Monthly Archives: May 2026

Tomato-Soy Drink: A Potential Solution for Chronic Inflammation in Obese Adults

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Recent findings from Ohio State University indicate that tomato juice, rich in lycopene and soy isoflavones, significantly lowers proteins linked to chronic inflammation, opening avenues for effective food-based treatments.

Tomato-soybean juice is packed with lycopene and soy isoflavones.

“The goal is to explore whether we can utilize food-based interventions to modulate inflammation,” states Jessica Cooperstone, Ph.D., from Ohio State University.

“Moreover, we aim to test this rigorously to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects rather than simply making claims,” she added.

Lycopene, a carotenoid responsible for the red hue in tomatoes, along with soy isoflavones—flavonoids that mimic estrogen—are both phytochemicals aiding plant growth.

Several years ago, researchers created a beverage high in lycopene from tomatoes, infused with soy isoflavone extract, inspired by studies linking diets rich in these foods with a lowered risk of prostate cancer.

Ongoing research has shown that increased intake of this beverage correlates with reduced prostate-specific antigen levels in some prostate cancer patients, while other studies suggest that consuming tomatoes and soy may influence inflammatory and metabolic pathways associated with obesity and various chronic ailments.

“The findings indicate enough evidence that compounds in tomato and soy can modulate inflammation, prompting us to conduct human trials,” Dr. Cooperstone explained.

In a recent study, 12 healthy obese adults consumed two 6-ounce (177 ml) cans of tomato-soy juice daily for four weeks.

Following a washout period, participants drank a low-carotenoid control tomato juice for an additional four weeks.

“Our hypothesis is that lycopene in tomatoes and isoflavones in soybeans are the drivers of these effects, justifying the use of control other than plain water,” Cooperstone noted.

The research team collected blood samples before and after the study, analyzing them for cytokines (pro-inflammatory proteins produced by the immune system).

Significant reductions were observed in three cytokines: interleukin (IL)-5, IL-12p70, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), with a notable trend toward reduced tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), which did not reach statistical significance.

They also assessed urine samples before and after each trial phase for changes in metabolites, which represent biochemical reactions necessary for energy production and body functions.

Results indicated that both tomato-soy juice and the control tomato juice triggered common alterations in metabolite profiles, suggesting that tomato-driven effects can occur even without lycopene.

Particularly distinct changes in soy isoflavone metabolites were noted with the consumption of tomato and soybean juices.

While more research is essential, these findings bolster the notion that food-based interventions can influence human biology.

“This likely stems from the fact that our intervention contains more than just these two compounds,” Dr. Cooperstone mentioned.

“Ultimately, our aim is to deepen our understanding of how diet impacts health.”

“To ensure validity, clinical trial testing is necessary. That’s precisely what we are conducting here.”

Animal model studies have also indicated that soy-tomato juice may mitigate inflammation and severity in chronic pancreatitis, aligning with projections from current clinical trials suggesting improved outcomes for pancreatitis patients.

“Patient care for pancreatitis primarily focuses on alleviating pain and gastrointestinal symptoms,” Dr. Cooperstone stated.

“Our hypothesis posits that tomato and soybean juice could serve as an intervention to diminish inflammation and enhance life quality for patients.”

Findings of this study are published in the journal Molecular Nutrition and Food Research.

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Maria J. Chorolla et al. 2026. Tomato-soy juice reduces inflammation and modulates urinary metabolome in obese adults. Molecular Nutrition and Food Research 70 (5): e70420; doi: 10.1002/mnfr.70420

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Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Origins of Complex Life: Benthic Organisms as the Earliest Forms

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Paleontologists have studied 1.75 billion-year-old microfossils from the ancient ocean floor of Australia, revealing that early eukaryotes—the ancestors of all plants, animals, and fungi—thrived in patches of oxygen-rich ocean floor for over a billion years before they ventured into the open ocean.

Eukaryotic fossils from Northern Territory, Australia. Image credit: Lechte et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10533-4.

Eukaryotes encompass a wide range of life forms, including humans, plants, animals, fungi, and various microorganisms.

Understanding their origins is crucial for grasping the evolution of life’s diversity and complexity on Earth.

“Our goal was to uncover the environments in which early eukaryotes existed, particularly to determine if these early fossils had acquired mitochondria, enabling them to thrive in aerobic conditions,” stated Professor Galen Halverson from McGill University.

“Interestingly, the earliest eukaryotes we studied already demonstrated some level of dependence on oxygen,” remarked Dr. Leigh-Anne Readman, a paleontologist at the University of California, Santa Barbara.

“The distribution of these fossils indicated they lived on or within the ocean floor,” she added.

In this groundbreaking study, paleontologists examined microscopic fossils preserved within fine-grained rocks found in the Macarthur and Billindudu basins of Australia’s Northern Territory.

Today, this area features diverse landscapes, from outback terrains and savannas to the lush environments of Kakadu National Park.

However, between 1.75 billion and 1.4 billion years ago, it was a shallow inland sea with lagoons, tidal flats, and calm coastal waters.

To decode the habitat of these ancient eukaryotes, researchers analyzed the rocks’ chemistry.

By examining oxygen-sensitive elements like iron, they confirmed that the seawater inhabited by these early eukaryotes was oxygen-rich, despite most oceans lacking oxygen during that time.

“We now understand that the earliest known eukaryotes lived predominantly in oxygen-abundant benthic (seafloor) environments near the coast,” Professor Halverson explained.

“This compelling evidence suggests that oxygen availability was a significant factor in the early evolution of eukaryotes,” Dr. Readman noted.

Historically, many scientists believed early eukaryotes existed without oxygen or floated within water columns.

The revelation that oxygen was integral to early life on Earth overturns longstanding assumptions.

The location of these fossils provided additional insights into how these primitive organisms existed.

Dr. Maxwell Lechte, a paleontologist from the University of Sydney, stated: “The fossil distribution implies that eukaryotes likely inhabited the ocean floor and didn’t venture into the open ocean until about a billion years later, when significant environmental changes occurred.”

This discovery aligns with recent studies on microorganisms closely related to eukaryotic ancestors, indicating their ability to utilize oxygen.

“Eukaryotes constitute most of the visible life around us,” Professor Halverson remarked.

“Understanding their origin remains a pivotal scientific challenge, key to comprehending the biodiversity we see on Earth and the potential for life on other habitable planets.”

A recent research paper detailing this study was published in Nature this month.

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MA Lechte et al. Early fossil eukaryotes were benthic aerobic organisms. Nature published online on May 20, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10533-4

Source: www.sci.news

Bioluminescent Deep-Sea Fish Harness Crystal Prisms to Recycle Their Own Glow

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Marine biologists have made a groundbreaking discovery while studying the light-emitting organs of bioluminescent fish species. They identified needle-shaped guanine crystals that scatter and redirect light, providing potential inspiration for developing more efficient biomedical and optical devices.

Sigmapus gracilis. Image credit: Wu Quancheng / Taiwan Agriculture Commission Fisheries Research Institute.

Approximately 75% of marine organisms exhibit bioluminescence, featuring specialized light-emitting organs known as photophores.

These luminous organisms utilize emitted light for various purposes, including mate attraction, prey luring, and predator evasion.

Notably, bioluminescent fish possess unique crystal structures called guanine platelets that significantly contribute to their light emission.

While all bioluminescent fish have luminescent vacuoles and platelets, the quantity, placement, and shape of these biological structures differ across species.

In a recent study led by researchers from Hiroshima University, including Masakazu Iwasaka, the light control mechanisms within the luminescent vesicles of the deep-sea fish Sigmapus gracilis were investigated.

The team found that localized layers of guanine platelets not only reflect light but also scatter it in intricate patterns.

“During our deep-sea fish studies aboard a research vessel, we realized traditional lab materials might not yield the insights we needed,” Dr. Iwasaka noted.

“This epiphany led me to explore biomimetics, inspired by the unique phenomena observed in the field.”

“Both my own observations and prior research indicate that guanine crystals can form surface layers on luminescent vacuoles in select fish species.”

“Our findings confirmed significant anisotropic reflection, meaning the reflected light varies considerably based on the incident angle.”

“This suggests that guanine crystals have a previously unrecognized role in light directionality control.”

Guanine platelets in Sigmapus gracilis exhibit needle-like structures that cluster around the light organ.

Upon light interaction, the unique shape of the guanine crystals results in scattering effects.

“In previous research, I demonstrated that guanine crystals in goldfish function as tiny mirrors, where their slightly tilted orientation causes anisotropic reflections,” Dr. Iwasaka explained.

“Conversely, the elongated crystals in this study act more like prisms, redirecting light instead of merely reflecting it.”

“Their layered configuration exhibits qualities reminiscent of photonic crystals.”

The layered crystalline structures of guanine platelets reveal insights for highly efficient biomimetic designs aimed at maximizing and reusing leaked light rather than allowing mere reflection.

The researchers tested various orientations of the guanine crystals with an electromagnet and analyzed the scattering patterns generated by an external light source at different angles.

Given that these small structures operate underwater, the findings could significantly enhance the design of implantable biomedical devices.

Professor Iwasaka remarked, “While deep-sea fish are challenging to obtain for research, their value is immeasurable.”

“Examining guanine in diverse fish species will yield valuable knowledge in biomimetics.”

The results are published in this week’s issue of Biointerphases here.

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Masakazu Iwasaka et al. 2026. Biomimetic illumination enhancement inspired by guanine platelets on luminophoric surfaces of deep-sea bristle mice Sigmapus gracilis. Biointerphases 21, 031003;doi: 10.1116/6.0005382

Source: www.sci.news

NASA Unveils Plans for Extensive Lunar Base Covering Hundreds of Square Kilometers

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NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman announcing plans for a permanent lunar presence at a press conference.

NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman discusses plans for a lunar base during a press conference on May 26 at NASA Headquarters in Washington, D.C.

Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images

NASA has unveiled an ambitious plan to establish a permanent base on the moon. The initiative kicks off with autonomous rovers and drones surveying the lunar landscape. Future astronauts will work on constructing a lunar habitat covering hundreds of square kilometers.

This lunar base project is integral to NASA’s Artemis program, which focuses on long-term human presence on the moon, following its last astronaut landing in the 1970s. The Artemis II mission successfully returned four astronauts from lunar orbit in April this year, yet specific timelines for the lunar base have remained sparse until now.

On May 26, NASA announced its first three lunar base missions slated for this year, with nine additional missions expected by 2027. The entire program will unfold in three phases, beginning with the first phase aimed at ensuring “reliable access” to the lunar surface through 2029. The second phase will include initial lunar base operations until 2032, while the final phase involves constructing the base near the moon’s south pole, projected to conclude by 2036.

Artist’s illustration of astronauts, rovers, and power systems at the planned lunar base

NASA

The missions this year will be unmanned, focusing on detailed studies of the lunar surface to mitigate risks for future missions. Lunar Base I will launch this year using a lander developed by Blue Origin, owned by Jeff Bezos, which has yet to perform a lunar landing.

Also scheduled for launch this year are Moonbase II and III, though their exact launch windows are still to be confirmed. Each will involve landers from different companies; Astrobotic’s Griffin lander and autonomous rover, along with Intuitive Machines, which has previously attempted moon landings with limited success.

In addition to the aforementioned missions, NASA has awarded over $200 million each to two firms, Astrolab and Lunar Outpost, for the development of lunar probes under the Commercial Lunar Payload Services Program. Astrolab will create a larger human-operated rover with a 1000-kilogram capacity capable of traveling at approximately 10 km/h. Conversely, Lunar Outpost’s agile design can autonomously navigate at over 14 km/h.

NASA is also preparing for its 2028 Moonfall mission, which will employ four unmanned vehicles for close-range lunar surveying, producing high-resolution imagery to identify potential landing zones for subsequent Artemis missions. These drones are set to be built at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory, while Firefly Aerospace will construct the transport vehicle to ferry them to the moon.

However, key aspects of the future moon base, including its power sources, construction methods, and protection from space radiation, remain largely undisclosed. Former NASA administrator Sean Duffy mentioned plans for a nuclear fission reactor on the moon by 2030, but the latest updates from NASA, under Jared Isaacman’s leadership, have not clarified this point.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Wealthy Individuals with Eco-Friendly Values Are Among the Highest Emission Contributors

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Private jets are the most carbon-intensive means of transportation

Private Jets: The Most Carbon-Intensive Form of Travel

Steve Allen / Alamy

The individuals who are most concerned about environmental issues—particularly among higher-income and well-educated demographics—are paradoxically responsible for significant ecological damage due to their frequent travel habits.

However, rather than pointing fingers at personal choices, research suggests that transformative policy adjustments are more crucial than altering individual beliefs to effectively address climate and biodiversity challenges, according to scientists.

“I don’t suggest that individuals alone are accountable for their carbon emissions,” notes Malte Duce, one of the study’s researchers from the University of Cambridge. This is particularly due to the limited availability of low-carbon alternatives for activities such as flying.

Interestingly, the term “carbon footprint,” popularized by companies like BP, shifts the burden of responsibility onto consumers.

It’s well-documented that as a person’s income rises, so does their carbon footprint. This study takes it further by incorporating personal values into the analysis. Researchers surveyed 5,000 individuals from Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the UK, and the US, assessing their income, wealth, education, and professional status.

They also gathered opinions on nature, climate, and environmental waste. In terms of a broader “ecological footprint,” respondents answered questions regarding meat and dairy consumption, housing size, waste generation, vehicle usage, and travel habits.

For many, increased conservation values correlate with a decreased ecological footprint. However, among the top 30% of socio-economic earners, those passionate about environmental conservation displayed even higher footprints.

The primary reason? Affluent individuals committed to nature frequently opt for flying—one of the most carbon-heavy forms of personal transport. They may justify their travel by emphasizing activities like recycling, which have minimal impact on overall footprint reduction, according to Duce.

Environmentalism is often viewed as a universal value. These individuals tend to be open-minded, eager to engage across cultures, and consequently, they are also some of the most frequent fliers, notes Felix Kreuzig, a researcher from the University of Sussex, who was not involved in this study.

Previous studies suggesting that as countries accrue wealth and invest in sustainable practices, environmental impacts initially rise but eventually decline—a trend known as the Environmental Kuznets Curve—may not be applicable here, according to Duce and his team.

“Merely targeting individual environmental awareness through campaigns will not yield significant emissions reductions,” states Meeka Kaiser from Cambridge University. “Stronger policy actions are essential.”

Countries like the UK and Germany have increased aviation taxes, and airfare has risen due to an energy crisis stemming from the Iran war, with a reported 24% increase. However, researchers argue these hikes may not deter high-income travelers.

While France banned short-haul flights in 2023, loopholes exist, and the ban was subsequently lifted due to logistical challenges—reported by CBS News.

According to Carlo Aall from the Western Norway Institute, effective policy changes are necessary to prevent climatic catastrophes, promoting the concept of “degrowth.” This entails reducing energy and resource consumption, even at the expense of economic growth. “Even environmentally conscious individuals cannot escape the cycle of consumerism,” he emphasizes.

The findings may reinforce the notion that environmentalists are hypocritical, potentially undermining climate action efforts. Figures like Bill Gates have faced criticism for using private jets, especially as air travel continues to grow rapidly, partly due to landmark events like the Paris Climate Summit in 2015.

However, Kreuzig notes that grassroots movements like the Fridays for Future protests, inspired by Greta Thunberg, have influenced governmental climate policies, despite some demonstrators not committing to avoid flying. “Active citizenship is critical,” he asserts, emphasizing the importance of tangible actions in addressing climate change.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary First Quantum Grandfather Clock: Unlocking the Origins of Gravity

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Quantum Grand Clock Design

Pendulum Clocks: Pioneering Accuracy in Timekeeping

Panumas Nikhomkhai / Alamy

The pioneering design of a quantum grand clock integrates a single atom, a micro mirror, and light. This innovative architecture seeks to enhance our comprehension of timekeeping in the quantum realm and delve into avant-garde physics concepts.

At its core, time can be measured using simple methods like sand falling in an hourglass. However, the emergence of mechanical timepieces such as grand clocks and pendulum clocks in the 17th century revolutionized accuracy in timekeeping. Researchers at Collège de France have now unveiled the quantum equivalent of these timepieces.

“We questioned if pendulum clocks conform to the principles of quantum mechanics,” explains Matteo Brunelli, one of the lead researchers.

A pendulum clock comprises three essential components: the pendulum, which regulates the ticking; a weight using gravity’s pull to swing the pendulum; and an “escapement mechanism,” which transforms the pendulum’s motion into clock arm movement while also supplying energy to counteract friction-related slowdown. For consistent oscillation, the escapement must manage the vertical movement of the weight precisely.

The research team has created a mathematical model that replicates these clock characteristics within quantum systems. Their quantum clock design showcases a cavity between two mirrors—one stationary and the other oscillating. Within this cavity, atoms exist at three distinct energy levels. Minor temperature variations spark atomic transitions, some resulting in photon emissions. These photons bounce between the mirrors, triggering vibrations akin to a pendulum’s motion.

The atom in this setup functions as the escapement mechanism, cycling through energy levels to maintain a tick-tock rhythm. Brunelli comments that this represents the most minimal form of an escapement mechanism. Mathematical evaluations indicated that proper tuning would allow the quantum clock to achieve a stable and consistent ticking, paralleling a pendulum clock’s functionality.

Unlike the premier atomic clocks that require laser precision for control, this new clock is envisioned to operate autonomously as a self-sufficient thermodynamic device. While prior designs of autonomous quantum clocks existed, their precision suffered due to inadequate escapement mechanisms for maintaining uniform oscillation.

Notably, this new clock overcomes the “thermodynamic uncertainty relation,” a barrier that previously impaired many autonomous clocks. Its accuracy is now linked to the energy required for backward movement, thus demonstrating a significant advantage in timekeeping.

Sreenath Manikandan from the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in Hyderabad emphasizes that comprehending autonomous clocks is essential for efficient time management. As these clocks do not rely on external sources for accuracy, they provide insight into fundamental processes. Enhanced knowledge of quantum clocks at a basic level could further unravel new physics phenomena, including gravitational interactions in the quantum framework. “A deeper understanding of clock mechanisms is critical, and our research marks a notable advancement in this direction,” states Manikandan.

Experiments with diminutive cavities and photons are prevalent, suggesting that the necessary materials for constructing these clocks are readily available in labs. Yet, Brunelli acknowledges that the groundbreaking escapement mechanism presents significant technical challenges. “While it is complex, it remains feasible,” he asserts.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Plants Alter Magma Chemistry: Insights from Sciworthy

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Approximately 400 million years ago, vascular land plants emerged with a groundbreaking venous system for transporting water and nutrients. This development significantly altered our planet’s geological and chemical landscape. Following this, remarkable changes were noted in the chemical composition of rocks derived from magma across various continents. While geologists propose that these magmatic changes were global phenomena, some argue that the data may reflect geographical sampling biases. Recently, a cutting-edge research team sought to determine whether these magma transformations were indeed global or confined to specific mountain ranges or volcanic islands.

Geologists analyze the chemistry of magmatic rocks to unravel Earth’s history. They focus on specific minerals known as
zircon
, which forms as magma cools and retains essential chemical clues about its origin and interactions. To assess whether magma changes were global or localized, researchers needed data that spanned from the equator to the poles. Since Earth’s continents have shifted over the past 400 million years, scientists relied on the latitude where the rocks were formed, a method known as
paleolatitude
, to compare ancient Earth samples from various locations. The team utilized publicly available chemical data from zircons found in magmatic rocks across diverse
paleolatitudes
.

Scientists identify isotopes as chemical elements with the same number of protons but differing neutron counts. To assess how plants influenced magmatic processes, researchers analyzed two distinct isotopic signals embedded in the zircon. The first signal originates from the ratio of heavy to light oxygen isotopes, which rises as sediments blend into magma. This measure is denoted as
δ
18
O
, pronounced “delta-18-O.”

The second isotopic signal involves the element
hafnium
, represented as Hf. Geologists utilize hafnium isotopes to approximate when magma melted and differentiated from the mantle. Zircon contains two Hf isotopes—one stable and the other generated through radioactive decay. Given that this decay transpires over billions of years, the ratio of the two Hf isotopes shifts slightly over time, which geologists express using the notation
εHf
, pronounced “epsilon hafnium.” This notation indicates how much the Hf signature of magma diverged from the original mantle composition. Lower εHf values signify magma incorporating older crustal materials, whereas higher εHf values reflect a mantle source.

The researchers observed that δ
18
O values in the zircons increased as εHf values decreased. This trend indicates a significant rise in land-derived sediment within magma, a response to the evolution of land plants. The implication is that terrestrial plants transformed ancient landscapes, drastically altering sediment weathering and transportation processes across the land.

To further scrutinize this pattern, the research team concentrated on the Andes Mountains, a region abundant in preserved magmatic activity throughout history. They accessed a comprehensive database for isotopic data on zircon samples collected in the Andes by various research teams. These samples encompass 32 degrees of modern-day latitude and 520 million years of Earth’s geological history, offering vital insights into how magmatic chemistry transformed over time.

Their findings indicated no correlation between εHf and δ
18
O values for zircons older than 450 million years. However, for those younger than this threshold, researchers identified a trend: as εHf decreased, δ
18
O values increased. This pattern emerged in magma formed along continental edges, particularly in regions where one tectonic plate subducts beneath another, known as a
subduction zone
. Similar patterns were noted in magmas formed inland during the breakup of the Pangea supercontinent about 200 million years ago.

The research team found analogous results in publicly available zircon isotope data from igneous rocks in diverse regions including China, the Caribbean, Antarctica, Madagascar, and Tasmania. Zircons from these areas exhibited similar relationships to those from the Andes. To further investigate ancient climate influences on magma chemistry, the researchers compared the ratio of εHf to δ
18
O, expressed as εHf/δ
18
O, alongside paleolatitude. They found no significant association between paleolatitude and εHf/δ
18
O.

With these insights, researchers concluded that the relationship between εHf and δ
18
O evolved on a global scale following the emergence of vascular land plants. They posited that as these plants spread across continents, their root systems accelerated the breakdown of rocks, a process that increased weathering and sediment movement into ocean basins, ultimately impacting magma chemistry deep within the Earth’s mantle. This sequence of events demonstrates how biological processes on Earth’s surface can induce profound changes deep within the planet.


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Source: sciworthy.com

Unveiling the Secret: Why Gold Continues to Shine Brightly in Today’s Market

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Gold Does Not Tarnish Like Other Metals

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While silver dulls, copper turns green, and iron rusts, gold remains lustrous and untarnished. The mystery of why this occurs has intrigued researchers, and recent studies may have uncovered the reasons behind gold’s remarkable resistance to tarnishing.

Gold is chemically inert, meaning it does not readily react with surrounding elements, such as oxygen in the air. This characteristic is beneficial for jewelry but limits gold’s potential applications in chemistry. Interestingly, scientists believe that by gradually altering gold’s inertness, it could transform into a valuable catalyst.

Research led by Matthew Montemore and Santu Biswas at Tulane University in Louisiana focused on a phenomenon known as restructuring, which occurs when gold is cut to form a new surface.

According to Montemore, “Atoms prefer not to remain on the surface, prompting them to rearrange into a stable, hexagonal pattern.” This arrangement has lower energy, preventing further shuffling. Since such atomic rearrangements are rare in metals, the research team speculated that they could be a factor in gold’s unique inertness.

Utilizing a supercomputer, the researchers simulated quantum states of atoms while analyzing the interactions with oxygen in various rearrangements. For a reconstructed gold surface to lose its shine, it must split upon colliding with an oxygen molecule. Their simulations indicated that achieving this split requires significant energy in a hexagonal atomic pattern, making discoloration unlikely, whereas a rectangular arrangement requires much less energy.

Gold’s tendency to maintain its luster is linked to the prevalence of hexagonal patterns. Biswas emphasized that this connection between atomic structure and oxidation is a novel concept in the field.

Understanding this phenomenon opens avenues for enhancing gold’s catalytic capabilities, according to researchers. Shin Hongliang from Virginia Tech notes, “We may control gold’s catalytic activity by manipulating the surface structure.” Montemore suggests that applying a voltage in an electrical circuit could reconfigure the atoms into a less inert rectangular pattern, enhancing reactivity with oxygen.

“This research highlights aspects that may have been overlooked previously. It presents opportunities for experimental exploration,” stated Andrew Beer from University College London. He mentioned that while using gold as a catalyst has been successfully demonstrated with nano-sized particles, linking this analysis to curved nanoparticle surfaces remains a challenge.

In the future, the team aims to expand their studies beyond pure gold to include reactions involving other molecules and gold alloys, further unlocking the potential of this precious metal.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA Unveils Three Unmanned Moon Exploration Missions in 2023 to Lay Groundwork for Lunar Base Construction

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NASA has unveiled plans for three unmanned lunar missions set to launch later this year, marking a significant step towards its long-term objective of establishing a permanent lunar base.

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These robotic lunar missions will focus on scouting potential sites at the moon’s south pole, gathering scientific data, testing advanced technologies, and laying the groundwork for the return of astronauts to the lunar surface.

“We’re not going to jump into a glass dome moon base right away,” stated NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman during Tuesday’s press briefing. “Our approach will be iterative, signaling industry demand for an array of landers, rovers, technology demonstrations, and scientific payloads these missions can accommodate.”

NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman will speak in Washington on May 19th.
Kevin Dietch/Getty Images

The upcoming lunar missions have been designated Moonbase 1, Moonbase 2, and Moonbase 3, all expected to launch by year-end. Isaacman announced that the inaugural mission is slated for this fall.

Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin will be instrumental in the first mission, having secured a NASA contract to transport two science and technology payloads to the moon using its Lunar Lander.

These three flights represent the initial phase of NASA’s comprehensive strategy to establish a moon base, which is projected to continue until 2029. Following this, between 2029 and 2032, NASA aims to develop semi-permanent infrastructure conducive to early lunar habitation.

The agency aspires to establish a sustained lunar presence by the third phase commencing in 2032. Carlos García Galán, NASA’s Moonbase program manager, remarked that the base could encompass “hundreds of square miles,” with crew rotations on the lunar surface planned for regular intervals and continuous operations.

NASA’s lunar base initiative is designed to parallel the Artemis return program. Recently, the Artemis II mission successfully sent four astronauts on a 10-day journey around Earth and the moon, the first U.S. mission to the moon in over 50 years.

Next on NASA’s agenda is the Artemis III mission, targeted for 2027, utilizing one or both lunar landers from Blue Origin and SpaceX to validate technologies in low Earth orbit. If all goes according to plan, NASA anticipates launching the Artemis IV mission to put astronauts on the lunar surface in 2028.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How Space Storms Could Disrupt Train Signals and Trigger Serious Accidents

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Trains Entering and Exiting Clapham Junction Station in London

Jack Taylor/Getty Images

Electrical systems in railways across various countries, including the UK, are vulnerable to space weather phenomena. The most alarming possibility is a signal malfunction where a red light could inadvertently turn green, potentially leading to tragic train accidents, warns Cameron Patterson from Lancaster University, UK.

“This can disrupt the signaling systems which are vital for railway safety,” he states. “Proactive measures are essential to mitigate these risks, and it’s critical to communicate this urgently.”

The sun continually releases light and charged particles. This solar wind creates auroras. During solar storms, the sun can emit larger quantities of particles, which may impact the Earth’s magnetic field.

While satellites are particularly at risk, solar storms can also disrupt electrical systems on Earth, inducing unexpected currents in railway tracks due to shifting magnetic fields. This is particularly concerning as many rail systems utilize direct current to determine the presence of trains.

“When geomagnetically induced currents are introduced, they can create anomalies, leading to erroneous signals, such as green lights turning red,” Patterson explained at a recent European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna, Austria. “Trains travel at high speeds, making it crucial to have advance warning to prevent accidents.”

Patterson cited a notable case from July 1982 in Sweden, where a signal was impacted by solar storm activities, and geomagnetically induced currents were correlated with the signal errors.

He believes more incidents may be overlooked as engineers rarely attribute these anomalies to space weather. Often, by the time they investigate, the solar storm has passed, leaving them unable to find clear causes. Studies in Russia have indicated similar correlations between solar storms and signal irregularities.

A red light erroneously turning green poses the greatest threat, but the reverse scenario can also create significant disruptions, especially if a train is immobilized and its electrical systems fail, potentially endangering passengers who leave the train.

Fortunately, the likelihood of these incidents is low. Such potent solar storms capable of causing these issues are estimated to occur once every 30 years, although a significant storm could strike at any moment, potentially leading to widespread power outages and chaos.

Certain countries have adopted alternative signaling systems using magnetic sensors to monitor train wheels; however, their susceptibility to geomagnetically induced currents remains uncertain.

Many railway systems may also be exposed to disruptions from solar storms, impacting transformers, systems aiding train tilting around curves at high speeds, radio communications, and satellite navigation critical for precise train positioning.

Patterson is collaborating with Network Rail, the Railway Safety Standards Board, and a British engineering firm to enhance system resilience. Initiating dialogue around this issue has been challenging, but their commitment is strong.

Magnus Wike from the Swedish Institute for Astrophysics shares concerns that solar storm-related signal anomalies might go unnoticed. “There may be brief disruptions, but without clear cause analysis, the system returns to normal,” he explains.

Wik mentioned that Sweden modernized its railway system in the 1950s after signal anomalies during geomagnetic storms in the 1930s. He emphasized that the 1982 instance of signals fluctuating between green and red was less severe in impact.

“The Swedish Transport Agency likely lacks insights into whether such events could reoccur,” he states. “We discussed the possibility of researching historical geomagnetic disturbances alongside error logs, though it’s not an official undertaking.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Space Storms Can Disrupt Train Signals and Lead to Serious Accidents

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Trains entering and exiting Clapham Junction station in London

Jack Taylor/Getty Images

Electrical systems on railways worldwide, including the UK, are vulnerable to solar weather events. In extreme cases, faults in the system could result in a red signal mistakenly displaying green, raising the risk of serious train accidents. Cameron Patterson, an expert from Lancaster University, UK, emphasizes the urgency of addressing this issue.

“Solar storms can disrupt signaling systems, which are essential for railway safety,” Patterson warns. “It’s vital to enhance our preparedness for these phenomena.”

The sun continually emits light along with charged particles known as solar wind, which can create auroras. However, during a solar storm, the sun can release excess material that impacts Earth’s magnetic field.

While satellites are primarily at risk, solar storms also pose threats to ground-based electrical systems. Changes in magnetic fields can generate unintended currents, particularly in railroad tracks.

This phenomenon is problematic since many railway systems depend on direct current flowing through specific track sections to detect train presence. When a train passes by, it alters the current flow.

“Geomagnetically induced currents can create various anomalies, causing signals to misbehave — for instance, a green signal turning red,” Patterson explained at a recent European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna, Austria. “Trains travel at high speeds; if there’s no warning, it may be too late to stop.”

Remarkably, Patterson is aware of only one documented case of a signal being affected during a solar storm, which occurred in Sweden in July 1982. “They observed the signal altering and correlated it with geomagnetically induced currents on the tracks,” Patterson stated.

He suspects there are numerous instances yet to be identified, as engineers typically overlook space weather as a possible cause. By the time they investigate, the storm has usually diminished, leaving them unable to pinpoint any anomalies. Research in Russia has also found links between solar storms and signaling irregularities.

While a red signal mistakenly turning green presents a significant risk, the reverse — a green light changing to red — can also lead to serious disruptions. In the event of an electrical failure, passengers may have to evacuate a stalled train, which poses additional dangers,” Patterson noted.

Fortunately, the overall risk remains low. Severe solar storms capable of inducing such disruptions are estimated to occur roughly every 30 years. “However, a once-in-a-hundred-year event could happen anytime,” Patterson cautions. Large storms can result in widespread power outages and significant chaos.

Some countries operate on different signaling systems that use magnetic sensors to count train wheels. It’s unclear whether these systems would fall prey to geomagnetically induced currents.

A variety of other rail systems are also susceptible to solar storm-related disruptions, including transformers linked to overhead wires, systems designed for tilting trains on curves, radio communications, and satellite navigation systems that detect a train’s location.

Patterson is currently collaborating with Network Rail, the Railway Safety Standards Board, and a UK engineering firm to enhance system resilience. He notes that starting this dialogue has been challenging, but they’re committed to making meaningful progress.

Magnus Wike, a researcher at the Swedish Institute for Astrophysics, agrees with Patterson regarding the possibility of unnoticed solar storm signals. “There could be temporary disruptions that resolve quickly, leaving us unaware of their cause,” he said.

Wik informed that in the 1950s, Sweden upgraded its railway system after traffic lights switched from red to green during geomagnetic storms in the 1930s. He indicated that the 1982 incident was less serious, involving a switch from green to red.

“The Swedish Transport Agency likely doesn’t know whether these occurrences could happen again or how frequently they might have happened,” he explained. “We have considered researching past geomagnetic disturbances to match them with error logs, but this remains unofficial.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Anesthetics Unearthed: Groundbreaking Discovery in Chinese Doctor’s Tomb

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Ancient surgical instruments

Surgical scissors and tweezers excavated from Xia Quan’s grave, containing remnants of the anesthetic aconitine.

Image credit: Xue Ling et al.

The discovery of two medical instruments from a 15th-century Chinese surgeon’s tomb reveals traces of anesthetic compounds, marking the earliest evidence of efforts to alleviate pain during medical procedures.

Excavated in 1974 from the tomb of renowned surgeon Xia Quan (1348-1411), located in Jiangsu province, these surgical scissors and tweezers shed light on ancient medical practices.

Researchers from Northwest University in Xi’an, China utilized advanced laser technology to analyze the residue on these tools and detected significant traces of aconitine, a compound derived from the aconite genus, commonly known as Wolfsbane. This substance frequently appears in historical Chinese medicine formulations.

Aconitine functions by interacting with sodium channels within the neuronal cell membrane, producing an anesthetic effect when administered in precise doses. However, its high toxicity limits its contemporary medical use due to the associated risk of poisoning.

The significant presence of residue on the scissor blades and tweezers’ tips suggests the aconitine was intentionally applied, not merely a result of contamination, according to researchers.

According to Carnie Matheson, a professor at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia, the findings offer compelling, direct evidence of anesthetic application in ancient surgery.

“This indicates that early surgeons had a more advanced understanding of pain management than we previously recognized,” Matheson stated. “Now, we can better appreciate why surgeries were performed in historical contexts and how they were manageable,” he added.

Historical texts reveal that Ming Dynasty medical practitioners developed various methods to lessen aconitine’s toxicity, including utilizing techniques such as “processing it with boy’s urine, soaking it in black bean decoction, boiling it in vinegar, detoxifying it using mung beans, and removing the outer skin of aconite tubers,” noted Zhao et al.

Matheson elaborated that refining aconitine from these toxic plants required significant scientific knowledge to ensure safe application for patients. “Surgeons had to extract the benefits of these compounds without endangering themselves or their patients, all while ensuring the methods were effective,” he explained.

Topics:

  • Medical Drugs /
  • Archaeology

Source: www.newscientist.com

Iranian Oil Spill Emitted Pollution Comparable to a Volcano: Environmental Impact Analysis

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Flames and smoke rise from an attacked oil storage facility in Iran

Flames and smoke rise from an oil storage facility during the March 7 attack in Iran.

Image credit: Alireza Sotakbar/ISNA/AP/Alamy

Israeli airstrikes on oil facilities in Tehran on March 7 released an unprecedented amount of sulfur dioxide, equivalent to a small volcanic eruption. This alarming event has the potential to affect air quality and cause acid rain as far away as China.

In a coordinated effort between the US and Israel, fighter jets targeted oil facilities, igniting massive fires at various depots and refineries. Firestorms illuminated the night sky while soot-laden rain fell for days, causing health hazards, including eye and skin irritation among residents.

Recent data from advanced Chinese satellites indicates that the sulfur dioxide plumes from these explosions and fires spread over an area of about 300,000 square kilometers, passing over several countries including Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan, and China.

The rapid attack led to a surge in emissions, releasing a total of 29,800 tonnes of sulfur dioxide, as reported by Yin Jianping from Wuhan University. For context, this volume is significantly higher than the 20,000 tons of sulfur dioxide expelled daily by Iceland’s Eyjafjallajokull volcano during its 2010 eruption, which caused widespread disruptions in air travel.

Measurements from satellites indicated that sulfur dioxide levels reached concentrations that can hinder lung function, irritate the eyes and throat, and exacerbate asthma and bronchitis, particularly in vulnerable populations such as children and the elderly.

The brief emissions event underscores the need to consider the long-term impact of such occurrences, as contaminants can deposit on water sources and agricultural land, leading to potential health risks from contaminated drinking water and food.

Sulfur dioxide can react with atmospheric chemicals to form sulfuric acid, contributing to smog and acid rain. Historical events like the Great Smog of 1952, which saw an estimated 12,000 deaths in London, serve as a stark reminder of the dangers of such pollution.

The sulfur dioxide produced by the attacks is reported to be 20 times greater than the annual emissions from some coal-fired power plants in developed countries, illustrating the severity of the situation.

In addition to sulfur dioxide, the destruction of oil facilities released soot and heavy metals into the environment. According to Lucy Carpenter from the University of York, the substantial sulfur dioxide emissions suggest the plume also contained harmful levels of pollutants like nitrogen oxides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which have been linked to cancer.

“The significant release of sulfur dioxide from a single incident has serious implications for human health… across vast distances,” Carpenter stated.

The pollutants carried by wind can linger in the atmosphere for several days. The study’s ability to track the plume’s journey over such a large area was impressive, shedding light on the potential for far-reaching health impacts.

Although the plume lasted only three days—possibly insufficient for long-term cancer risk—satellite data is crucial for assessing pollution levels in the atmosphere. Carpenter warns that these pollutants can trigger asthma attacks, strokes, and heart attacks, especially among vulnerable groups.

The Fengyun-3 satellite constellation utilized in this research could provide real-time atmospheric data on sulfur dioxide and other critical pollutants, enhancing disaster response capabilities, Yin asserted. “Satellite observations can significantly improve pollution assessments and offer early warnings to affected areas.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Can Lab-Grown Sperm Help Infertile Men Become Fathers?

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Color scanning electron micrograph of human sperm cells

Color scanning electron micrograph of human sperm cells

PDC/Science Photo Library

Male infertility is a sensitive subject, yet it’s a prevalent issue affecting about 1 in 10 couples trying to conceive. Notably, half of infertility cases are linked to sperm quality. Traditional fertility solutions often fall short, but a pioneering U.S. startup, Paterna Biosciences, aims to revolutionize the field.

Paterna proposes that stem cells can be extracted from the testicles and transformed into viable sperm cells in a laboratory setting. This breakthrough could potentially enable almost all men who face infertility challenges to achieve fatherhood.

However, some experts express skepticism, suggesting that the method’s viability may hinge on the integration of CRISPR gene editing—essentially enabling the creation of gene-edited offspring.

Let’s delve deeper. Male infertility can stem from various issues, including low sperm count, poor sperm motility, or sperm failing to penetrate the egg. In such cases, direct injection of sperm into the egg, known as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), can often yield successful results.

Approximately 1 in 100 men may face a complete absence of sperm in their semen. This might be due to blockages preventing sperm from reaching the prostate, which can often be corrected through medical procedures to retrieve sperm directly from the testicles.

In instances where no sperm is found, it’s frequently due to the testicles producing little or none. According to Alex Pastuzak, Co-founder and President of Paterna, the process begins with a small testicular tissue sample, which can yield anywhere from a few to tens of thousands of sperm cells.

Pastuzak claims they identified signals that stimulate sperm stem cells to differentiate into sperm within about a month in the lab.

The question of validity arises. Paterna has yet to release conclusive evidence to back their claims, citing the need to protect their intellectual property. Pastuzak states, “I won’t disclose anything to the public until our protections are established.”

Previous efforts, such as those by French biotech firm Callistem, made similar announcements but did not deliver substantial outcomes.

Paterna asserts that the sperm produced successfully fertilized human eggs, leading to early embryonic development.

While acknowledging Paterna’s scientific team’s qualifications, independent researchers await more evidence before drawing conclusions. “If they can achieve this, it represents a significant advancement,” remarks Helt Hammer from the Amsterdam Institute of Reproductive Development.

Potential Genetic Risks

If Paterna’s claims hold true, the next critical inquiry is their safety. Sperm originate from stem cells in the testes, which undergo a complex meiotic process to develop into spermatozoa. Any disruption during meiosis may lead to genetic abnormalities—a potential risk heightened in laboratory environments.

Moreover, imprinting errors during sperm development can lead to serious developmental issues. Although Paterna believes its approach minimizes these risks, past research indicates common errors in mouse sperm derived from stem cells.

Pastuzak asserts, “Molecular studies show our in-vitro sperm is identical to natural sperm produced in the testes. In some cases, it even surpasses natural quality.”

Paterna envisions implanting embryos fertilized with laboratory-grown sperm into women as early as next year. “Our inaugural clinical trial will likely occur outside the U.S., still awaiting regulatory approvals,” Pastuzak adds.

However, it’s unclear what evidence regulators require before sanctioning the use of lab-grown sperm in fertility treatments. Historically, fertility specialists have employed techniques like IVF and micromanipulation without comprehensive safety validations.

If deemed safe, it remains to be seen how many men can benefit from this technique. A small segment may not possess functional sperm stem cells, confining this approach’s applicability.

For others, infertility could stem from genetic mutations, complicating treatment efficacy. Professor Hammer suggests that if a mutation hampers spermatogenesis, lab methods are likely to replicate the same issues. The most likely beneficiaries may be men who became infertile due to childhood cancer treatments and had testicular tissue preserved prior to that.

“We could provide hope for young boys rendered infertile by chemotherapy,” he asserts, though this demographic is limited.

Wilkinson notes that another potential group could be men with restricted spermatogenesis, who currently undergo invasive procedures like microdissecting testicular sperm extraction (mTESE). “Avoiding such invasive techniques would be a significant improvement,” he claims.

Lab-Grown Sperm and Future Generations

Lab-grown sperm could help men have children, but additional genetic techniques may be required

Maite Torres/Getty Images

Pastuzak claims that their lab successfully harvested sperm from men whose testicles do not naturally produce it. “Most of these germ cells exhibit maturation potential. The defect seems linked to the signaling from supportive cells,” he states.

Despite skepticism, the possibility that lab-grown sperm could offer solutions to infertility is encouraging. However, it raises the concern that boys born from such sperm may inherit genetic mutations associated with fertility issues—paralleling concerns raised with ICSI techniques.

“I do ponder this,” Pastuzak admits, noting that there are various stages in the process where harmful mutations can be screened out during testing.

If lab-grown sperm extraction fails for most men with infertility-causing mutations, an alternative solution may arise through CRISPR gene editing to rectify such mutations, potentially resulting in gene-edited children.

This approach, while promising, comes with challenges, mainly due to limited knowledge about potential infertility mutations and their complexities. “Evidence remains scarce,” Wilkinson warns.

Nonetheless, if precise mutations are identified, utilizing gene editing might be justified. Pre-implantation genetic screening could also mitigate unintended modifications during the process.

Paterna is open to exploring these avenues, with Pastuzak stating, “I’m not ruling anything out. Advancements in science should benefit as many people as possible.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Southern California Chemical Tank Scandal: Key Insights and Unanswered Questions

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A serious incident occurred at a chemical storage tank in Garden Grove, California, where overheating caused by a malfunctioning valve raised alarms about a potential disaster. This event poses risks of toxic plume exposure for residents and potential damage to nearby structures.

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Since Thursday, Southern California officials have united with state and federal agencies to prevent what could be one of the gravest chemical accidents in California’s history. A state of emergency was declared, leading to the evacuation of thousands of residents in this city southeast of Los Angeles, with an uncertain timeline for their return.

By Monday evening, the threat of a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) was successfully averted, according to Orange County fire officials.

Here’s an essential overview of the situation.

What is Methyl Methacrylate?

The incident centers around a storage tank at the GKN Aerospace Facility, holding approximately 7,000 gallons of methyl methacrylate.

Methyl methacrylate is a toxic substance utilized in the production of resins and plastics like plexiglass.

Exposure to this chemical may cause skin and eye irritation, along with symptoms such as coughing, dizziness, headaches, and respiratory issues.

What Were the Risks?

Last week, the Orange County Fire Department reported the tank was heating up and expanding.

This scenario presented two dire outcomes: either the tank develops a crack leading to chemical leakage, or it ruptures and explodes, posing risks to nearby methyl methacrylate tanks.

Fire Chief Craig Covey, the incident commander, highlighted the severity of the situation: “What we were told indicated a potential leaking or exploding tank.”

Fire officials resolved the BLEVE risk by Monday morning, a condition where the temperature of a flammable liquid in the tank increases to the point of catastrophic explosion.

Andrew Welton, a Purdue University engineering professor, likened the risk to leaving a soda can in a hot car—high pressure leads to explosive potential.

On Monday, officials confirmed that a crack allowed pressure to escape, although no chemicals leaked, and the internal temperature was decreasing. Firefighters used sprinklers and hoses to cool the tank.

Initially, around 60,000 residents were evacuated due to their safety concerns; by Monday evening, this was reduced to approximately 16,000.

Why Did the Tank Overheat?

Authorities reported a faulty valve in the tank’s cooling system initiated a dangerous sequence of events.

“The overheating was due to a valve freeze within the recirculating cooling system, which was supposed to maintain a target temperature of 50 degrees,” Chief Covey explained.

This malfunction led to a significant heating of the tank contents.

Mayor Stephanie Klopfenstein assured residents of a transparent investigation into the incident on Monday night.

Has the Risk Been Eliminated?

The temperature peaked at at least 100 degrees Fahrenheit, while the boiling point of methyl methacrylate is around 212 degrees. By Monday, temperatures decreased to 93 degrees.

Welton noted the cooling trend is promising; it indicates no ongoing heat generation within the tank.

Despite this, risks of a minor explosion or chemical spill remain due to uncertainties regarding the chemical’s state within the tank. Some specialists suggest solidification might be occurring.

“If solidification occurs, the threat diminishes significantly,” Welton mentioned.

By Monday, cooler temperatures and solidified materials signaled good news for emergency responders.

Orange County Interim Fire Chief TJ McGovern remarked that while the threat of a major explosion has subsided, additional precautions are still necessary.

He emphasized the need to address potential fire hazards, minor explosions, or chemical spills.

Do You Have Environmental Concerns?

Chris Myers from the Environmental Protection Agency stated that extensive air monitoring revealed no hazardous exceedances during the incident.

According to Welton, the crack in the tank could theoretically allow for some vapor or gas escape.

In response to the incident, President Trump approved a presidential emergency declaration to allocate more resources, including personnel and equipment from FEMA. Governor Gavin Newsom also declared a state of emergency in Orange County.

FEMA has teams assisting in state emergency operations, and air monitoring has been established at 20 locations around the affected area.

The Orange County District Attorney’s Office has initiated an investigation, while two local residents have filed a class-action lawsuit against GKN Aerospace, the facility’s owner.

In an official comment, a GKN Aerospace spokesperson referred to their online statement, conveying their collaboration with fire officials to stabilize the tank.

“We safely removed the tank’s external insulation to assist in cooling its contents,” they stated. “We regret the disruption this incident has caused and are focused on ensuring a safe resolution so residents can return home.”

Covey reported that a nearby tank was neutralized with a chemical compound, although a similar approach was not viable for the threatening tank due to a malfunctioning valve.

Judith Enck, former EPA official, remarked on the necessity of regulatory inspections: “When was the last inspection of this tank, and what were the findings?”

Experts like Welton suggest investigating the maintenance frequency and possible clogging within the tank.

“We hope this incident remains a major alert rather than leading to uncontrolled chemical release or structural damage,” he concluded. “This remains a situation to monitor closely.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Webb Telescope Identifies Methane in Exoplanet Saturn TOI-199b’s Atmosphere

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Astronomers have harnessed spectral data from the Near Infrared Spectrometer (NIRSpec) on board the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to investigate the atmosphere of TOI-199b, a distant Saturn-mass exoplanet that is neither frigid nor scorching.

Artist’s impression of a gas giant exoplanet. Image credit: Sci.News.

TOI-199, a G-type star situated approximately 330 light-years away in the constellation Sera, hosts at least two massive planets: TOI-199b and TOI-199c.

The inner planet, TOI-199b, orbits its host star, receiving 2.5 times more radiation than Earth every 105 days, resulting in an estimated temperature of 352 K (79 degrees Celsius, or 174 degrees Fahrenheit).

With a mass of 0.17 times that of Jupiter and a radius of 0.81 times that of Jupiter, TOI-199b is inferred to have a Saturn-like internal structure and a hydrogen-rich atmosphere.

“TOI-199b is one of the most promising cold giant planets for atmospheric characterization,” stated Penn State astronomer Renyu Hu and colleagues.

Astronomers employed transmission spectroscopy to scrutinize light emitted from the star as it traversed the planet’s atmosphere, enabling the characterization of TOI-199b’s atmospheric composition.

“Our analysis revealed that the wavelengths of starlight absorbed by methane were blocked by the atmosphere,” explained Dr. Aaron Bello Alfe, a postdoctoral researcher at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“Compositional models for temperate gas giant exoplanets indicated the likely presence of methane, so confirming this theory is a significant milestone.”

Webb’s observations also indicated that TOI-199b’s atmosphere contains ammonia and carbon dioxide in addition to methane.

“Further observations will enhance our understanding of the relative abundances of these gases,” noted Dr. Hu.

A comprehensive examination of temperate gas giants could refine our models and deepen our understanding of planetary formation and atmospheric evolution, including that of Earth.

“The success of this preliminary investigation encourages us to allocate more observational resources to study similar planets,” added the team.

This will enable us to determine whether TOI-199b is unique or if shared characteristics exist among planets of this type.

The team’s results were published in the May 20th issue of astronomy magazine.

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Aaron Bello-Alfe et al. 2026. Methane from the temperate exoplanet Saturn TOI-199b. A.J. 171,354; doi: 10.3847/1538-3881/ae4fba

Source: www.sci.news

Rare Ostrich-Like Dinosaur Fossil Unearthed on Canada Island

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Recent findings by Canadian paleontologists reveal a remarkable discovery: a dinosaur caudal vertebra dating back 75 to 80 million years, discovered within ancient sea rock on a small island off British Columbia’s coast. This discovery provides significant evidence that bird-like ornithomimosaurs inhabited North America’s prehistoric Pacific coastline.

Cyparon henanensis—an ornithomimosaur that existed during the Maastrichtian period (72 to 67 million years ago) in what is now China. Image credit: PaleoNeolitic / Sci.News.

The Ornithomimosaurus is a fascinating group of swift, bird-like theropod dinosaurs that thrived during the Cretaceous period. These dinosaurs are characterized by their long legs, elongated necks, streamlined bodies, toothless beaks, and relatively small heads, bearing a striking resemblance to modern ostriches.

Certain species, such as Gallimimus and Ornithomimus, can reach lengths exceeding 4 meters (13 feet). Interestingly, despite being part of the theropod family, ornithomimosaurs are believed to have been either omnivorous or opportunistic feeders, consuming plants, small animals, and potentially eggs.

Known for their impressive speed, some estimates suggest they could achieve top speeds of approximately 50-60 km/h (31-37 mph), making them some of the fastest dinosaurs of their era.

In a recent publication, Dr. David Evans, a paleontologist from the University of Toronto and the Royal Ontario Museum, and his team detailed their findings on fossilized vertebrae extracted from an ornithomimosaur’s tail. This fossil dates back to the Campanian period of the Late Cretaceous, between 80 and 75 million years ago.

The specimen was uncovered in August 1999 from the marine sediments of the Cedar District Formation on Denman Island, which is part of the Nanaimo Group in western Canada. According to the research team, “This fossil marks the second instance of dinosaur skeletal material discovered in the Nanaimo Group and is the first from an outcrop within Canada.”

The paleontologists propose that the ornithomimosaur bones may have been washed into the ocean from the western margin of ancient North America, potentially transported by ocean currents, shoreline movements, or even scavengers. Another hypothesis suggests that the bones could have originated from a floating carcass that drifted offshore before eventual separation.

The research team also noted, “Given the current interpretations regarding the paleolatitude of the Nanaimo Basin, this specimen likely corresponds with locations at a similar latitude to the outcrops of the Two Medicine River and Judith River formations to the east, which are recognized as part of the northern faunal region of Campanian-Laramidian dinosaurs along the Western Interior Seaway.”

“To date, no ornithomimosaur fossils identifiable at lower taxonomic levels have been described from the Judith River and Two Medicine Formations. However, a rich assemblage of ornithomimosaur fauna, with several genera and species represented by complete skeletons, has been documented from the Dinosaur Park Formation in Alberta.”

“Questions concerning whether Pacific coast dinosaurs exhibited a latitudinal diversity gradient, and the role of intervening mountain ranges in influencing dinosaur biogeography through promoting allopatric diversification during the Campanian, can only be addressed through further fossil discoveries.”

The team’s research paper was published in the journal Facet on April 17th.

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Victoria M. Arbor et al. 2026. An ornithomimosaur excavated from the Campania Cedar District Formation (Nanaimo Group) on Denman Island, British Columbia, Canada. Facet 11; doi: 10.1139/facets-2023-0079

Source: www.sci.news

CERN Physicists Discover New Exotic Particles: Key Breakthrough in Particle Physics

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Physicists have made significant advancements with the ATLAS Collaboration at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC), observing the excited state of the Bc*+ Meson. This unique meson consists of a charm quark paired with a bottom antiquark.

Bc*+ Artist’s impression of the meson. Image credit: Daniel Dominguez / CERN.

Protons and neutrons, fundamental components of matter, belong to a larger class of particles known as hadrons. Hadrons are composite particles formed from quarks held together by the strong force.

These particles are classified into two main groups: baryons, which are composed of three quarks (e.g., protons and neutrons), and mesons, which consist of a quark-antiquark pair.

Despite years of research, many phenomena associated with the strong force still remain elusive, particularly the interactions among quarks in hadrons.

Heavy quark mesons, such as those containing charm and bottom quarks, serve as essential testbeds for evaluating theoretical models regarding these interactions.

Particularly noteworthy is the Bc+ meson, which contains both charm quarks and bottom antiquarks.

ATLAS physicists created an excited form of the Bc+ meson through high-energy proton-proton collisions at the LHC.

Following these collisions, the Bc*+ quickly decays into Bc+ mesons accompanied by photons.

Detecting these photons, along with the decay products of Bc+, provides critical evidence confirming the existence of the Bc*+ meson.

However, researchers face a challenge as the expected mass of Bc+ mesons is only marginally greater than that of Bc+ mesons, resulting in photons with very low energy that are challenging to detect using traditional methods.

Instead of standard photon identification techniques, scientists looked for photons that transformed into electron-positron pairs in the ATLAS tracking detector, leaving behind a trail of densely charged particles emerging from a common origin distinct from the initial proton-proton collision.

The lateral momentum of these tracks is around 100 MeV, significantly lower than typical values analyzed in ATLAS studies.

Consequently, the team had to implement a specialized trajectory reconstruction method to successfully identify the photons and confirm the existence of the Bc*+ meson.

The measured mass difference between the Bc*+ meson and the Bc+ meson stands at 64.5 ± 1.4 MeV.

According to the physicists, “This is within the range of available theoretical predictions, though it slightly diverges from the latest high-precision calculations.”

These findings will significantly contribute to theoretical models explaining the mass of particles with heavier quarks and enhance our understanding of the strong nuclear force.

The team’s research will soon be published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

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Collaboration with ATLAS. 2026. Observation of Bc*+ Mesons using the ATLAS detector. Physical Review Letters, in press. arXiv: 2605.16228

Source: www.sci.news

New Deep-Sea Octopus Species Discovered Near Galapagos Islands

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A newly identified deep-sea octopus species, discovered 1,773 meters below the surface near Darwin Island, challenges existing classifications within the Megaleredoniidae family, necessitating updates to traditional scientific definitions.

Microeredon galapagensis. Image credit: Voight et al., doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.5814.4.5.

Traditionally, Megaleredoniidae octopuses were defined as large-bodied species native to the frigid, isolated waters of Antarctica.

However, the newly classified species Microeredon galapagensis defies this characterization.

Dr. Janet Voigt, curator emeritus of invertebrates at the Field Museum of Natural History, noted, “Spinous octopods of the deep eastern tropical Pacific remain largely unexplored.”

“Advanced underwater vehicles have provided rare glimpses of these elusive animals, revealing unexpected taxa,” she added.

“Among these discoveries are the small tropical octopods belonging to the family Megaleredoniidae.”

“This family was originally recognized for its substantial Antarctic presence, including species such as Megaleredone Setebos, known for its distinctive adaptations to the cold depths of the Southern Ocean.”

The single female specimen of Microeredon galapagensis was collected during a 2015 research cruise near Darwin Island, an area rich in biodiversity closely associated with Charles Darwin’s scientific work.

Given the difficulty of securing additional specimens, researchers employed micro-CT imaging to study the octopus’s anatomy non-destructively.

“To accurately describe a new octopus species, we need to observe every anatomical part, including the mouth and beak. We were careful not to destroy our only specimen,” Dr. Voigt explained.

“CT imaging is vital for examining rare specimens like this one, as it allows us to gather detailed information without compromising the specimen’s integrity.”

Dr. Stephanie Smith, also from the Field Museum, emphasized the significance of these finds, stating, “It’s exhilarating to showcase these extraordinarily rare and stunning specimens to the public.”

“It’s unparalleled to witness something that few, if any, others have seen.”

The CT scan offered remarkable insights into Microeredon galapagensis, revealing its bifurcated stomach and dormant eggs with unparalleled detail.

Dr. Alexander Ziegler from the University of Bonn remarked, “The depth of detail obtained from the scan of such a small octopus was astonishing. Typically, soft-tissue imaging necessitates contrast agents, which aren’t suitable for such precious specimens.”

This precision facilitates the 3D modeling of its vital organs.

During the same exploration, two additional octopuses believed to belong to the same species were observed, hinting at a possible local population.

“These small deep-sea octopuses are among the rarest creatures on Earth. We are fortunate to study them,” commented Dr. Voigt.

“Even if all land masses were connected, it would be impossible to map the expanse of the Pacific Ocean, leaving much of its depths unexplored.”

The discovery of Microeredon galapagensis is detailed in a research paper published in the journal Zootaxa.

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Janet R. Voight et al. 2026. A new species of Microeredon from the Galapagos Islands and a revised diagnosis of the Megaleredoniidae (Octopoda: Incirrata). Zootaxa 5814 (4): 533-549; doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.5814.4.5

Source: www.sci.news

Incredible Footage: Jesus Christ Lizard Running on Water Captured!

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If you haven’t seen it yet, check out this captivating video of the basilisk, famously known as the “Jesus Christ Lizard,” effortlessly running on water.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/04/GettyImages-1B02254_0010.mp4

The scene is mesmerizing, reminiscent of Looney Tunes, showcasing a lizard that appears to defy the laws of physics just like the Road Runner.

The common basilisk is native to Central and South America, thriving near rivers and streams in lush rainforests. These relatively small lizards boast tails that exceed their body length by more than two times.

Males typically reach about 75 cm (approximately 30 inches) in total length, featuring three distinct sail-like crests—one on the head, one on the back, and one on the tail.

Territorial by nature, males employ these impressive crests not only to assert dominance but also to attract smaller females.

One of their most remarkable traits is their ability to run on water, a skill intrinsic to their survival against predators. Hatchlings are born with this innate ability.

Over short bursts of up to 20 m (66 ft), adults can reach speeds of about 5 km/h (3 mph), while younger, lighter basilisks might surpass that speed.

Researchers have noted that they run on their hind legs, flapping their front legs reminiscent of Kermit the Frog.

Biologist Tonia Shea made a significant discovery. In 2003, while pursuing her Ph.D. at Harvard University, she utilized a high-speed camera to analyze 30 videos of basilisks running on water in a 4.6 m (15 ft) aquarium, comparing their movement speed with terrestrial lizards.

The common basilisk’s locomotion on water is quite unique.

When traversing water, they swing their legs outward and stretch them backward, keeping their feet relatively stiff and plunging them into the water with a piston-like motion.

Basilisks predominantly inhabit regions near rivers and streams in Central and South America – Credit: Getty

A follow-up survey conducted the following year revealed that each step generates enough force to support the basilisk’s weight while propelling it forward.

The strongest force occurs during the initial half of each stride when the foot plunges straight down into the water, forcing water down and creating an air pocket around the temporarily submerged foot, significantly reducing drag.

This mechanism enables the basilisk to pull its feet out of the water with ease while maintaining forward momentum.

Basilisks are not only adept at hydrodynamics, but through evolution, they have developed both locomotor and physical adaptations.

Their hind legs are long and muscular, and their large hind feet feature scaly fringes along the sides of the third, fourth, and fifth toes.

When basking on land, these flaps fold against the toes; however, when on water, they expand, providing additional surface area for propulsion.

In summary, the basilisk, often referred to as the Jesus Christ Lizard, is a truly fascinating creature.

While a few other animals like pond skaters, fishing spiders, and certain grebes can walk and run on water, none do so with the same remarkable flair as the basilisk.

If you have any questions, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message Facebook, Twitter or Instagram (please include your name and location).

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Study Reveals Cows Can Identify Familiar Human Faces

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A groundbreaking study from France’s National Institute for Agriculture, Food, and the Environment (INRAE) reveals that cattle (Bos taurus) can distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar people and are capable of matching a recognized voice to the correct face.

Research shows that cows can recognize human faces and associate them with familiar voices. Image credit: NeiFo.

“Cows are inherently social animals, having been domesticated 10,500 years ago,” explain researchers from INRAE, including Ocean Amishaw.

“They possess exceptional eyesight and a remarkably wide field of vision (330 degrees).”

“While the social cognitive abilities of cows regarding humans have remained largely unexplored, dairy cows, in particular, are often in close proximity to humans from birth, being bottle-fed and milked daily.”

“Emerging evidence indicates that domestic animals can recognize human faces, yet such abilities in cattle had not been previously validated.”

“Considering the variety of species capable of human recognition, it would be surprising if cows lacked this ability, warranting further investigation.”

To explore if cows can differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar faces, the research team studied 32 Prim Holstein cows.

The researchers presented the cows with silent videos of known and unknown male faces while tracking how long the cows gazed at each.

They conducted tests on cross-modal recognition, showing videos of familiar and unfamiliar faces while playing corresponding audio from two men, both reciting the same sentence.

Additionally, they monitored the cows’ heart rates during the video sessions to assess emotional responses.

The cows displayed less fear during silent videos, gazing longer at the images of unfamiliar faces, indicating their ability to differentiate between known and unknown individuals.

When combining visual and audio stimuli, cows spent more time observing videos when the audio matched the visual face, suggesting they could pair faces with familiar voices from their herd.

However, none of the familiar faces or voices appeared to significantly influence the cows’ emotional responses, as indicated by stable heart rates.

“Our findings indicate that cows can indeed differentiate between familiar and unfamiliar individuals and construct cross-modal representations of these individuals,” stated the authors.

“Future studies should investigate whether cows adjust their behavior based on the individual they are interacting with, reflecting their agency in human-animal relationships.”

These findings were published this month in the online journal PLoS ONE.

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O. Amishaw et al. 2026. Cows visually identify and cross-modally recognize familiar human faces in videos. PLoS One 21 (5): e0329529; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0329529

Source: www.sci.news

Impact of Land Plants on River Ecosystems: A Comprehensive Analysis – Cyworthy

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The emergence of land plants around 450 million years ago significantly influenced Earth’s geological processes, particularly weathering and erosion. While earlier scientists speculated that plants might have caused straight rivers to meander—due to a lack of evidence showing naturally meandering rivers—recent studies have challenged this perspective. Researchers now propose that vegetation altered rivers without leading to their meandering.

To investigate how vegetation affected ancient rivers, researchers analyzed 49 modern meandering rivers. They categorized these rivers into three distinct types: vegetated, non-vegetated, and semi-vegetated. Their study revealed 18 vegetated rivers in South America, 24 non-vegetated rivers in the western United States, and seven semi-vegetated rivers in areas of China and the eastern United States.

To evaluate the influence of vegetation on curvature, the researchers quantified the degree of each river’s bends. They determined the curves by using the opposite bank of each bend to establish a center point and then drew equidistant lines along the river’s path. This method enabled them to calculate the angle between the curves and the central point, termed the transition angle. This angle illustrates the river bend’s relationship to its downstream direction, providing insights into how vegetation impacts the vertical or horizontal development of the river and the steepness of its bends.

The researchers analyzed the migration angles of each river to assess differences in bends between vegetated and non-vegetated systems. Their findings indicated that vegetated rivers tended to deposit sediment within bends, promoting wider and more horizontally developed curves over time. In contrast, non-vegetated rivers deposited sediment downstream, resulting in fewer bends and more variation in bend widths.

A key question remained: were these differences mainly due to vegetation or influenced by other factors? To address this, the researchers explored three additional variables. The first was the natural variation in water flow across river systems, known as flow rate fluctuation. They found that during storms, flow fluctuations shifted bends downstream in non-vegetated rivers but had no effect on vegetated ones, suggesting that while flow fluctuations can influence vegetation, they don’t necessarily lead to downstream migration.

The second variable analyzed was the river’s sediment capacity or sediment flux. The study concluded that rivers carrying more sediment did erode their banks more, influencing bends. However, rivers with similar vegetation cover and higher sediment levels demonstrated statistically similar tortuosity angles, indicating that sediment flow alone doesn’t drive bend development; instead, that changes are contingent upon vegetation cover.

The final variable studied was the strength of riverbanks. Researchers noted differences between strong banks made of rocks and compact sediments versus weak banks of loose sediment. Findings showed no significant differences in bends among rivers with varying bank strengths but similar vegetation, ruling out bank strength as a primary factor influencing bend movement.

Among the four examined variables—flow variability, sediment flux, bank strength, and vegetation cover—vegetation cover emerged as having the most substantial impact on the characteristics of meandering rivers. The researchers speculated that while winding rivers may have existed prior to the advent of plants, their appearance would have been markedly different. Like today’s non-vegetated rivers, ancient meandering rivers likely had gentler bends. As plants evolved and established themselves along riverbanks, the bends transformed to resemble modern vegetated rivers. This understanding could shed light on life on Earth 450 million years before the evolution of land plants.


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Source: sciworthy.com

21 Gray Whale Deaths in 3 Months: Discover Why Carcasses are Appearing on Pacific Beaches

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Whales generally feed for four to six months in the Arctic, according to Stewart. After this feeding period, they fast for the next 6-8 months, making these Arctic feeding grounds their primary source of nutrition.

The factors influencing food availability in the Arctic are complex, and scientists continue to investigate them. However, Stewart explains that the historical process was as follows: Algae grows on the underside of sea ice and descends to the ocean floor when the ice melts. This decomposition fertilizes the seafloor, nourishing the amphipods in the sediment, which in turn supports the whales as they consume the nutrient-rich soil.

Recent research indicates that sea ice is melting earlier each year, which allows for more sunlight to penetrate the water column sooner. This stimulates the growth of phytoplankton and other organisms, absorbing nutrients that were once available to the ocean floor. Scientists believe this reduction in nutrient availability is contributing to a decrease in prey for whales.

For gray whales, misfortunes experienced in summer often manifest the following spring, as their northern migration consumes more energy than they were able to regenerate through feeding in the previous year.

“During their migration north, they are at their leanest. This is the longest duration they’ve gone without food, making them highly vulnerable to starvation,” says Stewart.

Kalambokidis noted that some whales have been appearing in unusual locations this season, including one that tragically died in the Willapa River, possibly in search of food to sustain its journey.

“Malnourished whales tend to become desperate, which can weaken their awareness of their environment and impair their navigation,” Karambokidis observed.

NOAA’s latest data suggests that the gray whale population has plummeted from 27,430 a decade ago to approximately 12,950 last summer. However, Stewart cautions that these models may not accurately reflect the population decline.

Interestingly, not all Pacific gray whales rely solely on Arctic feeding grounds. A small group, known as a sounder, located north of Seattle, diverges from the typical migration route to hunt for ghost shrimp in the northern Puget Sound, heading north toward the Bering and Chukchi Seas. Another group, the Pacific Feeding Group, includes over 200 whales thriving in coastal waters off Northern California, Oregon, Washington, and southern Canada. These small populations display resilience against broader decline trends.

“This indicates that some gray whales may develop alternative foraging strategies to navigate environmental challenges in the long term,” states Elliot Hazen, a research ecologist at NOAA’s Southwest Fisheries Science Center.

Historically, gray whale populations in the eastern North Pacific faced severe declines due to commercial whaling during the 19th and early 20th centuries, possibly dropping to around 1,000 individuals. Nonetheless, with the implementation of whaling restrictions and protection under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, gray whales emerged as one of the fastest recovering whale species, ultimately being removed from the endangered species list in 1994.

Stewart expresses cautious optimism, noting that while he is not particularly worried about the whales approaching extinction, he is concerned about the diminishing progress in their recovery.

“We are entering uncharted territory in terms of recovery since the population is significantly lower than when the species was delisted from the Endangered Species Act,” he concluded.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

PMOS Explains the Need for Renaming Scientific Terms: A Path to Clarity and Understanding

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CT42A4 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Cavallini James/BSIP/Alamy

What do research fields like artificial intelligence (AI), medicine, and climate change share? They could all benefit from an understanding akin to the story of Rumpelstiltskin. As fairy tales suggest, knowing the “true name” of a concept—an age-old idea in folklore—grants us power over it.

While it might not seem scientific, psychologists reveal that a person’s name can significantly influence perceptions. The same may hold true for scientific terminology. Take “artificial intelligence” as an example: despite its groundbreaking potential, a simpler label like “machine learning” might have mitigated much of the controversy surrounding it.

There’s no definitive “real name” in the folklore sense, but some labels undoubtedly resonate better than others. Recent years have seen a shift away from stigmatizing disease names, exemplified by the World Health Organization (WHO) quickly rebranding the Wuhan coronavirus to COVID-19 and renaming monkeypox to mpox in 2022.

“
‘Net Zero’ is a term that has drifted from its original definition.
“

Some renamings correct inaccuracies, such as the recent shift from polycystic ovary syndrome to polyendocrine metabolic ovary syndrome. However, renaming isn’t always effective. For instance, earlier references to “greenhouse effect” or “global warming” have evolved into “climate change,” a broader term that now reflects various effects beyond just rising temperatures. Meanwhile, the technical phrase “net zero” has lost clarity and is often misappropriated by those opposing environmental policies.

What factors contribute to successful renaming? Terms like “artificial intelligence” generate vivid associations compared to “machine learning.” A directive approach from reputable institutions like the WHO can also facilitate this process. Ultimately, some names simply stick better due to being more memorable; even if it’s a tongue twister, I won’t forget Rumpelstiltskin anytime soon.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover the Most Underrated Science Fiction Film Series of the 21st Century

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Caesar (Andy Serkis) leads the battle in ‘Rise of the Planet of the Apes’

20th Century Fox/Everett/Shutterstock

Genesis of the Planet of the Apes and its sequel
available on demand

<p>If you're a fan of sci-fi, you know not to dwell on films that never came to fruition. From Alejandro Jodorowsky's infamous *Dune* to Guillermo del Toro's unrealized *At the Mountains of Madness*, it's better to focus on what actually exists rather than lament the lost possibilities.</p>

<p>For a time, I lost hope for a new entry in the 21st century's most underrated sci-fi franchise. Despite its critical acclaim, none of the four films in the series has won an Oscar or made a significant pop culture impact. However, I’m thrilled to report that a fifth installment is officially in development.</p>

<p>Of course, I'm referencing the rebooted *Planet of the Apes* series. We're all familiar with the iconic 1968 Charlton Heston classic based on Pierre Boulle's original novel. This film, where astronauts awaken after centuries of stasis to find themselves on a planet ruled by intelligent apes, is timeless, revealing the despair of a lost human civilization upon their return to Earth. Given the classic's legacy, it’s surprising Hollywood hasn’t spurred new interest sooner.</p>

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<p>Thankfully, the franchise was revitalized with *Rise of the Planet of the Apes*, a stunning reimagining that examines the roots of the conflict between humans and apes. The protagonist, Caesar (Andy Serkis), a young chimpanzee, gains heightened intelligence through experimental prenatal treatment for Alzheimer's disease.</p>

<p>After being abandoned by his human family and witnessing violence against his fellow creatures, Caesar awakens and unites the apes in rebellion. *Rise* successfully fused visual spectacle with deep thematic content, utilizing innovative motion-capture technology that set new industry standards.</p>

<p>Following this, *Dawn of the Planet of the Apes* takes place a decade later, showcasing a burgeoning ape society in California's Muir Woods where humanity has largely been decimated by the virus that gifted the apes their intellect.</p>

<p>Like many remarkable sequels, *Dawn* weaves an intricate narrative, introducing Koba (Toby Kebbell), a complex antagonist whose manipulations and tragic backstory echo Shakespearean themes. This film masterfully combines elements of Cold War tension and Greek tragedy with stunning visuals.</p>

<p>Ending the saga, *War for the Planet of the Apes* presents a harrowing revenge narrative (full of fierce action). The latest installment, *Kingdom of the Planet of the Apes*, is slated for 2024 and set 300 years after Caesar’s reign, tracking Noah (Owen Teague), a novice chimp, as he discovers humanity's remnants and lost technology.</p>

<p>While details including the title and release date for the new project remain under wraps, it’s expected to align closely with the original timeline of the *Planet of the Apes* (by the year 3978). If you haven't yet experienced the original film, I urge you to invest the time—it's a viewing worth making.</p>

<p><i>Bethan Ackerley serves as an associate editor at <i>New Scientist</i>. With a penchant for sci-fi, sitcoms, and anything eerie, you can follow her on Twitter @inkerley.</i></p>

<h2><em>I also recommend...</em></h2>
<p><em><strong><a href="https://www.youtube.com/c/hangingwithdoctorz">Hanging out with Dr. Z</a></strong></em><br/><em>by Dana Gould</em><br/><b>YouTube</b></p>
<p>Comedian Dana Gould takes on the role of Dr. Zaius from the *Planet of the Apes* franchise, reimagining him as a renowned old-school talk show host. Expect entertaining anecdotes, dark humor, and impressive makeup work.</p>

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking Creativity: The Importance of ‘Aha!’ Moments for Brain Function

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Understanding the “Aha!” Moment: How Insights Impact Our Brain

Harold M. Lambert/Lambert/Getty Images

Recently, my editor Chelsea expressed a compelling concern regarding the rise of AI. Unlike typical journalistic worries about job loss, copyright infringement, or dull writing, she highlighted a unique issue: the potential loss of joy from experiencing those delightful “aha!” moments. “For me, it’s almost a physical sensation, like a wave of euphoria washing over my brain,” she noted.

Her thought-provoking question was: If we increasingly delegate idea generation to AI, will our dopamine rush from solving problems diminish? What else might our brains be missing if we experience fewer of these revelatory moments?

As it turns out, these “aha!” moments provide much more than momentary joy. Research shows that they can fundamentally alter our brains, enhance our learning, and contribute to long-term health. Thankfully, even in an AI-centric world, there are steps we can take to mitigate losses, aside from forgoing tools like ChatGPT altogether.

Chelsea’s vivid description aligns well with scientific findings. As Carola Salvi, a researcher at John Cabot University in Italy, explains, while not every insight triggers a dopamine release, numerous studies indicate that dopamine plays a crucial role in these eureka moments.

For instance, research by Martin Tick and his team at the Medical University of Vienna in 2018 demonstrated that individuals solving problems designed to spark “Eureka” moments displayed noticeable changes in dopamine-related brain activity during fMRI scans. Activity peaks in the midbrain coincided with the sensation of saying, “Ah!” In contrast, when participants reached conclusions without any prior hunch, brain activity significantly dropped.

These “aha!” moments are not just pleasurable; they also offer considerable cognitive advantages related to learning and memory. Salvi suggests that they serve as an internal “selection signal,” allowing accurate and satisfying solutions to stand out. Thus, the brain, possibly aided by dopamine, marks these insights as significant.

This theory makes sense, given that ideas perceived as “aha!” are generally deemed more accurate than others. However, it’s essential to note that while “eureka!” moments offer useful signals, not all ideas that feel right are valid. Empirical evidence supports the role of sudden insights, or even “What the heck!” moments, in enhancing memory retention. Essentially, the emotional thrill Chelsea spoke of activates areas in the brain that help solidify memories of those moments. Brain scans during these insights indicate transformative changes in the neural pathways involved in memory and vision, linked to how effectively individuals recall learned information later.

“From an evolutionary standpoint, this makes perfect sense,” argues Salvi. “When your brain uncovers a beneficial new pattern, it’s crucial for that information to become ingrained.” Hence, the “aha!” moment acts as a tagging mechanism for valuable insights.

This brings us back to AI. By excessively relying on large-scale language models (LLMs) for generating ideas and solutions—even for minor dilemmas—are we depriving ourselves of essential learning and memory opportunities?

For insight, I reached out to Hannah Critchlow, a neuroscientist from the University of Cambridge and the author of The 21st Century Brain: How to Future-Proof Your Mind in the Age of AI.

She cited a fascinating study comparing neural activity in a group of 18 participants tasked with essay writing using only their cognitive abilities, with assistance from a search engine, or through ChatGPT. Those utilizing AI exhibited consistently lower brain activity compared to those relying solely on Google or their own intellect. Over four sessions conducted across four months, participants using ChatGPT faced challenges in accurately citing their work and displayed decreased performance across neurological, linguistic, and behavioral metrics.

Although the small sample size warrants caution, these findings highlight a potential paradox: while LLMs may seem to facilitate swift insights, they might inadvertently hinder long-term learning and memory retention.

So, how can we counter this trend without completely dismissing ChatGPT and similar tools? Critchlow emphasizes research indicating that collaborative idea discussions—held in non-competitive settings—can lead to greater flexibility of thought. Brain waves often synchronize during such exchanges.

The Power of Collaborative Discussions in Enhancing Brain Health

Richard Gray/Alamy

This observation sheds light on the unique cognitive value human interactions provide, which cannot be duplicated by AI. Facilitating opportunities for brain synchronization proves advantageous. Critchlow asserts that a brain’s synchronization with others can be predictive of future cognitive health. “This synchronization may help guard against dementia and significantly influences adolescents’ ability to learn and bond with peers,” she concludes.

In essence, the solution is not merely to diminish our engagement with LLMs but to bolster human connections. Critchlow argues that educational institutions should foster a learning environment that prioritizes small, interactive group settings. “Perhaps paradoxically, these advanced tools are illustrating that our species’ success hinges on our capacity to connect and communicate. By sharing ideas and collaborating, we can unlock those gratifying ‘aha!’ moments, allowing us to solve problems collectively for the betterment of humanity.”

For those resonating with Chelsea’s sentiments, a simple takeaway emerges: while it might be tempting to lean on LLMs for quick insights, actively engaging your mind to discover answers autonomously not only boosts your immediate dopamine levels but also enhances your long-term learning and cognitive health.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Astronauts on Mars Could Use Plasma Beams for Efficient Laundry Solutions

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Cleaning White Shirt Material with Cold Plasma

Credit: University of Alabama Huntsville, Propulsion Research Center

Astronauts currently face the challenge of washing laundry in space, but that scenario may soon change. This innovation could lead to enhanced comfort for individuals on extended missions to the Moon or Mars.

On the International Space Station (ISS), astronauts typically wear the same clothing for multiple days before returning them to Earth, where they incinerate upon re-entry. While this approach suffices for shorter missions, it becomes impractical for extended missions without frequent supplies from Earth.

Recently, researchers Gabe Schuh and Chelsea Cassilly at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center have introduced a novel “washing gun” that projects cold plasma onto fabrics, effectively eliminating odor-causing microorganisms. This breakthrough was highlighted at the recent Astrobiology Science Conference held in Wisconsin on May 21st.

The mechanism involves igniting a mixture of helium, air, and water vapor with a strong electric burst, resulting in oxygen ions that permeate the fabric, attacking and destroying harmful microorganisms through oxidative stress.

One significant advantage of this plasma method over others, such as ultraviolet light exposure, is its effectiveness against resistant microorganisms. “Certain microorganisms can withstand UV light, but based on our tests, there’s no known microorganism resilient to oxidative stress. If they absorb it, they perish,” Xu explained. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the purple plasma beam decreased spore colonies on cotton cloth samples from 250,000 to approximately 60,000 colonies per milliliter.

This cleaning technique operates without damaging the fabric or presenting safety hazards. “When we think about plasma jets, we often visualize extremely hot phenomena like lightning or welding. However, with a jet designed for this application, it becomes safe for home use,” Xu states.

Despite its current limitation to disinfect only small fabric patches at a time, effectively scaling it for household use remains a challenge. Xu and Cassilly are advancing two alternative versions: a “plasma washer” that channels plasma into a chamber containing the fabric and a dual plasma jet vacuum suitable for surface applications.

As Schuh remarked, “For long-term habitats on the Moon or Mars, astronauts will undoubtedly desire a clean and comfortable environment, but achieving that necessitates effective cleaning solutions. Plasma jets could make this vision a reality.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Warn of Unprecedented Changes in Earth’s Rotation: What You Need to Know

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Every day, often unnoticed, the Earth takes a fraction longer to complete its rotation. While this change may only be milliseconds, the force driving it is astonishingly immense.

Recent research indicates that the current rate at which our days are lengthening is ‘unprecedented in 3.6 million years of geological history.

As polar ice sheets and glaciers melt due to climate change, the water previously confined in higher latitudes is now flowing into the oceans, advancing towards the equator.

This mass redistribution moves away from the Earth’s poles, slowing its rotation—similar to how a figure skater slows down by extending their arms during a spin.

A previous study indicated climate change has already made unexpected changes to the Earth’s rotation. A team from the University of Vienna and ETH Zurich explored geological timeframes to determine if current changes have ever been observed before.

The consensus is undeniably no.

Insights from Ancient Seashells

The precise length of a day is fluid. The Earth’s rotation is influenced by the moon’s gravitational pull, geological processes, and atmospheric changes.

These factors exert forces in varying directions, resulting in fluctuations in day length over geological timescales. Scientists are now establishing that climate change poses a significant force, potentially surpassing these traditional influences.

To trace changes back millions of years, researchers examined fossilized remnants of single-celled marine creatures known as benthic foraminifera.

The chemical composition of their shells tracks ancient sea level variations. By analyzing these data, scientists can infer how Earth’s rotation has fluctuated.

Specially designed machine learning algorithms, adept at navigating uncertainties in ancient data, enabled robust conclusions from samples dating back to the late Pliocene epoch, approximately 3.6 million years ago.

As ice melts, the planet bulges at the equator, resulting in a slower rotation – Photo credit: Getty

One clear standout throughout this timeframe is today.

The current rate at which climate change is increasing day length (1.33 milliseconds per century) may seem minimal. However, the mass redistribution involved is tremendous when considering the forces at play.

“Such alterations in day length require an immense redistribution of mass, moving around 1,000 gigatons from polar regions to the oceans,” explains Professor Benedict Soja from ETH Zurich and co-author of the study. “To visualize this, imagine a solid ice cube towering over New York City, 10 km high—higher than Mount Everest.”

In terms of the energy needed to facilitate such changes, Dr. Mostafa Kiani Shahvandi, lead author and a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna, states, “The change in Earth’s rotational energy is equivalent to a magnitude 9.0 earthquake,” highlighting not destruction, but sheer planetary force.

Potential Impacts by 2100

Research uncovered a geological moment around 2 million years ago where the rates of change mirrored today’s. However, this was an anomaly.

A “perfect storm” of fragile ice sheets coupled with a natural spike in carbon dioxide led to extensive ice sheet melting,” said Soja. “While this rare phenomenon hasn’t naturally recurred since, human activity has mimicked its planetary effects within just over a century.”

Looking ahead, if fossil fuel dependence continues, climate change is projected to become the foremost driver of day length variation by the century’s end, surpassing even the moon’s gravitational influence.

While milliseconds may appear insignificant, this alteration is critical for ultra-high precision timing necessary for GPS navigation on Earth and spacecraft operations throughout the solar system, Soja points out.

In a “business-as-usual” scenario with strong fossil fuel reliance and a 3-5 degrees Celsius increase in global temperatures, climate change’s impact on Earth’s rotation would surpass the moon’s gravitational effects – Photo credit: Getty

Furthermore, the changes we’re imposing on Earth’s rotation illustrate the extensive effects on our ecosystems. Severe mass redistribution will correlate with further extreme weather events and rising sea levels, fundamentally affecting safe living conditions for future generations.

“The critical takeaway is that humans are significantly altering the Earth system, resulting in changes to the way the Earth rotates,” Soja noted.

As for future research directions, the team is exploring other human-induced mass movements, particularly focusing on groundwater depletion and climate change impacts.

Initial calculations indicate these effects are smaller compared to ice melting, said Soja, but gaining complete understanding will provide clarity on the extent and speed at which we are altering Earth’s rotation.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unexpected Cholesterol-Lowering Supplements You Might Already Be Taking

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Garlic is renowned for its culinary prowess, turning bland dishes into mouthwatering delights. But its acclaim goes beyond flavor; for centuries, garlic has been utilized for its myriad health benefits, aiding in the treatment of everything from infections to digestive issues.

In contemporary health discussions, garlic is celebrated for its anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and its potential to enhance cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels.

This small yet potent ingredient serves not only as a kitchen staple but also as a health booster, available as concentrated supplements in powder form for health enthusiasts.

But does garlic really lower cholesterol?

While numerous studies suggest garlic’s health benefits, the science behind its cholesterol-lowering abilities remains complex.

The Power of Allicin in Garlic

Cholesterol, particularly LDL or “bad” cholesterol, can lead to fatty plaque accumulation in arteries and increase the risk of heart disease. According to the World Heart Federation, high cholesterol is responsible for 3 to 4 million fatalities annually.

Lowering cholesterol is one of the most effective ways to significantly reduce heart disease risk.

Garlic aids in cholesterol reduction through its sulfur-containing compounds, primarily allicin.

Crushed garlic releases allicin as a natural defense mechanism – Credit: Getty

Interestingly, raw garlic does not contain allicin. It must be crushed or chopped to break down the cell walls, releasing various compounds and enzymes.

“When crushed, garlic reacts with air to produce allicin, imparting its distinctive aroma, flavor, and health benefits,” explains Dell Stanford, senior nutritionist at the British Heart Foundation.

Once ground, allicin forms within about 10-15 minutes.

Professor Stanford notes that garlic contains numerous bioactive compounds, including allicin, which have been linked to heart health due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Most cholesterol in our bloodstream isn’t acquired through food; it’s produced in the liver. Allicin can inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver by targeting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), which is the same enzyme that statin drugs aim to affect.

Additionally, allicin may enhance cholesterol absorption in the intestines and encourage cholesterol breakdown and excretion from the body .

Complex Compounds: The Science Behind Garlic

Exploring how to maximize garlic’s cholesterol-lowering potential presents some scientific challenges.

Navigating nutrition research often complicates the ability to isolate the effects of single foods confidently.

Research on garlic and cholesterol reveals mixed outcomes. Some studies indicate measurable reductions in total cholesterol and LDL after consuming specific garlic types, while others conclude minimal impact.

These varying results stem from the diverse forms of garlic and the different testing methods applied in studies, according to Stanford.

“Translating laboratory cellular mechanisms to demonstrate meaningful human benefits is a considerable challenge,” she states.

“Human studies using various garlic forms—raw, powder, extracts, oils, supplements, and aged or black garlic—at differing doses, durations, and populations make comparisons complex.”

Allicin is also notably unstable. For it to exert its effects, immediate consumption after preparation is essential.

Thus, merely eating whole cloves of garlic isn’t sufficient; proper preparation is key.

Maximizing Garlic’s Benefits

To harness garlic’s cholesterol-lowering capabilities, start with fresh white garlic.

Research reveals that cooking garlic significantly diminishes its effectiveness. Crushing fresh garlic for salads is a better approach than adding whole cloves to dishes like Bolognese.

Aged black garlic has garnered interest from researchers and foodies alike.

Aged black garlic is created through fermentation, altering its biochemical properties – Credit: Getty

As Stanford explains, “Biochemically, aged black garlic differs greatly from raw garlic. Post-fermentation, it contains less allicin but more stable polysulfides like S-alicysteine (SAC).

“This compound’s stability makes it ideal for standardized garlic preparations utilized in research.”

Some studies have indicated early signs that black garlic may improve lipid management and lower blood pressure.

Another avenue is garlic-based supplements. Garlic’s superfood status has led to capsules, powders, and oils enriched with allicin, SAC, and more.

Among these, “Kyorik” garlic is touted as especially potent, according to Professor Karin Reid, Director of Research at the Australian National Institute for Integrative Medicine.

“Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract is the most effective, offering a stable cardiovascular benefit dosage,” she states. “Dietary intake alone isn’t sufficient for vascular impacts.”

Lead research on Kyorik aged garlic has suggested it may not only lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients but also positively influence arteriosclerosis, inflammation, and gut microbiota.

Be cautious with supplements; they often don’t explicitly claim to lower cholesterol but instead say they “support normal heart function.” This is due to early-stage, inconsistent research findings, according to Stanford.

“While some studies suggest garlic supplements may lower cholesterol, the evidence is insufficient to recommend them for health benefits,” she adds.

Current UK Dietary Guidelines advise against garlic supplements; incorporating fresh garlic into a balanced diet is far more beneficial.

The Final Verdict on Garlic

It’s essential to note that lowering cholesterol is particularly crucial for individuals with elevated levels or specific cardiometabolic conditions.

“While cholesterol is vital for producing vitamin D and steroid hormones,” Reid elaborates, “the brain consists largely of cholesterol, so maintaining a balance between HDL and LDL is key.”

Garlic is a valuable addition to a healthy diet, but research surrounding its cholesterol-lowering abilities is mixed, especially regarding the forms most commonly consumed.

Researchers highlight the necessity for long-term studies using standardized intake methods.

Increasing garlic consumption presents few drawbacks aside from potential breath issues. However, it shouldn’t be viewed as a medicine.

A holistic, healthy diet profoundly influences cholesterol levels – Credit: Getty

“Embrace fresh white or aged black garlic for invigorating flavor and health benefits,” advises Stanford. “A balanced diet—including oatmeal, legumes, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, unsaturated fats, nuts, seeds, and oily fish—is the most evidence-based strategy for cholesterol management.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Aliens Make First Contact with Humans: The Truth Revealed

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In 2063, visionary scientist Zefram Cochrane masterfully conducts the inaugural test flight of a “warp engine”, thereby unlocking the extraordinary potential of faster-than-light travel.

Signs of the warp were detected by a nearby Vulcan ship, whose crew concluded that humanity is finally ready for first contact. This pivotal moment unfolds in the universe of Star Trek, marking our awakening to the existence of extraterrestrial life.

“I don’t think you can rule out such a scenario,” asserts Professor Michael Garrett, Director of the Jodrell Bank Astrophysics Center and current Chairman of the Standing Committee of the International Astronautical Association for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Exploration (IAA SETI).

“Alien civilizations could be significantly more advanced than our own. They may well be hidden from view.”

Professor Garrett believes that our first encounters with extraterrestrial intelligence will more likely come from observatories receiving signals, rather than from the sudden arrival of alien spacecraft.

In such an event, organizations that engage in SETI research have established first contact protocols.

“The initial step involves verification of the signal by an independent observatory,” explains Garrett, underscoring the importance of confidentiality until thorough verification is achieved.

Following this, the discoverer’s government and ultimately the United Nations would be notified, with public announcements made shortly thereafter. Or at least, that’s the intended plan.

“However, there is skepticism regarding the adoption of this protocol,” notes Garrett.

“If the signal conveys rich information, its impact will far exceed a mere indication of intelligent life existing somewhere in the cosmos.”

“The implications would be quickly understood by governments. Scientists may need to protect their interests as well.

“What is outlined in the protocol could diverge from the reality of the situation.”










Depending on the nature of the alien signal and our ability to understand or translate it, the question of whether we should respond also arises.

“It’s incredibly challenging to regulate who sends signals into space,” Garrett remarks. “If a highly advanced civilization exists, they could respond quickly to any signals we emit.”

“While there are small groups of hobbyists sending transmissions, what authority could represent all of humanity in these communications?”

“This is where the UN’s role is crucial, yet as of now, the UN lacks a formal position on this matter.”

Signals from intelligent extraterrestrial life are more likely to be received by an observatory rather than a spacecraft – Photo credit: Getty

In Star Trek, the discovery that we are not alone transforms humanity’s self-perception.

This revelation fosters enlightenment, unity, and a drive for exploration, supplanting the tendencies toward war and greed. Yet, whether we will react similarly in real life remains to be seen.

“I believe much depends on proximity,” Garrett suggests. “If aliens were located within our solar system, people might feel anxious. However, if they were on the opposite side of the galaxy, excitement would likely prevail.”

“Some religious institutions may need to reassess their doctrines, but most are adept at addressing challenges as they arise.”

“I’d like to think that discovering another civilization would expedite our political evolution, ethics, and moral frameworks.”

“But that’s the allure of Star Trek – it offers us aspirations for a better future.”

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Surprising Foods That Cause Weight Gain: What You Didn’t Expect

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Cellophane-wrapped bread, strawberry-flavored yogurt, whole-grain breakfast cereals, steak paste, protein snack bars, gummy bears, hot dog sausages, supermarket cupcakes, and microwave lasagna…the list of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is virtually endless.

These foods are industrially produced using ingredients and methods not typically found in home kitchens, with more than half of the average person’s diet in England and the US consisting of UPF.

The implications of this are concerning. The more ultra-processed food you consume, the greater the risk of developing health issues like obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and various cancers.

If you’re scanning a long list of unfamiliar additives while enjoying a prepared meal, you may be right to worry.

Research suggests that certain chemicals in UPF are linked to negative health outcomes. For instance, some food dyes have been associated with hyperactivity in children, and preservatives in processed meats have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Specific emulsifiers can also harm gut microbiomes.

While these factors are indeed problematic, they’re not the entire issue. Scientists have increasingly focused on another, less obvious contributor: texture.

“These additives and emulsifiers aren’t the sole reason ultra-processed foods are detrimental,” states Professor Sarah Berry, a nutritionist at King’s College London. “Ultra-processed foods typically have altered textures, making them much softer, which enables faster consumption and greater overall intake.”

It may seem trivial, but ease of consumption is shifting how scientists understand the health consequences of UPF.

Overconsumption of UPF

To understand how UPF impacts daily calorie intake, groundbreaking research led by American nutritionist Kevin Hall sheds light on the issue.

In the study, 20 participants alternated between a minimal diet and an ultra-processed diet over two weeks each, with meals calibrated for calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sugar, salt, and fiber, allowing for unrestricted consumption.

Regardless of flavor, UPF meals tend to be softer and easier to consume than homemade or minimally processed options – Credit: Getty

Participants consuming ultra-processed foods consumed an average of 500 extra calories daily—primarily from fats and carbohydrates—and gained nearly 1 kg in weight.

But why is this the case? Analysis revealed that participants consumed ultra-processed foods at a quicker pace.

The softer the food, the faster it’s typically eaten. Furthermore, manufacturers often alter the natural structure of ingredients to create a soft, melt-in-your-mouth texture that requires minimal chewing.

The UPF diet in Hall’s study was notably softer than that of its minimally processed counterpart, enabling quicker consumption.

“Our research has consistently demonstrated that faster eating rates correlate with higher energy expenditure,” claims Professor Ciaran Forde from Wageningen University in the Netherlands.

Research indicates that eating 20% faster can significantly increase calorie intake per sitting, with effects documented in several studies.

“Faster eating, regardless of food type, leads to greater intake,” adds Forde. “No matter how healthy the food, quicker consumption results in larger quantities consumed.”

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Individuals who eat quickly are significantly more likely to experience issues like overweight, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes risks.

“The initial stage of digestion occurs in the mouth, not the stomach,” explains Forde. “The way you chew influences digestion and how full you feel afterward, priming your body to absorb nutrients.”

As you eat, stretch receptors in your stomach signal fullness, although this process is not instantaneous.

“A time lag exists between eating and the resulting hormonal changes in the brain,” Forde notes. “We found that chewing the same calorie count for a longer period results in a stronger sense of satisfaction.”

Thus, when consuming soft foods that require little chewing, particularly in many UPFs, you can consume large quantities before feeling full.

“Soft texture and energy density are common traits in junk foods,” says Forde. “Consequently, you’re likely to ingest excess calories without realizing it.”

Certain snacks may be crunchy initially but quickly dissolve into a mushy texture, making them seem like soft food – Credit: Getty

Not All UPFs Are Created Equal

You might wonder if all UPFs are soft. Some, like protein bars or granola with nuts, are crunchy or chewy. Do these textures not slow consumption?

This led Forde to conduct another experiment. His team designed a study similar to Hall’s, featuring two diets that prioritized nutrition and flavor, each for two weeks.

This time, both diets were 95% ultra-processed, with the main difference being texture: one meal consisted of chewy, crunchy, and harder foods designed for slower eating, while the other was soft, spongy, and moist.

“The results were astonishing,” states Forde. “Without any specific instructions, participants averaged a consumption reduction of about 370 calories.” They also gained nearly 500g of body fat on the faster diet.

“All foods in our trials were ultra-processed. However, while many UPFs are energy-dense and soft, we identified some that can be consumed more slowly,” adds Forde.

This aligns with insights from a large-scale observational study, revealing that not all UPF categories carry equal health risks.

Certainly, not all UPFs are detrimental. Some (like nut or whole grain cereal bars) may be chewier – Credit: Getty

Interestingly, studies noting a correlation between UPF and conditions like type 2 diabetes highlighted exceptions including whole grain bread, flavored yogurt, plant-based meat alternatives, and breakfast cereals.

Considering Forde’s texture findings, a variety of healthy elements exist within the ultra-processed category.

“Our findings are sometimes misinterpreted as proof that all UPFs promote excessive calorie consumption,” Forde notes. “Such simplifications do not reflect our complex results.”

Forde stresses the importance of discerning “red flags” associated with calorie-rich, easily consumed foods (many, though not all, of which are ultra-processed) and swapping them for equally satisfying options that require more time to eat.

“This could be part of future solutions,” Forde asserts. “By adding texture to your meals, you can make mindful choices within the foods you already enjoy.

“It’s possible to find joy in eating and feel satiated without guilt.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Why 90% of Humans Are Right-Handed: The Impact of Upright Walking and Brain Size

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Recent research from the University of Oxford and the University of Reading reveals that bipedalism and increased brain size are key factors contributing to the notable predominance of right-handedness in humans.

Reconstruction of Homo erectus.

According to Thomas Püschel, a researcher at the University of Oxford, “Approximately 90% of individuals globally show a preference for using their right hand.”

“Some researchers propose that this trend has existed since the Neolithic period, while others suggest it has been constant throughout human history,” he adds.

The research highlights that the pronounced lateralization of hand use in humans results in rare occurrences of ambiguous hand preferences or forms of ambidexterity, a stark contrast to findings in other primate species.

Despite some level of hand lateralization in certain primate groups, the consistent handedness seen in humans stands out as a remarkable evolutionary phenomenon that remains largely unexplained.

The study analyzed data from 2,025 individuals representing 41 different monkey and ape species.

Employing Bayesian modeling, the researchers explored evolutionary relationships across species to examine existing hypotheses regarding handedness evolution, including aspects like tool use, diet, habitat, body weight, social structures, brain size, and locomotion.

Interestingly, humans deviated from typical primate patterns, a difference that disappeared when brain size and the relative limb lengths—key indicators of bipedalism—were involved in the model.

Essentially, the upright walking and larger brains of humans clarify our evolution and no longer categorize us as anomalies.

The researchers also estimated the likely handedness of our extinct ancestors, indicating a gradual shift: Ardipithecus and Australopithecus likely exhibited a mild right-handed preference akin to modern great apes.

However, the emergence of the Homo genus, including species such as Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Neanderthals, marked a significant increase in right-handedness, peaking in modern Homo sapiens.

A notable exception is Homo floresiensis, a small-brained species from Indonesia, which exhibited a much weaker handedness tendency, aligning with their unique adaptations for a mix of bipedalism and climbing.

The research team posits a two-step evolutionary narrative.

Initially, upright walking liberated human hands from locomotion tasks, introducing new selective pressures for fine manual movements.

As larger brains developed and reorganized, the inclination toward right-handedness strengthened, resulting in the nearly universal pattern observed today.

“This groundbreaking study is the first to assess several major hypotheses concerning human handedness within a unified framework,” remarked Dr. Püschel.

“Our findings indicate that our distinct handedness is likely connected to the evolution of crucial human traits, particularly bipedalism and larger brain size.”

“By examining multiple primate species, we can distinguish which aspects of handedness have remained consistent over time versus those that are unique to humans.”

For the full study, refer to the article published in PLoS Biology here.

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Püschel, T. et al. 2026. Bipedalism and brain enlargement explain human handedness. PLoS Biol 24 (4): e3003771; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003771

Source: www.sci.news

83 Million-Year-Old Crocodile Lizard Fossil Discovered in France

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Paleontologists have discovered a new genus and species of pancinisaur lizard, named Acutodon villeveyracensis, from an upper jaw fossil found in southern France. This discovery extends the presence of this lineage in Europe back by at least 30 million years.

Paleo-artistic restoration of Acutodon villeveyracensis, the oldest known member of the pansinisaurid family found in Europe. Image credit: Olivier Jansen.

Pansinisaurus Anguimorphs represent an evolutionary group of lizards that originated in the Early Cretaceous period.

Currently, this lineage exists in only one surviving species: the endangered Chinese Crocodile Lizard (Sinisaurus crocodilius), found in small forest streams of southeastern China and northern Vietnam.

Scientists estimate that only a few hundred individuals of this species remain, facing threats from habitat destruction, poaching, and climate change.

“The Chinese Crocodile Lizard represents the only extant member of the pan-sinisaurus clade (comparable to sinisaurids),” stated Dr. Olivier Jansen, paleontologist at the Institute of Paleontology, Evolutionary Paleoecological Systems, and Paleoprimates of the University of Poitiers and CNRS, alongside his colleagues.

“This species is concentrated in small subpopulations within the lowland forests of southeastern China and northern Vietnam.”

“They face severe risks from habitat loss and rampant poaching, exacerbated by demand for food, pharmaceuticals, and the illegal pet trade.”

“Chinese Alligator Lizards are also impacted by climate change. Adapted to clean streams in dense vegetation of remote evergreen forests, they depend on consistently moderate temperatures each year.”

“Despite being on the edge of extinction, the evolutionary history of this group remains inadequately understood, and the species may vanish before we unravel the mystery of its origins.”

The newly identified species, Acutodon villeveyracensis, thrived during the Campanian period of the Late Cretaceous, approximately 83 million years ago in what is now France.

“This Cretaceous record marks the oldest occurrence of a pan-sinisaurian lizard in Europe,” the paleontologists emphasized.

“It predates the presence of this clade in Europe by about 30 million years, raising intriguing questions about the paleontological history of pancinisaur lizards.” The holotype specimen of Acutodon villeveyracensis was excavated near Villeverac in the Hérault region of France.

The fossilized specimen consists of an upper jaw bone measuring approximately 2.8 cm (1.1 inches) long, featuring a row of narrow, arched teeth.

This lizard exhibited several unique anatomical traits shared with both modern and extinct alligator lizards, notably the unique tooth replacement structures known as resorption pits.

The researchers concluded that the distinct combination of features warranted the classification of a new genus and species.

“Acutodon villeveyracensis is categorized as a pansinisaur angimorph based on its toothed upper jaw, which shares numerous features with both extant fossils of the Chinese Alligator Lizard and its relatives,” the researchers explained. These features include tall, tapered, and recurved teeth with constricted bases and resorption pits.

By analyzing the skull proportions of existing alligator lizards, scientists estimate that Acutodon villeveyracensis could have exceeded 1 meter (3.3 ft) in length.

“This species was indeed a predator, competing in size and habitat with other large squamates in its ecosystem, such as the terrestrial monsterosaurids and the aquatic mosasaurs,” the researchers added.

The unique alignment of teeth in Acutodon villeveyracensis—characterized by thin, tapered, and recurved teeth—supports a diet that likely included fish. Analogously to the Chinese Crocodile Lizard, it may have also preyed on other small vertebrates like frogs, salamanders, and Albanerpetonidae in the freshwater wetlands of Villevérac (Hérault, France).

The discovery of Acutodon villeveyracensis is detailed in a recent paper published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Olivier Jansen and colleagues. A new pancinisaur lizard (Anguimorpha) discovered in the lower Campanian region of Villeverac (Hérault, France). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published online on May 20, 2026. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2026.2636649

Source: www.sci.news

How Mercury Might Have Gained Its Surprising Water Supply in Just One Day

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Mercury Ice Deposits

Discovering Mercury’s Ice Deposits

Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

Approximately 100 million years ago, dramatic changes transformed Mercury’s surface. Previously dry and ice-free, the planet’s conditions shifted significantly within a single day, coinciding with daytime temperatures soaring above 430°C (806°F).

At Mercury’s poles lie craters known as permanent shadow regions, where sunlight never reaches. NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015, confirmed these craters host ice deposits several meters deep. However, their origin remains a mystery.

Prior studies have proposed that a comet-like object, roughly 17 kilometers in diameter, may have impacted Mercury at a speed of approximately 30 kilometers per second. Recent simulations by Parvathy Prem and her team at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory suggest that a larger, slower impactor might be responsible.

“We’ve known for a while that Mercury has ice at its poles, and the idea that these deposits stemmed from impactors isn’t new. However, this is the first time we’ve modeled the entire process and visualized it comprehensively,” Prem stated. “This is my first in-depth look into it.” What happens in this simulation?

The simulation begins with a massive ice and rock chunk colliding with Mercury, creating the expansive Hokusai crater visible on its surface today. Upon impact, the object would have evaporated nearly completely, resulting in a thin but water-rich atmosphere around Mercury.

“To the naked eye, Mercury might seem faint, but at the right wavelength, the planet may emit a brief but noticeable shine,” Prem explained.

While much of the atmosphere would have dispersed due to intense solar radiation, the researchers discovered that slightly more than one-fifth of the water vapor generated by the impactor traveled to the poles, potentially taking refuge in the permanently shadowed regions. This finding aligns more closely with Messenger’s measurements and suggests a larger, slower impactor trapped more water on the surface than previously thought.

If Prem and her team are correct, all these events would have unfolded in just one Mercuryian day, the equivalent of 176 Earth days. “This day may well be the most significant in Mercury’s billion-year history,” remarked Emily Costello from the University of Hawaii.

This research could answer the long-standing question of why Mercury’s polar craters contain ice whereas Earth’s moon has none, despite their striking similarities. “Mercury experienced a massive influx of water recently; the Moon did not,” Costello remarked.

Understanding Mercury’s polar ice deposits may also shed light on the broader narrative of when and how water became present throughout our solar system, including Earth. “Mercury’s polar ice deposits serve as a fascinating geological record of when and how water emerged in the solar system’s interior, and we are now deciphering this record,” Prem noted. The ongoing mission will be supported by the BepiColombo spacecraft, launched in 2018 and set to enter Mercury’s orbit later this year.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Gemini North Telescope Explores the Mysteries of the Crystal Ball Nebula

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Stunning new images captured by the 8.1-meter Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, showcase the Crystal Ball Nebula in remarkable detail. This glowing, lumpy mass of gas is intricately shaped by a pair of stars.

This captivating image of the Crystal Ball Nebula was taken by the International Gemini Observatory’s 8.1 m Gemini North Telescope. Image credit: J. Miller & M. Rodriguez, International Gemini Observatory & NSF’s NOIRLab / TA Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage & NSF’s NOIRLab / D. de Martin & M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab.

The Crystal Ball Nebula, located approximately 1,500 light-years away in the constellation Taurus—near the border of Perseus—is officially designated as NGC 1514.

Discovered on November 13, 1790, by the renowned German-British astronomer William Herschel, this nebula is a breathtaking example of celestial beauty.

Utilizing the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS), the latest images of the Crystal Ball Nebula were captured by the Gemini North Telescope, part of the International Gemini Observatory funded by the NSF and operated by NSF’s NOIRLab.

NOIRLab astronomers classify the Crystal Ball Nebula as a planetary nebula, a term first introduced by Herschel himself. He recognized the spherical shape of these objects in the 1700s, coining the term due to their resemblance to planets—despite the fact that they are entirely unrelated.

Planetary nebulae are formed when a low- or intermediate-mass star expels its outer layers towards the end of its life, creating a spherical gas cloud.

Unlike many planetary nebulae, which typically have smoother shapes, the Crystal Ball Nebula is characterized by its uniquely bumpy gas shells.

As the central star releases this gas, its inner core becomes exposed, with radiation from the core energizing the gas to scorching temperatures, resulting in a colorful glow. For instance, the Crystal Ball Nebula’s temperature is estimated to be around 15,000 K.

Herschel was captivated by the nebula’s dimly lit shell; before his discovery, he believed nebulae to be merely distant collections of stars.

The bright spot at the center of the gaseous shell contradicted this theory. Herschel noted, in 1791: ‘Our judgment, we may venture to say, and it will be, is that the nebula around this star is not of a stellar nature.’

He theorized that the light emanating from the Crystal Ball Nebula originated from a single star, rather than a group of distant stars.

Although the new images may depict a singular bright source at the center—similar to Herschel’s observations—the Crystal Ball Nebula actually harbors two stars.

These two stars form a binary pair that orbits each other with a period of approximately nine years, marking it as the longest known binary star pair within a planetary nebula, according to the astronomers.

Source: www.sci.news

Breakthrough mRNA Vaccine Shows Promise in Protecting Against Multiple Ebola Viruses

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Health officials combating the Bundibugyo virus in the DRC on May 21

Health officials combating the Bundibugyo virus in the DRC on May 21

Michelle Runanga/Getty Images

A groundbreaking mRNA vaccine has been developed that promises long-term protection against lethal viruses in the Ebola family, including the Bundibugyo strain currently present in two African nations.

Over 600 individuals are suspected to be infected with the Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with two confirmed cases in Uganda. The World Health Organization has classified this outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern.

Bundibugyo virus is part of the ortho-Ebolavirus family, which includes the notorious Zaire and Sudan viruses, all known for causing severe health issues in humans.

While Bundibugyo outbreaks are less common than those of the Zaire strain, which infected over 28,000 people from 2014 to 2016, vaccines for Bundibugyo and Sudanese viruses have yet to be developed, despite the Zaire vaccine being approved.

Recently, Yao Yanfeng and his team at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China reported the successful development of a vaccine that provides protection against all three viruses in animal models.

“The creation of a broad-spectrum vaccine could significantly mitigate outbreaks from multiple ortho-Ebola viruses,” they stated in their recent publication.

The challenge lies in the fact that each Ebola virus has distinct glycoproteins important for infection; however, they all share a common nucleoprotein that encapsulates the virus’s genetic material.

To formulate the new vaccine, Yao and his colleagues combined mRNA coding for each virus’s glycoprotein along with the shared nucleoprotein into a single lipid nanoparticle. These lipid nanoparticles protect the mRNA vaccines until they reach the targeted cells in the body.

After inoculating the mice with the vaccine, the researchers monitored their immune responses and subsequently exposed them to all three viruses. All immunized mice were fully protected against the Zaire and Sudan viruses and showed robust protection against Bundibugyo. Even hamsters infected with the Sudan virus were completely shielded by the vaccine.

The findings indicate the development of a broad-spectrum mRNA vaccine that effectively protects against the Zaire, Sudan, and Bundibugyo viruses. However, researchers emphasize that further trials are essential to confirm its safety and efficacy in humans.

Robert Cross, a professor at the University of Texas Medical Branch, expressed enthusiasm for the innovative direction of medicine, stating, “Ebola vaccines are under research.”

He cautioned that trials in non-human primates are the gold standard for predicting human efficacy, and gaining regulatory approval for vaccines targeting multiple pathogens is a challenging endeavor.

“Securing approval for a vaccine targeting a single virus is notoriously difficult, and the pathway for a multivalent vaccine is even more complex,” Cross noted.

Adrian Esterman, from the University of Adelaide, remarked that while this preclinical study is promising, its applicability is limited to rodents.

“It’s too early to set a firm timeline for clinical application. Progressing from this stage to human trials typically requires several years, as additional animal studies, including trials with primates, are necessary. Manufacturing processes and safety testing also need to be established,” he commented.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Political Anger Impacts the Body Differently Than Other Types of Anger

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The Influence of Politically-Induced Emotions on Public Action

Ian Francis/Alamy

Feeling overwhelmed by the emotional landscape of world politics? A recent study reveals how political issues evoke distinct bodily sensations compared to everyday emotional experiences. Understanding these differences can help you maintain composure while staying engaged in current events.

“Feeling more is probably beneficial for democracy,” states Manos Tsalis from Royal Holloway, University of London. “To manage your feelings effectively, it’s crucial first to recognize what you’re experiencing. Then, the aim is to respond thoughtfully instead of reacting impulsively.”

In the study, Tsalis and his team surveyed around 1,000 participants, asking them to complete body contour maps to identify locations and intensities of emotions like anger, disgust, and hope. They subsequently analyzed how these sensations manifested when participants confronted emotionally charged political terms like “terrorism” and “crime.”

The results formed a digital heat map illustrating how each emotion correlated with physical sensations, intensity levels, and connections prompting either action or feelings of detachment.

Previous studies have shown that emotions are universally experienced in similar ways across different cultures. For instance, depression typically denotes widespread physical deactivation, while anger is associated with heightened energy levels, particularly in the chest, head, and arms.

This new research largely aligns with earlier findings, though it emphasizes emotions linked to political experiences. “During episodes of political-related depression, individuals report heightened sensations throughout their torso and extremities,” notes Tsalis.

Interestingly, political disgust is perceived as a more energetic sensation throughout the upper body, contrasting with non-political disgust that predominantly resonates in the gut. “Political disgust bears similarities to anger,” adds Tsalis.

While the reasons behind these phenomena remain unclear, Tsalis hypothesizes that people may feel overwhelmed by significant political challenges, compelling them to seek collective efforts for change. “Our perception of agency in politics is uniquely different,” he explains. “Individual action often feels insufficient; effective change necessitates a collaborative approach.”

By gaining a deeper understanding of your emotions, you can potentially escape the cycle of destructive doom scrolling. According to Lisa Quad at Brighton and Sussex Medical School in the UK, “We tend to view ourselves as rational beings, but this overlooks the profound impact of our body’s sensations on our decisions and actions.”

Quad and her colleagues have demonstrated that training individuals to better recognize their heartbeats and related physical sensations can significantly alleviate emotional overwhelm, particularly in autistic individuals with anxiety. Being more attuned to your feelings, she suggests, allows you to navigate negative emotions effectively and encourages proactive rather than avoidant behaviors.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA’s Stunning New Image Reveals the Incredible Power of a Supermassive Black Hole

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Recent images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope have illuminated one of the brightest cosmic scenes in the universe.

Messier 77 (M77), commonly referred to as the Squid Galaxy, features swirling tentacles of dust and gas extending into the depths of intergalactic space.

What sets this galaxy apart, located an astounding 47 million light-years from Earth, is the brilliant rays of light emanating from its core.

The new images highlight the remarkable activity of this galactic nucleus. According to Dr. Darren Baskill, an astronomy lecturer at the University of Sussex, “Look how bright the center of this galaxy is compared to the trillions of stars surrounding it,” as reported by BBC Science Focus.

“For many years, the reason behind the incredible brightness of these galactic centers puzzled astronomers, but calculations and observations have shown that the only plausible explanation for such luminous entities is that substantial amounts of gas are spiraling into the supermassive black hole at the galaxy’s center.”







The term “super-sized” inadequately describes M77. With a staggering 8 million solar masses, it boasts a mass double that of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the Milky Way’s center.

Furthermore, Baskill notes a significant distinction: “A massive amount of gas is descending in a disk towards the supermassive black hole at the core of M77. In contrast, our Milky Way galaxy is relatively quiet, with only rare stars drifting into its central black hole.”

“This stark difference in gas activity accounts for the dramatic luminosity contrast between M77 and our galaxy.”

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This content has been rewritten to be more SEO-optimized while retaining the original HTML structure. It includes relevant keywords and maintains a clear and informative style.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Floating Tanks: A Comprehensive Solution for PTSD Recovery Post-Bushfires

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Flotation tanks promising treatment for PTSD

Flotation tanks, often found in luxury spas, show potential for PTSD relief.

Dave Stamboulis / Alamy

A shipping container equipped with three mobile flotation tanks is headed to Maui, Hawaii, aiming to alleviate the mental health crisis following the devastating wildfires—the deadliest in U.S. history. While flotation tanks are typically associated with high-end spas, they offer significant promise in treating anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If the initial deployment proves beneficial, additional units could be dispatched to disaster areas worldwide.

In August 2023, a series of wildfires erupted in Maui, resulting in the tragic loss of 102 lives and the destruction of countless homes and businesses. Since then, there has been an alarming rise in the risk of depression and anxiety, with increased concerns regarding PTSD in the hardest-hit areas.

“Maui lacks the necessary infrastructure to tackle a mental health crisis of this scale,” says Justin Feinstein, a clinical neuropsychologist and founder of a nonprofit dedicated to mental health solutions. “Many individuals are resorting to self-medication. We are witnessing a sharp increase in alcohol consumption, suicidal tendencies, and PTSD cases.”

On May 2nd, Feinstein revealed at the Embodied Mind Summit in Los Angeles that the float unit would provide complimentary sessions for first responders and wildfire survivors, while also gathering long-term data on the efficacy of floatation therapy as a mental health intervention.

Float therapy, or Float-REST (Environmental Stimulus Reduction Therapy), involves lying in a serene pool infused with Epsom salts that allow for effortless floating. The water and air are maintained at body temperature, earplugs minimize noise, and lights are turned off to create an environment free from sensory distractions.

This innovative tank was conceived by neuroscientists in the 1950s to investigate whether the brain requires sensory input to maintain consciousness. The findings indicated that individuals remained aware but reported a profound sense of relaxation.

Feinstein has dedicated over a decade to researching the mental and physical impacts of flotation therapy. His studies suggest that it can significantly reduce anxiety in both volunteers without prior mental health conditions and those suffering from anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD. Feinstein notes that its calming effects are comparable to those of benzodiazepines, a common class of sedative.

While the precise mechanisms are still being explored, buoyancy is believed to aid in diminishing sensory input and limiting movement, promoting a tranquil state for both body and mind. Studies indicate that within moments of floating, breathing patterns and heart rates decrease, blood pressure drops, and brain activity transitions away from self-referential thinking toward restorative, sleep-like states.

Having resided in Maui since 2020, Feinstein collaborated with Floataway, a UK-based company, to develop a cost-effective, modular float pod that can be easily assembled in a matter of days. The Maui Calm Project aims to deploy these tanks in the region this summer, with the hope of establishing a network of portable floatation units to combat PTSD in disaster-stricken areas.

Sarah Garfinkel, a professor at University College London who examines the physiological basis of PTSD, emphasizes the importance of a relaxing approach in treating this condition. “Hyperarousal is a fundamental aspect of PTSD, often leading to heightened physical responses,” she states. “Floating seems to cultivate a sense of internal safety, which could radically shift our understanding and treatment methods for PTSD. I am truly excited about this research.”

If you or someone you know needs support, please reach out to the British Samaritans at 116123 (samaritans.org) or the US Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 (988lifeline.org). For services in other countries, visit bit.ly/SuicideHelplines.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Experiencing the Timeless Wonder of Stonehenge: A Journey Through History

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Majestic Aerial View of Stonehenge

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For those eager to experience the wonder of Stonehenge, the most convenient route is along Britain’s A303 road. This ancient Neolithic monument, standing for over 5,000 years, offers one of the most breathtaking vistas for travelers.

Your first sighting of the remarkable stone circles is truly awe-inspiring. But merely driving past it presents a missed opportunity to connect deeply with the site.

While it’s tempting to view Stonehenge as just a magnificent ruin shrouded in mystery, experiencing it from a distance neglects the intimate connection one could have up close. Imagine ascending a hill and witnessing the giant stones slowly rising before you, surrounded by an expansive landscape.

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Despite extensive research into Stonehenge’s temples, burial sites, and ancient calendars, the site continues to evoke a sense of mystery.

During my visit from Australia, I opted for the Inner Circle Tour led by English Heritage experts, which provided a deeper understanding of the site. As dusk approached, we entered a designated area not open to the public, transforming Stonehenge from a distant silhouette into a magnificent monument rising before us.

James captures a memorable moment at Stonehenge.

James Woodford

We had about 30 minutes to explore, examining the iconic stones from various angles. As our time drew to a close, the sun broke through the clouds, bathing the monument in a warm golden glow. Stonehenge is a powerful reminder of deep time and should be experienced meaningfully, rather than just casually observed from afar.

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Source: www.newscientist.com