Tech Consultant on Trial for Cash App Founder’s Death Defends Himself as Trial Begins

Nima Momeni’s lawyer asserted in his opening statement that the technology consultant accused of stabbing Cash App founder Bob Lee had no motive to kill him and was actually defensive during a multi-day drug raid, claiming he needed to defend himself from Mr. Lee on Monday.

Prosecutors claim that Momeni, 40, orchestrated the April 4, 2023 attack following an altercation over his sister, Hazard, who was acquainted with Lee. Allegedly, Momeni retrieved a knife from a special kit in his sister’s apartment, pursued Lee to a secluded area, stabbed him three times, and fled.

“He was stabbed in the heart and left for dead,” Assistant District Attorney Omid Tarai stated. “The victim sustained multiple stab wounds, including one to the chest, one to the lower back, and crucially one to the heart.”

Lee’s untimely death at 43, after seeking aid on a vacant street in downtown San Francisco, deeply impacted the tech sector, with colleagues remembering the charismatic entrepreneur’s benevolence and skill. At the time of his demise, Lee held the position of chief product officer at the cryptocurrency platform MobileCoin and was a father of two.


Judge Alexandra Gordon informed the jury that the highly anticipated trial, commencing Monday at the San Francisco Superior Court, is anticipated to span two months. Momeni, a resident near Emeryville, California, has been detained since his apprehension shortly after Lee’s passing in a San Francisco medical facility.

Momeni has pleaded not guilty, and if convicted, he faces a potential sentence of 26 years to life imprisonment.

Attorney Saam Zangeneh told the jury that Mr. Momeni harbored no animosity towards Mr. Lee and that the circumstances compelled him to safeguard himself after brandishing a knife while under the influence of drugs and sleep-deprived. Zangeneh indicated that the defense would substantiate his claims that Momeni had indulged in an extended narcotics binge.

“We believe that once the evidence is presented and any ambiguities resolved, the only justifiable verdict in this case is one of innocence,” Zangeneh declared. “A life has been lost. No one condones that, but the right to self-defense must be recognized.”

Throughout prior court appearances, Momeni, dressed in an orange prison garment, attended with his lawyer donned in a formal ensemble. His mother, a constant presence at hearings, was also in attendance.

Seated on the opposite side of the courtroom were Mr. Lee’s relatives, including his ex-wife, father, and brother. As a recording of Lee’s distress call played in court, Lee’s brother comforted their father. In the call, Lee implored for assistance while unable to provide his location or identity, conveying that he had been attacked.

Assistant District Attorney Tarai mentioned that the jury would hear testimony from a friend present with Lee and Momeni’s sister a day before the altercation. Tarai alleged that Momeni verbally attacked Lee over the phone that evening, discussing his sister, drugs, and inappropriate subjects, with Lee exhibiting composure. Tarai insinuated that the friend would portray Momeni as a possessive individual striving to display toughness.

Mr. Zangeneh dismissed the credibility of the friend as a witness and contended that Momeni and Lee had exchanged amicable emails on that evening. Zangeneh suggested that Lee probably invited Momeni to the club.

CCTV footage from Lee’s final night depicted his entry into the opulent Millennium Tower where Momeni’s sister and her spouse, a prominent San Francisco plastic surgeon, resided. The footage captured Lee and Momeni departing the premises around 2 a.m. and driving off together in Momeni’s vehicle.

Tarai noted another video depicting two individuals exiting a car at a remote location along the Bay Bridge, with Momeni stabbing Lee thrice and discarding a knife from his sister’s kitchen set moments later, followed by his escape. Tarai revealed intentions of unveiling text messages sent by Momeni to his sister, alleging a harassment claim the subsequent morning when Momeni expressed uncertainty regarding Lee’s fate but accused Lee of assaulting Hazard.

The defense cited a video capturing Momeni being surveilled by San Francisco police detectives pre-arrest, purportedly reenacting the stabbing outside his former law firm thrice. However, the defense noted a lack of reenactment concerning the initial knife confrontation as claimed by Momeni’s attorney.

A knife with a 10cm blade was recovered at the remote location where Lee was assaulted. Prosecutors asserted that forensic tests exhibited Momeni’s DNA on the weapon handle and Lee’s DNA on the blood-stained blade.

Zangeneh indicated on Monday that the police should have screened the steering wheel for Lee’s fingerprints. He derided the notion that Momeni employed a trivial kitchen knife to perpetrate the assault, emphasizing Momeni’s perceived unawareness of Lee’s dire condition.

He expressed Momeni’s desire to elucidate his perspective yet remained undecided on Momeni’s potential testimony for the defense.

Momeni and Lee’s families opted not to comment on Monday.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Animal life discovered in the crust beneath deep-sea hydrothermal vents by researchers

Marine biologists have discovered adult tubeworms and other extrusive animals beneath the ocean floor of the East Pacific Ridge, a volcanically active and rapidly spreading ridge with numerous hydrothermal vents.



East Pacific Rise, subseafloor vents on the seafloor surface and crust on the outskirts of Fava Flow. Image credit: Bright others., doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52631-9.

The East Pacific Rise is a volcanically active ridge located where two plates meet at the floor of the Pacific Ocean.

It contains many hydrothermal vents, which are openings in the ocean floor that form where ocean water and magma meet beneath the Earth's crust.

“It was once thought that the ocean-floor crust beneath hydrothermal vents was inhabited only by microorganisms and viruses,” says researcher Monika Breit of the University of Vienna and colleagues.

“But there are animals on the ocean floor that look like giant tube worms. Liftia Pachyputira Thrive. “

“The larvae are thought to disperse into the water column, even though they have never been observed there.”

“We hypothesized that these larvae migrate beneath the ocean floor via vent fluids.”

Dr. Bright and his co-authors sailing on the Schmidt Oceanographic Research Vessel Falcor (also)used the remotely operated vehicle SuB-astian to undertake a series of dives into a hydrothermal vent site located at a depth of 2,515 meters in the East Pacific Ridge.

The vehicle's arm was used to expose part of the ocean's crust, which revealed a warm, warm habitat that is home to a variety of species previously found only on the ocean floor, including giant tube worms and migratory animals such as earthworms and snails. A fluid-filled cavity was revealed.

Larvae from seafloor communities can colonize these subseafloor habitats, demonstrating the complex connectivity between seafloor and subseafloor ecosystems.

An animal habitat has been discovered beneath the ocean floor of the Earth's crust, but its extent is currently unknown, raising the urgency of its protection against potential future environmental changes.

“The presence of adult tubeworms suggests that the larvae dispersed through the recharge zone of the hydrothermal circulation system,” the authors said.

“Given that many of these animals are hosts to dense bacterial communities that oxidize reduced chemicals and fix carbon, subseafloor expansion of animal habitats may be localized. and regional geochemical flux measurements.”

“These findings highlight the need to protect vents, as the extent of these habitats has not yet been fully determined.”

team's work appear in the diary nature communications.

_____

M. Bright others. 2024. Animals that live in the crust beneath the shallow ocean floor of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Nat Commune 15, 8466; doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-52631-9

Source: www.sci.news

Review of UFO 50: A Retro 80’s Game Returns to the Gaming Universe

WOne of the first indie game superstars of the 2000s, Derek Yu started designing games on graph paper with his friend John Perry while still a student. When Yu’s first major success, “cave exploration,” became a hit, he and Perry decided to collaborate once again, this time as men in their 40s. This heartwarming backstory is reflected in UFO50, an ambitious collection of 50 games. The narrative structure was crafted by a fictional game company during the years of 1982 to 1989. Each game in UFO50 features the nostalgic Atari 2600 and NES aesthetics with chunky sprites and a retro chiptune soundtrack, but incorporates modern design elements to bring a fresh twist to the retro style.

Why 50 games? No one knows for sure. But Yu and Perry, along with their supportive developer friends, showcased their design talents across a variety of genres, both familiar and completely innovative. One standout is “party house,” where players must balance a mix of guests to throw the ultimate house party, scoring points based on the success of the event. Other games in the collection include “night manners,” a point-and-click horror story, “bushido ball,” an Edo period themed game similar to Pong, and “rail robbery,” a stealth action game where players take on the role of an outlaw robbing trains.

Creating 50 games was a daunting task for Yu and Perry, requiring immense dedication and effort. The end result of UFO50 is a testament to their creativity and highlights the vast possibilities within the realm of game design, even in the simplest looking games.

Source: www.theguardian.com

New Images of Comet Gassan-ATLAS Captured by NASA Astronauts and SOHO Spacecraft

A bright comet from the Oort cloud named C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) is passing close to Earth and will be visible until late October 2024.

This image, taken by the ESA/NASA Solar-Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) on October 10, 2024, shows Comet Atlas Gassan and its bright tail streaming from upper left to right. Mercury will be visible as a bright dot on the left. Image credit: ESA/NASA.

Comet Tsuchiyama-ATLAS It was discovered on January 9, 2023 by astronomers from China's Zishan Observatory.

The comet, also known as C/2023 A3, was independently discovered by South Africa's ATLAS on February 22, 2023.

It orbits the Sun in a retrograde orbit and lies at an inclination of 139°.

It reached perihelion on September 27, 2024, at a distance of 0.391 astronomical units. Its closest approach to Earth was on October 12th. It is expected to be 200 AU from the Sun in 2239.

Each day throughout October, the comet rises higher and higher in the western sky as it moves away from the sun. But as it progresses, it gets darker and darker.

October 14th to 24th is the best time to observe it using binoculars or a small telescope.

Eagle-eyed skywatchers may be able to spot the star with their naked eyes for a few days, but then binoculars or a telescope will be needed as it gets darker.

“Comet Tuchinshan-Atlas may have come from the Oort Cloud, a region of space between 2,000 times the distance between Earth and the Sun and one light year.” said Jason Ybarra, director of the WVU Planetarium and Observatory.

“This region is so far away that the gravitational pull from the Sun competes with the gravitational pull from passing stars and the entire Milky Way galaxy.”

NASA astronaut Matthew Dominick took this photo of comet Atlas Tsuchiyama on September 28, 2024. At the time, the comet was about 70.8 million kilometers (44 million miles) from Earth. Image credit: NASA/Matthew Dominick.

“The larger the orbit, the longer it takes for the comet to orbit that orbit,” he added.

“In the case of comets originating from the Oort cloud, their orbits take a very long time, so their orbits may change due to gravitational interactions with other bodies in the solar system, and it is possible to predict the future behavior of comets. It becomes difficult to do so.”

“If it gains enough energy from these interactions, Comet Gassan-ATLAS may never come back. It will have to wait at least another 80,000 years. In any case, it will be a once-in-a-lifetime event. It’s an event.”

Just before sunrise on September 28, NASA astronaut Matthew Dominick took a time-lapse photo of the comet Tuchingshan Atlas orbiting over the South Pacific Ocean southeast of New Zealand from the International Space Station.

From October 7th to October 11th, the comet brightly illuminated the field of view of the onboard LASCO (Large Angle Spectroscopic Coronagraph Experiment) instrument. ESA/NASA Solar Heliosphere Observatory (Soho).

This device uses a disc to block the sun's bright light, making it easier to see details and objects near the sun.

Source: www.sci.news

TechScape: Elon Musk Faces Challenges in Dealing with Donald Trump | Technology

Hello. Welcome to TechScape. I’m Blake Montgomery. I’m the technology news editor for the Guardian US. Thank you for your participation.

This week on iPhone

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Elon during the election campaign

Elon Musk spoke on stage alongside Donald Trump at a campaign event in Pennsylvania this month. Photo: Alex Brandon/AP

Elon Musk is having a very difficult time against Donald Trump.

The CEOs of Tesla and SpaceX gave tens of millions of dollars to pro-Trump political action committees and planned a packed campaign schedule to boost the former president in Pennsylvania. The newspaper said he speaks with President Trump multiple times a week and has encouraged other billionaires to support the Republican candidate en masse in private gatherings. new york times.

Taken together, Mr. Musk’s actions are unprecedented in modern times. Musk, the world’s richest man and owner of one of the most influential mass communications outlets, is putting all his efforts into political candidates. He is no longer a billionaire dabbling in politics. Elon Musk is here to stay as a political actor.

Last weekend, Musk appeared with President Trump in Butler, Pennsylvania, the site of Trump’s first assassination attempt. He plans to make additional stops in the Keystone State in the three weeks leading up to the election. Politico coverage. he also $47 referral bonus Anyone who is registered to vote in a battleground state can sign a petition filed by his political action committee, America Pac. Remember, Musk forced all Tesla employees to return to the office five days a week in mid-2022. One might wonder how he will manage the company’s affairs since he will be spending so much time in Pennsylvania.

Tesla’s CEO contributes not only IRL but also online. He is bending Twitter/X to his political ends: He @America behind the wheel For this week’s America pack. Last month he Hacked materials from the Trump campaign Published by independent journalists. Musk’s own feed is filled with support for Trump and retweets from people who support him.

President Trump seemed excited about all of the above, sending out a fundraising email with the subject line “Elon!” Elon! Elon! ”’ He also asked supporters to buy the black-on-black “Dark Maga” hat that Musk wore while jumping for joy behind Trump in Pennsylvania.

Elon Musk stands on stage with President Trump during a campaign rally at the site of Trump’s first assassination attempt in Butler, Pennsylvania, on October 5, 2024. Photo: Jim Watson/AFP/Getty Images

As the world’s richest man fights for the Republican nomination, he is following a familiar rabbit hole down the rabbit hole for President Trump’s surrogates. He is increasingly appealing to the fringe of the “Make America Great Again” movement. “If you don’t vote, this will be your last election in America,” Musk said in Pennsylvania. It’s an irony reminiscent of the storming of the Capitol. He repeats the line, “If Kamala Harris wins, she’s going to jail.”

President Trump expressed a similar idea, albeit a more optimistic one, telling a group of Christian supporters in July: We’ll fix it just fine, so there’s no need to vote. ” This is a hopeful statement in the sense of ending democracy. Mr. Musk’s version is a repudiation of Mr. Trump’s, and is full of the doom of election deniers. This contrast is similar to the dynamic between President Trump and J.D. Vance, who has expressed extreme anti-abortion views in speeches and interviews, although Trump himself has said he would return the issue to the states. I’m trying to get around this problem by repeating this.

You might think science is a top priority for a tech CEO, but Musk also defers to Trump on science issues. but, This week’s interview with former Fox News host Tucker CarlsonMusk touted the anti-vaccination movement while walking off a cliff, saying, “I’m not anti-vaccine in general…we shouldn’t force people to get vaccinated,” before praising smallpox and polio vaccines. did. Trump himself called the coronavirus “one of humanity’s greatest achievements.” But during the campaign, he said he would cut funding to schools that require vaccinations and appoint the nation’s most notorious anti-vaxxer, Robert F. Kennedy Jr., to his transition team.

In the same conversation with Carlson, Musk repeated a statement he had previously recanted and wondered out loud why no one was trying to assassinate Harris.

Musk previously called Trump a “ruthless loser.” Trump once said with a vengeance that he could make tech moguls “bend the knee.” This strange partnership affected at least one of Musk’s businesses. A shift to the right and the launch of the Hot Wheels-style Cybertruck transformed Tesla from a brand coveted by Hollywood and Silicon Valley people to a brand beloved by law enforcement. It’s a change similar to that of Mr. Musk himself. Corporate value has fallen by tens of billions of dollars.

We will be keeping a close eye on Mr. Musk’s next steps on the campaign trail.

Art on Samsung TV and Art in the Museum

Vincent van Gogh’s “Starry Night” is on display.

What is the purpose of digital reproduction of paintings?

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Samsung announced yesterday that it has entered into a partnership to license 20 paintings from the collection of the Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) in New York to be used on its Frame TVs. To promote this collaboration, the Korean electronics giant organized a tour of MoMA. I saw Vincent van Gogh’s “The Starry Night”, Claude Monet’s giant “Water Lilies”, and surrealist painter Leonora Carrington’s “And I Saw the Daughter of the Minotaur”.

“Water Lilies” by Claude Monet. Photo: Noah Karina/Guardian

Two weeks before this announcement, the Mauritshuis Museum in the Netherlands published a study measuring the neurological effects of art. Scientists have discovered that an original work of art stimulates a response in the viewer’s brain that is 10 times stronger than the response evoked by a reproduction of the same painting.

Philosopher Walter Benjamin theorized this finding about 100 years ago. In “The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction,” published in 1937, he argued that original works have an indescribable aura that replicas can never match. Samsung seems to agree with him to invite journalists on a private MoMA tour to view original works. So what are the benefits of artwork on Frame TV?

Robin Saetta, MoMA’s director of business development, said during the tour that the partnership aligns with the museum’s goal of “extending and expanding access to modern and contemporary art.” I agree. Benjamin writes of the reproduction of a work of art, “Above all, it allows the original to meet the viewer half-heartedly.”

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Seven frog species recently identified produce vocalizations that resemble the sound effects from Star Trek

Boophis pikei, a new species of frog from Madagascar

Miguel Vances (CC-BY-SA 4.0)

Deep in the forests of Madagascar, researchers have discovered seven new species of frogs and named them after characters. star trek.

“The frog sounds are very reminiscent of the series' iconic futuristic sound effects,” he says. Mark D. Schertz At the Natural History Museum of Denmark.

Bufis mallogesensis A small brownish frog found in the damp forests of Madagascar. The animal was first described in 1994, but over time, researchers began to wonder if this puppy-eyed amphibian was actually more than one species. I did.

To find out, Schatz and his colleagues collected as much data as possible from a variety of individuals. B. mallogesensis Collected over 30 years. They recorded and analyzed the frogs' calls, compared their physical characteristics, and sequenced their DNA.

Their results showed that what was previously thought to be one species of frog is actually eight different species. Physically, they look almost identical, Schertz says. “The main difference is in the sounds they make. Their piercing, high-pitched whistle calls differ in pitch and timing of the whistle.” DNA sequencing also shows genetic differences, making them different It was confirmed that it is a species.

Male frogs attract females with bird-like calls, but because these newly named species live near rivers, they have evolved high-pitched whistles to make their calls stand out from the noise of flowing water. Mr. Schertz thinks so. However, much about the lives of these frogs remains a mystery.

one of the species is named Boufis Khaki, In honor of James T. Kirk. Other members are named after Jean-Luc Picard, Benjamin Sisco, Kathryn Janeway, Jonathan Archer, Michael Burnham, and Christopher Pike.

“We wanted to honor captains who lead teams on missions of exploration and discovery,” says Schatz. “This may also serve as a reminder of how much discovery still remains on Earth before we set our sights on the stars.”

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Labor MP criticizes Westminster’s dependence on Elon Musk’s X as ‘wholly incorrect’

A close friend of Keir Starmer suggests that Westminster needs to distance itself from X, alleging that Elon Musk is purposely manipulating algorithms to further his own political and personal agenda. He implied that this might be the case.

Josh Symonds, Member of Parliament for Makerfield and former director of the pro-Starmerite think tank Labor Together, argues that Britain’s political elite is dangerously reliant on the platform formerly known as Twitter. He expressed his belief in it. Symonds maintains an active X profile but is cautious not to “overuse” it.

His remarks mirror the growing unease among Labour MPs regarding the impact of X following the summer riots, during which misinformation rapidly circulated on the platform. This situation also risks escalating tensions between the government and the company, with Musk persistently criticizing Starmer for his handling of the violence.


Congressman Josh Simmons Photo: Roger Harris/British Parliament

Simons, a tech expert who authored a book on artificial intelligence, conveyed in an interview with The Guardian: That’s all. Particularly because I hardly ever endorse anything he says and I really don’t want to see it, even though I encounter him frequently.

“I even mentioned, ‘Don’t show me any more,’ yet he’s constantly present. And that certainty – despite the disapproval from the company’s founders and owners. You’ll notice additional individuals in the algorithm – [of] Something happening.”

He added, “The notion that individuals in the Westminster bubble are acquainted through a ranking system devised by someone who has dedicated his life to supporting Donald Trump is entirely, unequivocally wrong and detrimental to British democracy. I believe it’s harmful,” he continued. “I think it’s short-sighted for us all.”

X did not respond to requests for comments

The relationship between the government and social media platforms has been strained since the summer riots, with experts contending that online misinformation about the perpetrator who killed three children in Southport incited the disturbances.

As the violence intensified, Musk repeatedly posted about the unrest, sharing a video of the riots in Liverpool with the caption: “Civil war is inevitable.” Downing Street publicly rebuked these comments, labeling them as “unjustified,” to which Musk retaliated with a flurry of enraged posts.

X’s owners recently revived their criticism of the Labour government after being excluded from an international investment summit on Monday. “I don’t reckon anyone should visit the UK when they release a convicted pedophile. [sic] For imprisoning individuals based on their social media postings,” he posted, apparently alluding to the government’s early release initiative.

Numerous Labour MPs have opted out of X and instead established profiles on competing platforms such as Bluesky.

Simons, formerly involved in Meta’s AI program and presently campaigning for a seat on the Commons Technology Select Committee, opines that the new cohort of MPs are more skeptical of platforms than their predecessors, he asserts.

“The landscape is evolving quite fundamentally,” the 31-year-old remarked. “In reality, I believe there’s a generation that doesn’t necessarily imply they won’t utilize it at all, particularly since it offers us another avenue to attract attention.”

He also contends that the discourse surrounding AI has been predominantly shaped by older politicians who did not grow up in a tech-immersed environment like his generation did. He suggests that such individuals are frequently overly optimistic or pessimistic about how technology will revolutionize government operations.

Former Prime Minister Tony Blair and ex-Conservative Party leader William Hague are among the most vocal proponents of broad AI integration in the public sector. Former Chancellor Rishi Sunak also conveyed optimism about the potential but cautioned about the “existential risks” to humanity.

“There’s a generation,” Simons remarked, “[that] didn’t grow up alongside data and technology, and they harbor simplistic, reductionist, and often utopian or apocalyptic notions about how technology will impact the nation’s future, public services, and economy.”

“AI frequently hinders delving deeper into the technology to better comprehend its policy and political implications.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

UK Bill Could Mandate Social Media Platforms to Develop Less Addictive Content for Under-16s

Legislation supported by Labor, the Conservative Party, and child protection experts will require social media companies to exclude teenagers from algorithms intended to reduce content addiction in under-16s. This new Safer Telephones Bill, introduced by Labor MPs, prioritizes reviewing mobile phone sales to teenagers and potentially implementing additional safeguards for under-16s. Health Secretary Wes Street voiced support for the bill, citing the negative impact of smartphone addiction on children’s mental health.

The bill, championed by Labor MP Josh McAllister, is receiving positive feedback from ministers, although there is hesitation around banning mobile phone sales to teens. With backing from former Conservative education secretary Kit Malthouse and education select committee chair Helen Hayes, the bill aims to address concerns about children’s excessive screen time and exposure to harmful content.

Mr. McAllister’s bill, which focuses on protecting children from online dangers, will be debated by ministers this week. The bill includes measures to raise the Internet age of majority to 16 and give regulatory powers to Ofcom for children’s online safety. The proposed legislation has garnered support from various stakeholders including former children’s minister Claire Coutinho and children’s charities.

Concerns about the impact of smartphones on children’s well-being have prompted calls for stricter regulations on access to addictive online content. While Prime Minister Keir Starmer is against a blanket ban on mobile phones for under-16s, there are ongoing discussions about how to ensure children’s safety online without restricting necessary access to technology.

The bill aims to regulate online platforms and mobile phone sales to protect young people from harmful content and addiction. Mr. McAllister’s efforts in promoting children’s digital well-being have garnered significant support from policymakers and child welfare advocates.

As the government considers the implications of the bill and the Online Safety Act, which is currently pending full implementation, efforts to protect children from online risks continue to gain momentum. It remains crucial to strike a balance between enabling technology access and safeguarding children from potential online harms.

Source: www.theguardian.com

How scared individuals can manipulate women’s brains through biohacking

There is a common belief that animals can smell fear, but can humans do the same? Can you detect someone’s fear just by their scent or musk?

The straightforward answer is “no, you can’t.” While other species, particularly those heavily reliant on their sense of smell, can do so, humans have seemed to lose this ability over time.

The brain area responsible for detecting pheromones, chemical messengers that convey mood information to others, does not seem to work the same way in humans. This function is akin to an appendix of the nervous system.

However, this does not mean that humans are entirely incapable of sensing fear. Research has shown that when women inhale the sweat of men experiencing fear, they become more sensitive to fear as well.

It is important to note that women appear to be more attuned to emotional scents emitted by men. Additionally, the fear response triggered by smelling fear is more subconscious rather than an immediate conscious recognition of fear.

In essence, humans can smell fear to a limited extent in specific situations. The response is either unnoticed due to subconscious processing or perceived as the scent of sweat.

This article answers the question posed by Edward Cox of Edinburgh: “Can you smell fear?”

If you have any questions, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or contact us via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).

Explore more fun facts and incredible science pages with us.

Read more:

  • The new science of phobias: why phobias form and how to deal with them
  • The Science of Fear: What Makes Us Scary?
  • How to overcome phobias and conquer fear in 4 steps

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Ofcom calls for action following allegations of Roblox being a ‘pedophile hellscape’ by US company

Child safety activists have urged the UK’s communications watchdog to enforce new online laws following accusations that video game companies have turned their platforms into “hellscapes for adult pedophiles.” They are calling for “gradual changes.”

Last week, Roblox, a popular gaming platform with 80 million daily users, came under fire for its lax security controls. An investment firm in the US criticized Roblox, claiming that its games expose children to grooming, pornography, violent content, and abusive language. The company has denied these claims and stated that safety and civility are fundamental to their operations.

The report highlighted concerning issues such as users seeking to groom avatars, trading in child pornography, accessible sex games, violent content, and abusive behavior on Roblox. Despite these concerns, the company insists that millions of users have safe and positive experiences on the platform, and any safety incidents are taken seriously.

Roblox, known for its user-generated content, allows players to create and play their own games with friends. However, child safety campaigners emphasize the need for stricter enforcement of online safety laws to protect young users from harmful content and interactions on platforms like Roblox.

Platforms like Roblox will need to implement measures to protect children from inappropriate content, prevent grooming, and introduce age verification processes to comply with the upcoming legislation. Ofcom, the regulator responsible for enforcing these laws, is expected to have broad enforcement powers to ensure user safety.

In response, a Roblox spokesperson stated that the company is committed to full compliance with the Online Safety Act, engaging in consultations and assessments to align with Ofcom’s guidelines. They look forward to seeing the final code of practice and ensuring a safe online environment for all users.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Why Generation Z and scammers are choosing landlines over smartphones | Life and Style

name: Landline phone.

year: 148 years old.

exterior: The cable that connects to your phone and connects to your home.

I haven’t had a landline phone for years. Oh, young whipsnapper! You are really missing out.

What exactly? So many! Give your complete phone number to the caller when you answer the phone, and lock yourself in a room where all family members can clearly hear your side of the conversation. It’s the best.

I don’t think it’s the best. You won’t understand. My landline still receives a lot of calls.

From whom? Oh, all my new friends. This is the man who promised to give him millions of pounds in return for loaning him 10,000 pounds. The woman at the bank who kept asking for all my personal information. They are all very nice works.

I don’t want to say it, but this is what I think Maybe you are being deceived. Yes, you are almost certainly being scammed. It has recently been discovered that more than half of all calls are made to landlines. It’s from a scammer.

why? That may be because fraudulent numbers are harder to screen and block on landlines than on mobile phones. It may be because someone who legitimately wants to talk to you just rings your cell phone. Or maybe it’s because it’s mainly older people who have landlines these days.

How is it related? Scammers famously like to target the elderly, with 80% of seniors owning a landline, compared to only 50% of 18-29 year olds. Because it is.

So if you’re a scammer and you dial a landline… You’re more likely to get a kind senior who may not realize you’re about to empty your bank account.

terrible. This must be the end of landline telephones. Landlines are now coveted by Gen Z, so don’t talk too soon.

why? It looks like a cassette player and is retro and cool. Listen, if you’re 20 years old, you’ve probably lived your entire life using your cell phone as your laptop, camera, book and food ordering system. Isn’t it refreshing that it can only be used as a phone?

Ah, I see. It’s imaginary nostalgia. Maybe it will stick. After all, nothing makes a phone conversation more enjoyable than the actual phone call.

Wait a minute, what do you mean by conversation? when talking to someone.

Via text? No, it’s from your mouth.

I in fact you would have to Do you want to tell someone? Vocally? By phone? that teeth my biggest fear. Well, you might die alone with that kind of attitude, but the good news is you’ll never get scammed.

Please say: “Landline phone users are more susceptible to fraud.”

Please don’t say things like: “But please give us all your bank account details and we will tell the scammers to stop.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Orthosomnia: The Emergence of Sleep Perfectionists and the Resulting Exhaustion

While I was on the treadmill at the gym the other day, I overheard a conversation between two men.

“We had an amazing night last night,” one of them exclaimed.

Intrigued, I listened for more details, hoping for a juicy story.

“The score was 96 points,” he continued.

My interest waned.

“It’s insane,,” replied his companion. “My average is 67, and I don’t see it going any higher.”

“But what about your heart rate?”

“I never check, but I know my REM score this week is unusually high,” he responded.

At the mention of REM, rapid eye movement, they delved into a discussion about sleep performance.

Welcome to the realm of Orthosomnia. This term refers to an unhealthy fixation on achieving perfect sleep, often driven by wearable devices. American researchers coined the term in a study published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. The study revealed that obsessively analyzing nightly sleep data might exacerbate insomnia. People may spend excessive time in bed striving for a flawless score, leading to heightened anxiety over their sleep performance.

“Perfect sleep doesn’t really exist” by behavioral sleep therapist Katie Fisher

But what constitutes a “good sleep score”? And can one manipulate involuntary biological processes?

According to behavioral sleep therapist Katie Fisher, many clients are fixated on achieving the “perfect” night’s sleep. She emphasizes that individuals who sleep well often don’t think much about it. Conversely, those who struggle with sleep attempt to hit a specific number of hours without realizing that their needs may differ. Fisher asserts that excessive monitoring of sleep data only induces stress and recommends focusing on how one feels rather than fixating on numbers.

Dr. Neil Stanley, author of How to Sleep Well, questions the utility of sleep tracking devices. While they can provide basic information on sleep duration, accurately discerning between sleep stages requires advanced monitoring. He highlights the importance of listening to one’s body rather than relying solely on data.

Professor Guy Leszziner also raises doubts about the efficacy of sleep tracking. He stresses the need to address underlying obstacles to good sleep, such as sleep disorders or lifestyle factors. Leszziner argues that while REM sleep plays a critical role, fixation on REM data may not yield significant insights into overall sleep quality.

Illustration: Jess Jenkins/Guardian

Both experts advocate for a more holistic approach to sleep, emphasizing the importance of self-awareness and lifestyle adjustments rather than fixating on sleep data. They highlight the need to prioritize self-care and listen to the body’s cues for optimal rest and well-being.

Dr. Neil Stanley, author of How to Sleep Better.

Ultimately, the focus should be on improving overall well-being and quality of life, rather than fixating on arbitrary sleep scores. By tuning in to one’s body and making sustainable lifestyle choices, individuals can optimize their sleep and overall health.

The quest for perfect sleep may lead to unnecessary stress and anxiety, detracting from the essence of rest and relaxation. Instead of relying solely on data, individuals should prioritize self-care, listen to their bodies, and adopt healthy sleep habits to achieve long-term well-being.

As technology advances, sleep tracking may become more sophisticated, but the fundamental principles of good sleep remain unchanged. It is essential to strike a balance between leveraging technology for insights and honoring the body’s natural rhythm and needs.

In a world obsessed with metrics and data, the key to quality sleep lies not in numbers but in a holistic approach that integrates self-awareness, healthy habits, and a deep connection with one’s body.

Source: www.theguardian.com

NASA launches Europa Clipper spacecraft towards Jupiter’s icy moons

Europa Clipper launched from NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on October 14, 2024 at 12:06 pm EDT, beginning a six-year journey to Jupiter's icy moon Europa. The spacecraft will fly 49 times, approaching as close as 25 kilometers. Searching for the ingredients of life below the surface (16 miles).

Europa Clipper will lift off from Launch Complex 39A at NASA Kennedy Space Center in Florida on October 14, 2024 at 12:06 pm EDT. Image credit: NASA/Kim Shiflett.

european clipper This is the largest spacecraft ever built by NASA for a planetary mission.

Expanding the giant solar array, the spacecraft could span the length of a basketball court (30.5 meters, or 100 feet, end to end).

“We congratulate the European Clipper team as it begins its first journey to the ocean world beyond Earth,” said NASA Administrator Bill Nelson.

“NASA is a world leader in exploration and discovery, and the Europa Clipper mission is no exception.”

“By exploring the unknown, Europa Clipper will help us better understand whether there is potential for life not only within our solar system, but also on the billions of moons and planets outside the sun. .”

“We couldn't be more excited about the incredible and unprecedented science that NASA's European Clipper mission will bring for generations to come,” said Nikki Fox, associate administrator for the Science Mission Directorate at NASA Headquarters. states.

“All of NASA's science is interconnected, and Europa Clipper's scientific discoveries will help other missions in Jupiter exploration, including Juno, Galileo, and Voyager, explore the possibility of inhabited planets beyond our home planet. We will build on the legacy we have created as we explore possible worlds.”

“We are very happy to be able to send Europa Clipper to explore a potentially habitable ocean world, thanks to all of our colleagues and partners who have worked so hard to date.” said Dr. Laurie Leshin, Director of NASA's Jet Division. Promotion Institute.

“The Europa Clipper will undoubtedly deliver amazing science. It is always bittersweet to send something we have worked so hard on for so many years on its long journey, but this amazing team We know that spacecraft will expand our knowledge of our solar system and provide inspiration for future exploration.”

“As Europa Clipper embarks on its journey, I will reflect on the countless dedications, innovations, and teamwork that made this moment possible,” said Europa Clipper project manager, also at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Jordan Evans said.

“This launch is more than just the next chapter in solar system exploration. It is a journey into another ocean, driven by our common curiosity and the quest to answer the question 'Are we alone?' A leap forward to uncover the mysteries of the world. ”

The journey to Jupiter will be a long 2.9 billion kilometers (1.8 billion miles), and instead of heading straight there, Europa Clipper will orbit Mars and then Earth, speeding past it.

The spacecraft is scheduled to begin orbiting Jupiter in April 2030 and begin its 49 science-focused flybys of Europa in 2031 while orbiting the gas giant.

This orbit is designed to take full advantage of the science Europa Clipper can perform and minimize exposure to Jupiter's notoriously intense radiation.

Scientists on the mission will be able to “see” how thick Europa's ice shell is and gain a deeper understanding of the vast ocean beneath.

They will examine surface material that may have come up from below, look for fingerprints of organic compounds that form the building blocks of life, and sample gases emitted by the moon for evidence of habitability. I will.

They will analyze the results and look for signs of a water world that could support life beneath the moon's frozen shell.

“It's important for us to picture what that alien ocean is like, the chemistry and biochemistry that might be going on there,” said Europa Clipper team member said Dr. Morgan Cable, an astrobiologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Its research centers on searching for the types of salts, ices, and organic materials that make up the main ingredients of a habitable world.

This is where an imager called MISE (Mapping Imaging Spectrometer for Europa) comes into play.

Operating in the infrared, the spacecraft's MISE splits the reflected light into different wavelengths to identify the corresponding atoms and molecules.

The mission will also use an instrument called E-THEMIS (European Thermal Emission Imaging System), which also operates in infrared, to explore potential sites near Europa's surface where plumes could bring deep-sea material closer to the surface. Attempt to identify hotspots.

The task of the EIS (Europa Imaging System) is to take clear, detailed pictures of Europa's surface using both narrow-image and wide-image cameras.

“EIS imagers will provide incredibly high-resolution images to understand how Europa's surface continues to evolve and change,” said Dr. Cable.

NASA's Cassini mission has discovered giant plumes of water vapor spewing from jets near the south pole of Saturn's icy moon Enceladus.

Europa may also emit a misty column of water drawn from the ocean or from reservoirs within its shell.

The Europa Clipper's instrument, called Europa-UVS (Europa Ultraviolet Spectrograph), can explore the plume and study any material that could be ejected into space.

Regardless of whether Europa has a plume or not, the spacecraft will carry two instruments to analyze small amounts of gas and dust particles ejected from the moon's surface by collisions with micrometeorites and high-energy particles. It has been. MASPEX (MAss SPECtrometer for Planetary Exploration/Europa) and SUDA (Surface Dust Analyzer).

These instruments capture small pieces of material emitted from surfaces and turn them into charged particles that reveal their composition.

“The spacecraft will study the gases and grains emitted by Europa by sticking out its tongue, tasting the grains, and inhaling those gases,” Dr. Cable said.

The mission will also explore Europa's external and internal structures in a variety of ways. That's because both structures have far-reaching implications for the moon's habitability.

To gain insight into the thickness of ice shells and the presence of oceans, as well as their depth and salinity, the mission will measure the moon's induced magnetic field with the ECM (European Clipper Magnetometer) and use that data to analyze currents from flowing charged particles. We plan to combine it with the measured values ​​of . Around Europa — Data provided by PIMS (Plasma Instrument for Magnetic Sounding).

In addition, mission scientists will use REASON (European Assessment and Near-Surface Sounding Radar), which monitors up to 18 miles (29 km) away, to detect every detail from the presence of ocean to ice structure and topography. I plan to investigate. several miles) into the shell. itself a potentially habitable environment.

Measuring the changes that Europa's gravity causes in radio signals should help determine the thickness of the ice and the depth of the ocean.

“Non-ice material on the surface can migrate into deep internal pockets of brine within the ice shell,” said Dr. Steve Vance, a member of the European Clipper team and an astrobiologist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“Some may be large enough to be considered lakes, or at least ponds.”

“Using the collected data to perform large-scale computer modeling of Europa's internal structure, we may be able to uncover the ocean's composition and estimate its temperature profile.”

“Whatever the situation, the discovery will open a new chapter in the search for extraterrestrial life.”

“The European Clipper is almost certain to raise as many questions as it answers, if not more, in a completely different class than we have been thinking about for the past 25 years.”

_____

This article is based on a press release provided by NASA.

Source: www.sci.news

Hubble observations reveal Jupiter’s Great Red Spot is wobbling and changing in size

Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope detected Jupiter’s most distinctive feature, the Great Red Spot, on eight dates over a single 90-day oscillation period from December 2023 to March 2024. I observed it.

simon others. measured the size, shape, brightness, color, and vorticity of the Great Red Spot over one complete oscillation cycle. Image credit: NASA/ESA/Amy Simon, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

“We knew its motion varied slightly with longitude, but we didn’t expect it to oscillate in magnitude,” said Dr. Amy Simon, an astronomer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

“As far as we know, it has never been identified before.”

“This is really the first time we’ve had a proper imaging rhythm for the Great Red Spot.”

“Using Hubble’s high resolution, we can say that the Great Red Spot is steadily moving in and out at the same time as it moves faster and slower.”

“This was very unexpected. There is no hydrodynamic explanation at this time.”

Dr. Simon and colleagues used Hubble to zoom in on the Great Red Spot and closely observe its size, shape, and subtle color changes.

“If you look closely, you can see that many things are changing every day,” Dr. Simon said.

“This includes ultraviolet observations showing that the clear center of the storm is brightest when the Great Red Spot is at its maximum magnitude during its oscillation period.”

“This indicates less absorption of haze in the upper atmosphere.”

“As the Great Red Spot accelerates and decelerates, it’s working against the jet stream, which has strong north and south winds,” said Dr. Mike Wong, an astronomer at the University of California, Berkeley.

“It’s similar to how having too many ingredients in the middle of a sandwich forces a slice of bread to expand.”

The authors contrasted this with Neptune. On Neptune, dark spots can drift violently within their latitudes without a strong jet stream to hold them in place.

The Great Red Spot is held at southern latitudes trapped between the jet stream, with limited telescopic observations of Earth.

Astronomers predict that the star will continue to shrink and then assume a stable, less elongated shape.

“Currently, we’re overfilling that latitudinal band compared to wind fields,” Dr. Simon said.

“Once it contracts within that band, the wind actually holds it in place.”

“We predict that the size of the Great Red Spot will probably stabilize, but so far Hubble has only observed it for one oscillation period.”

team’s result Published in Planetary Science Journal.

_____

Amy A. Simon others. 2024. A detailed study of Jupiter’s Great Red Spot over a 90-day oscillation period. planet. Science. J 5,223;doi: 10.3847/PSJ/ad71d1

Source: www.sci.news

Feeling limited in options: The reasoning behind Deborah’s use of shopping center Wi-Fi for schoolwork

Westfield Shopping Center is not an ideal place for studying, but for Deborah Botende, it was one of her few options.

Botende grew up in a foster care home in Brisbane and did not have internet access at her residence. During high school, she would return home after her retail job and use the shopping center’s Wi-Fi on a second-hand laptop to complete her school assignments.

On her days off, Botende would go to the library, but her time there was limited as the library closed early.

“It was extremely challenging. I often found myself falling behind on assignments and struggling to understand them,” she recalls. “The lack of internet was a significant barrier to my education. I had to take proactive measures.

“I would use the internet after work, sometimes coming home late to work on assignments. I felt like I had no other choice. This was my reality.”

As end-of-year exams commence nationwide, the Smith family is urging the federal government to establish a national device bank to bridge the digital divide among young individuals.

According to the latest data from the Australian Digital Inclusion Index (ADII), nearly a quarter of Australians are digitally excluded, lacking access to vital technologies such as fast internet and digital devices.

Doug Taylor, CEO of The Smith Family, mentions that around 10 million laptops, tablets, and PCs have been discarded by businesses and governments in the last five years. If these were recycled, 10 million students could benefit.

“Digital poverty is a new aspect of poverty that people are facing,” Taylor notes. “It’s a barrier that goes beyond just access.”

Device banks have been successful in other countries. Since 1993, the Canadian government has refurbished and distributed approximately 2 million digital devices through the Computers in Schools program, aiming to reduce electronic waste and enhance young people’s digital skills.

Similarly, The Smith Family has repurposed around 6,500 laptops as part of their digital inclusion efforts, noting that over 80% of students have shown improved academic performance after receiving these devices.

Mr. Taylor emphasizes that with the rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and new technologies, digital skills are now as crucial as basic literacy and numeracy skills in children’s education.

“We anticipate that more jobs will require higher education, and it’s difficult to envision pursuing higher education or entering the workforce without a laptop,” Taylor states.

“Furthermore, schools now view AI as an indispensable tool. Without access to it, students may face further disadvantages in their education.”

The primary reason for digital exclusion is affordability. Research from ADII shows that 65% of people in public housing experience digital affordability stress, needing to allocate more than 5% of their household income for a reliable internet connection, with 70% of them being unemployed.

Without a national digital inclusion framework, families in need must navigate fragmented state and territory grants, loans, and policies that lack coherence, according to Taylor.

There has been progress in recent years. The Queensland Government, for instance, has introduced funding for public schools to partially cover devices for economically disadvantaged students. Grant schemes are also available for upgrading broadband internet for distance learning students.

In Victoria, schools have implemented BYOD (Bring Your Own Device) programs, encouraging parents to provide devices for their children. In New South Wales, principals can approve the loan of digital devices for home use, though it is not mandatory.

“This is a solvable problem,” Taylor affirms. “We need to consider universal access. Just last week, I spoke to a student who was one of the few not taking notes on a laptop in a lecture. It struck me.”

“When students feel disconnected from the school environment, it impacts their educational experience. Grades suffer, and attendance declines.”

For Botende, who recently completed her advanced degree with the assistance of a donated laptop, individuals from lower socio-economic backgrounds already face numerous disadvantages.

“Digital inclusion may seem basic, but it levels the playing field,” she concludes.

Source: www.theguardian.com

New Evidence of Volcanic Exomoon Found Orbiting WASP-49Ab by Astronomers

Using the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope and the HARPS instrument on ESO’s La Silla 3.6-meter telescope, astronomers discovered the hot Saturn-sized gas giant exoplanet WASP-49Ab, which is close to but slightly synchronized. Detected a sodium cloud with a shifted position.

This artist’s concept depicts a volcanic exomoon that could exist between WASP-49Ab (left) and its parent star. Image credit: NASA/JPL/California Institute of Technology.

WASP-49A is a faint sun-like star discovered in 2006 by the Wide Angle Planet Survey (WASP).

The star, also known as 2MASS 06042146-1657550, is located in the constellation Lepus, about 635 light-years from Earth.

The transiting Saturn-mass companion star, WASP-49Ab (also known as WASP-49b), was discovered in 2012 in a 2.8-day orbit.

“Both WASP-49Ab and its star are composed mostly of hydrogen and helium, with trace amounts of sodium,” said Caltech astronomer Apurva Oza.

“Neither of these contain enough sodium to cause clouds, and the clouds appear to be coming from sources that are producing about 100,000 kg of sodium per second.”

“Even if stars and planets were able to produce that much sodium, it is unclear what mechanism would allow them to emit sodium into space.”

Oza and his colleagues found some evidence to suggest that the cloud was produced by another object orbiting WASP-49Ab, but additional research is needed to confirm the cloud’s behavior. .

For example, their two observations showed that when the cloud was not next to the planet, it suddenly increased in size, as if it had been refueled.

They also observed that the clouds were moving faster than the planets. This seems impossible unless the clouds are generated by another object that moves independently and faster than the planet.

“We think this is very important evidence,” Dr. Oza said.

“The cloud is moving in the opposite direction that physics tells it should go if it were part of the planet’s atmosphere.”

Astronomers have demonstrated that this cloud is located above the planet’s atmosphere, similar to the gas clouds that Io produces around Jupiter.

They also used a computer model to explain the exomoon scenario and compared it to data.

WASP-49Ab orbits the star every 2.8 days with clock-like regularity, but the cloud appears and disappears behind the star and planet at seemingly irregular intervals.

The researchers used a model to show that exomoons with eight-hour orbits around the planet sometimes appeared to move in front of the planet or did not appear to be associated with certain clouds. It was shown that it is possible to explain the movement and activity of clouds, such as how they move. region of the planet.

“The evidence that something other than a planet or star is producing this cloud is very convincing,” said Dr. Rosalie Lopez, a planetary geologist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“The detection of an exomoon is highly unusual, but thanks to Io we know that volcanic exomoons are possible.”

of findings Published in Astrophysics Journal Letter.

_____

Apurva V. Oza others. 2024. Redshifted sodium transient near an exoplanet transit. APJL 973, L53; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ad6b29

Source: www.sci.news

Renowned AI pioneer Jeffrey Hinton honored as “godfather of AI” – an offer too good to refuse

WBack in 2011, Marc Andreessen was a venture capitalist with dreams of becoming a public intellectual. published an essay Titled “Why Software is Eating the World,'', he predicted that computer code would take over large swaths of the economy. Now, 13 years later, the software seems to be making its way into academia. In any case, this is one possible conclusion to be drawn from the fact that computer scientist Jeffrey Hinton shares the following about 2024: Nobel Prize in Physics John Hopfield and computer scientist Demis Hassabis share half of it. Nobel Prize in Chemistry With one of my colleagues at DeepMind, John Jumper.

In some ways, Hassabis and Jumper's awards were as expected. Because they built the machine. alpha fold 2 – This will enable researchers to solve one of the most difficult problems in biochemistry: predicting the structure of proteins, the building blocks of biological life. Their machine was able to predict the structure of virtually every 200m protein the researchers identified. So this is a big problem for chemistry.

But Hinton is not a physicist. Indeed, he once Introduced at an academic conference As someone who “failed physics, dropped out of psychology, and then joined a field with absolutely no standards: artificial intelligence.” After graduating, I worked as a carpenter for a year. But he's the guy who found a way to do it (“backpropagationThis allows neural networks to be trained. This was one of the two keys that opened the door to machine learning and sparked the current AI frenzy. (The other is transformer model (published by Google researchers in 2017).

But where's the physics in this? That's from Mr. Hopfield, who shares the award with Mr. Hinton. “Hopfield networks and their further development, called Boltzmann machines, are based on physics,” Hinton explained to the man. new york times. “Hopfield nets used energy functions and Boltzmann machines used ideas from statistical physics. So that stage of the development of neural networks relied heavily on ideas from physics.”

that's ok. But the media often describes Hinton as the “godfather of AI,” which has vaguely sinister overtones. In reality, he is the exact opposite: tall, affable, polite, intelligent, and endowed with an acerbic and sometimes acerbic wit. When I asked Cade Metz how he reacted when he heard the news of the award, he said he was “shocked, surprised, and appalled,” which I think most people would say. But in 2018, he shared the Turing Award, computer science's equivalent of the Nobel Prize, with Joshua Bengio and Yann LeCun for their work in deep learning. So he was always in the top league. It's just that there is no Nobel Prize in computer science. Given the way software is eating up the world, perhaps that should change.

There's an old joke that the key to becoming a Nobel Prize winner is to “outlive” your rivals. Hinton, now 77, clearly took notice. But in fact, what is most admirable about him is his persistence in believing in the potential of neural networks as the key to artificial intelligence, long after the idea had been discredited by the profession. Given the way academia works, it required an extraordinary amount of determination and confidence, especially in a rapidly developing field like computer science. Perhaps what drove him through his dark times was the idea that his great-grandfather was George Boole, the 19th century mathematician who invented the underlying logic. all Of this digital stuff.

We also think about the impact awards have on people. When news of Hinton's award broke, I thought of Seamus Heaney, who won the literary prize in 1995. He described the experience as “like being attacked by something.” generally “A benign avalanche.” Note that I say “almost.” One of the consequences of the Nobel Prize is that the recipient instantly becomes public property, and everyone wants a piece of it. “All I'm doing these days is 'going to work,'” Heaney wrote resignedly to a friend in June 1996. And this situation will continue for weeks and months yet… Whatever the final outcome of the Stockholm effect, its direct result is the desire to quit and start over. with a unique persona (within myself)”

So…note to Jeff: Congratulations. And manage your calendar.

what i was reading

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October 2, 2024. this particular problem Heather Cox Richardson's essential Substack blog is a gem.

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Elite college students who can't read books, interesting report in atlantic ocean Written by Rose Horowich.

Source: www.theguardian.com

New and surprising images of Messier 90 captured by Hubble

Astronomers using the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have obtained a surprising new perspective of the intermediate spiral galaxy Messier 90.

This Hubble image shows Messier 90, an intermediate spiral galaxy located 53.8 million light-years away in the constellation Virgo. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / D. Tilker / J. Lee / PHANGS-HST team.

Messier 90 is located approximately 53.8 million light years away in the constellation Virgo.

This spiral galaxy, also known as M90 or NGC 4569, was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier on March 18, 1781.

Messier 90 is the brightest member of this bunch. Virgo Cluster is a group of about 1,300, sometimes up to 2,000 galaxies.

This galaxy is remarkable, as it is one of the few galaxies that appear to be moving toward the Milky Way, rather than away from it.

“In 2019, images of Messier 90 Hubble's Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) was imaged in 1994, shortly after the camera was installed,” Hubble astronomers said in a statement.

“That image has a distinctive stair-step pattern due to the layout of WFPC2's sensor.”

“WFPC2 was replaced in 2010. wide field camera 3 (WFC3),” they added.

“Hubble used WFC3 in 2019 and again in 2023 when it switched caliber to Messier 90.”

“We processed the resulting data to create this surprising new image, providing a more detailed view of the galaxy's dusty disk, gaseous halo, and bright center.”

“The inner region of the Messier-90 disk is a site of star formation, highlighted here by red H-alpha light from the nebula, which is absent in other parts of the galaxy,” the astronomers said.

“Messier 90 is located within a relatively nearby galaxy in the Virgo cluster, and its orbit followed an orbit close to the cluster's center about 300 million years ago.”

“The gas density in the inner cluster weighed down on Messier 90 like a strong headwind, stripping enormous amounts of gas from the galaxy and creating the diffuse halo we see here around the galaxy.”

“This gas will no longer be available for Messier 90 to form new stars, resulting in its eventual demise as a spiral galaxy.”

“Its trajectory through the Virgo Cluster has accelerated so much that it is on the verge of escaping the cluster altogether, and coincidentally it is moving in our direction. Other galaxies in the Virgo Cluster are also moving in our direction. They have been measured at similar speeds, but in opposite directions.''

“Over billions of years to come, we will get a better view of Messier 90 as it evolves into a lenticular galaxy.”

Source: www.sci.news

Cambridge exhibition showcases AI technology that gives voice to deceased animals

Don’t worry if the salted bodies, partial skeletons, and taxidermied carcasses that fill the museum seem a little, well, quiet. In the latest coup in artificial intelligence, dead animals will be given a new lease of life, sharing their stories and even their experiences of the afterlife.

More than a dozen exhibits, from American cockroaches and dodo remains to a stuffed red panda and a fin whale skeleton, will be given the gift of conversation on Tuesday for a month-long project at the University of Cambridge Museum of Zoology.

Dead creatures and models with personalities and accents can communicate by voice or text through visitors’ mobile phones. This technology allows animals to describe their time on Earth and the challenges they have faced in the hope of reversing apathy towards the biodiversity crisis.

“Museums use AI in many ways, but we think this is the first application where we’re talking from an object perspective,” said Jack Ashby, the museum’s assistant director. “Part of the experiment is to see if giving these animals their own voices will make people think differently about them. Giving cockroaches a voice will change the public’s perception of them. Is it possible?”




A fin whale skeleton hangs from the museum’s roof. Photo: University of Cambridge

This project was conceived by natural perspectiveis a company building AI models to strengthen the connection between people and the natural world. For each exhibit, the AI includes specific details about where the specimen lived, its natural environment, how it arrived in the collection, and all available information about the species it represents.

The exhibits change their tone and words to suit the age of the person they are talking to, allowing them to converse in over 20 languages, including Spanish and Japanese. The platypus’s cry is Australian-like, the red panda’s call is slightly Himalayan-like, and the mallard’s call is British-like. Through live conversations with the exhibits, Ashby hopes visitors will learn more than can be written on the labels on the specimens.

As part of the project, the conversations visitors have with exhibits will be analyzed to better understand the information visitors are looking for in specimens. The AI suggests a variety of questions for the fin whales, such as “Tell me about life in the open ocean,” but visitors can ask whatever they like.

“When you talk to these animals, you really get a sense of their personalities. It’s a very strange experience,” Ashby said. “I started by asking questions like, “Where did you live?’ and “How did you die?’ but eventually I asked more human questions. Tanda. ”




Mallard ducks have a British accent due to AI. Photo: University of Cambridge

The museum’s dodo, one of the world’s most complete specimens, fed on fruit, seeds and the occasional small invertebrate in Mauritius, explains how its strong, curved beak is perfect for splitting tough fruit. I explained what it was. Tambaracock tree.

The AI-enhanced exhibit also shared views on whether humans should try to revive the species through cloning. “Even with advanced technology, the dodo’s return will require not only our DNA, but also Mauritius’ delicate ecosystem that supported our species,” the group said. . “This is a poignant reminder that the essence of all life goes beyond our genetic code and is intricately woven into our natural habitats.”

A similar level of obvious care was given to the fin whale skeleton that hangs from the museum’s roof. When I asked him about the most famous person he had ever met, he admitted that in his lifetime he had never had the opportunity to meet anyone as “famous” as humans see them. “But,” the AI-powered skeleton continued, “I would like to think that anyone who stands below me and feels awe and love for the natural world is important.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

European Clipper mission to Jupiter’s icy moons launched by NASA

For decades, Jupiter’s icy moons have been considered one of the most promising places in the solar system to search for extraterrestrial life. Europa, thought to have an underground ocean and a potentially habitable environment, has long been considered an attractive target in our cosmic backyard.

Now humans are ready to take a closer look at Jupiter’s fourth largest moon.

NASA is scheduled to launch a new robotic mission to Jupiter as soon as noon Monday. The probe, named Europa Clipper, is the largest spacecraft the company has ever built for a planetary science mission.

Assuming no further launch delays, Europa Clipper is scheduled to lift off Monday at 12:06 pm ET aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket from NASA’s Kennedy Space Center in Florida.

The launch was originally scheduled for Thursday, but NASA was forced to cancel due to Hurricane Milton, which made landfall late Wednesday near Siesta Key along Florida’s west coast. Kennedy Space Center was closed as the storm battered the state, bringing high winds and heavy rain to much of the Florida peninsula.

The delay was a minor setback in a mission that took more than a decade to plan and develop.

“It feels surreal,” said Jordan Evans, mission project manager at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “There were battles at every level, from the early stages of the initial concept of the mission, to getting approval, passing each milestone and overcoming various problems along the way. At this point, the team was ready. It’s incredible to watch.”

Europa Clipper is not embarking on a life-detecting mission. Rather, they will study the composition of the icy moon, as well as its internal structure and geology. This information could help scientists determine whether Europa currently has the right ingredients to support life, or whether they existed at some point.

“We’re looking for a habitable environment,” said Bonnie Blatty, mission deputy project scientist at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. “We believe that liquid water is a necessity for life, and that it exists. Whether through active geology or something else, we need the right chemistry to act like a battery to propel life. It’s energy.”Parallel.”

Blatty said there is strong scientific evidence that a vast ocean lurks beneath the moon’s icy surface. In fact, Europa’s interior ocean is estimated to be twice the volume of all of Earth’s oceans combined, according to NASA.

A mosaic image of Jupiter’s moon Europa acquired by a camera aboard NASA’s Galileo spacecraft on November 25, 1999.
NASA

Europa Clipper is scheduled to enter Jupiter’s orbit in 2030 after a six-year, 1.8 billion mile journey.

The 49 flybys of the moon over four years will provide researchers with new insights.

“We’ll definitely be able to tell how thick the ice crust is and whether there are small ponds there,” Blatty said. “As for the ocean, I think we will someday find out how deep it is.”

To make these observations, the spacecraft will fly through a harsh radiation environment created by Jupiter’s massive magnetic field, which NASA says is about 20,000 times stronger than Earth’s.

“If we were to go into orbit around Europe and do research, even the most radiation-resistant electronic equipment would likely be destroyed by radiation within a month or two,” Evans said. said.

Instead, mission managers developed a way for the probe to orbit Jupiter in harmony with the icy moon. This is a kind of cosmic duet that could help protect equipment from prolonged exposure to harsh radiation.

“So every six times Europa orbits Jupiter, or every 21 days, we’ll be at a precise position in space, right next to Europa,” Evans said. “And because each flyby will be different, we will be able to cover almost the entire world’s moon.”

However, the team will need to exercise patience. Before reaching Jupiter, the spacecraft will first pass Mars and then circle Earth again, using the gravity of both planets to blast it deep into space.

Europa was discovered in 1610 by Italian astronomer Galileo Galilei. This icy object is the fourth largest of Jupiter’s 95 known moons.

Several space probes have previously observed Europa, including NASA’s Voyager 1, Voyager 2, and Galileo missions, but this will be NASA’s first dedicated mission to the Moon, and will be the first mission for NASA to go beyond Earth. This will be my first time researching the ocean world.

This milestone has been a long time coming for Blatty, who wrote a paper on Europa as a graduate student at Cornell University in the 1980s.

“I’ve actually only been in this role for two and a half years. I didn’t start it,” she said. “But I’m so happy to be back to something so near and dear to my heart. It’s truly a dream.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

The Impending Collapse of Atlantic Currents: The Impact on our Planet

The frozen River Thames is being hit by cold winds, the Mersey docks are blocked by ice floes, and crops are failing in the UK. Meanwhile, rising sea levels are flooding the east coast of the United States, and the Amazon ecosystem is experiencing disruptions due to changing seasons. The world has undergone significant changes. What has caused this?

These events may seem like scenes from a disaster movie, but a recent scientific study focusing on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) warns that these scenarios could become a reality as early as 2050. Learn more.


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What is AMOC, why is it vital, and what changes can we expect? Will disruptions lead to catastrophic events, and how can we address the situation?

The Importance of AMOC and Expected Changes

The AMOC, also known as the “Great Ocean Conveyor,” is a vast ocean current system that includes the Gulf Stream. It transports warm, salty water from the tropics northward into the North Atlantic Ocean. As this water cools and becomes denser, it sinks, flows back southward at depth, and eventually rises to the surface, creating a continuous circulation loop.

This circulation system moves significant amounts of heat around the Atlantic Ocean, equivalent to boiling approximately 100 billion kettles. The AMOC plays a crucial role in distributing heat input to the Northern Hemisphere and affects climate zones worldwide. Any weakening of the AMOC could lead to shifts in global climate patterns, impacting various regions.

Changes in wind patterns can also influence AMOC. Stronger winds during ice ages bolstered parts of the Gulf Stream, while in a warmer future world, wind effects might weaken the AMOC.

Evidences of AMOC Changes

Direct measurements of AMOC strength started in 2004 using the RAPID array across the Atlantic Ocean. Observations indicate a 10% decline in intensity over nearly two decades, but year-to-year variations pose challenges in determining a clear long-term trend.

Past indirect measures, such as cooling trends in southern Greenland, suggest a weakening AMOC. Salt accumulation in the South Atlantic further supports the notion of reduced heat and salt transport due to system weakening.

By studying marine sediment cores and ancient shells, paleoclimatologists have discovered that the current AMOC weakening is unparalleled in the last 1,600 years, indicating a potential 15% decline in the system’s strength.

Future Outlook for AMOC

Climate models predict a 30-50% weakening of AMOC by the end of the century if greenhouse gas emissions continue. This could result in altered weather patterns, increased extreme events, and sea level rise along certain coastlines.

A small increase in global temperatures might trigger a swift shutdown of the AMOC, leading to severe climate impacts. Understanding the potential collapse mechanisms, such as “salt feedback,” highlights the need for immediate climate action to prevent such scenarios.

Managing AMOC Risk

To mitigate the risks associated with AMOC collapse, we must urgently reduce greenhouse gas emissions, enhance climate resilience, and prepare for potential disruptions in food and water supplies. Addressing the root cause of global warming and implementing sustainable practices are crucial in safeguarding the stability of the Earth’s climate system.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Embracing the Weird: Synthesizers Experience a Resurgence in Popularity

Q
Wayne refused to use them. Musicians’ unions tried to ban them. Then computers overtook them. Synthesizers have been ridiculed, despised, and discarded throughout history, but somehow they’re entering a new golden age.

A new wave of synth makers has emerged, developing machines that are more ambitious and often outlandish than their beeping predecessors, satisfying the desires of a growing fan base.

Thousands, including Portishead’s Adrian Utley, gathered at Makina Bristonica, a festival of “knobs, buttons and discussion” in Bristol this weekend, to perform and sometimes cross the line from musical instruments to conceptual art. The designers created devices that they believed in.

Less than a decade ago, anyone wanting to discover the latest in electronic music production had to make a pilgrimage to the annual Superbooth fair in Berlin, but now there are several Superbooth fairs in the UK It has been. SynthFest UK took place in Sheffield last week, and Synth East in Norwich opened for the first time last year.

“A lot of people are using computers to make electronic music,” says Machina Bristronica co-founder Ben Chilton. Over the past 20 years, software like Cubase, Reason, and Ableton Live have made it easy for anyone to create music on their computer or mobile phone. Software synthesizers can be heard in nightclubs everywhere.

“People sold synthesizers when they were excited about computers, but a few years later they started craving something they could touch,” Chilton says. The ability to shape sounds on the fly during a performance, rather than feeling like you’re programming a machine, is behind the resurgence of synth hardware, he added.




Human League performs live on stage in 1983. Photo: BSR Entertainment/Gentle Look/Getty Images

Synthesizers have inspired generations of musicians in one form or another. Pink Floyd created menacing soundscapes. dark side of the moon Using a synthesizer in my briefcase. The Human League, Gary Numan, and Cabaret Voltaire pioneered the 80s synthpop sound, later enhanced by the Yamaha DX7. And while Donna Summer’s “I Feel Love” brought the Moog to disco, DJ Pierre and Juan Atkins pumped out a Roland TB-303, intended as a bass replacement, for squelky sounds. Modern dance music would be very different if we hadn’t realized that it was possible to create . Acid house sounds.

Modern synthesizers fall into two categories. Self-contained desktop synths typically have a keyboard and a number of knobs, dials, and faders that allow the player to swoop or soar the instrument. Additionally, there are synths assembled from different modules, some of which generate sounds and others which manipulate sounds. Modular synths can be simple or extraordinary hunks of cables and metal, like the 15,000-pound colossus that film composer Hans Zimmer built to restart the BBC Radiophonic Workshop this year. There is also. In 2013, sound on sound reported that there are approximately 730 modules available in Eurorack, which has become a modular standard. Today, there are over 16,000.

Yesterday also marked the 60th anniversary of the first commercially available synth, the Moog Modular. Until 1964, anyone interested in the possibilities of electronic music had to build their own machine. Delia Derbyshire uses tape and BBC test equipment in her radiophonic workshop. doctor who Theme song. After Robert Moog’s synthesizer came the Buchla Easel.

“Originally they were designed with the home organist in mind, but by the mid-‘70s people realized they were instruments in their own right. [Jean-Michel] Jarre, Tomita, Vangelis” is a synth historian and ” synthesiszero evolution.

Not everyone liked them. Some musicians feared being replaced, and some bands took a stand. Queen said, “No synthesizers!” It was used on the covers of four albums, and in 1982 the musicians’ union passed a ban.

Now that just about every sound imaginable can be generated from a computer, the options are endless and creators are turning to more limited devices. Tom Whitwell, former editor mix mugnow manufactures synth modules as Music Thing, and today at machina Bristronica he will be demonstrating his latest equipment, a portable modular synth.

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Delia Derbyshire at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop in London in 1970. Photo: Mirror Pix/Getty Images

The increased interest in synthesizers is due to a post-pandemic boom and easy access to factories in China, Whitwell said, noting that synthesizers like Radiohead’s Thom Yorke, James It is said to be used by Blake, Ryuichi Sakamoto, and others.

“The barrier is much lower,” he said. “You design something, send some files to Shenzhen, and three weeks later you have these magical circuit boards for £25. It means you can take on the challenge.”

He helps the participants of Machina Bristronica create microphonies. This is a musical joke inspired by Karlheinz Stockhausen, in which the sound of a synthesizer switch is captured with a microphone and fed back into the machine.

The key to synthesizer success is getting people playing again, said Jack Edwards of Beep Boop Electronics. “It rekindles the spark of interest in my environment and the universe that I had when I was a child,” he says. “It’s a conversation between the player and the instrument. You get something that words can’t explain.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

Investors React Poorly to CyberCab Self-Driving Car, Tesla’s Value Drops $60 Billion

Tesla shares dropped almost 9% on Friday, erasing roughly $60 billion from the company’s market value following the underwhelming announcement of its highly anticipated robotaxis that failed to impress investors.

The electric vehicle manufacturer’s stock plummeted to $217 at the close of the market after CEO Elon Musk revealed a much-hyped self-driving car at an event in Hollywood. Since the start of the year, the stock price has declined by about 12%.

Musk stated that Tesla would commence the development of a fully autonomous CyberCab by 2026 priced under $30,000 and introduced a van capable of transporting 20 people autonomously within the city, aiming to revolutionize parking.

Prior to the event, he tweeted: “And within 50 years all transportation will be fully autonomous.”

During the presentation, he mentioned that parking would no longer be necessary in the city.

However, analysts were disappointed by the lack of specifics at the event concerning Tesla’s projects and other developments. Musk has a track record of making ambitious projections about future products that often fail to materialize within set deadlines or at all.

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Royal Bank of Canada analyst Tom Narayan remarked in an investor note that the event lacked specifics. He stated, “Investors we spoke to during the event felt that the event glossed over actual figures and timelines.”

“These shortcomings are common at Tesla events, which appear to focus more on promoting and branding Tesla’s vision rather than providing concrete data for analysis. Consequently, we anticipate a decline in the stock price.”

Narayan also mentioned that some investors were anticipating a preview of an affordable car equipped with pedals and a steering wheel set to be launched next year, but no such announcement was made.

Garrett Nelson, an analyst at investment research firm CFRA, expressed disappointment with the revelations about the CyberCab and the lack of information regarding more economical vehicles.

He said: “The event raised numerous questions but was surprisingly brief and resembled more of a controlled demonstration than a comprehensive presentation. We were unsatisfied with the absence of details about [Tesla’s] near-term product plans, which include a more affordable model and the Roadster. Musk previously mentioned on a conference call that production of these models is set for 2025.”

Source: www.theguardian.com

New excavations shed light on early human activity in Laos’ jungles

Archaeologists excavating Tam Parin (Monkey Cave) in northeastern Laos have discovered some of the earliest fossil evidence homo sapiens Presence in mainland Southeast Asia.

Excavation survey at Thamparin in northeastern Laos. Image credit: Hernandez others., doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108982.

“Using a technique known as microstratigraphy, we were able to reconstruct past cave conditions and identify traces of human activity in and around Tamparin,” said Flinders University's Ph.D. says. Candidate Vito Hernandez.

“This also helped us determine the exact conditions in which some of the earliest modern human fossils found in Southeast Asia were deposited at depth.”

Microstratigraphy allows scientists to study soils in minute detail, identifying structures and features that preserve information about past environments, as well as potential structures and features that were overlooked during the excavation process due to their small size. Even traces of sexual human and animal activity can be observed.

The hominin fossils discovered by archaeologists were deposited in Tamparin Cave between 86,000 and 30,000 years ago.

However, until now, no detailed analysis of the sediment surrounding these fossils has been conducted to understand how they were deposited in the cave or the environmental conditions at the time.

The new findings reveal that conditions within the cave varied dramatically, from a temperate climate with frequently wet ground conditions to a seasonally dry climate.

Dr Mike Morley from Flinders University said: “This environmental change would have affected the topography inside the cave and influenced how the deposits containing hominin fossils were deposited inside the cave.” said.

“How fast! homo sapiens The theory that they were buried deep inside the cave has long been debated, but our analysis of the sediments suggests that the fossils were pushed into the cave as loose sediment and debris that accumulated over time and were washed away by heavy rains. It has been shown that it was likely carried by water from the surrounding hillsides. ”

Researchers have also identified tiny traces of charcoal and ash preserved in the cave's sediments, indicating that forest fires occurred in the area during the dry season, or that humans visited the cave. This suggests that fire may have been used inside the cave or near the entrance. .

“With this study, our team gained unprecedented insight into the dynamics of our ancestors, who dispersed throughout Southeast Asia's ever-changing forest cover and during periods of regional climate instability.” ,” said Dr. Fabrice Demeter, a paleoanthropologist at the National Museum of Nature and Science. University of Copenhagen.

of result Published in a magazine dated October 10th Quaternary Science Review.

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VC Hernandez others. Late Pleistocene–Holocene (52–10 ka) microstratigraphy, fossil taphonomy, and depositional environment of Tam Parin Cave (northeastern Laos). Quaternary Science Reviewpublished online October 10, 2024. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2024.108982

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists create new isotope of plutonium

The newly discovered isotope plutonium-227 has a half-life of 0.78 seconds, according to a team of Chinese physicists.



Areas 87≤Z≤97 and 112≤N≤136 in the nuclear map show the new isotope plutonium-227 (red star) and 12 nuclides (blue stars) discovered at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Science. Image credit: Huabin Yang.

“The magic numbers of protons and neutrons, such as 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126, are correlated with shell closure,” said Dr. Zaiguo Gan of the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. . And my colleagues.

“Previous studies have shown that the closure of the 126 neutron shell weakens persistently up to uranium, so it will be interesting to explore whether shell closure weakens in the transuranium region.”

“Through a series of experiments, we discovered that shell closure exists in neptunium isotopes.”

“However, due to the lack of experimental data, the robustness of this closure in plutonium isotopes remains unknown.”

To investigate the unknown plutonium isotope, the authors conducted experiments in the gas-filled reaction separator SHANS (Spectrometer for Heavy Atom and Nuclear Structures).

Using nuclear fusion vaporization reactions, we were able to synthesize plutonium-227, a plutonium isotope that is severely deficient in neutrons.

“Plutonium-227 is the 39th new isotope discovered by the Modern Institute of Physics,” they said.

From the nine decay chains observed, physicists determined the alpha particle energy and half-life of plutonium-227 to be approximately 8,191 keV and 0.78 seconds, respectively.

“These data are in very good agreement with the known plutonium isotope system,” they said.

The researchers now plan to examine more plutonium isotopes to gain a deeper understanding of the evolution of the shell in plutonium.

“The newly discovered plutonium-227 is still seven neutrons away from the magic number 126,” said Dr. Huabin Yang, also of the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

“To study the robustness of plutonium’s shell closure, we need to continue research on lighter plutonium isotopes, including plutonium-221 to plutonium-226.”

of the team work appear in the diary Physical Review C.

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HB Yang others. 2024. Alpha decay of the new isotope 227Pu. Physics. Rev.C 110 (4): 044302;doi: 10.1103/PhysRevC.110.044302

Source: www.sci.news

Colombian fossils reveal a new species of ichthyosaur

Paleontologists say they have identified a new species of marine reptile in the ophthalmosaurid family Platypterygius. It lived about 125 million years ago.



a pair of Platypterygius sp. Image credit: Dmitry Bogdanov / CC BY 3.0.

Ophthalmosauridae is a family of ichthyosaurs that lived during the Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.

These ichthyosaurs appeared around the world during the early Bajosian period, about 170 million years ago, after which most other ichthyosaur lineages disappeared during the late Toarthian period, 174 million years ago.

Two lineages of Ophthalmosauridae are known. One contains two genera, Agilosaurus and Ophthalmosaurus, and the other contains three genera: Brachypterygius, Caprisaurus, and Platypterygius.

The newly identified species is Platypterygius elsuntuoso, belonging to the latter genus.

This marine reptile swam in the early Barremian seas, about 125 million years ago.

“The morphology of the new specimen is consistent with diagnostic features of Platypterygius, supporting its inclusion in this genus,” said lead author Dr. María Paramo Fonseca and colleagues from the National University of Colombia and the National Geological Museum José Royo y Gómez.

“The difference between this specimen and all others in the Platypterygius genus supports the establishment of the new species, Platypterygius elsuntuoso.”



Platypterygius elsuntuoso holotype. Scale bar – 10 cm. Image credit: Paramo Fonseca others, doi: 10.15446/esrj.v28n2.112332.

Fossilized remains of a juvenile or subadult Platypterygius elsuntuoso were collected in 1999 by researchers at the Columbia Geobiological Foundation.

The specimen consists of a nearly complete skull, several axial elements including the atlantoaxial and several cervical vertebrae, the left coracoid, and several phalanges.

“This specimen was discovered in a concretion in the La Cabrera hill northwest of Villa de Leyva (Boyaca, Colombia), where the Arcilolitas Abigaladas Formation of the Paja Formation is exposed,” the paleontologists said.

“Because its exact geographic origin is unknown, its exact stratigraphic position could not be determined.”

“However, numerous ammonoid specimens have been extracted from the same stone, some of which have been preliminarily identified as ammonoid specimens of Acanthopticoceras.”

The researchers made morphological comparisons of Platypterygius elsuntuoso with ophthalmosaur ichthyosaurs of the Cretaceous and Late Jurassic periods.

They also revised the genus Platypterygius based on published descriptions and first-hand observations of Colombian materials.

“We have come to the conclusion that Platypterygius is a genus distinguished by a distinctive forelimb structure and a specific combination of cranial features,” they said.

“We revised that diagnosis to accept that Barremian to lower Cenomanian species are valid: Platypterygius platydactylus, Platypterygius americanus, Platypterygius australis, Platypterygius hercinus, Platypterygius sachicarum, Platypterygius virjucobi, and the new species Platypterygius elsuntuoso.”

“Therefore, Platypterygius was a cosmopolitan genus that diversified as it conquered oceans from the Early Cretaceous to the Early Late Cretaceous.”

The discovery of Platypterygius elsuntuoso is reported in a paper in Earth Science Research Journal.

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Maria E. Paramo-Fonseca others. 2024. new species Platypterygius Evaluation of the species composition of (Ophthalmosauridae) and their genera from the Lower Barremian of Columbia. Earth Science Resolution J 28 (2): 103-126;doi: 10.15446/esrj.v28n2.112332

Source: www.sci.news

The Factors Behind Hurricane Milton’s Powerful Tornadoes

overview

  • Hurricane Milton’s tornado outbreak in Florida was the leading cause of death and damage from the storm.
  • On Wednesday, South Florida experienced one of the strongest tornadoes on record. Overall this year, the United States has seen an unusually high number of violent tornadoes associated with hurricanes.
  • Early research shows that in a warmer world, tropical cyclones can produce more tornadoes.

Hurricane Milton wreaked havoc earlier than expected before making landfall this week, as supercell thunderstorms featuring rotating updrafts and the potential to spawn tornadoes raced across the state.

The resulting twister caused the National Weather Service to issue 126 tornado warnings, and the agency The Storm Prediction Center has filed 45 preliminary reports of tornadoes..

In St. Lucie County, a tornado destroyed a retirement community and killed five people, accounting for nearly one-third of the 17 deaths reported so far in the aftermath of the hurricane.

As Florida begins the long process of recovering and recovering from Hurricane Milton, tornado outbreaks are causing deaths and damage in a state accustomed to tropical storms but less accustomed to powerful twisters. has emerged as the main cause.

One of the strongest tornadoes in South Florida history occurred on a day that will likely go down in Florida history as one of the worst tornado outbreaks ever observed in Florida during a cyclone.

Swirling winds reached 160 miles per hour in Palm Beach Gardens, tearing apart concrete walls and tearing off large sections of roofs from new homes. Breaking news from the National Weather Service.

“This is the first EF-3 on record for the South Florida area south of Lake Okeechobee,” said Donal Harrigan, NWS meteorologist in Miami. EF-3 refers to tornadoes with estimated wind speeds of 136 to 160 miles per hour (EF stands for Enhanced Fujita Scale; Started operation at the National Weather Service in 2007).

Harrigan added that several other observed twisters may be rated EF-3 after damage assessment.

“You can probably count on one hand how many EF-3s have been in this state historically, potentially multiple times a day,” he said.

Overall this year, the United States has seen an unusually high number of powerful tornadoes associated with hurricanes.

Tornadoes are common when hurricanes make landfall, but most are on the weaker end of the spectrum. Less than 1% of tornadoes associated with tropical systems that make landfall are rated EF-3 or higher. By contrast, four out of five hurricanes that made landfall in the United States this year produced tornadoes with EF-3 strength.

From 1995 to 2023, only five tornadoes caused by tropical cyclones received such high ratings.

A home is destroyed in Lakewood Park, Florida, on Thursday, a day after a tornado struck the area.Giorgio Vieira/AFP – Getty Images

Early research suggests that tropical cyclones could produce more tornadoes in a warmer world. In a study published in June, researchers modeled hurricanes Ivan, Katrina, Rita, and Harvey in a warmer future climate. Their results show that the number of potential tornado storms caused by a tropical cyclone is 56% to 299% increase by mid-century Assuming the pace of fossil fuel pollution remains steady.

It is not yet known whether climate change played a role in the twisters associated with this year’s storms. But Bill Gallus, an author of the June study and a professor of meteorology at Iowa State University, said “it was really unusual that conditions in South Florida were this volatile” during Milton.

A situation is considered unstable if, due to differences in density and temperature, a mass of air rises or falls rapidly, which means that thunderstorms can form.

“When I looked at the instability graph, I was shocked. It was about as high as you’d see in Kansas chasing storms,” ​​Gallus said. “Hurricanes have produced more tornadoes, but Florida alone has never produced so many tornadoes.”

He added that this type of instability is “expected to become more common” in a warming world.

One reason Milton produced so many tornadoes is that hurricane thunderstorms traveled far from the center.

“With the first tornado, it looked like a certain band of showers and storms from Milton were actually erupting well in front of the hurricane,” Gallus said.

The outer storm belt eventually became isolated and ended without interference from other systems. Those were thunderstorms that produced tornadoes. This is a reminder that hurricanes can become a threat long before landfall and even far from the storm’s center, experts said.

Another important factor for Milton’s tornadoes is heat. The hurricane approached the Florida coast in the afternoon and encountered particularly warm conditions, as the thunderstorms were quite far away at the edge of the hurricane, in addition to wind shear (changes in wind direction and speed with altitude). This allowed it to grow stronger than a typical hurricane setup.

“There was plenty of time to warm up the atmosphere,” Gallus said. “Most hurricanes get very little heat from the sun. Tornadoes form under heavy rain and cover.”

In hurricanes like Milton, where winds blow counterclockwise, tornadoes tend to form on the leading edge of the storm and to its right, sometimes called the dirty side. This region is also the windiest.

How it unfolded during Milton, Gallus said, noting that the twister “started in the exact place you see most tornadoes form.”

But in Milton’s case, he noted, the tornadoes were particularly concentrated.

Because Milton crossed the Florida peninsula for a short distance, “the tornado area was small, and I think it was one of the most concentrated tornadoes ever produced by a hurricane,” Gallus said.

More research is needed into exactly how climate change will affect tornadoes produced by hurricanes. However, the impact of global warming on extreme rainfall is more certain and clear.

A report released Friday by the World Weather Attribution Project, a consortium of scientists considered an authority on analyzing extreme weather events and determining the impact of climate change on specific events, says: It turned out. Rainfall amounts for single-day events like Milton are currently about 20% to 30% higher due to climate change.. The analysis found that Milton’s wind speeds were likely 10% stronger due to climate change.

The researchers also found that Hurricane Helen was wetter and windier because of climate change. Separate preliminary reports say climate change is likely to increase Helen’s rainfall by up to 50% over three days in some of the worst-hit areas.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Simplified diagnosis of endometriosis possible with stool test

Endometriosis tissue seen under a microscope

Bio Photo Associates/Science Photo Library

Low levels of certain compounds in your feces may be a sign of endometriosis, and supplementing with those compounds may also help control your symptoms.

Endometriosis, which affects about 200 million people worldwide, occurs when the tissue lining the uterus grows in other parts of the reproductive tract. There is no known cure, but once the condition is diagnosed, lesions can be removed periodically through surgery. However, it currently takes more than six years on average for endometriosis to be diagnosed, largely due to a lack of awareness and understanding.

Previous research suggests that the gut microbiome may play a role in this condition. To investigate further, ramakrishna konmagani and colleagues at Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas, collected stool samples from 18 women with endometriosis and 31 women without endometriosis. They investigated the bacteria in feces and the metabolome, the set of chemicals produced by gut bacteria.

They found that women with endometriosis had lower levels of the metabolite 4-hydroxyindole in their feces. This is likely due to changes in the gut microbiome.

Based on this finding, commercially available stool analysis could enable rapid screening of this widely “underdiagnosed, understudied, and underdiagnosed” condition, potentially leading to early and effective management. Konmagani said.

“Stool sampling is very easy and not as invasive as current diagnostic techniques such as laparoscopy.” [a kind of keyhole surgery]” he says.

To test whether 4-hydroxyindole had a protective effect, the research team gave additional 4-hydroxyindole to a group of mice that had tissue implanted in their abdomens to induce endometriosis. After 14 days of treatment, these mice did not have fewer lesions compared to control animals, but the lesions were significantly less severe and showed signs of significantly reduced pain.

Further experiments showed that administering 4-hydroxyindole to mice with established endometriosis significantly improved the lesions. The results were similar in mice transplanted with human endometriosis lesions, suggesting that the treatment may be equally effective in humans.

“We believe this is a very good treatment option because it is something that occurs naturally in the body and is not drugged or synthetic,” Konmaghani said. I say.

However, large-scale human studies will be needed to confirm whether 4-hydroxyindole can be used to diagnose endometriosis and whether the compound is effective as a treatment.

topic:

  • women's health/
  • microbiome

Source: www.newscientist.com

Experience a sneak peek of Rachel Kushner’s “Creation Lake” with an exclusive excerpt

Reconstruction of male and female Neanderthals based on fossils from La Chapelle-aux-Saints

S. Entresangle/E. Daines/Science Photo Library

extracted from creation lake Written by Rachel Kushnerby Jonathan Cape, New Scientist Book Club’s latest book recommendation. Sign up here to read along.

Neanderthals were prone to depression, he said.

He said they are also prone to addiction, especially smoking.

Perhaps these noble and mysterious Taal people (as he sometimes called Neanderthals) extracted nicotine from tobacco plants by cruder methods, such as chewing the leaves, before a critical inflection point in history. Of the world he said was likely extracted: When beginning a man touched beginning on tobacco leaves beginning fire.

As I read this part of Bruno’s email, skimming from “man” to “touch” to “leaf” to “fire,” a 1950s greaser wearing a white T-shirt and black leather jacket caught fire. I could imagine touching the tip of a match with a mark on it. I take a sip of Camel’s cigarette and inhale. The Greaser leans against the wall—that’s what Greasers do, so they lean and wander—and exhales.

Bruno Lacombe told Pascal in these emails, which I secretly read, that Neanderthals had very large brains. Or at least their skulls were so large that we can safely assume that their skulls were probably filled with brains, Bruno said.

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He used modern metaphors to talk about the impressive size of Thar’s brainbox, comparing it to a motorcycle engine and noting that its displacement had also been measured. Of all the two-legged, human-like species that roamed the Earth over the past million years, the Neanderthal brainbox was come forward a whopping 1,800 cubic centimeters.

I imagined the King of the Road up ahead.

I could see his leather vest, big guts, legs outstretched, engineer boots resting on spacious chrome-plated footpegs mounted in the front. His helicopter is fitted with a barely reachable ape hanger, which he pretends won’t tire his arms or cause severe gunshot pain in his lower back.

Bruno said Neanderthals’ skulls show they had huge faces.

Inspired by Joan Crawford. that Facial scale: dramatic, brutal, convincing.

And after that, the natural history museum in my head, the museum diorama I was creating while reading Bruno’s email, showed people in loincloths, yellow teeth, and messy hair, ancient people drawn by Bruno. All included men. They all looked like Joan Crawford.

They had her white skin and fiery red hair. Bruno said scientific advances in genetic mapping have shown that red hair is an inherited trait of the Thar tribe. And beyond such research and evidence, we might use our natural intuition to infer that, like the typical redhead, Neanderthal emotions were strong, sharp, and spanned high and low. , said Bruno.

Bruno writes Pascal some of the things we currently know about Neanderthals. They were good at math. They didn’t like crowds. They had strong stomachs and were not particularly prone to ulcers, but their diet of constant barbecuing took a toll on their intestines, just like everyone else’s. They were particularly vulnerable to tooth decay and periodontal disease. And while they had overdeveloped jaws that were surprisingly capable of chewing through gristle and cartilage, they were inefficient at eating soft foods. Too much. Bruno described the Neanderthal jaw as characteristic of its overdevelopment, pathos due to the burden of a square jaw. He talked about sunk costs as if the body were a capital investment, a fixed investment, a machine-like body part bolted to a factory floor, equipment that had been purchased and could not be resold. The Neanderthal jaw sunk cost.

Still, Bruno said the tar’s heavy bones and sturdy, heat-conserving construction are worthy of praise. Especially when compared to the breadstick-like limbs of modern humans. homo sapiens sapiens. (Bruno didn’t say “breadsticks,” but since he was writing these emails in French, I was translating, which is a very good language and my native language.) (The full text in English was used.)

The Thar people survived the cold well, he said. The story about them continues, if not for centuries – the story we know. must be complicated he said, if we want to know the truth about the ancient past, if we this The world, now, and how to live in it, how to spend the present, and where to go tomorrow.

——

My own tomorrow was meticulously planned. I am scheduled to meet Pascal Balmy, the leader of Le Moulin, who was the addressee of Bruno Lacombe’s email. And I didn’t need Neanderthal help on where to go. Pascal Balmy tells me to go to the Café de la Route in the central square of the small village of Ventôme at one o’clock in the afternoon, and that’s where I am.

The art and science of writing science fiction

Take your science fiction writing to a new level with this weekend dedicated to building new worlds and new works of art

Source: www.newscientist.com

When is SpaceX’s next test flight for Starship “Chopsticks” scheduled?

SpaceX’s Starship rocket before its first test flight in 2023

space x

SpaceX has been preparing Starship since August for its fifth test flight, which the company claims could launch as soon as this weekend.

What is a starship?

Starship is the most powerful rocket capable of flying. SpaceX aims to develop it into a quickly reusable vehicle that can carry large payloads into orbit, land on Earth, and launch another mission within hours. The company takes a “fail-fast” approach to research and development more commonly seen in Silicon Valley than in the conservative world of space exploration.

What will the next test flight include?

The fifth test flight will likely be the first attempt to drop Starship’s super heavy booster (the rocket’s first stage) onto the launch pad. SpaceX’s launch tower, called Mechazilla, is equipped with a pair of “chopsticks” that can grab and hold the booster in a specific position and lower it to the ground.

When will the launch take place?

space x stated on the website The flight could take place as early as October 13, pending regulatory approval.

The U.S. Coast Guard appears to have given official weight to this claim. Warning to seafarers The rocket launch took place one day earlier, on October 12, from 7:00 a.m. Central Standard Time (CST) to 8:10 a.m. near Boca Chica, Texas.

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), which must approve each launch before it launches, previously said Starship would not fly until November. public relations person said to san antonio express news Nothing has changed on October 3rd. “We are not issuing a launch permit for a launch within the next two weeks. In fact, no launch has taken place. Late November is still the target date,” they said.

However, the FAA also warned pilots that rocket launches could occur in the Boca Chica area between October 13 and 19. Neither the U.S. Coast Guard nor the FAA responded. new scientist Ask for explanation.

One possibility is that SpaceX is announcing the launch date to pressure the FAA for approval. The other thing is that we are considering releasing it without approval. that's what it did in the pastsent an early prototype of Starship to high-altitude testing in 2020 without permission. SpaceX was contacted by: new scientist We contacted them for more information, but received no response.

Why does it take so long for the FAA to approve test flights?

This is a question SpaceX has been asking for some time. in long blog post The paper, published in September, complained that Starship for test flight No. 5 had been ready since last month and was awaiting launch.

“Unfortunately, instead of focusing resources on critical safety analysis and cooperating with reasonable safeguards to protect both the public and the environment, we are faced with a variety of “The approval process has been derailed multiple times due to unforeseen issues,” the post said.

But the FAA won’t work on the timescale SpaceX is requesting. The company requires SpaceX to conduct an investigation after each launch, suggest remedies for failure and adhere to strict licensing requirements before any subsequent attempts. Essentially, this tension stems from the friction of fast-paced, startup-like businesses with conservative, risk-averse government agencies.

The FAA previously stated that SpaceX Analysis not done properly The effects of a sonic boom caused by a launch. that it has polluted the environment It features a water flooding system designed to counter Starship’s powerful rocket exhaust. And we couldn’t get all the proper permits. In response, SpaceX founder Elon Musk threatened to sue the FAA.

What happened on previous Starship launches?

During the first test flight on April 20, 2023, three of the first stage’s 33 engines failed to ignite. Several more planes subsequently failed in flight. The rocket then went out of control and activated its self-destruct function.

Test Flight 2 on November 18, 2023, made further progress and gained enough altitude for the first and second stages to separate as planned. However, as the first stage decelerated and rotated to begin the landing procedure, it exploded. The second stage progressed smoothly to an altitude of about 149 kilometers (149 kilometers), passing through the Kármán line, considered the beginning of the universe. However, before orbiting or returning to Earth, it stopped transmitting data and was destroyed by a failsafe function.

Test Flight 3 on March 14, 2024 was at least partially successful, as it reached space, conducted fuel transfer tests, and flew farther and faster than ever before. However, the aircraft lost attitude control during flight and failed to make a planned soft landing.

Test Flight 4 on June 6 of this year was the most successful to date, with Starship reaching orbit at an altitude of more than 200 kilometers and flying at speeds of more than 27,000 kilometers per hour. Both the booster and upper stage completed a soft landing at sea. As the Starship re-entered Earth’s atmosphere, there was a dramatic scene in which the sheer heat of one of its control fins burned off due to extreme temperatures, but the company says it has fixed this problem with a new heat-resistant tile design. There is.

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Fasting Can Impact Your Longevity

Various methods have been attempted to combat aging, but without breakthroughs in anti-aging drugs, scientists are focusing on lifestyle changes, particularly diet.

A recent study suggests that dietary restriction, which involves reducing total daily calorie intake, has a greater impact on shortening lifespan compared to intermittent fasting. The study, published in the magazine nature, involved tracking the health of 960 mice fed different diets, highlighting the importance of diet in longevity.

However, while the study provides valuable insights, experts caution against directly applying the results to humans, emphasizing the need for careful consideration due to the differences between mice and humans.

The study revealed that mice on a low-calorie diet lived longer on average, with those consuming 60% of their baseline calories having the longest lifespan. Surprisingly, the very low-calorie diet consistently extended the mice’s lifespans, showcasing the importance of resilience in maintaining health.

Genetic factors may also play a role in how different individuals respond to diet and weight loss, highlighting the complexity of longevity and the need for personalized approaches.

Ultimately, the study sheds light on the intricate relationship between diet, weight loss, and longevity, emphasizing the importance of moderation and resilience in achieving long-term health goals.

Your genetics may be interfering.

Individual variability and resilience to weight loss were key factors observed in the study, with genetic factors potentially influencing the effects of diet on lifespan. Maintaining a healthy immune system and avoiding extreme weight loss were associated with longer lifespan in mice.

While metabolic markers like weight and body fat are important indicators of overall health, the study suggests that caloric restriction may have a more significant impact on longevity than previously thought.

Experts stress the importance of individualized approaches to diet and weight loss based on genetic factors and resilience, highlighting the need for a nuanced understanding of longevity and health.

About our experts

Dr. Andrew Steele, a scientist and author, delves into the science of aging and longevity in his book Ageless: The new science of growing older without getting older. His interdisciplinary background allows him to provide unique insights into aging and health.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Research: Your Showerheads and Toothbrushes Harbor a Wide Variety of Viruses

Viruses collected in a Northwestern University-led study are bacteriophages — a type of virus that infects and replicates inside of bacteria.



The average American spends 93% of their time in built environments, almost 70% of that is in their place of residence. Human health and well-being are intrinsically tied to the quality of our personal environments and the microbiomes that populate them. offline, the built environment microbiome is seeded, formed, and re-shaped by occupant behavior, cleaning, personal hygiene and food choices, as well as geographic location and variability in infrastructure. Huttelmaier et al. focused on the presence of viruses in household biofilms, specifically in showerheads and on toothbrushes.

“The number of viruses that we found is absolutely wild,” said Northwestern University's Dr. Erica Hartmann.

“We found many viruses that we know very little about and many others that we have never seen before.”

“It's amazing how much untapped biodiversity is all around us. And you don't even have to go far to find it; it's right under our noses.”

In the study, Dr. Hartmann and her colleagues characterized viruses living on 34 toothbrushes and 92 showerheads.

The samples comprised more than 600 different viruses — and no two samples were alike.

“We saw basically no overlap in virus types between showerheads and toothbrushes,” Dr. Hartmann said.

“We also saw very little overlap between any two samples at all.”

“Each showerhead and each toothbrush is like its own little island.”

“It just underscores the incredible diversity of viruses out there.”

While they found few patterns among all the samples, the researchers did notice more mycobacteriophage than other types of phage.

“We could envision taking these mycobacteriophages and using them as a way to clean pathogens out of your plumbing system,” Dr. Hartmann said.

“We want to look at all the functions these viruses might have and figure out how we can use them.”

The authors caution people not to fret about the invisible wildlife living within our bathrooms.

Instead of grabbing for bleach, people can soak their showerheads in vinegar to remove calcium buildup or simply wash them with plain soap and water.

“And people should regularly replace toothbrush heads,” Dr. Hartmann said.

“I'm also not a fan of antimicrobial toothbrushes, which can lead to antibiotic-resistant bugs.”

“Microbes are everywhere, and the vast majority of them will not make us sick.”

“The more you attack them with disinfectants, the more they are likely to develop resistance or become more difficult to treat. We should all just embrace them.”

The study was published online in the journal Frontiers in Microbiomes.

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Stefanie Huttelmaier et al. 2024. Phage communities in household-related biofilms correlate with bacterial hosts. Front.Microbiomes 3; doi: 10.3389/frmbi.2024.1396560

Source: www.sci.news

Hubble Space Telescope and New Horizons team up to study Uranus

In a new study, astronomers compared high-resolution images of Uranus from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope with more distant views from NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft. Their results could serve as “ground truth” observations to use as a baseline for interpreting exoplanet direct imaging data from future observatories.

In this image, two three-dimensional shapes of Uranus (top) are compared to the actual views of Uranus from Hubble (bottom left) and New Horizons (bottom right). Image credits: NASA/ESA/STScI/Samantha Hasler, MIT/Amy Simon, NASA-GSFC/New Horizons Planetary Science Theme Team/Joseph DePasquale, STScI/Joseph Olmsted, STScI.

Direct imaging of exoplanets is an important technique for understanding their potential habitability and provides new clues to the origin and formation of our own solar system.

Astronomers use both direct imaging and spectroscopy to collect light from observed planets and compare their brightness at different wavelengths.

However, exoplanets are notoriously difficult to image because they are so far away.

Their images are just pinpoints, so they aren’t as detailed as our close-up view of the world around the sun.

Astronomers can also directly image exoplanets only in “partial phase,” when only part of the planet is illuminated by its star as seen from Earth.

Uranus was an ideal target as a test to understand future long-range observations of exoplanets by other telescopes for several reasons.

First, many known exoplanets are gas giants with similar properties. Also, at the time of the observation, New Horizons was on the far side of Uranus, 10.5 billion kilometers (6.5 billion miles) away, and was able to study the twilight crescent moon. This is not possible from Earth.

At that distance, New Horizons’ view of the planet was just a few pixels wide of its color camera (Multispectral Visible Imaging Camera).

Meanwhile, Hubble’s high resolution allowed it to see atmospheric features such as clouds and storms on the dayside of the gas world from its low orbit, 2.7 billion kilometers (1.7 billion miles) from Uranus. .

Samantha Hassler, an astronomer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, said: “We expected Uranus to look different depending on the observation filter, but New Horizons data taken from different perspectives actually show that Uranus looks different than expected.'' It turned out to be much darker than that.”

The gas giant planets in our solar system have dynamic and variable atmospheres with changing cloud cover. How common is this in exoplanets?

Knowing the details of what Uranus’ clouds looked like from Hubble will allow researchers to test what they can interpret from New Horizons’ data.

In the case of Uranus, both Hubble and New Horizons observed that the brightness does not change as the planet rotates. This indicates that the cloud characteristics are not changing due to the rotation of the planet.

But the significance of New Horizons’ detection has to do with how the planet reflects light at a different phase than what Hubble and other observatories on or near Earth can see.

New Horizons showed that exoplanets can be dimmer than predicted at partial and high phase angles, and that their atmospheres reflect light differently at partial phase.

“The groundbreaking New Horizons study of Uranus from a vantage point that cannot be observed by any other means adds to the mission’s treasure trove of new scientific knowledge and, like many other data sets obtained on the mission, will Dr. Alan Stern, Principal Investigator of New Horizons and Research Scientist at the Southwest Research Institute, said:

“NASA’s next Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, scheduled to launch by 2027, will use a coronagraph to block out starlight and directly observe gas giant exoplanets,” Hassler said. Ta.

“NASA’s Habitable World Observatory, in its early planning stages, will be the first telescope specifically designed to search for biosignatures in the atmospheres of rocky Earth-sized planets orbiting other stars. .”

“Studying how known benchmarks like Uranus appear in distant images will help us have more solid expectations as we prepare for these future missions. And it will help our It’s critical to success.”

Scientists are result this week’s DPS56Annual Meeting of the Planetary Science Division of the American Astronomical Society.

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S. Hassler others. 2024. Observations of Uranus at high phase angles by New Horizons Ralph/MVIC. DPS56

This article has been adapted from the original release by NASA.

Source: www.sci.news

The Tampa Bay area experienced record-breaking rain levels from Hurricane Milton, reaching levels not seen in a millennium.

Hurricane Milton dumped so much rain on parts of Florida’s Tampa Bay area that it was classified as a once-in-1,000-year rainfall event.

The government said 18.31 inches, or more than 1.5 feet, of rain fell in St. Petersburg in the 24 hours the storm made landfall. Precipitation data from the National Weather Service.

This includes a whopping 5.09 inches in one hour from 8:00 PM to 9:00 PM ET. This level is believed to have an approximately 0.1% chance of occurring in any given year.

“This is insane! St. Petersburg reported 5.09 inches of rain in one hour and 9.04 inches in three hours,” said Matthew Cappucci, Atmospheric Scientist and Senior Meteorologist at MyRadar Weather. states.Posted on Wednesday by X. “That’s rarer than a once-in-a-millennium rain event.”

Milton made landfall near Siesta Key as a strong Category 3 storm Wednesday at 8:30 p.m. ET.

Other significant precipitation amounts across Florida include 14.01 inches in Clearwater Beach, 13.09 inches in Baskin, 11.43 inches in Tampa, and 10.12 inches in Seminole.

Scientists have not yet completed their analysis of the impact on Milton because it takes time to understand the effects of climate change on individual weather events. But in general, experts know that global warming is making storms wetter and more intense.

Research shows that global warming causes sea surface temperatures to rise, which provides extra energy to storms, increasing their speed and intensity. The unusually high sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Mexico that strengthened hurricanes Milton and Helen are 200 to 500 times more likely to be caused by climate change, according to a study released Wednesday. It is said that

The warmer the atmosphere, the more water it can hold. For every 1 degree Fahrenheit increase in Earth’s temperature, the atmosphere can hold about 3% to 4% more water. Therefore, storms can dump large amounts of rain on land.

Milton’s heavy rains quickly flooded roads, homes, and other structures along the Florida Gulf Coast. The National Weather Service issued a flash flood emergency for Tampa and St. Petersburg, which lasted until 2:30 a.m. ET Thursday.

Forecasters expected heavy rain as Milton moved into Florida. Hours before landfall, the National Hurricane Center said it expected 6 to 12 inches of rain to fall across the central and northern Florida peninsula through Thursday, with local rainfall totals up to 18 inches.

The east coast of Florida is also experiencing rain. Preliminary measurements Wednesday showed 7 inches of precipitation in St. Augustine, 7.38 inches in Titusville, and 3.05 inches in Daytona Beach, according to the National Hurricane Center.

Hurricane Milton has returned to the ocean, but additional rain and flooding is expected to continue into parts of eastern and central Florida through Thursday, according to the National Hurricane Center.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Discovering the Hidden Obstacle that Hinders Your Decision Making.

We’ve all experienced that familiar feeling of embarrassment when we realize we’ve overlooked something important while being confident in our decisions. Maybe it’s the car in front suddenly stopping at a crosswalk, or someone mistakenly using the term “escapegoat” instead of “scapegoat.”

This phenomenon is due to a hidden bias in our brains that tricks us into believing we have all the necessary information to make decisions without considering crucial details.


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A recent study identified this bias as the “illusion of information sufficiency,” which leads us to act as if we have complete knowledge to form opinions, make decisions, and judge others. This contradiction often results in misunderstandings and conflicts in our lives.

Psychologist Dr. Sandra Wheatley explains that taking shortcuts in decision-making is a way to navigate the complexities of the world. However, this tendency can lead us to make inaccurate judgments when we assume we have all the information we need.

The study involved 1,261 participants who were tasked with deciding whether to integrate two schools or keep them separate. Interestingly, participants who only saw one side of the argument were more confident in their decision-making than those who had access to both perspectives.

This overconfidence in limited information can prevent us from considering others’ viewpoints and understanding that our subjective truth may not always align with objective reality.

Dr. Wheatley emphasizes the importance of questioning sources and remaining open to information that challenges our beliefs when making important decisions or judgments about others.

About our experts

Dr. Sandra Wheatley is a Chartered Psychologist and an Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society. She specializes in psychology, parenting, social relationships, and digital media.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Astronomers Discover Fewer Potentially Hazardous Asteroids Near Earth than Initially Predicted

astronomer using Zwicky Temporary Facility (ZTF) investigated. Taurus resonance groupa large interplanetary system containing Comet 2P/Encke, several meteor showers, and possibly numerous near-Earth asteroids.



This image taken by NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows comet 2P/Encke running along a pebble trail of its debris. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / University of Minnesota.

“We can take advantage of the unique opportunity that this asteroid swarm has to approach Earth to more efficiently search for celestial objects that may pose a threat to Earth,” said Dr. Kuanji Ye, an astronomer at the University of Maryland. ” he said.

“Our results suggest that the risk of impact from large asteroids in the Taurus group is much lower than we thought, which is good news for planetary defense.”

Prior to this study, astronomers had predicted that the Taurus resonance complex contained a significant number of large kilometer-sized space rocks, probably left behind by large objects up to 100 kilometers (62 miles) wide. I was guessing.

If a large object were to hit Earth, like the Chelyabinsk asteroid in 2013, it could cause regional damage.

Even larger objects can cause extinction-level events, like the asteroid that wiped out the dinosaurs more than 66 million years ago.

“Fortunately, we found that there are likely only a small number of asteroids in this large size class, perhaps only nine to 14, in this population,” Dr. Ye said.

“Judging by our findings, the parent object that first spawned the swarm was probably closer to 10 km (6.2 miles) in diameter, rather than a giant 100 km diameter object.”

“We still need to be cautious about asteroid impacts, but knowing this result will probably help us sleep better.”

The Taurus swarm holds important clues about planetary evolution, especially because of its association with Comet Encke.

This comet has the shortest orbital period of any known comet, at just 3.3 years.

It is also unusually large and dusty for a short-period comet that orbits the sun within 200 years.

Considering all available evidence, scientists believe that Encke has experienced significant fragmentation in the past and may continue to do so in the future.

“Studying the Taurus swarm helps us understand how small objects like comets and asteroids form and break up over time,” said Dr. Ye.

“Our research has implications not only for asteroid detection and planetary defense, but also for our broader understanding of the solar system's celestial bodies.”

The researchers presented their findings. findings this week's DPS56Annual Meeting of the Planetary Science Division of the American Astronomical Society.

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Yosenshi others. 2024. In search of potentially dangerous asteroids in the Taurus resonance group. DPS56

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient Winged Seed Fossil Unearthed in China, Dating Back 365 Million Years

named Arasemenia triaa new specimen from the Wutong Formation in China's Anhui Province, dates to the Famennian period of the Late Devonian, making it the second oldest known winged seed.

fertile branches and seeds Arasemenia tria. Image credit: Wang others., doi: 10.7554/eLife.92962.3.

Many plants require seeds to reproduce. Seeds come in all shapes and sizes and often have additional features that help them disperse throughout the environment.

For example, some seeds develop wings from the seed coat as the outer layer. This is similar to the fruit of the plane tree, which has two wings that help it glide on the wind.

The first seeds are thought to have evolved during the Famennian period, between 372 and 359 million years ago.

According to the fossil record, almost all of these seeds were surrounded by additional protective structures known as couples and were wingless.

To date, only two groups of Famennia seeds have been reported to have wings or wing-like structures, and one group lacked couples.

“The oldest known plant seeds date back to the late Devonian period,” said Professor Deming Wang of Peking University.

“This period marks an important evolutionary milestone in plant history, as it transitioned from spore-based reproduction like ferns and mosses to seed-based reproduction.”

“However, little is known about wind dispersal of seeds during this period, as most fossils lack wings and are usually surrounded by a protective copple.”

Professor Wang and colleagues examined fossils of Famennian seed plants collected in China's Anhui province.

assigned to a new genus and species; Arasemenia triathe seeds are about 2.5-3.3 cm long and, unlike most other seeds of this era, clearly lack a cupple.

“In fact, this is one of the oldest known records of coppleless seeds, 40 million years earlier than previously thought,” the paleontologists said.

“Each seed is covered by a layer of integument, or seed coat, which radiates outward to form three wing-like leaves.”

“These wings tapered toward the tip and curved outward, creating a wide, flat structure that helped the seeds catch the wind.”

The researchers then compared Arasemenia tria Other known winged seeds from the Late Devonian: Warstenia and guasia.

Both of these seeds have four wings — guasiais wide and flat; WarsteniaIt's short and straight.

Scientists performed quantitative mathematical analysis to determine which seeds are most effective for wind dispersal.

This reveals that it has an odd number of wings, as follows: Arasemenia triaa more stable and high rotation speed is obtained when the seeds descend from the branches, and the seeds can catch the wind more effectively and disperse further from the parent plant.

“Our findings are Arasemenia tria This further deepens our knowledge about the origins of wind-driven dispersal strategies in early land plants,” said Dr. Pu Fan, a researcher at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Paleontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.

“When combined with previous knowledge, guasia and WarsteiniaWe conclude that winged seeds as a result of integument elongation emerged as the first form of wind dispersal strategy in the Late Devonian, prior to other methods such as parachutes and plumes. ”

“The three-winged seed found in” Arasemenia tria “During the late Devonian period, double-winged seeds would have appeared in the Carboniferous period, and single-winged seeds would have appeared in the Permian period,” Professor Wang added.

of study Published in a magazine e-life.

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Deming Wang others. 2024. Arasemeniathe earliest ovule with three wings and no cup. e-life 13:RP92962;doi: 10.7554/eLife.92962.3

Source: www.sci.news

Study suggests that increasing caffeine intake can lead to better blood vessel health

In a study led by Sapienza University in Rome, caffeine intake was positively correlated with the proportion of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in lupus patients.

Orefice others. studied the role of caffeine intake on endothelial function in lupus patients by evaluating the effects of caffeine intake on circulating endothelial progenitor cells. Image credit: Sci.News.

Vascular disease, damage to blood vessels, and the resulting heart attacks and strokes are among the leading causes of death in the general population.

These risks are even higher in patients with inflammatory rheumatic diseases such as lupus and rheumatoid arthritis.

This is due both to the disease itself and to some of its treatments, especially cortisone derivatives.

Until now, doctors’ recommendations for reducing these vascular risks have primarily been about avoiding risk factors.

This includes traditional recommendations such as smoking cessation, reducing cholesterol, and managing high blood pressure, as well as stopping inflammation and reducing the dose of cortisone medications.

But researchers at Rome’s Sapienza University think that doing something that’s actually fun may help patients improve their vascular health.

Research suggests that the caffeine found in coffee, tea, and cocoa helps regenerate the lining of blood vessels and actively supports endothelial progenitor cells, a group of cells involved in blood vessel growth.

Diets rich in vitamin D (found in fatty fish and eggs) and vitamin A (found in many fruits), polyunsaturated fatty acids and low in sodium appear to play a role in reducing inflammatory burden well known.

“We were also wondering about caffeine,” said Dr. Fulvia Ceccarelli and colleagues.

“In addition to its well-known stimulant effects on the body, caffeine also exerts anti-inflammatory effects because it binds to receptors expressed on the surface of immune cells.”

“The effects of caffeine intake on cardiovascular health have been widely investigated, but results are contradictory.”

The study authors surveyed 31 lupus patients without traditional cardiovascular risk factors using a 7-day dietary questionnaire.

After a week, the researchers drew blood from patent patients to measure blood vessel health.

They found that patients who consumed caffeine had better blood vessel health, as measured through the endothelial cells that form the critical lining of blood vessels.

“This study is an attempt to provide patients with information about the possible role of diet in controlling the disease,” said Dr. Ceccarelli.

“The results will need to be confirmed through longitudinal studies aimed at assessing the actual impact of coffee consumption on the course of the disease.”

of result Published in a magazine Rheumatology.

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Valeria Orefice others. Caffeine improves endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus by promoting survival of endothelial progenitor cells. Rheumatologypublished online October 9, 2024. doi: 10.1093/rheumatism/keae453

Source: www.sci.news

Abyssaurid birds from the Cretaceous era might have hunted similar to present-day hawks and owls

Paleontologists have explained three new things Enantiornithine Cretaceous Hell Creek Formation birds, two of which are new species abysauridae seed. These birds lived alongside dinosaurs 68 million years ago, and their powerful leg bones suggest they may have captured and carried off prey.

Restoration of abyssaurids (e.g. Avisaurus Darwini). Image credit: Clark others., doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310686.

The most diverse bird species of the Cretaceous period was a now extinct group called the enantiornithines, which were known throughout the world during this period.

However, enantiornithines and other Mesozoic birds are known primarily from Early Cretaceous deposits, with records from the Late Cretaceous being relatively sparse.

Therefore, there is a general lack of understanding of the evolutionary trends of birds towards the end of the Mesozoic Era.

The fossilized remains of three new enantiornithine birds have been discovered in the Hell Creek Formation of Montana and date to the late Cretaceous period.

Two species were named new species. Magnusabis ekarakaensis and Avisaurus Darwiniwhile the third is an unnamed species. Avisaurus.

All of these birds were larger than the Early Cretaceous enantiornithines; Avisaurus Darwini It is estimated to weigh more than 1 kg, making it about the size of a large hawk.

“These discoveries virtually double the number of bird species known from the Hell Creek Formation and are important for a better understanding of why only some birds survived the mass extinction event. It will be.” tyrannosaurus and the abysaurid described here,” said Dr. Jingmai O'Connor, associate curator of fossil reptiles at the Field Museum.

When the team analyzed the leg bones, they found Avisaurus Hawks and owls and their relatives exhibit hawk- and owl-like proportions and adaptations, and, like some modern raptors, have powerful legs that can grasp and carry proportionately large prey. Shows muscles and legs.

“Based on clues in the leg bones, we think these birds were able to capture and transport prey, similar to modern hawks and owls,” said Dr. Alex Clark. students at the Field Museum and the University of Chicago.

“They may not have been the first raptors to evolve, but their fossils are the oldest known examples of predatory birds.”

This new species expands the known diversity of Late Cretaceous birds, confirms trends toward larger body sizes, and sheds light on how enantiornithines evolved a diversity of ecological roles over time. It's highlighted.

“Abyssaurids, the latest Cretaceous enantiornithid birds, display hindlimb features with strong ankle flexion, which contributes to the ability to carry heavy prey and similar behavior to modern raptors. “This suggests that,” the paleontologists said.

their paper Published in today's diary PLoS ONE.

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AD Clark others. 2024. New enantiornithine diversity of the Hell Creek Formation and functional morphology of avian tarsometatarsals. PLoS ONE 19 (10): e0310686;doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0310686

Source: www.sci.news

Science uncovers the factors behind Hurricane Milton’s intense strength

overview

  • Hurricane Milton strengthened at the fastest rate on record.
  • The storm's wind speeds exceeded 175 miles per hour, unprecedented for an October hurricane.
  • Record-breaking hydrothermal waters in the Gulf of Mexico helped intensify Milton, increasing its size through a process known as eyewall displacement.

Hurricane Milton has been a surprise at almost every turn.

What began as a small, well-scarred hurricane has grown into a vast monster that has grown in strength at the fastest rate in recorded history. The storm could cause dangerous flooding across parts of Florida's west and east coasts, particularly putting the flood-prone areas of Tampa Bay, home to more than 3 million people, at risk.

As the storm developed, record warmth in the Gulf of Mexico helped the storm intensify. He then underwent an eyewall replacement process to increase in size.

Explain how Milton developed into such a serious threat.

Pacific influence

Hurricanes approaching the United States typically follow similar paths. Tropical cyclones form off the west coast of Africa, gain strength as they cross the Atlantic Ocean and enter the warm waters of the Caribbean Sea.

But part of Milton's origin story lies in the eastern Pacific. This hurricane formed when the remnants of a tropical cyclone in the Pacific Ocean pushed eastward across the Yucatan Peninsula and encountered a stationary front in the Gulf of Mexico. The most recent storm to hit Florida after forming in the same area, Mexico's Bay of Campeche, occurred in 1867.

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Chris Slocum, a physical scientist at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Satellite Applications Center, said that when the tropical storm entered the Gulf Coast, it created “a little bit of a vortex, some rotation” in the thunderstorm system there.

Milton was then organized and kept away from other star systems.

“By being isolated from other thunderstorms, the pressure increases and the winds increase,” Slocum said. Milton began to draw air toward its center, drawing energy from the warm ocean.

small but strong

Milton started out as a very small storm, which conserved its angular momentum and rotated tightly and rapidly around a narrow eye.

The Gulf Coast experienced record high ocean temperatures and moist, warm air. These are the necessary elements to strengthen your power. On Monday, the central pressure in Milton's core decreased at a constant rate. A scientist was described as “crazy” As Milton grows stronger. The value of central pressure is closely related to storm strength and wind speed.

“This is absolutely terrifying,” NBC South Florida hurricane expert John Morales said, choking on the air as he talked about the importance of the pressure drop.

Milton's wind speed is 92 mph in about 24 hoursAccording to the nonprofit research organization Climate Central. This far exceeded a milestone that scientists consider rapid intensity: an increase of 35 mph in 24 hours.

“It's unusual that it went from a tropical storm to a Category 5 hurricane in less than two days,” said Kartik Balaguru, a climate scientist at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory.

Jonathan Lin, an atmospheric scientist at Cornell University who specializes in hurricane forecasting and modeling, called Milton “one of the fastest-strengthening hurricanes we've ever seen in the Atlantic.” There is.

The hurricane's wind speeds exceeded 175 miles per hour, unprecedented for an October storm. Milton is the strongest Gulf hurricane since Hurricane Rita in 2005.

new eyewall

In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricanes wrap counterclockwise around a central, mostly cloudless eye.

Bands of rain began falling outside of Milton Monday night into Tuesday. These storms merged to form a second ring, creating a replacement eyewall and tripling the radius where maximum wind speeds were recorded, Slocum said.

This phenomenon, known as eyewall displacement, typically causes storms to widen but reduce wind speeds somewhat, and it happened to Milton. As the storm develops, it may occur several times. Once this process is complete, and conditions permit, the hurricane may begin to gain strength again.

“You can think of it as molting. Once it molts, it can intensify again. That's exactly what we saw in Milton,” Lin said.

wobble

According to the National Hurricane Center, Milton “wobbled” Tuesday afternoon, changing its expected path and moving its expected landfall south.

Wobble results from instability due to complex mechanics inside the eyeball.

Lin explained the dynamics of a hurricane by comparing it to a top or a dreidel.

“Sometimes you'll see the top spinning. If you push it a little bit or give it a little push, it wobbles a little bit and then it starts spinning again,” Lin said. “It redirects itself.”

Large shakes can change the course of the storm and determine which locations receive the brunt of the hurricane.

Forecasters are expecting storm surge of up to 13 feet. If the storm were to change course slightly to the south, it could avoid the worst of the flooding in especially vulnerable Tampa Bay. In 2017, Hurricane Irma changed course to the east, helping Tampa Bay avoid a predicted storm surge of more than 12 feet.

Once the storm reaches the coast, areas south of Milton's Eye should experience strong wind gusts, pushing water onto shore and resulting in storm surge.

That's because of the angle at which the storm approaches the Florida peninsula and the counterclockwise rotation of the winds around its center.

what happens next

Milton weakened during her final approach to the Florida Peninsula. The main reason for this is that they encountered vertical wind shear, which refers to changes in wind speed and direction in the upper layers of the atmosphere.

But Lin said, “That doesn't make it any less dangerous.”

Even with weaker winds, Milton is expected to remain a major hurricane until it makes landfall Wednesday night.

After landing, it is expected to cross the peninsula and head out to sea. The time on land robs the storm of the energy it draws from the ocean's heat, and the storm will weaken rapidly, just as the coma slows down, Lin said.

break the eerie silence

A new report from the World Weather Attribution Group on Hurricane Helen, which made landfall in Florida on September 26, shows that climate change has caused the storm's wind speeds to increase by 11% and total precipitation to increase by approximately It was found that there was a high possibility of an increase of 10%.

Researchers said they expect Milton to behave similarly, but even worse because of climate change.

Warmer-than-normal ocean conditions in the North Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico and the emergence of a hurricane-related La Niña weather pattern led forecasters to predict a very active hurricane season this spring.

But even in mid-September, the typical peak of hurricane activity, the season remained eerily quiet, leaving researchers perplexed, despite the ocean heat that fuels hurricanes. , making us wonder if their positive predictions were wrong.

The eerie calm was broken in late September as Hurricanes Helen and Milton roared into view. If Milton makes landfall, it will be the second-highest number of hurricane landfalls in a year on the Gulf Coast.

“This makes 2024 the second-highest number of Gulf hurricane landfalls on record, along with 2005 and 2020, after 1886,” meteorologist Philip Klotzbach said. I wrote to X.

Source: www.nbcnews.com