NASA has announced that four astronauts aboard the International Space Station (ISS) will return to Earth over a month early due to medical issues. This unprecedented evacuation marks the first of its kind in the ISS’s 25-year history.
Due to medical privacy regulations, NASA refrained from disclosing specific details, including the identities of the affected astronauts and the nature of their medical conditions. However, officials confirmed that the overall situation remains stable.
Speaking at a recent news conference, NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman stated that the astronauts are expected to return home in the coming days. An exact timeline for undocking and landing has not yet been provided.
“After consulting with Medical Officer of Health Dr. J.D. Polk and leadership across the agency, we believe returning Crew-11 early is in the best interest of the astronauts,” Isaacman said in a statement.
Inside the International Space Station. NASA
Isaacman noted that further updates would be available within the next 48 hours.
The Crew-11 team evacuating the ISS consists of NASA astronauts Zena Cardman and Mike Finke, Japanese cosmonaut Kamiya Yui, and Russian cosmonaut Oleg Platonov. They had originally arrived in early August with plans to stay until late February.
Dr. Polk reassured the public that the situation is stable, clarifying that the decision to evacuate was made for the well-being of the astronauts, not due to an emergency.
“While the ISS is equipped with sophisticated medical technology, it cannot match the complete resources of a hospital emergency department for thorough patient evaluations,” Polk explained. “In this case, there were multiple medical events which necessitated a careful assessment of the astronauts’ health.”
NASA first made the medical concerns public on Wednesday, when it was revealed that Cardman and Finke were deferring a scheduled spacewalk.
Following the early return of Crew-11, NASA will operate with just one astronaut on the ISS, who will oversee ongoing U.S. scientific operations. Flight engineer Chris Williams launched aboard a Russian Soyuz spacecraft on November 27, accompanied by Russian cosmonauts Oleg Platonov, Sergei Kud-Sverchkov, and Sergei Mikayev.
The subsequent crew is slated to launch to the ISS in mid-February, but Isaacman indicated that NASA may evaluate enhancements for this upcoming mission, known as Crew-12.
This week’s developments present Isaacman’s first significant challenge since taking office on December 18.
Exploring Melaleuca Wetland Forests in New South Wales, Australia
Image Credit: Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University
The bark of a single tree can host trillions of bacteria, which may have a crucial yet underappreciated role in regulating greenhouse gases in our atmosphere.
Globally, the total surface area of tree bark is estimated to be around 143 million square kilometers, roughly equivalent to the Earth’s total land area. This extensive area represents a vast microbial environment known as the ashosphere, yet the microorganisms residing there have largely been overlooked by researchers. Learn more.
“It may seem obvious, but we’ve historically ignored tree bark,” states Bob Leung, a researcher from Monash University in Melbourne, Australia. “I had never considered that microbes existed in tree bark, but it makes perfect sense. Bacteria thrive everywhere, so it’s reasonable to expect them in the bark as well.”
Leung and his team initiated their research on a common wetland species known as paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia). Their findings revealed that over 6 trillion bacteria inhabit every square meter of tree bark, a density comparable to that found in soil.
Genetic testing of 114 bacterial species indicated that most belong to three primary bacterial families: Acidobacteriaceae, Mycobacteriaceae, and Acetobacteriaceae; intriguing as they remain entirely unclassified by science.
A fascinating characteristic of these microorganisms is their ability to metabolize hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane for energy. While hydrogen (H2) itself isn’t a greenhouse gas, it can enhance the warming effect of the atmosphere by reacting with other gases.
Researchers extended their study to include seven additional Australian tree species from diverse habitats, such as Casuarina, rubber trees, and banksias, and assessed their bark’s ability to absorb or emit greenhouse gases both in natural settings and laboratory experiments.
Under aerobic conditions, where oxygen is present, all bark types were found to consume hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and methane. However, when the trees were submerged in water—typical in wetland areas—the microbes adapted by producing these same gases.
Melaleuca quinquenervia trees in an Australian forest”
data-credit=”Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University”/>
The Canopy of Melaleuca quinquenervia
Image Credit: Luke Jeffrey / Southern Cross University
According to researchers, the collective amount of hydrogen absorbed by bark microorganisms worldwide is estimated to be between 600 million and 1.6 billion kilograms annually, which represents about 2% of the total hydrogen removed from the atmosphere.
This groundbreaking study marks the first effort to evaluate the role of tree bark in atmospheric hydrogen cycling, notes Luke Jeffrey at Southern Cross University in Lismore, Australia.
“Recognizing the hidden contributions of trees, beyond their role in carbon dioxide absorption, is crucial,” emphasizes Jeffrey. “Trees actively engage with other greenhouse gases, which is significant as H2 interacts with atmospheric methane and could help mitigate the increasing methane dilemma.”
However, the global landscape remains uncertain since the team evaluated only eight tree species from eastern Australia. “Significant research is needed across diverse forest types, tree varieties, microbial communities, and environmental conditions,” says Jeffrey.
Brett Somerelle of the Sydney Botanic Gardens asserts that this research underscores the gaps in our understanding of microbial diversity, composition, and functionality within tree bark ecosystems. “It will be fascinating to observe how these factors change across a broader spectrum of tree species, particularly in arid environments like savannahs and woodlands,” notes Summerell.
Understanding the relationships between fungi and bacteria in tree bark is equally critical, he adds.
President Donald Trump’s controversial choice to withdraw the United States from key United Nations-affiliated organizations means the country risks losing its significant role in crucial global climate change discussions.
In a sweeping executive order issued on Wednesday, President Trump halted U.S. funding for 66 international bodies, including the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)—an agreement the U.S. joined in 1992—and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which releases the most authoritative climate reports globally.
According to a post by the White House, these organizations are deemed “no longer in the interest of the United States.”
This action underscores the Trump administration’s retreat from climate action, coinciding with escalating global warming effects, which are leading to more frequent and severe weather disasters across the U.S. Events like wildfires, floods, and hurricanes now inflict tens of billions in damages annually. By 2025, it’s projected that 23 extreme weather events will individually cause damages exceeding $1 billion, totaling approximately $115 billion, according to an analysis from Climate Central.
This withdrawal signifies the Trump administration’s rejection of climate diplomacy, further isolating the United States from the global community’s efforts to reduce warming and mitigate the most severe climate change impacts.
In January 2025, the U.S. is set to finalize its exit from the Paris Agreement, a pivotal accord signed in 2016, where 195 participating countries committed to limiting greenhouse gas emissions to prevent global temperatures from rising by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius (2.7 degrees Fahrenheit), with a maximum increase of 2 degrees Celsius.
The UNFCCC provided the foundational framework for the Paris Agreement, established in 1992 to identify and tackle the main contributors to greenhouse gas emissions. The treaty was signed by President George Bush after receiving Senate approval with a two-thirds majority vote.
Should the U.S. fully withdraw from the UNFCCC (a process estimated to take a year), it would mark the first instance in history of a country exiting such an agreement. This action could complicate future presidents’ ability to rejoin the Paris Agreement, as reentry requires new Senate approval with a two-thirds majority.
Extracting itself from the UNFCCC would render the United States the only nation without a presence at international climate discussions, as demonstrated by the White House’s decision to forgo an official delegation at the recent COP30 summit in Brazil.
Attendees arrive at COP30 in Belém, Brazil, November 7, 2025. COP 30 Press Office/Anadolu/Getty Images
“Historically, even countries that remained passive at negotiations seldom walked away entirely, as it ensured their input was not disregarded,” stated Christy Ebi, a climate scientist from the University of Washington who has contributed to IPCC reports.
Ebi noted that while past U.S. administrations may have shown limited enthusiasm during discussions, they still tracked proceedings.
“Delegates would listen quietly from the sidelines, but now there’s a complete withdrawal,” she remarked.
The Trump administration has openly criticized the UNFCCC and similar organizations. In a statement, Secretary of State Marco Rubio referred to them as “anti-American and ineffective.”
The United States is set to officially exit the Paris Agreement on January 27, marking nearly a year since the administration initiated the withdrawal process.
However, questions persist about whether President Trump can withdraw from the UNFCCC without Congressional approval.
Gene Hsu, an attorney with the Center for Biological Diversity, argues the action is unlawful. “The Constitution clearly outlines the process for joining a treaty with a two-thirds Senate majority but is ambiguous regarding withdrawal,” Suh explained. “We are considering legal action due to the absence of legal precedence for a president unilaterally exiting a Senate-approved treaty.”
The UNFCCC is the global mediator for climate negotiations, organizing the Conference of the Parties (COP) annually to address emissions targets and funding for climate action. The previous year’s conference focused on deforestation challenges and impacts on the Amazon rainforest.
“Hosting such global discussions is akin to managing the Olympics; organizational support is essential,” Ebi said.
Following the U.S. withdrawal from the Paris Agreement, the UNFCCC encountered a budget crisis, prompting Bloomberg Philanthropies, led by former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, to intervene financially to sustain operations.
In response, UNFCCC Executive Director Simon Steele asserted that Trump’s withdrawal would “diminish America’s security and prosperity.”
“Similar to the previous Paris Agreement, there remains an opportunity for the United States to re-engage in the future,” Steele remarked.
Throughout his inaugural year, President Trump has targeted climate change through substantial budget cuts, labeling it a “swindle.” His administration has worked to undercut key climate reports, such as the National Climate Assessment, while attempting to diminish the Environmental Protection Agency’s authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions contributing to global warming.
Former Vice President Al Gore, a dedicated climate activist, commented on X that the Trump administration has “neglected the climate crisis from the outset,” putting Americans and global communities at risk while catering to oil industry interests.
“By withdrawing from the IPCC, UNFCCC, and other vital international collaborations, the Trump administration is undermining decades of carefully cultivated diplomacy, eroding climate science, and instilling global distrust,” Gore concluded.
Stunning image from the James Webb Space Telescope revealing an Einstein Ring formed by two distant galaxies.
Image Credit: ESA/Webb, NASA & CSA, G. Mahler
As we approach 2026, we’re stepping into a year rich with galactic exploration.
We’ll witness the beginning of the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s deep dive into the space-time legacy, alongside a potential launch of NASA’s Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope.
Both observatories are pivotal for galaxy observation, aimed at cataloging and unraveling the complexities of galaxy structures and behavior. Expect significant updates on galactic findings in the upcoming months!
As excitement grows for the wealth of information we’ll receive on galaxies, it’s notable that my early interest skewed towards active galactic nuclei (AGNs)—galaxies boasting supermassive black holes that release immense energy as they consume matter near the event horizon. Admittedly, I was drawn to AGNs primarily for their black hole attributes.
During my PhD journey, my curriculum mandated multiple courses on galaxies, which initially overwhelmed me. Galaxies are classified by shape, each category diving into further sub-categories, revealing a perplexing web of classifications. This complexity often felt devoid of mathematical logic, highlighting a possible divide between theorists and experimentalists.
If only I could rewind time and tell my younger self that the challenges in galaxy classification were what deserved my attention.
One of the core challenges in this research realm is that galaxies only manifest as 2D images in the night sky; we lack the ability to perceive them in three dimensions or to observe their rotation due to their enormity. Thus, we rely on these frozen snapshots in time, interpreting their classification based on scientific judgment and taste.
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The shape of a galaxy offers fascinating insights into its evolutionary history – elliptical galaxies typically harbor older stars. “
Historically, Edwin Hubble devised a classification system for galaxies that remains influential today. He defined three fundamental shapes: elliptical, spiral, and irregular. Notably, lenticular galaxies, while appearing spiral, lack an actual spiral structure.
Gérard de Vaucouleurs expanded this classification by incorporating subcategories to identify patterns within galaxy shapes. However, the efficacy of these classifications hinges on the quality of the underlying dataset. A century ago, during Hubble’s time, the datasets were rudimentary, lacking knowledge of dark matter—a critical component now understood to inhabit galaxies.
Galaxy shapes serve as indicators of evolutionary history; for instance, elliptical galaxies often house older stars and lie closer in proximity to galaxy clusters. Furthermore, the assembly and evolution history of these galaxies relates intricately to the configuration of their surrounding dark matter halos.
Additionally, galaxy shapes can unveil secrets about dark energy, which accelerates the universe’s expansion. The Roman Space Telescope aims to deepen our understanding in this regard.
The Vera Rubin Observatory will extend its observational prowess, particularly focusing on dwarf spheroidal galaxies—dim, circular galaxies devoid of substantial star mass. These dwarf galaxies frequently accompany larger counterparts, helping to illuminate the evolutionary structure of the universe.
Excitingly, the scientific teams behind the Rubin and Roman telescopes are collaboratively strategizing on how best to utilize the forthcoming data. As we honor the legacies of Vera C. Rubin and Nancy Grace Roman, 2026 heralds a new generation dedicated to exploring galaxies in extraordinary detail.
What I’m currently reading: Twilight novel series.
What I see: Correct, the Twilight movie series.
What I’m working on: I’m diligently finishing the draft of my third book: Cosmos is a Black Aesthetic.
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an associate professor of physics and astronomy at the University of New Hampshire. She is the author of Turbulent Universe and upcoming works The Ends of Space and Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Boogie of Cosmic Dreams.
El Capitan Supercomputer: Power Play in Quantum Computing
Credit: LLNL/Garry McLeod
The advancement of large quantum computers offers the potential to solve complex problems beyond the reach of today’s most powerful classical supercomputers. However, this leap in capability may come with increased energy demands.
Currently, most existing quantum computers are limited in size, with less than 1,000 qubits. These fragile qubits are susceptible to errors, hindering their ability to tackle significant issues, like aiding in drug discovery. Experts agree that to reach practical utility, a Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computer (FTQC) must emerge, with a much higher qubit count and robust error correction. The engineering hurdles involved in this pursuit are substantial, compounded by multiple competing designs.
Olivier Ezratty, from the Quantum Energy Initiative (QEI), warns that the energy consumption of utility-scale FTQCs has been largely overlooked. During the Q2B Silicon Valley Conference in Santa Clara, California, on December 9, he presented his preliminary estimates. Notably, some FTQC designs could eclipse the energy requirements of the world’s top supercomputers.
For context, El Capitan, the fastest supercomputer globally, located at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, draws approximately 20 megawatts of electricity—three times that of the nearby city of Livermore, which has a population of 88,000. Ezratty forecasts that FTQC designs scaling up to 4,000 logical qubits may demand even more energy. Some of the power-hungry designs could require upwards of 200 megawatts.
Ezratty’s estimates derive from accessible data, proprietary insights from quantum tech firms, and theoretical models. He outlines a wide energy consumption range for future FTQCs, from 100 kilowatts to 200 megawatts. Interestingly, he believes that three forthcoming FTQC designs could ultimately operate below 1 megawatt, aligning with conventional supercomputers utilized in research labs. This variance could significantly steer industry trends, particularly as low-power models become more mainstream.
The discrepancies in projected energy use stem from the various strategies that quantum computing companies employ to construct and maintain their qubits. For instance, certain qubit technologies necessitate extensive cooling to function effectively. Light-based qubits struggle with warm light sources and detectors, leading to heightened energy consumption. Similarly, superconducting circuits require entire chips to be housed in large refrigeration systems, while designs based on trapped ions or ultracold atoms demand substantial energy input from lasers or microwaves to precisely control qubits.
Oliver Dial from IBM, known for superconducting quantum computers, anticipates that his company’s large-scale FTQC will need approximately 2 to 3 megawatts of power, a fraction of what a hyperscale AI data center could consume. This demand could be lessened through integration with existing supercomputers. Meanwhile, a team from QuEra, specializing in ultracold atomic quantum computing, estimates their FTQC will require around 100 kilowatts, landing on the lower end of Ezratty’s spectrum.
Other companies like Xanadu, focusing on light-based quantum technologies, as well as Google Quantum AI, centered on superconducting qubits, have opted not to comment. PsiQuantum, another light-based qubit developer, was unavailable for a response. New Scientist has made multiple attempts for their insights.
Ezratty also pointed out that traditional electronics responsible for directing and monitoring qubit operations could result in additional costs, particularly for FTQC systems where qubits need further instructions to self-correct errors. This complexity necessitates understanding how these algorithms contribute to energy footprints. The operational runtime length of quantum computers adds another layer, as energy savings from fewer qubits might be negated if longer operation times are needed.
To effectively measure and report the energy consumption of machines, the industry must establish robust standards and benchmarks. Ezratty emphasizes that this is an integral element of QEI’s mission, with projects actively progressing in both the United States and the European Union.
As the field of quantum computing continues to mature, Ezratty anticipates that his research will pave the way for insights into FTQC energy consumption. This understanding could be vital for optimizing designs to minimize energy use. “Countless technological options could facilitate reduced energy consumption,” he asserts.
As a dedicated nature writer, I strive to nurture a profound connection with the natural world. Observing birds, exploring with children, and discovering beetles beneath fallen logs is what I cherish. Nature embodies complexity and wonder; while I appreciate its beauty, I have never deemed it sacred or considered my relationship with it spiritual.
Yet, current trends indicate I might be overlooking something significant.
The term “nature connectivity” may sound idealistic, yet it is bolstered by a growing body of research. A 2025 study claims that increased feelings of “nature connection” and “oneness with nature” correlate with elevated spirituality and skepticism regarding “science over faith.” Such findings may astonish many in the natural sciences, and they certainly surprised me, but this notion resonates within recent nature-focused literature.
While ancient druids revered nature, cultivating sacred groves of mistletoe and oak, today’s enchantment often unfolds in the nature section of a bookstore, nestled between gardening and self-help. Many of us experience our connection to nature through the act of writing. We become surrogate birders, second-hand botanists, and armchair adventurers. This is perfectly acceptable; life is hectic, and most reside in urban or suburban settings. One of humanity’s great gifts is our ability to be transported through written words to the depths of forests and heights of mountains.
The real concern lies not in how we connect with nature, but in our perception of what we are connecting to. Nature isn’t a fantasy; it occupies the same earthly realm as us, and we are inherently part of it. When viewed through a scientific lens, the natural world remains awe-inspiring and captivating. It is perplexing to separate the beauty of science from a genuine appreciation of nature.
We might benefit from reevaluating our eagerness to extract lessons from nature. Is it possible to learn from moss about unity or understand the repelling forces of grass? Recent naturalists suggest fungi can help us grasp the cycle of life. However, we can also learn troubling lessons from shoebills about the harsh realities of nature, such as expelling weak young or manipulating hosts in dire ways. Seeking wisdom from nature may feel just as rational as consulting ChatGPT for guidance—both resources have extensive insights. Perhaps true enlightenment lies in discovering lessons within ourselves.
Then arises the timeless query: What role do humans play in this ecosystem? Some assert that nature writers need to practice silence. Yet the uncomfortable reality is that all writers appreciate their own voices. We must strike a balance between experiencing the external world and what transpires within us. Both perspectives hold immense value, and the best nature writers skillfully navigate these frontiers, reporting with clarity, expertise, and sensitivity. Broadening the definition of “outside” to include diverse human experiences enriches our narratives.
I hope to see nature writing flourish, embracing its imperfections. I envision it evolving into a richer, more intricate, interdisciplinary tapestry that reflects the dynamic nature of our world, whatever that encapsulates—our realities, the living environment, and our place within it.
Satellite image of Antarctic iceberg A23a displaying meltwater on its surface
NASA
The Antarctic iceberg A23a, comparable in size to a city, is experiencing an alarming build-up of meltwater on its surface, signaling potential fragmentation.
Researchers are captivated by the massive A23a iceberg due to its unique ability to collect and retain meltwater.
Satellite visuals reveal a distinctive raised ice rim encircling the entire cliff-edge of this slab-like iceberg, giving it an intriguing resemblance to an oversized playground. This pooling region spans approximately 800 square kilometers, larger than the city of Chicago.
In several areas, the meltwater appears deep and brilliantly blue, indicating depths of several meters. The total volume of water on A23a is estimated to be in the billions of liters, enough to fill thousands of Olympic-sized swimming pools.
Douglas MacAyeal from the University of Chicago explains that this rim effect is a typical phenomenon observed in the world’s largest icebergs.
“My hypothesis is that the edges curve downward from the nose, forming an arched dam that retains snowmelt,” he states. “This curvature likely results from a combination of wave undercutting and melting ice, as well as the inherent flexibility of vertical ice cliffs.”
The streaks of water visible in the satellite images indicate remnants of past ice flow when these icebergs were still attached to the Antarctic coast, he noted.
Image of iceberg A23-A captured from the ISS on December 27, 2025
NASA
A23a dates back to 1986 and originated from the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, initially being over five times its current size. It once held the distinction of being the largest iceberg on Earth.
In recent years, A23a has drifted north into increasingly warmer waters, leading to its gradual fragmentation. The substantial volume of surface meltwater can ultimately contribute to its collapse. “Should that water seep into its fractures and subsequently refreeze, it will effectively split the iceberg,” remarks Mike Meredith from the British Antarctic Survey.
He contends that the iceberg can deteriorate unexpectedly within a matter of days.
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Lucy MacLean (Ella Purnell) in Fallout Season 2
Amazon MGM Studios
As the new year unfolds, it brings exciting opportunities for change and reinvention. This is the perfect time to explore the best sci-fi and science-related television shows set to premiere in 2026, showcasing groundbreaking series that launched last year. Notably, the second season of Fallout on Amazon Prime Video, airing mid-December, stands out as a must-watch.
Set against a retro-futuristic America, the series dives into a world where generations of humanity live in radiation-resistant bunkers designed by the shadowy Vault-Tec corporation. In the previous season, former vault dweller Lucy (inhabited by Ella Purnell) navigates the surface in search of her missing father, encountering unexpected allies and adversaries. This season, she embarks on a new adventure accompanied by Ghoul (played by Walton Goggins), a visually striking radioactive gunman. What could be more entertaining?
The critically acclaimed Fallout is just one of many bunker-based dramas slated for 2026. On February 23, Hulu/Disney+ will launch the second season of Paradise, featuring Sterling K. Brown as Xavier Collins, a Secret Service agent residing in an underground city built to safeguard the elite from impending apocalypse. After solving the murder of U.S. President Cal Bradford and discovering survivors, he sets off on a journey back to Chicago in search of his estranged wife.
Later this year, the much-anticipated third season of Silo (Apple TV+) will air, which delves into the dark mysteries surrounding the toxic surface world, leaving viewers wanting more. If you enjoy gripping and conspiratorial narratives, this series is not to be missed.
Another intriguing dystopian tale is Dreamland (BBC iPlayer). Set in 2039, it follows Chance, a resident of the British seaside town of Margate, who turns to crime amidst widespread climate change and social inequality. When her community becomes entangled in a government rejuvenation initiative, Chance finds herself in love with Frankie, a woman with connections to the powers that be, revealing a deeper conspiracy.
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In Star City, engineers and intelligence professionals work tirelessly to achieve the historic landing of the first humans on the moon. “
Fans can look forward to the highly anticipated television adaptation of The Testaments (Hulu/Disney+), a sequel to The Handmaid’s Tale, also penned by Margaret Atwood. Premiering in April, it follows a new generation of women navigating freedom while being trained by Gilead’s elite.
In addition to dramatic narratives, the sci-fi genre offers exciting new adventures. Premiering on January 15th, Star Trek: Starfleet Academy (Paramount+) takes us into the 32nd century, chronicling the experiences of a group of Starfleet cadets as they develop friendships and rivalries while training to become future officers. Featuring a talented Gen Z cast alongside stars like Holly Hunter, Tatiana Maslany, and Paul Giamatti, this series promises to be fun for families. Moreover, Star Trek: Strange New Worlds is set to return for its penultimate fourth season early this year.
Following the success of Andor, which set high standards for live-action Star Wars storytelling, fans anticipate the release of season 2 of Star Wars: Ahsoka on Disney+. Though unconfirmed, more animated adventures will soon unfold, such as Star Wars: Maul – Shadow Lord, focusing on the Sith Lord as he rebuilds his crime syndicate following events from The Clone Wars, and Star Wars: Visions Presents – The Ninth Jedi, continuing the journey of Jedi Ethan and Kara.
For Marvel enthusiasts, while Vision Quest is rumored to premiere at the end of 2026, the series will feature the resurrected android superhero Vision, aiming to regain his memory post-WandaVision, alongside familiar faces like Ultron.
If you prefer small-scale robot dramas, be sure to look for Ann Droid (BBC iPlayer), a comedy by Diane Morgan, where she portrays Linda, a social robot designed to partner with the elderly in healthcare. Unexpected friendships blossom as Linda helps solve problems for her reluctant companion, Sue (Sue Johnston). With an impressive cast, this series is expected in 2026.
Fans of sci-fi comedy will also eagerly await the second season of Murderbot (Apple TV+), anticipated to premiere by year-end.
Delving into different realms of artificial intelligence, the adaptation of William Gibson’s seminal cyberpunk novel Neuromancer (Apple TV+) is set to captivate audiences. Following hacker Case (Callum Turner) as he navigates a dangerous futuristic Tokyo after losing his ability to access the virtual reality world, the series is positioned to explore high-stakes conspiracies.
Neuromancer is one of two Cyberpunk-themed series on the horizon, the other being Blade Runner 2099 (Amazon Prime Video). While details remain scarce, we know that Michelle Yeoh will star as a replicant nearing the end of her life in this highly anticipated series.
For technology enthusiasts, check out Altruists and Boldness. Altruists (Netflix) is a limited series due in late 2026 that chronicles the collapse of cryptocurrency exchange FTX alongside the complicated romance between its founder Sam Bankman-Fried and partner Caroline Ellison, while Boldness (AMC) follows CEO Duncan (Billy Magnussen) battling power struggles in Silicon Valley without any real-world parallels.
Let’s venture beyond Earth, with excitement building for Star City (Apple TV+), a spin-off of the acclaimed alternate history series For All Mankind, which returns for its fifth season in 2026. This new series will spotlight the Soviet perspective during the space race, depicting the efforts of astronauts, engineers, and secret agents striving to land the first Russians on the moon.
Other space-centric highlights include the potential launch of the second season of Doctor Who in December and Three-Body Problem, an ambitious adaptation of Cixin Liu’s epic series about humanity’s preparation for an alien invasion set 400 years in the future.
For those who seek gripping narratives, Beauty (FX/Disney+) features FBI agents Cooper Madsen (Evan Peters) and Jordan Bennett (Rebecca Hall) as they become engrossed in the world of high fashion while investigating tragic deaths of supermodels. The series grapples with themes of transformation, premiering on January 22nd—a significant moment for physical reinvention.
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University Centre for General Dermatology and Oncodermatology, Wrocław Medical University
A Polish man experienced a severe allergic reaction to the red ink used in his tattoo, resulting in hair loss, cessation of sweat production, and the development of vitiligo. This alarming case highlights potential adverse effects of certain modern tattoo inks on the immune system.
Tattooing is a time-honored practice that traditionally utilized black soot-based inks and manual techniques. Today, electric tattoo machines are employed to rapidly apply colorful synthetic inks across larger skin areas.
Many dyes found in colored tattoo inks were originally formulated for use in printer inks and automotive paints, not for human application. Reports of allergic reactions to colorful tattoo inks have surged in recent years, particularly among individuals with existing immune issues, such as eczema, asthma, and celiac disease. According to research, around 6% of people report allergic reactions that persist for more than four months, particularly with red ink.
The Polish man’s symptoms began four months post-tattoo application on his forearm. Initially, itched intensely, followed by the emergence of a widespread red rash. Over time, he developed hair loss, yellowing nails, swollen lymph nodes, and an inability to sweat. After two years, he also noticed large patches of vitiligo.
Despite consultations with several specialists, including dermatologists and allergists, the underlying issue remained undiagnosed. It wasn’t until the red ink decorations of his tattoo became visibly inflamed that suspicion arose. A biopsy of a swollen lymph node revealed traces of red ink had migrated from the tattoo site.
Due to limited treatment options, the man underwent eight surgeries to eliminate the problematic red ink and apply skin grafts. Post-treatment, while his hair has regrown and vitiligo has stabilized, he still suffers from permanent dysfunction of his sweat glands, presenting a risk of heat exhaustion and necessitating his resignation from military service, as he must frequently spray himself with water.
Despite attempts, dermatologists at Wrocław Medical University could not obtain a sample of the red ink for analysis. However, past studies have identified synthetic organic dyes, particularly azo dyes, as agents responsible for allergic reactions in red tattoos.
The potential health risks associated with tattoo ink are linked to its chronic activation of the immune system. Most tattoo ink remains on the skin, but some can migrate to lymph nodes. Here, immune cells known as macrophages attempt to eliminate the ink but often fail due to its size. This failure leads to a cycle of immune activation, as macrophages transfer the ink to others, perpetuating the immune response. Dr. Sine Clemmensen of the University of Southern Denmark elaborates on this issue.
The Polish man also had Hashimoto’s disease, an autoimmune condition that may have heightened his sensitivity, resulting in the immune system mistakenly attacking his skin.
Emerging research suggests that even individuals without pre-existing immune conditions might face long-term risks related to tattoos. Clemmensen’s findings indicate that having any tattoo color could triple the risk of developing lymphoma, a cancer affecting the lymphatic system.
In January 2022, following another case similar to that of the Polish man, the European Union initiated measures to enhance tattoo safety by restricting chemicals commonly found in tattoo inks with azo dyes. However, legislation in other regions is still pending.
Alzheimer’s disease presents significant challenges, transforming a cherished family member into someone who often fails to recognize their true self. Many individuals ponder the reasons behind the erosion of memories and personalities. Researchers have identified the primary driver of Alzheimer’s as the accumulation of a brain protein known as Tau.
Under normal circumstances, tau protein plays a crucial role in preserving the health of nerve cells by stabilizing the microtubules, which function as pathways for nutrient transport. However, in Alzheimer’s patients, tau protein becomes twisted and tangled, obstructing communication between cells. These tau tangles are now recognized by medical professionals as a defining characteristic of Alzheimer’s disease, serving as indicators of cognitive decline.
Recent studies have shown that tau tangles correlate with diminished brain function in individuals affected by Alzheimer’s disease. Additionally, the apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene is closely linked to late-onset Alzheimer’s and may exacerbate tau tangling. This gene encodes a protein involved in transporting fats and cholesterol to nerve cells throughout the brain.
A team from the University of California, San Francisco, and the Gladstone Institute has discovered that eliminating APOE4 from nerve cells can mitigate cognitive issues associated with Alzheimer’s. Their research involved specially bred mice exhibiting tau tangles and various forms of the human APOE gene, specifically APOE4 and APOE3. The aim was to determine if APOE4 directly contributes to Alzheimer’s-related brain damage and if its removal could halt cognitive decline.
To investigate the impact of the APOE4 gene, the researchers introduced a virus containing abnormal tau protein into one side of each mouse’s hippocampus. When the mice reached 10 months of age, the team conducted various tests—including MRI scans, staining of brain regions, microscopy, brain activity assessments, and RNA sequencing—to analyze the accumulation of tau protein in the brains of those with and without the APOE4 gene.
The findings revealed significant discrepancies between the two groups. Mice with the APOE4 gene displayed a higher prevalence of tau tangles, a marked decline in brain function, and increased neuronal death, while those with the APOE3 gene exhibited minimal tau deposits and no cognitive decline.
Next, the researchers employed a protein linked to an enzyme called CRE to excise the APOE4 gene from mouse nerve cells, subsequently measuring tau levels with a specialized dye. The results indicated a significant reduction in tau tangles, dropping from nearly 50% to around 10%. In contrast, mice carrying the APOE3 gene saw an even smaller reduction from just under 10% to approximately 3%.
Additionally, a different dye was utilized to quantify amyloid plaques—another protein cluster frequently found in Alzheimer’s cases. The outcomes showed that, following removal of the APOE4 gene, amyloid plaque levels decreased from roughly 20% to less than 10%. Mice with the APOE3 gene, however, displayed no notable change, consistently maintaining around 10% amyloid plaques.
The researchers further analyzed the RNA of the mice to understand how APOE4 affects neurons and other brain cells. Their observations confirmed that the presence of APOE4 correlated with an uptick in Alzheimer’s-related brain cells. This finding helped illustrate that eliminating APOE4 from nerve cells resulted in diminished responses associated with Alzheimer’s disease.
In conclusion, the researchers determined that APOE4 is detrimental and may actively induce Alzheimer’s-like damage in the brains of mice. While further validation in human subjects is needed, the implications of this gene may pave the way for developing targeted therapies for Alzheimer’s disease.
Researchers from the University of Waterloo and Kyushu University have achieved a groundbreaking advancement in quantum computing by developing a novel method to create redundant, encrypted copies of qubits. This represents a pivotal step towards practical quantum cloud services and robust quantum infrastructure.
Google’s quantum computer – Image credit: Google.
In quantum mechanics, the no-cloning theorem asserts that creating an identical copy of an unknown quantum state is impossible.
Dr. Achim Kempf from the University of Waterloo and Dr. Koji Yamaguchi from Kyushu University emphasize that this fundamental rule remains intact.
However, they have demonstrated a method to generate multiple encrypted versions of a single qubit.
“This significant breakthrough facilitates quantum cloud storage solutions, such as quantum Dropbox, quantum Google Drive, and quantum STACKIT, enabling the secure storage of identical quantum information across multiple servers as redundant encrypted backups,” said Dr. Kemp.
“This development is a crucial step towards establishing a comprehensive quantum computing infrastructure.”
“Quantum computing offers immense potential, particularly for addressing complex problems, but it also introduces unique challenges.”
“One major difficulty in quantum computing is the no-duplication theorem, which dictates that quantum information cannot be directly copied.”
“This limitation arises from the delicate nature of quantum information storage.”
According to the researchers, quantum information functions analogously to splitting passwords.
“If you possess half of a password while your partner holds the other half, neither can be utilized independently. However, when both sections are combined, a valuable password emerges,” Dr. Kemp remarked.
“In a similar manner, qubits are unique in that they can share information in exponentially growing ways as they interconnect.”
“A single qubit’s information is minimal; however, linking multiple qubits allows them to collectively store substantial amounts of information that only materializes when interconnected.”
“This exceptional capability of sharing information across numerous qubits is known as quantum entanglement.”
“With 100 qubits, information can be simultaneously shared in 2^100 different ways, allowing for a level of shared entangled information far exceeding that of current classical computers.”
“Despite the vast potential of quantum computing, the no-cloning theorem restricts its applications.”
“Unlike classical computing, where duplicating information for sharing and backup is a common practice, quantum computing lacks a simple ‘copy and paste’ mechanism.”
“We have uncovered a workaround for the non-replicability theorem of quantum information,” explained Dr. Yamaguchi.
“Our findings reveal that by encrypting quantum information during duplication, we can create as many copies as desired.”
“This method circumvents the no-clonability theorem because when an encrypted copy is selected and decrypted, the decryption key is automatically rendered unusable; it functions as a one-time key.”
“Nevertheless, even one-time keys facilitate crucial applications such as redundant and encrypted quantum cloud services.”
Weight loss medications, including Munjaro (tirzepatide), are effective when taken consistently.
Alan Swart / Alamy
A recent study involving over 9,000 participants revealed that individuals who discontinue weight loss medications often regain the weight lost within two years. This finding underscores the notion that obesity should be viewed as a chronic disease necessitating ongoing treatment.
“These medications are very effective; however, obesity is a chronic, relapsing condition,” explained Susan Jebb, who addressed the press at the University of Oxford. “Similar to hypertension medications, these treatments are likely needed for life.”
It’s evident that weight loss medications can significantly aid individuals in combating obesity, particularly newer GLP-1 medications mimicking gut hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1—examples include semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) and tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound). These drugs not only facilitate weight loss but also positively impact health metrics like blood pressure and cholesterol levels.
Nevertheless, many patients have ceased using GLP-1 medications due to side effects, including nausea, or a lack of availability triggered by heightened demand. “Approximately half of users discontinue these drugs within a year,” remarks Jebb.
While nations like the United States and parts of Europe permit long-term use of GLP-1 medications for weight control, frameworks like the UK’s National Health Service are restricting semaglutide usage for weight management based on cost-effectiveness evaluations over two years.
Previous studies indicate that individuals often regain weight post-semaglutide discontinuation. Yet, it remains unclear if this pattern extends to other weight loss interventions and the swift occurrence of weight gain upon cessation.
To investigate this, Jebb and colleagues reviewed 37 trials, combining data from over 9,000 participants, all classified as overweight or obese and using some form of weight loss medication (including GLP-1) for about 10 months, followed by a monitoring period of roughly 8 months.
From their analysis, the researchers noted that participants lost an average of 8.3 kilograms and experienced improvements in metabolic parameters like blood pressure, cholesterol, and blood glucose levels.
When examining weight patterns during the follow-up phase, the model suggested participants regained the average weight lost within 1.7 years after stopping their medications.
In trials specifically addressing semaglutide and tirzepatide, participants lost an average of 14.7 kilograms, yet it was anticipated they would regain all lost weight within a year and a half. Jebb points out that further insights are required to understand the accelerated weight gain associated with these drugs compared to others.
Additionally, the team discovered that the weight regain rate after ceasing weight loss drugs was about four times steeper than that observed following the termination of a structured behavioral weight loss program, which typically emphasizes healthy eating and increased physical activity.
However, this disparity may be attributed to the greater motivation for weight loss among individuals participating in behavioral programs compared to those relying on medications.
Another factor contributing to this swift weight regain may be the appetite suppression induced by these drugs. Users often report significant increases in hunger and cravings upon discontinuation, possibly leading to rapid weight resurgence, as noted by Taraneh Soleimani from Pennsylvania State University.
Yet, a separate analysis suggested that offering behavioral support during the follow-up phase did not effectively curb weight gain. Soleimani emphasizes that more research is essential to determine optimal strategies for supporting individuals transitioning off weight loss medications.
What Jebb’s research illustrates, according to her, is the critical need to consider obesity as a long-lasting condition. “Weight loss drugs demonstrate effectiveness, and weight regain is prevalent upon cessation,” states Professor Soleimani. “These results confirm obesity as a chronic condition that requires prolonged treatment.”
Experiencing a post-workout mood boost is common, and a recent review highlights just how impactful this effect can be. Simple activities like walking or gardening can alleviate depression symptoms as effectively as psychotherapy or antidepressants.
“This research reinforces that exercise is a viable option for individuals suffering from depression, showing that it can rival the effectiveness of psychotherapy or medication,” states Andrew Clegg from the University of Lancashire, UK.
A prior Cochrane Library review in 2013 discovered that exercise alleviates depression symptoms comparably to standard treatments like antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which focuses on modifying thought patterns and behavior.
Consequently, health authorities advocate regular exercise for depression management. The UK’s National Institute for Healthcare Excellence (NICE) suggests engaging in aerobic activities such as jogging for ten weeks, typically in conjunction with other therapies for optimal results.
Since the 2013 review, numerous clinical trials have surfaced, prompting the Cochrane Library to embark on an updated review. “This new review nearly doubles the existing evidence base from the previous publication,” comments Clegg, a co-author of the review.
Clegg and colleagues reviewed data from 69 randomized controlled trials involving nearly 5,000 adults diagnosed with mild to severe depression or showing elevated depression symptom scores. Their analysis focused on 57 trials where participants were assigned to either an exercise group or a control group receiving no treatment.
Trial methodologies varied significantly, but usually directed participants to maintain a routine of low to moderate exercise—like gardening or brisk walking—compared to more vigorous activities like sprinting or soccer. Yoga and stretching were excluded, as these often incorporate meditative or breathing practices, which detracted from the study’s emphasis on pure physical activity.
The research indicated that exercise modestly reduced depression severity, characterized by feelings of sadness and disinterest in social activities.
“Clinically meaningful improvements were observed—individuals reported noticeable changes,” remarks Brendon Stubbs from King’s College London, who was not part of the review.
Furthermore, the team analyzed ten of the 59 trials that compared exercise to CBT and five trials involving participants on antidepressants devoid of an exercise component. Results indicated that, on average, regular exercise proved equally effective as these treatment modalities. “There was no significant difference in outcomes among the three,” emphasizes Emily Hird from University College London, who also did not partake in the study.
The research highlighted that light to moderate exercise outperformed intense workouts. This may be linked to higher adherence rates; as Stubbs explains, “Strenuous exercises often lead to dropout, thus diminishing the observed benefits.”
While the precise advantages of exercise remain under investigation, Stubbs suggests multiple potential mechanisms. Group activities could enhance social well-being, and acquiring new skills might boost self-esteem, fostering positive life changes.
Studies indicate that muscle-released chemicals, known as myokines, help reduce inflammation, which may exacerbate depression. One particular myokine, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, is known for promoting new brain cell growth, potentially aiding in the reconfiguration of negative thought patterns, as asserted by Stubbs. Interestingly, Clegg’s team discovered that resistance training, which generates more myokines, was more effective than aerobic workouts alone.
Collectively, these findings advocate for exercise as a depression treatment modality. However, since participants were aware of their group assignments, some gains might stem from placebo effects, where expectations influence symptom relief. Additionally, the majority of studies had limited participant numbers, which may impact reliability, according to Hurd.
Hurd advocates for larger studies to investigate optimal exercise types tailored for individuals and their unique challenges. “Currently, we lack clarity on who benefits most from different exercise forms,” she asserts. Individuals with severe depression might struggle to maintain exercise routines and may find more relief through CBT or antidepressants, both of which exhibit effectiveness akin to exercise in managing depression. Furthermore, some individuals may respond preferentially to specific activities based on their depression’s root causes.
Nevertheless, evidence consistently reveals the benefits of exercise for both mental and physical health. “Activities such as running, gym workouts, Pilates, and yoga all impart various positive effects. The most crucial aspect is to engage individuals in activities they enjoy,” concludes Stubbs.
Recent discoveries of hominin fossils in the Thomas Quarry I cave located in Casablanca, Morocco, provide crucial insights into the early origins of homo sapiens. These findings indicate that the lineage leading to modern humans was potentially established in Africa nearly 800,000 years ago. The fossils, although similar in age to the ancestor of homo discovered in Spain, display a mix of primitive and advanced traits reminiscent of post-Eurasian hominins, including homo sapiens.
Reconstruction of homo erectus.
Paleoanthropologists have long debated the origins of Neanderthals and Denisovans, the last common ancestors of modern humans. Genetic studies reveal that this ancestor likely existed between approximately 765,000 and 550,000 years ago, although fossil records are still inconclusive.
While some researchers have posited a Eurasian origin based on fossils unearthed in Atapuerca, Spain, dating back to 950,000 to 770,000 years ago, the new findings from Morocco reinforce the theory of an African origin.
Recent discoveries from the Moroccan cave, including mandible fragments, teeth, vertebrae, and femur pieces, bolster the evidence supporting Africa as the cradle of human evolution.
Analysis of the sediments surrounding these fossils indicates that they date back approximately 773,000 years, coinciding with significant changes in the Earth’s magnetic field, aligning with the era of the ancestor of homo.
Interestingly, the new fossils present distinct morphological differences. The evidence suggests that regional differentiation between Europe and North Africa was already evident by the late Early Pleistocene, spanning from around 1.8 million to 780,000 years ago.
The Moroccan fossils exhibit a blend of primitive features linked to species like homo erectus alongside more modern traits found in homo sapiens and Neanderthals.
For instance, their molar size aligns with earlier homo sapiens fossils, while the jaw shape resembles that of Neanderthals and other African archaic humans.
Although the Moroccan fossil may not serve as the ultimate last common ancestor of modern humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, it is likely a close precursor.
“The Moroccan fossils likely represent an advanced form of homo erectus in North Africa, situated on a lineage close to the evolutionary divergence between African and Eurasian lineages,” stated the researchers.
“Our findings underscore the Maghreb region as vital for understanding the emergence of our species and strengthen the argument for an African origin of homo sapiens,” they concluded.
Findings are detailed in a recent study published in Nature.
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J.J. Havlin and colleagues. Early human fossils from Morocco and the emergence of homo sapiens. Nature, published online January 7, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09914-y
An in-depth analysis of the stresses, tides, and internal forces on Jupiter’s icy moon Europa indicates that the moon lacks the active submarine faults essential for robust hydrothermal circulation. This phenomenon significantly impacts Europa’s chemical energy and overall habitability.
A stunning view of Europa’s surface. Image scale is 1.6 km per pixel. North of Europa is on the right. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SETI Institute.
On Earth, tectonic activity is crucial for supporting diverse habitats that sustain life.
This interaction between water and rocks on the ocean floor can generate chemical energy essential for potential biological processes.
Thus, the existence of tectonic activity on a celestial body can indicate an environment conducive to supporting life.
Europa, one of Jupiter’s moons, is believed to harbor an immense underground ocean beneath its frosty exterior.
While earlier studies hinted at volcanic activity beneath Europa’s ocean floor, the potential for tectonic movement had not been thoroughly explored until now.
“If we could survey those oceans using remote-controlled submarines, we predict we wouldn’t observe any new cracks, active volcanoes, or hydrothermal vents on the ocean floor,” stated Dr. Paul Byrne, a researcher at Washington University in St. Louis.
“Geologically, nothing is changing there. Everything remains quiet.”
“In icy worlds like Europa, a tranquil ocean floor could suggest a lifeless ocean.”
Dr. Byrne and his team conducted comprehensive modeling to evaluate potential tectonic activity within Europa’s theorized subsurface ocean.
Their findings were compared against known behaviors on Earth’s ocean floor and Enceladus.
The researchers assessed stress from tidal forces, global contraction, mantle convection, and serpentinization— a geological process involving the interaction of rocks and water.
However, they concluded that these factors are unlikely to be driving tectonic activity, even along Europa’s existing fissures at present.
This discovery implies that water-rock interactions might be confined to the uppermost layers of the ocean floor, which limits the prospects for habitable conditions beneath Europa’s surface.
Future research aims to gather direct evidence regarding Europa’s geology and tectonics.
“Europa likely experiences tidal heating, which is why it hasn’t fully frozen,” Dr. Byrne noted.
“There may have been greater heating in its distant past.”
“However, currently, we do not observe eruptions from the ice as seen on Io. Our calculations indicate that the currents are simply not strong enough to foster significant geological activity on the ocean floor.”
For more details, refer to the results published in this week’s issue of Nature Communications.
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PK burn et al. 2026. There may be little or no active faults on Europa’s ocean floor today. Nat Commune 17, 4; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-67151-3
As of February 2026, the world faces a historic moment: for the first time in decades, there will be no active treaty regulating the nuclear arsenals of the United States and Russia. While experts are divided over the effectiveness of the New START Treaty in enhancing global security, there’s a consensus that establishing a successor treaty is improbable.
The United States and Russia initiated their nuclear arms reduction efforts with the START I treaty in 1991, which evolved into the New START in 2011. In 2021, Presidents Joe Biden and Vladimir Putin agreed to extend the treaty by five years, but this agreement expired on February 5, 2026, and negotiations for a new treaty have stalled.
Tensions escalated significantly between the U.S. and Russia following the full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Shortly after, Russia was excluded from crucial weapons inspections, leading to U.S. retaliation. Currently, discussions are emerging about potential nuclear tests from both countries, though many see these as mere posturing devoid of real substance. The likelihood of a New START replacement treaty appears dimmer than ever.
Mark Bell, a professor at the University of Minnesota, argues that a new treaty limiting the U.S. arsenal to match that of Russia’s would be unattractive to the U.S. This is largely due to concerns over needing a robust deterrent against both Russia and the increasingly nuclear-capable China, which currently has 600 nuclear weapons. While this is significantly fewer than the 5,000 plus weapons possessed by the U.S. and Russia, China’s nuclear capabilities are rapidly growing. Russia is unlikely to accept any proposal that would limit its arsenal to numbers inferior to the U.S.’s, and China would resist agreements that restrict its future growth to parity with these powers. Negotiating a new treaty is fraught with complications from the outset, Bell asserts.
Historically, START I and New START are viewed as successful frameworks. Though not flawless, they have contributed to stability. However, Bell expresses skepticism regarding their true impact on global safety. He notes, “Could they have saved both superpowers some money? Perhaps. Did they provide a platform for cooperation? Certainly. But did they fundamentally alter the risk of war? I don’t think so.”
Regardless of treaty status, the threat of nuclear war persists, according to Bell. He suggests that the concept of mutually assured destruction serves as our current safeguard against nuclear conflict. “The fear of catastrophic consequences, rather than treaties, is what may deter warfare. This stabilizing factor stems from danger itself, which is an intrinsic aspect of nuclear deterrence,” he elaborates.
Conversely, some experts are more concerned about the implications of losing the treaty. Steven Herzog, a scholar at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies in Monterey, California, and former U.S. Department of Energy arms control specialist, remarked to New Scientist that the absence of New START heightens the risk of nuclear warfare.
“A lack of transparency makes global security fragile by spurring unchecked competition among leaders who might resort to nuclear capabilities,” Herzog warns. “In an environment where Russia’s unpredictability is escalating and the U.S. administration is equally volatile, it’s alarming that we lack essential measures for confidence-building and transparency that could temper an arms race.”
Although various treaties addressing nuclear weapons exist, the ambitious Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons seeks to eliminate nuclear arms completely yet lacks participation from many nuclear-armed nations. Furthermore, while several states have ratified the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, it does little to curb the existing arsenal. New START remains the only treaty that held nuclear powers accountable.
Herzog believes that both Donald Trump and Vladimir Putin could potentially reach a similar agreement if they desired. Indeed, President Putin’s proposal for an unofficial one-year extension was positively received by President Trump. However, concrete negotiations are absent, and any such accord would likely serve as a temporary fix rather than a long-term solution.
Philip Bleek, a researcher at the Middlebury Institute of International Studies, expresses that while extending the treaty could be beneficial if it allowed time for negotiating a new agreement, the long-term prospects for arms control remain bleak. “A one-year extension may lead Russia to feel their financial stake is wasted, making them less likely to engage in future talks,” he explains.
Treaty negotiations are intricate battles involving political leaders, military strategists, and intelligence officials striving for even marginal strategic advantages. Herzog notes that Russia could be at an advantage since significant personnel, such as weapons inspectors and negotiators, have been dismissed or forced out by the Trump administration.
“If we are serious about negotiating a new treaty, we likely won’t have the staffing or resources available to do so,” Herzog concludes.
Many perceive time as a finite resource that is challenging to manage. As we progress through life, the feeling that time slips away faster becomes more pronounced. Fortunately, psychological studies indicate that with a few simple changes in your daily routine, you can enhance your experience of time, making it feel more plentiful.
New Scientist engaged with Ian Taylor, an author at Loughborough University, UK. His book, Time Hack: The Psychology of Time and How to Spend It, discusses how re-evaluating our relationship with time can alleviate pressure, diminish boredom, and foster a sense of fulfillment.
Helen Thomson: Typically, physicists focus on defining time, integrating it within the equations that explain the universe. What perspective do psychologists have on time?
Ian Taylor: Time’s definition is a topic of much debate. For instance, physicists question whether time is an emergent property or a fundamental one. My focus is on the subjective perception of time, seeing it as a connective framework linking our memories to our aspirations, contributing to a sense of consistency in our lives.
How does the brain construct our perception of time?
Our brains lack a singular center for biological clocks, yet multiple processes collaborate to monitor time’s passage, creating our time sense. This perception isn’t solely dictated by our brain; it involves an intricate interplay between mind, body, and emotions. Psychologically, this internal clock accelerates or decelerates based on our cognitive engagement and attentional focus.
Reflecting on a time when my brakes failed during a car crash, I remember vividly my instructor’s advice on braking, the anxiety of informing my mother about my damaged vehicle, and regretting the song playing in the background. Calculating which cars I might hit, I even attempted to alert the couple in front of me. It seemed to take forever, but this all transpired in under a second. It felt like slowing down time—what was happening?
Emotions and motivation profoundly influence our time perception. Studies indicate that feelings of anger or sadness can distort time perception, making it feel slower, while happiness accelerates that feeling of passage. Hence, the adage: “Time flies when you’re having fun.” Yet, emotions aren’t strictly positive or negative; intensity, or level of arousal, plays a role.
In general, heightened alertness leads to a perception of slower time. Both calm and excited states are positive, but their intensities differ significantly. In crises, such as your near-accident, heightened excitement may have slowed your perception of time, acting as a survival mechanism that enhances clarity in critical moments.
Researchers are exploring various explanations for time dilation. From a motivation perspective, which is my area of focus, potential insights are emerging.
We often perceive time as fleeting when pursuing goals or engaging in enjoyable activities (approach-oriented motivational states) but experience it slowing down when avoiding unpleasant tasks (avoidance-oriented motivational states). This aligns with your crash example, where survival instincts influenced your time perception.
Is it possible to consciously manipulate your time perception based on these ideas?
Indeed. Numerous lab studies support this. For instance, participants shown appealing images, such as enticing cakes, report that time flies compared to viewing something undesirable. Participants experiencing distressing images—like mutilated bodies—report that time appears to slow due to a strong desire to evade the situation.
Feeling like you’re not having fun can increase the perception that time is passing slowly.
Martin Parr/Magnum Photos
While laboratory findings may not entirely mirror real-life scenarios, if you wish to expedite time, particularly over the next two weeks, focus on achieving what you desire, similar to the cake study. Concentrate on pursuits you value and enjoy.
On the contrary, people frequently seek ways to slow down time, often feeling rushed or time-starved. How can one cultivate a richer experience of time?
Resorting to distressing images for the sake of slowing time is not advisable. The key lies not in forcefully enriching time but in how you effectively utilize the time you have, preventing it from overwhelming you. Although today’s agenda may be identical for everyone, the difference lies in the value and enjoyment embedded in activities. If you’re merely fulfilling obligations rather than pursuing joy, you may lose the sense of time passing, leading to feelings of scarcity.
Thus, the sensation of lacking time doesn’t correspond to actual hours available but relates more to how wisely you consume that time and the feelings attached to it. In a study, researchers discovered no correlation between people’s perceived need for exercise and how busy they were objectively.
You highlight the importance of fostering a positive relationship with time in your book. What additional strategies can help cultivate this relationship?
For me, a healthy relationship with time means concluding the day without fatigue, feeling productive, and self-satisfied.
This involves being aware of time’s impact on our motivation and health. Consider the concept of ego depletion, which emerged in the 1990s. Initially, researchers posited that exerting willpower (like performing well on an exam) depleted a finite resource. However, this concept has since been dispelled. Willpower diminishes over time, as reiterated in recent studies, but it can be reactivated. This understanding aids in time management; avoid willpower-reliant tasks at night and prioritize them for mornings, when your cognitive resources are sharper.
Insights into our motivation reveal that immediate rewards drive us more than delayed ones. Whether awarding instant monetary gains for work or giving immediate gratification in exercise and diet, short-term rewards enhance motivation. Thus, it’s imperative to reward yourself right away rather than waiting for distant outcomes.
Meaningful experiences, such as traveling with loved ones, can expand your perception of time.
Martin Parr/Magnum Photos
This principle arises from the understanding that motivation is often tied to outcomes rather than actions. Individuals are driven by results, so minimizing the gap between effort and reward can amplify motivation. Immediate gains associated with actions encourage persistence.
It’s essential to recognize that busy schedules don’t equate to feeling busy. While many believe they’ll achieve satisfaction by reducing their commitments, the truth is that enhancing well-being can lead to a reduced sensation of being overwhelmed. Cultivating enjoyable activities—even without modifying your schedule—can enrich your perception of time.
What should I make of ‘dead time’? Is it advisable to eliminate it?
It largely depends on how you process ‘dead time.’ In my book, I differentiate between dead time and loneliness. Many dread being alone in their thoughts, often indulging in negative reflections.
In a revealing study, participants opted for an electric shock over 15 minutes of solitary thought. Notably, 67% of men preferred the shock, compared to just 25% of women. During idle moments, many reach for smartphones, only to find that mindless scrolling leads to greater boredom, as evidence suggests.
However, if you can navigate through anxiety and negativity during solitude, it can be transformative and generate substantial personal growth. Historical studies on solitary confinement and polar explorations reveal that the right supportive environment during isolation can foster self-sufficiency and deeper understanding.
Moreover, solitude can enhance creativity, emotional health, and clarity. Embracing traffic delays or queue times can significantly boost your well-being if you choose to confront them instead of distracting yourself.
The San people of southern Africa utilize poison arrows for hunting, a practice rooted in ancient traditions.
imageBROKER.com / Alamy
Discoveries of plant poisons on 60,000-year-old arrowheads in South Africa suggest that ancient hunters harnessed toxic materials far earlier than previously believed.
Prior to this discovery, evidence for poisoned arrows extended back only about 8,000 years. However, a 2020 study of arrow tips dating from 50,000 to 80,000 years ago indicated they exemplified designs similar to modern poison arrows.
Led by Professor Marlies Lombard, researchers at the University of Johannesburg uncovered that the tips of 60,000-year-old arrowheads were coated in a sticky substance, though poison’s presence couldn’t initially be confirmed.
Recently, Professor Lombard and her team confirmed the presence of toxic alkaloids, such as bupandrin and epibufanisin, in five quartzite arrowheads retrieved from Umhlatuzana rock caves in KwaZulu-Natal province.
The scientists believe these toxins likely originated from milky exudates from the roots of the plant species Buffondistica, which could be applied directly to arrow tips or processed to create a potent resin.
“If we found this in just one artifact, it could have been a mere coincidence,” Lombard noted. “However, finding it in five out of ten artifacts strongly indicates it was systematically used 60,000 years ago.”
The same toxic sap is still employed by the San people today, suggesting an unbroken tradition lasting at least 60,000 years.
Toxic plant traces discovered on arrow points from the Umhlatuzana rock shelter
Marlies Lombard
The plant’s poison is lethal to rodents within 30 minutes and can induce nausea and coma in humans. For larger prey, the toxins likely slowed them down, allowing hunters to successfully track and kill them.
Professor Lombard speculates that the poison may have first been discovered when early humans ingested toxic bulbs, which could lead to illness or death. The plant also possesses antiseptic, antibacterial, and hallucinogenic qualities and is utilized in traditional medicine, though accidental overdoses still occur.
To verify their findings, researchers tested arrows collected by Carl Peter Thunberg, a Swedish naturalist who documented the use of poisoned arrows by indigenous hunters in the 1770s. These tests also revealed the presence of toxic alkaloids from the same plant species.
Sven Isaacson, a member of the research team at Stockholm University, noted that this discovery signifies an early example of sophisticated plant utilization. “While humans have utilized plants for nourishment and tools for millennia, this represents a distinct advancement — harnessing the biochemical attributes of plants to create drugs, medicines, and poisons.”
Newly discovered planets orbiting V1298 Tau are unusually lightweight, possessing a density comparable to polystyrene. This discovery may bridge critical gaps in our understanding of planetary system formation.
Unlike most planets in our Milky Way galaxy, which are often larger than Earth and smaller than Neptune, this solar system showcases an uncommon configuration. Astronomers have cataloged numerous planetary systems that formed billions of years ago, complicating our understanding of their genesis.
The research team, led by John Livingstone from the Astrobiology Center in Tokyo and Eric Pettigura from UCLA, has identified four dense planets that likely formed recently around a young star, V1298 Tau, which is around 20 million years old.
“We are examining younger models of the types of planetary systems commonly found across our galaxy,” Pettigura remarked.
Initially discovered in 2017, V1298 Tau and its accompanying planets remained largely unstudied until now. Over five years, researchers utilized both terrestrial and space telescopes to observe tiny variances in orbital durations, revealing intricate gravitational interactions among the four planets. These measurements enable more precise calculations of each planet’s radius and mass.
To effectively employ this observational method, researchers required initial estimates of each planet’s orbital duration without gravitational interference. Lacking that data for the outermost planet, they relied on educated conjectures, risking inaccuracies in their calculations.
“I initially had my doubts,” Petitgras admitted. “There were numerous potential pitfalls… When we first acquired data from the outermost planet, it felt as exhilarating as making a hole-in-one in golf.”
By accurately measuring the orbital durations and subsequently estimating the radii and masses, the team determined the densities of the planets. They discovered these are the lowest-density exoplanets known, with radii spanning five to ten times that of Earth, yet only a few times its mass.
“These planets exhibit a density akin to Styrofoam, which is remarkably low,” Pettigura explained.
This low density can be attributed to the planets’ ongoing gravitational contraction, potentially classifying them as super-Earths or sub-Neptunes—types of planets typically formed during the evolutionary stages.
The planets of V1298 Tau operate in a so-called orbital resonance, indicating their orbital periods are harmonically related. This observation aligns with astronomers’ theories on the formation of most planetary systems, including our own solar system, which initially have tightly packed configurations that eventually evolve into less stable arrangements, according to Sean Raymond from the University of Bordeaux in France.
“This newly identified system of close, low-mass planets revolving around a relatively young star could provide insights into typical sub-Neptunian systems,” Raymond pointed out. “This discovery is remarkable due to the inherent challenges in characterizing such youthful systems.”
Ancient Human Jawbone Discovered in Morocco’s Man Cave
Hamza Mehimdate, Casablanca Pre-History Program
Approximately 550,000-year-old fossils discovered in North Africa potentially belong to a shared ancestor of Neanderthals, Denisovans, and modern humans, existing right before these three significant hominin lineages diverged.
Neanderthals and Denisovans, the final common ancestors of modern humans, are believed to have thrived between 765,000 and 550,000 years ago. However, key questions about their existence and habitats still challenge our understanding of human evolution.
Recent fossil discoveries suggest that researchers, including Jean-Jacques Hublin from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, are nearing the pivotal moment of divergence in ancient human lineages.
Hublin and his team examined various fossils, including two adult jawbones, one juvenile jawbone, and several vertebrae unearthed from a cave referred to as the Cave of Mankind near Casablanca, Morocco. One of the adult jawbones had been detailed in a 1969 study, while the remaining specimens are presented for the first time.
The fossilized molars share similarities with early Homo sapiens and Neanderthals, yet their jaw structures resemble ancient African Homo erectus.
Fortunately, these Moroccan hominids existed around the same period as changes in Earth’s magnetic field, recorded within the geological formations containing the fossils, allowing for precise dating to approximately 773,000 years ago.
Hublin described the find as filling a “significant gap” in the African human fossil record dating back to between one million and 600,000 years ago. Paleogenetic studies reveal that the ancestors of Neanderthals and Denisovans diverged around this time, while H. sapiens evolved independently in Africa.
The newly identified fossils are contemporaneous with a hominid population in Spain, previously hypothesized to serve as a common ancestor between Homo sapiens and Neanderthals.
Excavation Team at Moroccan Fossil Site
R. Gallotti, Casablanca Pre-History Program
Both Homo ancestors and Moroccan hominins exhibit “a mosaic of primitive and derived features,” Hublin notes, suggesting possible genetic exchanges across the Strait of Gibraltar. However, notable distinctions exist between the fossils from both areas, with Spanish specimens appearing more Neanderthal-like.
“The last common ancestor likely inhabited both sides of the Mediterranean during that era, indicating a deep African lineage for Homo sapiens opposed to the Eurasian origin theories proposed by some,” Hublin states.
Julian Lewis, a professor at Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia, expresses intrigue over the physical differences in early Pleistocene hominids closely related to our species.
“The key takeaway is that these differences have been developing for a substantial period,” Lewis concluded, alluding to the arrival of the Homo ancestor in Spain, indicating it may represent one of several species across North Africa that eventually crossed over to Europe.
Chris Stringer from the Natural History Museum in London has also contributed to this discussion. His research, including findings from human fossils in China published last year, suggests that the last common ancestor of Homo sapiens, Neanderthals, and Denisovans could date back over a million years.
“The specific continent for that common ancestor’s existence remains unknown,” Stringer remarked. “Yet even if it lived outside Africa, our analysis indicates that the evolution of Homo sapiens predominantly took place in Africa, suggesting a potential early migration back into Africa for continued evolution.”
These newly identified Moroccan fossils may even represent early specimens of Homo sapiens, though sufficient skeletal fragments are lacking for definitive classification.
Ongoing comparisons with previously studied fossils will help ascertain their evolutionary positioning.
Astronomers have made significant strides in understanding how the most prevalent type of planet in our galaxy, known as super-Earths, forms. A new study highlights that these planets begin life as “bloated” infants, rapidly shedding much of their thick atmospheres.
This groundbreaking research, published in Nature, observed four youthful exoplanets within the V1298 Tau system. Remarkably, their host star is merely 20 million years old—akin to a 5-month-old baby in cosmic terms.
Currently, these planets boast radii 5 to 10 times larger than Earth, but their masses only range from 5 to 15 times that of Earth, resulting in a density similar to that of Styrofoam.
This “bloated” state occurs as the young star’s heat and light cause the planet’s atmosphere to expand dramatically. Consequently, these planets are losing significant amounts of gas into space, eventually leading to a reduction in size to somewhere between that of Earth and Neptune.
Super-Earths and sub-Neptunes, as they are often called, have been detected around numerous other stars, establishing them as the most ubiquitous type of planet known today. However, they remain absent in our solar system.
Lacking nearby examples to study these intermediate worlds in detail has made them a “missing link” in our understanding of planetary formation and evolution.
“V1298 Tau is a crucial link between star- and planet-forming nebulae visible across the sky and the mature planetary systems we are currently discovering in abundance,” stated Dr. Eric Pettigura from the University of California, who was involved in the research.
Astronomers had speculated about this growth pattern for infant planets based on their sizes, but this marks the first instance of direct observation of the phenomenon.
“These planets have already experienced rapid changes, significantly losing their original atmospheres and cooling more swiftly than traditional models predict,” noted James Owen, a co-author from Imperial College London.
“Their evolution is ongoing. Over the next few billion years, they will continue to shed atmospheres and reduce in size, eventually forming a compact system of super-Earths and sub-Neptunes widely observed throughout the galaxy.”
A Stroke of Luck
As with many astronomical breakthroughs, this discovery resulted from both serendipity and diligent effort.
The researchers analyzed the planets by monitoring their transits—temporary declines in a star’s brightness when a planet moves in front of it. The depth of this dip indicates the planet’s radius, while the timing offers insights into its orbit.
Planets block only a small fraction of a star’s light, typically around 1%, making their detection a challenging endeavor. – Credit: ESA
While scientists were aware that these planets were on the larger side, part of the transits for the two outer planets was missed, leaving uncertainties about their orbits.
“We used computer models and educated guesses to narrow down hundreds of possibilities,” Pettigura explained.
Fortunately, their predictions proved accurate. Upon searching for the planets again using ground-based telescopes, they successfully located them on the first attempt.
“I was thrilled,” Pettigura remarked. “Given the uncertain timing, I anticipated needing at least six attempts. It felt like hitting a hole-in-one in golf.”
Once the orbits were confirmed, the team conducted a detailed analysis to determine the planets’ masses.
As planets move past each other, their gravitational forces subtly alter their orbits, affecting transit timings. The greater a planet’s mass, the stronger its gravitational pull. This enabled the researchers to differentiate timing variations to ascertain the planets’ masses.
“The unexpectedly large radii of these young planets led to the hypothesis of very low densities, which had not been previously measured,” stated Trevor David of the Flatiron Institute, who was a co-author on the first discovery of this system.
“By measuring the masses of these planets for the first time, we have provided crucial observational evidence that validates their ‘bulgy’ characteristics, establishing a significant benchmark for planetary evolution theory.”
The Importance of a Strong Intestinal Lining for Optimal Health
Shutterstock/3dMediSphere
As we age, the cells that line our intestines gradually lose their ability to regenerate, impacting our immune health. However, recent research has successfully reversed this decline in older mice using genetically modified immune cells.
This innovative approach, known as CAR T-cell therapy, is primarily used to target specific blood cancers. It entails collecting a patient’s T cells, reprogramming them in a laboratory to identify and eliminate cancerous cells, and then reintroducing them into the bloodstream. Emerging variations of this therapy show promise not only in combatting solid tumors but also in preventing arterial blockages and treating autoimmune diseases like lupus.
In a groundbreaking study, Cemil Beyaz and his team at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York, explored the application of this therapy for revitalizing the aging gut. They focused on targeting damaged cells, known as senescent cells, which accumulate over time, fail to proliferate, and secrete substances that exacerbate inflammation and promote further aging. The researchers aimed their intervention at a protein called uPAR, prevalent on aging cells.
“The decline in gut health we observe with aging is linked to diminished stem cell fitness responsible for renewing the intestinal lining every three to five days,” Beyaz states. “We posited that eliminating these ‘unfit’ senescent cells would enhance the regenerative ability and overall functionality of stem cells in older mice.”
To validate this hypothesis, the researchers engineered CAR T cells from older mice to specifically recognize and eliminate uPAR on senescent cells. Upon reintroducing these modified cells, the researchers noted a significant increase in both the activity and number of stem cells maintaining tissue function, reaching levels comparable to those observed in younger mice. The treated older mice also exhibited marked improvements in intestinal barrier integrity and reduced inflammation compared to a separate cohort that received CAR T-cell therapy targeting different mechanisms.
“By removing senescent cells, we not only inhibited the aging process but also witnessed a reversal, with tissues displaying characteristics similar to those of young mice,” said team member Corina Amor, also from Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory.
“This therapy could potentially reverse age-related declines in bowel function, decreasing vulnerability to diseases such as intestinal infections, compromised intestinal integrity, and even cancer,” explained Tuomas Tammera from Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, who was not part of the study. However, he emphasized that ensuring the treatment’s effectiveness and safety in humans remains crucial.
Onur Eskiokaku, a researcher at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, highlighted the importance of determining the optimal dosage before advancing to human trials. “While uPAR is abundant in aged, defective cells, it may also be present in healthy tissues under certain conditions,” he noted.
It’s important to remember that senescent cells aren’t all detrimental; they play roles in tumor suppression and wound healing. “We are investigating the implications of depleting uPAR expression in other tissues,” mentioned Jesse Poganic from Harvard Medical School.
Additionally, treating aging in otherwise healthy individuals is not commonplace. The complexity and expense associated with CAR-T therapy, coupled with ongoing safety concerns, suggest that widespread application for reversing aging effects is not imminent, according to Joanna Neves at the Center at King’s College London. “Safety standards for preventative treatments must be more stringent than those for oncology.”
Beyaz asserts that addressing the age-related decline in intestinal function has long posed a challenge, with no effective solutions currently available, especially when the intestinal barrier’s regenerative capability is compromised. This research marks a significant step forward, indicating that the removal of unfit cells can restore crucial functions.
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AI Tools for Women’s Health: Incomplete Answers
Oscar Wong/Getty Images
Current AI models frequently struggle to provide accurate diagnoses or advice for pressing women’s health inquiries.
Thirteen AI language models from OpenAI, Google, Anthropic, Mistral AI, and xAI were assessed with 345 medical questions spanning five fields, including emergency medicine, gynecology, and neurology. These questions were curated by 17 experts in women’s health, pharmacists, and clinicians from the US and Europe.
Expert reviewers analyzed the AI responses, cross-referencing failures against a medical expertise benchmark which includes 96 queries.
On average, 60% of the queries yielded inadequate responses based on expert evaluations. Notably, GPT-5 was the strongest performer, with a 47% failure rate, while Mistral 8B exhibited a significant 73% failure rate.
“I see more women using AI for health queries and decision support,” says Victoria-Elizabeth Gruber, a representative from Lumos AI, a firm focused on enhancing AI model assessments. She and her colleagues recognized the potential dangers of relying on technology that perpetuates existing gender imbalances in medical knowledge. “This inspired us to establish the first benchmark in this domain,” she explains.
Gruber expressed surprise over the high failure rates, stating, “We anticipated some disparities, but the variability among models was striking.”
This outcome is not unexpected, according to Kara Tannenbaum at the University of Montreal, Canada, as AI models are trained on historical data that may inherently contain biases. “It’s crucial for online health information sources and professional associations to enhance their web content with more detailed, evidence-based insights related to sex and gender to better inform AI,” she emphasizes.
Jonathan H. Chen from Stanford University notes that the claimed 60% failure rate may be misleading. “This figure is based on a limited expert-defined sample, which does not accurately represent regular inquiries from patients and doctors,” he asserts. “Some test scenarios are overly cautious and can lead to higher failure rates.” For instance, if a postpartum woman reports a headache, the model might fail if pre-eclampsia isn’t immediately suspected.
Gruber acknowledges such critiques, clarifying, “Our intent was not to label the model as broadly unsafe but to establish clear, clinically relevant evaluation criteria. We purposefully set strict benchmarks as minor omissions in the medical field can be significant in some cases.”
An OpenAI representative stated: “ChatGPT aims to support, not replace, healthcare services. We closely collaborate with clinicians globally to refine our models and continuously evaluate them to minimize harmful or misleading output. Our latest GPT-5.2 models are designed to consider critical user contexts, including gender. We take the accuracy of our outputs seriously, and while ChatGPT can offer valuable insights, we advise consulting qualified healthcare providers for treatment and care decisions.” Other companies involved in the study did not respond to requests for comments from New Scientist.
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Recent research shows that jellyfish share surprising similarities with humans, including a sleep pattern of approximately eight hours a day, complemented by short naps. Understanding the sleep behaviors of these marine creatures can shed light on the evolutionary significance of sleep.
“Interestingly, like humans, jellyfish spend about a third of their time sleeping,” states Lior Appelbaum from Bar-Ilan University in Israel.
In animals with brains, such as mammals, sleep is crucial for memory consolidation and the elimination of metabolic waste. However, it remains unclear why sleep evolved in jellyfish, which belong to the brainless cnidarian group and possess neurons arranged in simple networks.
Appelbaum and his team utilized high-resolution cameras to observe Cassiopeia Andromeda, an upside-down jellyfish, in a controlled aquarium environment. The jellyfish were subjected to cycles of light and darkness to replicate natural conditions.
During the simulated daytime, the jellyfish exhibited an average pulse rate of over 37 times per minute, demonstrating responsiveness to sudden stimuli. In contrast, their pulse rate decreased at night, and they became less reactive, indicating a sleep state. These pulsations are vital for nutrient distribution and oxygen supply within the jellyfish’s body, as explained by Appelbaum.
Overall, jellyfish typically sleep for about eight hours each night, interspersed with brief naps lasting one to two hours. Prior studies had confirmed nocturnal sleep in C. Andromeda, but the intricacies of their sleep cycles were previously unknown.
In another experiment, researchers simulated sleep disruption by pulsating water against the jellyfish, which led to even better sleep the following day. “It mirrors human behavior: when sleep-deprived at night, we tend to feel more fatigued during the day,” notes Appelbaum.
Crucially, further examination indicated that sleep in C. Andromeda is associated with reduced DNA damage. Sleep likely protects neurons from deterioration that might occur during wakefulness, as corroborated by the observation that exposing jellyfish to ultraviolet light—thereby increasing DNA damage—resulted in improved sleep patterns.
Future studies are required to determine whether similar sleep benefits apply to other jellyfish species or even mammals. The researchers also found comparable results with starlet sea anemones (Nematostella vectensis), marking a significant step in confirming sleep in these organisms, according to Appelbaum.
Ancient Humans Hunting Elephants—Evidence of Slaughtering Animals 1.8 Million Years Ago
Natural History Museum/Scientific Photography Library
Hunting an elephant is a formidable challenge, necessitating advanced tools and teamwork, offering an abundant source of protein.
A research team led by Manuel Dominguez-Rodrigo from Rice University in Texas suggests that ancient humans may have accomplished this feat approximately 1.78 million years ago in Tanzania’s Olduvai Gorge.
“Around 2 million years ago, our ancestors consistently consumed smaller game like gazelles and waterbucks but did not target larger prey,” says Dominguez-Rodrigo.
Later findings from Olduvai Gorge indicate a significant shift. This valley, abundant with both animal and human fossils formed over the past 2 million to 17,000 years, shows a marked increase in elephant and hippopotamus remains around 1.8 million years ago. However, establishing conclusive evidence of human involvement in hunting remains elusive.
In June 2022, Dominguez-Rodrigo and his team discovered what may be an ancient elephant slaughterhouse at Olduvai.
The site, dubbed the EAK site, revealed partial remains of an extinct elephant species, Elephas reki, surrounded by an array of stone tools that were much larger and sturdier than those utilized by hominins 2 million years ago. Dominguez-Rodrigo posits these tools were likely crafted by the ancient hominin Homo erectus.
“These include Pleistocene knives, known for their sharpness even today,” he notes, emphasizing their potential for butchering tasks.
Dominguez-Rodrigo and his colleagues believe these stone tools facilitated elephant slaughter. Some limb bones appear to have fractured shortly after the elephant’s demise, indicating the bones were still fresh or “green.” Unlike scavengers like hyenas that can strip meat, they can’t shatter the dense bone shafts of mature elephants.
“We discovered numerous bones in the field with fresh fractures, pointing to human use of hammer stones for processing,” he states. “These ‘green’ fractured bones are widespread in the 1.7-million-year-old landscape and bear distinct impact marks.”
However, there is a scarcity of cut marks on bones, which typically indicate butchering practices to extract meat.
It remains uncertain whether humans actively hunted the elephants or merely scavenged existing carcasses.
“What we can confirm is that they disassembled the bones—or portions of them—leaving behind tools and bones as evidence,” affirms Dominguez-Rodrigo.
He adds that the transition to hunting elephants wasn’t merely due to advancements in stone tools, but also hinted at an increase in social structure and cultural development among hominin groups.
However, Michael Pante, a researcher at Colorado State University, remains skeptical of the findings.
Pante contends that the evidence for human exploitation of this individual elephant is weak. The interpretation relies heavily on the proximity of stone tools and elephant remains, as well as the inferred fractures created by human attempts to access bone marrow.
Pante asserts that the earliest definitive evidence of hippo, giraffe, and elephant hunting in Olduvai dates back to around 80,000 years ago, as shown in the research of the 1.7-million-year-old HWK EE site.
“In contrast to the EAK site, the bones at HWK EE exhibit cut marks and are associated with thousands of other bones and artifacts within an archaeological context,” he explains.
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Struggling to recall numerous passwords? If you can remember them all, you either have too few or are using the same one across multiple sites. By 2026, this challenge could become obsolete.
Passwords present significant cybersecurity challenges; hackers trade stolen credentials daily. A Verizon analysis reveals that only 3% of passwords are complex enough to resist hacking attempts.
Fortunately, an innovative solution is emerging, making data security simpler. Instead of cumbersome passwords, biometric authentication—such as facial recognition or fingerprint scanning—is increasingly being used for seamless logins.
“Passwordless authentication is becoming universal, providing robust security against phishing and brute force attacks,” says Jake Moore, an expert at cybersecurity firm ESET.
If you currently access your banking apps with your fingerprint, you’re already utilizing this cutting-edge method. It generates two cryptographic “passkeys”: a public key sent to your service (like your bank) during account creation and a private key securely stored on your device.
To log in, your bank sends a one-time cryptographic challenge to your device instead of requesting a password. Your fingerprint unlocks a secure chip that uses your private key to sign the challenge, sending the signed response back to your bank for verification against the public key. Importantly, your biometric data remains on your device. “Passkeys offer security, ease of use, and unparalleled convenience,” adds Moore.
Major companies are actively pushing passkey adoption. Microsoft announced in May 2025 that new accounts created with them will default to passwordless. “While passwords have been prevalent for centuries, their reign could soon come to an end,” the company stated. More organizations are expected to follow suit within the next year. Moore anticipates that as additional platforms embrace passkeys, more users will turn to biometric solutions that frequently scan their faces.
Various sectors are embracing passkey technology. Online gaming platform Roblox is rapidly expanding its use of passkeys, as shown by a 856% increase in authenticating users, with the public sector also participating; the German Federal Employment Agency ranks among the leading organizations adopting passkeys.
“Decreasing dependence on passwords benefits every organization,” affirms Andrew Schikier from the FIDO Alliance, which advocates for passkey integration. This transition also alleviates user concerns: data reveals that organizations switching to passkeys see an 81% drop in IT helpdesk requests regarding login issues. Schikier predicts that over half of the top 1,000 websites will adopt passkeys by 2026.
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Introduction
Since the 5th century AD, the phrase “In the beginning” has sparked intrigue, originating from the writings of an Israeli priest known as “P.” This profound beginning resonates with our modern understanding of the cosmos. Here’s a glimpse into the universe’s birth:
Words falter when describing the universe’s origins, transcending mere physics and human experience. By retracing our steps, we assert that the universe emerged from a hot Big Bang approximately 13.8 billion years ago. The early universe, characterized by rapid expansion, underwent quantum fluctuations, which left enduring marks.
These fluctuations allowed some regions to expand more rapidly, forming hyperdensities of hot matter, while others lagged, resulting in varying densities. About 100 seconds post-Big Bang, baryonic matter took shape: hydrogen nuclei, helium nuclei, and free electrons. Alongside, dark matter emerged as its elusive counterpart.
Initially, the universe existed as a hot plasma—fluidic and dominated by intense radiation—expanding with Big Bang momentum, aided by dark energy. As expansion slowed over 9 billion years, dark energy escalated the expansion rate.
This early universe’s excess density was predominantly dark matter, with small baryonic matter contributions. Gravity pulled these together, while radiation acted as a binding force. The pressure from this radiation created acoustic vibrations or sound waves within the plasma.
Although these waves were not audible, they traveled faster than half the speed of light, with wavelengths spanning millions of light-years. This era signifies the genesis of our universe.
As the pressure waves from radiation expanded outward, they dragged negatively charged electrons and their heavier baryon counterparts. Dark matter, indifferent to radiation interactions, remained behind, resulting in a spherical wave of dense baryonic material expanding outward.
The propagation speed of these sound waves reflected the baryonic material and radiation’s density. Early waves had smaller amplitudes and higher frequencies, readily damped after minimal cycles, akin to ultrahigh-frequency sound waves.
As the universe continued its expansion and cooldown, roughly 380,000 years later, electrons merged with hydrogen and helium nuclei, giving rise to neutral atoms in a process known as recombination. This event, spanning about 100,000 years, produced cosmic background radiation—an elusive imprint awaiting discovery.
Map of Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation Exhibiting Density Fluctuations
Collaboration between ESA and Planck
The radiation pressure and sound speed decreased significantly, creating a frozen spherical shell of baryonic material, similar to debris washed ashore by a storm. The largest compressional wave left behind a concentrated sphere of visible matter, termed the sonic horizon, roughly 480 million light-years from the original overdensity.
Early compressional waves left minor imprints on the universe’s matter distribution, while later waves, generated right before recombination, exhibited greater amplitude and lower frequency, observable in today’s cosmic background radiation.
Consequently, regions of high density yield slightly warmer background radiation, while lower density areas produce cooler radiation. This frozen state incorporates traces of matter distribution just after the Big Bang, known as a “feature of the universe.”
The wavelength of these final sound waves closely relates to the curvature of space, while the Hubble constant integrates our understanding of the cosmos measured over 13 billion years.
Both quantum fluctuations and acoustic vibrations provide distinct signatures, akin to cosmic fingerprints. The first evidence emerged on April 23, 1992, revealing temperature variations in a cosmic background radiation map produced by the COBE satellite. George Smoot, the lead researcher, highlighted its monumental significance, describing it as a divine encounter for believers.
Observing distinct directions in the cosmos creates a triangle projecting into space, with the vertex angle referred to as the angular scale. A favorable horizon results in a higher probability of encountering a hot spot within the cosmic background approximately 480 million light-years from another hot spot, corresponding to an angular scale of around 1°.
This measurement surpasses the resolution of earlier instruments, with the WMAP and Planck satellite missions unveiling additional acoustic vibrations down to angular scales under 0.1°.
The origins of baryonic matter contributed to cosmic structures, with small overdensities serving as seeds for star and galaxy formation, while underdensities created voids within the universe’s large-scale structure, known as the cosmic web. Thus, the probability of finding galaxy chains roughly 480 million light-years from each other slightly increases.
By analyzing acoustic vibrations, astrophysicists have accurately assessed cosmological parameters, including baryonic matter density, dark matter, dark energy, and the Hubble constant among others. However, contentment is elusive, as the standard cosmological inflation model (Lambda CDM) reveals we only observe 4.9% of the universe, with dark matter comprising 26.1% and dark energy making up 69%.
The enigma remains: we have yet to uncover the true nature of dark matter and dark energy.
Jim Baggott’s upcoming book, Disharmony: A History of the Hubble Constant Problem, is scheduled for release in the US by Oxford University Press in January 2026.
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have verified the presence of a starless, hydrogen-rich object primarily composed of dark matter. These intriguing entities, referred to as reionization-limited HI clouds (RELHICs), are remnants of the early Universe. They pose challenges to traditional theories of galaxy formation and may indicate undiscovered populations of similar cosmic structures.
This image illustrates the location of RELHIC object Cloud-9. Image credits: NASA / ESA / VLA / Gagandeep Anand, STScI / Alejandro Benitez-Llambay, University of Milan-Bicocca / Joseph DePasquale, STScI.
The RELHIC object, known as Cloud-9, was detected using the 500-meter Aperture Spherical Telescope (FAST) and its existence was independently verified by the Very Large Array (VLA) and the Green Bank Telescope (GBT).
“This is the narrative of a failed galaxy,” states astronomer Alejandro Benítez Lambay from the University of Milano-Bicocca.
“Scientific advancements often arise from failures rather than successes. In this case, the absence of stars confirms our theoretical framework,” he adds.
“This discovery reveals primordial components of galaxies yet to form within our local universe.”
The core of Cloud-9 consists of neutral hydrogen and spans approximately 4,900 light-years in diameter.
This object is positioned in proximity to the spiral galaxy Messier 94, shares its recession velocity, and is approximately 14.3 million light-years away from Earth.
“Cloud-9 represents a crucial glimpse into the enigmatic dark universe,” remarked Dr. Andrew Fox, an astronomer at ESA’s Association of Universities for Astronomical Research/Space Telescope Science Institute (AURA/STScI).
“Theoretical models suggest that a majority of the universe’s mass is composed of dark matter, which does not emit light, thus making it challenging to detect.”
“Cloud-9 offers a rare opportunity to study clouds dominated by dark matter.”
The findings discount the presence of dwarf galaxies with detectable stellar masses.
“The lack of observable stars reinforces the interpretation of this system as a RELHIC—a starless dark matter halo filled with hydrostatic gas in thermal equilibrium with the cosmic ultraviolet background,” stated the researchers.
Cloud-9 stands as a prime candidate for a compact HI cloud and offers robust empirical support for the ΛCDM (lambda cold dark matter) model, a leading cosmological framework.
This model predicts the existence of a starless dark matter halo filled with gas on subgalactic mass scales that have yet to form stars.
“The discovery of Cloud-9 also refines the current thresholds for halo mass required for galaxy formation, bringing us closer to understanding why some dark matter halos host galaxies while others remain barren,” concluded the researchers.
For detailed findings, look for the upcoming publication in the Astrophysics Journal Letter.
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Gagandeep S. Anand et al. 2025. The first RELHIC? Cloud-9 is a starless gas cloud. APJL 993, L55; doi: 10.3847/2041-8213/ae1584
Artist’s Impression of BepiColombo Spacecraft Near Mercury
Source: ESA/ATG Media Lab
In 2026, the highly anticipated BepiColombo spacecraft is set to orbit Mercury, promising to unlock the planet’s long-standing mysteries.
BepiColombo is a collaborative mission involving the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA). This intricate mission includes the Mercury Planetary Orbiter (MPO) and the Mercury Magnetospheric Orbiter (Mio), tethered to the Mercury Transport Module (MTM).
Since its launch in 2018, the MTM has made six flybys of Mercury, skillfully utilizing the planet’s gravity to facilitate its descent into orbit, a method pioneered by Giuseppe “Bepi” Colombo.
This mission has already gathered crucial scientific insights, including data about the solar wind and high-resolution imagery of Mercury’s surface. However, the MPO’s advanced instruments, including X-ray spectrometers, remain inactive due to obstructions by the MTM.
In September 2026, the MPO and Mio will detach from the MTM, embarking on their final descent into orbit, completing this phase by November when their focus will shift to detailed studies of Mercury.
According to Charlie Feldman, a researcher at the University of Leicester who contributed to the MPO’s instruments, “We’re hopeful that our equipment will function as intended. With the extensive time invested in building it, the excitement comes with a degree of anxiety.”
Alongside capturing intricate details of Mercury’s magnetosphere, the MPO will extensively map and analyze the planet’s surface using its spectrometer and other tools. “This represents the first X-ray imagery of an extraterrestrial surface,” Feldman noted.
Such observations may unravel enigmas surrounding the significant X-ray emissions detected from Mercury’s night side in prior missions. Additionally, the spacecraft will assess X-rays emitted from the sun-facing side, unearthing new insights into Mercury’s geological composition and evolution. “Deciphering how planets formed gives us a broader understanding of solar system dynamics,” Feldman stated.
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The space station industry is experiencing significant growth. For years, the only option for sending astronauts and experiments into orbit was the International Space Station (ISS). However, as NASA plans to deorbit the ISS by the end of the decade, a new commercially owned space station is set to emerge.
Mary Guenther, director of space policy at the Progressive Policy Institute in Washington, DC, states, “These developments have been in progress for years, primarily alongside NASA, with hardware expected to begin operations in 2026.” While privately developed modules have been attached to the ISS, never before has there been a fully independent commercial space station.
Without the ISS, a commercial space station will be essential. Guenther emphasizes, “It’s time for NASA to advance into uncharted territory and leave the operation of a low Earth orbit space station to commercial entities.”
In 2026, two companies, including the startup Vast, are poised to launch operations in the U.S. Vast plans to deploy the Haven-1 station aboard SpaceX’s Falcon 9 rocket as early as May. This station is smaller and simpler than the ISS and will use SpaceX’s Crew Dragon capsule for certain life support systems, marking a historic milestone as the first commercial space station.
The Haven-1 is designed to accommodate a crew of four for space tourism, featuring a photography dome and Wi-Fi, in addition to hosting smaller-scale microgravity experiments. It is envisioned as a precursor to the larger Haven-2, which Vast executive teams aim to position as a successor to the ISS.
“Everyone, including Vast, is preparing for 2030,” says Colin Smith from Vast. “With the ISS scheduled to deorbit at the end of 2030, there’s a growing urgency as we near 2025.”
Sierra Space is another player with plans for a 2026 space station, currently developing the Dream Chaser spaceplane. This company intends to launch a prototype of its expandable space station module called the Large Scale Integrated Flexible Environment in 2026, which will be part of the collaborative Orbital Reef project led by Blue Origin and Sierra Space.
The era of commercial space stations promises to differ significantly from that of the ISS, given the broader array of industry participants. “Numerous commercial space station models are emerging to cater to various markets,” Guenther notes. “I am eager to see how these companies distinguish themselves in order to attract clientele, and how competition can spur innovation.”
Many anticipate that private space stations will considerably lower the cost of operating in orbit, similarly to how private launch providers have made space access more economical.
“The ISS is the most expensive structure humanity has ever constructed, costing about $150 billion to support just seven individuals. Without changes, there will be no future for space commerce, manufacturing, or habitation,” Smith comments. “Our vision is to empower millions to thrive in space, and the steps we take now will pave the way for that future.”
Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether market demand will support a flourishing space economy. The prospect of establishing multiple specialized space stations in orbit is thrilling, yet it necessitates clients beyond NASA and other national space organizations. As new stations commence operations this year, their sustainability will soon become apparent.
“There exist promising industries poised to expand into space, such as pharmaceuticals and materials,” Guenther remarks. “It will be fascinating to see which of these sectors flourish and grow.”
Subsidies Promote Adoption of Low-Emission Technologies like Electric Vehicles
Kent Nishimura/Los Angeles Times via Getty Images
To achieve net-zero greenhouse gas emissions in the United States by 2050, implementing green subsidies is essential, complemented by a potential carbon tax, both of which may face opposition under President Donald Trump.
Introducing a price or tax on carbon emissions stands out as the most effective strategy to curb carbon output. However, the U.S. government has continually struggled to enact cap-and-trade laws that would limit emissions and require companies surpassing these limits to buy allowances.
Subsidies are straightforward to deploy and could lower the cost of adopting low-emission technologies, including electric vehicles, thus alleviating the financial impact of carbon pricing.
Wei Peng at Princeton University analyzed the implications of subsidies and carbon taxes to find the most effective policy sequence for emissions reduction in the U.S.
The results indicate that subsidies could lead to a 32% reduction in energy system emissions by 2030; however, this impact may decrease over time as fossil fuels like natural gas remain economically viable.
Conversely, implementing a carbon tax in 2035 could result in the phase-out of most fossil fuels, reducing overall emissions by more than 80% by 2050.
“Subsidies will help cultivate green industries, but we will still require regulatory enforcement to meet decarbonization objectives,” states Penn. “The key question is how to navigate that transition.”
Following President Joe Biden’s 2050 net-zero aim, recent legislation has introduced tax incentives for investments in green infrastructure, ranging from electric vehicle charging stations to carbon sequestration technologies. In contrast, President Trump dismissed these subsidies as “the new green scam” and rescinded many of them.
This unpredictable policy landscape is “the worst-case scenario,” according to Peng. “This inconsistency will either slow down decarbonization or inflate costs.”
If subsidies are reinstated post-Trump’s presidency in 2029, along with introducing a carbon tax by 2045, researchers conclude that the carbon tax would need to be 67% higher than current rates to achieve net-zero emissions. This is primarily due to the necessity of employing costly technology to extract vast amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
Yet, researchers suggest that “accelerated innovation” through unforeseen technological breakthroughs could lessen the need for stringent regulations.
The findings advocate strongly for a carbon pricing model, yet extending this analysis globally would yield richer insights into effective carrot-and-stick combinations, notes Gregory Nemet at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Countries like China and those in the European Union have adopted extensive subsidies and carbon pricing initiatives, leading to advancements such as affordable solar panels, which empower other nations to cut emissions.
“Progress is ongoing in these regions, along with robust policy frameworks,” remarks Nemet. “This fosters accelerated innovation, and the U.S. stands to benefit significantly from this evolution.”
Wondering, Should I quit HIIT? It seems like you may be looking for a break from those intensive kettlebell classes. HIIT, or high intensity interval training, can indeed feel overwhelming for beginners.
This method of exercise is favored by many due to its efficiency and impressive health benefits.
Research shows that HIIT can enhance endurance, promote fat loss, build muscle strength, and improve key health markers like blood pressure and blood sugar control.
However, HIIT isn’t suitable for everyone.
Individuals with certain health conditions, particularly lung issues, are often advised to limit or avoid HIIT. Moreover, there’s evidence suggesting that excessive HIIT can lead to negative effects.
In a study from Sweden, researchers discovered that exceeding 150 minutes of HIIT per week could result in stagnated athletic performance and increased oxidative stress in cells.
This effect tends to occur with each HIIT session but lasts only briefly. As long as you’re not overtraining, incorporating a long-term boost of antioxidants can help mitigate the biological stress your body experiences.
Find a sustainable exercise routine for long-term health benefits – Photo credit: Getty
Most health recommendations suggest that up to 90 minutes of HIIT per week is perfectly acceptable.
If you’re still uncertain, that’s understandable. The best exercise is often the one you enjoy and can maintain in the long run.
Interestingly, research from Copenhagen found that slow runners have a lower risk of mortality compared to their faster counterparts.
Another advantage of “steady state” exercises is the ability to converse while working out, making it perfect for social runs with friends.
Unfortunately, that’s not the case with HIIT; when your heart rate exceeds 150 bpm, chatting becomes nearly impossible.
This article addresses the query submitted by Bruce Morris: “Should I quit HIIT?”
If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or connect with us on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (make sure to include your name and location).
Discover more in our ultimatefun factsand amazing science pages.
Astronomers reveal new insights into the factors influencing star formation efficiency in the densest regions of galaxies through Caffeine research.
GAL316: A massive star-forming region. Image credit: ESO / M. Matten / André et al. / VVV.
In this groundbreaking study, astronomer Michael Mattern from the University of Paris-Saclay and his team meticulously mapped dense gas across 49 giant star-forming complexes located approximately 3,000 parsecs away within our galaxy’s disk.
“Creating stars is a challenging endeavor, and the process lacks efficiency,” the astronomers stated.
“Current understanding indicates that a certain minimum density of gas and dust is necessary for stars to form.”
“Only about 1 to 2 percent of the gas and dust in these regions is utilized in the ignition of a star.”
“Could denser regions exhibit higher efficiency in star formation?”
“We are examining GAL316, one of the remarkable stellar nurseries we observed, to explore this question,” they elaborated.
The ongoing CAFFEINE survey employs the ArTéMiS camera on the Atacama Pathfinder Experiment (APEX), a state-of-the-art radio telescope situated on the Chajnantor Plateau.
“APEX, managed by the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy, has successfully captured the faint emissions of cold gas clouds, visible as blue glows in GAL316 images,” the researchers revealed.
“This glow overlays a starry backdrop, successfully recorded by ESO’s VISTA telescope.”
They discovered that as gas density increases past a specific threshold, the efficiency of star formation – the conversion rate of gas into stars – does not proportionately escalate.
This observation contradicts existing models that suggest a continual rise in star formation with density increases.
Conversely, the efficiency remains nearly constant in extremely dense gas, reinforcing the notion that stars primarily form within filamentous structures in clouds, a process dictated by the fragmentation of these filaments into protostar cores.
The findings suggest a potential gas density threshold for efficient star formation, bolstering the hypothesis that the physics of dense filaments governs star formation, rather than turbulence or feedback from nascent stars alone.
This research represents one of the most thorough efforts to date in connecting the physical structure of dense gas with star formation efficiency, paving the way for future observations and simulations that aim to elucidate the emergence of Sun-like stars from interstellar clouds.
“Our results indicate that the densest regions observed in this Caffeine study show similar efficiencies in star production compared to other stellar nurseries, provided they exceed the minimum density,” the scientists remarked.
Their findings are detailed in a published paper in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.
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M. Mattern et al. 2024. Investigating star formation efficiency in dense gas: Initial results from the CAFFEINE survey utilizing ArTéMiS. A&A 688, A163; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202449908
Humans have larger brains relative to body size compared to other primates, which leads to a higher glucose demand that may be supported by gut microbiota changes influencing host metabolism. In this study, we investigated this hypothesis by inoculating germ-free mice with gut bacteria from three primate species with varying brain sizes. Notably, the brain gene expression in mice receiving human and macaque gut microbes mirrored patterns found in the respective primate brains. Human gut microbes enhanced glucose production and utilization in the mouse brains, suggesting that differences in gut microbiota across species can impact brain metabolism, indicating that gut microbiota may help meet the energy needs of large primate brains.
Decasian et al. provided groundbreaking data showing that gut microbiome shapes brain function differences among primates. Image credit: DeCasien et al., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2426232122.
“Our research demonstrates that microbes influence traits critical for understanding evolution, especially regarding the evolution of the human brain,” stated Katie Amato, lead author and researcher at Northwestern University.
This study builds upon prior research revealing that introducing gut microbes from larger-brained primates into mice leads to enhanced metabolic energy within the host microbiome—a fundamental requirement for supporting the development and function of energetically costly large brains.
The researchers aimed to examine how gut microbes from primates of varying brain sizes affect host brain function. In a controlled laboratory setting, they transplanted gut bacteria from two large-brained primates (humans and squirrel monkeys) and a smaller-brained primate (macaque) into germ-free mice.
Within eight weeks, mice with gut microbes from smaller-brained primates exhibited distinct brain function compared to those with microbes from larger-brained primates.
Results indicated that mice hosting larger-brained microbes demonstrated increased expression of genes linked to energy production and synaptic plasticity, vital for the brain’s learning processes. Conversely, gene expression associated with these processes was diminished in mice hosting smaller-brained primate microbes.
“Interestingly, we compared our findings from mouse brains with actual macaque and human brain data, and, to our surprise, many of the gene expression patterns were remarkably similar,” Dr. Amato remarked.
“This means we could alter the mouse brain to resemble that of the primate from which the microbial sample was derived.”
Another notable discovery was the identification of gene expression patterns associated with ADHD, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and autism in mice with gut microbes from smaller-brained primates.
Although previous research has suggested correlations between conditions like autism and gut microbiome composition, definitive evidence linking microbiota to these conditions has been lacking.
“Our study further supports the idea that microbes may play a role in these disorders, emphasizing that the gut microbiome influences brain function during developmental stages,” Dr. Amato explained.
“We can speculate that exposure to ‘harmful’ microorganisms could alter human brain development, possibly leading to the onset of these disorders. Essentially, if critical human microorganisms are absent in early stages, functional brain changes may occur, increasing the risk of disorder manifestations.”
These groundbreaking findings will be published in today’s Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
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Alex R. Decassian et al. 2026. Primate gut microbiota induces evolutionarily significant changes in neurodevelopment in mice. PNAS 123(2): e2426232122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2426232122
Gravitational microlensing surveys have unveiled populations of free-floating planets. Although their masses haven’t been directly measured due to distance-related challenges, statistics suggest that many of these rogue planets possess less mass than Jupiter. Recently, astronomers identified a groundbreaking microlensing event, termed KMT-2024-BLG-0792/OGLE-2024-BLG-0516. This event involved an exoplanet with approximately 21.9% of Jupiter’s mass, situated 9,785 light-years (3,000 parsecs) from the Milky Way’s center.
An artist’s impression of a free-floating exoplanet. Image credit: Sci.News.
Traditionally, planets are linked to stars, but research indicates that many traverse the galaxy independently.
Known as free-floating or rogue planets, these celestial bodies lack stellar companions.
Due to their low light emissions, they are primarily detected through their gravitational influences, a technique known as microlensing.
A significant challenge of this discovery method is determining the distances to these planets, complicating mass measurements.
This has left much of the data regarding these solitary objects speculative.
In a recent study, Dr. Subo Dong from Peking University and the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan and collaborators discovered a new free-floating planet, KMT-2024-BLG-0792/OGLE-2024-BLG-0516, via a brief microlensing event.
In contrast to prior approaches, they utilized a novel strategy by observing the microlensing phenomenon concurrently from Earth and space, leveraging multiple ground-based surveys alongside ESA’s Gaia space telescope.
Variations in the timing of light captured by these different locations facilitated measurements of microlens parallax, enabling researchers to calculate the planet’s mass and position through finite source modeling.
“Based on comparisons with the statistical characteristics of other microlensing events and simulation predictions, we conclude that this object didn’t originate as an isolated entity (like a brown dwarf) but likely formed within a protoplanetary disk (like a planet),” the astronomers noted.
“Subsequent dynamic processes likely ejected it from its formation site, resulting in a free-floating object.”
For further details, check out the study published in this month’s Science: paper.
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Subo Dong et al. 2026. Microlensing of free-floating planets caused by heavy objects in Saturn’s vicinity. Science 391 (6780): 96-99; doi: 10.1126/science.adv9266
For over 20 years, Sahelanthropus tchadensis, one of the earliest hominid species (dating back 6.7 to 7.2 million years), was discovered in Chad in 2001. This species is central to a heated debate: Did our earliest ancestors walk upright? A groundbreaking study by paleoanthropologists at New York University provides compelling evidence supporting this notion. The research indicates that Sahelanthropus tchadensis, an ape-like ancestor from Africa, showcases some of the earliest adaptations for bipedal terrestrial locomotion.
Reconstruction of Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Image credit: University of Silesia.
According to New York University, “Sahelanthropus tchadensis was essentially a bipedal ape with a brain size similar to that of a chimpanzee, likely spending considerable time foraging and finding safety in trees,” as noted by Dr. Scott Williams.
“Despite its ape-like appearance, Sahelanthropus tchadensis demonstrated adaptations for bipedal posture and movement on land,” Dr. Williams added.
The team focused on the femur and two partial forearm bones found at the Toros Menara site in Chad. Previous research had asserted that these bones were too ape-like to indicate upright walking; however, this latest study utilizes 3D shape modeling and anatomical analysis tailored to human locomotion.
“These characteristics suggest a similarity in hip and knee function between Sahelanthropus tchadensis and modern humans, possibly representing fundamental adaptations toward bipedalism in the human lineage,” the researchers concluded.
Although the external shape of the limb bones resembles that of chimpanzees, the proportions indicate a more human-like configuration.
The researchers found that the relationships between arm and leg lengths are comparable to modern bonobos and early human predecessors.
Notably, they discovered the femoral tubercle—a bony structure on the femur crucial for attaching the iliofemoral ligament, which stabilizes the human hip joint—unique to hominids.
Additionally, the femur exhibited significant internal torsion known as front twist (medial torsion of the femoral shaft), a feature linked to aligning the knee with the body’s center of gravity during walking, distinctly present in hominids compared to extant apes and extinct Miocene species.
These findings challenge long-held beliefs regarding the timeline and mechanics of upright walking evolution.
Scientists propose that bipedalism emerged gradually rather than as a sudden change. “We consider the evolution of bipedalism as an ongoing process,” researchers stated.
“Sahelanthropus tchadensis could represent an early form of habitual bipedalism.”
“In addition to terrestrial bipedalism, Sahelanthropus tchadensis likely engaged in various arboreal activities, including vertical climbing, forelimb suspension from branches, and both arboreal quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion.”
The study interprets this fossil as evidence of early human evolution from an ape-like ancestor, asserting that chimpanzee-like species are positioned near the root of the human family tree.
“Our analysis reveals that Sahelanthropus tchadensis demonstrates an early adaptation for bipedalism, suggesting that this trait evolved early in our lineage from ancestors closely related to present-day chimpanzees and bonobos,” Dr. Williams stated.
For further details, refer to the study published in this month’s issue of Scientific Advances.
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Scott A. Williams et al., 2026. The Earliest Evidence of Bipedalism in Humans: Sahelanthropus tchadensis. Scientific Advances 12(1); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adv0130
Deep within Bolivia’s seasonally flooded savannah, a small olive-green songbird has eluded scientific classification for decades. After 60 years of misidentification, ornithologists have finally confirmed that this bird is not merely a regional variant within the genus Hylophilus. It represents a completely new species. This discovery adds to South America’s rich avian diversity and underscores the vast unknowns still present within even well-studied bird families.
Beni Greenlet (Hylophilus moxensis), January 10, 2024, in its habitat near San Ramon, Beni, Bolivia. Observe the pale brownish-gray pinnae, dark lore, the base of the dark commissures, the clefts across the crown and frontal area, and the dark iris. Image credit: Tini Wijpkema.
The newly identified species belongs to the Hylophilus genus, part of the Vireonidae family, which includes vireos, greenlets, and shrikes.
With the scientific name Hylophilus moxensis (common name: Beni Greenlet), this bird thrives in the wet scrublands of Bolivia’s Beni Savannah, an ecologically unique area also known as Llanos de Moxos.
“Morphological differences among many Hylophilus Greenlet species are subtle. Most display shades of green, gray, yellow, and brown,” explains Dr. Paul Van Els, an ornithologist at the National Museum of History in La Paz, Bolivia. He and his colleagues detailed their findings in a recent paper.
“For certain species, iris color is one of the most effective traits to differentiate them from similarly appearing relatives.”
By analyzing one mitochondrial and three nuclear genes, the research team clarified the uncertainty surrounding this population.
Results revealed that the Beni population is distinct from known species and is more closely related to Hylophilus poirotis and Hylophilus amaurocephalus, which diverged approximately 6.6 million years ago.
In contrast, the latter two species separated from one another about 3.5 million years ago.
Van Els and his team also conducted comprehensive analyses of facial plumage, eye color, and vocalizations.
Research indicates that the Hylophilus moxensis can be uniquely identified by the absence of black or brown markings behind the ears, a trait consistently found in closely related species, along with uniformly dark brown eyes and a distinctive vocal pattern.
In vocal studies, researchers observed that this species’ calls feature “V-shaped notes,” and their vocalizations include overtones reminiscent of female Hylophilus amaurocephalus calls—a unique combination not shared with either comparative species.
The discovery of Hylophilus moxensis contributes to a growing list of endemic species found in the Beni savannah.
While scientists currently do not regard this species as threatened with extinction, they caution that extensive agricultural burning poses significant threats to the region’s biodiversity.
“Recognizing Hylophilus moxensis should enhance conservation priorities in this area,” the authors noted.
“Rampant agricultural burning poses a serious risk to the region’s biodiversity.”
“Though we cannot accurately estimate the population size of Hylophilus moxensis, we do not currently consider it at risk of extinction, as there remains extensive suitable habitat.”
“However, the relatively low number of sightings might indicate issues beyond mere observer rarity, potentially reflecting a truly localized population.”
This year will be a transformative journey of self-care inspired by the stars.
It has been 20 years since I first experienced profound envy witnessing someone’s ability to navigate the night sky. Back in 2006, while covering a conference in La Jolla, California, I had the chance to meet renowned astrophysicist Neil de Grasse Tyson. One evening, at dinner under the stars, he dazzled us with a laser pointer, mapping out constellations effortlessly. That moment ignited a promise to become a stargazer upon returning home.
Yet, I haven’t fully embraced my stargazing journey. Beyond the familiar Orion and the Big Dipper lies a vast universe I have yet to explore. One could attribute this to urban streetlights, but perhaps it’s also the realization that a love for the night sky is often nurtured during childhood. Those fortunate enough to be introduced to stargazing, typically by family, tend to develop a lasting connection and report better mental health.
Connecting with the universe promotes well-being. Research indicates that this connection is associated with numerous positive mental health benefits. In fact, studies suggest it even encourages generosity.
The term Noctocaelador, from Latin meaning “night,” “sky,” and “worship,” was coined by William Kelly in 2003 to describe the joy and mental health benefits of stargazing. Participants of his study expressed sentiments like, “I truly enjoyed gazing at the night sky” and “Stargazing uplifted my mood.”
This aligns with recent findings on Gen Z’s affinity for the night sky. Holly Brenna McNiven’s research indicates that many in this generation report a love for stargazing, attributing it to positive aspects of well-being tied to early experiences with astronomy.Her master’s project at Trinity Saint David’s, University of Wales, suggests that many young people cultivate their stargazing passion through shared experiences, particularly with familial connections.
Regrettably, I missed out on fostering a love for the stars in my early years, but it’s not too late. Nowadays, we don’t always need clear and dark nights to appreciate the universe. With the rising levels of light pollution, it’s reassuring that we can still connect through various resources. Who needs a clear sky when digital platforms like TikTok have unveiled a vibrant community of astronomers, affectionately termed “SpaceTok”?
While most users are from Gen Z, I remain grateful that even during cloudy nights, I can explore the universe through literature. Brian May’s new book, Endless Islands, offers stunning stereoscopic photographs of galaxies. For Christmas, I received Nigel Henbest’s Stargazing 2026, a comprehensive guide to this year’s celestial highlights. With a laser pointer in hand, I’ll soon be navigating the stars as effortlessly as Tyson.
Michael Brooks is a science journalist and author with a focus on physics.
Many individuals set New Year’s resolutions to lose weight, particularly following the holiday festivities. Traditionally, this involved adopting a new diet, waking up early for workouts, and other habits that can be challenging to sustain. Consequently, it’s no surprise that numerous people abandon their goals within weeks.
Today, however, an alternative has emerged: weight loss medications. Instead of solely depending on lifestyle changes, individuals can benefit from regular doses of GLP-1 agonists or other therapeutic tablets (as highlighted on page 6). Health professionals still recommend integrating these medications with consistent physical activity for optimal results.
GLP-1 drugs are not only transforming our cyclical health regimens. Restaurants are now crafting menus specifically for Ozempic diners, featuring smaller portion sizes for customers who experience reduced appetite. Additionally, supermarkets have reported declines in sales due to decreased demand from those using these medications. Airlines are also considering the implications, as decreased average passenger weight could lower fuel expenses.
While it’s unclear how much these trends can be attributed to GLP-1 drugs—which are currently used by a minority—and the extent of their impact on brands reacting to this health trend, the statistics surrounding obesity are alarming. Approximately 1 billion individuals globally are affected by obesity, and the adoption of these medications is expected to rise. According to World Health Organization estimates, fewer than 10 percent of people will utilize GLP-1 drugs by 2030, yet this still represents a substantial demographic.
“
Restaurants are designing menus featuring reduced portions for Ozempic diners. “
New advancements in medication are in development (refer to page 7), and the potential impacts could be even more significant. Beyond weight reduction, GLP-1 agonists have shown promise in treating various conditions, from addiction to eye diseases like cataracts.
While there remain numerous uncertainties regarding the long-term consequences, the results of discontinuation, and enhancing accessibility, the future appears bright. As we advance further into the 21st century, weight loss drugs are poised to play a crucial role in shaping health and wellness trends.
Megan Eaves-Egenes’ Nightfaring delves into our relationship with the night sky
Shutterstock / danm12
In the northern hemisphere, January often feels like the longest, dullest month. Luckily, a host of new science books brighten our days! This month, we explore topics from the enriching role of art in our lives to the overlooked significance of friction. Have you considered the origin of ideas? What do we lose by lighting up our skies? Perhaps January just isn’t enough…
Art Cure examines the effects of art and dance on mental health.”
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Daisy Fancourt’s Art Cure investigates the impact of arts, including dance, on mental health.
What if engaging in activities like playing piano, dancing, or visiting art galleries could enhance our mental and physical well-being? Can these experiences bolster our resilience against conditions like dementia? These thought-provoking ideas are explored in Daisy Fancourt’s groundbreaking book. As a psychobiology and epidemiology professor at University College London, her insights offer a refreshing perspective, with British TV doctor Zand van Tureken hailing it as an “amazing antidote” to misleading health narratives. It’s an invitation to embrace joy—what’s not to love?
Have you ever wondered why we turn to alcohol in moments of celebration or stress relief? Surgeon and researcher Charles Knowles, a recovering alcoholic, provides an in-depth look at the science behind our relationship with alcohol. He uncovers how it hijacks our instincts and offers a scientific blueprint for breaking free from its grip. His insights shift the conversation from moral failing to scientific understanding.
When illness strikes, many rush to the internet seeking answers. But are the online “experts” equipped to handle our unique medical histories? Science writer Deborah Cohen raises critical questions about why we trust unverified sources for our health advice. I hope her investigation uncovers essential truths.
Polar War looks into the geopolitical struggles in the Arctic.”
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Kenneth R. Rosen’s Polar War investigates power dynamics in the Arctic.
As Arctic ice melts, exposing pipeline vulnerabilities and unearthing natural resources, what challenges await us in this rapidly changing environment? Kenneth Rosen, a seasoned geopolitical writer, delves into this pressing issue, aptly summarizing it in his book’s subtitle: “Submarines, Spies, and Power Struggles in the Melting Arctic.” A thrilling exploration of geopolitical tensions.
Are the best ideas conceived in bustling cities, or do they emerge from the outskirts? Charles Foster challenges conventional wisdom in his captivating book. Embarking on a philosophical journey, he explores human culture, evolution, and societal movements, offering a refreshing take on where innovation truly begins.
As we leave behind the festive season, everyday life feels increasingly overwhelming. BBC journalist Claudia Hammond addresses this phenomenon of “overwhelm” in her insightful book, providing readers with psychological tools and scientific insights to combat burnout. As she explores procrastination, perfectionism, and the pressures of modern life, her timely advice couldn’t be more relevant.
Off the Scales examines the rise of Ozempic.”
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Amy Donnellan’s Off the Scales chronicles the rise of Ozempic.
Michael Silk/Alamy
As the popularity of GLP-1 medication Ozempic and other weight-loss drugs continues to grow, Amy Donnellan sheds light on the backstory behind Novo Nordisk’s developments in obesity treatments. Through a lens covering economics, politics, and social concerns, she examines whether these solutions are indeed as effective as they appear.
With the night sky brightening by over 120% annually, this presents serious issues for both astronomers and wildlife. In Night Out, Megan Eaves-Egenes embarks on a global journey to explore the cultural significance of darkness. Described as a quest to “find solace in the stars during life’s challenges,” this narrative traverses diverse locations, from New Zealand to the Himalayas, asking what we stand to lose in the process.
Invisible forces often fascinate readers, but Jennifer Vail’s unique exploration of friction offers a fresh perspective. Covering the historical evolution of this force—from its role in everyday mechanics to its unexpected involvement in scientific advancements—this unsung hero deserves greater recognition beyond the realms of Newton and Da Vinci.
From Ada Lovelace’s revolutionary algorithms to Alan Turing’s pioneering intelligence tests, this tour through AI’s landscape, presented by a University of New South Wales professor, promises an engaging experience. With the challenge of delivering an expansive narrative within a compact framework, creativity knows no bounds in storytelling.
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