around its parent asteroid Didymos but also subtly altered the trajectory of the entire binary asteroid system around the sun.
This artist’s illustration depicts a cloud of debris ejected after NASA’s DART spacecraft collides with the asteroid Dimorphos. Image credit: ESO/M. Kornmesser.
During the NASA DART mission, the collision with Dimorphos generated a massive cloud of rock debris and altered the shape of the 170-meter (560-foot) asteroid.
This debris not only escaped but also provided Dimorphos with an explosive thrust—what scientists refer to as a momentum enhancer.
The momentum enhancement factor from the DART impact was approximately 2, indicating that the spacecraft’s impact was effectively doubled due to the debris expelled.
Previous studies have determined that the moon’s 12-hour orbit around the 805-meter-wide Didymos was shortened by 33 minutes.
The latest research indicates that the collision ejected so much material from the binary asteroid system that it even modified the binary star’s 770-day orbital period around the sun by 0.15 seconds.
Dr. Rahil McAdia from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign stated, “The change in the orbital velocity of the binary system was about 11.7 microns per second, or 1.7 inches per hour.”
“Over time, even minor adjustments in an asteroid’s motion can influence the likelihood of a dangerous object colliding with Earth.”
To demonstrate the DART mission’s measurable influence on the binary star system, the researchers meticulously tracked DART’s solar orbit.
In addition to radar and ground-based asteroid observations, they monitored stellar occultations—events where an asteroid passes directly in front of a star, briefly blocking its light.
This method enables precise measurements of the asteroid’s speed, shape, and position.
The research team relied on volunteers worldwide who observed 22 stellar eclipses between October 2022 and March 2025.
“These stellar occultation observations, combined with years of existing data, were essential in calculating how DART altered Didymos’s orbit,” said Dr. Steve Chesley from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
“This research is highly dependent on weather conditions, often requires travel to remote areas, and success is not guaranteed.”
“This breakthrough would not have been possible without the unwavering support of numerous volunteer observers globally.”
Analyzing Didymos’ motion also enabled scientists to ascertain the density of both asteroids.
Dimorphos was found to be slightly less dense than previously estimated, aligning with the theory that it formed from rock fragments shed by the rapidly rotating Didymos.
This loose material eventually coalesced, creating what is known as a “rubble pile” asteroid, Dimorphos.
Our findings indicate that targeting secondary asteroids in binary systems could be a viable strategy for deflecting kinetic impacts and enhancing planetary defense.
Dr. Preity Cowan from the University of Auckland remarked, “The DART mission proved to be a triumph. An asteroid system deemed safe for Earth was meticulously chosen, allowing NASA to impact the small satellite, leading to a faster orbit around its parent asteroid.”
“This new analysis unveils even more stunning and safe outcomes.”
“The combination of the spacecraft’s impact and the resulting ‘shock’ from the ejected material from the satellite was enough to visibly alter the binary star system’s path around the sun.”
“These adjustments may seem trivial, but in terms of trajectory, even minor changes, particularly if applied early on, can have significant repercussions.”
This milestone is crucial for developments in planetary defense,” said Professor Roberto Armelin from the University of Auckland.
“In a genuine hazardous scenario, small adjustments implemented promptly could prevent a potentially dangerous asteroid from colliding with Earth.”
The next phase is ESA’s Hera mission, set to launch in 2024, which will visit the Didymos system to measure its crater, asteroid mass and structure, and the efficiency of the impact.
“These measurements will aid in transitioning this historic experiment into a reliable planetary defense technology.”
For more information, check the result published in Scientific Progress.
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Rahil Makadia et al. 2026. Direct Detection of Geocentric Deflections of Asteroids: Didymos System After DART. Scientific Progress 12 (10): 10.1126/sciadv.aea4259
Long believed to be a single species found throughout the Amazon rainforest, ant birds are, in fact, a group of different species, including two newly identified ones: Cherkomakra village and Cercomacula laucisona. These species inhabit distinct areas of the southern Amazon. This revelation was made possible through an extensive analysis of museum specimens and bird audio recordings. Discover more about the gray ant bird (Sercomacra cinerasense), which further complicates our understanding.
Cercomacula laucisona. Image credit: Fernando Zurdo.
The gray antbird is a small, inconspicuous bird native to forested areas. These birds thrive in dense understory habitats across Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.
Males typically exhibit gray plumage while females appear brownish, making it challenging for ornithologists to differentiate between various populations in this vast geographical region.
To reassess species boundaries, researchers led by Sercomacra cinerasense expert Wagner Cavalzere from the University of Complex conducted comparative studies on feather coloration, body measurements, and vocalizations.
The study analyzed 682 bird specimens from museum collections and evaluated 347 song recordings.
The team employed BirdNET, a deep learning platform designed to classify bird calls, to assess song structure.
“Birds rely heavily on vocal communication, which is crucial for species recognition,” the researchers stated.
“Their songs serve as sonic signatures, essential for uncovering hidden diversity.”
The findings indicated distinct divisions in populations separated by major Amazonian rivers.
Birds residing north of the Pastaza, Maranhão, Solimões, and Amazon rivers exhibited consistent differences in coloration and song patterns compared to southern populations.
Cherkomakra village is found in the forested region between the Ucayali and Madeira rivers, while Cercomacula laucisona inhabits areas between the Madeira and Tapajos rivers.
“These rivers act as long-standing natural barriers,” the researchers noted.
“The populations have diverged independently over millennia to evolve into the unique species we describe today, isolated by these significant rivers.”
Cherkomakra village. Image credit: Tomas Melo.
Additionally, scientists recognized several previously named forms as distinct species, bringing the total in this complex to five.
Each species is characterized by unique vocal traits and geographical ranges, with minimal evidence of overlap or hybridization.
This discovery underscores the vast unexplored biodiversity within the Amazon, revealing complexities among bird species previously thought to be well understood.
“By integrating artificial intelligence with fundamental bioacoustics and museum collection studies, we uncover diversity that would otherwise remain invisible,” the authors emphasized.
“Acknowledging these species is crucial for their conservation in a rapidly changing environment.”
For further details on this discovery, refer to the new paper published in Vertebrate Zoology.
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V. Cavalzere et al. 2026. Integrated taxonomy of Sercomacra cinerasense Species complex with descriptions of two new species (Birds: Thamnophilidae). Vertebrate Zoology 76: 73-91; doi: 10.3897/vz.76.e171834
Astronomers utilizing the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA) have made a groundbreaking discovery of hydrogen cyanide, a nitrogen-rich organic molecule commonly associated with comets, and remarkably elevated levels of methanol, an organic compound linked to prebiotic chemistry, in the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS.
Artist’s impression as 3I/ATLAS approaches the Sun. Methanol gas appears in blue, and hydrogen cyanide in orange. Image credit: NSF / AUI / NRAO / M.Weiss.
“Observing 3I/ATLAS is like capturing a fingerprint from an entirely different solar system,” said Nathan Ross, a professor at American University.
“A detailed analysis reveals its composition, showing methanol emissions that are atypical for comets in our own solar system.”
Professor Ross and his team employed ALMA’s Atacama Compact Array in Chile to monitor 3I/ATLAS as it neared the Sun.
As sunlight warmed its icy exterior, this interstellar visitor released gas and dust, forming a surrounding coma.
By studying the coma, astronomers unveiled chemical signatures indicative of its materials.
They concentrated on the subtle submillimeter signatures of two molecules: methanol and hydrogen cyanide.
ALMA’s findings indicated that 3I/ATLAS is extraordinarily high in methanol compared to hydrogen cyanide, significantly surpassing levels typically observed in comets from our solar system.
On the two observation days, researchers recorded methanol to hydrogen cyanide ratios of approximately 70 and 120, positioning this object as one of the most methanol-rich comets ever examined.
These observations imply that the icy components of 3I/ATLAS were formed under conditions markedly different from those that motivate the formation of most comets within our solar system.
ALMA’s precision also allowed the team to analyze the movement of different molecules as they emanated from the comet, revealing unexpected disparities between methanol and hydrogen cyanide.
Notably, most hydrogen cyanide appears to originate from the comet’s core, which is an unusual characteristic for comets from our solar system.
Conversely, methanol is believed to originate from both the core and the comatose ice particles.
These minuscule ice particles behave like tiny comets; as the object approaches the Sun, the ice sublimates, releasing methanol gas.
While this behavior has been observed in various solar system comets, this is the first time the dynamics of outgassing have been documented with such detail in an interstellar object.
“The methanol to hydrogen cyanide ratio measured for 3I/ATLAS is among the highest observed in any comet, exceeded only by the anomalous Solar System comet C/2016 R2 (Pan-STARRS),” the authors noted.
Further findings will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Nathan X. Ross et al. 2026. CH3OH and HCN of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS mapped with the ALMA Atacama Compact Array: unique outgassing behavior and significantly elevated CH3OH/HCN production rate ratio. APJL 999, L32; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae433b
US-Israeli attack ignites oil facility in Tehran, resulting in substantial fires and black smoke on March 8.
Fatemeh Bahrami/Anadolu via Getty Images
On March 8, black smoke enveloped northern Iran as U.S. and Israeli airstrikes continued, leading to alarming health concerns for civilians in Tehran.
What Happened?
In the early hours of March 8, U.S. and Israeli forces launched strikes targeting Iranian oil facilities for the first time since the conflict erupted, igniting massive fires in four oil storage centers and an oil transfer hub in Tehran and Alborz province.
As flames illuminated the night sky, thick black smoke descended over the city, with ash and soot blanketing surfaces. Alarmingly, residents reported dark rain falling, raising concerns after a prolonged drought. Authorities alerted locals about potential acid rain, as many experienced sore throats and burning eyes.
The black rain likely originated from smoke inhaled during these fires. When moisture falls into such polluted air, it can carry harmful particulates to the ground.
This scenario poses significant environmental and health risks, as scientists remain uncertain about the smoke’s chemical makeup, according to Anna Hansell from the University of Leicester.
Composition of the Black Rain
In contrast to regular gasoline, the oil involved was likely less refined and created a more complex mixture of harmful particles when burned. This smoke could contain toxic substances, according to Hansell.
Key components potentially include burnt carbon, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, sulfur, and nitrogen compounds. The combustion process releases sulfur and nitrogen oxides that, when combined with moisture, can produce acid rain.
This environmental disaster could generate smog levels far more severe than those experienced in mid-20th century London. “The scale of this event is concerning,” Hansell remarked.
Secondary pollutants from the strike—such as fragments of concrete and plastic—could contribute to the overall toxicity of the atmosphere.
Health Risks
If this black rain contaminates water supplies, it could lead to gastrointestinal issues like abdominal pain and diarrhea. Furthermore, the acid rain’s effects on skin and eyes are alarming, as already reported by some locals.
However, respiratory health may be the greatest danger. Inhalation of fine particulate matter poses serious health risks, as the composition becomes less important than the quantity inhaled.
“Skin contact with rain can be washed off, but inhaling smoke can be far more dangerous,” Hansell cautioned. “Fine particles can permeate deep into the lungs and bloodstream, increasing risks for chronic diseases.”
Accumulation of toxins in the environment may also contaminate local food sources, leading to long-term health threats.
Regional Impact
While larger particles may settle quickly, smaller harmful particles can travel vast distances via wind currents, potentially affecting air quality as far away as Washington, D.C. As winds shift, smoke from the fire could drift into neighboring countries as well.
It is advised that residents of Iran remain indoors to minimize exposure. If outdoors, wearing masks and goggles is recommended to prevent acid rain exposure.
Individuals should be vigilant about drinking water quality, seeking alternatives if they notice unusual tastes or dark particles.
Other countries should be alert to potential fallout, and health officials will likely issue warnings regarding air quality if necessary.
“The magnitude of environmental devastation doesn’t acknowledge borders,” Hansell warned. “What contaminates one area could migrate, affecting many.”}
Health-conscious individuals may take multivitamins, but their benefits are debated
Lenar Nigmatulin/Shutterstock
Recent studies indicate that daily intake of multivitamins and minerals may slow cognitive decline in individuals over 60, and now, evidence suggests these supplements could potentially slow aging on a broader scale.
However, the findings are based on indirect aging measures, making it unclear what this means in terms of health advantages. Currently, medical experts, including Howard Sesso from Harvard University, advise against universally recommending multivitamins for older adults. He notes, “While we haven’t seen significant adverse effects, the benefits are still uncertain.”
Historically, it has been claimed that individual vitamins provide various health benefits, but this approach can sometimes be harmful. For instance, excessive vitamin A can weaken bones and too much vitamin B3 may cause liver damage. Additionally, high levels of vitamin B6 can result in loss of sensation in limbs. The UK Health Service recommends that everyone take vitamin D, usually during winter months.
Multivitamin supplements, like Centrum Silver utilized in this research, typically contain recommended daily intake amounts. According to Sesso, “These doses are not excessive.”
To investigate potential effects, Sesso and his team randomly assigned 1,000 participants with an average age of 70 to either receive the supplement or a placebo. “This was a rigorously designed, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,” he explains. Steve Horvath from UCLA, not involved in the study, remarks, “This distinction differentiates us from much of the supplement research, which often relies on observational data riddled with confounding factors.”
Researchers collected blood samples from participants at the study’s outset, one year later, and again two years later. They analyzed the DNA from immune cells, looking for epigenetic markers—chemical tags added to DNA—at specific genomic locations.
Epigenetic markers change predictably with age, enabling researchers to estimate a person’s biological age through blood tests. Various epigenetic clocks have been developed, differing based on which genomic segments are analyzed.
Sesso’s research utilized five epigenetic clocks, all indicating that individuals taking multivitamins exhibited slightly younger biological profiles than those taking a placebo. However, significant results were only evident in two clocks. According to Horvath, “The significant results stemmed from second-generation clocks, which have emerged as the most reliable for evaluating longevity interventions.”
While first-generation clocks are effective for predicting age, many markers they observe are not inherently linked to health, Horvath points out. In contrast, second-generation clocks are built upon markers associated with health risks and mortality. “Nonetheless, the effect size remains modest,” he adds. “This is certainly not a miracle solution for aging.”
“The observed differences were minimal compared to the variation in participants prior to the intervention,” states Daniel Belsky from Columbia University.
The researchers determine that the epigenetic clock lag they discovered equates to approximately four months over two years. However, this may not convey the entire picture. Belsky explains that how age-related improvements correlate with conventional time drastically varies across different clocks.
Sesso acknowledges the ambiguity surrounding the health implications of these epigenetic measures. “Understanding how a four-month reduction in biological aging translates into clinical benefits is still a mystery,” he admits.
Most study participants were of European descent, leaving uncertainty about whether these slight reductions in epigenetic aging apply to non-Europeans or younger demographics. The longevity of these results when using different multivitamins also remains undetermined.
While the study is complete, the potential effects of cocoa extract were also assessed, with some participants taking it in conjunction with their vitamins or as a placebo substitute. Notably, cocoa extract did not yield any significant effects on the epigenetic clocks.
Recently excavated fossils from the Shinle Formation in Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA, have unveiled a fascinating creature: Sonserascus cedrus, a member of the Shubosaurus lineage that roamed the Earth approximately 215 million years ago during the Triassic period. It is believed that this dinosaur began its life walking on four legs before transitioning to a bipedal posture as it matured.
Reconstruction of Sonserascus cedrus 215 million years ago, showcasing the environment of what is now Petrified Forest National Park. Image credit: Gabriel Uguet.
Sonserascus cedrus is part of the Shubosauridae family, a unique group of pseudoarchosaurs known for their body shape resembling that of ornithomimid theropod dinosaurs.
This dinosaur stood approximately 63.5 centimeters (25 inches) tall, featuring a toothless beak, large eye sockets, and hollow bones.
University of Washington researcher Elliott Armor-Smith stated, “Although Sonserascus cedrus shares characteristics with ornithomimid dinosaurs, these features seem to have evolved independently due to similar ecological roles in a shared environment of crocodilian and avian archosaurs.”
Armor-Smith added, “Bipedalism, toothless beaks, hollow bones, and large orbits are typically associated with ornithomimid theropod dinosaurs, but Sonserascus cedrus demonstrates that these traits can also evolve within crocodiloforms.”
More than 950 fossil specimens representing at least 36 individuals of Sonserascus cedrus have been discovered.
“By examining the limb proportions of various specimens, we propose that their bipedal posture may arise from distinct growth patterns,” Armor-Smith noted.
“We believe as Sonserascus cedrus aged, its forelimbs and hindlimbs maintained proportionality, with hindlimbs ultimately becoming longer and more robust,” he continued.
“Essentially, these creatures likely started life as quadrupeds, transitioning to bipedalism as they matured, which is quite intriguing.”
The name Sonserascus cedrus reflects its connection to cedar trees, evergreen conifers that thrived in Late Triassic forests.
“Since initiating fieldwork at Petrified Forest in 2014, we have collected over 3,000 fossils from the area, including those of Sonserascus cedrus,” stated Professor Christian Sydow from the University of Washington. “These bones are remarkably well-preserved, showing no signs of decay.”
“In addition to Sonserascus cedrus, we have also uncovered fossils of fish, amphibians, dinosaurs, and other reptiles within the bone beds.”
For further details on this remarkable discovery, refer to the research paper published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
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Elliott Armor Smith and Christian A. Sydow. 2026. Osteology and relationships of a new Shubosaurid (Pseudoschia, Poposaurinae) excavated from the upper Triassic Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, USA Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology published online March 8, 2026. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2025.2604859
NASA, ESA, CFHT, CXO, MJ Jee (University of California, Davis), A. Mahdavi (San Francisco State University)
Recently, there has been a significant shift in the realm of cosmology, reminiscent of the changing trends in fashion. Gone are the days of skinny jeans; in come the baggy styles. Likewise, the foundations of our cosmic understanding are being challenged.
For years, physicists relied on the Standard Model of cosmology, a robust framework that adeptly illustrated the universe’s inception and evolution. Central to this model is dark energy, an enigmatic force driving the universe’s expansion.
Last year, groundbreaking results from extensive telescopic surveys suggested an astonishing possibility: dark energy may be weakening over time. Should this prove true, the Standard Model of cosmology may necessitate a profound rewrite.
A collection of three enlightening features seeks to unravel the intricacies of the Standard Model, examining its current precarious status and what might come next.
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It does not assist if attachment to old models is fueled by fear or nostalgia. “
Despite these revelations, many physicists remain hesitant to abandon their trusted models. This skepticism is understandable, as many findings in modern physics may require reevaluation over time. However, clinging to outdated concepts out of fear of the unknown won’t advance our understanding.
In scientific discourse, paradigm shifts signify transformative moments when our comprehension fundamentally shifts. While challenging, history shows that such shifts enhance our ability to perceive reality. Whether the issues surrounding dark energy will spark a paradigm shift akin to the quantum or Copernican revolutions remains uncertain. If it does, we may reflect on this era of cosmology as an exhilarating chapter in our quest for knowledge.
Explore the #SingingDog hashtag on social media, and you’ll discover countless clips of dogs harmonizing to popular songs. But does this showcase true musicality? Does dog howling indicate a genuine understanding of music?
This intriguing question was tackled by psychologist Aniruddha Patel, a professor at Tufts University. His latest research reveals that some dogs can recognize pitch and modulate their vocalizations accordingly.
The inspiration for this study arose from the howling behavior of wolves.
“Howling resembles human singing as it involves sustained vocalizations,” Patel notes. Observations suggest that wolves use varying tones to create a collective sound, which may serve as a protective strategy against threats.
The researchers faced challenges in testing this behavior experimentally; therefore, they enlisted dog owners to record their pets’ howls to their favorite songs. This included recordings in both the original key and a version transposed three semitones higher and lower to assess the dogs’ responsiveness to pitch changes.
The focus was on two ancient breeds, the Samoyed and the Shiba Inu, believed to be more closely related to wolves than contemporary breeds. To ensure reliable results, each dog contributed a minimum of 30 howls in each transposed version, with each howl lasting at least one second.
All four Samoyeds in the study demonstrated a remarkable sensitivity to pitch, consistently adjusting their howls to new keys, though they did not achieve perfect harmony.
“They seem to be attempting to connect their sound to the music rather than simply providing a reflexive response,” Patel explains. You can view one of the participants, Luna, performing “Shallow” by Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper here.
Conversely, the two Shiba Inus appeared to be tone-deaf. Patel proposes, “Genetic variations among ancient breeds might predispose some individuals to howling,” although he acknowledges a larger sample size might yield more musical findings.
This discovery could illuminate the evolutionary roots of human music. While some theorists argue that song evolved from fine motor control in vocalizations, the dogs’ ability to control pitch without extensive vocal training suggests that language might not be an essential precursor. “The tendency to match pitch could have deep evolutionary origins, predating our sophisticated imitative capabilities,” Patel adds.
The motivation behind the dogs’ vocalizations remains unclear. “Based on observed videos, the dogs genuinely seem engaged with the music,” he states. They were not merely seeking treats from their owners but were gazing off thoughtfully. “Music appears to serve as a howling signal, placing them in a social mindset and encouraging participation.”
Researcher Buddhamas Prale Kriengwattana from the University of Leuven in Belgium finds these findings fascinating but would welcome a broader sample for comparison. “I’d love to see comparisons between ancient and modern breeds,” she expresses.
Regarding the dogs’ somewhat off-pitch performances, she suggests various factors could influence pitch discrepancies. “Perhaps they want their voices heard when they sing,” she speculates.
Recent studies suggest that solar winds may have obstructed our ability to receive signals from intelligent extraterrestrial civilizations. Researchers from the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) Institute indicate that we might be searching for the wrong types of signals, leading to the potential oversight of crucial evidence of alien life. However, the silver lining is that future discoveries are becoming increasingly likely.
This nonprofit organization focuses on research aimed at validating the existence of extraterrestrial life, including monitoring unexplained extraterrestrial radio signals that don’t align with known natural cosmic phenomena.
Traditionally, signals from distant planets were anticipated to be sharp and clear radio transmissions within a narrow frequency range. New research, however, posits that these transmissions could become distorted, appearing less distinct due to interference from a star’s plasma winds.
SETI Institute researchers Vishal Gajjar and Grace Brown evaluated the effects of solar interference on radio signals emitted by spacecraft in our solar system and extrapolated their findings to other stellar environments. They found that a 100 megahertz signal could be diffused to a dramatically reduced threshold of 100 hertz, falling below conventional detection limits. Solar phenomena can exacerbate signal spread significantly.
According to Simon George at the SETI Institute, there is a growing consensus that the search for narrow bandwidth radio signals is becoming an obsolete strategy in the quest to detect life at vast distances. “The evolution of communication technology since the 1960s suggests that a sophisticated civilization would likely utilize broader spectrum technologies to transmit more information,” he explains.
“Viewing Earth as an exoplanet from an alien perspective has become a common analogy within SETI,” says George. “In the 1960s, Earth was a prominent narrowband source, but as our transmission techniques have shifted, it has become less prominent. This would change if an advanced civilization were intentionally broadcasting clear signals meant to convey ‘We are here,’ or other specific messages.”
Professor John Elliott from the University of St Andrews in the UK maintains an optimistic outlook regarding this revelation. While it’s possible that evidence may have been overlooked in previous searches, he believes that future endeavors are likely to yield better results.
“We have been engaged in this research for over 50 years, which is significant time in scientific terms,” Elliott states. He emphasizes that signal distortion hasn’t been the only obstacle in past investigations; outdated techniques for isolating signals from noise have also posed challenges. However, advancements in computing power and AI are paving the way for improved methodologies. “Until recently, we lacked the necessary equipment and computational capabilities to make substantial breakthroughs. We were metaphorically navigating in the dark,” he adds. “Looking ahead another millennium, it’s exciting to imagine the advancements in technology that await us.”
Eric Atwell from the University of Leeds, who contributed to SETI projects at the turn of the millennium, has quantified how this discovery raises the likelihood of detecting a possible alien signal from 0.0001% to 0.0002%.
“While these probabilities remain extremely low, we have not considered our efforts wasted,” he reflects. The SETI team continues to explore and experiment, gathering substantial evidence that existing strategies are not as fruitful as hoped.
“The objective is to detect unusual signals that can’t be explained by existing astronomical phenomena, though this methodology can be somewhat erratic when it comes to uncovering intelligent life,” Atwell comments.
He expresses skepticism regarding the notion of passively waiting for clear signals from extraterrestrial life. “If intelligent beings exist and wish to be discovered, they would likely send more distinct communications,” he asserts.
Alternative organizations, such as the Messaging Extraterrestrial Intelligence Institute (METI), are employing different methodologies to find alien life by actively broadcasting signals to other planets, enhancing the chance that extraterrestrial civilizations may recognize and respond to such communications.
Illustration of Grecopithecus freybergi, a great ape from southeastern Europe 7.2 million years ago
Velizar Simeonovski, Chicago
Discoveries indicate that 7.2 million years ago, early apes might have been walking upright in present-day Bulgaria. Researchers uncovered ancient leg bones exhibiting characteristics of bipedalism.
These leg bones predate all known human fossils, including those from Africa, suggesting that bipedalism—a critical milestone in human evolution—may have originated in Europe rather than Africa.
“The earliest signs of bipedalism are found in Europe,” states Madeleine Boehme, from the University of Tübingen, Germany.
Boehme and a dedicated team have been excavating at Azmaka near Chirpan, Bulgaria, since 2008, uncovering a sediment layer approximately 20 meters thick, deposited by rivers over time.
A crucial find in 2016 was a right femur, known to be 7.2 million years old and nearly intact, nicknamed “Diva.” This femur, measuring 21.5 centimeters, offers substantial insight into the locomotion of early humans.
“This discovery is incredibly significant,” remarks Clement Zanoli from the University of Bordeaux, France, who was not involved in the study. “The femur’s exceptional preservation is rare in the Miocene hominin fossil record.”
During early epochs, Europe hosted various great apes, yet by 7.2 million years ago, most had become extinct. Today, all closest relatives to modern apes are located in Africa, as are the earliest human ancestors, or hominins.
The only ape confirmed from Azmaka is Grecopithecus freybegii, known primarily from a damaged jawbone found in Greece, and some teeth from North Macedonia and Azmaka. Consequently, Böhme’s team posits that the femur likely belongs to Grecopithecus.
“This is the most reasonable assumption at this time,” states Zanoli, but he stresses that more fossil evidence is necessary for stronger validation.
“The relationships among these fossils remain unclear,” explains Kelsey Pugh from OCAD University, Toronto, Canada.
Femoral bones of Grecopithecus (left), Lucy (Australopithecus afarensis, center), and a chimpanzee (right). Long femoral neck (shown in red) associated with upright walking.
Spasov et al. 2026
Böhme’s team meticulously measured the femur and conducted CT scans, uncovering attributes indicative of a bipedal organism. Notably, a short neck that laterally extends and forms a rounded ball fits into the pelvis, resembling structures found in bipedal hominids but absent in knuckle-walking species. Additionally, the outer bone layer’s thickness at the neck’s base supports vertical loads.
An additional ridge was identified, which would have allowed for the attachment of buttock muscles, playing a vital role in maintaining an upright posture, according to Boehme.
While other scientists find the findings intriguing, they remain unconvinced. “This femur displays several traits,” Zanoli points out. “Some suggest bipedalism, while others imply quadrupedal movement. Hence, determining the locomotion remains complex.”
The nuanced study of extinct great apes has revealed increasing challenges in accurately diagnosing bipedalism based solely on isolated fossil bones. Pugh notes, “Many features once thought exclusive to bipedal hominids have also been noted in quadrupedal apes. Thus, prioritization of diagnostic traits is crucial.”
Much attention has focused on Sahelanthropus tchadensis, known from a solitary location in Chad and considered the earliest hominid. This species lived 7 million years ago, slightly younger than the Azmaka specimen. The femur of Sahelanthropus has long fueled debate about bipedalism.
Boehme and her team are determined to establish that significant steps in early human evolution transpired in Europe. They’ve identified potential hominid features in Grecopithecus, despite past controversies linked to a damaged jawbone. Furthermore, they have also detailed another European ape, Danuvius guggenmosi, which existed approximately 11.6 million years ago.
These early human-like ancestors might have migrated to Africa, potentially driven by climate changes. Research indicates that this migration likely gave rise to all subsequent hominins, including modern humans.
Zanoli comments, “Numerous other animals migrated between Africa and Eurasia. If fauna can do it, why can’t hominins?”
Yet, Professor Pugh asserts that further discoveries are essential to substantiate bipedalism evidence in Grecopithecus, allowing detailed analysis of relationships among other apes and early humans. Without this, she emphasizes that it’s premature to construct comprehensive evolutionary narratives.
Discovery Tour: Archaeology, Human Origins, and Paleontology
New Scientist regularly reports on fascinating archaeological sites worldwide that reshape our understanding of species and civilization’s early days. Why not explore them too?
The human brain plays a crucial role in interpreting our surroundings, primarily through our five senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. However, these senses often provide incomplete information. For instance, many objects we perceive are only partially visible. Our brains utilize prior knowledge and expectations to bridge these gaps in perception, a process known as sensory reasoning.
We engage in sensory reasoning so frequently that it often goes unnoticed. Consider a coffee table: without sensory reasoning, recognizing it when you place your drink down would be challenging. Despite its commonplace nature, the mechanisms behind sensory reasoning remain unclear. Recently, a team from the University of California, Berkeley, embarked on a quest to uncover the brain processes that underpin sensory reasoning in mice.
Earlier studies have shown that mice, much like humans, experience phenomena such as the Kanizsa illusion. This optical illusion highlights sensory reasoning, displaying a white triangle that appears to be present, even though only three incomplete circles and angles are visible. Researchers have identified similar responses to such illusions in mice. The Berkeley team aimed to further this research by observing mouse brains to draw parallels with human sensory reasoning.
“Kanizsa Triangle” by Fibonacci is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Most observers perceive a white triangle in the center rather than three incomplete circles.
To investigate sensory reasoning, researchers utilized two primary methods to monitor brain activity in mice. First, a device called Neuropixel was surgically implanted into the heads of 14 mice, facilitating the observation of numerous neurons simultaneously. The second method involved two-photon imaging, utilizing a specialized microscope to examine individual neuronal activity in four other mice.
These techniques offer complementary advantages and limitations. While Neuropixels provide a comprehensive overview of brain activity, two-photon imaging focuses on single neurons or small groups. The research team conducted experiments on two distinct groups of mice: one utilizing Neuropixels and the other employing two-photon imaging.
To decode sensory reasoning mechanisms, the researchers pinpointed neurons in mice that responded to the perceived white triangle in the Kanizsa illusion. They monitored brain activity while presenting two types of visuals: illusions and real shapes. They discovered that area V1, located at the back of the brain, exhibited similar activity patterns in response to both the illusion and actual shapes.
The study identified two distinct neuron types in area V1 contributing to sensory reasoning. The first type, known as optical illusion shape encoders, only activated upon viewing illusions—essentially shapes that don’t exist. The second neuron type, called segment responders, displayed consistent activity regardless of illusions, responding to specific shapes within the images.
Employing machine learning algorithms, the research team compared both neuron types. They found that optical illusion shape encoders, believed to facilitate the perception of illusions, have stronger connections to regions responsible for higher-level visual processing beyond V1. This insight implies that similar neurons may assist the brain in leveraging expectations to compensate for missing information, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear.
The researchers postulated that partial visual inputs could activate the optical illusion shape encoder, which, in turn, stimulates other neurons in V1, creating the sensation that an illusory shape genuinely exists. To validate this, they used a laser to stimulate the optical illusion shape encoders in resting mice, prompting activation across V1 and inducing the experience of viewing a tangible shape.
Their findings revealed that three interconnected circuits facilitate the experience of sensory reasoning in mice. Initially, segment responders detect shapes and alert higher processing regions of the brain regarding missing information. These advanced regions subsequently activate the optical illusion shape encoder, which completes the pattern and triggers the overall V1 activation, giving the impression of observing a real shape.
Although the study concentrated on illusions, the researchers posited that their discoveries are relevant to sensory reasoning more broadly. As our scientific grasp of brain functions like sensory reasoning evolves, future research may extend these findings to encompass additional cognitive processes, such as memory and language.
As a former pediatrician in Karachi, Pakistan, I cared for countless premature infants born due to pre-eclampsia. These tiny lives often rested in the palm of my hand, struggling for breath. Unfortunately, not all of them survived.
The complexities of pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia remain poorly understood. We lack clarity on the root causes and preventive measures for premature births, contributing to the global maternal and infant mortality crisis. Every day, over 700 women and 6,500 newborns lose their lives due to pregnancy or childbirth complications. The highest rates are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, exacerbated by weak healthcare systems, inequitable access to care, extreme poverty, and inadequate infrastructure.
Astonishing knowledge gaps exist across women’s health issues, including menopause. The norm of women suffering for a decade seems acceptable, yet is scarcely recognized as a significant issue. This oversight stems not from scientific challenges but from a pervasive apathy. Women’s experiences have been largely overlooked, impacting what is researched and what remains unaddressed.
Currently, less than 1 percent of healthcare research focuses on women’s health outcomes outside of cancer. This underinvestment and the lack of female participation in clinical trials leave fundamental questions in women’s health unanswered. For instance, while we know the symptoms of heart disease—the leading cause of death for women globally—differ by individual, the reasons remain a mystery. Moreover, the pathways for drugs into the brain are known, yet how they affect the female reproductive system is largely unexplored, unlike the extensive knowledge we possess about men’s health, such as the effects of Viagra.
A Ray of Hope
Progress is being made, and I’ve observed a shift towards serious discussions on investing in women’s health at global health and medical innovation conferences. Decision-makers and investors are beginning to acknowledge the severity of the issue and the potential benefits of addressing it following decades of neglect.
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When a problem is treated as unnoticeable rather than unacceptable, finding a solution is never a priority. “
Recognizing the challenges is only the first step; we must actively allocate resources and focus on the multifaceted issues surrounding women’s health.
I am particularly excited about the transformative potential of innovative research and tools. For example, the vaginal microbiome—a balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria—has only recently gained attention. Understanding its role in pregnancy outcomes, like preterm birth, and women’s vulnerability to infections like HIV is crucial.
My team at the Gates Foundation is funding research to uncover how the vaginal microbiome affects pregnancy outcomes and women’s susceptibility to STIs. Although we’re in early stages, promising innovations are emerging that could benefit millions of women.
For instance, interventions promoting healthy bacteria dominance in the vagina might help prevent STIs. Conditions like bacterial vaginosis, while mild, can lead to severe pregnancy complications, including premature birth and an increased risk of postnatal issues such as chronic pain and infertility.
Last year, the Gates Foundation committed to $2.5 billion for women’s health innovation. However, this amount is insufficient. We need to bolster collaboration with public and private sector entities globally. The UK has a unique opportunity to build on its health innovation reputation, enhancing lives both domestically and internationally while advancing its vital economic sectors.
Investing in women’s health equates to investing in their lives and well-being. A healthy woman fosters creativity, is more engaged with her family, and is an active participant in her community. This is a fundamental truth. On this International Women’s Day, let’s turn this truth into action by urging leaders to prioritize and resource women’s health initiatives now.
Anita Zaidi is Chair of Gender Equality at the Gates Foundation
Reconstruction by artist Sonselasuchus cedrus in its environment, 215 million years ago
Credit: Gabriel Ugueto
Ancient crocodilian relatives navigated their early years on all fours before transitioning to a bipedal stance as they matured.
This evolutionary adaptation involved differing growth rates in their arm and leg bones. “The forelimb length starts at about 75% of the hindlimb length and ends up being about 50%,” explains Elliot Armor Smith from the University of Washington in Seattle.
This discovery contributes to a growing body of evidence indicating that crocodile-like ancestors from the early dinosaur era showcased remarkable diversity, with some developing body shapes and lifestyles akin to modern ostriches.
Christian Sidor, Armor Smith’s collaborator, excavated the Cay Quarry, located in Arizona’s Petrified Forest National Park. This site comprises mudstone and sandstone laid down by ancient rivers during the Triassic period, around 215 million years ago.
Through their excavation, Armor-Smith and Sidor unearthed over 3,000 bones from early crocodilian relatives known as Shubosauridae. “It’s a jumble of individual limb bones that aren’t necessarily related,” notes Armor-Smith.
They successfully identified a new species within the Shubosaur family, naming it Sonselasuchus cedrus. Over 950 bones belong to this species, which diverges significantly from modern crocodiles, resembling more of a flightless bird or theropod dinosaur with short arms and a toothless beak instead of a jagged mouth full of teeth.
Other Shubosaurs share similar body features. “Shubosaurids are unique creatures that existed in the late Triassic period,” asserts Michelle Stocker from Virginia Tech. “They bear a striking resemblance to dinosaurs.” Most closely, they resemble ornithomimids, ostrich-like dinosaurs from the late Cretaceous period, occurring more than 100 million years after the Shubosaurids.
Sonselasuchus cedrus marks the beginning of a four-legged life. Fossils from young individuals exhibit similar sizes in forelimbs and hindlimbs, while older specimens showed larger hind limbs capable of supporting greater weight. “The robust femur indicates strength,” Armor-Smith remarks, “though even the largest humerus is relatively delicate.”
This is unusual, yet not entirely surprising. A 2019 study uncovered evidence of two dinosaur species transitioning from quadrupedal to bipedal locomotion as they matured. One was a sauropod, an ancestor of colossal sauropods like Brachiosaurus, while the other was a distantly related early ceratopsian akin to Triceratops.
Both juvenile and adult S. cedrus likely lived somewhat distinct lives, even adopting different diets, according to Stocker.
Common narratives of the dinosaur age often imply that dinosaurs, especially avians, evolved in remarkable ways, while crocodiles have largely remained unchanged. This perception misrepresents the extensive diversity of pseudosuchians, the lineage that includes crocodiles. Stocker clarifies, “They engaged in numerous unique and radical adaptations first, paving the way for dinosaurs.”
Dinosaur Hunting in Mongolia’s Gobi Desert
Embark on an exciting expedition to uncover dinosaur remains in the Gobi Desert, one of the world’s premier hotspots for paleontological discoveries.
How can you navigate the complex process of ending a relationship that’s no longer fulfilling? Do you resort to the clichéd phrase, “It’s not you, it’s me,” to sidestep hurt feelings? Or is it better to embrace honesty?
These are challenging decisions that have sparked debate for decades. With the rise of technology, many are turning to AI for guidance on significant life choices, including matters of the heart.
Interestingly, ChatGPT will soon be restricted from advising users to break up with their partners, but it will still facilitate discussions about relationship challenges.
When considering a breakup, it often feels sudden for the person who is left. However, for those initiating the split, it can be a long, drawn-out experience of growing discontent. Research indicates that relationship satisfaction typically declines sharply between 7 to 28 months before a breakup—a phenomenon known as “terminal decline.”
Misunderstandings in Breakups
Breaking up can be particularly challenging if your partner feels dependent on you. One study found that individuals often hesitate to end relationships if they perceive their partner as dependent, leading to a reluctance to cause emotional pain.
A recent study identified common strategies people employ when ending relationships. The most prevalent approach aims to soften the blow by explaining the breakup and accepting some responsibility for the dissolution.
Science suggests that honesty and respect are essential components of a breakup – Photo Credit: Getty Images
The second most common strategy is to take a break, giving each person the opportunity to reflect on their feelings.
Researchers discovered that the least favorable option is ghosting, or what the study calls conflict avoidance. This method, which involves vanishing without explanation, is linked to a decline in both the physiological and psychological well-being of the person who is ghosted according to research findings.
If you’ve gathered the courage to initiate a breakup, how should you approach that tough conversation?
The Right Strategy for Both Parties
While some breakup tactics may seem obvious, they are crucial to consider if you aspire to be kind and respectful.
Firstly, honesty is vital. The classic phrase, “It’s not you, it’s me,” is not an honest way to explain a breakup and should be avoided.
Additionally, consider meeting in person. Text messages or social media farewells are generally not appropriate.
Be empathetic and think about your timing. Breaking up right before a significant job interview or during a health crisis is not considerate. Remember to consider how your ex-partner will cope after the split.
Finally, recognize that once the relationship ends, your partner is under no obligation to respond to your inquiries or maintain contact with you.
In conclusion, it’s often best to approach a breakup in a clear, respectful, and empathetic manner. A decisive, considerate break may be more beneficial than dragging out an emotional ordeal for both involved.
This article addresses the question posed by Hayden Clark from Newport: “What is the best way to end a relationship?”
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For more incredible science insights, check out our Ultimate Fun Facts page.
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