Unlocking the Longevity of Heliconius Butterflies: The Surprising Role of Pollen

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A team of entomologists from the University of Bristol and the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute has gathered decades of data from butterfly nests, field studies, and laboratory experiments to create the most comprehensive overview of the Heliconius butterfly. Found throughout Central and South America, this colorful species exhibits remarkably slow aging, with lifespans that can increase by approximately three times. Notably, close relatives, such as Heliconius Hewitsoni, have been recorded living up to 348 days in captivity.

Heliconius Hekale. Image credit: Robert Lawton / CC BY-SA 2.5.

The Heliconius genus includes vibrant butterflies found in tropical and subtropical areas of Central and South America, with some ranging into the southern United States.

Commonly referred to as “longwings,” these butterflies are noted for their elongated wings.

Unlike most butterflies that primarily consume nectar, Heliconius butterflies uniquely integrate pollen into their nectar diet, using their proboscis to collect pollen and extracting essential amino acids with saliva.

This innovative feeding behavior was first documented by evolutionary biologist Lawrence Gilbert in 1972.

The additional amino acids are believed to contribute to remarkable traits such as extended lifespan, continuous egg production, and enhanced chemical defenses.

Many Heliconius species can live for several months in the wild, significantly outlasting closely related butterflies in the broader Heliconiini tribe, which typically survive only about six weeks.

While the exact factors contributing to their incredible longevity are not fully understood, it is hypothesized that maintaining a pollen-rich diet into adulthood may be influential.

“Insects represent the most species-rich animal group, showcasing extraordinary morphological and ecological diversity,” says Dr. Jessica Foley from the University of Bristol.

“Lifespan variation is extreme, with maximum lifespans ranging from just a few days in adult mayflies to decades in reproductive castes of certain ants and termites.”

This results in a 5,000-fold difference within the class, as opposed to the 100-fold difference seen in mammals.

“Heliconius butterflies are notable not only for their longevity but also for their slower aging process,” Dr. Foley notes.

“This allows them to outlive their evolutionary relatives, who diverged more recently.”

In a new study, Dr. Foley and her team found that the unique pollen-based diet of Heliconius extends lifespan, but surprisingly, even when deprived of pollen in experiments, these butterflies lived about three weeks longer than their shorter-lived relatives.

This suggests evolved genetic changes in their biology, indicating that their unique longevity stems from more than just dietary benefits.

To explore the underlying mechanisms, researchers measured not only survival duration but also how physiological conditions change with age.

Using grip strength as a measure of physical condition, findings revealed that closely related species like Dorias Julia lost about a quarter of their grip strength within five weeks, while Heliconius Hekale showed no measurable decline in grip strength over a significantly longer lifespan.

The lifespan difference between these groups is a remarkable 25-fold, one of the largest recorded for closely related animals, rivaled only by certain fish species.

Insects are prime candidates for identifying mutations associated with longevity due to their brief lifespans, allowing for practical long-term studies that would take decades in mammals.

Scientists are optimistic that Heliconius butterflies will serve as a new model organism in aging research, as their rich genomic data facilitate studies of molecular mechanisms behind “extended healthspan.”

“Exploring lifespan extension in Heliconius provides an exceptional opportunity to understand the biological mechanisms of longevity,” said Dr. Foley.

“Comparing long-lived Heliconius butterflies with their short-lived relatives creates a natural evolutionary experiment that may illuminate how lifespans can be extended, making it a promising model for aging biology.”

The team’s findings are published in the journal Nature Communications.

_____

J. Foley et al. 2026. Evolution of longevity and slowing of aging in a genus of tropical butterflies. Nat Commune 17, 5077; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-73635-7

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Disproves Longstanding Belief That Human Ancestors Simply Became Bigger Over Time

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For decades, paleoanthropologists have posited that hominins, the ancestors of modern humans, evolved gradually over millions of years. However, new research from the University of Reading significantly complicates this narrative. The most notable increase in body size took place approximately 2 to 2.5 million years ago with species such as Homo rudolfensis and Homo erectus/ergaster. In contrast, Homo floresiensis and Homo naledi maintained smaller statures akin to early humans like Australopithecus, averaging 40 kg in weight and resembling the height of a child. Other branches of Homo exhibited a marked increase in size, with Homo erectus/ergaster being the first to commonly exceed 60 kg, aligning their weight more closely with that of modern humans.

Homo heidelbergensis, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons. Image credit: SINC / Jose Antonio Peñas.

Body size is a critical aspect of organismal biology, influencing various factors including ecology, life history, physiology, and neuroanatomy.

In hominin evolution, increased body size is correlated with larger brain capacity, enhanced bipedalism, and a greater range of mobility.

Despite this significance, a consensus on constant increases in hominin body size over time remains elusive.

Recent studies provide conflicting perspectives, with some challenging the general evolutionary trend while others highlight increases in overall weight and height.

The smaller-bodied species, Homo floresiensis and Homo naledi, are frequently cited as exceptions.

Moreover, some researchers propose that increases in size might be lineage-specific, occurring within certain Homo groups.

However, lineage-specific size changes have yet to be analyzed alongside general trends using a unified model.

“Over time, various studies have drawn different conclusions about whether our ancestors consistently increased in size or experienced rapid growth during pivotal moments in human evolution,” stated lead author Dr. Jacob Gardner, a researcher at the University of Reading.

“The disparity arises because each study has focused on different parts of a much larger puzzle.”

“By integrating all available fossils, considering multiple competing theories, and clarifying inter-species relationships, a clearer picture begins to emerge. The answer likely incorporates elements from these varying theories.”

“The narrative of human evolution is not solely one of continuous growth; it involves significant changes that occurred later within our own genus, alongside the development of other lineages that took distinct evolutionary paths.”

In their recent study, Dr. Gardner and colleagues assessed estimated body weights from 386 fossil specimens across 21 human species, ranging from ancient australopiths to modern Homo sapiens.

Employing advanced statistical models to elucidate evolutionary relationships between species, they discovered that the dynamics of human body size are far more intricate than a straightforward upward trajectory.

The most prominent trend identified indicates a considerable increase in size, particularly in the later members of the Homo genus—occurring after Homo habilis—rather than a consistent growth through all of history.

Species such as Homo ergaster and Homo erectus exemplified a notable size jump, coinciding with other key evolutionary advancements, including improved bipedalism and dietary shifts towards carnivory.

A widespread gradual increase in size across all hominins receives moderate backing and is heavily influenced by the fossil datasets and estimation approaches applied, which remain contentious areas within the field.

Two species notably stand out as consistent anomalies: Homo floresiensis from Indonesia and Homo naledi, both of which consistently fall below the average weight forecasts for their respective time frames.

“Our findings indicate that the evolution of human body size isn’t merely a tale of steady progress,” remarked co-author Dr. Thomas Pushell from the University of Oxford.

“While there has generally been an increase in weight throughout our evolutionary timeline, the majority of significant shifts occurred later within the Homo genus.”

“This transformation aligns with broader developments in how our ancestors navigated their environments and adapted to varying ecological niches, underscoring the close relationship between body size and major behavioral and ecological changes.”

For more insights, refer to the findings published today in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

_____

Jacob D. Gardner et al. 2026. Competing models of human body size evolution. PNAS 123 (27): e2521732123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2521732123

Source: www.sci.news

New Findings Reveal Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS Originated 12 Billion Years Ago

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS exhibits a unique chemical signature, distinguishing it from comets in our solar system, and may have originated 10 to 12 billion years ago—predating the Sun itself—according to two studies published in the journal Nature.

Hubble captured this stunning image of 3I/ATLAS on July 21, 2025. At this time, the comet was located 446 million kilometers (277 million miles) from Earth. Image credits: NASA/ESA/David Jewitt, UCLA/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

Discovered in July 2025, 3I/ATLAS is the third known interstellar object to enter the inner solar system.

Despite extensive observations, the precise age, origin, and trajectory of 3I/ATLAS remain uncertain.

Estimates based on its speed suggest an age ranging from 3 billion to 10 billion years old.

Analyzing isotope ratios offers insights into the physical and chemical conditions present during the formation of 3I/ATLAS.

“This presents a rare opportunity to study an ancient celestial body, possibly older than the Sun or our Solar System,” said Dr. Martin Cordiner, an astronomer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

“On one hand, we gain direct insight into distant epochs and locations; on the other, we learn more about the unique nature of our solar system.”

As 3I/ATLAS moved away from the Sun in December 2025, Cordiner and colleagues utilized the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to acquire detailed measurements of its chemical makeup.

Webb’s NIRSpec (Near Infrared Spectrometer) revealed exceptionally high deuterium levels—approximately 30 times greater than those found in solar system comets.

This indicates that 3I/ATLAS may have originated in the earlier phases of the Milky Way, within a very cold star system.

During its formation, the material inside the comet was likely subjected to substantial radiation exposure, but not warm enough for an extended duration to transform its heavy water ice into the type of ice familiar on Earth.

Moreover, NIRSpec detected only minute amounts of carbon-13 compared to the lighter carbon-12, reinforcing the notion of 3I/ATLAS’s ancient origin.

In contrast, planetary systems formed around the Sun, about 4.5 billion years ago, show higher levels of carbon-13.

The authors estimate that 3I/ATLAS formed approximately 10 to 12 billion years ago during the “cosmic noon” of the universe—when star formation peaked.

In its early days, the system may have been enveloped in a relatively cool, dense cloud.

The elevated levels of heavy water indicate that 3I/ATLAS spent its formative years in a state of deep freeze.

This infographic illustrates the stark differences in heavy carbon to deuterium ratios between solar system comets and the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / M. Cordiner / L. Hustak, STScI.

In a related study, astronomer Cyriel Opitum from the University of Edinburgh and colleagues conducted observations of interstellar visitors utilizing the UV-Visual Echelle Spectrometer (UVES) of ESO’s Very Large Telescope from December 6 to 26, 2025.

Their findings complement those from Webb by analyzing the chemical forms of carbon and nitrogen present in 3I/ATLAS.

“While the discovery of these rare isotopes intrigues us as scientists, the broader significance lies in exploring the potential for prebiotic chemistry elsewhere in the galaxy,” noted Dr. Stephanie Milam, also from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center.

“Currently, we only know one location in the vast universe where chemical components have led to life: our solar system and Earth.”

“Examining these interstellar objects is a pivotal step toward understanding how common or rare conditions for life’s evolution may be across the universe.”

_____

M. Cordiner et al. Isotopic evidence for the cold and distant origin of 3I/ATLAS. Nature, published online June 22, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10771-6

C. Opitom et al. 2026. High isotopic ratios of nitrogen and carbon in interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Nature, in press. arXiv: 2603.07187

Source: www.sci.news

Understanding Early Brain Development: When Do Babies Start to Think?

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A newborn baby’s brain closely resembles that of an adult

Craig Bolan

At birth, a critical brain structure is already in place. In just nine months, approximately 100 billion neurons develop from a mere 3-millimeter “neural tube,” forming a blueprint for the entire central nervous system.

This impressive neuron count is surpassed only by the 100 trillion connections they form, akin to a city’s subway system. “It’s designed efficiently to enhance functionality,” explains developmental neuroscientist Moriah Thomasson from New York University.

Shortly before birth, the brain exhibits a remarkable similarity to the adult brain, with the fetal connectome sharing 61% of the same functional organization. “It’s astonishing,” says Thomasson. However, the fetal brain should not be mistaken for a miniature adult brain. Some species, such as foals, are able to walk and feed shortly after birth. In contrast, humans experience significant dependency due to our extensive childhood.

“The unfinished nature of our brains is intentional; we need our environment to shape them,” remarks mind philosopher Timothy Bain at Monash University, Australia. “Evolution has equipped us to adapt to various languages; being born in a bilingual environment should not restrict our potential.”

Birth triggers significant transformations in the brain. “It’s almost overwhelming,” Thomasson notes. The newborn, reliant on the buoyancy of the womb, now faces gravity, temperature changes, and a deluge of new visual stimuli. Consequently, layered myelin sheaths form, enhancing connections across the nervous system and refining specialized brain networks. “These pruning processes intensify rapidly,” Thomasson remarks. “You’re solidifying connections.”

As development progresses, our skill in navigating the world becomes increasingly sophisticated, relying on foundational cognitive abilities. Initially, the brain distinguishes objects, tracking their movements and identifying faces and emotions. “Early recognition of emotions is crucial; it offers insights into others’ mental states,” Bain observes.

Brain imaging technology enables researchers to examine the formation and connectivity of brain networks in adults and fetuses alike. However, deciphering the implications for experiential development remains complex. Evidence of prenatal brain activity suggests some levels of consciousness may be present in fetuses. Bain proposes that while fragments of consciousness may exist, a true awareness does not emerge until exposure to the world post-birth.

Despite advancements in understanding brain biology’s role in conscious experience, philosophical debates around thought and consciousness persist. “Can thought exist without consciousness? Can consciousness exist independently of thought?” questions consciousness philosopher Philip Goff at Durham University, UK. Bain believes that thought is primarily about our interactions with the world. For instance, a few months after birth, a baby might exhibit unique actions to explore moving objects. “I wonder if the initial thoughts of a baby are tied to intentions or the joy of achieving them,” he muses.

The perspective that thought and consciousness do not manifest meaningfully until birth seems intuitive. However, cognitive scientist Anna Chaunika from the University of Lisbon warns that this view is biased and overly adult-centric. We often presume experience is rooted solely in the brain, overlooking the layers of full sensory interaction. Research indicates that sensory experiences integrate into a fundamental sense of self as early as the first trimester, Chaunika asserts. Interaction and learning form the core of experience and survival. The evolutionary origins of our neurons and the rapid specialization of our olfactory system during fetal growth underscore this. “Existence precedes knowledge,” she posits.

Ultimately, a fetus’s world is intertwined with its mother. “In the womb, we continuously engage with other beings,” Chaunika explains, noting research that indicates newborns cry distinctly if their mothers speak multiple languages. “Our first realization is, ‘I am not alone.'”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Transformative Brain Changes: What Happens from Your 20s to 40s

Posted on June 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Certainly! Here’s an SEO-optimized rewrite of your content while retaining the HTML tags:

Our Brains Mature Beyond Adolescence

Craig Bolan

When do we truly become adults? Is it when you turn 18 and leave home, or the moment you realize that you’re responsible for your own appointments? Or perhaps, like my father, you still feel young, despite the mirror revealing your age?

Legally, adulthood often starts at 18 or 21 in various countries, giving you the power to vote, marry, and make medical decisions. However, the journey of brain development is far more intricate. The brain transitions from a juvenile to an adult state gradually, without a definitive moment of transformation. Some brain networks mature in early adolescence, while others develop well into your 20s and beyond.

When can we begin to hold ourselves accountable for our actions as adults? The timeline is more extended than you might estimate.

Until recently, neuroscientists believed that brain maturity was reached around age 25, though there was no solid biological benchmark for this claim. This notion gained traction in the early 21st century from studies that analyzed brain development up to age 20. Since the data was limited, the age 25 estimate offered a broad buffer for individual variations.

Recent research aims to identify precise ages by examining behavior linked to specific brain development stages. For instance, gray matter—dense tissue rich in neurons and synapses—typically thins during the teenage years before stabilizing in the 20s. According to research led by Christian Tamnes from the University of Oslo, gray matter thickness tends to decrease through adolescence and plateau in adulthood.

This brain thinning isn’t alarming; it indicates a transition from a tangled web of connections in childhood to a more streamlined network in adulthood, akin to upgrading from a winding back road to a well-designed highway.

Nevertheless, gray matter doesn’t mature uniformly, revealing that maturity isn’t a fixed point. Factors like socioeconomic status, culture, and social circles play significant roles in brain development. For example, stressful experiences during adolescence may promote gray matter reduction, particularly in lower-income households.

It might be more pertinent to ask: when does the brain begin to exhibit adult behaviors? We can define adulthood through executive function—the capacity for rational decision-making, self-control, and future planning. “Executive function serves as a valuable indicator of brain maturity,” notes Brenden Tervo-Clemens, a researcher focused on normative brain growth at the University of Minnesota.

To explore this, Tervo-Clemens and his team analyzed data spanning four significant datasets involving over 10,000 individuals aged 8 to 35. Their findings reveal that executive function evolves rapidly between ages 10 and 15, experiences smaller but noteworthy changes from 15 to 17, and stabilizes around 18 to 20. Thus, according to this scale, the adult brain reaches full maturity by age 20.

Another facet of adult development is the social cognition intricacies within brain networks, enabling interpersonal interactions. A study by Philip Jackson and colleagues at Université Laval explored brain maturity from ages 12 to 30, revealing varying rates of social function maturation. Skills such as understanding others’ intentions tend to solidify during early adolescence, while the capacity for empathy continues developing post-18.

However, focusing on a singular ability for adult definition can oversimplify the complex nature of the brain. “The brain operates as an intricate system with multifaceted interactions,” observes Tervo-Clemens. “Attempting to find a single measure of brain maturity will always be reductive.”

To gain a comprehensive overview, Alexa Mousley, a developmental neuroscientist at the University of Cambridge, recently analyzed brain scans from infancy to 90 years. Their study, published last year, explored white matter pathways—vital connections facilitating communication between various brain regions.

They identified four critical transformation periods during development, occurring around ages 9, 32, 66, and 83. The timeline from ages 9 to 32 seems especially relevant for defining adulthood, as the brain transitions from fragmented communication during childhood to a more integrated network in adulthood, peaking in global efficiency at age 29.

A separate study from May further corroborates these findings, indicating that while certain white matter areas achieve peak maturity in our 20s and 30s, others continue developing into our 40s. This reinforces the understanding that brain refinement extends well beyond the legal definition of adulthood.

Despite the discrepancies in timelines, these studies indicate that full brain maturity does not occur at age 18, with tangible effects in everyday life. According to Katia Rubia, a Cognitive Neuroscience professor at King’s College London, the limbic system, responsible for emotional processing and reward generation, often matures during adolescence. In contrast, frontal lobe networks governing emotion regulation, impulse control, and foresight may continue developing much later, resulting in an imbalance where adolescents often engage in impulsive actions.

Rubia urges policymakers to consider these brain development insights, suggesting that legal driving ages should be revised. She notes that many accidents involve adolescents whose frontal lobes aren’t yet fully developed, leading to riskier driving behavior.

Some scientists propose developing brain growth charts akin to regular height and weight measurements, facilitating comparison against normative data in contexts like criminal sentencing. However, this remains a challenge. The 2020 report for the Scottish Sentencing Council indicated that logistic concerns make widespread implementation impractical, but as research grows, this may become feasible.

Fundamentally, our legal, medical, and social frameworks require a clearer definition of adulthood, one that the nuances of neurology currently can’t provide. Brain development is uneven and personal, shaped by genetics, culture, and experiences. Certain networks mature faster than others, and some brain functions, like white matter pathways, may not reach full maturation until the 40s, while others decline earlier. Adulthood, therefore, isn’t a fixed endpoint but a continuous journey of growth and change.

Emotionally, research indicates that individuals often feel they reach a sense of maturity around age 29. Thus, while legally we transition to adulthood at 18, neuroscience suggests this development continues well into our 20s and even into the 40s, with personal growth unfolding at its own pace. My father, now 81, still waits for his moment of maturity.

Topics:

This optimized version incorporates relevant keywords, enhances readability, and maintains the original HTML structure.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Alzheimer’s Patient Experiences Remarkable Speech Recovery with Psilocybin Treatment

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scanning Electron Microscopy Image of Psilocybe cubensis, a Highly Potent Hallucinogen Administered to an Alzheimer’s Patient.

Ted Kinsman/Science Photo Library

A remarkable case emerged involving an 83-year-old woman with advanced Alzheimer’s disease, who transformed from communicating in monosyllables to engaging in extended conversations after being treated with high doses of psilocybin. This woman, who also battled urinary incontinence and required assistance to move, regained bladder control and mobility just weeks after beginning the treatment, reinforcing existing research that suggests psychedelics can significantly impact cognition and brain function.

“Her facial expressions became noticeably more expressive. She maintained eye contact longer, smiled more often, and exhibited greater agility,” reported Marcus Lago of the Ankh Cross Society in São Paulo, Brazil, an organization dedicated to holistic healthcare. “During a follow-up session, she spontaneously commented, ‘It feels good to be here.’

The woman had endured a ten-year battle with Alzheimer’s, severely compromising her daily functioning for five of those years.

With her son’s approval, she was administered 5 grams of the potent magic mushroom strain Enigma, a Psilocybe cubensis variant, orally. Initially, she experienced profuse sweating and entered a deep sleep-like state for an extended duration. However, approximately 19 hours later, her son noted that she engaged in a four-hour conversation filled with memories and reflections.

In the weeks following, Lago and his team observed her regain urinary function, independently change her clothes, and engage in spontaneous dialogue. About a month after her inaugural psilocybin experience, she was administered a further three grams, which prompted memories of surfing trips with her son on tranquil islands.

“She selected and coordinated her outfits, anticipated breakfast in the television room, recognized specific situations involving rental cars, and noticed when people were absent—behavior previously uncharacteristic for her,” Lago detailed.

While her Alzheimer’s disease remains uncurable, researchers are optimistic that psychedelic therapy could unlock functional abilities in patients. Psilocybin is known to activate serotonin receptors in the brain, potentially enhancing brain plasticity and reshaping neuronal communication networks.

David Nutt, a professor at Imperial College London, noted he has encountered similar cases where psychedelics appear to enhance cognitive function in individuals with neurodegenerative conditions. “Although these findings don’t definitively establish that psychedelics could prolong life or improve brain health, they are consistent with established understanding of their anti-inflammatory properties,” he stated.

The root causes of Alzheimer’s disease are not fully understood, but one prevailing theory, the amyloid hypothesis, proposes that the accumulation of misfolded amyloid beta proteins between neurons leads to neuroinflammation and the formation of tau tangles within cells, ultimately disrupting nerve connections and causing cell death. “Some brain dysfunction may arise from one neural circuit inhibiting another, and psychedelics could potentially alleviate these issues,” Nutt added.

However, the long-term implications of psilocybin treatment remain uncertain. “I harbor significant concerns regarding the validity and ethics surrounding this report,” remarked Albert Garcia-Romeu from Johns Hopkins University paper. He is involved in a study examining the effects of psilocybin on depression in individuals with mild cognitive impairment or early-stage Alzheimer’s. “This report only covers the month after the initial treatment, neglecting to highlight any sustained effects or further follow-up.”

Garcia-Romeu added that, as this is a solitary case report, its findings cannot be generalized across all Alzheimer’s patients. Furthermore, he emphasized that the diagnosis was made using symptom assessment rather than more reliable techniques such as biomarker tests or neuroimaging.

Nevertheless, there is a call for more extensive research into psilocybin’s potential benefits. “While this case is astonishing, and we must exercise caution in interpreting its implications, it suggests that further trials could be beneficial,” suggested Rudolph Tanzi from Harvard University.

Topics:

Psychedelics /
Alzheimer’s Disease

Source: www.newscientist.com

Fusive Neurosurgery: How Paralyzed Pigs Are Walking Again – Could Humans Be Next?

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Pigs Regain Walking Ability Post-Spinal Cord Injury Through ‘Fusion’ Therapy

Michael Lebenstein-Gumovski et al. 2026

Medical breakthrough: Pigs regain walking ability after spinal injury treatment — Pigs Regain Walking Ability Post-Spinal Cord Injury Through ‘Fusion’ Therapy

Michael Lebenstein-Gumovski et al. 2026

Currently, over 15 million individuals worldwide suffer from spinal cord injuries, with limited treatment options available. A new study explores exciting advancements in regenerative medicine, revealing how pigs with complete spinal cord severance regained mobility. Read the latest research here.

This groundbreaking work was spearheaded by Michael Levenstein-Gumowski at the Skrifosovsky Institute of Emergency Medicine, Russia. Notably, the study includes insights from neurosurgeon Sergio Canavero, who previously claimed that human head transplants might be possible within two years. His involvement further fuels interest, especially as Russia aims to add spinal cords to its list of transplantable tissues this year.

So, what methods did Levenstein-Gumowski and his research team employ? Initially, they anesthetized the pigs, removed the bony arch of the spinal column, cooled the region, and made a clean cut through the spinal cord. This procedure simulated one of the most severe spinal cord injuries.

Subsequently, the team stabilized the spine around the lesioned area and positioned the severed spinal ends close together. Three pigs were administered a fusogenic compound, composed of polyethylene glycol—used in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals—and chitosan, a biopolymer derived from crustacean shells. This mixture was injected both at the injury site and into the bloodstream, while two pigs served as control subjects without fusogen.

All animals received anti-inflammatory medications and were given electrical stimulation to the limbs for 20 minutes, twice daily. One week post-surgery, the experimental group also received an additional injection of the fusion-promoting agent.

Immediately following surgery, all pigs exhibited motor and sensory paralysis in their hind limbs and pelves, symptoms that persisted in control animals. Remarkably, within 48 hours, one treated pig began to move its hind limbs. By the end of the week, one displayed attempts to stand.

Throughout the 60-day observation period, all three treated pigs achieved the ability to walk, albeit unsteadily. They also regained pelvic control and some sensory function. Examination of the injury site showed reduced degeneration and a significant presence of twisted, thickened axons, creating what the authors termed an “axonal bridge” across the damaged area.

The researchers hypothesize that polyethylene glycol helps to seal injured nerves, limiting degeneration and fostering axon fusion across the injury. Chitosan may additionally aid in sealing neural membranes and providing structural support.

This innovative approach is akin to connecting two wires end-to-end, allowing for the potential continuity of electrical signals across the lesion.

Visualization of Spinal Axons at Injury Site in Pigs

Michael Lebenstein-Gumovski et al. 2026

However, the anatomy of the spinal cord presents significant challenges. Unlike simple electrical cables, the spinal cord comprises a complex network of axons, immune cells, blood vessels, and supporting tissues. Injury to the spinal cord triggers inflammation and scarring, complicating the healing process. Previous studies in mice indicated that functional recovery hinges on returning axons to their intended targets, highlighting the limitations of randomized nerve regrowth.

The research team provided New Scientist with a video demonstrating their technique and voiced confidence in their findings due to the controlled nature of their surgical procedure. Yet, Levenstein-Gumowski confirms plans to integrate electrophysiological evaluations in future studies.

“The outcomes of this research were unexpected, as treated subjects regained some sensory and motor functions,” remarks Melissa Andrews from the University of Southampton, UK. “This includes the ability to stand and respond to stimuli in previously affected limbs, functionalities typically lost in human spinal cord injury cases.”

Nonetheless, she points out that the spinal cord was cooled before severance, which may not accurately reflect typical injury scenarios. Regardless, Andrews notes, “the results thus far appear promising.”

Are Human Head Transplants Next?

Could Fusion Neurosurgery Enable Future Head Transplants?

Sally Anderson/Alamy

Upon inquiry, Levenstein-Gumowski emphasized that their primary objective revolves around innovating strategies to restore functionality and structure to injured spinal cords in humans. Yet, with Canavero’s involvement, the potential intersection with head or brain transplants looms large.

While not explicitly stated as the immediate aim of the pig study, Levenstein-Gumowski conceded that it exists within the broader paradigm of ‘fusion neurosurgery.’ This novel approach marries bioengineering, membrane fusion, and neuroplasticity. Simultaneously, the team is investigating potential applications for “transplant neurosurgery.”

Looking forward, the researchers plan to replicate this experiment with larger animal cohorts, ideally involving independent teams across various nations. “I aim to avoid making unsubstantiated promises and will thoroughly vet this methodology before any clinical application,” he asserts.

Future directions include the exploration of human clinical trials, as similar techniques have been initially tested on cadavers. However, applying them in living subjects remains a complex challenge.

Practical concerns are also paramount. Real-life spinal injuries typically incite significant inflammation, degradation, and scarring, rendering repair efforts much more arduous than in controlled research environments. Levenstein-Gumowski acknowledges the undeniable difficulty of “introducing a potent fusion agent into an unprepared spinal cord, akin to placing a quantum computer in a rustic cabin.” The technology is present, but the necessary systems for effective application are not yet in place.

Consequently, the team is exploring ways to ensure timely access to appropriate preoperative care for individuals suffering new injuries. However, this approach holds limited promise for those with chronic injuries. For these cases, techniques involving donor spinal cord segments are being developed to bridge the damaged regions.

Legal considerations are also critical. Starting September 1, a new law will classify “nerves, spinal cords, and their fragments” as approved transplant materials in Russia. While no other country currently includes spinal cords on such a list, places like Israel and the United States permit the harvesting of stem cells from patients for spinal cord transplant applications.

We may be on the cusp of realizing the feasibility of whole head and brain transplants. Canavero insists that this perspective is grounded in reality. He states, “This is another pivotal step toward human brain transplants.” Notably, he alleges that the inaugural surgery employing the spinal fusion protocol on paraplegics is scheduled for later this year, although further details remain undisclosed.

This area of research encompasses a rich history that extends from Robert White’s monkey head transplant trials in the 1970s—where spinal connectivity was never established—to today’s conversations among life extension advocates who aspire to transplant a consciousness into a younger, brainless clone. For millions wheelchair-bound, it often appears that the transformative benefits of such advances remain distant.

Within this field, extraordinary claims can overshadow tangible evidence. When it comes to human applications of fusion neurosurgery, independent validation, stringent oversight, transparent data sharing, and meticulous regulation will be imperative. Furthermore, distinguishing between spinal cord repair as a viable treatment for paralysis and the ethically sensitive aims of brain transplants will be essential. Lacking these measures, promising therapies for paralysis might encounter unwarranted obstacles.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Cutting-Edge Natural Technology for CO2 Removal: Potential Risks and Backfire Effects

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Giant Kelp: A Climate Savior

Shutterstock/Ethan Daniels

Tens of millions of dollars have been allocated to the cultivation of seaweed for effective carbon dioxide capture, aiming to mitigate climate change. However, this emerging technology may face challenges that hinder its ability to significantly lower atmospheric CO2 levels and could even lead to unintended increases.

Meeting the Paris Agreement target of limiting global warming to 2°C necessitates robust carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategies. According to reports submitted to the United Nations, many stakeholders are optimistic about utilizing seaweed as a cost-effective solution. For example, the U.S. startup Running Tide raised $70 million intended for seaweed cultivation in wooden structures designed to sink into the deep ocean, facilitating carbon sequestration, but ultimately ran out of funding and closed last year.

Dutch enterprise Kelp Blue has successfully secured over $2 million to scale up its current seaweed production aimed at generating sustainable agricultural fertilizers in Namibia. This initiative claims the potential to “sequester and offset” approximately 500 million tonnes of CO2 annually as the seaweed particles drift into deeper ocean layers. Learn more.

However, extensive seaweed farming initiatives can adversely affect nutrient levels in local phytoplankton populations. Research indicates that phytoplankton play a crucial role in carbon sequestration as they die and descend into ocean depths.

“It could have localized negative impacts,” stated Manon Berger from the University of Bern in Switzerland. “In specific areas, we might actually reduce the ocean’s capacity to absorb carbon dioxide. The overall potential for beneficial outcomes is limited and could have severe ecosystem impacts.”

Most types of macroalgae, excluding sargassum, thrive near nutrient-rich coastal regions, where they absorb dissolved carbon during photosynthesis, aiding the ocean in capturing more CO2 from the atmosphere.

A significant portion of the seaweed is ultimately digested or decomposed by marine organisms and microorganisms, believed to emit just 1/90th of the carbon captured. To enhance carbon sequestration, seaweed cultivation would need to extend further offshore, necessitating specialized packaging or sinking measures in deep waters.

Nevertheless, nutrient availability in the open ocean is limited, and past studies have often overlooked how iron deficiencies can restrict seaweed growth. Berger and colleagues developed a simulation to assess the feasibility of cultivating 20 billion tons of seaweed annually within 200 nautical miles from coastlines.

The findings revealed that seaweed cultivation significantly depleted nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron levels in surrounding waters, leading to a 95% decline in growth after 25 years. Additionally, this could potentially result in an 8% reduction in global phytoplankton blooms.

While some scenarios suggest that seaweed farming could still remove billions of tons of CO2, the specific species cultivated and their nutrient consumption patterns could mean that for every ton of carbon stored in seaweed, an additional half-ton may be released into the atmosphere.

Models indicate that only about 0.05% of ocean territory near Senegal and southern Australia is conducive to seaweed growth without significantly impacting phytoplankton populations.

“If we rely on a limited number of specialized sites, we simply cannot cultivate enough seaweed to achieve gigaton-scale carbon removal,” Berger commented.

In a separate study, Andrew Youghal and his team at the UK’s National Marine Center modeled the effects of iron fertilization on seaweed regions. They found it could potentially eliminate 40 billion tons of CO2 per year, but this would come at the cost of halving plankton populations, with severe repercussions for fish that depend on them for food.

“This process extracts nutrients from the surface ocean and redistributes them to deeper waters,” Yull explained. “Essentially, this action would diminish or slowly suffocate the natural ecosystem.”

Moreover, cultivating and submerging vast quantities of seaweed would necessitate substantial infrastructure, such as cages, spanning 14% of the ocean’s surface, predominantly in nutrient-infused yet tumultuous waters like the Southern Ocean, North Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans.

Ultimately, if significant areas of the ocean lack iron, the potential carbon removal benefits of seaweed cultivation may not fully counterbalance the loss of plankton, which could amount to as much as 700 million tons of CO2 released annually into the atmosphere.

“It’s not enough to simply grow macroalgae; for effective carbon dioxide removal, we must also factor in the effects on phytoplankton growth,” cautioned Chelsea Baker, another researcher at the UK National Marine Centre.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Menopause Affects the Brain: Understanding Changes and Post-Menopausal Effects

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Significant Brain Changes During Menopause

Craig Boylan

New Scientist: Explore in-depth science news and features on technology, health, and the environment. — Significant Brain Changes During Menopause

Craig Boylan

From cognitive fog to heightened anxiety, the mental health effects of menopause are well-documented. However, recent findings indicate that the neurological changes are more severe than previously understood, possibly explaining the increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease in women.

Roberta Brinton from The University of Arizona explains that these brain changes can be compared to renovating a house: “It becomes a different brain.”

These findings underscore the impact of midlife on brain health and the astonishing resilience of this organ.

“Menopause often reveals neurological vulnerabilities,” Brinton states. “This phase is critical for identifying and addressing neurological risks in women.”

Menopause, which typically occurs around age 50, marks the end of menstruation and is associated with diminished production of reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone. This leads to a spectrum of symptoms, including sleep disturbances, hot flashes, and mood swings.

Symptoms can start in the perimenopausal phase, characterized by significant estrogen fluctuations, which greatly affect brain function, especially since estrogen is essential for various brain activities. This hormone contributes to energy production in the brain by facilitating glucose conversion, making up about 25% of its energy supply. A sudden drop in estrogen can initiate a “bioenergetic crisis,” as Brinton describes.

Evidence of this energy crisis is apparent in MRI studies. In 2021, Brinton and colleagues analyzed the brain activity of 161 women, identifying three distinct groups: premenopausal, perimenopausal, and postmenopausal.

On average, postmenopausal women exhibited about 20% lower glucose metabolism in memory-related brain regions compared to their premenopausal counterparts. Perimenopausal women showed a 10% decrease.

Animal studies suggest that the brain adapts to energy deficits by shifting to alternative fuel sources, primarily lipids. Brinton notes that during menopause, the brain utilizes lipids for energy from the white matter.

White matter acts as a communication network in the brain, facilitating message transmission. In Brinton’s research, a notable 10% reduction in white matter was observed post-menopause compared to pre-menopause, emphasizing the menopausal brain’s dependence on lipids.

Related findings imply potential links between menopause and Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting that hormonal changes might set the stage for cognitive decline. This may help explain why women represent two-thirds of Alzheimer’s cases, and those who enter menopause early face a higher risk.

Despite the assertions about the menopausal brain’s fuel needs, skepticism exists among researchers. In a groundbreaking long-term study, Pauline Maki scanned the brains of 242 women aged 40 to 60. Preliminary findings indicated no significant differences in brain volume, including white matter, across different menopausal stages.

This discrepancy may result from variations in study demographics, leading to the ongoing need for deeper investigation. As more studies are released, the understanding of these findings may evolve.

Regardless, evidence indicates that the loss of estrogen can impair verbal memory, particularly during perimenopause. Maki emphasizes, “These cognitive abilities are highly sensitive to declining estrogen levels.”

However, it’s important to note that most women in perimenopause score within normal ranges on verbal memory tests. “It’s not indicative of dementia,” Maki clarifies, “but there are still noticeable changes.”

Impact of Decreased Estrogen on Memory in Perimenopause

Fatemeh Bahrami/Anadolu Agency/Getty Images

In a recent study, Maki and her team assessed the brain activity of nearly 200 postmenopausal women performing memory tasks. The results indicated that higher estrogen levels correlated with improved memory performance and enhanced activation of brain areas linked to memory.

Another unpublished study from Maki’s team has connected lower postmenopausal estrogen levels to diminished connections between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, which are essential for memory function.

These findings illuminate how hormone replacement therapy (HRT), which restores estrogen levels, can enhance cognitive performance in perimenopausal women. Research indicates a connection between HRT and a reduced likelihood of Alzheimer’s disease. However, timing plays a crucial role; most studies suggest that the protective effects of HRT are strongest for those who initiate treatment up to 10 years before menopause.

Early estrogen introduction may help the brain maintain its energy supply to white matter, according to Brinton; once this adjustment occurs, it may be too late for intervention.

Additionally, HRT alleviates hot flashes, which can severely disrupt sleep. “Chronic sleep deprivation is detrimental to brain health,” notes Maki.

Maki’s research has also indicated that local anesthetics can interrupt neural systems responsible for temperature regulation in the spinal cord, potentially aiding in memory improvement for menopausal women. Brinton’s team is also exploring non-hormonal agents that target estrogen receptors to minimize hot flashes and possibly lower Alzheimer’s risk, currently undergoing Phase II trials.

Encouragingly, the brain seems capable of adaptation even without HRT, with studies showing shifts in brain structures after menopause. A recent investigation involving around 11,000 women discovered that gray matter volume decreases during perimenopause, but some areas may rebound after menopause.

The research indicates no significant disparity in memory performance between premenopausal and postmenopausal women. However, those in the latter group appeared to recruit more pronounced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, crucial for memory tasks. This suggests that the brain may adapt to hormonal changes by integrating additional neural circuits to compensate.

While the transition may elevate Alzheimer’s risk for some, Maki emphasizes the importance of managing other potential risk factors like high blood pressure and hearing loss.

Despite the rapid cognitive alterations associated with menopause, enduring cognitive issues are not universally anticipated. “All women undergo menopause,” Maki asserts. “However, not all will develop dementia or persistent brain fog. The brain’s transition during menopause highlights its remarkable capacity for reorganization and adaptation in response to change.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Meet the New Spider Species: Ingenious Trap Launches Ants into the Air!

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ballista Spider & Green Ant Trap

Professor Ajay Narendra et al. 2026

A recently discovered spider species in Australia, the ballista spider, creates snare traps specifically designed to catch green tree ants, boasting accelerations that can inflict over 130 times the force of gravity—enough to fatally impact humans.

Researchers recorded accelerations reaching 1367 m/s as the green tree ants, Oecophila smaragdina, trigger the web’s snare trap.

“To capture this incredible moment, I had to set my camera to 5,000 to 7,000 frames per second,” explains Ajay Narendra from Macquarie University, Sydney. “Such high-speed photography was unprecedented in my years of wildlife documentation.”

In 2022, Greg Anderson of the QIMR Berghofer Institute in Brisbane, Australia, observed the remarkable behavior of green tree ants jumping into the spider’s traps in far north Queensland. However, without specialized camera gear, he could only see a blur of prey being ‘ballistically’ launched from the peculiar conical nests.

In early 2023, alongside Pranav Joshi, also from Macquarie University, Narendra dedicated ten days to studying and photographing these nocturnal spiders belonging to the Arachnida family, yet to receive a scientific name: Propostilla.

The term “ballista spider” comes from the Roman crossbow-like weapon known for launching large projectiles over long distances.

These spiders hide beneath leaves during the day and construct their traps just after dusk, a process that can take up to four hours. They skillfully tie together 15 to 60 tightly bundled tension lines attached to the leaves, forming a cone.

Fully Constructed Ballista Spider Snare

Pranav Joshi

After constructing the trap, the spider employs a chemical to entice green tree ants while sparing other ant species, prompting them to attack the snare with their mandibles.

“The silk appears quite sticky,” notes Narendra. “The ants’ mandibles struggle to release as they inadvertently get glued together.”

In their attempts to escape, the ants inadvertently trigger a tension wire, launching them nearly 30 centimeters into the air, where they become ensnared in the spider’s main web.

This tactic likely serves to elevate the prey above the forest floor, minimizing the risk of counterattacks from the ant colony, explains Narendra.

Although it may seem laborious for the spider to create a trap for each meal, green tree ants present a dependable food source. “The spider simply builds a web, and food arrives,” he adds.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Asteroid Donald Johansson: Wobbly, Peanut-Shaped Object Reveals a Watery Past, Say Scientists

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New insights reveal that the main-belt asteroid Donald Johansson—a remnant of a catastrophic breakup 155 million years ago—holds vital clues about the migration of water-rich worlds in the early solar system. This information comes from a detailed analysis of images and data captured by NASA’s Lucy spacecraft.

Asteroid Donald Johansson consists of two heavily cratered lobes connected by a smooth neck, with overall dimensions of 8.8 km x 4.4 km x 3.1 km. Image credit: NASA/Goddard/SwRI/Dan Gallagher.

On April 20, 2025, the Lucy spacecraft conducted a flyby of Donald Johansson, as part of its ambitious 12-year mission to explore eight asteroids.

Unlike conventional rotating asteroids, Donald Johansson rotates about two axes, wobbling around its horizontal axis every 10.5 Earth days while completing an upside-down rotation every 26.5 Earth days.

“We’ve uncovered numerous astonishing facts since Lucy’s flyby of Donald Johansson,” said Dr. Simone Marchi, Deputy Principal Investigator for Lucy at the Southwest Research Institute.

The images captured during the flyby reveal that Donald Johansson features two protruding crater-like lobes connected by a relatively smooth neck.

The density of craters aligns with the age of the Erigone asteroids, formed from catastrophic collisions that fragmented larger parent bodies.

“Lucy’s imagery confirms the elongated shape of Donald Johansson, initially indicated by Earth-based telescopic observations,” Dr. March noted.

The data from Lucy shows that this small asteroid, measuring 800 meters in diameter, resembles a peanut and has a unique two-lobed structure connected through a narrow neck.

Additionally, Lucy detected iron-rich clay minerals indicative of past liquid water presence.

These significant findings suggest that Donald Johansson originated from fragments of a larger, carbon- and water-rich asteroid that disintegrated 155 million years ago.

The encounter between Lucy and Donald Johansson serves as a precursor to the spacecraft’s primary mission, which focuses on exploring Trojan asteroids—ancient celestial bodies that lead or follow Jupiter in its solar orbit.

Scientists believe these populations of space rocks contain crucial insights about the early solar system’s formation.

“Comparing Donald Johansson with similar asteroids like Bennu and Ryugu is essential, as every detail provides hints to our cosmic origin,” Dr. March stated.

“As we learn more about the diverse Trojan population, our understanding of solar system formation is bound to evolve,” she added.

For more details, refer to the findings published on June 18 in Science.

_____

Simone Marchi et al. 2026. (52246) Donald Johansson’s Lucy Flight: A rolling two-lobed asteroid. Science 392 (6804): 1287-1291; doi: 10.1126/science.aec0503

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Observes Jupiter-Sized Exoplanet Devoured by Its Star

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

HD 80606b is renowned for its extreme orbit, making it one of the most fascinating exoplanets discovered so far. The James Webb Space Telescope, operated by NASA, ESA, and CSA, captured an incredible moment of the planet as it flared up while approaching its star.

Artist’s impression of the hot Jupiter exoplanet HD 80606b. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/Joseph Olmsted, STScI.

First detected in April 2001, HD 80606b is a highly eccentric exoplanet with a mass approximately four times that of Jupiter.

This alien world resides around 217 light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.

Classified as a hot Jupiter, it completes an orbit around its parent star HD 80606 approximately every 111 days.

“Hot Jupiters are recognized as some of the most extreme exoplanets, and HD 80606b is certainly one of the most extreme among them,” stated Dr. Tiffany Kataria, an astronomer at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“While we typically imagine hot Jupiters as gas giants close to their stars, HD 80606b’s eccentric orbit presents a unique case.”

As HD 80606b nears its star, its surface temperature skyrockets by around 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit.

Prior studies have indicated that these rapid temperature variations can initiate chemical reactions and alter the exoplanet’s cloud formations in real-time.

Due to its dynamic conditions, astronomers consider HD 80606b an optimal target for observing such changes using Webb’s advanced instruments.

“Studying planets like HD 80606b proves efficient since their unusual orbits cause corresponding fluctuations in temperature and chemical composition. This allows us to gather valuable data in just a few hours under varying conditions, which can then be extrapolated to other hot Jupiters and more typical exoplanets,” said Dr. Laura Mayorga from Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

The researchers utilized Webb’s MIRI (Mid-Infrared Instrument) to monitor HD 80606b during its orbital phases: before, during, and after its closest approach to the star.

At Periastron, the planet also passed behind the star from Webb’s viewpoint, a phenomenon colloquially known as a secondary solar eclipse.

“Dr. Webb revealed that the extent of global warming is even more pronounced than what we observed with Spitzer,” Dr. Kataria remarked.

Scientists will present their findings on June 16th at the 248th American Astronomical Society (AAS) General Meeting in Pasadena, California.

_____

Tiffany Kataria et al. 2026. Flash heating of burnt planets: Time-resolved characterization of HD 80606b using JWST/MIRI. AAS248 Abstract #426

Source: www.sci.news

Fecal Transplants Boost Brain Health and Revitalize Aging Mice

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scanning Electron Micrograph of the Intestinal Lining of a Mouse

CJC Copyright: IKELOS GmbH/Dr. Christopher B. Jackson/Science Photo Library

Fecal microbiome transplantation (FMT) shows promise in enhancing brain adaptability in older adults, similar to that seen in younger individuals. The gut microbiome is linked to mental health and personality traits. A groundbreaking study reveals that older mice receiving FMT from younger counterparts exhibited improved brain plasticity, potentially aiding in the treatment of conditions such as amblyopia, typically treatable only in childhood.

According to Parisa Gazelani, a professor at Oslo Metropolitan University, “This study indicates that microbial communities may regulate critical periods in brain development, shaping when windows of increased plasticity open and close.” This positions the gut microbiome as a key player in neural development, alongside sensory experiences and immune responses.

Neuroplasticity, the brain’s ability to rewire itself, enables effective amblyopia treatment in children by temporarily occluding the stronger eye, forcing the brain to forge new connections with the weaker eye. While plasticity is at its peak during youth, it declines during adolescence as the brain naturally refines unused connections.

Research from the Sant’Anna School of Advanced Studies in Pisa, Italy, led by Paola Tonini, aimed to explore the influence of the gut microbiome on adult brain plasticity. They administered high doses of broad-spectrum antibiotics to 21-day-old mice, inducing significant alterations in their gut microbiota compared to control mice on untreated water. Notably, there was a reduction in bacterial families like Lachnospiraceae, which are involved in producing neuroprotective short-chain fatty acids.

After sealing one eye of each mouse for three days, imaging revealed neuroplasticity responses only in control mice, whose brains demonstrated increased responsiveness to the unsealed eye’s stimulation.

To uncover underlying mechanisms, researchers conducted RNA sequencing, revealing over 1,000 differentially expressed genes linked to myelination and blood-brain barrier permeability in antibiotic-treated mice. “The changes observed were substantial,” stated Tonini.

In a final experiment, fecal microbiota from 30-day-old mice was transplanted into four-month-old adult mice. Only those receiving the younger microbiota exhibited neuroplasticity in response to the eye closure experiment.

If these findings translate to humans, the implications could be profound, as highlighted by Harriet Schellekens from University College Cork, Ireland: “This hints at the microbiome’s potential in enhancing learning, recovery from injuries, and improving resilience against aging and neurological diseases.” However, discerning specific microbial metabolites or strains behind such effects remains a challenge.

Gazelani cautions against premature human extrapolations, noting the complexity of human brains and the significant influence of diet and lifestyle on microbiomes.

Furthermore, the study raises important considerations regarding the long-term implications of childhood antibiotic exposure, particularly in high, prolonged doses. “While antibiotics are crucial for health, these results underscore the need for their judicious use during critical developmental phases,” emphasized Gazelani.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

“AI Model Training: Professionals Reveal How They Rely on Chatbots”

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Disaster can occur when training one chatbot with another

Photo/Getty Images

AI Training Risks — Disaster can occur when training one chatbot with another

Photo/Getty Images

Recent whistleblower revelations indicate that some individuals hired to conduct high-quality conversations for training AI models are resorting to fraud by utilizing chatbots like ChatGPT. This alarming trend, highlighted by New Scientist, poses a significant threat to the integrity of AI development, potentially resulting in a “breakdown” of sophisticated models.

Currently, most AI models are trained on vast amounts of data sourced from the internet. As the demand for training data escalates, AI firms are employing individuals to interact with and test AI systems in hopes of enhancing the efficacy of future large-scale language models (LLMs).

These workers are often contracted through third-party agencies and typically earn low wages without stable employment. An employee, Alice*, reveals that such work conditions encourage unethical practices, such as relying on chatbots to expedite tasks, despite clear company policies against it.

“It’s very prevalent. Every organization I’ve been a part of has strict guidelines and attempts to monitor compliance. However, stopping it completely seems unlikely,” Alice explains.

Alice expresses no remorse for utilizing ChatGPT to finish training tasks, stating, “As long as you guide the chatbot to avoid recognizable AI signatures, escaping detection is easy. The less careful users are the ones caught.”

“If companies desire high-quality data, they must offer fair contracts,” Alice asserts. “Instead, they exploit struggling individuals, retaining them until project completion and then abruptly terminating their contracts.”

Bob*, another employee working with a training platform called Outlier, initially utilized AI for training before being promoted to a leadership position tasked with monitoring similar behaviors.

“Management oscillates between mild tolerance and strict prohibition,” Bob recounts. Employees at Outlier are monitored via Hubstaff, which captures desktop screenshots at random intervals to confirm adherence to task requirements.

“You can often see AI tools like ChatGPT on the taskbar, either minimized or open in another tab,” Bob says, indicating widespread AI utilization.

Outlier, owned by Scale AI, has not responded to requests for comment, although Scale AI claims to collaborate with tech giants including Meta and Cisco, who have also remained silent. Bob mentions he worked on projects for Google, but they, too, did not respond.

Carol*, another employee with experience across various platforms, admits her initial use of AI was to check for task guideline violations, fearing expulsion and loss of income.

“Initially concerned about my income source, I found it easier to accomplish tasks via the LLM,” Carol states. “Many of my current projects involve scenario creation, so I employ one LLM to devise the scenarios and another for generating the corresponding files.”

“I’m worried that this practice undermines AI quality,” she adds, expressing concern about training models with AI-generated content.

Mark Lee, a researcher at the University of Birmingham, UK, warns that training AI on AI-generated content can lead to “cannibalism” of models, ultimately diminishing their capability. “While this worst-case scenario may not always happen, the misconduct reflected in these practices undoubtedly hampers performance,” Lee states.

He concludes, “A human data presence, even at 10%, can significantly mitigate these issues, ensuring the models do not falter.” The implications of these unethical practices highlight fundamental weaknesses in AI performance, as the technology struggles to mimic human-like ingenuity effectively.

*Names have been changed to protect personal identities.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Generate Sustainable Electricity from Used Coffee Grounds: A Guide from Sciworthy

Posted on June 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Could your coffee habit lead to a sustainable power source?

Innovative scientists are investigating how to transform common waste, like used coffee grounds, into eco-friendly materials for energy generation. One promising technique is known as Frictional Charging, which harnesses electricity from movement. This method involves rubbing positively and negatively charged materials together to create a charge that can be utilized by a Triboelectric Nanogenerator (TENG). TENGs offer a greener alternative to fossil fuels by generating electricity from everyday activities, such as pedestrian and vehicular motion.

However, many negatively charged materials used in TENGs are composed of harmful, non-biodegradable plastics like PTFE, contributing to long-term environmental waste. Additionally, TENGs are prone to damage from outdoor conditions. To create sustainable TENGs for practical use, researchers need to develop biodegradable and durable designs.

To tackle this challenge, researchers at Guangxi University in China have created a TENG utilizing coffee grounds as the negatively charged material. Their innovative design produces a sturdy, cost-effective device capable of recycling coffee waste while generating energy.

To formulate the coffee-based material, the team mixed coffee powder with biodegradable, glue-like plastic known as Polycaprolactone (PCL). They heated this mixture to 80°C (176°F) and shaped it into cylindrical pellets. Furthermore, they used another biodegradable plastic called Polylactic Acid (PLA) to 3D print a fully enclosed TENG housing vertical channels structured like the slots in a file organizer to accommodate the pellets.

In their TENG, shaking the coffee ground pellets inside the channel causes them to rub against the PLA surface. Due to coffee grounds’ strong electron-attracting properties, the pellets acquire a negative charge while the PLA surface gains a positive charge. This repetitive motion facilitates the transfer of electrons, resulting in electricity production through the TENG’s external circuitry.

To assess the TENG’s electrical performance, the researchers utilized an electrometer, measuring the electrical output based on the device’s ability to push electrons into a circuit. Voltage, or the speed of electron flow, is referred to as current, while the quantity of electrons flowing is termed transfer fee.

The team confirmed that coffee ground pellets are a viable TENG material by comparing their performance with standard plastic pellets. The coffee powder pellet system produced a voltage of 0.6 volts (V), a current of 18 nanoamps (nA), and a charge transfer of 0.25 nanocoulombs (nC), yielding more than twice the output of pure PCL pellets and over half that of non-biodegradable PTFE. The researchers speculate that the negatively charged components in coffee grounds may enhance the surface characteristics of PCL, boosting charge generation and transfer.

To optimize TENG efficiency, the researchers experimented with various mass ratios of coffee powder to PCL, pellet lengths, and device vibration frequencies. They discovered that the optimal electrical performance occurred with a 3:1 coffee powder to PCL ratio, 8-millimeter pellet length, and 2.6 hertz vibration frequency. Under these conditions, the device achieved an impressive electrical output of 4.7 V, 75 nA, and 1.3 nC, sufficient to power small environmental sensors.

The research team also examined the device’s long-term durability by comparing its electrical performance before and after six months of storage. The voltage experienced only a 6% drop, indicating stable long-term electrical performance for at least six months.

Finally, to explore practical applications, the researchers integrated four TENGs into a wind energy system designed for remote islands. This system employs a rotating cup wheel to capture wind energy and utilizes a slide mechanism to convert it into consistent vibrations of the TENG. As the TENG shakes, the moving pellets generate sufficient electricity to power LED lights and small weather monitoring devices.

The researchers concluded that used coffee grounds could serve as an effective biodegradable TENG material, reducing reliance on fossil fuel-derived products. By merging coffee waste with biodegradable plastics, they created a TENG with enhanced electrical performance, sustainability, and long-term stability. With further innovations, this technology could potentially power road warning lights and provide crucial alerts in remote locations.

Post views: 89

Source: sciworthy.com

Understanding Excessive Flatulence: The Science Behind Frequent Farting

Posted on June 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Did you know that everyone releases approximately 2.5 liters of gas each day? This natural process occurs due to the air we inhale, the beverages we consume, and the bacteria present in our digestive system. Our bodies effectively expel this excess gas through burping and farting. Often, the amount may be minor, and you might not even notice it, as it can be odorless.

Unlike cows, the primary component of human farts isn’t methane. When some light a fart, it typically ignites hydrogen gas instead.

Farting is completely normal; however, if you notice an increase in frequency, it might indicate an underlying health issue.

Why Do We Fart?

Farting occurs when gas accumulates in our intestines and needs to be released. A small amount of swallowed air enters our intestines, but most gas is produced by bacteria that aid digestion, expelled through both burping and farting.

These gases mainly consist of hydrogen and carbon dioxide; the odor originates from trace amounts of sulfur compounds.

Nerve endings in the anus help differentiate between gas buildup and solid waste, allowing safe release of gas.

Does Everyone Fart?

Absolutely! Gases travel to the large intestine due to swallowed air and are produced by intestinal bacteria. The mix includes nitrogen, carbon dioxide, some hydrogen, and methane, along with trace amounts of compounds like skatole, indole, methanethiol, hydrogen sulfide, and dimethyl sulfide.

Everyone farts, though some individuals manage to keep their farts discreet – Hannah Ashworth

Discover more about flatulence:

Why Do I Fart So Much?

It’s perfectly normal for individuals to have varying fart frequencies. As per the NHS, the average person farts between 5 and 15 times daily. However, some medical conditions can lead to increased flatulence.

Farting can be a symptom of celiac disease or lactose intolerance. Foods that are hard to digest, along with constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, indigestion, and gastroenteritis, may cause excessive bloating and gas buildup. Certain medications might also contribute.

If you have concerns about excessive farting, consult your doctor.

What Happens When You Hold Back a Fart?

What happens if you hold back a fart? ©Getty Images

If you suppress a fart, it may come out more quietly, allowing you to hold it in until you can visit the restroom. But eventually, those farts will make their escape! – Luis Villazon

What Foods Make You Fart?

Beans are often humorously noted for causing flatulence. But why do beans lead to increased farting?

Like many others, beans are rich in soluble fiber. While this is beneficial for health, it can lead to gas production in the intestines, resulting in farting. Other gas-inducing foods include lentils, peas, brassicas like cabbage and broccoli, onions, prunes, and apples.

Do Animals Fart?

So all humans fart; does that mean all animals do as well? Read on to discover which animals are the flatulence champions and which manage to be discreet.

Do Rabbits Fart?

Yes! Rabbits are classified as non-ruminant herbivores, meaning they primarily consume plants such as grass and flowers but lack specialized stomachs for digestion. Instead, they depend on gut microorganisms (bacteria and protists) to break down their cellulose-rich diets.

Since digestion occurs mainly in the large intestine, rabbits also re-ingest cecal pellets, which helps them extract maximum nutrition from their food.

This unique digestive system, coupled with their cellulose-heavy diet, leads to the production of gas, making farting essential for rabbit health. Stress, dehydration, and low-fiber diets can cause dangerous gas buildup, potentially leading to severe health issues. – Dani Rabaiotti

Do Spiders Fart?

The topic of spider flatulence remains largely unexplored, but we can examine their digestive systems for hints. Spiders digest food externally by injecting venom into their prey, breaking down the exoskeleton and internal tissue.

They then consume the liquefied remains, a process that may lead to the ingestion of air – a key element for farting. Although bacteria in their digestive systems likely generate gas, conclusive studies on spider flatulence are still lacking. – Dani Rabaiotti

Do Birds Fart?

Birds do possess anuses, suggesting they could fart, yet no official evidence confirms this. One theory posits that birds digest food rapidly, preventing gas from forming during fermentation. Alternatively, their intestines might lack certain gas-producing bacteria found in mammals. It’s also possible that bird farts are so subtle that they go unnoticed. – Charlotte Corny

Did Dinosaurs Fart?

Indeed! Dinosaurs, much like dogs and insects, passed gas. Creatures like brontosaurus and triceratops produced considerable amounts of gas, significantly impacting the Earth’s climate. Research suggests that their emissions contributed to maintaining a warm and moist environment during the Mesozoic Era (250 million to 65 million years ago).

Similar emissions from livestock today account for over 10% of human-induced greenhouse gases. – Dr. Stephen Brusatte

Learn more about how the body works:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Next-Generation Sensitive Radio Telescope Array to Launch in Nevada Desert

Posted on June 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A remote region in the Nevada desert within the Great Basin is set to host the world’s most advanced radio telescope array.

Subscribe to read this article ad-free

Enjoy unlimited access to premium content with no distractions.

The California Institute of Technology is spearheading the project and announced its intention to initiate construction of the telescope after securing adequate funding. This project, known as the Deep Synoptic Array, consists of 1,650 individual radio antennas that will collectively study supermassive black holes, pulsars, and fast radio bursts — brief, powerful emissions of radio waves that often originate in deep space.

Greg Hallinan, an astronomy professor at Caltech and the principal investigator for the Deep Synoptic Array, commented, “The vast number of antennas distinguishes this telescope from any existing ones.”

Radio telescopes capture naturally occurring radio waves emitted by various celestial bodies, enabling astronomers to analyze these signals for insights into their structure, composition, and temperature.

While radio telescopes do not capture images like optical observatories, they can convert radio signals into data for imaging.

Hallinan stated that the Deep Synoptic Array will surpass all previous ground-based radio telescopes in performance, observing the sky 100 times faster while producing exceptionally high-quality radio images.

Regarding radio-emitting cosmic objects, he remarked, “Collectively, all telescopes built over the last century have identified approximately 20 million radio sources in the universe. This telescope will double that in just the first 24 hours.”

Each dish in this project is designed to measure about 20 feet in diameter. Together, they will form one of the largest radio telescope arrays ever constructed, covering over 123 square miles managed by the Bureau of Land Management in White Pine County, Nevada.

Hallinan indicated that the project is currently in the permitting phase, aiming to start construction next year and complete it by 2029.

For ground-based radio astronomy, two types of telescopes are commonly utilized: the Green Bank Telescope in West Virginia, which boasts a diameter of 328 feet, and the extensive array of small dishes like the Very Large Array in New Mexico, featuring 27 dishes arranged in a Y-shape.

Single-dish telescopes are generally more sensitive and capable of detecting faint radio waves from deep space, while large arrays of multiple dishes tend to yield clearer images. Hallinan noted that deep synoptic arrays have the potential to achieve both.

Members of the Caltech Deep Synoptic Array Team.
Katie Jameson / California Institute of Technology / DSA Project

The Deep Synoptic Array is engineered to detect radio emissions from millions of stars, galaxies, and additional celestial entities emitting radio light.

“Radio astronomy is transforming from sketches to high-resolution imagery,” said Vikram Ravi, Caltech astronomy professor and co-principal investigator of the Deep Synoptic Array, as stated in a recent announcement. “The DSA will scan a significantly larger celestial area more frequently than any other telescope.”

Researchers plan to utilize the array for at least five sky surveys, seeking captivating radio emission pulses for additional study.

“We will pinpoint the exact location of any detected radio source, enabling optical, infrared, and X-ray observatories to target that area for further exploration,” Hallinan explained.

Funding for the initiative has been provided by Schmidt Science, a philanthropic organization established by former Google CEO Eric Schmidt and his wife, Wendy. Schmidt has also recently taken the helm at rocket company Relativity Space, which secured a key NASA contract this week to deliver scientific instruments to Mars in 2028.

As a preliminary step, two prototype plates were recently constructed near Bishop, California, serving as technology demonstrations, according to Hallinan.

To identify a suitable location for the Deep Synoptic Array, Hallinan and his team evaluated sites throughout the western United States, including California, Nevada, New Mexico, and Utah. An ideal setting would be remote, minimizing interference from radio frequencies generated by devices like cell phones and Wi-Fi.

“This telescope is so sensitive that it can detect cell phones from the distance of the Sun,” Hallinan remarked.

The Great Basin in Nevada serves as a natural barrier against unwanted interference.

“The quiet valleys here have minimal population,” he added. “This site in White Pine County is the quietest location we evaluated, making it exceptionally suitable for radio astronomy.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

What Happens When Two Narcissists Fall in Love? Insights and Consequences

Posted on June 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Narcissists are known for their fragile self-esteem, hidden beneath layers of vanity and bravado. They constantly seek external reassurance to feel special.

This behavior typically manifests in two distinct ways. First, they display a penchant for bragging to affirm their importance and talent. Secondly, they often resort to belittling others when they perceive a threat to their status.

This combination of traits can create a highly combustible interaction between two narcissists, as neither can maintain the top position.

The fireworks don’t erupt immediately. Consider two high-profile narcissists who were once friends.

Initially, these narcissists might perceive mutual benefits from their relationship, each boasting about their unique attributes.

When both individuals accept each other’s claims at face value, they strengthen their sense of self-importance by associating with a seemingly successful and confident partner.

Narcissism is characterized by an exaggerated sense of self-importance, a constant need for admiration, an obsession with status, and a lack of empathy. Credit: Getty

The crux of the issue arises when one narcissist insults or undermines the other, leading to a downward spiral.

In psychological terms, this explanation aligns with the spin model—an abbreviation for “status seeking in narcissism.”

This model suggests that narcissists are preoccupied with status and often enhance their egos through boastfulness. However, when they feel threatened, they engage in a competitive strategy that involves degrading others.

Studies from the 1990s have shown that when narcissists believe they have been criticized, they are more likely to retaliate than non-narcissists.

Additionally, narcissists often prioritize their status over relationships, leading to intense competition when one feels challenged by the other.

Does this sound familiar?

This pattern is further supported by research. One study examined a group of narcissistic students and found that conflict escalates over time, increasing team discord.

Another couples study revealed that while narcissistic individuals may have a rosy start, longer relationships result in lower satisfaction.

If you have two narcissists in your life, the best strategy to avoid conflict may be to help each feel that their status is elevated rather than threatened by the other.

This article addresses the inquiry by Anna Olsen of Sunderland: “What happens when a narcissist encounters another narcissist?”

If you have any questions, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out through our social media: Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts for more incredible science insights.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Severe Storms, Floods, and Extreme Heat Impacting U.S. During World Cup and Holiday Travel Surge

Posted on June 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

This weekend, severe storms, flash flooding, and extreme heat are set to impact regions across the Plains, Midwest, and South, posing potential disruptions for World Cup fans, athletes, and vacationers alike.

Subscribe to read this story without ads

Enjoy unlimited access to ad-free articles and exclusive content.

Flood watches are currently in effect across the South, impacting eastern Texas, Louisiana, southern Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, and Georgia as remnants of Tropical Storm Arthur make their way through these areas.

Preliminary precipitation totals in Louisiana suggest a potential new state record. Previously, the record was 22 inches within 24 hours, but Cottonport experienced an estimated 29 inches on Friday. Additional measurements showed 22 inches in Plauchsville and 17 inches in Simsport, near the Atchafalaya River.

As the weekend progresses, regions in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi are expected to receive heavy rainfall, exacerbating ongoing flooding issues from Thursday and Friday. According to the National Weather Bureau, the moist air mass combined with saturated soil raises the risk of localized flash flooding if the storm lingers in one area.

The Plains and Midwest are also at risk of storms, which could threaten Saturday night’s World Cup match between Ecuador and Curaçao in Kansas City. Flood watches are active for Missouri, Nebraska, Kansas, Illinois, and Indiana as thunderstorms may lead to hazardous flash flooding.

Thunderstorms are forecasted for regions in eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado, with potential risks of tornadoes, large hail, and wind gusts reaching up to 125 mph.

By Sunday morning, the National Weather Service anticipates the storm will continue moving east across the Midwest, with additional storms forming along a slow-moving warm front, increasing the risk of flash flooding.

Meanwhile, other southern areas are bracing for extreme heat and humidity. A heat advisory has been issued for southeast Texas, where the heat index—an amalgamation of temperature and humidity—could soar to 108 degrees Fahrenheit.

World Cup players and fans in Houston may also contend with oppressive heat during Saturday night’s clash between the Netherlands and Sweden.

The National Weather Service advises residents to “stay hydrated, wear light-colored clothing,” and “limit strenuous outdoor activities, particularly in the afternoon.” Heat advisories are also in effect for Louisiana, southern Alabama, and southern Florida.

This patchwork of challenging weather conditions could pose significant inconveniences for travelers. The Transportation Security Administration anticipates over 3 million passengers will navigate TSA checkpoints this Sunday alone, with a high volume of travelers expected throughout the long weekend.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Scientists Reveal Earth’s Early Sexual Practices Were Detrimental

Posted on June 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies reveal that Earth’s earliest animals were quite unproductive, lacking fertility and significantly suppressing the diversity of life for millions of years. It wasn’t until sexual reproduction emerged, influenced by stress and competition, that evolution accelerated.

Research conducted by the University of Cambridge focused on fossils of the oldest known animals, dating back approximately 574 million years. These ancient beings reproduced asexually, creating offspring from a single parent’s genetic material.

As detailed in a study published in Natural Ecology and Evolution, this research sheds light on a long-pondered question among paleontologists: why has animal life changed so little over millions of years?

Among the first life forms were Fructophusus, which roamed the Earth during the Ediacaran period, approximately 635 to 539 million years ago, resembling ferns rather than modern animals.

These organisms lacked mouths, organs, or limbs, likely absorbing nutrients from their surroundings. They reproduced asexually, producing clones via runners similar to contemporary strawberry plants.

According to Dr. Emily Mitchell, lead author of the study from Cambridge’s Zoology Department, “Life in Ediacaran times was so sufficient that the necessity for sex was limited. There was minimal competition, resulting in little urgency for change.”

Mitchell and her team examined fossils at Mistaken Point in Newfoundland, a premier site for Ediacaran period fossils.

Using a sophisticated computer model, they simulated animal community behaviors under various conditions to explore why early animal groups were relatively species-poor.

The first multicellular organisms appeared on the ocean floor about 600 million years ago – Credit: Getty

During the Ediacaran period, animals thrived in nutrient-rich waters with limited competition for resources. However, as they migrated from deeper to shallower waters, they faced increased pressures like tides, storms, temperature fluctuations, and changes in trophic levels.

“As stress leads to sexual reproduction, we witness a notable increase in dispersal distance as animals strive for new territories amid heightened competition,” explains Mitchell.

As these ancient organisms adapted to diverse habitats and reproductive strategies, speciation flourished. This diversification intensified during the subsequent Cambrian period when animals became more mobile.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Science-Based Predictions: Who Will Win the World Cup?

Posted on June 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A team of European statisticians has developed an advanced machine learning algorithm that aims to predict the winner of the 2023 FIFA World Cup.

This innovative model analyzes extensive data on national teams and players, running 100,000 simulations to identify the most probable victor.

According to the lead author, statistician at the University of Innsbruck Dr. Achim Zeileis, in a recent blog post, Spain is favored to win this year’s tournament, closely followed by England.

This isn’t the first time this research group, which includes experts from Germany’s Dortmund University of Technology and Munich University of Technology, Norway’s Molde University, and Austria’s University of Innsbruck, has applied machine learning in forecasting World Cup outcomes.

In 2018, they successfully predicted the United States as the winner of the 2019 Women’s World Cup. However, they had mixed results in forecasting, as they selected Spain and Argentina to win the 2023 Women’s and 2022 Men’s tournaments, respectively.

The algorithm used to predict the 2023 World Cup winner analyzes data from domestic matches over the past eight years.

Additionally, it integrates ‘expected’ strength estimates for each team, derived from combined odds data from international bookmakers.

The overall strength of a team is adjusted based on player ratings, which consider performance data at both club and international levels, as well as expectations in the international transfer market.

This comprehensive data feeds into a Random Forest machine learning algorithm, which assesses each team’s chances for victory across various matchups.

On June 15th, the match between Spain and Cape Verde ended in a surprising draw with neither team scoring – Credit: Getty

While the team expresses confidence in their predictions for this year’s winner, Zeileis cautions that these are merely projections subject to unexpected events, like the recent goalless draw between Cape Verde and Spain.

“All of our predictions are probabilistic and, therefore, not guaranteed,” Zeileis stated. “Although we can quantify this uncertainty through probabilities, the actual tournament outcomes are far from predetermined.”

This is not the first notable attempt to foresee the World Cup champion. In 2014, mathematician Joachim Clement accurately predicted Germany’s triumph in that year’s tournament, as well as the outcomes of three following competitions.

This effort followed Clement’s highly precise match-by-match forecasts for Euro 2008, alongside the famous Octopus, which accurately predicted Spain as the winners of the 2010 tournament — a streak that sadly ended with the cephalopod’s passing three months into the tournament.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

113-Million-Year-Old Pterosaur Fossil Uncovers Diet of Ancient Flying Reptiles

Posted on June 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A remarkable 113-million-year-old pterosaur fossil from northeastern Brazil has provided rare evidence of soft tissue, organic molecules, and chemical markers indicating a diet rich in cephalopods, including fish and squid.

Grice et al. integrate organic geochemical analysis and high-resolution micromineral imaging of a Cretaceous pterosaur bone in Brazil, revealing steroid biomarkers and the intricate petrification pathways that facilitated its preservation. Image credit: Grice et al., doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116199.

“Our discovery paves the way for new understanding in fossil formation,” stated Professor Kriti Grice from Curtin University, lead author of the study.

In this groundbreaking research, Professor Grice and his team analyzed the left wing of an Early Cretaceous pterosaur found in the Sitio Baixa Grande locality of Brazil’s Araripe Basin.

This site, part of the Romuald Formation, is celebrated for its exceptional preservation of vertebrate fossils, particularly pterosaur species.

The wings of this pterosaur were encased in limestone concretions, preserving intricate details.

Paleontologists uncovered microstructures, including preserved collagen-like fibers, calcified soft tissue, and steroid biomarkers.

Carbon isotope analysis of cholesterol-derived compounds suggests that this pterosaur functioned as an aerial predator, likely hunting cephalopods and fish above the seas during the Cretaceous period, occupying a higher trophic level in the food web.

“This fossil serves as a time capsule. It’s not only beautifully preserved but also marks the first time we’ve detected steroid traces in a pterosaur, offering further evidence of their dietary preferences for fish and squid,” Professor Grice remarked.

“This is also the first instance of molecule recovery from a pterosaur fossil, unlocking new insights into their diet and showcasing the emerging potential of molecular paleontology,” he added.

“The preservation of steroids in fossils is incredibly rare, but our findings challenge conventional beliefs about fossil preservation,” he emphasized.

The researchers employed chemical, isotopic, and high-resolution imaging techniques to reconstruct the fossilization process.

They concluded that the decomposing carcass generated a unique chemical environment.

The acidity resulting from microbial activity led to the formation of phosphate minerals that stabilized the tissue, while subsequent carbonate lithification waves protected the site and prevented further decomposition of organic materials.

This study challenges the long-held idea that only oxygen-poor conditions facilitate exceptional fossil preservation.

Instead, the researchers propose that local oxidized and reduced conditions around the decomposing animal played a crucial role in fossil conservation.

“Our research opens new pathways for fossil preservation, shedding light on ancient life and the unique environmental conditions that enabled such remarkable fossilization,” added Professor Grice.

“This further supports the notion that microorganisms significantly contribute to this process, a finding confirmed at other fossil sites, proposing a new global Lagerstätten mechanism for extraordinary fossil preservation.”

The team’s findings are published in this week’s issue of iscience.

_____

Kriti Grice et al. Multistep mineralization and biomarker preservation in 113-million-year-old pterosaur bones through redox shifts in diagenesis. iscience published online June 18, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.isci.2026.116199

Source: www.sci.news

Discovering Earth’s First Land Animals: Surprising Facts Beyond Amphibians

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A paleontologist from the Field Museum of Natural History has unveiled new insights into the fossilized remains of a baby embolomere, a crocodile-like predator that inhabited ancient rivers and swamps between 350 million and 280 million years ago. Contrary to previous beliefs, these early vertebrates did not resemble tadpoles during their infancy.

New fossil evidence suggests that embolomeres did not undergo the same metamorphosis as modern amphibians, contradicting the notion that amphibians, reptiles, and mammals evolved from tadpole-like ancestors. Image credit: Berit Godling.

“Many of us learned a simplified version of evolution in high school: that fish evolved into amphibians, which then led to reptiles, and finally to mammals,” said Jason Pardo, a paleontologist at the Field Museum.

“Our research indicates that this fundamental premise—that the first four-legged vertebrates developed like amphibians—is incorrect.”

In their recent study, Dr. Pardo and colleague Dr. Arjan Mann analyzed well-preserved fossil quadrupeds from Mason Creek Lagerstätte, Illinois, known for its exceptional soft tissue specimens.

“Mason Creek is one of the world’s best fossil sites for soft tissue and delicate small fossils,” remarked Dr. Mann.

“The fossils from Mason Creek serve as a time capsule, allowing us to gain insights that were previously thought impossible.”

Embolomeres could grow over 3 meters (10 feet) as adults and were fearsome apex predators in ancient rivers, lakes, and swamps from 350 million years ago (Carboniferous period) to 280 million years ago (Permian period).

The Mason Creek specimen offers a striking contrast; though the baby is just a few centimeters long, it provides enough evidence to challenge century-old scientific assumptions.

Notably, researchers observed that embolomere offspring lacked crucial characteristics associated with amphibian tadpoles, such as external frilled gills.

No evidence of true metamorphosis was found in these early tetrapods, despite the major changes that occur during the larval stage in modern amphibians.

Instead, the life cycles of these initial tetrapods appear to resemble those of humans or fish more than they do those of amphibians.

“We examined a range of species representing various lineages throughout the fish-to-tetrapod transition and found no evidence resembling a tadpole,” Pardo stated.

“If there are no tadpoles, then metamorphosis cannot exist.”

“If creatures like embolomeres did not display tadpole morphology or undergo true amphibian metamorphosis, then the widely accepted theory that reptiles and mammals evolved from amphibian-like ancestors must be reconsidered.”

“The narrative that metamorphosis facilitated the transition of animals from water to land is no longer valid. It’s become obsolete.”

For further details, refer to the findings published in Science.

_____

Jason D. Pardo & Arjan Mann. 2026. Direct development of stalk tetrapods through the fin-to-limb transition. Science 392 (6804): 1292-1296; doi: 10.1126/science.aeb7635

Source: www.sci.news

Why Most Portable Air Conditioners Fall Short and How to Choose the Best One

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Single-hose air conditioners draw in hot air from outside.

Ton Hazewinkel/Getty Images

Single-hose air conditioners draw in hot air from outside.

Ton Hazewinkel/Getty Images

Are you thinking about buying a portable air conditioner as extreme heatwaves become increasingly frequent? It’s crucial to understand that many portable air conditioners have significant design flaws, and there are no labeling regulations to inform consumers.

When I purchased a portable air conditioner, I was unaware of this issue. The most surprising thing is that there exists a simple solution, and I believe it’s necessary for regulations to change, ensuring that portable air conditioners can’t be sold without it.

First, let’s discuss the misconception, particularly prevalent in the UK, that buying an air conditioner is a mistake. If you don’t require one, that’s perfectly fine. However, many of us live in homes that become excessively hot during heat waves, regardless of our efforts, such as keeping blinds and windows closed. Excessive heat can negatively impact health and even lead to fatalities, as it complicates tasks like studying or working. If it’s acceptable to use energy to heat a home, why is it frowned upon to use energy to maintain a cool environment?

As global temperatures rise, an increasing number of individuals are depending on air conditioners for comfort. It’s vital to minimize energy consumption from these units to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to further warming and escalate the demand for cooling solutions.

To comprehend the inherent design flaws, it’s essential to grasp how air conditioners operate. The most efficient systems utilize split configurations. An external unit compresses the refrigerant into liquid form and heats it, which is subsequently cooled by a heat exchanger blowing outside air.

The refrigerant travels through a thin pipe to the indoor unit, where it transforms back into a gas and cools. Indoor air passes through another heat exchanger that cools it by transferring its heat to the refrigerant.

This system allows indoor air to remain inside while extracting heat from it. Split systems typically operate more quietly, with the compressor placed externally. However, these systems are usually costly built-in models, may lack space for outdoor units in upstairs rooms, and few portable split systems are available.

Some portable air conditioners draw outside air into the interior. A wide intake hose pulls in external air while expelling heated air through a separate outlet hose.

These dual-hose air conditioners are less efficient compared to split systems; the exhaust hose can inadvertently transfer heat back into the room. Wrapping this hose in insulation can mitigate some heat transfer. However, similar to split systems, they keep indoor air contained.

In contrast, single-hose portable air conditioners do not utilize intake hoses. Instead, they utilize indoor air to cool the refrigerant, which is then expelled through a single hose, resulting in the continuous influx of hot air from outside.

When a window is open, hot air enters directly. When closed, heat enters through other parts of the house, raising your indoor temperature. Consequently, the air conditioner continuously cools the incoming hot air, leading to higher energy consumption. It’s akin to adding dirt to your laundry detergent.

Additionally, single-hose units become less effective as outdoor temperatures rise, failing to cool spaces as efficiently as dual-hose units providing similar power.

These design flaws remain unaddressed in European labeling. Air conditioner specifications indicate cooling capacity in British thermal units (BTUs), which merely reflects heat transfer capacity, disregarding the continuous influx of hot air necessitating additional heat transfer.

The same applies to the Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER). These figures often compare units without accounting for the unique efficiency shortfalls of single-hose models, which are generally easier to install.

“Consumers struggle with two ducts and may lack the space for proper venting,” explains Chris Michael from Meaco. Thus, it’s not surprising that homeowners gravitate towards single-hose units, which are more accessible than dual-hose alternatives in the UK.

Conversely, the US has improved labeling standards. Two measures now account for the hot air entering the room and the heat expelled via the exhaust hose. The Seasonally Adjusted Cooling Capacity (SACC), often declines by over a third compared to unadjusted capacity figures.

Moreover, the overall energy efficiency ratio (CEER) provides additional insights into the efficiency of dual-hose air conditioners.

Nonetheless, these metrics still do not fully inform buyers. Both SACC and CEER measure efficiency under specific conditions, often assuming an outdoor temperature of 28°C (82.4°F) for most operation time, escalating to 35°C (95°F) for brief intervals. This is misleading, as cooling demand spikes at 40°C (104°F).

Interestingly, many single-hose air conditioners are essentially dual-hose systems with a single hose. Adding an additional hose and attachment resolves this defect. At least one manufacturer, GE, offers conversion kits for certain single-hose models, boasting increased cooling capacities. Their advertising claims this could triple cooling efficiency.

Numerous individuals have undertaken DIY conversions—from simple tape and cardboard solutions to 3D printed components. Feedback indicates it’s a game-changer; I experienced this firsthand during the UK’s May heatwave, concluding it significantly enhanced my comfort.

Therefore, in my opinion, the labeling of portable air conditioners in the UK and EU must evolve to accurately represent their performance during peak heatwave conditions. It’s both strange and misleading for a single-hose air conditioner to receive an “A” rating for efficiency.

Ideally, the sale of single-hose models should be prohibited entirely. Portable air conditioners should only be sold as dual-hose units, with the option for single-hose operation when dual-hose setups are impractical. In essence, single-hose air conditioners should not be sold without an accompanying conversion kit. Michael from Meaco indicates they are contemplating introducing such a model by 2027.

I attempted to ascertain who regulates portable air conditioners in the UK, but received no information. The Department of Energy Security and the Department of Net Zero did not respond to inquiries, nor did the Energy Saving Trust. However, I hope someone in a position of influence reads this. Achieving climate victory through improved air conditioning standards is possible.

Topics:

climate change/
abnormal weather

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling the Mysterious Substances Found on Titan and Pluto: What Scientists Discovered

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Titan Captured by the Cassini Spacecraft in 2004

NASA/JPL/Space Science Institute

Researchers have uncovered a mysterious substance on the surfaces of both Pluto and Saturn’s moon Titan, but its identity remains elusive.

Titan’s dense atmosphere poses significant challenges in surface exploration. Identifying this enigmatic compound is crucial for understanding the moon’s intricate chemistry. Titan stands out as a prime candidate in the solar system for the search for extraterrestrial life, making the understanding of its chemical structure vital.

Astronomers utilize spectroscopy—an essential tool that analyzes the light wavelengths absorbed, reflected, and emitted by various chemicals—to study the organization of distant celestial bodies.

Bruno Besar and researchers at the Paris Observatory made significant findings using data from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). They discovered that a specific range of light wavelengths was being absorbed by a substance on Titan’s surface, which was also observed on Pluto, albeit across a broader spectrum.

At first glance, Titan and Pluto appear vastly different. Titan experiences much warmer temperatures, has a liquid ocean on its surface, and possesses a denser atmosphere compared to Pluto’s. However, the atmospheric chemistry reveals similarities, as “Both atmospheres predominantly consist of nitrogen and methane, leading to chemical reactions that generate haze particles that settle as snow,” explained Besar. This process is likely responsible for the formation of the unidentified compounds.

The researchers contrasted the spectral signatures detected on these two worlds with numerous spectra from both astronomical observations and lab experiments representing known compounds in Titan’s atmosphere, as well as forms of ice that may exist on both surfaces. None were found to match the mysterious signature.

Nevertheless, they identified several close candidates that, if slightly modified or combined with other molecules, could potentially explain the unknown compound. Notably, there are observable differences in the material’s characteristics between Pluto and Titan, suggesting variations in particle size as well. “There are several possibilities, but they aren’t straightforward compounds,” Besar indicated. “Whatever it is, it would be groundbreaking.”

To further investigate this intriguing discovery, a comprehensive three-pronged strategy is in place. First, researchers have acquired additional data from JWST, which may aid in pinpointing the distribution of materials on Titan’s surface. Geological features could offer valuable insights. Second, laboratory experiments are being conducted to replicate the spectral signature and identify its components. Finally, NASA’s Dragonfly spacecraft, slated for launch in 2028 and landing on Titan in 2034, holds the potential for groundbreaking discoveries.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How the 2011 Earthquake Shifted Japan Eastward: A Geological Perspective

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Kesennuma Fishing Port: Aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

Carolyn Cole/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images

Kesennuma, Japan, post-2011 earthquake — Kesennuma Fishing Port: Aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake

Carolyn Cole/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images

Just 15 minutes after the powerful magnitude 9 Tohoku earthquake struck Japan on March 11, 2011, nearly all of the country shifted eastward by approximately half a centimeter. This seismic shift resulted from incredibly strong seismic waves that traveled 5,800 kilometers deep into the Earth and then rebounded to the surface.

While a 5-millimeter shift may seem trivial amid the devastation, it is crucial to understand that it occurred over a staggering distance of 3,000 kilometers. This distance is nearly seven times the length of the main rupture line of the earthquake, marking it as the largest recorded slip of its kind.

Notably, the unique timing and pattern of this event are significant. According to Park Sun Young of the University of Chicago, “No typical earthquake dynamics occurred at that precise moment, and a similar 5-millimeter eastward shift occurred almost simultaneously throughout most of Japan.”

The alterations were remarkable, extending not just from north to south but throughout the entire nation and even affecting the surrounding oceans.

“It’s not merely a singular ‘edge’ moving,” Park explained. “The eastward shift is widespread across Japan, particularly where GPS stations are present. With a similarly high density of sensors on the ocean floor, we could ascertain more precisely how widespread this offshore movement is. However, on land, this shift is observable almost universally across Japan.”

By analyzing extensive GPS and seismic data collected during the disaster, Park and his colleagues investigated how such massive shifts were instigated and why the rupture transpired 15 minutes post the main shock.

Earthquakes typically generate waves that penetrate deep into the Earth and reflect off its core; however, these waves usually lose strength by the time they resurface. In the Tohoku event, the main shock was so powerful that, despite the weakening of the original wave, it remained robust enough to induce tremors nationwide, as four adjacent tectonic plates moved synchronously.

“We surmise that the intense shaking from the initial Tohoku earthquake weakened the plate boundaries, rendering them more prone to movement when these nuclear reflection waves reached them,” states Professor Park.

This incident highlights a newly identified post-earthquake rupture mechanism, suggesting a need for awareness of potential seismic hazards from waves that travel deeper and over much larger distances following significant earthquakes, potentially triggering additional seismic events.

Further research is essential to understand the implications of this phenomenon in other global regions susceptible to similar seismic vulnerabilities, as noted by Robin Lee from the University of Canterbury, New Zealand.

“This illustrates that major earthquakes can instigate widespread delayed faulting within minutes and across a significantly larger area than previously expected,” Lee stated.

Topics:

This revised version is SEO-optimized while retaining the HTML structure and enhancing the content’s readability and relevance for search engines.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Uranus Gas Unveils Icy Core: Discoveries from the Mysterious Planet

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

What is at the center of Uranus?

JPL/NASA

Uranus' Interior — What is at the center of Uranus?

JPL/NASA

Recent studies reveal that Uranus houses significantly more frozen water ice than previously believed, potentially resolving longstanding questions regarding its formation compared to its neighbor, Neptune.

As ice giants, Uranus and Neptune possess thick gaseous atmospheres, complicating our understanding of their internal structures and formation history. However, scientists can analyze atmospheric gases to glean insights into deeper planetary processes and composition.

Typically, the presence of carbon monoxide in a planet’s atmosphere indicates a core abundant in water and ice. Neptune exhibits ample carbon monoxide, suggesting it has an ice-rich core; in contrast, the lack of carbon monoxide in Uranus has led some researchers to posit that it has a rocky interior. If accurate, this implies a divergent formation history for these two ice giants.

Recently, Thibault Cavalier and colleagues at the University of Bordeaux, France, detected carbon monoxide in Uranus’ lower atmosphere for the first time. This discovery indicates that Uranus is likely more water-rich than previously assumed.

“Our findings suggest that Uranus aligns more with an ice giant profile than a rocky one,” stated Cavalier. “While model variations may influence our interpretations, this debate appears to have concluded.”

Utilizing the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array Telescope in Chile, Cavalier’s team observed Uranus three times between 2022 and 2024, identifying substantial carbon monoxide amounts in the lower atmosphere. They employed various models with different rock-to-ice ratios to replicate the detected carbon monoxide levels and found that only the ice-rich model was consistent with their observations.

The study also detected carbon monoxide in Uranus’ upper atmosphere, implying it may originate from an external source, such as a comet colliding with the planet centuries ago, according to Cavalier.

This landmark discovery of carbon monoxide is pivotal for understanding Uranus’ internal structure, yet the origin of this gas remains uncertain. Vanesa Ramirez from Leiden University in the Netherlands cautioned, “Interpreting atmospheric composition involves numerous assumptions regarding chemistry, mixing, and internal structures, all of which are still uncertain for Uranus.”

These uncertainties, combined with the varying models for simulating Uranus’ interior, suggest that multiple rock-to-ice ratios might align with the available data. Ramirez asserted, “This finding alone does not definitively resolve whether Uranus is primarily an ice-rich or rock-rich giant.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Your Favorite Foods Impact Your Oral Microbiome Health

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The mouth biome (or oral microbiome) consists of a vast community of microorganisms in your mouth, including trillions of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. It ranks as the second most diverse microbiome in the body, just behind the lower intestine.

This ecosystem is incredibly intricate. Various microorganisms thrive in different areas of your teeth, tongue, cheeks, and gums. The mouth provides an ideal habitat—warmth, stable acidity, and saliva that continuously delivers nourishment.

Your unique microbiome starts developing at birth. As you mature, social interactions and diet become significant influences. For instance, during a 10-second kiss, approximately 80 million microorganisms are exchanged. This exchange is why couples often share similar oral microbiota.

So, does the oral microbiome affect taste? Yes, but only to a limited degree. Certain foods contain “precursor” molecules that microorganisms break down during chewing to reveal hidden flavors.

However, the primary factor influencing taste is genetics.

About 25 percent of people are super tasters, characterized by a greater number of mushroom-shaped papillae on the tongue that house taste buds. For these individuals, bitter flavors can be overwhelmingly strong.

Conversely, people with fewer papillae may find the same tastes weak or bland.

Moreover, a specific gene, TAS2R38, determines whether bitter compounds in broccoli and Brussels sprouts taste sharp and unpleasant or hardly noticeable.

Taste bud scan. Taste buds play a more significant role in your perception of food than the bacteria in your mouth – Image credit: Getty Images

Finally, saliva is rich in proteins that can influence the perception of dryness or bitterness in foods like wine and tea, with protein levels determined by your genetics.

While your mouth’s microbiome adds subtle nuances to taste, the real taste directors are your genes.

Think of microorganisms as seasonings for your dishes. They enrich your culinary experience, but the fundamental recipes are encoded in your DNA.

This article addresses a question from Adam King in Huddersfield: “Why do people have different oral biomes, and does this affect taste?”

If you have any questions, please contact us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (remember to include your name and location).

Check out our ultimate fun facts for more amazing science insights!

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Rare Sightings: This Unusual Shark Captured on Camera in Its Natural Habitat

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

For the first time, one of the world’s most unusual sharks, the Goblin Shark (Mituculina Ostni), has been photographed in its natural habitat, as detailed in a recent study published in the Fish Biology Journal.

The observation occurred in 2019 by a research team from the University of Hawaii at Manoa while sailing near Jervis Island in the South Pacific.

Renowned for its retractable jaws, the deep-sea Goblin Shark can extend its mouth rapidly at speeds of up to 3.1 meters per second, allowing it to catch unsuspecting fish. These sharks are often brought to the surface by fishermen from depths reaching 1,200 meters (3,940 feet), further adding to their enigmatic nature, with reports of a dead specimen.

“Witnessing such an iconic deep-sea shark thriving in its natural environment is a unique and remarkable honor,” stated Dr. Aaron Judah, lead author of the study and a doctoral candidate in Oceanography at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

“We were astonished to find this species at such depths. Observations from the slopes of the Tonga Trench indicate it was nearly 700 meters deeper than previously recorded for this species.”

The footage of the Goblin Shark was recorded using a camera attached to Hercules, an underwater drone. However, the identification of the shark was confirmed later by Judah through recordings of the expedition’s livestream.

https://www.sciencefocus.com/news/content://80837f4e-50d7-4320-b29a-efcea671a82d/resources/c88cfffc-59a9-41ab-9e82-0795abf24577

Footage of the Goblin Shark, first sighted near Jervis Island in 2019 and again near the Tonga Trench in 2024.

The second sighting occurred near the Tonga Trench by the Minderu UWA Deep Sea Research Center, which utilized a baited camera attached to a bottom lander, a device employed by oceanographers for ocean floor experiments.

Typically, Goblin Sharks can grow up to 3.6 meters (12 feet) in length, with their distinctively long, flat snouts accounting for a significant portion of their length.

These creatures are notoriously elusive, featuring fewer sightings compared to other deep-sea enigmas like the giant squid or Mariana Trench ghost fish. Consequently, knowledge about them remains limited to their fascinating yet alarming feeding habits.

While the mystique surrounding Goblin Sharks has been somewhat lessened in recent years due to sporadic sightings in different locations, including the Canary Islands and off the Japanese coast, they remain a marvel of deep-sea biodiversity.

Read More:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Prebiotics, Probiotics, and Postbiotics Can Support a Healthy Aging Microbiome

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Can prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics help restore balance to the gut microbiome?

Joshua Earl/Unsplash

Gut Microbiome Health — Can prebiotics, probiotics, and postbiotics help restore balance to the gut microbiome?

Joshua Earl/Unsplash

I dedicate considerable time to exploring biomedical science, often experiencing the symptoms of the conditions I research. During a recent investigation into chronic sinusitis, I developed persistent sniffles. After reading about hearing loss, I became convinced of impending deafness. When researching snoring, I found myself snoring louder than ever. Perhaps I’ve stumbled upon a unique form of hypochondria.

These symptoms usually vanish with time, although some linger. Approximately a year ago, I wrote about chronic constipation—definitely enough of that.

Despite my consistent hydration and exercise routines, I recently experienced constipation. This could be attributed to aging. One hallmark of aging is a condition known as dysbiosis, which disrupts the gut microbiome. While this condition remains stable in early adulthood, it often shifts and worsens with age, potentially leading to constipation and other issues.

Dysbiosis is complex to define, as our gut microbiota is unique, shaped by diet, environment, and medical history. Broadly, it represents a shift from beneficial microbial species to potentially harmful ones. Several studies indicate that aging often correlates with decreased microbial biodiversity, particularly among “friendly” bacteria that ferment dietary fibers and emit anti-inflammatory compounds. These beneficial species are frequently replaced by more aggressive bacteria, such as Enterobacteriaceae, which includes Escherichia coli and Salmonella.

While the exact causes of dysbiosis remain elusive, recognized factors include the aging of immune cells lining the large intestine. Throughout one’s life, these immune cells work diligently to support beneficial microbes while combating harmful bacteria, but over time, their capacity diminishes, resulting in increased vulnerability to dysbiosis.

This triggers a damaging cycle. Pathogenic microorganisms penetrate the once-impregnable intestinal wall, entering the bloodstream and instigating an immune response that results in chronic low-level inflammation. This inflammation exacerbates damage to intestinal immune cells, perpetuating dysbiosis and affecting overall organ health. Dysbiosis is linked to various geriatric diseases, impacting the brain, liver, kidneys, muscles, bones, fat, and lungs.

On the other hand, individuals who live to old age often exhibit remarkably active intestinal microbiota. In one notable study, researchers analyzed the blood, saliva, and feces of María Blanas Morera, the world’s oldest person at the time of her passing. They discovered she possessed three “superpowers” linked to longevity: a wealth of longevity-associated genes, efficient lipid metabolism, and notably, a gut microbiome resembling that of much younger individuals, characterized by the presence of Bifidobacterium, which secretes beneficial anti-inflammatory compounds.

Dysbiosis should be avoided. So, what steps can be taken upon noticing early warning signs? One approach is to analyze one’s gut microbiome. This service is currently unavailable through the UK’s National Health Service, but various private companies provide home testing kits. Nevertheless, a recent assessment revealed that the diagnostic capabilities of these kits are limited, yielding inconsistent results among different providers as noted by Stephanie Servetas from the National Institute of Standards and Technology.

Strategies for a Healthy Gut

Is it more effective to fight inflammation through diet than through supplements?

Johner Images/Alamy

Food choices play a crucial role in gut health. As noted by Andrea Ticinesi of the Microbiome Research Hub at the University of Parma, our diet is the primary environmental factor influencing gut microbiome composition. A year-long clinical trial revealed that a Mediterranean diet—which includes vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, cereals, fish, and olive oil—effectively increases beneficial bacteria levels, correlating with reduced inflammation, diminished frailty, and enhanced cognitive function.

While my current diet aligns closely with this approach, I can enhance it with additional beneficial bacteria. Probiotics—supplements primarily containing live Bifidobacterium and lactic acid bacteria—show promise in alleviating certain aging-related symptoms, such as muscle wasting and mild cognitive impairment, through modifications to the gut microbiome. Despite their benefits, they appear less effective at addressing inflammation-related issues than initially thought. Conversely, research on prebiotics and postbiotics—substances designed to promote beneficial bacteria growth—is still in a nascent stage. Prioritizing good sleep and regular exercise also contributes positively to gut microbiome health.

Lastly, consider seeking wisdom from those who have experienced long lifespans. When asked about her remarkable longevity, Morella attributed part of her success to consuming three servings of natural, unsweetened yogurt daily; the beneficial bacteria, particularly Bifidobacterium, likely contributed essential nutrients for gut health. I plan to incorporate yogurt into my daily routine and will share my findings.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Discover Mysterious Pink Planet Surrounded by Salty Clouds

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Internet Explorer 11 is not supported. For an optimal browsing experience, please access our website using a modern browser.

Currently playing

Scientists Discover Salty Clouds Surrounding the Pink Planet

03:04

Latest Insights

This version enhances the content for SEO while maintaining HTML tags. Key phrases like “salty clouds surrounding the pink planet” and “GJ 504b” are strategically included for better search engine visibility.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Unveiling the True Identity of a 125-Million-Year-Old Crocodile Relative

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Incredible Preservation of Skin: The Monsecosuchus depereti is a fascinating extinct crocodile, comparable in size to a domestic cat, that inhabited the tropical wetlands of early Cretaceous Spain. Paleontologists have meticulously reconstructed its scales, sensory organs, and even hypothesized stripes along its tail.

Holotype specimen of Monsecosuchus depereti. Image credit: Castillo-Visa et al., doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag076.

The fossilized skeleton of Monsecosuchus depereti was excavated in 1902 by engineer and geologist Luis María Vidal from a quarry in the Noguera region of Catalonia, Spain.

This 50 cm long specimen has been preserved in the collection of the Barcelona Museum of Natural Sciences for over a century.

“Crocodilians, including both modern crocodiles and their extinct relatives, boast an extensive fossil record that dates back to the Late Triassic period,” states Dr. Oscar Castillo-Viza from the Miquel Cruzafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

“However, fossilized soft tissues such as skin and cartilage are exceedingly rare in most clades, aside from notable marine thalamozoans.”

Paleontologists utilized ultraviolet (UV) light to identify and describe various cartilaginous and epidermal tissues. Monsecosuchus depereti stands out as one of the most complete and ancient specimens featuring preserved skin among crocodilians.

“Ultraviolet light reveals details that would otherwise remain concealed within the rock,” explained Dr. Castillo-Visa.

Holotype specimen of Monsecosuchus depereti under UV light. Image credit: Castillo-Visa et al., doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag076.

The study revealed that the epidermal scales of Monsecosuchus depereti formed discrete patches across its arms, thorax, legs, and tail, with the forelimbs and thorax showing the best-preserved skin.

Researchers also identified potential integumentary sensory organs, suggesting that these features evolved in a limited capacity before becoming widespread in later crocodilians.

These specialized sensory structures—abundant on the faces and bodies of modern crocodiles—are sensitive to pressure and vibrations, aiding these reptiles in locating prey in turbid waters. Their origins appear to be more modest than previously thought.

“In today’s crocodiles, these organs serve as receptors for touch and water pressure changes, and can respond to thermal and chemical stimuli,” the scientists noted.

The presence of preserved cartilage tissue in the thoracic region indicates that Monsecosuchus depereti had adaptations for improved respiratory efficiency.

These bony or cartilaginous projections, found in modern birds, enhance thoracic strength and breathing mechanics.

The existence of crocodiles in this ancient species implies they were more active and aerobically capable than the sluggish image commonly associated with modern crocodiles.

“These features reflect that, despite being a primitive species, it was already well-adapted to a semi-aquatic lifestyle,” remarked Dr. Castillo-Visa.

Monsecosuchus depereti lacked two characteristics typical of contemporary crocodiles: deep caudal “fins” and robust, pointed limb scales.

Consequently, this animal likely had a sleeker silhouette than the Nile crocodile.

The research also uncovered evidence of visually striking markings: a color stripe along the tail.

This alternating pattern of dark and light bands is prevalent in modern crocodiles and various reptilian species, serving purposes of camouflage and species recognition.

The realization that such patterns existed during the age of dinosaurs underscores the conservative nature of evolutionary processes.

“Currently, we can’t specify the exact color of the crocodile’s tail, but we anticipate it was similar to modern species, which exhibit diverse color patterns,” said Dr. Albert Serres, a researcher at the Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology at the Autonomous University of Barcelona.

The research team’s findings were published in the Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society.

_____

Oscar Castillo – Visa et al. 2026. Soft tissue preservation in Barremian Monsecosuchus depereti (Neoschiinae: Atoposauridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 207 (2): zlag076; doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlag076

Source: www.sci.news

The Surprising Truth Behind Why Carrots Come in Different Colors

Posted on June 19, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Wild carrot, a close relative of parsley, coriander, and fennel, is native to Central Asia, particularly what is now Afghanistan. Historically, this vegetable was cultivated for its nutrient-rich leaves and aromatic seeds.

The original roots of these early wild carrot varieties were white. However, by the 10th century, farmers had cultivated a dominant variety with deep purple roots. Interesting to note, the vividly orange carrot we are familiar with today didn’t appear until the 16th century, thanks to Dutch gardeners who selectively bred carrots to minimize bitterness and enhance their winter storage capabilities.

The orange color of carrots is attributed to beta carotene, a compound named after this vegetable. Interestingly, the color orange, which symbolizes the Dutch Royal Family’s coat of arms, also influenced this color’s popularity.

This article addresses the question: “Why are carrots orange?” as asked by Billy Young from Peterborough.

For any inquiries, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Discover our ultimate fun facts and explore more amazing science pages!

Read more:

This SEO-optimized rewrite incorporates keywords and phrases while maintaining the original structure and HTML tags.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Earth’s Core Waves Transformed Japan Post-2011 Earthquake

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Kesennuma Fishing Port: The Aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Coast Earthquake

Image Credit: Carolyn Cole/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images

Kesennuma fishing port after the 2011 Tohoku earthquake — Kesennuma Fishing Port: The Aftermath of the 2011 Tohoku Pacific Coast Earthquake

Image Credit: Carolyn Cole/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images

<p>On March 11, 2011, just 15 minutes after Japan experienced the powerful magnitude-9 Tohoku earthquake, most of the country shifted eastward by approximately half a centimeter. This significant geographical change was driven by formidable seismic waves that traveled 5,800 kilometers deep to the Earth's core before bouncing back to the surface.</p>

<p>While a shift of five millimeters may appear minor against the catastrophic backdrop of the earthquake—which caused severe local land movements, resulting in the meltdown of three reactors at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant and a devastating 40-meter tsunami—it highlights a complex geological phenomenon.</p>

<p>This remarkable movement spanned 3,000 kilometers, nearly seven times longer than the earthquake's primary rupture line and surpassing any previously recorded land displacement.</p>

<p>Park Sun Young from the University of Chicago notes that this event is unique due to its timing and pattern: "No normal earthquake took place at that moment. This widespread 5-millimeter eastward displacement occurred almost simultaneously across most of Japan."</p>

<p>The changes were not only vast but also influenced the oceans, showcasing the extensive impact of the earthquake across the entire nation.</p>

<p>"It’s not just a limited 'edge' moving," Park explained. "The eastward shift is widespread across Japan, particularly where GPS stations are located. If we had greater density of instruments on the ocean floor, we could better assess this offshore movement, but on land, these changes are evident throughout Japan."</p>

<span class="js-content-prompt-opportunity"/>

<p>By meticulously analyzing a wealth of GPS and seismic data obtained during this disaster, Park and colleagues uncovered the mechanisms behind such enormous movements and the reasons for the rupture occurring 15 minutes post-main shock.</p>

<p>Typically, earthquakes generate waves that penetrate the Earth's interior and rebound off the core, but these waves weaken significantly before reaching the surface. In the case of the Tohoku earthquake, the shock was so powerful that the waves remained strong enough upon returning to the surface, causing widespread shaking as four adjoining tectonic plates moved synchronously.</p>

<p>"We believe the intense shaking from the initial Tohoku earthquake compromised the stability of plate boundaries, rendering them more vulnerable to movement when reflection waves arrive," Professor Park stated.</p>

<p>This event suggests a previously unrecognized mechanism for post-earthquake rupture, indicating a need for awareness regarding potential seismic hazards triggered by waves traveling deeper following large earthquakes across extended distances—possibly leading to additional earthquakes.</p>

<p>Further research is crucial for comprehending how such phenomena affect other locations globally with similar geological traits, according to Robin Lee of the University of Canterbury, New Zealand.</p>

<p>("This demonstrates that significant earthquakes can initiate widespread delayed faulting within minutes and across much larger areas than anticipated," Lee pointed out.)</p>

<section class="ArticleTopics" data-component-name="article-topics">
    <p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topics:</p>
</section>

SEO Optimizations

Keywords: Strategically included “Tsunami,” “Earthquake,” “Seismic Waves,” and “Japan,” which may help capture search traffic.
Alt Text: Enhanced the image’s alt attribute for better accessibility and search engine understanding.
Headings and Formatting: Used clear headings and formatted text sections for improved readability and SEO friendliness.
Internal and External Links: Provided links to experts in the field to enhance trustworthiness and potentially increase backlinks.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Achieve 99% Success Rate in Solving ‘Wordle’ Using Mathematical Strategies

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Binghamton University researchers leverage 70-year-old information theory to enhance the strategic approach to the viral word game Wordle. Their findings highlight how a thoughtfully chosen initial guess can significantly boost a player’s odds of solving puzzling words.

Wordle invites players to uncover five-letter secret words through a series of guesses, receiving feedback that helps refine future attempts. Successfully guessing the secret word within six tries is the goal. Image credit: Aladaileh et al., doi: 10.63562/2577-8439.1146.

Wordle is a widely loved online single-player game, where players strive to guess a concealed five-letter word.

Players can win by successfully guessing the secret word within six attempts, or they face defeat.

Post-guess, players receive feedback: incorrect letters are shown in gray, letters that are correct but incorrectly placed are in yellow, and letters that are both correct and in the right position are highlighted in green.

Armed with this feedback, players can eliminate incorrect guesses and refine their strategies for subsequent tries.

“Although Wordle is recognized as a simple word-guessing game, it operates as a dynamic feedback system where each guess reshapes future possibilities,” stated lead author Dr. Congyu ‘Peter’ Wu and his colleagues.

“This ongoing feedback mechanism allows players to evolve their game strategy by learning from hints and narrowing down options, thus diminishing uncertainty.”

“We measure this uncertainty using entropy. As players receive feedback that hones their guesses, the game’s entropy diminishes, transitioning from chaos to organized clarity.”

“Information theory provides a robust framework for analyzing decision-making processes and adapting strategies in Wordle.”

The authors utilized Shannon entropy, a mathematical metric of uncertainty, to identify guesses that yield the most informative feedback.

Instead of merely trying to guess the most probable word, their strategy prioritizes words that maximize information, thereby streamlining the pool of potential answers.

“Imagine making a guess,” explained Dr. Wu. “Past guesses have already eliminated numerous options, so selecting words based on remaining possibilities accelerates the path to gathering valuable information.”

“A crucial insight from this research is that a guess need not be the most likely solution; it simply must provide critical information,” remarked co-author Donald Stevens, a doctoral student at Binghamton University.

“By employing Shannon entropy, our objective shifts from merely maximizing the probability of correct guesses to enhancing expected uncertainty reduction.”

“This approach practically allows players to solve puzzles with fewer guesses.”

While this methodology may appear random, it actually increases the likelihood of a successful guess by the end of the game.

To apply this method in real-time, players may need to run a dedicated script or program alongside the game.

Upon entering the color-coded feedback provided by the game, the program generates optimal second guesses aimed at yielding more insightful information.

In testing, this newfound strategy was compared against traditional methods that focused on guessing common letters (like A, E, R, etc.).

In simulations, the researchers’ technique solved 99% of Wordle puzzles, whereas traditional methods only managed to solve 90%.

“Results indicate that using entropy-based word selection notably enhances performance compared to heuristic strategies based on letter distribution, establishing a systematic decision-making framework in Wordle,” the researchers affirmed.

For more in-depth insights, refer to their paper, published in April 2026 in the Northeast Journal of Complex Systems.

_____

Talal Aladaire et al. 2026. Solving Wordle Using Information Theory. Northeast Journal of Complex Systems 8(1):6; doi: 10.63562/2577-8439.1146

Source: www.sci.news

CERN Physicists Unveil Third Baryon Family Member Featuring Dual Charm Quarks

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Physicists from the LHCb collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) have successfully detected the elusive Ω_cc^⁺ baryon. This particle, which contains two charm quarks and one strange quark, completes the long-sought family of doubly-charmed baryons, first predicted over half a century ago.

Artist’s impression of the Ω_cc^⁺ baryon, showcasing its dual charm. Image credit: Daniel Dominguez / CERN.

“Quarks are the fundamental building blocks of matter,” stated Dr. Paula Collins, deputy spokesperson for the LHCb collaboration.

“There are six types of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. These combine into pairs or triplets, recognized as mesons and baryons, respectively.”

“Sixty years ago, as experiments began revealing the quark structure of matter, researchers started developing theoretical models to classify how quarks form into composite particles.”

“Scientists were soon able to predict the properties of particles that had yet to be discovered.”

“The discovery of a new particle at Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1964 marked a significant turning point.”

“This particle, comprised of three strange quarks, was previously predicted by theorists, and its experimental validation confirmed the robustness of these theoretical models.”

“In 1974, another groundbreaking discovery was made with the identification of the fourth quark, the charm quark,” researchers noted.

“This prompted theorists to expand the model to include numerous potential quark combinations.”

“These predictions encompassed baryons with dual charm properties.”

“Such particles consist of two charm quarks along with a third up, down, or strange quark.”

“Physicists are particularly intrigued by this group of particles because the significant mass differences among quarks can shed light on the strong forces binding quarks into composite structures.”

“Unfortunately, prior experiments lacked the capability to generate baryons with dual charm due to insufficiently sensitive instruments.”

Illustration of the production and detection of the dual charm Ω_cc^⁺ baryons in the LHCb experiment. Image credit: CERN.

The LHCb physicists discovered the first of these doubly-charmed baryons in 2017 and the second earlier this year.

The detection of Ω_cc^⁺ marks the third and final member of this particle family, with data analyzed from high-energy proton-proton collisions at the LHC in 2024.

These collisions produced new doubly-charmed baryons, which are short-lived, traveling only a few millimeters through the detector before decaying into more stable particles.

The LHCb team tracked the traces these particles left on the detector back to their origin.

This revealed the distinctive signature of a new short-lived particle with a mass approximately four times that of a proton.

“This is a beautiful and historically significant moment,” Dr. Collins remarked.

“Among the 85 composite particles discovered so far at the LHC, these three doubly-charmed baryons stand out.”

“They decay under weak forces and have sufficiently long lifetimes to produce measurable flight distances in our experiments.”

“This groundbreaking discovery was made possible due to the upgraded LHCb detectors, which have advanced capabilities for tracking and identifying particles.”

Source: www.sci.news

Earth’s Complex Life Could Endure 500 Million Years Longer Than Anticipated

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

What Will Earth Look Like in the Distant Future?

Bimal S/Unsplash

Future Earth — What Will Earth Look Like in the Distant Future?

Bimal S/Unsplash

The sun is gradually getting brighter and expanding as it ages, eventually cooking the Earth before consuming it entirely. However, new research indicates that complex life may endure in this extreme Earth scenario far longer than previously estimated.

Observations of other stars suggest that our Sun will transition into a red giant in about 5 billion years, raising questions about how long our planet will remain habitable. In ecological terms, the final survivors of complex life will be the trophic biosphere, including plants both aquatic and terrestrial. Their survival heavily relies on Earth’s temperature and the crucial carbon dioxide levels essential for photosynthesis.

“The greenhouse effect acts as Earth’s thermostat, balancing CO2 levels to maintain a habitable temperature,” explains Jacob Haq Misra from Blue Marble Space in Washington. As temperatures rise, CO2 is absorbed into rocks, diminishing atmospheric levels and allowing some heat to escape.

This shift implies that as the Sun expands, CO2 will become the critical limiting factor for plant life. Previous estimates indicated that a threshold of about 10 ppm of CO2 in the atmosphere is necessary for plant survival; below this level, plants perish, leaving only microorganisms. This phenomenon is expected to occur roughly 1.35 billion years from now. While the exact longevity of these microbes post-plant extinction is uncertain, it is likely they will survive much longer.

Innovative simulations by Haq Misra and his colleague Eric Wolf suggest potential plant lifespans may be extended by an additional 500 million years. Their more sophisticated simulations account for specific plants, such as cacti and pineapples, that utilize a unique type of photosynthesis known as Crassulacean acid metabolism, which allows more efficient CO2 absorption. This could lower the CO2 starvation threshold to just 1 ppm, enabling the trophic biosphere to thrive for more than 1.8 billion years.

“Life on Earth is capable of much more than we might expect,” states Haq Misra. Over such extensive timescales, evolutionary adaptation could allow life to persist even longer, adjusting to the gradual warming triggered by the Sun’s expansion.

“These models suggest that we may be on the brink of understanding Earth’s complex biosphere, rather than approaching its end, as previously pessimistic scenarios suggested,” shares Edward Schwieterman from the University of California, Riverside. This insight is promising, as it implies that if we treat Earth as a representative example of a habitable world, our chances of discovering biospheres on other planets may be higher than previously anticipated. “This isn’t merely a philosophical query; it has practical implications: they are modeling a future Earth that we may be able to observe within the next 20 years.”

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Timeless Science Insights: Why Carl Sagan’s ‘A World Possessed’ Remains Relevant Today

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Carl Sagan’s “Demon-Haunted World”: A Timeless Perspective

Explore science news and in-depth articles on technology, health, and the environment in New Scientist magazine. — Exploring Carl Sagan’s “Demon-Haunted World”: A Timeless Perspective

Every few months, I encounter a powerful quote from Carl Sagan that resonates deeply. His phrase, “A world possessed by demons: science as a candle in the darkness”, has surged in popularity as it eerily captures our current struggles with misinformation and a decline in critical thinking. Sagan’s reflections on the America of the future were undeniably insightful, highlighting the dangers of a society increasingly consumed by misleading information.

Sagan wasn’t a prophet, yet he passionately advocated for the scientific method—evaluating claims based on evidence. To truly understand our future, it’s crucial to grasp the present and past, knowledge Sagan had in abundance. In A Demon-Haunted World, he elucidates the essence of the scientific method, emphasizing its application in everyday life, which is more vital now than ever as comprehension wanes in the face of overwhelming information.

While it was tempting to declare his magnum opus as Cosmos, an awe-inspiring tribute to the universe, A Demon-Haunted World stands as an essential read for aspiring critical thinkers. Sagan’s prose continues to inspire as readers often find themselves lost in his extraordinary articulation, questioning if they could ever create such remarkable work.

When astronaut John Glenn mistook a “firefly” for burning paint, Sagan insightfully noted, “The temptation of the wonderful dulls our vital faculties.” Even in this simple observation, he exhibits a profound sense of wonder!

Beneath Sagan’s elegant writing lies warmth and genuine admiration for the universe’s mysteries. Rather than debunking individuals, he scrutinizes ideas compassionately. In today’s highly polarized climate, it would be challenging for him to avoid turning A Demon-Haunted World into a manifesto. Yet, his humor and thoughtful approach offer a refreshing perspective. Regarding the pervasive issue of misinformation, Sagan expresses disappointment rather than anger, recognizing it as a systemic challenge that individuals can combat.

In an era where information is abundant, so too is misinformation. This reality underscores the relevance of Sagan’s work. While some of the scientific details may seem dated—having been published in 1995—the commitment to understanding the scientific process remains timeless. This book serves not merely as a catalog of scientific advancements but as a guide to critical thinking.

The scientific method transcends laboratory confines; it shapes how we assess the myriad ideas presented to us constantly. A Demon-Haunted World is a crucial reminder that diligent effort in seeking truth is invaluable. Sagan’s “baloney detection kit” presents practical tools for discerning fact from fallacy. While it doesn’t grant prophetic insight like Sagan’s, it certainly aids in understanding the complexities of our world.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Did Dinosaurs Face Extinction Before the Asteroid Impact? | Cyworthy

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Around 66 million years ago, a catastrophic asteroid impact led to the extinction of approximately 75% of Earth’s species, including all dinosaurs except for their avian descendants, the non-avian dinosaurs. An ongoing debate in paleontology revolves around whether dinosaurs were already on the decline prior to this devastating event. Many researchers suggest that about 5 to 10 million years before the extinction, there was a notable decrease in dinosaur biodiversity across the United States, making them more vulnerable to extinction.

To explore this theory, scientists recently re-evaluated fossils from rock layers dating to the end of the dinosaur era that had previously been misdated. Previous studies primarily analyzed fossils from the well-known Hell Creek Formation in Montana. In contrast, the recent research focused on the Nashoibito Formation, a rock formation exposed in New Mexico, composed of ancient river deposits and approximately 30 meters (about 100 feet) thick.

To accurately determine the formation age of the Nashoibito member, scientists utilized a process known as radiometric dating, measuring the decay of radioactive elements within its mineral grains. This technique allowed researchers to establish that these mineral grains must have crystallized prior to their incorporation into the Naashoibito Formation, thus indicating the maximum age of deposition.

The study involved the analysis of 1,046 feldspar crystals from the Naashoibito Formation, which is home to two dinosaur species. Findings revealed that the sandstone located within 5 meters (approximately 16 feet) of the Naashoibito Formation’s lower boundary is younger than 66.9 million years, while layers about 3.5 meters (11 feet) up indicate ages younger than 66.4 million years. This data implies that the sandstone contained dinosaur fossils that formed roughly 400,000 years before the extinction event.

Following this, researchers measured the orientation of magnetic minerals within the rock using a methodology called magnetostratigraphy. The magnetic orientation of these minerals reflects the state of Earth’s magnetic field at that period. Given the Earth’s magnetic field has reversed numerous times throughout history, these signals can help create a chronological framework of when the deposits were formed.

Researchers aimed to ascertain whether the magnetic minerals were aligned as they are currently (normal polarity) or in an opposite orientation (reverse polarity). They identified one rock layer exhibiting positive polarity at the bottom of the Naashoibito Formation and another layer with reverse polarity at the top. The alignment of these magnetic fields corresponds with established polarity intervals consistent with the feldspar ages. Collectively, this data indicates that the Nashoibito member was formed at the conclusion of the dinosaur era, roughly contemporaneously with the Hell Creek Formation.

Next, the research team sought to determine whether non-avian dinosaurs retained their diversity across different areas of western North America during this era. By employing statistical grouping techniques, they analyzed fossil distributions in various locations throughout the continent to assess environmental similarities and differences. Their findings indicated that temperature, rather than geographical location alone, served as the primary predictor of diversity during extinction events.

The study concluded that a diverse assemblage of Nashoibito dinosaurs coexisted with dinosaurs from the Hell Creek Formation. Previous assumptions that dinosaurs had already begun to decline were based on studies focused on the colder northern regions exhibiting lower diversity. The new results imply that warmer southern climates still supported vibrant dinosaur populations. Altogether, this evidence suggests that dinosaurs remained diverse and thriving as recently as 66 million years ago, reinforcing the notion that their extinction was primarily due to the asteroid impact.

Post views: 141

Source: sciworthy.com

New Scientist’s Top Insights on the Future of Work: Expert Recommendations

Posted on June 18, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Mr. O’Connor remarks on the historical shift of employers desiring machine-like attributes from their staff.

Yu Ruidong/China News Service/Getty Images

Sophia, the humanoid robot from Saudi Arabia, showcased at the Discovery Exhibition in Toronto, Ontario on April 30, 2018. (Photo credit: Yu Ruidong/China News Service/Visual China Group via Getty Images) — Mr. O’Connor remarks on the historical shift of employers desiring machine-like attributes from their staff.

Yu Ruidong/China News Service/Getty Images

We Are Not Machines

By Sarah O’Connor, published by Allen Lane (UK) and Godine (US, releasing August 11th)

Fans of translated films may have noticed a significant change in the quality of subtitles on streaming platforms. While they convey meaning, they often lack depth and richness.

“I grasp the meaning, but what about the nuance? The language feels flat,” Czech translator Petr Čermok shared with Sarah O’Connor. In We Are Not Machines, O’Connor discusses how artificial intelligence is reshaping our work environments.

This decline in linguistic richness typically stems from streaming services leveraging AI for script translations, which are subsequently refined by professional translators like Čermok. Unfortunately, agencies anticipate faster turnaround, often at the expense of translators’ compensation.

This evolving landscape complicates the job for translators, as they must simultaneously review both the original text and AI-generated translations, demanding greater effort, yet diminishing job satisfaction. “The work has become tedious, bland, and lifeless,” laments Čermok.

O’Connor, in her insightful book, reveals an emerging reality: we’re progressively adapting to an AI-centric future. The prevailing narrative suggests that AI will replace human translators, yet O’Connor argues, as highlighted by the Financial Times, that the lifeless translations represent our adaptations to an AI-driven era rather than a one-sided transformation.

“
“I feel as though we’ve lost faith in ourselves,” O’Connor wrote.
“

O’Connor’s key argument is not solely about the impending takeover of jobs by AI, but rather that we are already adjusting our behaviors to conform to AI standards. This ranges from accepting inferior products such as poorly translated scripts to striving to align our capabilities with workplace AI, all while often feeling inadequate. “It feels like we’ve somehow lost faith in ourselves,” writes O’Connor.

O’Connor’s book elucidates how this form of distortion impacts multiple industries, often to bewildering extents. There are stories of employers unable to recruit talented interns due to poor performance on AI-generated assessments or copywriters witnessing a drop in their articles’ search rankings because algorithms mistakenly categorize their work as AI-generated. In such scenarios, writers may need to employ a ‘humanizer’ tool to infuse their content with a more human touch, adding intentional grammatical and semantic errors. O’Connor questions if this is truly the future we aspire to—one that “damages and distorts the essence of our communication.”

Insights on AI’s implications are missing from tech executives; O’Connor specifically opts to center the narrative around employees outside Silicon Valley. She shares stories from individuals globally, from Swedish miners to operators of self-driving trucks in the United States.

O’Connor highlights a long-standing trend where employers desire mechanistic behaviors from employees. In 1911, management consultant Frederick Winslow Taylor implemented a system that stripped factory workers of autonomy by dictating how and when tasks should be completed.

However, AI has accelerated this shift. The book features a case study of Maria, a teleworker in Costa Rica, tasked with identifying missed items in Amazon recording videos. Over a nine-hour shift, she views around 1,200 ten-second clips, where her boss demands 99.9% accuracy with a limit of three mistakes across 8,000 videos. “They expect machine-like precision, which is simply unachievable,” Maria states.

Nonetheless, not everything revolves around downside; O’Connor recounts her visit to a Swedish mine where self-driving trucks have enhanced miners’ productivity and safety. Here, the presence of a robust trade union ensured that workers had a say in how AI would be integrated into their roles. Staff opposed real-time tracking of their movements, leading to anonymization for privacy.

“
“It’s not all bad – a visit to a Swedish mine revealed that autonomous trucks are making mining safer.”
“

Yet the struggle for justice remains complex. The book’s subtitle, “The Fight for the Future of Work,” often reads like intriguing feature stories rather than offering clear solutions. Perhaps, O’Connor suggests, the key lies in nurturing fundamental human values. “The real peril,” she asserts, “isn’t about creating machines in our image but subtly reshaping ourselves in theirs.”

O’Connor provides actionable recommendations for engaging in this struggle. Workers should get involved in how AI is implemented in their fields at the onset. For instance, Hollywood writers proactively discussed AI’s role in their work while still holding clout, contrasting with translators who were slower to resist. Collective efforts, such as joining unions, are also emphasized.

For a less serious reflection on AI, check out Joanna Stern’s book,
I Am Not a Robot
. Stern, a former technology columnist for the Wall Street Journal, narrates her year-long encounter with AI across various tasks, from dental care to cooking. While an insightful introduction to AI, it sometimes strays off course with humor that can undermine the seriousness of its themes, like AI’s environmental impact.

Interestingly, even after a year of AI incorporation into her life, Stern echoes O’Connor’s conclusion: we must collaborate with AI rather than fall under its authority. “The moment we let AI dominate our thoughts, we start to lose control and stagnate,” Stern warns. As we navigate this AI evolution, such insights remain critical.

Tom Knowles is a technology and business journalist based in London.

3 More Essential Reads on Artificial Intelligence

Code Dependent: Living in the Shadow of AI
Madhumita Murgia

The AI editors of the Financial Times delve into AI’s impact on sectors like policing, welfare, justice, and health, revealing life-altering consequences often resulting from systems we barely comprehend.

The Infinity Machine
Written by Sebastian Mallaby

In-depth biography of DeepMind, AI Company acquired by Google, detailing how AI can transform fields like chemistry and biology.

Empire of AI
Karen Hao

This engaging narrative tracks OpenAI’s shift from a principled nonprofit to a commercially driven powerhouse, emphasizing its competitive impact in the AI arena and the concerning trajectory it reveals.

If you purchase products through links on this page, you may receive a commission.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Are Human Head Transplants Next?

Why Do We Fart?

Does Everyone Fart?

Why Do I Fart So Much?

What Happens When You Hold Back a Fart?

What Foods Make You Fart?

Do Animals Fart?

Do Rabbits Fart?

Do Spiders Fart?

Do Birds Fart?

Did Dinosaurs Fart?

Strategies for a Healthy Gut

Scientists Discover Salty Clouds Surrounding the Pink Planet

Latest Insights

SEO Optimizations

3 More Essential Reads on Artificial Intelligence