Herpetologists have identified three new species of the Frog genus Pristimantis from the rugged, misty highlands of northwest Peru.
Pristimantis Chinguelas. Image credits: Chavez et al. , doi: 10.3897/evolsyst.9.148522.
To date, 619 species have been documented. Pristimantis is recognized as the most diverse group of amphibians.
This genus spans Central and South America, showcasing the highest diversity within the tropical Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
The newly discovered species include Pristimantis Chinguelas, Pristimantis Nunezcortezi, and Pristimantis Yonke.
“They are small and elusive,” remarked Dr. Jamen Chavez, a herpetologist at the Peruano de Herpetrogia Institute and the Centro de Ornitrogia y Biodiversidad.
“These frogs serve as significant reminders of the unknown aspects of the Andes,” he added.
All three species inhabit the páramo of the mountain ridge north of Abra de Portuilla, the lowest east-west route in the Peruvian Andes, along with the adjacent Elphin forest.
“Pristimantis Chinguelas is found on the cliffs of Cello Chinlinga, characterized by bodies accented with large, prominent nodules on each side. Their high-pitched calls resonate on damp nights,” the researcher noted.
“Pristimantis Chinguelas resides near a stream in the cool mountains of the regenerated forest. Its distinct black spots in the x-fossa and groin have been named in honor of ornithologist Elio Nuñez Cortez, a trailblazer for conservation efforts in the region.”
“Pristimantis Chinguelas, the smallest of the trio, was discovered amidst bromeliads at an elevation of about 3,000 m.”
“Exploring this area goes beyond fieldwork—it’s about immersing oneself in the wilderness, culture, and resilience,” shared Dr. Karen Victoriano Siguenas from the Institutes of Herpetrogia and Centro de Ornitrogia Biodiversidad.
“Many of these mountain ridges are isolated, lacking roads or featuring extreme terrain,” stated Dr. Ivan Wong, another herpetologist at the Herpetrogia Institute.
“Weather conditions can change dramatically within minutes, and the steep cliffs create significant challenges for every step taken.”
“It’s no surprise that very few scientists ventured into this region before,” he added, “which is precisely why so many discoveries remain to be made.”
The three new species are currently categorized as Data Deficient under IUCN standards, with scientists noting signs of habitat degradation, fire damage, and agricultural expansion.
“Cordilera de Juancabamba represents not just a remote region, but also a living archive of biodiversity and cultural heritage,” remarked Dr. Wilmer Aznaran, a forensic physician at Peruano de Herpetrogia and Centro de Ornitrogia Biodiversidad.
“We have barely scratched the surface of these riches.”
The team’s paper was published in the journal Evolutionary Phylogenetics.
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G. Chavez et al. 2025. Above: Three new species of terrestrial breeding frogs (Anura, Terrarana, Pristimantis) from the highlands of Cordillera de Juancabamba in northwest Peru. Evolutionary Phylogenetics 9(1):145-166; doi:10.3897/evolsyst.9.148522
3i/Atlas is only the third celestial object ever detected, following the interstellar asteroid 1i/Oumuamua in 2017 and the interstellar comet 2i/Borisov in 2019.
Images of 3i/Atlas captured by the Atlas telescope. Image credit: University of Hawaii.
The 3i/Atlas is currently about 670 million km (420 million miles) from the Sun and is expected to make its closest approach in October 2025, moving just within Mars’ orbit.
It is estimated to be up to 20 km (12 miles) in diameter, traveling at around 60 km (37 miles) per second relative to the Sun.
This comet poses no threat to Earth, remaining within a distance of 240 million km (150 million miles), which is more than 1.5 times the distance between the Earth and the Sun.
3i/Atlas is an active comet. As it approaches the Sun, the heat causes frozen gases to turn into vapor, releasing dust and ice particles into space and initiating the formation of a glowing coma and tail.
However, by the time it reaches its closest point to Earth, it will be obscured by the Sun. It is expected to be visible again by early December 2025, providing astronomers with an opportunity for further research.
“Finding possible interstellar objects is extremely rare, and it’s thrilling to see the Atlas telescope catch this asteroid,” said a representative.
“These interstellar visitors allow us to glimpse something intriguing from solar systems beyond our own.”
“3i/Atlas is the largest ever observed, yet numerous such objects traverse our inner solar system each year.”
“The likelihood of an impact with Earth is minimal, occurring less than once in 10 million years, but Atlas is consistently scanning the sky for potentially hazardous objects.”
Astronomers across Hawaii, Chile, and other nations are tracking the comet’s progression.
They seek to learn more about the composition and behavior of this interstellar visitor.
“It is precisely their foreign nature that makes interstellar objects like 3i/Atlas so remarkable,” an ESA astronomer stated.
“While all planets, moons, asteroids, comets, and life forms in our solar system share a common origin, our interstellar visitors are genuine outsiders.”
“They are remnants from other planetary systems, providing clues about the formation of worlds beyond our own.”
“It may take thousands of years before humans visit planets in another solar system, and interstellar comets give us the chance to stimulate our curiosity as we interact with something from another world.”
“These icy nomads offer a rare, tangible link to the broader galaxy. This material is fundamentally different from our own and is formed in unique environments.”
“Visiting such objects connects humanity with the universe on a grander scale.”
Numerous forest-related carbon offset initiatives certified by Verra, the largest carbon registry globally, face potential risks from wildfires and other disturbances that may hinder effective carbon release from the atmosphere.
These forest-based carbon offset initiatives aim to conserve or restore forests to produce carbon credits, which can be sold to corporations or individuals to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. Such schemes are designed to maintain a “buffer pool” of unsold carbon credits as insurance against future carbon losses due to factors like wildfires, pests, or severe weather events. Nevertheless, assessments of these buffer pools indicate that current carbon offset strategies are likely not sufficiently secured.
“The figures don’t really rely on scientific evidence, as far as we know,” stated William Anderegg from the University of Utah. A spokesperson from Verra defended the organization’s methodology, asserting that the determination of buffer pool size is grounded in rigorous, science-based risk evaluations, stressing that replenishment should align with what buffer-immersed projects have collected.
Buffer pools pose a significant challenge, especially when forest-based carbon credits are sold to offset emissions from fossil fuels that may have been in the atmosphere for centuries. “If you’re attempting to sequester carbon into trees, you need to guarantee its stability over an extended period,” Anderegg remarked.
In principle, by safeguarding adequate carbon to counterbalance potential losses over decades, a large buffer pool would suffice. However, previous research by Anderegg and his team revealed that forest carbon projects certified by Verra typically secured only 2% of their credits for protection against natural risks.
To evaluate whether this is an adequate safeguard, Anderegg and his colleagues employed ecological models to calculate the necessary size of the buffer to effectively manage the risk posed by natural disturbances across various tropical forest types. They juxtaposed these findings with the buffer pools currently mandated for Verra certification.
The results indicated that Verra’s standards fall short of ensuring permanent carbon storage in nearly all scenarios. In certain instances, the required buffer could be 11 times smaller than necessary. “Given these natural hazards, [the buffer] should be at least doubled, if not more, to be fitting,” Anderegg noted.
A Verra representative mentioned that the majority of the 76 million carbon credits presently within the buffer pool are utilized. They added, “previous reversals suggest that the buffer is not overwhelmed.” “The ongoing maintenance of buffer pools over time clearly demonstrates their effectiveness despite the risk of reversals,” the spokesperson stated.
Buffer pools are not merely a concern for Verra. For instance, California’s regulated carbon offset program has faced wildfires in recent years. A significant portion of the buffer pool was designed to endure for a century.
This concern is anticipated to grow as forest carbon losses escalate. “To secure sustainability extending beyond 100 years, you must ensure that the buffer is sufficiently robust to confront multiple climate variations,” Anderegg concluded.
Northwest Africa 12264 Meteorite Stones Are Older Than Anticipated
Ben Hofnagers
Tiny chips from a singular meteorite may completely challenge our current understanding of the solar system’s formation, as it has proven to be older than initially thought.
Earlier research indicated that small, rocky entities known as protoplanets formed relatively later, scattered across the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. Interestingly, it is believed that the inner regions formed around 4.563 billion years ago, a slightly older timeline compared to the inner protoplanet’s age of 4.566 billion years. This age discrepancy was presumed to be due to the outer regions containing more water and ice, which would have slowed the inner core’s melting process.
This timing gap, while brief in the grand scheme of cosmology, was long accepted as a component of our cosmic history. Now, according to Ben Ryder Stokes from the Open University in Milton Keynes, UK, this notion needs reevaluation.
Planetary formation is typically thought to occur through accretion, where dust and gas are pulled in by gravitational forces, followed by differentiation—where the accumulated material heats up, melts, and separates into cores, mantles, and crusts. This process was previously thought to unfold at slightly divergent times for the early solar system’s internal and external protoplanets, but that view is now under scrutiny.
The team’s pivotal finding centers on a small meteorite named Northwest Africa 12264. Weighing around 50 grams, it was acquired in 2018 from a dealer in Morocco. Researchers obtained consent from the owner to analyze fine particles shaved from the meteorite, revealing that the ratio of chromium to oxygen—which varies in known patterns throughout our solar system—indicated the stones originated from the outer regions.
The meteorite’s composition also indicated that it came from the area between the core and crust, specifically the mantle, marking the first sample found from the outer solar system’s mantle. “This planet must have undergone significant upheaval to expose material from such depths,” states Ryder Stokes. “There surely must have been a colossal impact involved.”
Crucially, however, the age determined through lead isotopes contradicts the prevailing belief that the outer protoplanet should be younger. “This finding is astonishing, as it implies some of the oldest materials in the solar system,” he explains. “It suggests that rocky planets formed simultaneously in both the inner and outer solar system.”
Sebastiaan Krijt from the University of Exeter in the UK notes that shifts in events occurring over millions of years may not seem exigent at the time, yet could have profound implications. Understanding the sequence of events that shaped the solar system and the interactions of the various processes involved is essential for studying both solar systems and star systems throughout the universe.
“These stages of formation are considerably brief, and a mere million years can create significant distinctions,” Krijt remarks. “Getting the chronology and sequence of events correct is of utmost importance.”
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Current forest die-offs due to global warming resemble those from the Permian and Triassic extinction events.
Ina Fassbender/AFP via Getty Images
Following a dramatic increase in carbon dioxide levels 252 million years ago, the death of forests resulted in enduring climate alterations, with the greenhouse effect persisting for millions of years.
Researchers striving to comprehend this phenomenon, which triggered the largest mass extinction in Earth’s history, caution that ongoing greenhouse gas emissions may lead to similar outcomes.
The extinction events of the Permian and Triassic are believed to have been triggered by extensive volcanic activity in what is now Siberia, elevating atmospheric CO2 concentrations.
The planet’s surface temperature soared by as much as 10°C, with average temperatures in the equatorial regions climbing to 34°C (93°F)—a rise of 8°C above the current average.
Although some scientists have recently posited that these mass extinction events may have limited effects on terrestrial ecosystems, Andrew Meldis from the University of Adelaide expresses confidence that life was nearly extinguished 252 million years ago.
“Small pockets of life might survive mass extinctions in isolated enclaves, but many areas within the Permian-Triassic fossil record reveal a complete ecosystem collapse,” notes Meldis.
He and his team scrutinized the fossil record to investigate why the Super Greenhouse event, which drives mass extinction, lasted five million years—far longer than the 100,000 years predicted by climate models.
The findings revealed that vast expanses of forests, originally with canopies of around 50 meters, were supplanted by resilient underground flora, typically ranging from 5 cm to 2 meters in height. Additionally, peat marshes, significant carbon storage ecosystems, vanished from tropical areas.
Employing computer models of Earth’s climatic and geochemical systems, researchers indicated that the depletion of these ecosystems contributes to elevated CO2 levels persisting for millions of years. This predominantly occurs because vegetation plays a crucial role in weathering, the mechanism that extracts carbon from the atmosphere and sequesters it in rocks and soil over extensive timescales.
With atmospheric CO2 levels rising rapidly, the parallels to the present are striking, asserts Meldis. As temperatures escalate, tropical and subtropical forests may find it increasingly challenging to adapt, potentially surpassing thresholds where vegetation ceases to maintain climate equilibrium.
Meldis explains that simply restoring former ecosystems will not lead to a “ping-pong effect.” He emphasizes that the atmosphere cannot be swiftly rejuvenated after the loss of the equatorial forest.
“You’re not transitioning from an ice house to a greenhouse and then back; the Earth will find a new equilibrium, which may differ significantly from prior states,” he elaborates.
Catlin Maisner, a researcher at the University of New South Wales—who was not involved in the study—describes reconstructing these events as analogous to “trying to assemble a jigsaw puzzle with many missing pieces,” yet acknowledges the team’s arguments as “plausible.”
However, she notes considerable uncertainty regarding oceanic processes during this period. “The ocean harbors far more carbon than land and atmosphere combined, and we still lack a comprehensive understanding of how marine biology, chemistry, and physical circulation were affected during that event,” cautions Meissner.
Linkayaser, Alexey E. Madison, Picogk, Leap? 71 CC BY-SA 4.0
Quasicrystals may be unusual, but recent research reveals they are also the most stable arrangements for certain atoms, shedding light on their existence.
In standard crystals, atoms align in orderly grids, showcasing high stability; whereas in glass—like common glass or volcanic obsidian—the atoms are disarrayed. Glasses are termed metastable, meaning they can evolve due to environmental shifts such as heat or impurities from unwanted atoms. Given ample time, glassy structures can ultimately crystallize.
Quasicrystals occupy a unique middle ground: their atoms are arranged in non-repeating patterns, raising long-standing questions about their stability.
Wenhao San from the University of Michigan and his team are utilizing advanced computer simulations to investigate these structures. They examined two specific quasicrystals composed of scandium and zinc, and another featuring ytterbium and cadmium, simulating large quasicrystalline nanoparticles. Throughout their analysis, they measured the energy dynamics of these quasi-crystals in comparison to more conventional crystal structures.
The principles of physics suggest the most stable formations derive from atoms with the least collective energy, which the researchers found to be true. They discovered quasicrystals preferred due to their lower energy sustenance compared to typical atomic arrangements.
Sun expressed this finding as somewhat unexpected, noting that contrasting quasicrystals with glass can lead physicists to assume they are metastable. The innovative simulation techniques previously posed challenges, as they usually predicted a completely regular atomic arrangement, according to team member Vikram Gabini from the University of Michigan. Their fresh computational methods demonstrated that quasicrystals require very specific conditions to grow in laboratory settings.
“Quasicrystals exhibit remarkable vibrational characteristics that relate to thermal conductivity and thermoelectric effects. New methodologies might enhance our understanding of them,” remarked Peter Brommer from Warwick University, UK. “It’s possible the next breakthrough material will emerge from simulations rather than physical laboratories.”
A third of Australian homes feature rooftop solar panels
ZSTOCKPHOTOS/ISTOCKPHOTO/GETTY IMAGES
Power grids across the globe face an increasing risk of cyberattacks, primarily due to the vulnerabilities inherent in home solar equipment.
With the rise of distributed energy resources like rooftop solar, grids are leaning more heavily on smart inverters that control connections to local power networks.
“While these technologies provide numerous advantages, they also bring forth new operational and cybersecurity hurdles,” says Sid Chau, a researcher at CSIRO, the Australian government’s research institute.
Smart inverters convert the direct current generated by solar panels into the alternating current required by electrical devices. They also optimize energy storage and enable remote monitoring via the Internet.
This web connectivity means that they not only jeopardize home solar installations but can also threaten larger power generation networks, warn Chau and his team.
The team has pinpointed various methods through which smart inverters can be compromised, including exploiting hardware and software vulnerabilities. Hackers can deceive users into granting excessive permissions on connected inverter applications or collaborate with manufacturers to embed malicious code directly into hardware.
Chau and his team modeled the threats stemming solely from Australian inverters, where roughly one-third of residences possess rooftop solar systems. This scenario mirrors certain power grids worldwide where civilian solar installations are becoming increasingly prevalent.
Although such attacks necessitate careful planning and coordination, researchers have discovered that a relatively small number of compromised solar smart inverters can create significant disruptions when vulnerabilities align.
Once a smart inverter is infiltrated, hackers can execute synchronized attacks targeting the broader power grid.
Of particular concern are assaults aimed at the frequency control of the power grid. In regions like Australia and Europe, the grid frequency must maintain around 50 HERTZ. Though safeguards exist, deviations can lead to cascading failures within the power system.
The risk is heightened further by the long lifespan of many inverters, often exceeding 15 years, which allows cybersecurity measures to quickly become outdated.
Chau emphasizes the need for improved monitoring of private inverters so that authorities can promptly address any suspicious activities that arise.
He also advocates for enhanced long-term support for inverter owners and regular compliance checks to guarantee adherence to cybersecurity and maintenance standards.
Zubair Baig from Deakin University in Melbourne stresses the importance of security validation for all imported inverters.
“Since these devices are often not produced domestically, there exists a risk that they might be configured with malware during manufacturing, leading to potential current fluctuations, permanent equipment damage, and even grid failure,” states Baig.
Ernest Foo from Griffith University in Brisbane highlights that Australia’s critical infrastructure is particularly susceptible to cyber threats due to its outdated design and components.
“The increasing integration of distributed solar energy heightens the likelihood of cyberattacks, especially with the evolving use of machine learning and AI,” he adds.
Brian Johnson in Don’t Die: Who Wants to Live Forever
Netflix
Netflix Brian Johnson stands out as a unique figure in contemporary society. The billionaire entrepreneur and proponent of anti-aging practices aims to extend both lifespan and “healthspan” by taking nearly 100 different medications daily and adhering to a rigorous fitness plan. The real enchantment of Please Don’t Die lies in its ability to evoke mixed feelings towards Johnson. His lifestyle is built on a fundamentally flawed scientific approach, yet his ideas are more captivating than those of his tech-savvy peers.
Disney+ In The Sea with David Attenborough, there’s a sequence that is as chilling as it is eye-opening. The aggressive trawling disturbs the seabed, leading to the displacement of fish from their habitats. This documentary marks Attenborough’s most politically charged effort, serving as a cautionary tale about the severe environmental repercussions of industrial fishing practices. If this indeed is part of the 99-year-old’s final project, it certainly encapsulates the essence of his illustrious career.
Chilean Flamingos of Laguna Colorada, Bolivia, America
BBC Studios/NBC
BBC iPlayer/NBC Who could be seen as the American equivalent of David Attenborough? Perhaps the two-time Oscar-winning Tom Hanks might be your answer. He brings a touch of cinematic brilliance to this 10-part nature series, narrating the incredible biodiversity of the Americas. While I don’t expect much insight into the climate crisis from this series, its lack of real-world relevance is almost compensated for by its stunning cinematography.
Bruce Parry, a Marapu woman from Sumba, Indonesia, and her tribe
BBC/Frank Films/Will Lorimer
BBC iPlayer A couple of decades ago, Bruce Parry spent an extensive period submerged in an Indigenous community for the anthropology series Tribe. Now, the series is returning but in a vastly changed world. Faced with increasing threats from deforestation and migration, Parry must earn the trust of the community he visits. The scenes in Tribe—which include piranha fishing, political discussions, and ayahuasca rituals—are richly fascinating, and we hope to witness more of them. The access granted to us through Parry feels like a true privilege.
Netflix Children have historically been used for entertainment, and the practices surrounding child actors have often been disturbing. In the 1920s and 30s, many faced long hours of labor and near-death experiences from excessive workloads and amphetamines. Fast forward to the 21st century, and “Kidfluence” has emerged, wherein families create financial empires through their children’s online activities. Bad Influence follows child pageant star Piper Locker, who has reportedly been exploited by her mother. This harrowing documentary explores the darker aspects of social media.
BBC iPlayer/CNN Whereas David Fincher’s film Social Network spotlighted the early days of Facebook, the origins of Twitter remain less familiar. Twitter: Break the Birds takes us back to when it was a basic platform for status updates. The documentary shines during its exploration of the power struggles between Jack Dorsey and his co-founders, and it discusses the technical challenges social media platforms have faced from the beginning. Interestingly, did you know that Twitter (or X, as it’s currently branded) had initially considered names like Ketchup or Friend Stalker? The later sections serve as a timely reminder that many of the platform’s issues predate Elon Musk’s controversial involvement.
BBC iPlayer Last year, naturalist Chris Packham introduced In Our Autistic Mind, a two-part documentary that allowed people with autism to create a film expressing their inner experiences. The follow-up season tackles ADHD and dyslexia, two conditions often misunderstood. While the series primarily examines the social difficulties faced by individuals with ADHD and dyslexia, it also incorporates strong scientific insights into their neurological underpinnings. Highlighting positive aspects, it reveals that many dyslexic individuals excel in pattern recognition.
Pangolin: Kuru’s Journey
Netflix
Netflix From the creators of My Octopus Teacher, Pangolin: Kuru’s Journey tells the heartwarming tale of a baby pangolin rescued from the illegal wildlife trade. We follow Kuru as he is rehabilitated by his caretaker Gareth, who considers himself a helicopter parent. The duo’s adorable adventures, from carrying Kuru away from a warthog’s burrow as dusk approaches, evoke both laughter and empathy. With pangolins being the most trafficked mammals globally, Kuru’s survival is a testament to human care and compassion.
Hannah Fry is the secret genius of modern life
Marco Cervi/BBC
BBC iPlayer The third season of Hannah Fry’s Guide to Everyday Technology is just as engaging as ever. This time, the focus is on roller coasters, highways, and—inevitably—air fryers. The series thoroughly explores how these technologies impact our lives and uncovers some surprising insights. How did the creators of the Theremin influence modern doorbell designs? What role did it play in the innovation of refrigeration? And just what is an air fryer starfish? If you’ve ever wanted to take apart your gadgets to see how they work, this meticulously crafted series will satisfy your curiosity without voiding any warranties.
Amazon Prime Video We’ve become acquainted with octopuses in a variety of quirky roles, from spiritual guides to unlikely educators. Enter this two-part series dedicated to these tentacled beings and their remarkable talents. A beautifully animated depiction of their life cycle is narrated by Doris, a massive Pacific octopus whose journey defies the odds, even as her story tragically culminates. Nonetheless, Octopus! remains a whimsical documentary brimming with curiosity and humor.
NOW Science fiction serves as a powerful lens through which we can envision the future, often depicting a grim outlook. This four-part documentary aims to explore how sci-fi has imagined the atomic bomb and its consequences. Beyond this, Wonderland thoughtfully examines a wide range of sci-fi narratives from the past 80 years, providing depth and nuance often missing from surface-level analyses of the genre.
Netflix In 2023, the world grappled with the four-day search for the missing OceanGate Titan submarine. Ultimately, five lives, including that of co-founder Stockton Rush, were lost following a catastrophic implosion. This feature-length documentary exposes how egotism and carelessness contributed to these untimely deaths. One particularly haunting moment features audio from an acoustic surveillance system that detected fissures in the carbon fiber hull during initial test dives, an essential safety protocol the company later ignored.
Disney+/Nat Geo In 1983, Sally Ride became NASA’s shining star as the first American woman to journey into space, capturing global attention. However, both she and her fellow female astronauts faced rampant institutional sexism and invasive media scrutiny. This feature-length documentary intricately weaves together her personal battles to retain a semblance of privacy, including her 27-year relationship with Tam O’Shaughnessy during an era marked by homophobia. It also delves into captivating aspects of Ride’s career, such as the hand-eye coordination techniques she developed to gain an edge over her colleague Judy Resnik, who tragically perished in the Challenger disaster.
A group of Utahraptors in Walking with Dinosaurs
BBC Studios/Lola Post Production
BBC iPlayer Back in 1999, Walking with Dinosaurs captivated audiences, bringing them into the world of prehistoric wildlife using groundbreaking visual effects. Given that those visuals feel somewhat dated now, a reboot seemed timely. In each episode of the 2025 series, researchers act as detectives, unearthing ancient relics and drawing extensive conclusions from bones and their surroundings. These imaginative stories showcase scenarios such as hatchlings chasing dragonflies through the jungles or a pack of Albertosaurus cornering their quarry. As always, a healthy dose of skepticism is advised; there remain many mysteries surrounding the lives of dinosaurs that we have yet to unravel.
Quantum computers and conventional supercomputers can serve as powerful tools for analyzing chemical processes. The ongoing collaboration between IBM and Riken, a Japanese scientific institute, is paving the way towards this goal.
Successful chemical analysis often hinges on comprehending how molecules behave during reactions, such as in therapies or industrial catalysts, frequently linked to the quantum state of electrons. Quantum computers can expedite the calculations of these states, yet they remain prone to errors in their current configurations. Traditional supercomputers can catch these discrepancies before they escalate into larger issues.
In a collective statement to New Scientist, Aoki Sei and Mitsui Sato from Riken noted that quantum computers can augment traditional computing capabilities. Currently, they and their team are modeling two distinct iron-sulfur compounds using IBM’s Heron quantum computer in conjunction with Riken’s Fugaku supercomputer.
The researchers divided the computation of the quantum states of the molecules among machines that leverage up to 77 qubits and utilize an algorithm known as SQD. The quantum computer performs the calculations while the supercomputer verifies and corrects errors. For instance, if Heron generates a mathematical representation indicating more electrons than actually present in the molecule, Fugaku discards some of the results, prompting Heron to adjust and retry the computation.
This hybrid approach has not yet surpassed the optimal scenarios achievable by standalone supercomputers, but it competes well against some standard methods, according to Jay Gambetta at IBM, who was not involved in the research. “It’s a matter of comparing calculators,” he remarked.
Recently, this integration is being recognized as the “secret sauce” for addressing the challenges posed by error-prone quantum computers, as articulated by Kenneth Meltz from the Cleveland Clinic in Ohio. His team is employing another IBM quantum computer, paired with a traditional system, to innovate variations of SQD algorithms that model molecules in solutions, offering a more accurate depiction of chemical experiments than past models.
In Meltz’s perspective, advancing the SQD algorithm will enable the combination of quantum and conventional computing to yield substantial benefits over the next year.
“The synergy between quantum and supercomputing is not merely useful; it is an inevitability,” stated Sam Stanwyck from Nvidia. He emphasizes that the future of quantum computing lies in its seamless integration with robust classical and quantum processors from supercomputing centers. Nvidia has already developed a software platform to facilitate such hybrid methodologies.
Aseem Data from Microsoft remarked that his organization is also venturing into groundbreaking possibilities that merge quantum computing, supercomputing, and AI to expedite developments in chemistry and materials science.
Despite these advancements, numerous challenges persist within the quantum computing sector. Markus Reiher from ETH Zurich acknowledged that while the outcomes of the Riken experiments look promising, it remains uncertain if this methodology will become the preferred technique for executing quantum chemical analyses. The precision of the computed results derived from Quantum and Supercomputing partnerships is still undetermined. Additionally, conventional methods for performing such calculations are already established and highly effective.
The potential of integrating quantum computers into computational processes is lauded for enabling the modeling of larger molecules and enhancing processing speed. However, Reiher expresses caution about the scalability of this emerging approach.
According to Gambetta, a new iteration of IBM’s Heron Quantum Computer was launched at Riken in June, boasting reduced error rates compared to its predecessors. He anticipates noteworthy hardware advancements in the near future.
Moreover, researchers have fine-tuned the SQD algorithm to bolster how Heron and Fugaku collaborate in parallel, making the process more efficient. Meltz compares the current status to that of traditional supercomputers from the 1980s, highlighting numerous unresolved issues. Nevertheless, the infusion of new technology promises significant returns.
Here and beyond, it takes 42 light years to reach the new planet
Gremlin/Getty Images
This year has been quite promising for science fiction. My top pick so far is Hal Lacroix’s Here and Beyond, especially as I’m captivated by the Ark storyline.
In “Take the Trope,” Lacroix depicts a spacecraft named Shing World en route to HD-40307G, a journey spanning 42 light-years. Consequently, none of the 600 passengers will live to see their destination; only the seventh generation will witness the creation of planets.
Strict regulations govern life aboard the ship. Passengers receive treatments to maintain health but cannot have children until reaching their 50s. Every aspect of their existence must align with the mission—reaching the planet—since no current resident will see it.
The Arkship narrative (or Generation Ship story) must navigate the challenge of switching between characters across generations. Fortunately, Lacroix excels at quickly establishing compelling characters. As generations pass, readers become experts in the history of Shipworld, enriching the unfolding drama. This dynamic allows us to witness the evolution of living history as it slips into the distant past for the inhabitants.
Interestingly, Lacroix sometimes sidesteps the most dramatic moments, opting instead for an understated approach. This artistic decision often leaves significant events in the shadows, such as a mysterious object that impacts the shipworld.
Personally, the ending didn’t resonate with me, but crafting a satisfying conclusion to a story spanning 360 years is no small task.
Fans of Alexander Skarsgård’s portrayal of Murder Bot on Apple TV+ might enjoy the original story. Thankfully, Martha Wells’s The Murderer’s Diary has been released in a three-volume Omnibus version earlier this year. (Interestingly, when I first read, I perceived Murderbot as female, a common assignment of gender among readers. Hence, I was surprised when Skarsgård was cast to voice “her.”)
Adrian Tchaikovsky has entered a particularly prolific phase, exploring non-human intelligence in his upcoming works. In February, he released Shroud, featuring a uniquely terrifying extraterrestrial life form. Last month, his third book, The Dog of War, titled Bee Speaker, was published. Though less recognized than his acclaimed series Children of Time, these stories delve into the capabilities of non-human animals.
It’s refreshing to see Tchaikovsky embracing creativity through his perspectives on animals. His journey began with Rex, a character that perplexingly balances being a devoted dog and a formidable seven-foot “bio-o-form” combatant.
This year has also introduced notable AI-themed novels. Laila Lalami’s deeply crafted dystopian work, Dream Hotel, and Grace Chan’s nuanced virtual reality narrative, All Versions of Yours, transport humans escaping climate disasters by uploading their consciousness into a digital paradise.
Meanwhile, Kaliane Bradley’s hit novel Time Saving was released in paperback in March, providing a delightful alternative for those who missed the hardcover edition. It’s an engaging read brimming with vibrant energy. Another standout from April was Roz Dineen’s beautifully written climate change narrative.
The second half of this year promises even more thought-provoking science fiction. I eagerly await sharing these discoveries with you.
Emily H. Wilson is the author of the Sumerian trilogy.
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Energy drinks can enhance your mood, but excessive intake may harm your dental health.
Shutterstock/Francesco de Marc
Calcium-fortified energy drinks may mitigate tooth damage, though the impact on flavor remains uncertain.
Research reveals that dental enamel starts to erode when exposed to liquids with a pH below 5.5.
Investigating solutions, Eric Jacom from the University of Rio Grande and Grande in Brazil, along with his team, experimented with adding calcium and other minerals to standard Red Bull to assess the pH impact.
Notable combinations included calcium, phosphorus, and potassium, raising pH from 3.96 (for standard Red Bull) to 5.27, while dicoum malonate and calcium citrate both increased acidity.
The researchers exposed enamel samples from donated human teeth to these enhanced energy drinks for two minutes, evaluating changes in texture, hardness, and other indicators of enamel erosion.
All calcium-enriched variants showed less effect on roughness compared to the unmodified Red Bull, despite having a lower pH. Experts believe this might be due to calcium’s regenerative properties, which aid in mineral deposition on enamel to repair natural wear.
The formulation containing 2.15 grams of calcium-phosphorus-potassium mix and 2.5 grams of dicoum malate sustained enamel hardness. However, the former offers the most protective benefits, demonstrating a dual action of lowering calcium depletion while reducing acidity.
Future investigations should focus on identifying the optimal calcium formulation and the minimum concentration necessary to minimize enamel erosion, the researchers noted in their paper. Additionally, it is crucial to determine if calcium enhancement influences drink preferences and consumption patterns.
A representative from the UK Soft Drinks Association stated: “It’s important to reiterate that all soft beverages can be safely enjoyed within a balanced diet and healthy lifestyle.
Red Bull has not responded to requests for comment.
From molten lava coursing through ice-covered landscapes to sharks gracefully swimming in crystal-clear turquoise waters, viewing nature from an aerial vantage point provides a breathtaking perspective on our planet’s terrain and wildlife.
Welcome to the inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year Competition. This contest invited both professional and amateur photographers from around the globe to submit their entries, which were judged against high standards (yes, pun intended).
The first prize was awarded to Joanna Steidle, a professional drone pilot and artist. Her remarkable photograph, along with other prominent entries from the competition, can be explored below.
plane! plane! – David Mielowski
The airplane’s shadow dances over the vibrant waters of the Hat Lagoon in Western Australia. Photo: David Mielowski/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Flamingo and Pelican – David Swindler
A pelican wades through a sea of flamingos. Photo by David Swindler/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Smoking Skull – Daniel Binigarcia
The cooling lava of Iceland’s Fagradalsfjall volcano created a skull-like formation, evoking a spooky scene. Photo: Daniel Bini Garcia/First International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Elephant of Flow – Murray Evans
A herd of elephants roaming the Basanga plains in Kafue National Park, Zambia. Photo: Murray Evans/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Austfonna Ice Cap – Thomas Vijayan
An aerial view showcasing the Bråsvellbreen glacier, part of the Austfonna ice cap in Svalbard, Norway. Photo: Thomas Vijayan/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Laguna Hedionda – Ignacio Palacios
Laguna Hedionda in Bolivia, notable for its diverse flamingo species, beautifully captured from the sky. Ignacio Palacios Photography/First International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Salt Works IV Eye – Daniela Tonmar
A drone capture showing salt extraction operations along Australia’s coral coast. Daniela Tommasi/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
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Tahogait Volcano – Javier Garcia
The Tahogait Volcano (Montañarajada) in La Palma, Spain erupted on September 19, 2021, leading to widespread destruction. Photo: Javier Garcia/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
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Twisted Owl – Colin Leonhardt
An aerial perspective of the Alumina Mine Tapered Dam near Collie, Western Australia. Photo: Colin Leonhardt/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Tidal Flora – Peter Harrison
Joseph Bonaparte Bay Marine Park in Australia’s Northern Territory is sculpted by formidable tides that flow through shallow, muddy flats. Photo: Peter Harrison/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Recover – AelKermare
An aerial snapshot capturing a volcano’s energy as lava engulfs icy pathways in Iceland—documenting the nation’s sixth volcanic eruption in three years. Photo: Ael Kermare/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
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Celestimpur – Daniel Writer
The colorful hot springs, geysers, and bubbling mud pots of Yellowstone National Park, USA, create intriguing patterns. Photo: Daniel Reiter/First International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Eternal Harmony – Rositsa Dimitrova
The rugged terrains and rivers of Iceland are beautifully showcased in this stunning aerial capture. Photography by Rositsa Dimitrova/The Inaugural International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Sunrise on Mars – Taylor Duncan
This image of Bentonite Hills in Utah, USA, unveils a landscape reminiscent of Mars, shaped by time and water. Photograph by Taylor Duncan
International Aerial Photos of the Year – Ignacio Palacio
The mesmerizing anti-crepuscular rays in Cono de Arita, Argentina created by the sun’s light converging due to atmospheric phenomena. Ignacio Palacios Photography/First International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Winner of International Aerial Photographer of the Year – Joanna Steidle
A dynamic aerial shot of a spinner shark creating a gateway amidst a school of menhaden fish in the Atlantic Ocean near Southampton, New York, USA. Photo by Joanna Steidle/First International Aerial Photographer of the YearHumpback whales gracefully submerge beneath the Atlantic’s surface after surfacing for air. Captured near Southampton, New York, USA. Photo by Joanna Steidle/First International Aerial Photographer of the YearA captivating aerial image of rays stirring the sand as they glide along the ocean floor near Southampton, New York, USA. Photo by Joanna Steidle/First International Aerial Photographer of the Year
Considering individual factors, a typical 70kg adult body comprises approximately 46kg (101 pounds) of oxygen, 13kg (27 pounds) of carbon, 7kg (15 pounds) of hydrogen, 2kg (4 pounds) of nitrogen, 2 pounds of calcium, and 2L of sulfur, along with magnesium and various trace elements.
In his book Body: A Guide for Residents, author Bill Bryson estimates that the total cost of these raw materials is over £116,000 ($150,000), based on the most expensive and chemically pure forms of each element.
If you’re inclined to refine elements for yourself, your costs will be lower.
For instance, using 52 liters (11 gallons) of water provides both oxygen and plenty of hydrogen, essentially at no cost. A simple setup for electrolysis can help you separate these gases easily.
Similarly, high-quality charcoal (about 70% carbon) can be purchased for around £56 ($75), and by adding 10kg (22 pounds) of ammonium sulfate fertilizer, priced at £23 ($31), you can produce nitrogen and sulfur. This brings you quite close to what you need.
Other elements are present in very small quantities, so adding another £10-15 ($13-20) will adjust your revised estimate to less than £100, or under $133.
Of course, humans aren’t merely composed of elements; they consist of complex organic molecules such as proteins and carbohydrates. The cost of creating these from raw elements would be minimal compared to the basic materials themselves.
If you can refine it yourself, the average human body is worth around 100 pounds. – Illustration credits: Daniel Bright
If the process seems daunting, a simpler alternative is to buy an entire pig (approximately £200 or $267 at auction) and grind it down into a usable chemical building block mixture.
From a molecular standpoint, the composition of pigs and humans is quite similar.
Alternatively, you can begin with pure energy. Since matter and energy are interchangeable, theoretically, an atom can be created from pure energy using a particle accelerator like the Large Hadron Collider.
However, to achieve a mass of 70kg (154 pounds), you would need about 10^17 joules of energy, equivalent to 1.75 trillion kilowatt-hours. This amount is roughly 70 times the total electricity consumed worldwide in a year.
This article answers the question posed by Phoebe Gray of Southampton: “What is the average human body?”
Please email us your questionsat Question @sciencefocus.com or reach out viaFacebook,Twitter or InstagramPage (don’t forget to include your name and location).
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Following the interstellar asteroid 1i/Oumuamua and comet 2i/Borisov, 3i/Atlas is the third identified object and the second comet from outside the solar system.
This image was captured on July 2, 2025, with an Itemescope.net T72 telescope in Riojartad, Chile, depicting the interstellar comet 3i/Atlas. Image credit: Filipp Romanov/CC by-sa 4.0.
3i/Atlas was discovered by a NASA-funded research telescope dedicated to the Atlas (Asteroid Surface Impact Last Altar System) project on July 1, 2025, in Riojartad, Chile.
The interstellar comet approached from the direction of constellations and is currently about 670 million km (420 million miles) away.
“Since the initial report, pre-discovery observations have been gathered from archives of three different Atlas telescopes globally and from Zwicky’s transitional facility at Palomar Observatory in San Diego County, California,” a NASA astronomer wrote in a statement.
“These pre-discovery observations date back to June 14th, 2025.”
Known as 3I/ATLAS, C/2025 N1 (ATLAS), and A11PL3Z, it currently measures approximately 4.5 AU (670 million km, or 416 million miles) away.
Comets pose no threat to Earth, maintaining a safe distance of at least 1.6 AU (240 million km, or 150 million miles).
It is predicted to reach its closest approach to the Sun around October 30th, 2025, at a distance of 1.4 AU (210 million km, or 130 million miles).
Its size and physical characteristics are being studied by astronomers worldwide.
This diagram illustrates the trajectory of 3i/Atlas as it traverses the solar system. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.
If the brightness of 3i/Atlas is attributed to reflecting sunlight at a typical albedo of 10%, its diameter would be approximately 100-200 times greater than the estimated length of 20 km for Oumuamua and about 50-100 times larger than the estimated size of Borisov.
“If all three objects are indeed rocky, the mass of 3i/Atlas is more than 10 million times greater than that of Oumuamua and at least 100,000 times the core mass of Borisov.”
“This is remarkable because we expect high-mass objects to be exceedingly rare.”
“Based on data from the major asteroid belts of the solar system, we would expect millions of objects like Oumuamua for each object with the mass of 3i/Atlas.”
3i/Atlas should remain visible to ground telescopes until September 2025.
It is anticipated to reappear on the opposite side of the Sun by early December, enabling further observations.
“Based on its trajectory, 3i/Atlas seems to enter in a retrograde orbit, inclined at 175 degrees relative to Earth’s orbital plane from the thin disc of stars in the Milky Way,” explains Professor Roeb.
“In the upcoming months, we will gain further insights into the properties of 3i/Atlas based on data from various ground-based telescopes and the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope, including the NSF/DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile.”
This artist’s impression illustrates masses of star-forming galaxies in the early universe, featuring dark dust marked in red and carbon gases depicted in black. These details have been extensively documented across multiple galaxies in Alma’s Cristal Survey. Image credits: NSF/AUI/NRAO/B. SAXTON.
“Alma’s remarkable capability to penetrate dust and gas enabled us to observe these distant galaxies with astonishing detail,” stated Dr. Rodrigo Ignacio Herrera Camus.
“We’re not merely examining the light emissions. We’re investigating the internal structures of these galaxies and uncovering the processes that transpire within them.”
In the Cristal Survey, astronomers concentrated on a sample of star-forming galaxies exhibiting a conventional relationship between galaxy mass and star formation rate.
Alma’s observations indicated that some galaxies displayed signs of organized rotation, hinting at the formation of early discs, while others exhibited chaotic movements and distorted shapes, indicative of collisions and mergers.
Alma also identified clouds of gas revealed through specific light emissions from ionized carbon, extending far beyond the stellar formation regions. This suggests that the galaxies are enveloped by expansive gas reservoirs, possibly fueling future star formation or being ejected by powerful outflows.
Numerous galaxies displayed star formation occurring in distinct clumps, providing deeper insights into the birth of stars within these early systems.
A portrait of an early galactic layer family, as detailed in a study of the Cristal program. Image credit: Cristal large program.
One particularly intriguing discovery was the identification of an early galaxy known as Cristal-10.
This galaxy shows a significant deficiency in ionized carbon emissions in comparison to its distant light, similar to the characteristics observed in ARP 220, one of the brightest and most concealed galaxies in the local universe.
Subsequent investigations into this galaxy may illuminate the nature and physical state of early interstellar media in the universe.
“Cristal offers detailed data that was unattainable before Alma,” Dr. Herrera Camus remarked.
“I’ve gained a new family portrait of early galactic evolution.”
“These findings challenge existing galaxy formation models and open up new research avenues.”
“The Cristal investigation highlights Alma’s power in studying galaxy evolution during the early universe.”
“By tracing the cold gases and dust that fuel star formation, Alma assists scientists in constructing narratives of how our own Milky Way galaxy developed.”
Archaeologists have discovered a collection of 35 wooden tools, including drilling sticks and pointed hand tools, at an early Paleolithic site in Gantanquin, southwestern China. These findings indicate that the humans who utilized these tools focused on creating implements for excavation and processing rather than for hunting purposes.
Wooden tools found on the Gangtankin property in China. Image credit: Liu et al. , doi: 10.1126/science.adr8540.
While early humans have crafted wood tools for more than a million years, such artifacts are exceedingly rare in archaeological records, particularly from the early to mid-Pleistocene epochs.
The majority of ancient wooden tools have been uncovered in Africa and Western Eurasia, with notable specimens like spears and throwing rods found in Germany and the UK, alongside structural elements from Zambia and wooden plaques and excavation rods from sites in Israel and Italy.
For years, the Bamboo hypothesis has suggested that early East Asian populations largely depended on bamboo for toolmaking, though there is limited archaeological evidence supporting organic material-based tools in this region.
In a recent study led by Dr. Jian-Hui Liu and colleagues from the Yunnan Cultural Relics and Archaeology Institute, a diverse array of artifacts from the Gantangqing site was analyzed.
Among these were 35 wooden artifacts displaying clear signs of intentional shaping and use, along with indications of wear, suggesting they were deliberately crafted by humans.
These tools, made from pine, included probable hook-like implements used for cutting plant roots, varying from large, double-handed excavation sticks to smaller portable tools.
“In comparison to other prominent prehistoric wooden tool sites in Europe, Gantankin is characterized by a variety of medium-sized hunting equipment as well as a broader scope of handheld tools primarily designed for excavating and processing plants,” the researchers noted.
“The sophistication of these wooden tools emphasizes the significance of organic artifacts in understanding early human behavior, especially in contexts where only stone tools might suggest a more ‘primitive’ technological landscape.”
A study detailing these findings was published today in the journal Science.
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Jian-Hui Liu et al. 2025. Wooden tools from Gantankin in southwestern China, dating back 300,000 years. Science 389 (6755): 78-83; doi: 10.1126/science.adr8540
Astronomers are laying out welcome mats for newly discovered visitors making their way through our solar system.
This particular object is categorized as a comet and marks only the third confirmed interstellar visitor in recorded history to traverse our cosmic neighborhood.
The comet, named 3i/Atlas, poses no threat to Earth, maintaining a distance of about 150 million miles while it accelerates. As reported by NASA.
This interstellar comet was initially discovered on Tuesday by The final alert system for the asteroid’s terrestrial impact (Atlas) located in Rio Hartado, Chile. The research telescope, funded by NASA, is actually two telescopes from Hawaii and one in Chile, in addition to a fourth in South Africa, all dedicated to scanning the sky multiple times nightly for asteroids that could threaten Earth.
Researchers examined archived data from three different Atlas telescopes and Zwick temporary facilities at the Palomar Observatory in California, uncovering observations that would corroborate the findings. Other telescopes worldwide have also joined the initiative, as stated by NASA.
Interstellar Comet 3i/Atlas. David Rankin/Saguaro Observatory
The comet is located around 420 million miles away and is rapidly traveling from the direction of the constellation Sagittarius. NASA commented in a blog post regarding the findings. Sagittarius is a prominent constellation in the Southern Hemisphere and indicates the center of the Milky Way galaxy.
The agency noted that 3i/Atlas will make its closest approach to the sun around October 30th, passing roughly 130 million miles away, close to Mars’ orbit.
NASA indicated that the comet will remain observable from ground-based observatories until September, providing scientists with the opportunity to gather additional details about these cosmic visitors, including their size. After September, 3i/Atlas will be too close to the sun for telescopes to observe, but it is expected to become visible again in early December, as it reemerges on the far side of the sun.
The upcoming months will present a rare chance to study these celestial tourists traveling through the solar system. The first confirmed interstellar object, observed in 2017 by the University of Hawaii’s Pan-Starrs1 telescope, was the rocky body named “Oumuamua” (Hawaiian for first visitor), notable for its reddish hue and elongated cigar-like shape. As noted by NASA.
The only other known interstellar visitor is 2i/Borisov, a comet discovered in 2019 by amateur astronomer Gennady Borisov.
On June 26, the Advisory Committee on U.S. Vaccination Practices (ACIP) announced new recommendations regarding flu vaccinations that utilize controversial preservatives often misattributed to autism. While this change is unlikely to restrict access to vaccines, it reflects a broader U.S. governmental effort to uphold the integrity of the vaccination recommendation process.
What Changes Have Occurred with ACIP?
ACIP is an advisory body that provides expert recommendations to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on vaccinations. Established in 1964, its members are appointed by the Secretary of Health and Human Services, currently Robert F. Kennedy Jr.
Kennedy recently dismissed all 17 members of ACIP, claiming it was necessary to eliminate conflicts of interest. “A complete overhaul is essential to restore public trust in vaccine science,” Kennedy stated in a press release.
This action faced pushback from many public health experts. “Prior to Kennedy’s actions, I had confidence in ACIP. Now, I have none,” remarked Amesh Adalja from Johns Hopkins University. “It’s reckless and dangerous to unilaterally dismantle an entire panel of experts,” added Tinatan, president of the American Infectious Diseases Association, in a statement.
Kennedy appointed eight new members, though one resigned before the inaugural meeting. Several of the new members have raised concerns regarding various vaccines. For instance, Robert Malone, a pioneer in mRNA vaccine technology, discussed on Joe Rogan’s Experience podcast in 2021 the potential links between Covid-19 vaccines and heart-related issues. A 2024 study found that while there was a lower heart attack and stroke rate post-vaccination among approximately 46 million adults, there was an increase in rare side effects such as myocarditis and pericarditis.
A CDC spokesperson stated, “Dr. Malone is a seasoned physician who advocates for rigorous, evidence-based evaluations rather than uncritical acceptance. He does not oppose vaccines based on flawed data or policies—noting the necessity for better information.”
Adalja expressed concerns that some new members lack significant expertise in vaccines, infectious diseases, and epidemiology, suggesting that trust in ACIP under Kennedy’s leadership is dwindling. “In reality, he effectively made ACIP an independent entity,” he stated.
What Changes Have Been Made to Vaccine Recommendations?
In May, Kennedy stated in a video on social media platform X that the CDC would halt Covid-19 vaccine recommendations for most children and pregnant individuals. This decision was taken without ACIP’s input, breaking longstanding precedent.
The new ACIP also voted to discontinue recommendations for flu vaccines containing Thimerosal, a preservative used in several vaccines, during its first meeting. Additionally, the panel advocated for seasonal flu vaccinations for all individuals older than six months.
What is Thimerosal? Is it Safe?
Thimerosal is a preservative used in various vaccines to prevent bacterial contamination and contains trace amounts of mercury, which the body metabolizes into a byproduct known as ethyl mercury.
Ethyl mercury is distinct from the more harmful methylmercury found in certain environmental sources, such as fish. Methylmercury is highly toxic and can accumulate in the body, while numerous studies have shown that low doses of ethyl mercury are safe. Additionally, it is typically cleared from the bloodstream within 30 days, even in infants.
Despite claims from anti-vaccine proponents, no studies have substantiated a link between thimerosal and autism. A 2014 survey of nearly 1.3 million children found no association between vaccines, including thimerosal-containing vaccines, and the development of autism.
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration conducted a thorough review of thimerosal use in pediatric vaccines in 1999, identifying no side effects aside from minor allergic reactions at the injection site.
Which Vaccines Contain Thimerosal?
The utilization of thimerosal in vaccines has decreased as formulations have evolved, with a shift toward single-dose vials minimizing the risk of bacterial contamination.
Thimerosal is not included in routine childhood vaccinations except for certain flu shots, which are used infrequently. For instance, only 3% of children over the age of 65 and about 2% of adults received the flu vaccine containing thimerosal during the 2024-2025 influenza season.
How Will New U.S. Vaccine Policies Compare to Other Countries?
Other nations have continued to recommend thimerosal-containing vaccines. For instance, the UK removed thimerosal from routine vaccinations between 2003 and 2005 to mitigate mercury exposure but later found no evidence of harm. They employed several vaccinations, including those with thimerosal, during specific flu seasons targeting H1N1.
In 1999, the European Medicines Agency endorsed the use of vaccines without thimerosal even in light of no evidence of harm. In 2004, after new data re-affirmed the safety of preservatives, the agency noted that “the benefits of vaccination significantly outweigh any exposure concerns, including thimerosal.” A further review of their guidelines in 2016 reaffirmed their relevance.
Can I Get the Vaccine for Myself or My Child?
Since most seasonal flu vaccinations do not contain thimerosal, it is unlikely that the ACIP’s recommendations will hinder vaccine access. Additionally, the CDC’s updated guidelines regarding Covid-19 vaccines for children and pregnancies should not affect the availability of vaccines.
Generates brain cells from the hippocampus that proliferate in culture
Arthur Chien/Science Photo Library
The ongoing debate about whether adults can produce new brain cells takes a new turn, as evidence increasingly supports that they indeed can. This revelation addresses one of neuroscience’s most disputed questions and raises hopes that this knowledge could be used in treating conditions like depression and Alzheimer’s disease.
Neurons are produced via a process known as neurogenesis, which occurs in both children and adults, as shown in research on mice and macaques. This involves stem cells generating progenitor cells, which multiply and eventually develop into immature neurons that mature over time.
Earlier studies have indicated the presence of stem cells and immature neurons in the hippocampus of adult humans. This brain area, crucial for learning and memory, is a primary site for neurogenesis in younger humans and some adult animals. However, progenitor cells have not yet been detected in adult human brains. “This link was overlooked. It forms a central argument for the emergence of new neurons in the adult human brain,” states Evgenia Salta from the Netherlands Institute of Neuroscience, who was not involved in the latest research.
To establish this link, Jonas Frisen and his team at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden developed a machine learning model capable of accurately identifying progenitor cells. They used hippocampal samples from six young children, donated by their parents for research post-mortem.
The researchers trained an AI model to recognize progenitor cells based on the activity of about 10,000 genes. “In childhood, these cells’ behavior closely resembles that of precursor cells in mice, facilitating their identification,” explains Frisen. “[The idea is] to use molecular fingerprints of childhood progenitor cells to find equivalents in adults.”
To validate the model, the team identified progenitor cells in hippocampal samples from young mice. The model correctly identified 83% of the progenitor cells and misclassified other cell types as progenitor cells in less than 1% of cases. In a further test, the model accurately predicted that progenitor cells were nearly absent in adult human cortical samples, a brain area devoid of evidence supporting neurogenesis in humans.
“They validated their models effectively by transitioning from data on human children to mice and then to adult humans,” says Sandrine Thuret from King’s College London.
With this validation in hand, the researchers can check for neurogenesis in human adults by identifying 14 hippocampal progenitor cells from individuals aged 20 to 78 at the time of their passing.
Crucially, the researchers first introduced a method to enhance the likelihood of detecting progenitor cells. Previous studies have indicated that these cells are extremely rare in adults. The team utilized antibodies to select brain cells that were actively dividing at the time of death, including non-neuronal cells such as immune cells and progenitor cells. This helped filter out common cell types that do not divide, like mature neurons, making rare progenitor cells easier to identify.
Subsequently, they organized the genetic activity data related to these dividing cells into models. “They were enriched due to the selected cells,” remarks Kaoru Song at the University of Pennsylvania. Previous research lacked this approach, he adds.
The team successfully identified progenitor cells in nine donors. “It is well established that environmental and genetic factors in rodents affect how neurogenesis occurs, so I suspect variations in humans may also be attributed to these factors,” Frisen notes.
The findings strongly indicate the presence of adult neurogenesis, according to Thuret, Song, and Salta. “We are adding this missing piece, which significantly advances the field,” Salta states.
“Neurons originate from cell division occurring in adulthood, and that is what this study definitively establishes,” Thuret comments.
Thuret suggests the possibility of examining variations in neurogenesis among adults with brain-affecting conditions such as depression or Alzheimer’s disease. She speculates that medications promoting this process could alleviate symptoms.
However, John Arellano from Yale University cautions that even if adults produce new brain cells, they may be too few in number to be therapeutically beneficial. Thuret, however, believes this is unlikely to create issues. “In mice, a small number of new neurons can significantly impact learning and memory,” she asserts.
Quantum object shuffling is more complex than classic shuffling
Andriy Onofriyenko/Getty Images
Quantum computers are capable of generating randomness far more efficiently than previously anticipated. This remarkable discovery reveals the ongoing complexities at the intersection of quantum physics and computation.
Randomness is essential for numerous computational tasks. For instance, weather simulations require multiple iterations with randomly chosen slightly varied initial conditions. In the realm of quantum computing, researchers have demonstrated quantum advantage by arranging qubits randomly to yield outcomes that classical machines struggle to achieve.
Creating these random configurations effectively entails shuffling qubits and connecting them repeatedly, akin to shuffling a deck of cards. Initially, it was believed that adding more qubits to the system would extend the time required for shuffling, analogous to how larger decks of cards are harder to shuffle. With increased shuffling potentially compromising the delicate quantum states of qubits, the prospect of significant applications relying on randomness was thought to be limited to smaller quantum systems.
Recently, Thomas Schuster from the California Institute of Technology and his team found that generating these random sequences requires fewer shuffles than previously believed.
To illustrate this, Schuster and his colleagues conceptualized dividing the qubit ensemble into smaller segments, thereby mathematically demonstrating that each segment could independently produce a random sequence. They further established that these smaller qubit segments could be “joined” to create a well-shuffled version of the original collection of qubits in a manner that defies expectations.
“It’s quite astonishing because it indicates that classical random number generators don’t exhibit anything comparable,” states Schuster. For instance, in the case of card shuffling within a block, the top cards tend to remain near the top. This is not applicable in quantum systems, where quantum shuffles generate a random superposition of all possible arrangements.
“This is a significantly more intricate phenomenon compared to classical shuffling. The order of the top card is not preserved, as can be observed through classical methods where measuring the top card’s position post-shuffle yields a random output each time, devoid of any insights into the shuffling process itself. It’s genuinely a new and fundamentally quantum phenomenon.”
“We anticipated that this sort of random quantum behavior would be exceptionally challenging to achieve. Yet, the authors demonstrated that it can be realized with remarkable efficiency,” remarks Peter Craze from the Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems in Germany. “This discovery was quite unexpected.”
“Random quantum circuits hold numerous applications as elements of quantum algorithms and for showcasing what is termed quantum advantage,” notes Ashley Montanaro from the University of Bristol, UK. “The authors have already identified various applications in quantum information and hope that additional applications will emerge.” While researchers can facilitate experiments demonstrating a type of quantum advantage they have previously conducted, Montanaro cautions that this does not imply we are closer to reaping the practical benefits of such advantages.
Individuals with type 1 diabetes struggle to produce sufficient insulin for blood sugar regulation
Half Point Image/Getty Image
Researchers have developed a 3D-printed device comprising insulin-producing cells, offering potential for long-term management of type 1 diabetes by enabling patients to generate their own insulin without invasive surgery.
Type 1 diabetes patients typically lack the ability to produce enough insulin to manage their blood sugar levels, necessitating regular insulin injections and dietary precautions. A common long-term approach involves transplanting clusters of insulin-producing cells from a donor’s pancreas. However, similar to organ transplants, this method requires invasive surgical procedures.
Quentin Perrier from Wake Forest Research Institute in North Carolina explains, “Currently, the procedure involves injecting human islets into the liver through the portal vein.” Unfortunately, around half of these implanted islets lose their function quickly, necessitating multiple transplants for effective treatment.
By placing islets directly beneath the skin, not only does it minimize surgical invasiveness, but it also alleviates stress and inflammation, factors that can shorten the lifespan of the cells.
Adam Feinberg from Carnegie Mellon University and Fluidform Bio states, “The greater the density, the better the outcome. This approach will reduce the size of the devices required for implantation in patients.”
To achieve this increased density, Perrier and his team utilize 3D printing to create islands from “bioinks” composed of human pancreatic tissue and alginates, a type of carbohydrate derived from seaweed. Living insulin-producing cells are incorporated into this material.
“We combine this bioink with human islets in a syringe and print specialized motifs,” Perrier elaborates. This porous design allows for the development of new blood vessels around the structure.
In laboratory settings, this technique has proven effective, with about 90% of the cells in the islet surviving and functioning for up to three weeks. “The next step is to rigorously test this finding in vivo,” Perrier added. Their research was shared at the 2025 European Organ Transplant Association (ESOT) conference in London on June 29th.
Feinberg and his team have also undertaken the 3D printing of islets themselves. Their technique involves creating a framework akin to “3D printing within a hair gel” by printing cells and collagen directly onto a hydrogel polymer. This was showcased at the International Pancreatic and Islet Transplant Association conference in Pisa, Italy, on June 16th. In diabetic laboratory mice, these islets managed to restore normal glucose control for up to six months.
While Perrier’s findings are “undoubtedly promising,” Feinberg cautions that the inherent variability of human tissues employed in creating the islands can present challenges. “It’s akin to receiving a transplanted organ,” he notes. “The material may function exceptionally well, yet its variability poses challenges and complicates the situation.”
Both Feinberg and Perrier concur that stem cell therapy may hold the key to the future of managing type 1 diabetes. By integrating stem cells into their 3D printing process, they believe this approach could address multiple challenges associated with current cell sources.
Right before the extended Independence Day weekend, numerous beaches nationwide were closed due to high levels of harmful bacteria, accompanied by health advisories. The issue stems from fecal waste, a prevalent summer concern in both freshwater and ocean areas, which can lead to gastrointestinal illnesses and skin infections.
The bacteria posing threats to summer swimmers include E. coli and enterococcus. Contamination may result from sewage, fertilizers, or stormwater runoff. E. coli is often found in freshwater environments, while enterococcus can develop in both oceans and freshwater.
Edward Dudley, the director of Penn State’s E. coli reference center, noted that testing for swimming waters is a standard practice, as are the subsequent closures.
Antalpreet Jutla, an associate professor of environmental engineering science at the University of Florida, mentioned that beach closures tend to occur during the summer months when surface temperatures rise and bacteria can proliferate more easily. However, he emphasized that various factors — including human activities, temperature, and water movement — can influence bacterial growth.
Jutla also reiterated that closures due to fecal bacteria are quite common.
“Generally, the higher the level, the greater the risk,” Dudley stated.
Fecal waste can result in numerous harmful diseases, but experts are increasingly concerned about the recent rise in another dangerous bacterium, Vibrio.
Vibrio is a potentially lethal bacterium responsible for similar beach closures in the recent past. These carnivorous bacteria flourish in warm coastal waters. Jutla noted that he has observed Vibrio gradually migrating northward across the US. Testing for this bacterium varies based on specific conditions and concentration thresholds.
“While trends nationwide seem unusual at the moment, it’s something we’re particularly worried about: its presence in coastal waters,” Jutla remarked regarding Vibrio.
The deadly V. vulnificus is a rare type of bacterium, yet infections have surged in recent years due to warmer seawater along the US East Coast.
Can flashy technology directly influence the regulation of hormones within your body and mind? By the year 2035, a myriad of options had emerged on the market. Morning pick-me-ups? Do you stimulate desire when you settle down for the night? Or perhaps a period of immunity to discomfort? It’s all now within reach.
This innovation began in 2027, when daily treatments for severe surface and internal abrasions were developed within a living dressing. This dressing belonged to a class of engineered Biological Materials (ELM) that produce enzymes and antibiotics to expedite healing.
ELM is also utilized in the production of fermented beverage kombucha, inspired by the biofilm that can form in vinegar. Known as the “mother” layer, biofilms are living substances and symbiotic cultures of bacteria and yeast (Scoby). In vinegar, Scoby transforms alcohol into acetic acid, while in kombucha, it generates acetic acid and other compounds from sweetened tea. However, crafting unique synthetic scobies (sin-sobies) with gene-edited yeasts and bacteria can generate the essential enzymes, nutrients, and hormones. In 2021, a team from Imperial College London developed programmable Scobys using Baker’s yeast, easily modified to produce various compounds.
The first widely adopted Syn-Scoby was a medical material, stored in a dormant state within emergency kits and surgical units. When required, the material, now referred to as the Heal Me patch, is extracted and applied to the affected area. Once exposed to oxygen, the yeast is reactivated to convert its cellulose matrix into the necessary compounds. These include protein-degrading enzymes that swiftly dismantle dead and damaged tissues, alongside other enzymes that mitigate pain and inflammation, thereby accelerating recovery.
Following successful medical applications, Syn-Scobys were devised in the 2030s for numerous uses, extending from contaminant detection in the environment to delivering vital nutrients, enzymes, and hormones. Syn-Scobys replaced the bionic pancreas utilized by individuals with type 1 diabetes for insulin production and blood glucose control. Other variants emitted a luminescent protein upon identifying specific contaminants, metals, or pathogens in the surroundings.
Military researchers created patches that produce adrenaline and testosterone to alleviate pain and enhance aggression. However, Heal Me patches had direct access to the bloodstream via human wounds, exposing the compounds to digestive enzymes before absorption. To counter this, scientists engineered patches intended to be implanted in the thighs or abdomen. When soldiers required a boost, an activating enzyme was injected at the implant site. This initiating enzyme activates the Syn-Scoby within the patch and releases the desired compounds into the bloodstream.
Activate your customized living implants to enhance focus, aggression, stamina, and pain tolerance.
Customized living implants can be triggered as needed to amplify focus, aggression, endurance, and pain resistance. Recreational Synscobi is designed to generate stimulants, psychedelics, and libido enhancers.
The array of embedded patches is now available for immediate use. They secrete leptin to mimic solid leptin and inhibit ghrelin, which triggers hunger. Another variant allows live implants to produce semaglutide drugs such as Mounjaro, Wegovy, and Ozempic to suppress the urge to eat or drink, focusing on generating drugs like modafinil and oxiracetam that enhance cognitive function and memory retention.
For recreational purposes, psychoactive compounds like psilocybin are secreted, easily synthesized from gene-edited yeast. Users are filled with oxytocin and serotonin, fostering feelings of love, joy, and sexual desire. Dream Me facilitates controllable dreaming and stages of restful sleep, offering two options: Lucid and Black Out.
The most exclusive and sought-after implant was the Juve Me series, which generated various anti-aging compounds known as cytopathy and gathered senomorphic substances such as rapamycin and metformin that clear senescent cells and rejuvenate aged cells. Unlike many other ELMs, which have a temporary existence within the body before being metabolized, Juve Me implants were purposefully designed to be self-sustaining. It represents a symbiotic being living harmoniously within a fortunate individual, supplying nutrients essential for the implant’s longevity and vitality.
Hat Tips for Iain M. Banks’s culture The novels serve as inspiration for my symbiotic implants, which align with the bank’s concept of “Granding.”
Rowan Hooper is the podcast editor for New Scientist and author of How to Spend $1 Trillion: These are 10 global issues that can realistically be addressed. Follow him on Bluesky @rowhoop.bsky.social
Methanobrevibacter shows that a microorganism named smithii is linked to colorectal cancer
Kateryna Kon/Science Photo Library/Alamy
Ancient mysterious microorganisms, distinct from bacteria and viruses, are believed to have a role in colorectal cancer, challenging the notion that these microorganisms are harmless.
Life can be categorized into three domains: the first consists of single-celled bacteria, the second includes eukaryotes—multicellular organisms such as animals and plants equipped with complex cells housing nuclei and DNA.
The third domain is Archaea, comprising single-celled organisms previously mistaken for bacteria due to their lack of nuclei. Recent findings reveal that they possess some traits similar to eukaryotes, suggesting that the first eukaryotes might have originated from archaeal cells that incorporated free-living bacteria.
Our intestines harbor trillions of bacteria and viruses linked to various conditions, including cancer, diabetes, obesity, and heart disease, alongside archaea, though the latter is often overlooked.
In pursuit of a clearer understanding, Mohammazzade and her team analyzed data from 19 clinical studies involving more than 1800 individuals.
They observed that while the link between archaea and several medical conditions is prevalent, it varies. Particularly, Methanobrevibacter smithii was notably present in individuals with colorectal cancer. This microbe significantly aids digestion by converting bacterial fermentation byproducts like hydrogen and carbon dioxide into methane.
Utilizing microbial culturing techniques, the team found M.smithii interacting with bacteria such as Bacteroides fragilis, E. coli, and Fusobacterium nucleatum.
These bacterial species have been linked to colorectal cancer; particularly, the association with F. nucleatum appears to be significant given its relationship with cancer. When M.smithii coexists with F. nucleatum, the latter produces higher amounts of succinate, a critical metabolic signaling molecule recognized for enhancing tumor invasiveness and spread potential noted in cancer studies.
“This represents the first mechanical evidence linking archaea to human diseases, particularly colorectal cancer,” states Mohamatzade.
This research reinforces earlier findings connecting M. smithii to colorectal cancer, asserting the need for further exploration to uncover the mechanisms at play and why this microorganism is prevalent in colorectal cancer patients, according to Gianmarco Piccinno from Trent University, Italy. He emphasizes that most available evidence is correlational and calls for additional studies.
“While Archaea is acknowledged as part of the human microbiota, its direct involvement in diseases remains poorly understood,” points out Sunny Wong from Nanyang Technological University in Singapore. Recent studies have also established connections between archaea and colorectal cancer. “Though they exist in fewer numbers than bacteria in the intestine, they are metabolically active, often consuming hydrogen, producing methane, and interacting with the host.”
Comet 3i/Atlas is the third interstellar object detected in the solar system
E. Guido, M. Rocchetto, J. Ferguson
Interstellar objects have been observed speeding through the solar system, prompting both amateur and professional astronomers globally to direct their telescopes toward them, refining their orbital models to confirm their status as visitors from other stars.
The comet was initially designated A11PL3Z and marks the third documented interstellar object. The first, ‘Oumuamua, was identified in October 2017, shortly after its closest approach to Earth. Its bizarre acceleration sparked numerous theories, including the possibility that it might be an alien spacecraft. The second interstellar object, Comet Borisov, was discovered in 2019, allowing for more extensive observations early in its journey through the solar system.
The A11PL3Z was first detected by NASA’s Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System (ATLAS). Earlier images of the object, once overlooked, were identified in data collected on June 14. New observations are underway in Chile and beyond through the Deep Random Survey. The Minor Planet Center—charged with the observation and reporting of such entities—has now officially named it 3I/ATLAS, acknowledging both its classification as the third interstellar object and the discoverers.
The object measures approximately 20 km wide and is estimated to move at around 60 km per second, gradually accelerating due to the sun’s gravitational pull. By October, it will reach its closest point to the Sun, passing within two astronomical units (twice the distance from Earth to the Sun) before swinging away and exiting our solar system.
The anticipated trajectory of 3i/Atlas marks its position as only the third interstellar object to be recorded in the solar system
CSS, D. Rankin
This creates a limited window for studying 3i/Atlas, although its visibility offers more time for observation compared to other interstellar entities. “They move through the solar system at astonishing speeds,” states Mark Norris from the University of Central Lancashire, UK. “It’s a race against time to learn as much as we can about them.”
Unfortunately, the technology needed to launch missions to intercept and investigate these celestial visitors remains out of reach, according to Norris. “Even if we started today, it would be too late,” he concludes. However, this may evolve soon, as the European Space Agency (ESA) aims to deploy a comet interceptor mission into space in 2029, where it will await encounters with newly discovered comets and interstellar bodies.
For now, astronomers must depend on existing telescopes to observe 3i/Atlas from a distance. “As we can track it until the end of the year, we have sufficient time to refine its trajectory, and there’s still time to focus the spectrometer on it,” mentions Richard Moisle. Our team is already eager to pinpoint the earliest possible observations. Everyone is highly enthusiastic and ready for what’s ahead.”
World Capital of Astronomy: Chile
Explore the breathtaking astronomical sites in Chile. Visit advanced observatories and marvel at the breathtaking clear night skies.
Feedback, featuring the latest in science and technology news from New Scientist, invites readers to share captivating items. Email your suggestions to Feedback@newscientist.com.
Bleaker House
Feedback states that one of life’s great joys is encapsulated in the opening line of a book: “It was the day my grandmother exploded.” As the performance manager sat before the curtains in the hall, a profound melancholy enveloped him amidst the crowded scene. “Why not start at the end of the world?”
This sentiment has resonated with many, including ourselves, as we contemplate recent literature. An article in the New Yorker examines the impact of artificial intelligence on the reading experience. The assertion is that AI may render complex prose into something more accessible.
Writer Joshua Rothman illustrated this with a passage from Charles Dickens’ intricately worded opening in Great Expectations: “Gas lamps flicker in the mist of the street, just as the sun dips low, accompanied by her husband and the ploughboy returning from the field.” AI Claude rephrased it: “Gas lamps glow faintly through the mist in various parts of the street, just as the sun appears to farmers working in fog-covered fields.”
On some level, it seems Claude managed to capture an essence of Dickens’ intent, yet elements like cadence and rhythm profoundly affect the reading experience. The phrase “various spots” feels jarring when read. Additionally, I question whether the sole goal of the passage is simply to convey a misty atmosphere. In Great Expectations, the tension and evocative language—words like “loom” and “sponge”—convey a deeper mood.
But literary analysis aside, let’s ponder what other dense passages AI might simplify for easier understanding. Adam Sharp has already given some examples. Take, for instance, Sylvia Plath’s opening in The Bell Jar: “It was a strange, sultry summer, the summer they electrocuted Rosenberg, and I had no idea what I was doing in New York.” Sharp offers the following summary: “It was sizzling hot that summer, and so was Rosenberg.”
What about Jane Austen’s intro? Pride and Prejudice states: “It is a universally acknowledged truth that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.” We can certainly simplify it: “It’s well-known that wealthy single men are looking to marry.” We encourage readers to identify similar complex passages ripe for AI’s simplification.
I’ll Burn It Before I See It
Recently, Brian Darbell received a DVD of the movie Conclave, and a yellow sticker on the back caused him theological confusion: “Security: Remove before microwave.” Now that’s one way to create white smoke.
The Truth About Storks
Feedback was surprised when readers reminded them that correlation does not equal causation. What triggered this revelation?
Jim Handman highlighted two peculiar correlations. The number of pirates worldwide has decreased nearly in tandem with rising global temperatures, leading to the slogan: “Stop global warming: Become a pirate.”
Conversely, murder rates often increase alongside ice cream sales. Jim quipped, “This latter correlation seems silly. However, there’s a logical explanation.” Warmer climates encourage outdoor activities, fostering social interactions that inadvertently create more opportunities for both ice cream sales and crime. Notably, this rings true for me: I once went out for ice cream only to have it snatched by a seagull. Lesson learned—I’m now enjoying ice cream indoors, far from marauding seabirds.
The third correlation we discussed in a recent column involves the relationship between stork populations and the number of children born. Initially, we dismissed this correlation. Nevertheless, three readers offered insight.
Hilary Shaw suggested an environmental link: “Storks prefer nesting in elevated locations such as chimneys or church spires. Affluent societies with low birth rates often replace ‘unsightly pylons’ with buried cables and do not install chimneys in centrally heated homes.”
Paul Van echoed this thought, recalling his A-level statistics days, noting a positive correlation between the number of stork nests in Dutch neighborhoods and family size. His explanation? “Larger families tend to occupy bigger homes with more chimneys, thus providing more stork nesting options.”
Finally, Brian Lefin Smith noted a riverbank in Germany, known for its abundance of storks crouching to pick up items. Brian mentioned spotting an “unopened condom wrapper” twice, prompting the question: “Are storks pilfering to ensure more babies, thus creating a cycle of self-interest?” He provided a crucial insight: “Malicious intent is often absent from statistical correlations.”
Reflect on that and identify the most plausible correlation.
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Demis Hassabis, the CEO of Google DeepMind and a Nobel Prize Winner for his work in developing the AlphafoldAI algorithm that predicts protein structures, appeared on 60 Minutes in April. He asserted that, with the assistance of AI like Alphafold, we might reach the end of all diseases within the next decade.
This assertion is met with skepticism by those involved in drug development and disease treatment. For instance, Derek Lowe, an experienced drug chemist, reacted to Hassabis’ remarks by stating, “I want to quietly stare out the window and express words I don’t understand.” It’s not necessary to be an expert to see the hyperbole; the notion of entirely eliminating diseases in a decade is far-fetched.
Some speculate that Hassabis’ claim is yet another instance of tech leaders overstating their achievements to attract investors. Isn’t this reminiscent of Elon Musk’s outrageous predictions about Mars settlements or Sam Altman’s assertions regarding the impending arrival of artificial general intelligence (AGI)? While this cynical perspective has some merit, such experts may downplay the underlying complexities.
It seems like authorities occasionally make bold statements outside their expertise (consider Stephen Hawking on AI, aliens, and space travel). However, Hassabis appears to recognize his boundaries, as his Nobel comments highlight the potential for new drug development stemming from Alphafold’s predictions, which generated buzz about groundbreaking discoveries.
Similarly, another 2024 Nobel laureate, Jeffrey Hinton, previously an AI advisor at Google, emphasized that large-scale language models (LLMs) are similar to human learning. So, don’t worry about crying protests from cognitive scientists—or in some instances, AI too much.
These examples suggest that, oddly, some AI experts may mirror their creations—producing remarkable outcomes while acknowledging their limitations.
Another case is Daniel Kokotajiro, a researcher who departed from OpenAI over concerns regarding AGI and is now the executive director of the AI Futures project in California. He stated, “We’ve caught AIs lying, and I’m sure they knew what they were saying was wrong.” His knowledge, intentions, and anthropomorphic language reveal that Kokotajiro may be overlooking the true nature of LLMs.
The danger of assuming these experts are always right is highlighted by Hinton’s 2016 comment suggesting that, due to AI, “We should stop training radiologists now.” Fortunately, radiology experts dismissed this claim; there are doubts about a connection between his comments and growing concerns among medical students regarding the future of radiology jobs. Hinton has since revised that statement—but imagine the impact it could have had if he had already received a Nobel. The same applies to Hassabis’ comments about illnesses. The notion that AI could handle everything fosters overconfidence when it requires a far more nuanced, scientifically and politically-informed approach.
These “expert” predictions often go unchallenged in the media. I can personally attest that even some intelligent scientists are persuaded by them. Many governmental leaders seem to have bought into the hype generated by high-tech CEOs and Silicon Valley titans. We need to start scrutinizing their proclamations with the same skepticism we apply to the statements made by LLMs.
Philip Ball is a science writer based in London. His latest book is How Life Works.
Matalvira stones from Valencina, Spain, transported over 5,300 years ago
L. Garcia Sanjuan
A two-ton megalith located in southern Spain was moved by an unknown group of ancient seafarers over 5,300 years ago.
The Matalvira stones are sturdy plaster slabs, measuring approximately 1.7 meters in length and 1.2 meters in width, situated within a structure reminiscent of the Copper Age of Valencina, near Seville.
This megalith is housed in a circular chamber known as a tross, offering ample space for individuals to stand around it. Due to its distinctive composition and dimensions, this stone is believed to have been used for rituals, though its origin remains puzzling.
Lewis Caceres Paro from the University of Fuelva, along with his team, conducted chemical analyses alongside optically stimulated luminescence dating to estimate the age of the slabs.
The findings indicate that the megalith was transported to its present location between 4544 and 3277 BC. This new timeline suggests the stones were moved to Valencina well before the tunnel structure surrounding it was constructed.
The composition of the stone closely resembles that of a quarry located 55 km away, across the Guadalquivir River. At that time, a wide estuary separated the two sites, implying that the stone was likely transported by boat.
This marks the first evidence of megalithic stones being moved by boats on the Iberian Peninsula. It is theorized that larger stones from other megalithic sites in Europe, such as Stonehenge in the UK and Kerenca in France, were also transported similarly.
“In 4,000 BC, we observed rapid advancements in coastal navigation,” notes Leonardo Garcia Sanjuan from the University of Seville. “The stone basin at Matalvira is a significant piece of indirect evidence, suggesting that these people had developed advanced raft, canoeing, or sailing techniques.”
Excavations at other sites indicate that Mediterranean communities had already begun constructing sophisticated and seaworthy vessels.
“The transportation of these enormous stones further underscores the technical expertise of the Matalvira Builder,” remarks Ramon Fabregas Valkerse, who was not involved in this research at the University of Santiago de Compostela in Spain.
Valencina is recognized as one of Europe’s most extensive prehistoric sites, covering over 460 hectares. Unique artifacts at this location include items sourced from distant areas, such as amber, flint, cinnabar, ivory, and ostrich eggs.
“[Valencina] features megaliths, extensive ditches, large burial sites, and complex material cultures, hinting at interactions between Iberia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean,” explains Cacerespolo.
Prior research in this area has unveiled numerous details demonstrating the historical importance of the site, including the era from 2900 to 2650, during which it was predominantly led by women.
“The current analysis enriches the understanding of one of Valencina’s principal monuments,” asserts Alasdair Whittle from Cardiff University, UK.
He clutched memories of the trap tightly, and the previous summer, his front limbs were ensnared in sheer terror. As he came to, he recognized Usie’s presence and detected a horrifying human scent on his neck—he saw his brother shot before his eyes.
This young wolf is Slavc, using GPS to navigate a breathtaking journey from Slovenia to the Italian Alps, reaching Lothinian Plateau several months later.
With curiosity piqued, Adam Weymouth followed Slavc’s path, crafting his own epic tale intertwined with complex themes: the intricate relations of human interactions and their impacts, environmental challenges across the continent, and of course, the wolves themselves. A beautifully intricate narrative woven with affection.
Why are certain individuals more prone to becoming radical or aligning with extreme viewpoints? This book reveals how political neuroscience investigates our limitations and firmly held beliefs. A pivotal inquiry raised by neuroscientist Leor Zmigrod examines whether a person’s sensitivity is “rooted in cognition and biology.”
1 The experiment she references released in 2008, published in Science, suggested that politically conservative individuals have a stronger reaction to threatening stimuli than their more liberal counterparts. Moreover, an interesting correlation emerges between the ability to adapt quickly to changing circumstances and one’s adherence to political or social ideologies.
Adding to the intriguing discoveries, Rebecca Lemov pens her work titled Truth Instability.
This book examines mind control and the complex dynamics of the 20th and 21st centuries, from the “invisible” manipulation techniques employed on North Korean prisoners during the 1950s to the “soft” brainwashing that occurs through interactions on social media.
The historical insights provided by Lemov, together with the ongoing revelations from political neuroscientists, prompt us all to be particularly cognizant—being conscientious is half the battle.
David Farrier contends that rapid changes in animal behaviors are occurring under human influence. He suggests that if we hope to thrive alongside these changes, we must also adapt our lifestyles. “Climate change is altering many of the ‘wild clocks’ governing movement, reproduction, and blooming cycles. Learning to synchronize our timing with nature’s rhythms can profoundly impact our political landscape.” His pursuit of human adaptability unfolds a daring vision.
In his review, Jacob Aron pointed out that determining the truth is fundamental to science. I admire books centered around proofs, and Adam Kucharski (a gifted statistician and epidemiologist) serves as a captivating guide in this realm. Abraham Lincoln utilized a well-known proof derived from Euclidean element, which exemplifies an approach to derive seemingly universal truths from foundational principles—one he used in his battle against slavery.
Corals, sponges, worms, jellyfish, clams, crabs, octopuses, and more—could invertebrates truly constitute 99% of marine diversity? Absolutely, asserts marine ecologist Drew Harbel, who looks forward to introducing us to these creatures and their remarkable capabilities from Hawaii to Indonesia. The book is also filled with stunning photographs for your enjoyment!
In the early 2000s, the largest global tech companies shifted their manufacturing to the world’s second-largest economy. The story of Apple’s presence in China is complex, far from being a straightforward narrative of wealth accumulation through low wages and minimal labor rights. This book unravels the paradoxes surrounding its subtitle, “Catching the World’s Largest Company.” While China “captured” Apple, the company subsequently altered the future of the U.S. by enhancing China’s technological sector and creating around 5 million jobs. In light of the increasingly authoritarian policies of Chinese leader Xi Jinping, the effects of Apple’s actions continue to resonate in the current global economic landscape.
Numerous books focusing on our food system suggest that the monolithic machines designed for mass-producing cost-effective calories are harming us. Originally, this system aimed to alleviate hunger, but it has unintentionally fueled health crises, including obesity and diabetes, as well as exacerbating climate change.
These books differ notably in their approach. What framework can sustain nourishing an ever-growing population of 8 billion while preserving the planet?
Stuart Gillespie appears more radical than many, arguing that transformation is impossible without political shifts and changes in power dynamics; the discussions at conferences often represent a “facade.” Genuine transformation necessitates systemic shifts.
His manifesto advocates for equitable nutrition and health upheld by law, not merely “paper” human rights. It could be a genuine game-changer.
When individuals fall ill, everyone wishes to understand the underlying issues without rushing, notes neurologist Suzanne O’Sullivan. Her book has garnered considerable attention due to its relevance.
O’Sullivan outlines the notable rise in diagnosis rates for ADHD, autism, and depression, alongside the increasing prevalence of conditions like Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and emerging genetic disorders. Other health issues, including cancer, diabetes, hypertension, and dementia, seem to be on the upswing. So, what’s actually happening?
O’Sullivan explores several significant case studies in her chapters, including Huntington’s Disease, Lyme disease, and long COVID, as well as conditions deemed unnamed syndromes—rare, elusive ailments that may take years to identify.
The issue of labeling is a substantial part of the problem, according to O’Sullivan. If labels only attract individuals with mild manifestations of an ailment, they lose their value. What, then, is the solution?
O’Sullivan’s recommendations include: ceasing the expectation that medications will alleviate our disappointments, reconsidering the reliance on medical interventions for ordinary life experiences, and urging patients to encourage their doctors to adopt a more generalized medical perspective. It’s not just about new technologies—it’s about investing in humanity. Provocative and inspiring.
This unique work—a rarity from economists—challenges conventional thinking. Economists often separate their economic decisions from moral implications, favoring utilitarian perspectives that emphasize the greater good achieved through maximizing benefits for the largest population. However, this perspective tends to overlook moral values like compassion and fairness.
In this book, the authors strive to ensure that moral values are considered alongside economic constraints. This ambitious project aims to form a framework for navigating ethical decisions without dismissing their costs.
In our quest to understand the universe’s origins—13.8 billion years ago—we often grasp at elusive concepts. This informative book succinctly summarizes nearly every prevailing hypothesis about the Big Bang.
The authors engage the reader across twelve chapters, tracing the “earliest memories of science” as the universe began to expand from an incredibly dense state. They suggest that understanding these origins not only illuminates our past but also highlights the need for new physics. Their objective is to evaluate the strengths and limitations of competing models, leading us into a new conceptual landscape forged by the scientific process. And of course, (without giving too much away) it all begins with your understanding of what the Big Bang truly signifies…
The metaphors we choose reveal much about our understanding. Thus, renowned naturalist Robert MacFarlane questions the vitality of a river and makes waves with his exploration.
As he traverses the globe considering this question along with others—such as whether forests can think, and whether mountains have memories—Rowan Hooper described the narrative as “beautiful, wild, and provocative.” MacFarlane might express concern that we are attempting to reestablish animism to navigate our interactions with the non-human world. Instead, Hooper advocates for a focus on sound ecological thinking and science!
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I’ve got a foolproof method that guarantees you’ll win the lottery you desire. Just follow my simple technique and you’ll capture the biggest jackpot imaginable. The only caveat? You need either millions yourself or a circle of wealthy friends.
Let’s use the US Powerball as an illustration. To participate, you must select five unique “white” numbers from 1 to 69, along with a sixth “red” number from 1 to 26. Notably, this last number can replace one of the white ones. How many unique lottery tickets can you create? To find out, we turn to a branch of mathematics known as Combinatorics, which helps calculate the number of potential combinations of items.
This situation is analogous to the “n choose k” problem in which n signifies the total number of objects available for selection (69 for the white Powerball numbers) and k refers to the number of objects you wish to pick. It’s essential to note that these selections occur without replacement—each winning number drawn removes it from the pool of available choices.
For this, mathematicians employ a useful formula for solving n choose k problems: n! /(k! ×(n – k)!). If this notation is unfamiliar, don’t worry! It’s simply a representation of the product of all whole numbers leading up to a given integer. For instance, 3! = 3×2×1 = 6.
Applying 69 for n and 5 for k results in a total of 11,238,513 combinations. While that sounds substantial, we’ll see shortly that it might not be enough. Enter the Red Powerball. Essentially, this means you’re effectively playing two lottery tickets at once, raising the stakes for winning the grand prize. Merely adding a sixth white ball, the combinations soar to 119,877,472 in total. However, since there are 26 possibilities for the red ball, you would multiply the white ball combinations by 26, yielding a grand total of 292,201,338 potential outcomes.
Now we’re talking about over 292 million possible Powerball tickets. The ultimate trick to guaranteed victory? Simply purchase every possible ticket. Of course, the logistics involved complicate this idea. Most importantly, you’d need over $5 billion on hand, as each ticket costs $2.
Is that enough to ensure a significant payout? It’s a bit complicated to answer. The Powerball jackpot accumulates weekly, often remaining unclaimed, which means the prizes can vary. However, there are about 15 instances of jackpots exceeding $584 million, which would not be worth pursuing under the buy-all-tickets approach. Profits are further diminished by the prospect of multiple winners choosing the same combination and approximately 30% of winnings being deducted for taxes.
It’s not surprising, really. If winning the lottery and making a profit were guaranteed, people would be doing this all the time, leading lottery operators to go bankrupt. Yet, surprisingly, poorly designed lotteries do appear, leaving savvy investors at a disadvantage.
One of the earliest noted incidents of this kind involved the writer and philosopher Voltaire, who collaborated with mathematician Charles Marie de la Codamine to create a syndicate aimed at buying all tickets in a lottery tied to French government debts. While the exact methods remain vague, there are suggestions of devious tactics employed that allowed them to circumvent the full ticket payment, resulting in the syndicate winning repeatedly before authorities shut down the lottery in 1730. In a letter to a colleague, Voltaire remarked, “The group that won the victory and purchased all the tickets triumphed over a million players.”
Modern lotteries have faced similar fates. A notable instance is the Irish National Lottery, which was taken over in 1992 by numerous syndicates. At the time, players had to select six numbers from 1 to 36. The n choose k formula indicates 1,947,792 possible tickets. With each ticket costing 50 Irishpense (the currency then), the conspirators managed to raise £973,896 and began acquiring tickets poised for an estimated £1.7 million prize pool.
Lottery organizers caught wind of this scheme and began restricting the number of tickets any one vendor could sell. This limitation meant the syndicate could only purchase roughly 80% of the possible combinations. The outcome was a shared jackpot with two other winners, leading to a loss of £568,682 for the syndicate. Thankfully, the lottery had introduced a £100 guaranteed prize for matching four numbers, bringing their total to £1,166,000.
In response to the incident, the Irish National Lottery quickly revised its rules. Players now must select six numbers from 47, elevating the total number of tickets to 10,737,573. Though the jackpot is capped at 18.9 million euros, the £2 price per ticket makes lottery investments unprofitable.
Despite ample awareness regarding the pitfalls of poorly structured lotteries, such phenomena may still arise. One extraordinary instance emerged in 2023, when a syndicate won a $95 million jackpot in the Texas lottery. Texas lottery tickets involved 54 choices, allowing for 25,827,165 possibilities, with each ticket priced at $1, making this a significant venture. However, there were speculations that the syndicate had possible support from the lottery organizers themselves. Fallout from this controversy is still ongoing, raising questions about legality. The syndicate may have collaborated through local retailers and acquired a ticket printing terminal from the Texas lottery, simplifying logistics. Organizers at the time deny any involvement in unlawful activities, and no criminal charges have been filed. As a lawyer representing the syndicate stated, “All applicable laws, rules, and regulations were adhered to.”
So there you have it. If you can secure an ample amount of upfront cash and the organizers fail to implement the n choose k formula effectively, you might just make a decent profit. Good luck!
Exposure to light at night significantly raises the risk of heart disease, according to extensive research.
Various environmental and behavioral signals synchronize the body’s circadian rhythms, the internal clocks that manage physiological functions. However, contemporary lifestyles often disrupt these biological mechanisms, heightening sensitivity to health issues.
Previous studies utilizing satellite data have indicated associations between residents of brightly lit urban areas and heart disease, focusing solely on outdoor light at night. Daniel Windred, from Flinders University in Adelaide, and his team sought to determine if overall light exposure impacts cardiovascular health.
They monitored approximately 89,000 individuals without pre-existing cardiovascular conditions, equipping them with light sensors for a week between 2013 and 2016. “This represents the largest research effort on personal light exposure patterns affecting cardiovascular health to date.”
The sensors captured both natural and artificial light sources, including emissions from mobile phones. Over the eight-year period, participants who experienced the brightest nights showed a 23-56% increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease compared to those exposed to darker nights.
For example, individuals in the highest light exposure category included those who activated overhead lights for an hour from midnight to 6 AM. “This scenario places them within the 90th to 100th percentiles of nighttime light exposure,” Windred noted. He emphasized that the body continues to react to artificial light even after it is turned off, and short exposures can disrupt circadian rhythms.
Researchers accounted for factors such as gender, age, smoking habits, and shift work. They also demonstrated that the connection between light exposure and heart disease risk remained constant, regardless of sleep duration, sleep efficiency, or genetic predisposition.
Interestingly, although women generally have a lower incidence of heart disease at the same age as men, exposure to bright nighttime light can neutralize this protective effect due to estrogen. Evidence suggests that women experience more significant melatonin suppression in response to bright light, making their circadian systems more sensitive compared to men.
Disruption of circadian rhythms can compromise glucose tolerance, elevating the risk for type 2 diabetes, which is a risk factor for heart disease. Such disruption also influences blood pressure and can increase the risk for abnormal cardiac rhythms due to conflicting signals between the brain and heart.
“The significance of these findings must not be understated,” stated Martin Young from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. “As a 24/7 society increasingly disrupts our circadian systems, this study underscores the notable health risks linked to such exposure.”
Windred suggests that individuals strive to maintain a darker nighttime environment. “Optimize your sleep schedule to ensure darkness during bedtime. If you awaken during the night, utilize dim lighting and avoid bright overhead lights.”
Approximately 100 million years ago, dinosaurs might have congregated to engage in a mating dance in a tidal area near Denver, Colorado. Recent research published in Cretaceous Research indicates that numerous intriguing scrape marks found in the stones of Colorado’s renowned dinosaur ridges are identified as Leks, potentially the largest known dinosaur mating display sites.
“Leks, or ‘Keeping Arena,’ refers to a location where numerous individuals come together to showcase courtship behaviors to attract mates,” stated Dr. Caldwell Bunting, the lead author of the study, in a conversation with BBC Science Focus.
Many contemporary birds, including knots and feathers—descendants of dinosaurs—exhibit similar behaviors, noted Bunting.
The hypothesis that dinosaurs engaged in such rituals was initially suggested by paleontologist Dr. Martin Lockley, who had observed comparable marks in the vicinity. This new study significantly strengthens that hypothesis, uncovering over 30 different scrape marks across various sediment layers.
These scratches found on Colorado’s dinosaur ridges may have been created during mating displays akin to those of modern birds. – Getty
The marks can be classified into two types: broad, shallow bowl-like impressions and narrow scrapes. It appears many were produced during movements involving rotation and kicking actions by both feet.
Drone imagery from the 2019 US Geological Survey and subsequent follow-up surveys enabled the team to map the site accurately, as access to the area was strictly controlled.
“This was a remarkable discovery,” remarked Bunting, who collaborated with Lockley until his passing in 2023.
“Our excitement was palpable. Upon reviewing the drone footage, we immediately spotted scuffs covering the entire screen. It truly felt like a ‘Eureka!’ moment for me.”
While the exact species responsible for these markings remains uncertain, Bunting speculates that based on nearby fossil footprints, Acrocanthosaurus—a predator similar to T. Rex—and ostrich-like ornithomimids could be possible contenders.
Bunting argues that it’s improbable T. Rex would engage in similar courtship behaviors, as such rituals necessitate complex social dynamics likely associated with group herding and movement.
Bunting aims to revisit other possible LEK sites in western Colorado to reassess initial interpretations of the scuff marks found there.
If verified, these marks could provide significant insights into the reproductive behaviors of dinosaurs, revealing not only their mating practices but also their competition for partners.
Read more:
About our experts
Dr. Caldwell Bunting is an alumnus of Old Dominion University. His research has appeared in journals such as Sedimentary Geology and Cretaceous Research.
[The world underwent a profound transformation when project scientists in Manhattan detonated the first atomic bomb on July 16, 1945.
The Trinity test created a radioactive legacy, much like the numerous ground nuclear tests that followed (with a total of 528 explosions), which introduced radioactive particles into the atmosphere.
As a result, the air we breathe now carries a slight level of radioactivity. This has led to unforeseen effects on various materials we produce.
For instance, steel is manufactured by pushing refined oxygen through molten iron ore. Given the radioactivity present in today’s air, the steel produced is subtly radioactive as well.
The fallout from nuclear tests reached its peak in 1963, with levels subsequently dropping over 95% as the radioactive particles in the atmosphere decreased. This decline occurred gradually.
While the steel produced today poses no health risks, its slight radioactivity can interfere with sensitive scientific instruments, particularly those designed for detecting dark matter.
Hence, scientists are on the lookout for materials with minimal radiation contamination. Steel made before the first nuclear explosion in 1945 is particularly valuable for particle physics research because it contains significantly fewer radioactive particles.
Much of this “low-radiation steel” has been salvaged from shipwrecks, including a fleet of 52 German battleships that sank in the shallow waters of Orkney, Scotland.
Even slight radioactivity can disrupt sensitive scientific instruments, like those made to detect dark matter. – Image credits: Science Photo Library
However, the rising demand for low-radiation steel has sparked controversy. In 2017, it was revealed that salvage divers had illegally looted up to 40 World War II warships near Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia.
This discovery triggered protests from veterans and historians, who regard these wrecks as sacred sites of underwater warfare.
Ancient Roman lead is also prized among physicists for its ability to shield ultra-sensitive experiments from background radiation. Naturally radioactive, lead ore can contain trace amounts of isotope lead 210, which has a half-life of 22 years.
While fresh lead suitable for particle physics takes centuries to produce, Roman-sourced lead had enough time to lose its radiation.
In 2010, Italy’s National Archaeological Museum celebrated a historic agreement to donate 120 lead ingots, recovered from a Roman ship that sank around 80-50 BC, to the Nuclear Physics Institute for use in future experiments.
This article answers the question posed by Henry Becker from Durham: “How does background radiation affect particle detectors?”
For inquiries, please email us atQuestion @sciencefocus.com or message us onFacebook,Twitter, orInstagram(don’t forget to include your name and location).
Check out our ultimateFun facts for more amazing science content.
A new study has unveiled the significant carbon footprint of the US military, indicating that even modest budget cuts can lead to substantial reductions in emissions.
Published in the journal PLOS Climate, the study reveals a strong correlation between spending by the US Department of Defense (DOD) and energy consumption, along with greenhouse gas emissions. The authors assert that lowering military expenditures could result in considerable environmental benefits.
The US military stands as the largest emitter of greenhouse gases globally, with an estimated output of 636 million tonnes of CO2 equivalents (a standard measure for greenhouse gas emissions) recorded between 2010 and 2019.
In fact, if the military were classified as a country, its emissions would surpass those of nations like Sweden and Portugal.
Moreover, this data only considers scope 1 and 2 emissions, which are the direct emissions from fuel combustion and purchased electricity. Indirect emissions (scope 3) from factors such as employee travel, waste disposal, and supply chains are not included, indicating that the military’s actual carbon footprint is even larger.
Utilizing public data from 1975 to 2022, Professor Ryan Tomb of Penn State University has examined the relationship between military spending, energy consumption, and consequently greenhouse gas emissions.
As expected, increased military spending leads to higher energy usage, while budget cuts result in decreased consumption. Interestingly, the study found that the reduction in spending had a more pronounced effect on energy consumption than increases did.
“Our findings show that spending reductions correlate with lower energy use, particularly from military facilities, vehicles, equipment, and jet fuel,” Thombs stated in an interview with BBC Science Focus.
“Although further research is required to explore specific mechanisms, these results imply that cutting spending may compel the military to diminish the scale, distance, and frequency of operations more than increased spending would push for expansion,” he added.
More than half of the fuel consumed by the national army is allocated to flying fighter jets. – Christopher Campbell, senior airline in the Air Force
Another potential reason for this trend could be that budget cuts may disproportionately limit aviation activities.
Globally, military jets rank among the most energy-intensive machines. In the US military, jet fuel has accounted for 55% of total energy usage over the last fifty years.
“Given the substantial share of energy consumption, prioritizing a reduction in aviation activities is critical,” Thombs commented. “Aviation is highly energy-intensive, and serious efforts to lessen military emissions should target this area.”
It is widely acknowledged that controlling aviation emissions is challenging. Both military and commercial aviation are often described as “hard-to-abate” sectors that cannot yet transition away from fossil fuels at the scale and energy density currently required.
This suggests that curtailing aviation operations is essential for achieving emissions reductions, according to Thombs.
The research team also outlined projections for various future budget scenarios. They discovered that if military spending were to decrease by 6.59% annually from 2023 to 2032, the DOD could save energy equivalent to the entire energy usage of Slovenia or Delaware. This represents a feasible reduction rate observed over the last 50 years, making it a plausible target.
While the scientific rationale is evident, the political landscape tells a different story. Governments worldwide are increasingly escalating their defense budgets amid a climate fraught with conflict and instability.
On June 26th, President Trump’s administration proposed a $1.01 trillion National Defense Budget for the upcoming fiscal year, marking a 13.4% increase from the previous year.
Despite this trend, Thombs remains hopeful. He believes that with the right framing, it is possible to achieve spending reductions. He pointed to previous proposals by Senators Edward Markey and Bernie Sanders to cut military spending by 10%, redirecting those funds toward jobs, healthcare, and education.
“Framing these reductions in such a manner could be an effective strategy, as reinvesting these resources could significantly enhance people’s lives,” Thombs remarked. “Ultimately, the most effective way to mitigate the social and environmental costs associated with the military is to scale it back.”
Researchers are currently planning to explore why spending cuts yield such exceptional energy savings and whether this trend holds for other major military forces.
Read more:
About our experts
Ryan Tomb serves as an assistant professor of rural sociology in the Faculty of Agricultural Economics, Sociology, and Education at Penn State University in the United States. His published research appears in American Sociological Review, Sociological Methodology, Journal of Health and Social Behavior, and Society, along with interdisciplinary journals such as Changes in the Global Environment, Energy Research and Social Sciences, Climate Change, and Environmental Survey Letters.
Astronomers utilizing ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT) have captured images of SNR 0509-67.5.
This image, obtained with the multi-unit spectroscopic explorer (Muse) located on ESO’s Extremely Large Telescope (VLT), displays the supernova remnant SNR 0509-67.5. The Calcium shown in blue is arranged in two concentric shells, indicating a double explosion of the star. Image credits: ESO/DAS et al. / Noll et al.
“White dwarfs—small, inert cores resulting from the demise of sun-like stars—are capable of producing what astronomers classify as type Ia supernovae,” states a PhD student from the University of New South Wales University of Canberra.
“Our understanding of the universe’s expansion hinges on these supernovae, which also serve as the primary source of iron on Earth, including in blood.”
“Yet, despite their significance, the mechanisms driving their explosions are still not fully understood.”
All theories surrounding Type Ia supernovae begin with pairs of white dwarf stars.
When one of the stars’ orbits is sufficiently close to its counterpart, it can siphon material from its companion.
According to the most prevalent theory regarding Type Ia supernovae, the white dwarf accumulates matter until it hits a critical mass and then experiences a singular explosion.
However, new research indicates that at least some Type Ia supernovae could be better explained by a series of double explosions occurring before the stars reach this critical mass.
The recent VLT images of SNR 0509-67.5 confirm these predictions.
In this alternative model, the white dwarf forms a helium layer through theft, which becomes unstable and can ignite.
This initial explosion generates a shockwave that moves inward, resulting in another explosion at the core of the star, ultimately leading to the supernova.
Until now, there had been no clear visual proof supporting the occurrence of a double explosion in white dwarfs.
Recent studies have suggested that this process creates identifiable patterns or “fingerprints” on the still-glowing debris from the supernova, surfacing long after the primary explosion.
Research proposes that the remains of such supernovae contain two distinct calcium signatures.
Das and his colleagues have found these fingerprints on the supernova remnants.
“The findings clearly indicate that white dwarfs can explode well before reaching the famous Chandrasekhar limit, demonstrating that the ‘double explosion’ mechanism naturally occurs,” remarks Dr. Ibo Seitenzar, an astronomer at the Heidelberg Institute.
Astronomers were able to identify these calcium layers in SNR 0509-67.5 by employing VLT’s multi-unit spectroscopic explorer (Muse).
This provides compelling evidence that Type Ia supernovae can occur prior to their progenitor white dwarfs reaching critical mass.
“This tangible evidence of double explosions not only aids in resolving historical mysteries but also offers a visual interpretation,” explains Das.
“It’s incredibly satisfying to reveal the intricate workings behind such colossal cosmic explosions.”
The team’s results are published today in the journal Nature Astronomy.
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P. Das et al. Calcium in the remnants of the supernova as fingerprints of the sub-Chandrasekhar explosion. Nature Astronomy Published online on July 2, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41550-025-02589-5
A global consortium of researchers has successfully sequenced the complete genome of adult male Egyptians from over four millennia ago, predating the unification of Egypt and enriching our understanding of the early dynastic period and prior kingdoms.
The Nevamun hunt in the swamp with his wife and daughter is part of a mural from Chapelle, the tomb of Nevamun in the New Kingdom, in 1350 BC. Image credit: Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images.
Dr. Pontus Skoglund from the Francis Crick Institute stated:
“While Ancient Egypt offers a rich tapestry of history and archaeology, the challenges of DNA preservation have rendered the genomic records of early Egyptian ancestors largely unparalleled.”
“Recent advances in genetic technology have enabled us to transcend these barriers and mitigate DNA contamination, giving us the first genetic insights into potential migrations of Egyptian populations during this era.”
In this research, scientists obtained and sequenced DNA from individual teeth belonging to Nuway rats from a village located 265 km south of Cairo.
Through analysis of the genetic code, they discovered that a significant portion of the individual’s ancestry traced back to ancient populations in North Africa.
The remaining 20% of ancestry linked to ancient peoples from the fertile crescent, particularly from a region known as Mesopotamia (roughly corresponding to modern Iraq).
These findings provide genetic proof that populations migrated to Egypt, intermingling with the local populace—previously revealed only through archaeological artifacts.
However, researchers caution that additional genomic sequences are required to fully comprehend the variations among Egyptian ancestors during this period.
By examining the chemical markers found in teeth related to diet and environmental factors, they concluded that these individuals likely grew up in Egypt.
They also analyzed skeletal remains to estimate age, gender, height, and gather insights into their ancestry and way of life.
These markers indicated that the skeleton exhibited muscle markings suggestive of prolonged occupations, such as pottery or other trades requiring similar movements.
“By piecing together the evidence from this individual’s DNA, bones, and teeth, we were able to construct a detailed portrait,” remarked Dr. Adeline Mores Jacobs from Liverpool John Moores University.
“We anticipate that future DNA samples from ancient Egypt will enhance our understanding of this migration from West Asia.”
“This individual’s life story is remarkable,” noted Dr. Linus Girdland Flink, co-author from Liverpool John Moores University.
“He lived and died during a pivotal moment in ancient Egypt, with his skeleton excavated in 1902 and subsequently donated to the World Museum in Liverpool.”
“We are beginning to uncover this individual’s story, revealing ancestral connections to the fertile crescent and illustrating the intermingling of diverse groups during this time.”
“The skeletal markings provide significant clues about his personal life and lifestyle. His pelvic bones are enlarged, showing extensive activity, and his arms exhibit signs of repetitive motion, while his right foot displays notable arthritis.”
“These findings suggest a connection to ceramics, possibly involving the use of ceramic wheels in ancient Egypt.”
“Nonetheless, the elevated burial status associated with his remains is not typically expected for potters, indicating he may have achieved a higher social standing.”
The Hot-Jupiter exoplanet HIP 67522b revolves around its star, HIP 67522, frequently triggering flares from the star’s surface, which seem to heat and penetrate the planet’s atmosphere.
Artistic impression of the HIP 67522 young planetary system. Image credit: J. Fohlmeister, AIP.
HIP 67522 is a G0 star located approximately 417 light-years away in the constellation Centaurus.
This star is part of the Scorpius-Centaurus Stellar Association and is also known as HD 120411, 2Mass J13500627-4050090, and TYC 7794-2268-1.
At about 17 million years old, HIP 67522 is home to two young exoplanets.
The inner planet, HIP 67522b, completes an orbit around the star every seven days and has a diameter roughly ten times that of Earth, making it similar in size to Jupiter.
Using five years of data from NASA’s TESS and ESA’s CHEOPS telescopes, astronomer Ekaterina Ilin and her team studied the HIP 67522 system in detail.
They uncovered that the planet and its host star share a powerful yet destructive connection.
Although not completely understood, the planet becomes ensnared in the star’s magnetic field, resulting in eruptions on the star’s surface that transfer energy back to the planet.
When combined with other high-energy radiation from the star, these flares appear to significantly enhance the rapid inflation of the planet’s atmosphere.
This indicates that the planet might not remain within the size range of Jupiter for much longer.
Continuous exposure to intense radiation can lead to atmospheric loss over time.
In about 100 million years, this could change the planet into a hot Neptune state or even result in more severe atmospheric reductions, with sub-Neptunes commonly observed in our galaxies, but lacking smaller planetary types than Neptune in our solar system.
“We found the first definitive evidence of the interaction between the flare star and the planet, demonstrating that the planet induces energy eruptions in the host star,” remarked Dr. Ilin, lead author of a paper published in the journal Nature.
“What is particularly thrilling is that this interaction persists for at least three years, allowing for in-depth study.”
“Such planetary interactions have long been anticipated, but these observations were made possible with this extensive spatial telescope dataset,” stated Dr. Katja Poppenhäger, an astronomer at Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam and Potsdam University.
“The planets are essentially subjected to intense bursts of radiation and particles from these induced flares,” explained Astron astronomer Dr. Harish Vedantum.
“The conditions in this self-inflicted environment are likely to expand the planet’s atmosphere and can significantly accelerate the rate at which the planet is losing its atmosphere.”
In a separate paper published in Astronomy and Astrophysics, astronomers confirmed that HIP 67522 is a magnetically active star emitting strong radio radiation along with a magnetic field.
They monitored the star at low radio frequencies for approximately 135 hours using the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), revealing it as a bright and explosive source of radio waves.
However, there were no indications of radio wave flares resulting from star-planet interactions.
“The lack of detection aligns with the notion that planet-driven flares may be too faint for ATCA to observe, corroborating the conclusions on magnetic star-planet interactions presented in our Nature paper,” they noted.
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Ekaterina Ilin et al. Nearby planets induce flares in their host star. Nature, published online July 2, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09236-z
Ekaterina Ilin et al. 2025. Search for planetary-induced radio signals from the young exoplanet-host star HIP 67522. A&A, in press; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202554684
Topeka, Kansas – The US government is gearing up to breed billions of flies, which will be released from planes in Mexico and southern Texas to combat meat-eating maggots.
This may sound like a horror movie plot, part of the government’s strategy to safeguard the US from pests that threaten the beef industry, wildlife, and even household pets. This innovative method has proven effective in the past.
“It’s an excellent technique,” remarks Edwin Burgess, an assistant professor at the University of Florida, who studies animal parasites, particularly in livestock. “It’s the best method we have for translating science into solving significant problems.”
The targeted pests are the meat-consuming larvae of the New World Screwworm Fly. The USDA is set to ramp up the breeding and distribution of adult male flies that will mate with wild females, resulting in eggs that will not hatch. Consequently, the larval population will decline over time.
Workers drop New World screwworm fly larvae into trays at a facility that breeds sterile flies in Pacola, Panama last year. Copeg via AP file
This method is more effective and environmentally friendly than conventional pest control, which was used by the US and other countries north of Panama to eradicate these pests decades ago. Sterilized flies from Panama were effective for years, yet infestations resurfaced in southern Mexico late last year.
The USDA anticipates that a new Screwworm Fly Factory will begin operations in southern Mexico by July 2026. Additionally, a fly distribution center will be established in southern Texas by the end of this year, facilitating the import and distribution of flies from Panama as required.
Fried Live Meat
Most fly larvae consume dead flesh, feeding on decomposing matter from the New World screwworm as well as its counterparts from Asia and Africa, posing a significant threat to the American beef industry. Females lay eggs in wounds, which can sometimes expose the underlying tissue.
“A 1,000-pound cow could perish within two weeks,” stated Michael Bailey, the elected president of the American Veterinary Association.
Veterinarians have effective treatments for infested animals; however, an invasion can still cause significant discomfort and pain for affected animals.
Don Hineman, a retired rancher from Western Kansas, recalls an infected cow from his youth on the family farm.
“It had a terrible smell,” he recounted. “Like rotten meat.”
Utilizing Fly Biology Against Them
The New World Screwworm Fly is a tropical species that historically could not survive winters in the Midwest and Great Plains. However, from 1962 to 1975, the US and Mexico raised and released over 94 billion sterile flies, according to the USDA.
Workers hold two small containers of New World screwworm flies. Copeg via AP file
The numbers must be large enough so that wild females have no option but to mate with sterile males.
A unique biological characteristic gives fly fighters an edge: females mate only once during their adult life over a short period.
Reasons for Increased Fly Breeding
Concerns have been raised about the potential northward movement of flies. The southern border has been closed to imports of live cattle, horses, and bison, which won’t fully reopen until at least mid-September.
However, female flies can inflict wounds on warm-blooded animals, including humans.
Decades ago, the US operated fly factories in Florida and Texas, which were shut down after the pests were eradicated.
Panama’s fly factory can produce up to 117 million flies per week, but the USDA aims to boost production to at least 400 million per week. It plans to invest $8.5 million in a Texas facility and $21 million to transform it into a breeding site for screwworm flies and fruit flies in southern Mexico.
Methods for Cultivating Millions of Flies
Growing large populations of flies is relatively simple, according to Cassandra Olds, an assistant professor of entomology at Kansas State University.
She notes, however, that “you need to provide females with the necessary cues to lay their eggs, and the larvae must have sufficient nutrients.”
Previous USDA studies indicate that larvae were once fed horse meat and honey before transitioning to a blend of dried eggs and honey or molasses. The Panama facility eventually utilized a mixture of egg powder, red blood cells, and cow plasma.
Workers use machines to mix food for the sterile fly breeding program in Pacola. Copeg via AP file
In nature, larvae, akin to the pupal stage of butterflies, fall from their hosts to the ground, burrowing just below the surface to grow inside a protective casing resembling a dark brown tic-tac mint. In the Panama factory, workers place them into sawdust trays.
Security measures are crucial. According to Sonja Swiger, an entomologist at Texas A&M University’s Extension Services, breeding facilities need to prevent fertile adults from the breeding stock.
Aerial Fly Release
Dropping flies from aircraft presents certain risks. Recently, a plane releasing sterile flies crashed near the Mexican border, resulting in three fatalities.
Historically, during test runs in the 1950s, scientists placed flies in paper cups, which were then dropped from the planes using a specialized chute. These cups were loaded into boxes on a machine called the “whiz packer.”
The current method closely resembles this. Small aircraft equipped with wooden trays release the flies.
Burgess is recognized for developing the breeding and distribution of sterile flies in the 1950s and 60s, labeling it one of the USDA’s “greatest accomplishments.”
Some farmers now contend that new factories shouldn’t be closed after another successful eradication.
“What we perceive as full control — and declare victory — can always reemerge,” cautioned Burgess.
Fibroblast cells that play a role in forming connective tissue and are also involved in scarring
Dr. Torsten Wittmann/Science Photography Library
Recent discoveries about how mouth injuries heal without bruising could lead to treatment methods that prevent permanent scars and improve skin appearance.
“Millions of individuals experience injuries, surgeries, burns, and various other traumas,” states Ophir Klein from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. “This represents a significant issue not only in cosmetic terms but also functional terms,” he adds. For instance, he mentions that a major wound can restrict leg movement due to skin tightening.
To explore this, Klein and his team took advantage of the fact that mouth wounds heal without scarring. “Injuries inside the mouth heal more quickly and with fewer scars compared to skin injuries,” he explains.
Upon investigation, the researchers created 2.5mm wide wounds both in the mouth and on the face of mice. They collected tissue samples as these wounds healed over the course of a week.
The team analyzed cells known as fibroblasts that are associated with scarring and discovered that fibroblasts in the mouth exhibited higher activity levels for genes encoding proteins such as Gas6 and Axl than those in the skin. These proteins are known to promote cell growth, migration, and survival.
The Gas6-Axl pathway seemed to inhibit the levels of a protein called FAK, which is involved in depositing proteins on wounds, leading to scar formation. “We were aware of this pathway’s existence, but its role in non-scarring wound healing was unknown,” Klein notes.
The next step for the researchers was to assess whether enhancing the Gas6-Axl pathway could minimize skin scarring. They administered a solution containing Gas6 to freshly created facial scars on mice. After two weeks, these treated wounds exhibited reduced FAK levels and fewer scars compared to those in untreated mice. “They have successfully shown that stimulating this pathway can diminish scarring,” says Jason Wong at the University of Manchester, UK.
“This is certainly a significant step towards what could be a scar-free future,” states Ines Sequeira from Queen Mary University in London. However, he cautions that further research is needed with larger animals like pigs, which have skin more similar to humans, before moving towards human trials.
Neanderthal cooking abilities were more advanced than previously believed.
Gregoire Cirade/Science Photo Library
Almost 100,000 years ago, Neanderthals processed animal bones to extract fat, a practice that was also seen in modern humans around 125,000 years ago.
This discovery stems from a remarkable lakeside site in Neumark Nod, eastern East Germany, where over 100,000 bone fragments from at least 172 individual animals were uncovered, including horses, dogs, deer, foxes, large cats, and extinct twin rhinoceroses.
The bones exhibited clear signs of having been crushed into small pieces and heated to release the fat contained within the spongy tissues. This fat could have served as a rich source of high-calorie nutrition for hunter-gatherer groups.
Will Roebroeks and his team at Leiden University in the Netherlands described the site as a “fat factory” suggesting it was intensively used for a short period. “The fragmentation of the bones is distinctly artificial and not a result of natural predation or geological forces,” he states.
While there is no direct evidence of butchery by Neanderthals, they were the primary known human species in Europe at that time, Roebroeks points out.
Previously, the earliest evidence for grease rendering was located in Portugal, dating back only 28,000 years.
The labor-intensive process of breaking down large mammal bones into such tiny fragments only makes sense if it serves a purpose, Roebroeks notes.
The team lacks direct evidence of boiling; however, it is evident that the bones were heated. “Given the clearly heated bones, heated flint tools, and the presence of stones, it indicates that fire was utilized at the site,” he explains.
Since the earliest known pottery dates back around 20,000 years, the Neanderthals likely used other types of containers to boil the bones. Recent experiments indicate that containers made from materials like deer hides and birch bark can be placed directly over the fire, allowing sufficient water to heat up for cooking, according to Roebroeks.
“This adds yet another layer to the complex cultural practices of our distant relatives, suggesting that these hunter-gatherers may have engaged in forms of food preservation,” he concludes.
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