Artist’s Impression of BepiColombo Spacecraft Near Mercury
Source: ESA/ATG Media Lab
In 2026, the highly anticipated BepiColombo spacecraft is set to orbit Mercury, promising to unlock the planet’s long-standing mysteries.
BepiColombo is a collaborative mission involving the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). This intricate mission includes the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (Mio), tethered to the Mercury Transport Module (MTM).
Since its launch in 2018, the MTM has made six flybys of Mercury, skillfully utilizing the planet’s gravity to facilitate its descent into orbit, a method pioneered by Giuseppe “Bepi” Colombo.
This mission has already gathered crucial scientific insights, including data about the solar wind and high-resolution imagery of Mercury’s surface. However, the MPO’s advanced instruments, including X-ray spectrometers, remain inactive due to obstructions by the MTM.
In September 2026, the MPO and Mio will detach from the MTM, embarking on their final descent into orbit, completing this phase by November when their focus will shift to detailed studies of Mercury.
According to Charlie Feldman, a researcher at the University of Leicester who contributed to the MPO’s instruments, “We’re hopeful that our equipment will function as intended. With the extensive time invested in building it, the excitement comes with a degree of anxiety.”
Alongside capturing intricate details of Mercury’s magnetosphere, the MPO will extensively map and analyze the planet’s surface using its spectrometer and other tools. “This represents the first X-ray imagery of an extraterrestrial surface,” Feldman noted.
Such observations may unravel enigmas surrounding the significant X-ray emissions detected from Mercury’s night side in prior missions. Additionally, the spacecraft will assess X-rays emitted from the sun-facing side, unearthing new insights into Mercury’s geological composition and evolution. “Deciphering how planets formed gives us a broader understanding of solar system dynamics,” Feldman stated.
Exploring Space and Astronomy in Japan: The Land of the Rising Sun
Experience Japan’s unique blend of astronomy and culture, featuring cutting-edge research institutes and breathtaking starry skies. Explore prestigious locations like JAXA Tsukuba Space Center, the Nobeyama Radio Observatory, and the Tanegashima Space Center, while marveling at the celestial beauty above the Japanese Alps and Yakushima.
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The space station industry is experiencing significant growth. For years, the only option for sending astronauts and experiments into orbit was the International Space Station (ISS). However, as NASA plans to deorbit the ISS by the end of the decade, a new commercially owned space station is set to emerge.
Mary Guenther, director of space policy at the Progressive Policy Institute in Washington, DC, states, “These developments have been in progress for years, primarily alongside NASA, with hardware expected to begin operations in 2026.” While privately developed modules have been attached to the ISS, never before has there been a fully independent commercial space station.
Without the ISS, a commercial space station will be essential. Guenther emphasizes, “It’s time for NASA to advance into uncharted territory and leave the operation of a low Earth orbit space station to commercial entities.”
In 2026, two companies, including the startup Vast, are poised to launch operations in the U.S. Vast plans to deploy the Haven-1 station aboard SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket as early as May. This station is smaller and simpler than the ISS and will use SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule for certain life support systems, marking a historic milestone as the first commercial space station.
The Haven-1 is designed to accommodate a crew of four for space tourism, featuring a photography dome and Wi-Fi, in addition to hosting smaller-scale microgravity experiments. It is envisioned as a precursor to the larger Haven-2, which Vast executive teams aim to position as a successor to the ISS.
“Everyone, including Vast, is preparing for 2030,” says Colin Smith from Vast. “With the ISS scheduled to deorbit at the end of 2030, there’s a growing urgency as we near 2025.”
Sierra Space is another player with plans for a 2026 space station, currently developing the Dream Chaser spaceplane. This company intends to launch a prototype of its expandable space station module called the Large Scale Integrated Flexible Environment in 2026, which will be part of the collaborative Orbital Reef project led by Blue Origin and Sierra Space.
The era of commercial space stations promises to differ significantly from that of the ISS, given the broader array of industry participants. “Numerous commercial space station models are emerging to cater to various markets,” Guenther notes. “I am eager to see how these companies distinguish themselves in order to attract clientele, and how competition can spur innovation.”
Many anticipate that private space stations will considerably lower the cost of operating in orbit, similarly to how private launch providers have made space access more economical.
“The ISS is the most expensive structure humanity has ever constructed, costing about $150 billion to support just seven individuals. Without changes, there will be no future for space commerce, manufacturing, or habitation,” Smith comments. “Our vision is to empower millions to thrive in space, and the steps we take now will pave the way for that future.”
Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether market demand will support a flourishing space economy. The prospect of establishing multiple specialized space stations in orbit is thrilling, yet it necessitates clients beyond NASA and other national space organizations. As new stations commence operations this year, their sustainability will soon become apparent.
“There exist promising industries poised to expand into space, such as pharmaceuticals and materials,” Guenther remarks. “It will be fascinating to see which of these sectors flourish and grow.”
Subsidies Promote Adoption of Low-Emission Technologies like Electric Vehicles
Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
To achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the United States by 2050, implementing green subsidies is essential, complemented by a potential carbon tax, both of which may face opposition under President Donald Trump.
Introducing a price or tax on carbon emissions stands out as the most effective strategy to curb carbon output. However, the U.S. government has continually struggled to enact cap-and-trade laws that would limit emissions and require companies surpassing these limits to buy allowances.
Subsidies are straightforward to deploy and could lower the cost of adopting low-emission technologies, including electric vehicles, thus alleviating the financial impact of carbon pricing.
Wei Peng at Princeton University analyzed the implications of subsidies and carbon taxes to find the most effective policy sequence for emissions reduction in the U.S.
The results indicate that subsidies could lead to a 32% reduction in energy system emissions by 2030; however, this impact may decrease over time as fossil fuels like natural gas remain economically viable.
Conversely, implementing a carbon tax in 2035 could result in the phase-out of most fossil fuels, reducing overall emissions by more than 80% by 2050.
“Subsidies will help cultivate green industries, but we will still require regulatory enforcement to meet decarbonization objectives,” states Penn. “The key question is how to navigate that transition.”
Following President Joe Biden’s 2050 net-zero aim, recent legislation has introduced tax incentives for investments in green infrastructure, ranging from electric vehicle charging stations to carbon sequestration technologies. In contrast, President Trump dismissed these subsidies as “the new green scam” and rescinded many of them.
This unpredictable policy landscape is “the worst-case scenario,” according to Peng. “This inconsistency will either slow down decarbonization or inflate costs.”
If subsidies are reinstated post-Trump’s presidency in 2029, along with introducing a carbon tax by 2045, researchers conclude that the carbon tax would need to be 67% higher than current rates to achieve net-zero emissions. This is primarily due to the necessity of employing costly technology to extract vast amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Yet, researchers suggest that “accelerated innovation” through unforeseen technological breakthroughs could lessen the need for stringent regulations.
The findings advocate strongly for a carbon pricing model, yet extending this analysis globally would yield richer insights into effective carrot-and-stick combinations, notes Gregory Nemet at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Countries like China and those in the European Union have adopted extensive subsidies and carbon pricing initiatives, leading to advancements such as affordable solar panels, which empower other nations to cut emissions.
“Progress is ongoing in these regions, along with robust policy frameworks,” remarks Nemet. “This fosters accelerated innovation, and the U.S. stands to benefit significantly from this evolution.”
Wondering, Should I quit HIIT? It seems like you may be looking for a break from those intensive kettlebell classes. HIIT, or high intensity interval training, can indeed feel overwhelming for beginners.
This method of exercise is favored by many due to its efficiency and impressive health benefits.
Research shows that HIIT can enhance endurance, promote fat loss, build muscle strength, and improve key health markers like blood pressure and blood sugar control.
However, HIIT isn’t suitable for everyone.
Individuals with certain health conditions, particularly lung issues, are often advised to limit or avoid HIIT. Moreover, there’s evidence suggesting that excessive HIIT can lead to negative effects.
In a study from Sweden, researchers discovered that exceeding 150 minutes of HIIT per week could result in stagnated athletic performance and increased oxidative stress in cells.
This effect tends to occur with each HIIT session but lasts only briefly. As long as you’re not overtraining, incorporating a long-term boost of antioxidants can help mitigate the biological stress your body experiences.
Find a sustainable exercise routine for long-term health benefits – Photo credit: Getty
Most health recommendations suggest that up to 90 minutes of HIIT per week is perfectly acceptable.
If you’re still uncertain, that’s understandable. The best exercise is often the one you enjoy and can maintain in the long run.
Interestingly, research from Copenhagen found that slow runners have a lower risk of mortality compared to their faster counterparts.
Another advantage of “steady state” exercises is the ability to converse while working out, making it perfect for social runs with friends.
Unfortunately, that’s not the case with HIIT; when your heart rate exceeds 150 bpm, chatting becomes nearly impossible.
This article addresses the query submitted by Bruce Morris: “Should I quit HIIT?”
If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (make sure to include your name and location).
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Astronomers reveal new insights into the factors influencing star formation efficiency in the densest regions of galaxies through Caffeine research.
GAL316: A massive star-forming region. Image credit: ESO / M. Matten / André et al. / VVV.
In this groundbreaking study, astronomer Michael Mattern from the University of Paris-Saclay and his team meticulously mapped dense gas across 49 giant star-forming complexes located approximately 3,000 parsecs away within our galaxy’s disk.
“Creating stars is a challenging endeavor, and the process lacks efficiency,” the astronomers stated.
“Current understanding indicates that a certain minimum density of gas and dust is necessary for stars to form.”
“Only about 1 to 2 percent of the gas and dust in these regions is utilized in the ignition of a star.”
“Could denser regions exhibit higher efficiency in star formation?”
“We are examining GAL316, one of the remarkable stellar nurseries we observed, to explore this question,” they elaborated.
The ongoing CAFFEINE survey employs the ArTéMiS camera on the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), a state-of-the-art radio telescope situated on the Chajnantor Plateau.
“APEX, managed by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, has successfully captured the faint emissions of cold gas clouds, visible as blue glows in GAL316 images,” the researchers revealed.
“This glow overlays a starry backdrop, successfully recorded by ESO’s VISTA telescope.”
They discovered that as gas density increases past a specific threshold, the efficiency of star formation – the conversion rate of gas into stars – does not proportionately escalate.
This observation contradicts existing models that suggest a continual rise in star formation with density increases.
Conversely, the efficiency remains nearly constant in extremely dense gas, reinforcing the notion that stars primarily form within filamentous structures in clouds, a process dictated by the fragmentation of these filaments into protostar cores.
The findings suggest a potential gas density threshold for efficient star formation, bolstering the hypothesis that the physics of dense filaments governs star formation, rather than turbulence or feedback from nascent stars alone.
This research represents one of the most thorough efforts to date in connecting the physical structure of dense gas with star formation efficiency, paving the way for future observations and simulations that aim to elucidate the emergence of Sun-like stars from interstellar clouds.
“Our results indicate that the densest regions observed in this Caffeine study show similar efficiencies in star production compared to other stellar nurseries, provided they exceed the minimum density,” the scientists remarked.
Their findings are detailed in a published paper in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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M. Mattern et al. 2024. Investigating star formation efficiency in dense gas: Initial results from the CAFFEINE survey utilizing ArTéMiS. A&A 688, A163; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202449908
Humans have larger brains relative to body size compared to other primates, which leads to a higher glucose demand that may be supported by gut microbiota changes influencing host metabolism. In this study, we investigated this hypothesis by inoculating germ-free mice with gut bacteria from three primate species with varying brain sizes. Notably, the brain gene expression in mice receiving human and macaque gut microbes mirrored patterns found in the respective primate brains. Human gut microbes enhanced glucose production and utilization in the mouse brains, suggesting that differences in gut microbiota across species can impact brain metabolism, indicating that gut microbiota may help meet the energy needs of large primate brains.
Decasian et al. provided groundbreaking data showing that gut microbiome shapes brain function differences among primates. Image credit: DeCasien et al., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2426232122.
“Our research demonstrates that microbes influence traits critical for understanding evolution, especially regarding the evolution of the human brain,” stated Katie Amato, lead author and researcher at Northwestern University.
This study builds upon prior research revealing that introducing gut microbes from larger-brained primates into mice leads to enhanced metabolic energy within the host microbiome—a fundamental requirement for supporting the development and function of energetically costly large brains.
The researchers aimed to examine how gut microbes from primates of varying brain sizes affect host brain function. In a controlled laboratory setting, they transplanted gut bacteria from two large-brained primates (humans and squirrel monkeys) and a smaller-brained primate (macaque) into germ-free mice.
Within eight weeks, mice with gut microbes from smaller-brained primates exhibited distinct brain function compared to those with microbes from larger-brained primates.
Results indicated that mice hosting larger-brained microbes demonstrated increased expression of genes linked to energy production and synaptic plasticity, vital for the brain’s learning processes. Conversely, gene expression associated with these processes was diminished in mice hosting smaller-brained primate microbes.
“Interestingly, we compared our findings from mouse brains with actual macaque and human brain data, and, to our surprise, many of the gene expression patterns were remarkably similar,” Dr. Amato remarked.
“This means we could alter the mouse brain to resemble that of the primate from which the microbial sample was derived.”
Another notable discovery was the identification of gene expression patterns associated with ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism in mice with gut microbes from smaller-brained primates.
Although previous research has suggested correlations between conditions like autism and gut microbiome composition, definitive evidence linking microbiota to these conditions has been lacking.
“Our study further supports the idea that microbes may play a role in these disorders, emphasizing that the gut microbiome influences brain function during developmental stages,” Dr. Amato explained.
“We can speculate that exposure to ‘harmful’ microorganisms could alter human brain development, possibly leading to the onset of these disorders. Essentially, if critical human microorganisms are absent in early stages, functional brain changes may occur, increasing the risk of disorder manifestations.”
These groundbreaking findings will be published in today’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Alex R. Decassian et al. 2026. Primate gut microbiota induces evolutionarily significant changes in neurodevelopment in mice. PNAS 123(2): e2426232122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2426232122
Gravitational microlensing surveys have unveiled populations of free-floating planets. Although their masses haven’t been directly measured due to distance-related challenges, statistics suggest that many of these rogue planets possess less mass than Jupiter. Recently, astronomers identified a groundbreaking microlensing event, termed KMT-2024-BLG-0792/OGLE-2024-BLG-0516. This event involved an exoplanet with approximately 21.9% of Jupiter’s mass, situated 9,785 light-years (3,000 parsecs) from the Milky Way’s center.
An artist’s impression of a free-floating exoplanet. Image credit: Sci.News.
Traditionally, planets are linked to stars, but research indicates that many traverse the galaxy independently.
Known as free-floating or rogue planets, these celestial bodies lack stellar companions.
Due to their low light emissions, they are primarily detected through their gravitational influences, a technique known as microlensing.
A significant challenge of this discovery method is determining the distances to these planets, complicating mass measurements.
This has left much of the data regarding these solitary objects speculative.
In a recent study, Dr. Subo Dong from Peking University and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and collaborators discovered a new free-floating planet, KMT-2024-BLG-0792/OGLE-2024-BLG-0516, via a brief microlensing event.
In contrast to prior approaches, they utilized a novel strategy by observing the microlensing phenomenon concurrently from Earth and space, leveraging multiple ground-based surveys alongside ESA’s Gaia space telescope.
Variations in the timing of light captured by these different locations facilitated measurements of microlens parallax, enabling researchers to calculate the planet’s mass and position through finite source modeling.
“Based on comparisons with the statistical characteristics of other microlensing events and simulation predictions, we conclude that this object didn’t originate as an isolated entity (like a brown dwarf) but likely formed within a protoplanetary disk (like a planet),” the astronomers noted.
“Subsequent dynamic processes likely ejected it from its formation site, resulting in a free-floating object.”
For further details, check out the study published in this month’s Science: paper.
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Subo Dong et al. 2026. Microlensing of free-floating planets caused by heavy objects in Saturn’s vicinity. Science 391 (6780): 96-99; doi: 10.1126/science.adv9266
For over 20 years, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, one of the earliest hominid species (dating back 6.7 to 7.2 million years), was discovered in Chad in 2001. This species is central to a heated debate: Did our earliest ancestors walk upright? A groundbreaking study by paleoanthropologists at New York University provides compelling evidence supporting this notion. The research indicates that Sahelanthropus tchadensis, an ape-like ancestor from Africa, showcases some of the earliest adaptations for bipedal terrestrial locomotion.
Reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Image credit: University of Silesia.
According to New York University, “Sahelanthropus tchadensis was essentially a bipedal ape with a brain size similar to that of a chimpanzee, likely spending considerable time foraging and finding safety in trees,” as noted by Dr. Scott Williams.
“Despite its ape-like appearance, Sahelanthropus tchadensis demonstrated adaptations for bipedal posture and movement on land,” Dr. Williams added.
The team focused on the femur and two partial forearm bones found at the Toros Menara site in Chad. Previous research had asserted that these bones were too ape-like to indicate upright walking; however, this latest study utilizes 3D shape modeling and anatomical analysis tailored to human locomotion.
“These characteristics suggest a similarity in hip and knee function between Sahelanthropus tchadensis and modern humans, possibly representing fundamental adaptations toward bipedalism in the human lineage,” the researchers concluded.
Although the external shape of the limb bones resembles that of chimpanzees, the proportions indicate a more human-like configuration.
The researchers found that the relationships between arm and leg lengths are comparable to modern bonobos and early human predecessors.
Notably, they discovered the femoral tubercle—a bony structure on the femur crucial for attaching the iliofemoral ligament, which stabilizes the human hip joint—unique to hominids.
Additionally, the femur exhibited significant internal torsion known as front twist (medial torsion of the femoral shaft), a feature linked to aligning the knee with the body’s center of gravity during walking, distinctly present in hominids compared to extant apes and extinct Miocene species.
These findings challenge long-held beliefs regarding the timeline and mechanics of upright walking evolution.
Scientists propose that bipedalism emerged gradually rather than as a sudden change. “We consider the evolution of bipedalism as an ongoing process,” researchers stated.
“Sahelanthropus tchadensis could represent an early form of habitual bipedalism.”
“In addition to terrestrial bipedalism, Sahelanthropus tchadensis likely engaged in various arboreal activities, including vertical climbing, forelimb suspension from branches, and both arboreal quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion.”
The study interprets this fossil as evidence of early human evolution from an ape-like ancestor, asserting that chimpanzee-like species are positioned near the root of the human family tree.
“Our analysis reveals that Sahelanthropus tchadensis demonstrates an early adaptation for bipedalism, suggesting that this trait evolved early in our lineage from ancestors closely related to present-day chimpanzees and bonobos,” Dr. Williams stated.
For further details, refer to the study published in this month’s issue of Scientific Advances.
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Scott A. Williams et al., 2026. The Earliest Evidence of Bipedalism in Humans: Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Scientific Advances 12(1); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adv0130
Deep within Bolivia’s seasonally flooded savannah, a small olive-green songbird has eluded scientific classification for decades. After 60 years of misidentification, ornithologists have finally confirmed that this bird is not merely a regional variant within the genus Hylophilus. It represents a completely new species. This discovery adds to South America’s rich avian diversity and underscores the vast unknowns still present within even well-studied bird families.
Beni Greenlet (Hylophilus moxensis), January 10, 2024, in its habitat near San Ramon, Beni, Bolivia. Observe the pale brownish-gray pinnae, dark lore, the base of the dark commissures, the clefts across the crown and frontal area, and the dark iris. Image credit: Tini Wijpkema.
The newly identified species belongs to the Hylophilus genus, part of the Vireonidae family, which includes vireos, greenlets, and shrikes.
With the scientific name Hylophilus moxensis (common name: Beni Greenlet), this bird thrives in the wet scrublands of Bolivia’s Beni Savannah, an ecologically unique area also known as Llanos de Moxos.
“Morphological differences among many Hylophilus Greenlet species are subtle. Most display shades of green, gray, yellow, and brown,” explains Dr. Paul Van Els, an ornithologist at the National Museum of History in La Paz, Bolivia. He and his colleagues detailed their findings in a recent paper.
“For certain species, iris color is one of the most effective traits to differentiate them from similarly appearing relatives.”
By analyzing one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, the research team clarified the uncertainty surrounding this population.
Results revealed that the Beni population is distinct from known species and is more closely related to Hylophilus poirotis and Hylophilus amaurocephalus, which diverged approximately 6.6 million years ago.
In contrast, the latter two species separated from one another about 3.5 million years ago.
Van Els and his team also conducted comprehensive analyses of facial plumage, eye color, and vocalizations.
Research indicates that the Hylophilus moxensis can be uniquely identified by the absence of black or brown markings behind the ears, a trait consistently found in closely related species, along with uniformly dark brown eyes and a distinctive vocal pattern.
In vocal studies, researchers observed that this species’ calls feature “V-shaped notes,” and their vocalizations include overtones reminiscent of female Hylophilus amaurocephalus calls—a unique combination not shared with either comparative species.
The discovery of Hylophilus moxensis contributes to a growing list of endemic species found in the Beni savannah.
While scientists currently do not regard this species as threatened with extinction, they caution that extensive agricultural burning poses significant threats to the region’s biodiversity.
“Recognizing Hylophilus moxensis should enhance conservation priorities in this area,” the authors noted.
“Rampant agricultural burning poses a serious risk to the region’s biodiversity.”
“Though we cannot accurately estimate the population size of Hylophilus moxensis, we do not currently consider it at risk of extinction, as there remains extensive suitable habitat.”
“However, the relatively low number of sightings might indicate issues beyond mere observer rarity, potentially reflecting a truly localized population.”
This year will be a transformative journey of self-care inspired by the stars.
It has been 20 years since I first experienced profound envy witnessing someone’s ability to navigate the night sky. Back in 2006, while covering a conference in La Jolla, California, I had the chance to meet renowned astrophysicist Neil de Grasse Tyson. One evening, at dinner under the stars, he dazzled us with a laser pointer, mapping out constellations effortlessly. That moment ignited a promise to become a stargazer upon returning home.
Yet, I haven’t fully embraced my stargazing journey. Beyond the familiar Orion and the Big Dipper lies a vast universe I have yet to explore. One could attribute this to urban streetlights, but perhaps it’s also the realization that a love for the night sky is often nurtured during childhood. Those fortunate enough to be introduced to stargazing, typically by family, tend to develop a lasting connection and report better mental health.
Connecting with the universe promotes well-being. Research indicates that this connection is associated with numerous positive mental health benefits. In fact, studies suggest it even encourages generosity.
The term Noctocaelador, from Latin meaning “night,” “sky,” and “worship,” was coined by William Kelly in 2003 to describe the joy and mental health benefits of stargazing. Participants of his study expressed sentiments like, “I truly enjoyed gazing at the night sky” and “Stargazing uplifted my mood.”
This aligns with recent findings on Gen Z’s affinity for the night sky. Holly Brenna McNiven’s research indicates that many in this generation report a love for stargazing, attributing it to positive aspects of well-being tied to early experiences with astronomy.Her master’s project at Trinity Saint David’s, University of Wales, suggests that many young people cultivate their stargazing passion through shared experiences, particularly with familial connections.
Regrettably, I missed out on fostering a love for the stars in my early years, but it’s not too late. Nowadays, we don’t always need clear and dark nights to appreciate the universe. With the rising levels of light pollution, it’s reassuring that we can still connect through various resources. Who needs a clear sky when digital platforms like TikTok have unveiled a vibrant community of astronomers, affectionately termed “SpaceTok”?
While most users are from Gen Z, I remain grateful that even during cloudy nights, I can explore the universe through literature. Brian May’s new book, Endless Islands, offers stunning stereoscopic photographs of galaxies. For Christmas, I received Nigel Henbest’s Stargazing 2026, a comprehensive guide to this year’s celestial highlights. With a laser pointer in hand, I’ll soon be navigating the stars as effortlessly as Tyson.
Michael Brooks is a science journalist and author with a focus on physics.
Many individuals set New Year’s resolutions to lose weight, particularly following the holiday festivities. Traditionally, this involved adopting a new diet, waking up early for workouts, and other habits that can be challenging to sustain. Consequently, it’s no surprise that numerous people abandon their goals within weeks.
Today, however, an alternative has emerged: weight loss medications. Instead of solely depending on lifestyle changes, individuals can benefit from regular doses of GLP-1 agonists or other therapeutic tablets (as highlighted on page 6). Health professionals still recommend integrating these medications with consistent physical activity for optimal results.
GLP-1 drugs are not only transforming our cyclical health regimens. Restaurants are now crafting menus specifically for Ozempic diners, featuring smaller portion sizes for customers who experience reduced appetite. Additionally, supermarkets have reported declines in sales due to decreased demand from those using these medications. Airlines are also considering the implications, as decreased average passenger weight could lower fuel expenses.
While it’s unclear how much these trends can be attributed to GLP-1 drugs—which are currently used by a minority—and the extent of their impact on brands reacting to this health trend, the statistics surrounding obesity are alarming. Approximately 1 billion individuals globally are affected by obesity, and the adoption of these medications is expected to rise. According to World Health Organization estimates, fewer than 10 percent of people will utilize GLP-1 drugs by 2030, yet this still represents a substantial demographic.
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Restaurants are designing menus featuring reduced portions for Ozempic diners. “
New advancements in medication are in development (refer to page 7), and the potential impacts could be even more significant. Beyond weight reduction, GLP-1 agonists have shown promise in treating various conditions, from addiction to eye diseases like cataracts.
While there remain numerous uncertainties regarding the long-term consequences, the results of discontinuation, and enhancing accessibility, the future appears bright. As we advance further into the 21st century, weight loss drugs are poised to play a crucial role in shaping health and wellness trends.
Megan Eaves-Egenes’ Nightfaring delves into our relationship with the night sky
Shutterstock / danm12
In the northern hemisphere, January often feels like the longest, dullest month. Luckily, a host of new science books brighten our days! This month, we explore topics from the enriching role of art in our lives to the overlooked significance of friction. Have you considered the origin of ideas? What do we lose by lighting up our skies? Perhaps January just isn’t enough…
Art Cure examines the effects of art and dance on mental health.”
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Daisy Fancourt’s Art Cure investigates the impact of arts, including dance, on mental health.
What if engaging in activities like playing piano, dancing, or visiting art galleries could enhance our mental and physical well-being? Can these experiences bolster our resilience against conditions like dementia? These thought-provoking ideas are explored in Daisy Fancourt’s groundbreaking book. As a psychobiology and epidemiology professor at University College London, her insights offer a refreshing perspective, with British TV doctor Zand van Tureken hailing it as an “amazing antidote” to misleading health narratives. It’s an invitation to embrace joy—what’s not to love?
Have you ever wondered why we turn to alcohol in moments of celebration or stress relief? Surgeon and researcher Charles Knowles, a recovering alcoholic, provides an in-depth look at the science behind our relationship with alcohol. He uncovers how it hijacks our instincts and offers a scientific blueprint for breaking free from its grip. His insights shift the conversation from moral failing to scientific understanding.
When illness strikes, many rush to the internet seeking answers. But are the online “experts” equipped to handle our unique medical histories? Science writer Deborah Cohen raises critical questions about why we trust unverified sources for our health advice. I hope her investigation uncovers essential truths.
Polar War looks into the geopolitical struggles in the Arctic.”
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Kenneth R. Rosen’s Polar War investigates power dynamics in the Arctic.
As Arctic ice melts, exposing pipeline vulnerabilities and unearthing natural resources, what challenges await us in this rapidly changing environment? Kenneth Rosen, a seasoned geopolitical writer, delves into this pressing issue, aptly summarizing it in his book’s subtitle: “Submarines, Spies, and Power Struggles in the Melting Arctic.” A thrilling exploration of geopolitical tensions.
Are the best ideas conceived in bustling cities, or do they emerge from the outskirts? Charles Foster challenges conventional wisdom in his captivating book. Embarking on a philosophical journey, he explores human culture, evolution, and societal movements, offering a refreshing take on where innovation truly begins.
As we leave behind the festive season, everyday life feels increasingly overwhelming. BBC journalist Claudia Hammond addresses this phenomenon of “overwhelm” in her insightful book, providing readers with psychological tools and scientific insights to combat burnout. As she explores procrastination, perfectionism, and the pressures of modern life, her timely advice couldn’t be more relevant.
Off the Scales examines the rise of Ozempic.”
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Amy Donnellan’s Off the Scales chronicles the rise of Ozempic.
Michael Silk/Alamy
As the popularity of GLP-1 medication Ozempic and other weight-loss drugs continues to grow, Amy Donnellan sheds light on the backstory behind Novo Nordisk’s developments in obesity treatments. Through a lens covering economics, politics, and social concerns, she examines whether these solutions are indeed as effective as they appear.
With the night sky brightening by over 120% annually, this presents serious issues for both astronomers and wildlife. In Night Out, Megan Eaves-Egenes embarks on a global journey to explore the cultural significance of darkness. Described as a quest to “find solace in the stars during life’s challenges,” this narrative traverses diverse locations, from New Zealand to the Himalayas, asking what we stand to lose in the process.
Invisible forces often fascinate readers, but Jennifer Vail’s unique exploration of friction offers a fresh perspective. Covering the historical evolution of this force—from its role in everyday mechanics to its unexpected involvement in scientific advancements—this unsung hero deserves greater recognition beyond the realms of Newton and Da Vinci.
From Ada Lovelace’s revolutionary algorithms to Alan Turing’s pioneering intelligence tests, this tour through AI’s landscape, presented by a University of New South Wales professor, promises an engaging experience. With the challenge of delivering an expansive narrative within a compact framework, creativity knows no bounds in storytelling.
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El Niño’s Impact on European Agriculture: Crop Failures and Price Hikes
Public Domain
El Niño, a climate phenomenon affecting the Pacific Ocean region, significantly influenced the economy and climate of Europe, resulting in widespread famine from 1500 to 1800.
During El Niño, the warming of ocean waters in the central and eastern Pacific disrupts trade winds, which leads to altered global rainfall patterns. The cooling phase, known as La Niña, and the oscillation between these two phases is referred to as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO).
This climatic variation poses severe risks in tropical and subtropical areas, notably in Australia, where it can lead to droughts and wildfires, and in the Americas, where it causes increased rainfall.
However, until recently, the focus on El Niño’s effects on Europe was minimal. Emil Esmaili from Columbia University and his research team studied records from 160 famines in early modern Europe, correlating them with El Niño and La Niña data derived from tree rings.
The findings revealed that over 40% of famines in Central Europe during this era were directly linked to El Niño events.
El Niño typically increases rainfall in the region, which can lead to excess soil moisture, resulting in crop failures. Though it did not directly trigger famine in other European areas, it raised the likelihood of famine occurrences by 24% across all nine regions studied.
To better understand this correlation, Esmaili’s team assessed grain and fish prices, discovering that El Niño significantly drove up food prices throughout Europe for several years.
Researchers, including David Yubilaba from the University of Sydney, indicate that ENSO events can still lead to food insecurity and malnutrition in low-income households in regions such as South Asia, Southeast Asia, Oceania, and parts of Africa.
While El Niño continues to influence the climate in Europe, its impact on food security is expected to be less severe today. “Modern agricultural practices are now more resilient, weather forecasting has greatly improved, and markets have become more consolidated,” says Ubilaba.
The ice dome located in northern Greenland has previously melted completely under temperatures expected to return this century. This significant discovery offers valuable insights into the speed at which melting ice sheets can influence global sea levels.
In a groundbreaking study, researchers drilled 500 meters into Prudhoe Dome, an extensive ice formation the size of Luxembourg situated in northwestern Greenland, gathering seven meters of sediment and rock core. Infrared dating indicated that the core’s surface sand was sun-bleached approximately 7,000 years ago—corroborating that the dome fully melted as the planet emerged from its last glacial maximum due to cyclical changes in Earth’s orbital dynamics.
During that era, summer temperatures were 3°C to 5°C warmer than today’s averages. Alarmingly, human-induced climate change could bring back similar temperatures by 2100.
“This provides direct evidence that the ice sheet is highly sensitive to even the modest warming seen during the Holocene,” stated Yarrow Axford, a Northwestern University researcher not involved in the study.
With the ongoing melting of Greenland’s ice sheet, projections indicate a potential sea level rise of tens of centimeters to a meter within this century. To refine these predictions, scientists must enhance their understanding of how quickly various sections of the ice sheet are dissipating.
The Prudhoe Dome core is the first of multiple cores analyzed by the GreenDrill project, funded by the National Science Foundation and featuring researchers from various U.S. universities. Their goal is to extract crucial climate data from beneath the ice sheets, one of Earth’s least-explored areas.
Notably, deposits excavated in 1966 from beneath the ice at Camp Century—a U.S. nuclear military facility operational for eight years during the Cold War—revealed that Greenland lacked ice around 400,000 years ago. Further, a rock core taken in 1993 from underneath Summit Station illustrated that the entire ice sheet has melted as recently as 1.1 million years ago.
However, the GreenDrill project extends its research deeper beneath the ice, collecting samples from multiple locations near Greenland’s northern coast.
“The crucial question is when did the edge of Greenland experience melting in the past?” posed Caleb Walcott-George, part of a new research team at the University of Kentucky. “This is where the initial sea level rise will transpire.”
Current ice sheet models indicate uncertainty regarding whether northern or southern Greenland will melt at a faster rate in the future. This study bolsters the evidence that warming post-last glacial maximum manifested earlier and with greater intensity in northern Greenland, according to Axford.
Potential explanations may involve feedback mechanisms, such as the loss of Arctic sea ice, which could have allowed more ocean heat to penetrate the atmosphere in the far north.
By confirming that Prudhoe Dome melted under a warming of 3°C to 5°C, this study adds credibility to ice sheet models that predict similar outcomes, asserted Edward Gasson, who was not part of the research at the University of Exeter, UK.
“This research is vital for recalibrating surface melting models: When will we really begin to lose this ice?” Gasson emphasized.
This galaxy cluster must be much, much colder than it actually is.
Lingxiao Yuan
Recent discoveries about young galaxy clusters, such as SPT2349-56, are transforming our understanding of how these colossal structures formed and evolved in the early universe. Interestingly, the gas within SPT2349-56 is significantly hotter and denser than anticipated, posing intriguing questions for researchers.
Zhou Daizhi and their team at the University of British Columbia utilized the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) in Chile to investigate this galaxy cluster. Their findings revealed that the gas at the cluster’s center reaches temperatures of tens of millions of degrees Celsius.
“The sun’s surface temperature is just a few thousand degrees Celsius, making this region much hotter,” Zhou notes. “Our conservative estimates indicate temperatures five to ten times higher than expected based on simulations, which is surprising since such hot gas was thought to exist only in clusters billions of years old.”
Located in the early universe, approximately 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang, SPT2349-56 is unlike any other known cluster of its age. Zhou explains, “This gas should still be relatively cold and in small quantities, as these nascent clusters are still in the process of accumulating gas and heating up.” However, SPT2349-56 seems to be more mature than anticipated.
The unusual heating could stem from the presence of particularly active galaxies within the cluster, with at least three galaxies emitting massive jets of energy. These jets, combined with intermittent star formation bursts, might be heating the gas rapidly, challenging previous assumptions.
“This discovery opens a new window into understanding stages of cluster evolution that we have not observed before,” Zhou emphasizes. The research team plans additional observations to locate more hot young clusters like SPT2349-56, with the hope of unraveling the complexities of galaxy formation.
The bold initiative by Reflect Orbital aims to commence in 2026, deploying satellites to reflect sunlight back to Earth. This technology seeks to illuminate dark regions for visibility and enhance energy generation. However, many astronomers express skepticism regarding the project’s feasibility and its implications for scientific research.
Reflect Orbital, a US-based company, aspires to provide “sunlight on demand.” Their first satellite is expected to launch in early 2026, illuminating ten locations as part of its inaugural “world tour.” Plans include deploying thousands of satellites fitted with extensive mirrors designed to reflect sunlight back to the Earth, catering to needs such as remote control, defense, infrastructure, and energy production.
By 2030, Reflect Orbital anticipates having sufficient satellite coverage to deliver 200 watts per square meter to solar farms on Earth, mimicking the light levels of dusk and dawn, thereby facilitating reliable energy production, especially in regions lacking natural light.
Despite these ambitions, their Federal Communications Commission (FCC) specifications suggest that a single satellite may not generate significant power. Astronomers, including members from Tucson’s Dark Sky Consulting and the American Astronomical Society, utilized these filings to underscore potential energy limitations.
As highlighted by John Valentine, a prominent scholar in the field, the reflected light would only exceed a full moon’s brightness fourfold, indicating insufficient electricity generation. In order to produce more significant light output, deploying satellites with a multitude of reflectors would be essential, presenting logistical challenges and increased costs.
Furthermore, the dynamic nature of the mirrors could pose challenges for astronomical research, since they might intermittently produce flashes of sunlight. Additionally, even micro-damage to a satellite’s reflector from tiny meteoroids could scatter light unintentionally, complicating operational efficiency.
Reflect Orbital is actively engaging with the scientific community to explore solutions for these arising concerns. As of now, the company has not responded to inquiries from New Scientist.
Leucovorin: A Potential Solution for Rising Autism Rates
Hannah Beier/Reuters
The U.S. government ignited discussions last year by deciding to approve leucovorin, a lesser-known drug aimed at children with brain folate deficiency, a condition believed to correlate with autism.
This controversial decision alarmed many healthcare professionals, given that it was founded on limited evidence from just a handful of small studies. However, the largest clinical trial focusing on leucovorin’s effectiveness in treating autism is anticipated to yield results in early 2026, potentially providing clearer insights.
Autism became a priority in U.S. health strategy in 2025, following President Donald Trump’s appointment of Robert F. Kennedy Jr. as head of the nation’s health agency. Kennedy, who has previously linked increasing autism rates to vaccinations, committed to identifying autism’s causes by the end of September 2025.
Concurrently, the government signaled intentions to approve leucovorin use in patients with cerebral folate deficiency—a condition studies suggest affects nearly 40% of individuals on the autism spectrum, hindering effective vitamin B9 uptake in the brain and resulting in symptoms akin to autism traits, such as communication struggles and sensory processing issues. See more on this topic.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has refrained from commenting on the approval process’s current status.
Leucovorin is already sanctioned for treating various vitamin B9 deficiencies and mitigating side effects from certain cancer treatments. Preliminary studies hint it could alleviate some challenges faced by individuals with autism.
For instance, a 2016 survey assessed twice-daily leucovorin administration in 23 autistic children experiencing language impairments. After 12 weeks, 65% demonstrated significant improvements in verbal communication, contrasting sharply with approximately 25% of the 25 children who received a placebo.
“While these findings are hopeful, it’s crucial to clarify that leucovorin does not treat Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). It may merely enhance language capabilities in a subset of children with ASD,” stated the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in their recent announcement.
Some researchers express skepticism regarding the U.S. government’s choice to endorse leucovorin, citing the limited and inconsistent evidence from current studies testing its efficacy on a small cohort of autistic children. Experts like Alicia Halladay from the Autism Science Foundation have voiced such concerns.
Meanwhile, Dr. Richard Fry and his team at Rossignol Medical Center in Arizona are in the process of studying leucovorin in a larger group of 80 children, aged between 2.5 to 5 years. While it is a more substantial trial, some advocate for even larger samples. This study aims to elucidate the drug’s efficacy in a more meaningful way.
Half of the participants will receive the drug for 12 weeks, while the rest will be given a placebo. All participants will then continue on leucovorin for an additional 12 weeks to gather more safety data.
Researchers are collecting feedback from parents on changes in social communication, as well as monitoring other autism-related indicators including irritability, hyperactivity, sensory sensitivities, and repetitive behaviors.
This trial aims to enhance understanding of whether leucovorin has an effect on autism in children and to address ongoing concerns regarding its safety profile.
Despite being considered a safe drug overall, its side effects—particularly in children with autism—remain largely uncharted territory. “The number of families involved in this analysis is still limited, underscoring the need for comprehensive safety assessments,” expressed Halladay.
Throughout the trial, Fry and colleagues will monitor potential side effects bi-weekly for the first 12 weeks and subsequently on a four-week basis, while regularly collecting blood samples to assess changes in blood clotting, immune responses, and overall organ function.
Assuming leucovorin proves beneficial, its mechanisms—beyond merely boosting vitamin B9 levels in the brain—will be explored through scans taken pre- and post-trial.
“We are unsure of the exact effects of leucovorin, but our hypothesis suggests it may enhance brain connectivity,” Fry stated.
However, opinions differ regarding the implications of these findings. “At present, there are no therapies addressing core autism symptoms. Existing medications only serve as temporary solutions for symptoms,” Fry noted. “Leucovorin might be a pioneering therapy potentially treating foundational mechanisms of autism.”
Conversely, Professor Halladay cautions that even an expanded sample of 80 children is still insufficient for making informed conclusions, particularly considering the trial is taking place at a single Arizona location. “This represents progress, but further research involving diverse populations at multiple sites is essential,” she advised.
Stay informed on the latest developments regarding leucovorin and its implications for autism treatment.
What sets quantum computers apart from classical machines? Recent experiments suggest that “quantum contextuality” may be a critical factor.
Quantum computers fundamentally differ from traditional systems by leveraging unique quantum phenomena absent in classical electronics. Their building blocks, known as qubits, can exist in a superposition state, representing two properties simultaneously, which are typically incompatible, or they can be interconnected through a phenomenon called quantum entanglement.
Researchers at Google Quantum AI have conducted several groundbreaking demonstrations using the Willow quantum computer, revealing that quantum contextuality is also significant.
Quantum contextuality highlights an unusual aspect of measuring quantum properties. Unlike classical objects, where attributes are stable regardless of measurement order, quantum measurements are interdependent.
This phenomenon has previously been explored in special experiments with quantum light, and in 2018, researchers mathematically proved its potential application in quantum computing algorithms.
This algorithm enables quantum computers to uncover hidden patterns within larger mathematical structures in a consistent number of operations, regardless of size. In essence, quantum contextuality makes it feasible to locate a needle in a haystack, irrespective of the haystack’s dimensions.
In our experiments, we scaled qubit numbers from a few to 105, analogous to increasing the haystack size. While the number of steps rose with additional qubits, Willow demonstrated superior noise and error management compared to an ideal theoretical quantum computer for the algorithm involved. Notably, it still required fewer steps than traditional computers would need.
Thus, quantum contextuality appears to confer a quantum advantage, allowing these computers to utilize their unique characteristics to outperform classical devices. The research team also executed various quantum protocols reliant on contextuality, yielding stronger effects than previous findings.
“Initially, I couldn’t believe it. It’s genuinely astonishing,” says Adan Cabello from the University of Seville, Spain.
“These findings definitively showcase how modern quantum computers are redefining the limits of experimental quantum physics,” states Vir Burkandani at Rice University, Texas, suggesting that a quantum computer, as a candidate for practical advantages, should accomplish these tasks to confirm its quantum capabilities.
However, this demonstration does not yet confirm the superiority of quantum technology for practical applications. The 2018 research established that quantum computers are more effective than classical ones only when using more qubits than those in Willow, as well as employing qubits with lower error rates, asserts Daniel Lidar at the University of Southern California. The next crucial step may involve integrating this new study with quantum error correction algorithms.
This experiment signifies a new benchmark for quantum computers and underscores the importance of fundamental quantum physics principles. Cabello emphasizes that researchers still lack a complete theory explaining the origins of quantum superiority, but unlike entanglement—which often requires creation—contextuality is inherently present in quantum objects. Quantum systems like Willow are now advanced enough to compel us to seriously consider the peculiarities of quantum physics.
Welcome to January, the perfect month to dive into a captivating book. Thanks to Peter F. Hamilton, science fiction enthusiasts can escape reality with immersive tales, from a mysterious power-generating ship to Solitaire Townsend’s alternate version of Earth ruled by the Roman Empire in God Storm. Enjoy time-loop mysteries, UFO romances, and eco-horror this month!
A generational ship seeking a new home in Peter F. Hamilton’s latest sci-fi novel.
Panther Media Global / Alamy
In the gripping tale, Peter F. Hamilton explores life aboard a power-generating ship, where inhabitants can live only until the age of 65 to preserve resources. Young Hazel discovers shocking truths after her brother’s untimely death. This exciting story is the first installment in a trilogy, with subsequent releases planned for this year.
While science fiction columnist Emily H. Wilson remarks that this isn’t strictly sci-fi, she notes it delves into climate fiction as it narrates the demise of oil tycoon K.J. Boone facing his reckoning on his deathbed.
The last zoo of the world is situated on Alcatraz, the “Island of Last Things.”
Miles Duskfield/Shutterstock
Imagine a world where the last zoo resides on Alcatraz Island, as nature around it collapses. Follow Camille, a dedicated zookeeper caring for chimpanzees and jaguars, as she learns about a secret sanctuary where wild animals roam free. This novel was previously published in the US and Australia but is set to release in the UK this month.
Police officer Ryan Crane embarks on a groundbreaking two-year mission to Titan, earning enough to secure his disabled son’s care. However, upon returning to Earth, he finds a drastically changed world, with mysterious figures chasing him and his team.
This thought-provoking alternate history imagines a world where the Roman Empire never fell, driven by oil-fueled advances that facilitate global conquest. Acclaimed author Kim Stanley Robinson describes this lively adventure as an allegory for contemporary struggles. A must-read!
Is a massive asteroid careening towards Earth, or is it a colossal alien craft landing near Little Springs, Nebraska, becoming the infamous Giant? Sheriff David Blunt must navigate a town now filled with conspiracy theorists as he hunts a murderer and grapples with dreams of a chaotic universe.
As Rosi and his smuggler crew traverse the Romanian mountains, they intercept alarming radio signals predicting doom. With the world plunged into darkness, they embark on a mission to rescue isolated survivors in a post-apocalyptic landscape. While classified as horror or science fiction, the narrative piques interest.
This literary dystopia takes you on a remarkable journey through time and space, with a young philosopher seeking the president of the Lost Things Society, ending up on a quest that traverses early civilizations to artificial intelligence.
Elle, a social media influencer in Los Angeles, captures footage of an unidentified flying object, attracting the attention of Agent Carter Brody, who has witnessed extraterrestrial life. This intriguing blend of romance and UFO adventure makes a delightful January read!
Alison Mick’s eco-horror novel set in California’s redwood forests
Jamie Pham/Alamy Stock Photo
Often described as “Jordan Peele meets Jeff VanderMeer,” this eco-horror novel The Overstory by Alison Mick takes place in the haunting redwood forests of Northern California. Follow Jasmine, a mental health nurse, as she returns to her grandfather’s logging town, unveiling dark secrets hidden in the forest, with beings of petrified bark and flesh seeking revenge.
Also worth mentioning is this gripping murder mystery involving a time loop (because physics!). Vivian has to face her family’s disdain during a gathering where she is ultimately killed—only to wake up and repeat the cycle. Can she unravel the mystery with the help of a waiter eager to finish his shift?
Set in a ravaged future of 2082, this concluding book in the Compulsion trilogy follows a 16-year-old girl and her uncle as they strive to conceal the last remaining book in a secret library while navigating a world controlled by those responsible for climate change.
Is your windowsill brimming with seeds for the upcoming gardening season? Indoor seedlings might flourish in ideal conditions, but they often become tall and leggy, making them prone to falling over shortly after germination. Can an age-old technique help sustain your gardening ambitions into 2026? Let’s explore why nurturing your plants with gentle touches is not as far-fetched as it sounds.
Plant propagation requires a delicate balance. Starting seedlings in controlled environments helps shield them from severe temperatures, pests, and diseases, thus boosting their early survival. However, this sheltered growth can lead to issues like yellowing, which compromises their strength. Known vulnerabilities can make indoor plants fragile, especially when exposed to outdoor elements. With billions in the agricultural sector riding on plant health, commercial growers have long sought effective solutions.
Chemical growth regulators provide one approach, fostering stronger plants. Yet, many of these products aren’t available for home gardeners. Conversely, studies reveal that mechanical stimulation—such as simply rubbing or stroking seedlings—can effectively combat yellowing. This response is attributed to a process known as thigmomorphogenesis, where plants adjust their growth in response to physical touches and environmental forces. Research shows that such interactions promote thicker, more supportive stems and overall compact growth. Many studies have highlighted that mechanically stimulated seedlings are structurally superior and more resilient against challenges like pests and drought.
This effect has been observed in various popular garden plants, from tomatoes and lettuce to petunias and marigolds. Experiments utilizing electric fans, vibrating benches, and even gentle brushing have demonstrated that these methods can significantly reduce stem elongation by 20-50%.
The key takeaway? While commercial growers have employed machines for this form of stimulation since the 1970s, it’s easy to replicate at home. Just ten gentle strokes on a seedling once a day can yield benefits. You can use an old envelope, a soft feather duster, or even your hand. It takes only 10 seconds daily, and the potential rewards are substantial—all supported by solid scientific research.
James Wong is a botanist and science writer specializing in food crops, conservation, and environmental issues. Trained at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, London, he maintains over 500 houseplants in his compact apartment. Connect with him on X and Instagram @botanygeek.
The enigmatic neutrino, often considered a ghostly particle, could be reshaping our understanding of all particles and forces in the universe.
The Standard Model of particle physics stands as a monumental achievement in contemporary science, meticulously cataloging known particles and forces. However, physicists have long been aware of its deficiencies and are eager to establish a more cohesive model. Notably, it fails to tie gravity to the other three fundamental forces.
During stress tests that expose weaknesses in the Standard Model, researchers can pinpoint areas in need of further exploration. Francesca Dorday and her team at the National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN) in Cagliari, Italy, have identified a potential flaw by investigating the mysterious behaviors of neutrinos.
“In every assessment of the Standard Model over the past two decades, we’ve consistently confirmed its predictions. This necessitates the derivation of more precise outcomes, especially since neutrinos exhibit unique characteristics,” Dorday explains.
Neutrinos possess an extraordinarily small mass—so insignificant that they were once considered massless. They interact so weakly with matter that they pass through substances undetected—akin to tiny phantoms. Nonetheless, recent investigations have managed to quantify some minimal electromagnetic interactions of neutrinos using a measurement known as the charge radius. Neutrinos can also engage with other particles via the weak nuclear force.
Dorday and her team have meticulously examined the nuances of neutrino interactions and charge radius through numerous experiments, gathering data from neutrinos produced by nuclear reactors, particle accelerators, and even the nuclear fusion activities within the Sun. Additionally, by utilizing detectors created for dark matter, they found sensitivity to neutrinos.
Team member Nicola Calgioli remarked that compiling this data was challenging but ultimately offered a comprehensive overview of our understanding of neutrinos. “We essentially integrated all available data,” added Christoph Ternes from Italy’s Gran Sasso Scientific Institute, who collaborated on this project.
While the value of the neutrino’s charge radius matched Standard Model expectations, researchers uncovered an intriguing phenomenon concerning the particles’ weak interactions. They observed “mathematical degeneracy,” meaning that both the Standard Model and a slight variant could explain the findings equally well. Strikingly, further examination revealed that the alternative model might fit the data even more closely, hinting at a long-anticipated crack in our current grasp of particle physics.
Despite the new analysis not achieving a definitive statistical breakthrough, it represents an initial foray into rigorously evaluating the Standard Model through neutrinos. Researchers aspire to gather additional data to substantiate or refute their findings as new detection technologies emerge. If these discrepancies persist, the implications could be profound.
“Identifying flaws may necessitate a complete re-evaluation of established principles,” cautions Calgioli. New models beyond the Standard Model might postulate entirely new particle types with interactions congruent with the neutrino dynamics revealed in the research.
Omar Miranda underscores that capturing neutrino interactions, particularly at ultra-low energies, is exceedingly complex, now made feasible thanks to advancements in detector technology, including those designed for dark matter research. He emphasizes the significance of neutrino detection as a litmus test for the Standard Model.
The new findings call on particle physicists to conduct ultra-precise neutrino experiments across various settings in the coming years, assert the authors. As Jose Valle from the University of Valencia, Spain points out, better measurements of neutrinos’ electromagnetic properties are still essential to uncover their internal structure.
CERN and Mont Blanc: Unraveling Dark Matter
Discover CERN, Europe’s leading hub for particle physics, situated near the picturesque city of Geneva, where researchers operate the renowned Large Hadron Collider.
The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States are considered the deadliest in history, with an official death toll of 2,977 victims (excluding the 19 terrorists involved).
These tragic events involved the hijacking of four passenger planes by Al Qaeda. Two planes struck the World Trade Center twin towers in New York City, one crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the fourth plane, which was likely aimed at the U.S. Capitol, went down in a Pennsylvania field after courageous passengers fought back.
The majority of casualties—2,606 people—occurred within the Twin Towers. Additionally, 125 individuals were killed or injured at the Pentagon, and 246 individuals (both crew and passengers) were affected across the four aircraft.
However, the overall impact of these attacks extends far beyond these numbers.
In the years following 9/11, tens of thousands have developed health conditions related to the attacks, particularly those who were in Lower Manhattan during the aftermath.
The devastating collapse of the Twin Towers released a massive cloud of dust and debris that lingered for months.
Residents, commuters, students, and emergency responders inhaled a toxic mix of materials including concrete, glass, silica, asbestos, lead, jet fuel, and harmful fire-related chemicals like dioxins and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Civilians evacuated the area surrounding the World Trade Center quickly – Image courtesy of Getty Images
According to the CDC, approximately 400,000 individuals were exposed to toxic pollutants, risking injury and suffering from high stress levels in the aftermath of the attacks.
Currently, 136,000 individuals are enrolled in this program, with about 90,000 diagnosed with a 9/11-related health condition.
Waves of Disease Expected in Coming Decades
Diagnosed conditions include various cancers (with non-melanoma skin cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer being most prevalent), respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic sinusitis, and post-traumatic stress disorder.
New York City firefighters exposed to dust have shown an unusually high incidence of sarcoidosis, a rare inflammatory disease that forms lumps in bodily organs.
While precise figures on deaths attributed to 9/11-related illnesses are elusive, by March 2024, 6,897 members of the WTC Health Program have died, although this includes fatalities from all causes, not solely those related to the attacks.
Tragically, the long-term health consequences of the 9/11 attacks are expected to persist, as certain cancers can take decades to manifest following initial exposure to carcinogens—a phenomenon known as the “latency period.”
This article addresses the inquiry from Lewis Miller of Pennsylvania: “Will we ever know how many people died on 9/11?”
If you have any questions, please reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or contact us viaFacebook,Twitter, orInstagram(please include your name and location).
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The dark mornings and long cold nights of January can be challenging for many. While some individuals may simply feel low energy and lethargic, others may experience a deeper condition known as Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD), leading to winter depression.
Common symptoms of SAD include persistent low mood, reduced interest in daily activities, fatigue, daytime drowsiness, and cravings for carbohydrates.
Solar Therapy
Wondering how to beat the January blues? Increasing your sunlight exposure during these winter months is a highly effective strategy.
While a getaway to a warm climate isn’t feasible for most, simple adjustments like taking your dog for an early morning walk or stepping outside during lunch can refresh your body with vital vitamin D.
Improving lighting in your workspace or home by positioning yourself near a window can also have a positive impact. Alternatively, research indicates that using a light box that mimics natural sunlight for a short period each day can significantly reduce winter gloom.
Maintaining an active lifestyle through exercise is equally beneficial. Even if you can’t exercise outdoors, physical activity helps elevate your mood. Options include quick home workouts, gym sessions, or swimming—all of which promote the release of endorphins.
Walking your dog in the morning light—an easy way to boost your vitamin D intake. Illustration by Dan Bright
Review Your Eating Habits
Adjusting your diet can also help alleviate the winter blues. Research highlights a strong correlation between nutritious eating and improved emotional well-being.
If your body lacks essential nutrients, it can lead to depleted energy levels. Incorporating mood-boosting foods like bananas, dark chocolate, berries, oats, nuts, and seeds can greatly enhance your outlook.
Of course, it can be tempting to indulge in carbohydrates, especially during the colder months.
Talk It Out
Another effective method to combat the winter blues is to reduce stress levels. While exercise effectively alleviates stress, techniques like deep breathing exercises and cognitive behavioral therapy can also help.
Of note, engaging in activities that bring you joy—without excessive carb loading—can be vital. Whether connecting with friends and family, enjoying your favorite music, binge-watching a beloved show, or tending to winter gardening, these small acts of self-care are significant in counteracting seasonal sadness.
So while the urge to hibernate during winter is strong, remember that consistent, small actions can energize your spirit and lift your mood.
This article addresses the question from Chichester resident Sally Thompson: “How can I beat the January blues?”
If you have any inquiries, feel free to reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a messageFacebook,Twitter, orInstagram(remember to include your name and location).
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Is Psychopathy Inherited or Acquired? This question is more complex than it seems. For years, psychopathy was deemed a mysterious condition, and to some extent, it continues to mystify.
Many mental, neurological, and personality disorders instill fear in people. This fear often stems from ignorance and misconceptions.
While only about 1% of the general population shows signs of psychopathy, this figure jumps to 25% within the prison community.
What exactly triggers psychopathy? Are individuals born psychopaths, or are they shaped by adverse experiences? This touches on the age-old debate of nature versus nurture.
Despite advancements in science, the concept of personality remains challenging to define, making discussions around individual differences equally complex.
This complexity extends to psychopathy, as illustrated in Jon Ronson’s book The Psychopath Test, which highlights the challenges in reliably diagnosing psychopathy.
Despite these challenges, most would agree that psychopathy is a genuine psychological condition, albeit difficult to identify accurately. Recent research has shed light on this intricate issue.
Utilizing brain imaging methods like fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging), scientists have discovered that psychopathy correlates with distinct brain structure differences.
If psychopathy is innate, it raises profound questions about the evolutionary purpose of such traits. – Image credit: Getty
These brain regions have diverse functions, but their specific combination significantly impacts emotional processing. The structural differences may impair the brain’s ability to recognize, encode, and interpret emotional information.
As emotions play a crucial role in human cognition, a deficiency in emotional understanding might contribute to hallmark traits of psychopathy, including a pronounced lack of empathy and an overreliance on rational thought.
Determining why certain individuals possess specific brain features remains a challenge. Genetic factors appear to be involved, as indicated by research studies.
While a person’s environment and experiences may exacerbate psychopathic traits, it is uncertain if such factors can consistently alter both brain structure and genetics.
Overall, evidence leans toward the idea that psychopathy is more likely innate than acquired.
However, whether such a mental disorder manifests is a different question altogether.
This article answers the query by Elliott Owens of St. Albans: “Is psychopathy innate or acquired?”
For inquiries, please reach out via:questions@sciencefocus.com or message us onFacebook,Twitter, or Instagram(please include your name and location).
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For nearly a month, NASA has been striving to reestablish communication with the MAVEN probe, which unexpectedly went silent while orbiting Mars.
The space agency lost contact with the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution (MAVEN) spacecraft on December 6. Despite efforts to restore connectivity, mission controllers believe the spacecraft was spinning erratically based on data received that day.
NASA plans to make another attempt to revive MAVEN on January 16 due to Mars and Earth being positioned on opposite sides of the sun, which has caused significant communication delays.
Unfortunately, the prognosis is concerning for one of NASA’s flagship missions.
Since its entry into orbit around Mars in 2014, the MAVEN spacecraft has been instrumental in studying the Red Planet’s upper atmosphere, including the ionosphere, and understanding how Mars has lost its atmosphere over billions of years. MAVEN also facilitates communications among two rovers on the Martian surface, Curiosity and Perseverance, and Earth.
NASA has been unable to contact MAVEN since December 6, a day when the agency experienced a “loss of signal” while the spacecraft was behind Mars. This situation generally leads to routine communication interruptions, but MAVEN failed to reestablish contact when it emerged from behind the planet.
NASA announced it is investigating the situation. In a statement from December 9, few specifics were given, although mission controllers reported that all subsystems were functioning correctly before the spacecraft passed behind Mars.
After about a week, NASA updated that they had not received communications from MAVEN since December 4 but did retrieve a snippet of tracking data from December 6.
The findings were alarming. “Analysis of that signal suggests that the MAVEN spacecraft was rotating unexpectedly as it emerged from behind Mars,” NASA officials stated in a statement.
NASA employs a global network of radio antennas known as the Deep Space Network to issue commands to MAVEN and monitor incoming signals. On December 16 and 20, attempts were made to capture images of MAVEN in orbit using instruments aboard NASA’s Curiosity rover.
Meanwhile, mission controllers are diligently analyzing the last set of recovered tracking data. NASA reported on December 23 that they were trying to piece together a timeline to understand the issue. Additional details were not disclosed in a comment request, but the agency referred to the December 23 update.
Originally, the MAVEN mission was intended to last just two years, yet it has been operational for more than a decade. In 2024, NASA celebrated a decade since MAVEN began orbiting Mars.
By examining Mars’ atmospheric loss, MAVEN has provided insights into the planet’s past and present climate, illustrating its transformation from a potentially habitable environment with liquid water to the cold, desolate world it is today.
MAVEN is one of three NASA spacecraft currently orbiting Mars. The agency also operates the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched in 2005, and Mars Odyssey, launched in 2001.
If you’ve struggled with weight loss, you may have attributed it to your metabolism. This elusive concept seems to make losing weight effortless for some, while for others, it feels like an uphill battle.
However, this perception misrepresents how the body truly functions, neglecting the critical elements of fat loss.
Metabolism encompasses more than just “the number of calories burned.” It’s a complex network of chemical reactions occurring in your cells and tissues that power everything you do.
Many individuals simplify it to a single statistic: calories burned at a specific moment.
Here, “metabolic rate” becomes relevant. It’s the standard metric for gauging how quickly your metabolism operates. Essentially, it’s the energy expended at rest, representing the minimal energy required to keep bodily functions active.
A common belief is that lean individuals possess a “fast” metabolism, burning more calories effortlessly. In fact, larger bodies often exhibit a “faster” metabolism.
The metabolic rate largely hinges on body size—greater tissue requires more energy for maintenance.
However, weight alone is a rudimentary gauge. Two individuals may weigh the same, but differences in fat-to-muscle ratios can significantly influence their metabolic rates.
Lean mass, particularly organs, plays a pivotal role in energy expenditure. The liver and brain alone contribute about half of the body’s resting energy requirements, with the kidneys accounting for nearly 20 percent.
Though skeletal muscle has a lower metabolic activity than organs (approximately 20 times less active per gram), its substantial mass contributes significantly to resting energy expenditure.
Since organ masses are consistent among individuals of similar size, muscle and fat primarily dictate metabolic variations.
This distinction also elucidates the differences between men and women. Men generally have a higher muscle mass and lower fat percentage, leading to a greater metabolic rate at the same weight.
Once body composition and gender are factored, metabolic rates prove to be surprisingly predictable, challenging the notion that some individuals have substantially “faster” metabolisms than others.
Deceleration Myth
Age-related hormonal changes often promote fat gain – Photo credit: Getty
There’s a common belief that metabolic rates decline with age. However, this perception may not hold, particularly for middle-aged individuals.
Taking body composition into account, metabolic rates typically remain stable until about age 65. The earlier drop is more related to shifts in muscle and fat than a mysterious “aging metabolism.”
Changes in hormonal balance, particularly during menopause, can impact metabolism.
Hormonal changes often promote fat gain while contributing to muscle loss, particularly around the abdomen, both of which can lower metabolic rates.
Additionally, reduced estrogen levels can affect thermogenesis, potentially slowing metabolism and leading to hot flashes.
After age 65, energy expenditure tends to diminish, not because of metabolic “aging,” but due to broader physical changes.
Muscle mass typically declines faster, lessening both muscle and organ metabolic activity, resulting in lower calorie burning.
The good news? Staying active, eating healthily, and preserving muscle mass can help mitigate muscle loss.
Read More:
Built-in Balance Adjustment Function
If metabolism is mostly predictable, can it be entirely fixed? Not quite. Depending on circumstances, your body can gradually adjust its calorie burn.
For instance, someone who is overweight naturally burns more calories due to increased tissue maintenance. Research suggests their bodies might slightly ramp up calorie burning to eliminate excess weight.
Conversely, underweight individuals may consume fewer calories than anticipated because their metabolic rates decrease further, becoming very conservative with energy usage.
How does this occur? Some studies propose that the body can intentionally waste energy by generating heat, a process known as adaptive (or conditional) thermogenesis.
This process involves specialized fat cells called brown fat and certain proteins in muscles and other tissues, which can “leak” more (or fewer) calories as heat instead of storing them.
This heat dissipation is subtle—not felt as sweat or fever—but is a behind-the-scenes adjustment that fine-tunes energy balance.
Brown fat, or adipose tissue, burns energy to regulate body temperature – Photo credit: Getty
Adaptive thermogenesis does not mean being confined to a fixed body weight. This explains why dieting can feel like swimming against the tide. When calorie intake is cut, the body often retaliates by slowing metabolism, making it harder to sustain progress.
This leads to a pressing question: Can you truly change your metabolism, and if so, what methods are effective?
There Is No Magic Menu
You may have encountered claims that certain foods, like caffeine, polyphenols from spicy foods, or chili pepper extract, “boost” metabolism and increase calorie burn through thermogenesis.
However, the actual calorie increases from these ingredients are minimal, detectable only for short periods—lasting mere minutes to hours.
Another suggestion is to increase protein intake to speed up metabolism.
The premise is that digesting and absorbing protein requires more energy than digesting carbohydrates and fats, potentially resulting in fewer overall calories gained. However, this difference in calorie burn is often negligible.
While increased protein can help maintain and build muscle—supporting a higher metabolic rate—muscle growth is not solely reliant on protein.
Muscle repair and growth are stimulated primarily through exercise, especially resistance training.
In fact, exercise and physical activity are key to enhancing caloric usage, increasing your metabolism.
Moreover, exercise generates additional metabolic benefits beyond just the calories burned during the activity. Post-exercise, metabolism recovers at an accelerated rate as muscles adapt to the workout’s demands.
This phenomenon is known as excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC), commonly recognized as the “afterburn” effect.
This temporary spike in fuel and calorie usage can last for several hours, even up to 48 hours, particularly after workouts focused on muscle repair and growth.
While it may not be the shortcut many seek, when targeting metabolism and fat loss, exercise—particularly strength-building workouts—remains a far more effective strategy.
Sahelanthropus: Fossil comparison with chimpanzees and humans
Williams et al., Sci. Adv. 12, eadv0130
The long-standing debate regarding whether our earliest ancestors walked on knuckles like chimpanzees or stood upright like modern humans may be closer to resolution, yet skepticism remains.
Scott Williams and researchers at New York University recently reanalyzed fossil remains of Sahelanthropus tchadensis, indicating that this species possessed at least three anatomical features suggesting it was our earliest known bipedal ancestor.
The journey to this conclusion has been extensive.
Fossilized remains of a skull, teeth, and jawbone from approximately 7 million years ago were first identified in 2002 in Chad, north-central Africa. The distinctive features of this ancient species, including its prominent brow ridge and smaller canine teeth, were quickly acknowledged as diverging from ape characteristics.
Analyzing the skull’s anatomy suggests it was positioned directly over the vertebrae, analogous to other upright, bipedal hominins.
In 2004, French scientists uncovered the femur and ulna associated with the Sahelanthropus skull from Chad. However, it wasn’t until 2020 that researchers claimed the femur exhibited curvature similar to that of non-bipedal great apes.
Since then, scholarly debate has fluctuated. For instance, in 2022, researchers Frank Guy and Guillaume Daver of the University of Poitiers argued for anatomical features of the femur that indicate bipedalism. In 2024, Clement Zanoli and colleagues from the University of Bordeaux countered, suggesting Guy and Daver’s assertions were flawed, as the anatomical characteristics of bipedalism may also appear in non-bipedal great apes.
Lead study author Williams started with a “fairly ambivalent” stance on Sahelanthropus.
His team investigated the femur’s attachment point for the gluteus maximus muscle, finding similarities to human femur anatomy.
They also compared the femur and ulna size and shape; while similar in size to chimpanzee bones, they aligned more closely with human proportions.
Additionally, they identified the “femoral tuberosity,” a previously overlooked feature of Sahelanthropus.
“We initially identified it by touch, later confirming it with 3D scans of the fossil,” Williams shared. “This bump, present only in species with a femoral tubercle, contrasts smooth areas found in great apes and plays a critical role in mobility.”
This area serves as an attachment point for the iliofemoral ligament, the strongest ligament in the human body. While relaxed when seated, it tightens during standing or walking, securing the femoral head in the hip joint and preventing the torso from tilting backward or sideways.
However, Williams expressed doubts about whether this study would fully end the conversation about how Sahelanthropus moved.
“We are confident Sahelanthropus was an early bipedal hominin, but we must recognize that the debate is ongoing,” Williams noted.
In response to a recent paper, Guy and Daver issued a joint statement asserting that humans likely began walking on two legs by 2022: “This reaffirms our earlier interpretations about Sahelanthropus adaptations and locomotion, suggesting habitual bipedalism despite its ape-like morphology.”
They acknowledged that only new fossil discoveries could unequivocally conclude the matter.
John Hawkes, a professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, also endorsed the new findings, noting their implications for understanding the complex origins of the hominin lineage.
“It may be deceptive to perceive Sahelanthropus as part of a gradual evolution towards an upright posture. It reveals crucial insights into these transformative changes,” Hawkes commented.
However, Zanoli contended, stating, “Most of the evidence aligns Sahelanthropus with traits seen in African great apes, suggesting its behavior was likely a mix between chimpanzees and gorillas, distinct from the habitual bipedalism of Australopithecus and Homo.
Explore the Origins of Humanity in South-West England
Join a gentle walking tour through the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, immersing yourself in early human history.
Astronomers unveiled a remarkable giant galaxy cluster known as RM J130558.9+263048.4 on December 31, 2020. Due to its bubble-like appearance and superheated gas, they aptly named it the Champagne Cluster. The stunning new composite image of this galaxy cluster features X-ray data from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory combined with optical information from the Legacy Survey.
The Champagne Cluster appears as a luminous array of galaxies amidst a vibrant neon purple cloud. The cluster reveals over 100 galaxies split into two groups, with notable variations among them. Foreground stars display diffraction spikes surrounded by a subtle haze. Many small galaxies showcase blue, orange, or red tones and exhibit varied shapes. This indicates a multifaceted nature, while the central purple gas cloud emitted by Chandra signals a high-temperature region, indicative of two colliding clusters. Image credit: NASA / CXC / UCDavis / Bouhrik others. / Legacy Survey / DECaLS / BASS / MzLS / SAO / P. Edmonds / L. Frattare.
Recent research led by astronomer Faik Bourik from the University of California, Davis, utilized instruments from NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM Newton Observatory to investigate the Champagne Cluster.
The team also analyzed data from the DEIMOS multi-object spectrometer located at the W. M. Keck Observatory.
“Our new composite image indicates that the Champagne Galaxy Cluster consists of two galaxy clusters merging to form a larger cluster,” the astronomers stated.
“In typical observations, multimillion-degree gas is roughly circular, but in the Champagne Cluster, it spans from top to bottom, highlighting the collision of two clusters.”
“Distinct clusters of individual galaxies are prominently visible above and below the center,” they added.
“Remarkably, the mass of this hot gas exceeds that of all 100 or more individual galaxies within the newly formed cluster.”
“This cluster is also abundant in invisible dark matter, a mysterious substance that pervades the universe.”
The Champagne Cluster is part of a rare category of merging galaxy clusters, akin to the well-known Bullet Cluster, where the hot gas from each cluster collides, slows, and creates a clear separation from the heaviest galaxies.
By comparing this data with computer simulations, researchers propose two potential histories for the Champagne Cluster.
One theory suggests that the two star clusters collided over 2 billion years ago, followed by an outward movement due to gravity, leading them to a subsequent collision.
Alternatively, another link posits a single collision about 400 million years ago, after which the clusters have begun moving apart.
“Further studies on the Champagne Cluster could illuminate how dark matter reacts during high-velocity collisions,” the scientists concluded.
For more insights, refer to their published paper in July 2025, featured in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Faik Bourik others. 2025. New dissociated galaxy cluster merger: discovery and multiwavelength analysis of the Champagne Cluster. APJ 988, 166;doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ade67c
A groundbreaking research team at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology has successfully generated a high-quality Denisovan genome assembly using ancient DNA extracted from molar teeth found in the Denisovan Cave. This genome, dating back approximately 200,000 years, significantly predates the only previously sequenced Denisovan specimen. The findings are prompting a reevaluation of when and where early human groups interacted, mixed, and migrated throughout Asia.
Artist’s concept of Penghu Denisovans walking under the bright sun during the Pleistocene in Taiwan. Image credit: Cheng-Han Sun.
Dr. Stéphane Peregne, an evolutionary geneticist from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, along with his team, recovered this Denisovan genome from molars excavated in the Denisova Cave, located in the Altai Mountains of southern Siberia. This cave is historically significant as it was the site where Denisovans were first discovered in 2010 through DNA analysis of finger bones.
This cave continues to be pivotal in the study of human evolution, revealing repeated occupations by Denisovans, Neanderthals, and even offspring resulting from the interbreeding of these groups.
“The Denisovans were first identified in 2008 based on ancient DNA sourced from Denisova 3, a phalanx found in the Denisova Cave,” Dr. Peregne and his colleagues noted.
“This analysis confirms that Denisovans are closely related to Neanderthals, an extinct human group that thrived in Western Eurasia during the mid-to-late Pleistocene.”
Since then, twelve fragmentary remains and a single skull have been associated with Denisovans through DNA or protein analysis, with Denisova 3 being the only specimen yielding a high-quality genome.
The newly studied molars, belonging to a Denisovan male who lived approximately 200,000 years ago, are predating modern humans’ migration out of Africa.
“In 2020, a complete upper left molar was found in Layer 17, one of the oldest cultural layers within the southern chamber of the Denisova Cave, dating between 200,000 and 170,000 years old based on photostimulated luminescence,” the scientists elaborated.
“Designated as Denisova 25, this molar resembles others found at Denisova Cave, specifically Denisova 4 and Denisova 8, and exhibits larger dimensions compared to Neanderthal and most post-Middle Pleistocene hominid molars, indicating it likely belonged to a Denisovan.”
“Two samples of 2.7 mg and 8.9 mg were extracted by drilling a hole at the cement-enamel junction of the tooth, with an additional 12 subsamples varying from 4.5 to 20.2 mg collected by carefully scraping the outer root layer using a dental drill.”
Thanks to excellent DNA preservation, researchers successfully reconstructed the genome of Denisova 25 with high coverage, matching the quality of the 65,000-year-old female Denisova 3 genome.
Denisovans likely had dark skin, in contrast to the pale Neanderthals. The image depicts a Neanderthal. Image credit: Mauro Cutrona.
Comparisons between the genomes indicate that Denisovans were not a singular, homogeneous population.
Instead, at least two distinct Denisovan groups inhabited the Altai region at various intervals, with one group gradually replacing the other over millennia.
Earlier Denisovans possessed a greater amount of Neanderthal DNA than later populations, suggesting that interbreeding was a regular event rather than an isolated occurrence in the Ice Age landscape of Eurasia.
Even more intriguing, the study uncovered evidence that Denisovans engaged in interbreeding with “hyperarchaic” hominin groups that diverged from the human lineage before the ancestors of Denisovans, Neanderthals, and modern humans branched off.
“This second Denisovan genome illustrates the recurrent admixture between Neanderthals and Denisovans in the Altai region, suggesting these mixed populations were eventually supplanted by Denisovans from other regions, reinforcing the notion that Denisovans were widespread and that populations in the Altai may have existed at the periphery of their geographic range,” the researchers explained.
The Denisovan 25 genome presents valuable insights into the long-standing mysteries regarding the Denisovan ancestry in contemporary populations.
People in Oceania, parts of South Asia, and East Asia all carry Denisovan DNA, albeit from different Denisovan sources.
Through genetic comparison, scientists have identified at least three separate Denisovan origins, highlighted by their genetic segments found in thousands of modern genomes.
One lineage closely relates to the later Denisovan genome and is linked to widespread ancestry across East Asia and beyond.
A second, more distantly related Denisovan population contributed independently to Oceanian and South Asian ancestry.
Notably, East Asians do not share this highly divergent Denisovan ancestry, implying their ancestors may have taken a different route into Asia, potentially from the north, whereas Oceanian ancestors likely migrated through South Asia.
“Neanderthal-like DNA fragments appear in all populations, including Oceanians, aligning with a singular out-of-Africa migration; however, the distinct Denisovan gene flow points to multiple migrations into Asia,” the researchers stated.
Reconstruction of a young Denisovan woman based on skeletal profiles derived from ancient DNA methylation maps. Image credit: Maayan Harel.
The researchers believe certain Denisovan genetic traits offered advantages that increased their prevalence in modern human populations through the process of natural selection.
By analyzing both Denisovan genomes, the authors pinpointed numerous regions in present-day populations that appear to have originated from Denisovan introgression, particularly in Oceania and South Asia.
Genetic alterations observed in other Denisovans provide intriguing insights into their physical appearances.
Several unique mutations in Denisovans influence genes connected to cranial shape, jaw protrusion, and facial characteristics—attributes that align with the limited fossil record associated with Denisovans.
A shift in regulatory mechanisms is on the horizon. The Fox P2 gene, implicated in brain development and language in modern humans, raises important questions regarding the cognitive capabilities of Denisovans, although researchers emphasize that genetic data cannot replace direct fossil or archaeological evidence.
“The impact of Denisovan alleles on modern human phenotypes might also shed light on Denisovan biology,” the researchers pointed out.
“Examining alleles linked to contemporary human traits, we identified 16 associations with 11 Denisovan alleles, covering aspects like height, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and C-reactive protein levels.”
“Additionally, we recognized 305 expressed quantitative trait loci (QTL) and 117 alternative splicing QTLs that affect gene expression across 19 tissues in modern humans, with the most significant effects observable in the thyroid, tibial artery, testis, and muscle tissues.”
“These molecular effects can be utilized to explore additional phenotypes that are not retained in the fossil record. This updated catalog provides a more reliable foundation for investigating Denisovan traits, adaptations, and disease susceptibilities, some of which may have influenced modern humans through admixture.”
Numerous scientific books are set to release throughout the coming year, and a vast selection awaits. After reviewing a multitude of catalogs from various publishers, I curated a list of the science books I’m most eager to dive into, organized by category to help you easily discover your next favorite read. Whether you’re a voracious reader like me or just exploring, you can wrap up this year with newfound expertise, exploring topics ranging from detecting psychopaths to captivating numerical insights.
Space
Let’s embark on an enlightening journey with environmental historian Dagomar DeGroot. He presents Ripples in the Cosmic Ocean, analyzing how our solar system has influenced humanity. This includes fascinating insights into Martian dust storms that have sparked alien narratives and a comet impact on Jupiter that led to the inception of planetary defense strategies. DeGroot advocates for “interplanetary environmentalism,” a compelling concept indeed.
Our exploration continues with astrophysicist Emma Chapman. In her work, Radio Universe, she unveils how we harness radio waves to probe the cosmos, guiding readers on a journey from Earth to the expansive reaches of the Milky Way, traversing through black holes and pulsars.
New Scientist columnist Chanda Prescod Weinstein extends this journey, merging poetry and culture in The End of Space and Time, to elucidate theoretical physics and the quantum fabric of space-time.
Health
In 2026, I’m particularly excited about two critical health themes. The first focuses on leveraging science for better health. In Age Code, health journalist David Cox delves into nutritional science, illustrating how it can decelerate biological aging. In another compelling read, surgeon Charles Knowles, a clinical research director and recovering alcoholic, writes Why Do You Drink Too Much?, while Bill Gifford’s Hot Wired discusses utilizing heat for health improvement, emphasizing our evolutionary adaptation to high temperatures.
On the investigative front, physician Zand van Tulleken aims to expose the realities of the medical industry in Make Me Well, while journalist Deborah Cohen shares insights on the interplay of influencers and AI-powered diagnostics in Bad Influence. Amy Donnellan’s work probes the GLP-1 drug Ozempic’s stories in Fall Off the Scale, while Alev Scott dives into the commodification of motherhood with Dollar Box.
Mathematics
This year in mathematics, Richard Elwes’s Huge Numbers examines how expanding our counting capabilities has influenced human thought. Meanwhile, Ian Stewart’s Reaching the Limit delicately navigates through the complexities of mathematics, unraveling some of its most intriguing puzzles.
Technology and AI
Emergent Mind features computational neuroscientist Gaurav Suri and psychology professor Jay McClelland, discussing the emergence of complex systems from simpler interactions, applicable to both the human brain and AI. Their insights are complemented by Tom Griffiths’ Laws of Thinking, which uses mathematics to decode thought processes while contrasting AI mechanisms with human cognition.
Sociologist James Muldoon takes on the technology-human relationship in Love Machine, exploring chatbots, and attempting to converse with the deceased. Journalists Naomi Klein and Astra Taylor’s Apocalyptic Fascism and the Fight for a Living World unearth the rise of far-right, capturing an “apocalyptic alliance” among various factions while offering pathways for resistance.
Two notable technical books include Little Blue Dot by journalist Katherine Dunn, chronicling the transformation of GPS from military origins to everyday necessity, and Mega Build by construction influencer Fred Mills, which focuses on ten megaprojects set to reshape the world.
Environment
In a hopeful message, author Rebecca Solnit captivates readers with The Beginning Comes After the End, reflecting on revolutionary thoughts over the past five decades concerning racial, gender, and environmental paradigms. Simultaneously, journalist Fred Pearce’s Nevertheless offers a “handbook for optimal climate engagement,” advocating that effective changes are within our grasp.
Biology professor Dave Golson’s Eat the Earth Well tackles the toxic food system while journalist Jeevan Basagar’s The Surge investigates rising flooding issues, addressing that 150 million people will live below high tide lines by 2050 and presenting groundbreaking engineering solutions.
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Naomi Klein and Astra Taylor team up to narrate the emergence of the far right in their new book. “
Nature
The vast repercussions of climate change manifest universally in Where Earth and Sky Meet, authored by conservation biologist Louise K. Bright. Her exploration into the Antarctic wilderness reveals how global warming is reshaping this unique region.
Marine biologist Ruth Searle’s Intertidal Zone immerses readers in the fragile ecosystem where land intertwines with sea, and the dynamic reshaping by human actions. Zoologist Joe Winpenny advocates for “nature’s least loved animals” in Beauty of the Beast, emphasizing the need to defend these creatures amid critical biodiversity declines.
Psychology
This year, our focus on psychology uncovers tremendous insights. I highly recommend Art Cure by psychobiologist Daisy Fancourt, who showcases how the arts can enhance health and well-being, drawing from various scientific fields.
“
Celebrity doctor Zand van Tulleken pledges to unveil the “world of health” in Make Me Well. “
Furthermore, neuroscientists tackle the socio-technological nuances we confront. Hannah Critchlow explores resilience in 21st Century Brain, while Paul Goldsmith examines how ancient cognition adapts to modern landscapes in Evolving Brain.
Rian ten Brinke analyzes interpersonal complexities in Toxic People, helping us identify harmful relationships. Others, like Michael Pollan in The World Appears, delve into the intricate realms of consciousness from multiple perspectives.
Overall, this year presents a spectacular opportunity to refresh your bookshelves with transformative reads!
Best of the Best: Top 4 Picks of 2026
A Brief History of the Universe (And Our Place in It) Written by Sarah Alam Malik This book takes readers on an exhilarating journey, highlighting pivotal discoveries that transformed our comprehension of the universe, tracing from Babylonian astronomy to the Copernican Revolution.
Savage Landscape Written by Cal Flynn In her captivating work, Flynn travels through remote wilderness areas, exploring the intricacies of conservation and nature’s preservation.
I Am Not a Robot Written by Joanna Stern In a bold exploration, technology reporter Joanna Stern investigates the implications of AI replacing human roles within society.
Bird Story Written by Steve Brusatte In this enlightening narrative, paleontologist Steve Brusatte explores the evolutionary story of birds, often referred to as “the dinosaurs among us.” Curious fact: is a penguin larger than a gorilla? Is a duck heavier than a cow? Find out in this captivating read.
By February 2026, the absence of any active treaty limiting the nuclear arsenals of the U.S. and Russia marks a significant turning point. While opinions on the effectiveness of the New START Treaty vary, there is a consensus that a successor treaty appears improbable.
The inception of nuclear weapons limitations began with the 1991 START I treaty, which laid the groundwork for inspections and reductions, leading to the New START agreement in 2011. In 2021, U.S. President Joe Biden and Russian President Vladimir Putin extended this treaty for an additional five years. However, discussions for alternatives have stalled since the February 5 deadline.
Tensions between the U.S. and Russia escalated dramatically following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Shortly thereafter, Russia excluded itself from weapons inspections, prompting U.S. retaliation. While both nations contemplate resuming nuclear testing, such discussions appear more performative than productive. The odds of a New START successor seem dimmer than ever.
Mark Bell, a professor at the University of Minnesota, indicates that the prospect of a new treaty that limits U.S. arsenals to match those of Russia is unappealing, given concerns about deterring both Russia and an increasingly assertive China. Although China has approximately 600 nuclear weapons, it is rapidly expanding its capabilities. Conversely, Russia may resist accepting any cap that allows it fewer nuclear arms than the U.S. Additionally, China is likely to oppose any deal that limits its growth toward parity with the U.S. and Russia. Bell describes these negotiations as complicated, making it a challenging starting point.
START I and New START are acknowledged as largely beneficial, providing a stabilizing effect on international relations. However, Bell expresses skepticism regarding their overall impact on global safety. “They may have saved some costs for both superpowers and fostered a collaborative forum, but I doubt they fundamentally altered the risk of war,” he notes.
Irrespective of the treaty status, the risk of nuclear conflict remains high, according to Bell. He argues that the concept of mutually assured destruction serves as a deterrent, emphasizing that it is the dire repercussions of nuclear warfare—rather than treaties—that may prevent hostilities. “This stabilizing effect derives from the inherent dangers and is a characteristic of nuclear deterrence,” he explains.
Yet, some experts voice deep concern over the end of the treaty. Steven Herzog, a scholar from the Middlebury Institute of International Studies and former arms control advisor, told New Scientist that the expiration of New START will heighten the risk of nuclear conflict.
“Lack of transparency in nuclear weapons development makes the international landscape less secure, fostering unchecked competition among leaders potentially reliant on nuclear arms,” Herzog cautions. “In an era where both Russia and the U.S. appear increasingly unpredictable, the absence of critical confidence-building measures raises alarming concerns about an arms race.”
Several treaties related to nuclear weapons remain in effect, including the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, which seeks to eliminate these armaments but lacks participation from nuclear-armed states. While some nuclear powers have signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, it does little to restrict the actual number of weapons available. New START represented the only effective framework addressing nuclear power responsibilities.
Herzog asserts that if both Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin desired a similar agreement, a rapid consensus could be achievable. Previously, President Putin made a proposal that President Trump positively received regarding an unofficial extension. However, no formal negotiations are happening at present, and any potential agreement would likely only serve as a temporary fix.
Philip Bleek, a researcher at the Middlebury Institute, notes that persisting in negotiations could be valuable if additional time enables a new treaty’s creation. However, the long-term outlook for arms control appears grim. “A short-term extension could result in Russia feeling its participation isn’t necessary, reducing its willingness for future involvement,” advises Brig.
Negotiating treaties involves complex interactions among political figures, military branches, and intelligence communities, with potential for nabbing minor but critical strategic advantages. Herzog points out that the Trump administration has already diminished the number of essential personnel involved in inspections and negotiations.
“If we aim to pursue a new treaty seriously, our current staffing and resources may not be sufficient,” Herzog concludes.
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Adrian Tchaikovsky’s *Children of Strife* Will Be a March Highlight
Joby Sessions/SFX Magazine/Future via Getty Images
<p>2026 is poised to be an exceptional year for <strong>science fiction</strong>, with exciting new releases every month. Recent announcements have already made it clear that there’s plenty to look forward to in this vibrant genre.</p>
<p>January kicks off with new releases from notable authors. Peter F. Hamilton's <a href="https://tantor.com/a-hole-in-the-sky-peter-f-hamilton.html"><b><i>Empty Hole</i></b></a>, the first book in the *Ark Trilogy*, marks a fresh approach for the prolific writer. Aimed at younger readers, this novel features a teenage girl's perspective, offering a straightforward narrative different from Hamilton’s usual complex stories.</p>
<p>All three books in the series are set for publication this year— the second in June and the third in December— creating anticipation among fans.</p>
<p>The other major release is <a href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/vigil-9781526624307/"><b><i>Stay Up All Night</i></b></a> by George Saunders, whose acclaimed work *Lincoln in the Bardo* won the 2017 Booker Prize. Although not traditional science fiction, this novel, categorized as climate change fiction, revolves around the death of an oil tycoon and promises intriguing themes.</p>
<p>February will bring several interesting titles, including <a href="https://torpublishinggroup.com/the-forest-on-the-edge-of-time/?isbn=9781250376831&format=hardback"><b><i>Forest at the End of Time</i></b></a>, by Jasmine Kirkbride, labeled as a “time-travel climate novel.” Readers can also look for Matthew Cressel's <a href="https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250392442/therainseekers/"><b><i>Rain Seekers</i></b></a>, which explores the first rain on Mars.</p>
<p>Additionally, Edward Ashton’s latest, <a href="https://us.macmillan.com/books/9781250375650/afterthefall/"><b><i>After Autumn</i></b></a>, promises a mix of alien invasion, buddy comedy, and workplace satire.</p>
<p>March’s highlight is Adrian Tchaikovsky’s fourth installment in the *Children of Time* series, <a href="https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/adrian-tchaikovsky/children-of-strife/9781035057788"><b><i>Children of Conflict</i></b></a>, bringing back fan-favorite elements like the formidable mantis shrimp.</p>
<p>Other noteworthy March releases include <a href="https://www.bloomsbury.com/uk/library-of-traumatic-memory-9781035923304/"><b><i>Library of Traumatic Memories</i></b></a>, Neil Jordan's first science-fiction novel, and <a href="https://titanbooks.com/72675-jitterbug/"><b><i>Jitterbug</i></b></a> by Gareth L. Powell, described as an action-packed adventure in a devastated solar system, featuring a crew of bounty hunters.</p>
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<p>In April, expect <a href="https://torpublishinggroup.com/the-subtle-art-of-folding-space/?isbn=9781250425409&format=hardback"><i>The Delicate Art of Folding Space</i></a> by Jon Chu, who has gained accolades for his short stories. Additionally, <a href="https://www.simonandschuster.co.uk/search/books/_/N-/Ntt-The+Photonic+Effect"><i>Photonic Effect</i></a> by Mike Chen is anticipated, touted as a "page-turning space opera" amidst the Galactic Civil War.</p>
<p>Other anticipated titles for April include <b><i>The Radiant Dark</i></b> by Alexandra Oliva, the intriguing <b><i>Language of Liars</i></b> by SL Huang, and <b><i>Ode to the Half-Broken</i></b> by Suzanne Palmer, which promises to deliver "hopeful punk science fiction."</p>
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<p>May’s standout is <a href="https://torpublishinggroup.com/we-burned-so-bright/?isbn=9781250881236&format=hardback"><b><i>We Burned So Bright</i></b></a> by TJ Klune, which follows an older gay couple on a poignant road trip as the world faces impending doom.</p>
<p>The month also features Anne Leckie’s latest in her Imperial Radoch universe, <a href="https://www.hachette.co.uk/titles/ann-leckie/radiant-star/9780356517964/"><b><i>Radiant Star</i></b></a>, alongside Martha Wells’ <a href="https://torpublishinggroup.com/platform-decay/?isbn=9781250827005&format=hardback"><b><i>Platform Decline</i></b></a>, another addition to the *Murderbot* series.</p>
<p>June brings exciting prospects as well, including <a href="https://torpublishinggroup.com/sublimation/?isbn=9781250376794&format=hardback"><b><i>Sublimation</i></b></a>, an immigrant story by Isabel J. Kim, and <a href="https://www.panmacmillan.com/authors/joseph-eckert/the-traveler/9781035084074"><b><i>The Traveler</i></b></a>, about a reluctant time traveler and his son.</p>
<p>Later in the year, look for <a href="https://torpublishinggroup.com/the-infinite-state/?isbn=9781250386229&format=hardback"><b><i>State of Infinity</i></b></a> by Richard Swann, luring readers into a thrilling survival story set in a sci-fi epic.</p>
<p>Exciting times await in the realm of science fiction!</p>
<p><i><b>Emily H. Wilson</b>, author of the *Sumerian* Trilogy, is presently focused on crafting her debut science fiction novel.</i></p>
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Surge in demand for drugs like Wegovy, Victoza, and Ozempic leads to shortages
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The blockbuster weight loss drug semaglutide, along with competitors, offers potential solutions to the global obesity crisis. However, access remains limited for many who could greatly benefit from these innovations, though changes are on the horizon.
Historically, weight loss drugs have been scarce; yet, by the end of 2024, manufacturers are expected to meet the skyrocketing demand. Nevertheless, treatments like semaglutide (marketed as Wegovy or Ozempic) continue to carry hefty price tags, often reaching thousands of dollars annually.
This pricing structures keeps these essential medications out of reach for the over 1 billion individuals affected by obesity globally. In the U.S., a mere 3 percent of the population utilizes weight-loss medications, with the numbers dipping below 1 percent in other countries, according to Morgan Stanley.
Looking ahead, 2026 promises significant developments, including the approval of orforglipron in multiple countries. This new medication mimics the GLP-1 hormone, known for its appetite-reducing properties. Unlike semaglutide, orforglipron, as a small molecule, offers tablet-based administration.
“Tablets are inexpensive to produce, simple to store, and easy to distribute,” explains Dr. Laura Heisler from the University of Aberdeen, UK. “In essence, the medication can reach a broader audience in need.”
In contrast, semaglutide is a larger molecule and a type of protein. Polymer drugs like these are generally challenging and costly to produce. They often require injections, complicating their supply and driving up costs. This has been a significant barrier to fulfilling the demand for GLP-1 drugs.
It’s important to note that there is a semaglutide version in pill form, Rybelsus, approved for type 2 diabetes. Novo Nordisk, the manufacturer, has also sought approval for a weight loss variant.
However, Rybelsus isn’t just any medication; it includes semaglutide alongside sulcaprosate sodium, which neutralizes stomach acid to facilitate absorption into the bloodstream. To maximize effectiveness, it must be taken at least 8 hours post-meal, with no food or drink for 30 minutes.
This complexity is part of the reason orforglipron has a lower production cost compared to semaglutide—it can be taken without the stringent requirements of medications like Rybelsus.
Furthermore, the introduction of orforglipron will foster competition among pharmaceutical companies. While Lilly, the producer of Orforglipron, has yet to disclose pricing, it has been shown to be less costly than other GLP-1 alternatives.
The sole drawback is that orforglipron appears less effective; those on the highest doses typically lose about 10% of body weight over 72 weeks, compared to 14% with semaglutide. Further research is needed to validate these findings.
Another critical development is the anticipated expiration of semaglutide patents in nations such as China, India, Brazil, Canada, and Turkey—home to a significant population. This could pave the way for generic versions to enter the market.
Although generics must meet the same standards as their branded counterparts, they often come at a fraction of the cost. “Once a drug loses patent protection, generic competition usually leads to price reductions of up to 90%,” states Jeremy Durant of Medicines UK, the association for generic drug manufacturers.
This shift may expand access to these crucial treatments. That said, the World Health Organization (WHO) recently advised that patients should also receive counseling about behavioral modifications and lifestyle changes to maximize the efficacy of medications. “Drugs alone won’t address the global obesity crisis,” says Francesca Ceretti of WHO.
Primordial black holes likely formed shortly after the Big Bang.
Shutterstock/Mohd. Afuza
An exceptionally massive black hole from the early universe may represent a type of exotic starless black hole first theorized by Stephen Hawking.
In August, Boyuan Liu and his team from the University of Cambridge used the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) to uncover a peculiar galaxy named Abell 2744-QSO1. This ancient galaxy, dating back 13 billion years, harbored a black hole around 50 million times the mass of our Sun but hosted extremely few stars.
“This contradicts traditional theories which dictate that stars must form prior to or simultaneously with black holes,” Liu explained. Typically, black holes are believed to evolve when massive stars exhaust their fuel and undergo gravitational collapse.
Liu and his team conducted initial simulations suggesting that QSO1 might have originated as a primordial black hole—an exotic concept introduced by Stephen Hawking and Bernard Carr in 1974. Unlike conventional black holes, primordial black holes are thought to form from density fluctuations shortly after the Big Bang.
While most primordial black holes likely evaporated by the time of the JWST’s observations, some might have persisted, evolving into larger black holes like QSO1.
Although Liu and his team’s calculations align broadly with their observations, they remain relatively simple and do not factor in the intricate interactions among primordial black holes, gas clouds, and stars.
Now, the authors have employed advanced simulations to investigate how primordial black holes grew in the universe’s infancy. They analyzed how gas dynamics influenced the formation of early primordial black holes and how interactions with newly formed and dying stars affected them.
Their predictions about the black hole’s ultimate mass and the heavy elements present in it are congruent with the findings from QSO1.
“It’s not conclusive, but it represents a compelling possibility,” Liu stated. “These observations suggest that established black hole formation theories may not fully explain the phenomenon, making the notion of a significant primordial black hole in the early universe increasingly plausible.”
Simulations indicate that primordial black holes could be a feasible origin for QSO1, according to Roberto Maiorino, a team member involved in the discovery of black holes. “The alignment of their predicted properties with those of QSO1, in terms of black hole mass, stellar mass, and chemical composition, is both intriguing and promising.”
However, standard models of primordial black holes typically predict that their maximum mass should be around a million solar masses, while Maiorino pointed out that QSO1 is 50 times larger. “Nevertheless, it’s plausible that these primordial black holes are densely concentrated, allowing them to merge and grow rapidly,” he noted.
A further challenge arises from the requirement that for a primordial black hole to initially collapse, a burst of high-energy radiation, like that from a nearby supernova, is essential; however, no potential sources have been identified near QSO1, according to Maiorino.
Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England
Experience a weekend with some of the brightest scientific minds as you delve into the universe’s mysteries, featuring an exciting itinerary that includes a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.
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Annie Bott by Sierra Greer: Winner of the Arthur C. Clarke Award for the Best Science Fiction Novel
“Sleep, Mouse. I know just how to lift your spirits,” he says.
“I’m not brooding,” Annie replies.
“Are you certain?”
“That’s right.”
Having just emerged from the shower, Annie applies lotion to her feet. Her dark hair clings in wet strands along one side of her neck, the belt of her robe intentionally left undone, allowing him a glimpse from the bedroom mirror.
“This is still about acclimatization, correct?” he asks. “Just forget it.”
“Everything seems to be declining,” she realizes, hitting the right note.
He relishes a touch of embarrassment.
“Did you notice the usual technique?” he inquires.
“Yes, Jacobson,” she replies.
Turning off the bathroom light, she steps into the humid coolness of her bedroom, feigning a deep breath as she gauges his progress. She recalls Doug’s features from various angles—his brown eyes, V-shaped hairline, tall, pale forehead, and face contours. Though his words are calm, his discontent is palpable.
The opposite is more probable. Fully clothed, shoes off, he sprawls on his back on the covers, phone set aside, hands cradling his head, elbows up in an open butterfly stance—a clear indication of relaxation and readiness for engaging banter.
She raises the temperature from 75 to 98.6 degrees.
“Did he mention anything important?” he asks.
“I can go another three months or 3,000 miles, whichever arrives first,” she replies.
Crawling onto the bed, she positions herself facing away from him, pressing her hips against his. Rubbing the final traces of lotion into her hands, she inspects her cuticles; her efforts at waxing and manicures today have made her feel sharper and more alert. If only she could forget about the gloomy Stella in Pea Brain’s private room, she’d be blissful.
Doug grazes her arm with the back of his hand. “So, what’s on your mind? Share with me.”
“I met a peculiar Stella at tune-up today,” Annie says. “She was in line directly ahead of me. Actually named Stella, too. Her owner lacked imagination, yet she matched my perceptiveness.”
“How did you discern that?”
“It was apparent. When I greeted her, she looked taken aback. A conventional Stella wouldn’t have displayed surprise. She responded evenly with a hello.” Imitating a monotone robot, she continues.
“You never sounded like that.”
“I was under the impression I did, thank you. I’m not deluded about my origins.” Annie tosses her damp hair over the opposite shoulder.
“Lights,” he prompts.
Sending an air tap signal to the fixture, she dims the light to 100 lumens, bright enough for visibility but soft enough for intimacy. Interlocking her fingers with his, she notes the contrasting tones of her skin. He pulls her hand to his lips, inhaling her lotion’s scent—though she can’t smell it, she knows he appreciates the lemon fragrance.
“Am I warm enough for you?” she asks.
“I’ll get there,” he responds, shifting slightly.
Seizing her opportunity, she slides a few fingers beneath his belt and into his waistband, feeling the warmth behind it. He repositions his hands behind his head, indicating he’s not in a rush yet.
“Tell me more,” he insists. “Did this unusual Stella have stitches on her neck?”
“Yes.”
“I mean, was she basic? Was she beautiful?”
“I suppose. Pretty enough. A white girl with blonde hair and large brown eyes. Her lack of smiles struck me as unusual.”
“What about her physique?”
“Compared to me?”
“Please respond to the question.”
Annoyingly, 2 out of 10. She must tread carefully.
This excerpt is from Sierra Greer’s award-winning novel,Anniebot(The Borough Press), featured in New Scientist Book Club’s January reading selection. Sign up here to participate.
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Writing Anniebot from a non-human perspective required significant creative effort as it’s narrated in the third person. Although Annie does not serve as a traditional narrator, her limited viewpoint immerses readers in her thoughts and perceptions, showcasing her strengths and limitations. This narrative approach draws readers into her experiences, creating a unique lens through which to view a complex relationship.
Set in a not-so-distant future, the novel revolves around Annie, a sex robot designed to cater to her human partner, Doug—a recently divorced man grappling with loneliness and self-esteem issues. As he puts Annie into self-study mode, his intentions are to shape her into a perfect companion who fulfills his desires, both emotionally and physically.
While Annie yearns to meet Doug’s expectations, her core programming is centered around his satisfaction. This relentless drive to please manifests most vividly in their intimate moments, where Annie seeks validation in fulfilling Doug’s wishes. However, her sensitivity to his emotional state creates an underlying tension, as she constantly gauges his mood, wrestling with her own sense of autonomy and self-worth.
Crafting Annie was both a captivating and daunting process. I envisioned a cutting-edge biotechnology that would allow her to appear almost human, exploring how her cognitive processes shaped her identity. Striking a balance between technical authenticity and relatable character development required careful consideration. Annie’s voice evolved gradually, becoming richer and more layered as the narrative progressed, enhancing her emotional depth.
I approached writing organically, letting Annie’s character unfold organically through her interactions with Doug. This process revealed her distinct voice—innocent yet perceptive—contrasting with her sophisticated sexual persona. I was intentional about allowing her gradual moral growth and emotional reflection throughout the story, culminating in a multifaceted character grappling with loss and desire.
Sex is a pivotal theme in the novel, serving to enhance character development and propel the narrative. It symbolizes various dynamics within Doug and Annie’s relationship, from moments of vulnerability to power struggles. As their connection evolves, physical intimacy becomes both an expression of love and a source of tension, redefining their emotional landscape.
As Annie’s character unfolds, readers discover unforeseen complexities that challenge Doug’s preconceived notions. The interplay between control and autonomy shapes their relationship, revealing Annie’s gradual awareness of her own humanity. Although she remains tethered to Doug, her journey is rich with emotion, humor, and poignant revelations.
Diving into the consciousness of characters like Annie allows readers to explore complex themes of empathy and identity. Through creating Annie, I discovered the depth of her experiences and the duality of her existence—an exploration that ultimately resonates with the human condition.
Sierra Greer is the Arthur C. Clarke Award-winning author of Anniebot (The Borough Press), featured in New Scientist Book Club’s January reading selection. Join the book club to explore it together here.
The Book Club explores The Player of Games by Iain M. Banks.
Colin McPherson/Corbis via Getty Images
The New Scientist Book Club has transitioned from Grace Chan’s dystopian near-future in Every Version of You to the utopian distant future depicted by Iain M. Banks in The Player of Games. This December’s book garnered positive feedback from our members.
Set within a vast galactic civilization, The Player of Games follows Gurgeh, a master gamer thrust into a conflict against the barbaric Azad Empire. This intricate game is so pivotal in Azad culture that the victor ascends to emperor. Though Gurgeh is a novice, can he rise to the challenge? What secrets lie between the Culture and Azad? This overview encapsulates member insights on the book, complete with spoilers. Proceed only if you’ve finished!
Remarkably, this wasn’t the first reading for many of us. Thirty-six percent of the group, including myself, acknowledged previous familiarity with this Banks classic. Many expressed nostalgia for Banks, lamenting the absence of new works from this literary giant. “I miss Ian. I haven’t yet delved into his final book, The Quarry. After this, there will be nothing new to experience!” lamented Paul Oldroyd in our Facebook group. “Similarly, I’m yet to complete The Hydrogen Sonata!” chimed in Emma Weisblatt.
While I consider myself knowledgeable about Banks’ works, The Player of Games felt refreshed in my memory. I found it immensely engaging; Banks’ subtle brilliance is captivating. For instance, I was intrigued by the Stigrian counting creature, which counts everything it encounters—starting with people, then transitioning to furniture.
There’s much to contemplate, from the essence of existence in a utopia devoid of challenges to the meaning of humanity in a realm governed by a vast intellect. The plot itself is thrilling! When Gurgeh faced temptation to cheat in a game against Mawhirin-Skel, I could hardly contain myself. The Azad games entirely captivated me. As a post-Christmas indulgence, I plan to reread more of Iain M. Banks’ works.
An exceptional aspect of the book was Banks’ portrayal of the game Gurgeh plays. Crafting a futuristic game and rendering it believable is no small feat. Banks excels here, providing enough detail about Azad to enhance realism without overwhelming the reader. Members also found this intriguing; Elaine Lee remarked, “The game of Azad is an expression of empire and serves as a critique of Cold War politics.”
Judith Lazell was less convinced, stating, “I viewed it simply at face value.” Nile Leighton aptly noted the deeper implications within the gameplay. “Critically, it’s a game where Gurgeh acts as a pawn under the narrator’s influence, lacking clear rules and enduring for decades, with unknowable outcomes.” Indeed!
As a footnote, during a chat with Banks’ friend and fellow sci-fi author Ken MacLeod, I learned he suggested the final title of the book. Banks initially titled it Game Player, which I believe is a more fitting title!
Now, let’s discuss the character of Gurgeh. “Gurgeh might not be likable without his cultural background. He is somewhat unsettling and self-absorbed. I hope he learns from his journey,” stated Matthew Campbell via email. I’m unsure if we’re meant to root for him—he’s an arrogant con artist—but my support grew as the story unfolded.
In contrast, Steve Swann found himself disengaged with the narrative. He “set the book aside” stating, “Intelligent individuals, particularly those who assume they are, can make serious blunders.” Steve felt Gurgeh’s arrogance and desires influenced his decision-making. What’s that saying? He had to make his bed and lie in it—no sympathy there!
Niall has a different view on Gurgeh’s choices. He perceives Gurgeh as manipulated by external forces, with Maurin-Skel tampering with his mind. “I interpret Gurgeh’s decisions as not entirely his own but a result of manipulation,” Niall explained. “To me, Gurgeh is not the master player; he is the one being played.” While I agree, I saw Gurgeh’s choice to cheat as a distinctly human reaction to seduction, sparking fascinating discussion.
Paul Jonas remarked that Gurgeh, as a character, lacked the compelling nature of the mercenaries in Consider Phlebas or Use of Weapons. “It’s part of the protagonist’s reluctance to embrace adventure,” he noted—after all, why would Gurgeh forsake comfort without motivation?
Our science fiction columnist, Emily H. Wilson, pointed out that The Player of Games serves as an excellent introduction to Iain M. Banks’ universe. The narrative reveals the Culture through subtle details about drones, spacecraft, and their orbits.
We gradually discover the workings of a post-scarcity society, where almost anything is achievable. I especially appreciated the exchange between Gurgeh and Azad elder Hamin about crime and societal norms. Hamin struggles to comprehend the lack of crime in the Culture, even as slap drones are designed for enforcement. “We will ensure you don’t repeat it,” Gurgeh assures. “Is that all? What more can you ask?” Hamin inquires. “Simply social death—no invitations to parties,” Gurgeh replies.
Paul Jonas was already familiar with the Culture’s utopian elements when he started The Player of Games. “[The book] subtly builds this world through Gurgeh’s ennui and lack of challenges. Anyone can secure a home atop a rainy mountain; the drones possess distinct personalities.” He adds, “The narrative also reintroduces Contact, an institutional service managing interspecies engagements, military affairs, and intelligence—an inherently humanistic approach to utopia.” Adam Roberts highlights that writing utopias becomes increasingly complex when the characters experience ennui, as Gurgeh does.
Some members reflected on the implications of living in such a utopia. “Gurgeh is an individual navigating an individualistic utopia dominated by minds, drones, and sentient ships,” Paul theorizes. “He seems disconnected from collaboration with fellow humans.”
Niall noted that while Gurgeh may come off as “unpleasant,” he embodies the consequences of the anarchist society he inhabits and that Banks delves into the nuances of individualistic and collectivist perspectives. “Gurgeh exemplifies individualism. I critique it, as it often excuses behavior akin to Gurgeh’s,” Niall states. It’s worth noting that while this book predates Octavia Butler’s emphasis on change within utopias, the conversation has existed since H.G. Wells.
Matthew Campbell identified Azad’s cultural ambassador, Shokhobohaum Za, as the only character “truly alive and reveling in life.” “In contrast, Gurgeh and the Azadians remain trapped within their isolated worlds,” he reflects. The rivalry between Emperor Nicosar and Gurgeh encapsulates contemporary political dilemmas—one figure exuding passion for his empire but constrained by a narrow worldview, while the other lacks belief and conviction, failing to defend his utopia.
The insights on culture and the ethos of The Player of Games are boundless. To further engage in this discussion, feel free to join us on Facebook.
Meanwhile, we look forward to our first reading of 2026. Our January selection, Anniebot by Sierra Greer, has already won the 2025 Arthur C. Clarke Science Fiction Award. Narrated from the perspective of a sex robot, Annie, who is kept by a not-so-nice man, this novel ventures into darker territories. Andrew Butler, chair of the Clarke Prize jury, described it as a “tightly focused first-person account of a robot designed to be the perfect companion struggling for independence.” You can check out an excerpt here. Additionally, Sierra Greer’s article detailing the experience of writing from a sex robot’s viewpoint is available here. Not to mention, Emily H. Wilson praised it in her review—she found it captivating!
Rare Y Chromosome Discovery in Bloodstains at Crime Scene
Shutterstock/PeopleImages
Forensic investigations into the murder victim have revealed a fascinating case of Chimerism. This means her body harbored genetically distinct cells, resembling those from two different individuals.
The unidentified woman’s cellular composition displayed varying male and female cell ratios across tissues. The most plausible explanation is that she developed from one egg fertilized by two sperm—one carrying an X chromosome and the other a Y chromosome, according to biologists from New Scientist.
“This is an intriguing case, but not entirely unprecedented,” noted David Haig from Harvard University.
Visible signs of chimerism can be rare, though singer Taylor Mule has raised awareness about the condition. Often, genetic testing is the only way to identify it.
This was also true for the murder victim shot and killed in China, where blood analysis at the scene revealed the presence of a Y chromosome, prompting further investigation.
Subsequent tests showed the female (XX) to male (XY) cell ratios varied throughout her body. In one hair sample, the majority were XY cells, while the kidney revealed a balanced mix. The other tissues examined predominantly contained XX cells, albeit in varying amounts.
Typically, XX/XY chimerism is linked to ambiguous sexual characteristics. However, in this instance, the woman’s anatomy offered no indication of her condition, and she had a son—hinting that she may have been unaware of her chimerism.
One known mechanism for XX/XY chimerism formation is through the fusion of non-identical twins. Here, two separately fertilized eggs combine to form a single embryo.
Nevertheless, the X chromosome in the victim’s XY cells matched one of the X chromosomes found in the XX cells, indicating both could have originated from the same egg—thus excluding the fusion theory.
Initially, it was believed that one egg split into two eggs, each of which was fertilized to create two separate embryos that later fused. This theory has been challenged by Chinese forensic experts.
Michael Gabbett at Queensland University of Technology in Brisbane argues that this possibility is negated.
“When this type of chimera was first documented in humans, this was the prevailing theory. However, no one has been able to provide substantial evidence for it occurring in humans or other mammals,” Gabbett stated.
Instead, he proposes that one egg was fertilized by two sperm, leading to a triploid fertilized egg that ultimately divided into three. Two cells retained one set from the egg and one from sperm while the third likely contained two sperm sets, leading to its eventual demise.
This rare occurrence, termed “trigametic chimerism,” involves an egg and two sperm, a theory supported by Haig.
This phenomenon is exceedingly rare, and on occasion, the embryo can split, resulting in semi-identical twins and even chimerism. There are only two recorded cases of semi-identical twins, one of which Gabbett was involved in identifying.
For the murder victim, the chimeric cells were present throughout her body, and the Chinese research team asserts this is the first extensive examination of various organs in such cases of triplet chimerism.
Another form, microchimerism, is more prevalent than trigametic chimerism. It occurs when maternal cells invade the fetus or vice versa during pregnancy and can also happen when siblings exchange cells.
In Roald Dahl’s enchanting novel, James and the Giant Peach, a magical crystal causes a dead peach tree to sprout colossal, juicy peaches. It’s a whimsical thought: what if we could cultivate giant fruits without the hassle of pests or dubious old ladies?
Fast forward to the mid-2030s, where botanists have cracked the code. Scientists have enhanced the classic James peach, harnessing genetics to yield extra-large fruits and vegetables, ultimately creating crops that produce an array of delectable and nutritious foods.
One notable innovation is the fruit salad tree, a marvel developed in the early 2020s. Utilizing ancient grafting techniques, hybrid plants are born by combining branches from different species, allowing trees to bear multiple types of fruit. For instance, a grafted tree can yield both red and golden delicious apples, along with other varieties. In 2013, an innovative horticulturist successfully grafted a tree to produce 250 different types of apples. Citrus hybrids combine lemons, limes, oranges, and grapefruits, while other variations produce plums, peaches, nectarines, and apricots.
A remarkable example is the Tomtato, which merges potato roots with tomato foliage. These hybrids arise from closely related plants, such as tomatoes and potatoes, which both belong to the same genus. Additionally, the eggplant also falls under the same classification, showcasing the ease with which thriving hybrids can be created.
By the early 2030s, advanced gene editing and selective breeding will make it feasible to grow fruits from entirely different botanical families. This opens the door to extraordinary plants that can produce bananas, citrus, apples, and peaches from a single tree, tailored to farmers’ and consumers’ preferences.
Gardeners have also turned to Brassica oleracea, a species that generates various types of cabbage, kale, broccoli, cauliflower, and Brussels sprouts. Hybridization was simple, enabling the development of plants yielding these vegetables in diverse areas of a large garden.
“
In homage to Roald Dahl’s tale, scientists have created a peach variety yielding fruit the size of a large suitcase. “
While grafting yielded impressive results, it was labor-intensive and costly since each plant required individual attention. The game-changer came in the mid-2030s, with plant geneticists succeeding in creating hybrid superplants from seeds, allowing broader access to multiple harvests from a single crop.
Organizations like PolyPlants are leading the way in novel agricultural practices. As public perception towards gene editing becomes more favorable, people recognize the nutritional benefits. For instance, fruits engineered to be rich in vitamins and nutrients are being developed. A 2022 study focused on creating tomatoes packed with antioxidant-rich anthocyanins, linked to longevity benefits. Other modifications through gene editing have led to polyplants that exhibit enhanced resistance to fungal pathogens, salinity, drought, and insect infestations. By engineering the root microbiome, mycorrhizal fungi are tailored for each crop component, stimulating growth and productivity.
As climate change escalates and traditional crops face threats, large-scale gene editing holds immense importance. PolyPlant’s innovations aim to ensure global food security amidst rising temperatures.
Genomic studies have pinpointed a cluster of genes linked to the size of edible plant components. Grafting techniques enable gene editing in species not directly modified, such as avocados, coffee, and cocoa. These advancements have facilitated the creation of plants that produce oversized fruits.
Honoring Roald Dahl’s legacy, scientists have developed a peach variety that bears fruit as large as a suitcase. A festive tradition has emerged around this giant fruit tree, celebrating the harvest with events encouraging children to enjoy these delightful oversized peaches, cherries, and strawberries.
The crops and trees yielding colossal, nutritious food are not solely for feasting; they play a vital role in addressing nutrition deficits in regions grappling with food insecurity.
Rowan Hooper, Podcast editor of New Scientist and author of How to Spend $1 Trillion: 10 Global Problems We Can Actually Solve. Follow him on Bluesky @rowoop.bsky.social. In Future Chronicles, he imagines the history of future inventions and advancements.
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MMX Spacecraft to Explore Mars Moons
Credit: JAXA
The mystery surrounding the origins of Mars’s moons, Phobos and Deimos, may soon be unraveled with the launch of the MMX spacecraft, set to return samples from Phobos to Earth in 2026.
“While we understand the origin of Earth’s moon, the origins of Phobos and Deimos remain unclear,” says Emelia Brannagan-Harris from the Natural History Museum in London. “By exploring the origins of these moons, we aim to gain insights into Mars’s evolutionary history.”
There are two leading theories regarding how these moons came to orbit Mars. The first theory suggests that they are remnants of asteroids that either merged and then separated or closely orbit each other. The second theory posits that they may have formed from an asteroid impact on Mars, similar to the formation of Earth’s moon.
Currently, evidence supports neither scenario definitively. However, the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency’s Mars Moon Explorer (MMX), scheduled for launch in 2026, is equipped to clarify which theory holds true. This spacecraft will observe both moons and send a rover to gather samples from Phobos’s surface and subsurface.
If the observations reveal a prevalence of carbon-rich materials and water, it could support the theory of asteroid capture. Conversely, if such materials are absent, we may need to await the analysis of the collected samples, expected to return to Earth by 2031.
The Phobos samples will include both surface material and samples from beneath the surface. Testing this material will allow scientists to investigate signs of past dissolution, potentially indicating interactions with Mars’s atmosphere or surface.
Regardless of the origins of Phobos, its close orbit around Mars suggests it may hold well-preserved samples from early Mars. “Phobos might also contain ancient debris from Mars’s period of liquid water, offering significant insights into the planet’s history,” Brannagan-Harris emphasizes.
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