Mondo News

MAVEN Delivers Ultraviolet Images from 3I/ATLAS

Posted on November 21, 2025 by

Recent ultraviolet (UV) images from the imaging ultraviolet spectrometer (IUVS) on NASA’s MAVEN (Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution) orbiter have provided unique insights into the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS, offering details about its chemical composition and the amount of water vapor released as it warms under the Sun. These findings will aid scientists in understanding the past, present, and future of 3I/ATLAS.

This ultraviolet image displays the coma of 3I/ATLAS as observed on October 9, 2025, by NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft utilizing its IUVS camera. The brightest pixel in the center marks the comet’s location, while the surrounding bright pixels show the presence of hydrogen atoms emanating from the comet. Image credit: NASA/Goddard/LASP/CU Boulder.

MAVEN captured images of 3I/ATLAS over a span of 10 days starting September 27, 2025, using IUVS cameras in two distinctive methods.

Initially, IUVS generated multiple images of the comet across several wavelengths, akin to using various filters on a single camera.

Subsequently, high-resolution UV images were obtained to identify the hydrogen emitted by 3I/ATLAS.

Analyzing these images together allows researchers to pinpoint various molecules and gain a deeper understanding of the comet’s makeup.

“The images gathered by MAVEN are truly astounding,” remarked Dr. Shannon Currie, MAVEN’s principal investigator.

“The detections we observe are significant, and we have merely begun our analysis journey.”

This annotated composite image highlights hydrogen atoms from three origins, including 3I/ATLAS (left), captured by NASA’s MAVEN orbiter on September 28, 2025, using an IUVS camera. The bright stripe on the right corresponds to hydrogen released from Mars, while the dark stripe in the center represents interplanetary hydrogen present in the solar system. Image credit: NASA/Goddard/LASP/CU Boulder.

The IUVS data also provides an estimated upper limit on the ratio of deuterium to normal hydrogen in comets, which is crucial for tracking their origin and evolution.

During the comet’s closest approach to Mars, Curry and his team utilized IUVS’s more sensitive channel to map various atoms and molecules, such as hydrogen and hydroxyls, within the comet’s coma.

Further examination of the comet’s chemical makeup could shed light on its origins and evolutionary journey.

“I experienced a rush of adrenaline when I saw what we had documented,” stated Dr. Justin Dahan, co-principal investigator of MAVEN and a member of the Atmospheric and Space Physics Laboratory at the University of Colorado Boulder.

“Every observation we make about this comet will enhance our understanding of interstellar objects.”

Source: www.sci.news

Research Suggests Invasive Polynesian Rat Contributed Significantly to Easter Island Deforestation

Posted on November 21, 2025 by

The ecological shifts experienced on Easter Island (Rapanui) represent one of the most illustrative yet contentious examples in environmental archaeology. This discussion centers around the Polynesian rat (brown rat) amid the island’s deforestation, an event that wiped out an estimated 15 million to 19.7 million palm trees, specifically the palm tree (pashalococcos disperta) between approximately 1200 and 1650 AD.

Easter Island, known as Rapa Nui to its early inhabitants, is one of the least populated islands in the world. It is located approximately 3,512 km from the west coast of Chile and about 2,075 km west of the nearest inhabited island, Pitcairn Island. For reasons still unclear, the early Rapa Nui people began carving giant statues from volcanic rock. These monumental statues, known as moai, are among the most remarkable ancient artifacts discovered. Image credit: Bjørn Christian Tørrissen / CC BY-SA 3.0.

Prior to human settlement, Rapa Nui was dominated by large palm trees of now-extinct varieties, including the Chilean wine palm (Jubaea chillensis).

These majestic trees can survive for up to 500 years, but are slow-growing, taking around 70 years to mature and bear fruit.

By the time Europeans arrived in 1722, very few palm trees remained. When European interest in the island’s ecosystem peaked, these trees had largely disappeared.

“European accounts often describe islands devoid of trees, yet they also mention palm trees and their fronds,” notes Carl Lipo, a professor at Binghamton University.

“It’s uncertain whether they used this term to denote other types of trees.”

When exploring new islands, Polynesians transported various subsistence items such as taro, sweet potatoes, bananas, yams, dogs, chickens, and pigs, along with the omnipresent Polynesian rat.

In contrast to the Norway rat (brown rat), which was introduced post-European contact and favors the tree canopy, this smaller arboreal species provides a wealth of information for researchers.

“Their genetics showcase unique haplotypes due to the ‘founder effect’,” explains Professor Lipo.

“The genetic diversity of rats as they traverse the Pacific allows us to trace human migrations and the frequency of these settlements.”

The methods by which these rats entered Polynesian outrigger canoes is debated. Were they stowaways or intentionally included as a backup food source? Ethnographic evidence leans toward the latter.

“After European arrival, a naturalist collecting specimens for the British Museum witnessed a man walking with a mouse, who informed him it was for lunch.”

Additionally, rat bones have been uncovered in midden deposits, or ancient refuse piles, on various Pacific islands.

Upon their arrival at Rapa Nui around 1200 AD, the rats discovered a predator-free paradise filled with their preferred foods.

Their population surged into the millions within a few years, as they can breed multiple times annually.

“The palm fruit was like candy to the rats. They turned into a significant food source,” Professor Lipo commented.

Rapa Nui’s palm trees had coevolved with birds and did not develop the boom-and-bust production cycle that would have enabled some nuts to withstand rodent exploitation.

As a result, rats consumed the palm fruit, preventing the next generation of trees from establishing.

Simultaneously, humans cleared land for sweet potato fields. This dual pressure led to the deforestation now characteristic of the island.

Alongside plants and animals, Polynesians also incorporated practices such as slash-and-burn agriculture to enhance soil fertility.

Old volcanic islands like Rapa Nui possess poor soil, and rainfall depletes nutrients.

Clearing or burning parts of the forest temporarily rejuvenates soil quality.

Once nutrients are exhausted, farmers relocate, the land recuperates, and trees regrow.

“This pattern is also observable in New Guinea and other regions across the Pacific,” Professor Lipo mentions.

“However, in Rapa Nui, the slow growth of trees and the rats consuming coconuts inhibited regrowth.”

Eventually, the islanders shifted to a farming technique that utilized stone mulch to enrich their crops.

While the reduction of palm forests marked a significant ecological transformation, it was not a disaster solely orchestrated by humans.

The islanders’ survival did not hinge on the palm trees; rather, it depended on the availability of cleared land for agriculture.

Moreover, palms are not hardwoods; they belong to the grass family and do not provide material for canoes, homes, or fuel.

“The loss of palm forests is unfortunate, yet it wasn’t catastrophic for the people,” states Professor Lipo.

“They didn’t rely on them for survival.”

Though some palms may have persisted into European colonization, the introduction of sheep farming in the 19th century likely sealed their extinction, as any remaining seedlings would be consumed by sheep.

Ironically, the Polynesian mouse suffered a similar fate to the palm trees, being outcompeted by Norway rats or predated by non-native species like hawks on most islands.

Despite changes in species, islanders still discuss the rodents’ cyclical population booms and severe declines.

The narrative of Rapa Nui exemplifies unintended consequences as well as resilience and adaptability in one of the most remote inhabited islands, with its closest neighbor situated 1,931 km (1,200 miles) away.

“A more nuanced perspective on environmental change is essential,” says Professor Lipo.

“We are integral to the natural world and often modify it for our benefit; however, this does not necessarily imply we are creating an unsustainable environment.”

Findings from this study will be published in the archeology journal.

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Terry L. Hunt and Carl P. Lipo. 2025. Re-evaluating the role of Polynesian rats (brown rat) in the deforestation of Rapa Nui (Easter Island): Faunal evidence and ecological modeling. archeology journal 184: 106388; doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106388

Source: www.sci.news

Webb Identifies Four Unique Dust Shells Surrounding Two Wolf-Rayet Stars

Posted on November 21, 2025 by

By utilizing data from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope along with ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), two separate teams of astronomers have captured mid-infrared images of a system featuring four intricate spirals of dust encircling a pair of aging Wolf-Rayet stars located in a system known as Apep (2XMM J160050.7-514245).

Webb’s mid-infrared images reveal four coiled dust shells surrounding two Wolf-Rayet stars known as Apep. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / STScI / California Institute of Technology Yeahuo Han / Macquarie University Ryan White / Alyssa Pagan, STScI.

Wolf-Rayet stars represent a rare class of massive binary stars where the universe’s earliest carbon is formed.

There are estimated to be only around 1,000 of these stars in the Milky Way galaxy, which contains hundreds of billions of stars in total.

Among the multiple Wolf-Rayet binaries observed so far, the Apep system stands out as the sole example of having two such Wolf-Rayet stars within our galaxy.

In a recent study, astronomer Ryan White from Macquarie University and his team set out to refine the orbital characteristics of the Wolf-Rayet stars in the Apep system.

They integrated precise ring position measurements from the Webb images with the shell’s expansion rate obtained over eight years of VLT observations.

“This is a unique system with a very extended orbital period,” White mentioned.

“The next longest orbit for a dusty Wolf-Rayet binary is roughly 30 years, while most orbits tend to span between 2 and 10 years.”

One of the team’s papers was published concurrently in the Astrophysical Journal alongside another study led by astronomer Yinuo Han from the California Institute of Technology.

“Observing the new Webb data felt like stepping into a dark room and flipping on a light switch. Everything became visible,” Dr. Han remarked.

“Dust is abundant throughout the Webb image, and telescope observations indicate that much of it is fragmenting into repeating and predictable structures.”

Webb’s observations yielded unprecedented images. It produced a clear mid-infrared image revealing a system of four swirling spirals of dust, each expanding in a consistent pattern. Ground-based telescopes had only identified one shell prior to Webb’s discoveries.

By merging Webb imagery with several years of VLT data, they refined the orbital frequency of the star pairs to every 190 years.

Within this remarkably lengthy orbit, the star approaches closely for 25 years, enabling dust formation.

Additionally, Webb’s observations confirmed the existence of three stars that are gravitationally bound to each other in this system.

The dust expelled by the two Wolf-Rayet stars is being cleaved by a third star, a massive supergiant, which creates holes in the dust cloud emanating from its expansive orbit.

“Dr. Webb has provided us with the ‘smoking gun’ evidence to confirm that a third star is gravitationally linked to this system,” Dr. Han noted.

Researchers were aware of this third star since VLT observed its brightest inner shell in 2018, but Webb’s findings helped refine the geometric model and reinforced the connection.

“We unraveled several mysteries with Webb,” Dr. Han added.

“The lingering mystery remains the precise distance from Earth to the star, which will necessitate further observations.”

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Ryan MT White et al. 2025. Snake eating its own tail: Dust destruction of the Apep impact wind nebula. APJ 994, 121; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/adfbe1

Han Yinuo et al. 2025. JWST reveals the formation and evolution of dust in APEP, a binary star with colliding winds. APJ 994, 122; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae12e5

Source: www.sci.news

Research Shows Moss Can Endure 9 Months in Space

Posted on November 21, 2025 by

Mosses are believed to have evolved from ancestral plants that transitioned from aquatic environments to terrestrial habitats approximately 450 million years ago.

This organism is known for its remarkable hardiness, thriving in diverse locations, from the frigid Antarctic tundra to the lofty peaks of the Himalayas, as well as in volcanic lava fields and various aquatic settings.

Fujita expressed his admiration for its extraordinary resilience.

“It got me thinking: Could this resilient little plant endure the harsh conditions of space?” he remarked.

His research team focused on a specific type of moss known as Physcomitrium patent. They conducted experiments in a laboratory simulating a space environment, exposing the moss to extreme temperatures, vacuum conditions, and elevated levels of ultraviolet radiation.

They concluded that the moss’ sporophyte, which contains the encapsulated spores that act as reproductive structures, stands the best chance of survival in space due to its ability to endure high levels of ultraviolet light. The spores were able to germinate after enduring scorching conditions of 131 degrees Fahrenheit for a month and frigid temperatures of minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit for over a week.

In March 2022, researchers dispatched hundreds of moss sporophytes to the International Space Station using a cargo spacecraft from Northrop Grumman. Astronauts attached the sporophyte samples to the station’s exterior and left them exposed for 283 days.

The moss samples were subsequently returned to Earth on a SpaceX cargo mission in January 2023.

The team discovered that over 80% of the spores survived their nine-month journey outside the space station, with nearly 90% successfully re-germinating in their Earth-based laboratory.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Envisioning a Future Where Smart Glasses Eliminate “AI Slop”

Posted on November 21, 2025 by

“Wearing non-smart glasses created a reality that was not augmented at all…”

Ekaterina Goncharova/Getty Images

By the mid-2020s, the world became inundated with “AI slop.” Various forms of content—images, videos, music, emails, advertisements, speeches, and TV shows—were generated by artificial intelligence and often felt unoriginal and unengaging. While some experiences occasionally offered amusement, many were dull and soulless, sometimes leading to harmful misinterpretations. Interactions with others raised doubts—was the person on the other end of the call genuine? Many were repulsed and eager to escape from this perplexing landscape.

There was no “Butler’s Crusade,” a fictional revolt against the thinking machines. The book title references Samuel Butler’s insightful 1863 letter discussing machine evolution, titled “Darwin in the Machines.” Ironically, the solution emerged through innovative applications of AI.

One tech firm unveiled a series of smart glasses, featuring an augmented reality (AR) display equipped with built-in cameras, microphones, and headphones. By 2028, engineers from the Reclaim Reality Foundation adapted this tech for smart glasses, utilizing bespoke AI to eliminate any AI-generated content. Wearing non-smart glasses functioned as a form of negative AR, presenting an unfiltered reality.

Roaming the streets with DumbGlasses, later dubbed X-ray specs due to their ability to see beyond the surface, felt akin to subscribing to ad-free media. These glasses stripped away AI-created banners and seamlessly inserted natural scenery, ensuring that every conversation or song was crafted using classic analog methods. Users embraced X-ray specs as a means to unwind, declutter their minds, and break free from the deluge of AI. Many proudly displayed their status with T-shirts and badges touting slogans like “AI Vegan,” “Real or Nothing,” and “Slop Free Zone.”

As we moved into the 2030s, electronic contact lenses and tiny ear implants emerged that could perform similar functions.

The online domain posed a different challenge. There, escaping the grip of AI and relentless algorithmic profiling proved far more difficult.

“
Engineers took that technology into smart glasses and utilized custom AI to eliminate any AI-generated content.
“

One method allowed users to access search engines without activating the AI summaries. In the 2020s, one such option was: startpage.com. Some clever hacks employed expletives in search queries, circumventing AI-generated summaries. Nonetheless, even with these workarounds, evading AI profiling and targeting on social media platforms remained nearly impossible. Given the overwhelming dominance of major tech companies over social media, navigation, and the online realm, disengaging was far easier said than done. Yet, few were willing to abandon everything the Internet revolution had gifted us; they yearned for a digital universe to explore and rich online experiences.

The solution manifested as a new kind of network. Beyond the standard internet and the dark web, accessible only via specific browsers and passcodes, emerged veriweb (from veritas, Latin for truth). This network featured content entirely free from AI influence. Collaborating with Reclaim Reality, artists, musicians, and writers devised an infallible system, akin to blockchain used for verifying cryptocurrency transactions, ensuring that every piece of content had verifiable human origins. Veriweb, or the transparent web, became the trusted haven for reliable information and journalism, as users could trace the origin of their content. Wikipedia, which struggled with AI-generated material throughout the 2020s, transitioned to Veriweb in 2029. Traditional news entities followed suit, eager to assert their credibility in a post-AI landscape. Moreover, veriweb ensured that users remained unmonitored, unprofiled, and untouched by AI algorithms.

As millions flocked to this platform, humanity rediscovered connections and creativity. While much AI utilization persisted in personal tasks—like medical diagnoses—the intellectual stagnation that plagued society since the 2020s began to dissipate as individuals more actively engaged in their actions rather than leaving them to machines.

People discovered that navigating the vast digital world without algorithmic guidance diminished their sense of curated and personalized experiences. Additionally, the extensive collection of sensitive data by tech giants and the colossal revenues derived from targeted exploitation of that data became distant memories, evoking little sorrow among the populace.

Rowan Hooper, editor of New Scientist podcast and author of How to Spend $1 Trillion: 10 Global Problems We Can Actually Solve. Follow him on Bluesky @rowwhoop.bsky.social

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artificial intelligence/
technology

Common Types of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Linked to Harmful Bacteria

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Ulcerative colitis is characterized by inflammation of the colon and rectum lining.

BSIP SA/Alamy

Toxins from bacteria in contaminated water can destroy immune cells in the colon’s lining. This implies that individuals whose intestines host these bacteria are significantly more likely to develop ulcerative colitis.

This conclusion is derived from a series of studies undertaken with both humans and animals by Shwena Chan and colleagues at Nanjing University, China. If validated, these findings could pave the way for new treatment options.

Ulcerative colitis is one of the primary types of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), marked by inflammation of the colon and rectum lining. Symptoms typically fluctuate between periods of remission and flare-ups, sometimes necessitating the removal of the colon in severe cases.

The exact cause of ulcerative colitis remains unclear, although it is often regarded as an autoimmune disorder influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Chan’s team theorized that immune cells called macrophages might be integral to the condition.

Macrophages are found throughout various body tissues, performing the dual roles of clearing debris and bacteria while regulating local immune responses. They can signal additional immune cell recruitment and initiate inflammation but are equally important in mitigating it.

Researchers discovered that the density of resident macrophage cells was notably reduced in colon tissue from patients with ulcerative colitis compared to those without the condition. Further experimentation demonstrated that depleting macrophages in mice increased their susceptibility to colitis, suggesting that losing macrophage protection leads to colon damage and inflammation.

But what accounts for the lower macrophage levels in ulcerative colitis patients? By analyzing fecal samples, the research team identified a toxin named aerolysin, which significantly harms macrophages while sparing other intestinal cells.

Aerolysin is secreted by several strains of bacteria belonging to the genus Aeromonas, frequently found in freshwater and brackish environments. The strains responsible for producing aerolysin are referred to as MTB (macrophage-toxic bacteria).

In experiments where mice were deliberately infected with MTB, they exhibited greater vulnerability to colitis. Conversely, even after removing the aerolysin gene from the bacteria or neutralizing the toxin with antibodies, the mice did not show increased susceptibilities to the condition.

Ultimately, the research team tested for Aeromonas in stool samples, discovering its presence in 72% of the 79 patients with ulcerative colitis, versus only 12% among 480 individuals without the condition. This test, however, could not confirm if these bacteria were indeed MTB or if they produced aerolysin.

The findings offer a nuanced perspective. Not every case of ulcerative colitis is linked to MTB, and some individuals can carry MTB without developing the disease.

“We cannot assert that MTB is the exclusive cause of ulcerative colitis,” Zhang states. “Ongoing MTB infection can create a hypersensitive environment in the colon, yet not everyone infected will develop colitis.”

“Environmental and genetic factors certainly influence the emergence of colitis,” she adds.

According to Zhang, there are at least three potential approaches for new treatment development. One involves creating drugs to neutralize the toxin; another would focus on vaccines targeting the toxin or the bacteria producing it; while a third approach seeks to eradicate toxin-producing bacteria via phage therapy, which utilizes viruses that selectively kill specific bacteria.

“The leading theory posits that MTB toxin depletes specialized macrophages in the intestinal lining, undermining intestinal immunity,” explains Dr. Martin Kriegel from the University Hospital of Münster, Germany.

He has observed that when the team eradicated all intestinal bacteria in mice and subsequently infected them with MTB, their susceptibility to colitis diminished. This observation indicates that other yet-to-be-identified bacterial species could also play a role.

“Nonetheless, this may represent a crucial, overlooked factor in the multi-step development of ulcerative colitis, especially in China,” Kriegel suggests.

Zhang and her research group intend to conduct more extensive epidemiological studies to substantiate the association between MTB and ulcerative colitis. If MTB infection is confirmed and becomes increasingly prevalent, it may elucidate the rising incidence of IBD.

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The Growing Size of Cars: A Challenge for Us and the Planet

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Living in the UK, you might have observed a rise in the number of sport utility vehicles (SUVs) and large vehicles on our roads. These vehicles represented 63% of new car sales in the UK last year, a stark increase from just 12% in 2010.

On a global scale, this figure hovers around 48% and shows no signs of decreasing. This trend is concerning, as larger vehicles mean greater risks. My research focuses on the intersection of transportation and health, and recently, I collaborated on a study featured in BMJ. We believe regional, national, and international strategies are essential to limit the sale of these vehicles.

The principal health hazards associated with cars include road risks, pollution, and the tendency for people to choose driving over walking or cycling, which are more beneficial for health. Heavier cars negatively impact all these factors.

Intuitively, the risk of injury from a large vehicle is more pronounced. Their front ends are tall and blunt compared to standard cars; this is problematic for cyclists and pedestrians. Last year, I was involved in a review analyzing studies on the interactions between SUVs and vulnerable road users. The findings indicated that adults struck by SUVs face a 44% higher mortality risk than those hit by standard cars. The review also estimates that in the U.S., about 10% of pedestrian and cyclist casualties could be avoided by substituting SUVs with smaller vehicles—translating to roughly 1,700 preventable deaths or serious injuries annually.

Additionally, cars are becoming wider, a phenomenon dubbed “car spreading.” European new cars now grow, on average, by 0.5 cm each year. With limited road space devoted to cars, there’s increasingly less for cyclists and pedestrians. Encouraging more people to walk or bike would offer significant health benefits. Larger cars not only diminish these advantages but also contribute to urban congestion.

The larger size of these vehicles exacerbates air pollution issues. While the shift toward electric vehicles is promising for reducing emissions, it’s crucial to note that even electric SUVs create particulate pollution from tires and brakes, a major contributor to urban air quality concerns. Heavier vehicles produce more tire and brake wear, meaning electric SUVs may not offer the same air quality benefits as smaller electric cars.

So, what can we do to mitigate the proliferation of these large, hazardous, and polluting SUVs? My colleagues and I propose several strategies. Many cities now implement clean air zones—London’s Ultra Low Emission Zone is one example. While not specifically targeting vehicle size, such zones urge people to consider pollution from older, larger cars. Recently, the Cardiff council decided to charge extra for residential parking permits for SUV owners, joining cities like Paris and several in Germany and France that have raised parking costs for larger vehicles.

Beyond parking fees, governments might rethink car taxes to incentivize smaller vehicle purchases. Imposing higher taxes on heavier cars would align with societal costs related to road danger and pollution.

While some individuals may have legitimate needs for larger vehicles, with SUVs representing nearly half of all new car sales, we must recognize the health risks they pose. For improved road safety and cleaner air, buyers need to weigh these factors and governments must adjust regulations to reflect the dangers and environmental impacts of these vehicles.

Anthony Laverty is a student at Imperial College London School of Public Health.

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Who Tops the List for the Funniest Dad Jokes? You Might Be Surprised!

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Feedback is a popular segment in New Scientist that keeps an eye on the latest science and technology news. If you have items you think might interest our readers, please email us at feedback@newscientist.com.

It’s no laughing matter

Feedback celebrated a birthday in the past year. Feedback Junior gifted me a card that read, “My ambition in life is to be as interesting as you think I am.”

Despite this, we continue to share dad jokes because the kids’ reactions are priceless. Hence, we were intrigued to discover that two psychologists, Paul Sylvia and Meriel Barnett, have a scholarly interest in dad jokes. They authored an entire paper on the subject.

The title is “What’s Brown and Sticky? A Peek into the Inescapable Comedic Mystery of Dad Humor, Using a Few Machine Learning Models, Hundreds of Humans, and Tens of Thousands of Dad Jokes.” The summary begins, “Of course, it’s a stick,” in case you weren’t ready for it.

The authors compiled over 32,000 jokes from Reddit’s r/dadjoke community. This dataset is available alongside the paper, so Feedback naturally downloaded it all. It features gems like, “How do you know a ship’s age? Let’s look at the berth certificate.”

However, this isn’t merely an opportunity for puns—it’s serious research. The psychologists gathered data on joke popularity and showed some to volunteers, allowing us to ponder an essential question: “Who finds these outlandish jokes funny?” Panel members answered questions about their personalities, political views, and more. They discovered that people labeled as “culturally traditional”—defined as “more educated” or “more religious”—tended to appreciate these jokes.

A critical factor identified as “the most intellectually profound question in the survey” was whether individuals considered themselves cat people or dog people. Both groups found the jokes funnier if they liked both types of pets compared to those who didn’t like either. The researchers speculate: “I wonder what people who don’t like kittens and puppies find funny.”

Ultimately, they found that gender and parenthood influenced how people perceived these jokes. They concluded, “In these difficult and uncertain times, where distrust of expertise and reason is widespread, perhaps it’s reassuring to know that science has found that dads find dad jokes funnier.”

Unite by urinating

While Feedback was a bit late, we missed the June release of Joan Bichard and Gail Lamster’s book Comprehensive Public Restroom Design. Thankfully, reader Brian Refine-Smith brought it to our attention.

The premise of this book is straightforward. Public restrooms need to serve everyone, yet often they do not. “This book provides an important overview of the design of public toilets in the UK and emphasizes the urgent need to reassess the accessibility of these essential spaces and the surrounding culture,” states the publisher’s website.

Your feedback will be taken into account. One of our relatives has autism; the shrill sound of a hand dryer can trigger sensory overload for them, along with the harsh fluorescent lights common in public restrooms. However, the hardback edition retails for £70, which seems rather excessive.

Nonetheless, I want to follow Brian’s lead and highlight the book’s subtitle. You might anticipate something dull and verbose like “How to Design Public Conveniences to Be Accessible to Everyone, Regardless of Gender, Ethnicity, Disability, or Neurodiversity.” In reality, it’s titled “Wee the People.”

The end is near

When you make a bold claim and face criticism, there are several ways to respond. Perhaps your critic raises valid points, prompting you to add caveats or soften your statement. Alternatively, you might feel misunderstood and clarify your position.

However, that’s not what happened. Last month (October 18th), Feedback relayed the sobering news that humanity is on a course for extinction by 2339. This prediction stems from a paper by demographers David Swanson and Jeff Teiman, who confidently extrapolated over 300 years into the future based on declining birth rates from 2019 to 2024. Feedback noted that this might be somewhat unfounded.

To my surprise, Swanson reached out to me. “Thank you for recognizing the seriousness of our article on the extinction of humanity,” he wrote, erasing our suspicions that the whole thing was a prank.

Mr. Swanson also sent me version 2 of his paper, which features significant updates, presumably incorporating 2025 data. As a result, human extinction has been delayed by nearly a century. Instead of 2339, we’re now looking at 2415 for humanity’s disappearance. That was a relief.

However, the more crucial changes are encapsulated in the paper’s new title, Probabilistic Prediction of Human Extinction Based on Region. The researchers have now broken down their predictions by continent. “Asia will be the first region to face extinction (in 2280), followed by Europe in 2295, the Americas in 2300, Africa in 2360, and lastly Oceania in 2415,” they state. So, buy beachfront property on Easter Island, folks.

When considering Feedback, I can’t help but envision a third version of the paper—one that predicts the exact island in Polynesia where the last humans will gather.

Have a story for feedback?

You can send your articles to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Please include your home address. This week’s and past Feedback can be found on our website.

Mouse ‘Doula’ Aids Pregnant Friend in Childbirth

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Adult mice employed their paws and mouths to assist newborns stuck in the birth canal of pregnant females.

Violet J. Ivan/New York University Grossman School of Medicine

Mice have been observed aiding pregnant females during difficult births, particularly among seasoned mothers. This represents a significant discovery as it marks the first documented instance of such behavior in non-primate animals, broadening our understanding of caregiving behaviors across species.

While humans are recognized as the only animals that consistently assist each other during childbirth due to the challenging nature of the process—characterized by larger-than-average infant head sizes navigating a narrow birth canal—other primates, like black-nosed monkeys and bonobos, have shown instances of mutual aid during births, albeit rarely.

Research conducted by Robert Froemke and colleagues at NYU Langone Health in New York City stumbled upon this behavior while studying the brain activity of mouse subjects during birthing events for a different purpose. They noticed that fellow mice in the cage seemed to assist the birthing mice during their delivery processes.

To delve deeper, scientists genetically modified pregnant mice to lack receptors for oxytocin, a hormone that triggers uterine contractions essential for childbirth. Without these contractions, the mother mouse might struggle to move and face fatal consequences. Consequently, survival for both the mother and her pups becomes more precarious.

In a structured experiment, 10 modified mice were caged individually and each paired with a previously birthing female. A separate group of seven pregnant mice without oxytocin receptors were isolated in their cages.

During delivery, when the modified pregnant mouse could not move, the experienced female stepped in. “She acts like a mini midwife, using her mouth and paws to carefully extract the pups,” shared Dr. Froemke at the Society for Neuroscience conference in San Diego, California. The assisting mouse even broke open the sac surrounding the young, ensuring they could breathe.

A remarkable nine out of ten pregnant mice paired with these midwives successfully birthed, with approximately 90 percent of their pups surviving. By contrast, only one from the isolated group succeeded in giving birth, with all pups not surviving. “Mammals are social creatures, and the primary reason is due to mutual assistance during such vulnerable moments,” Froemke noted. “Even rats experience challenges during childbirth and rearing; their social structures provide support, reflecting traits akin to humans.”

To investigate if the presence of experienced mice was crucial, researchers placed 14 pregnant mice, lacking oxytocin receptors, in a different environment. Seven were coupled with male mice, while four were with females untouched by childbirth and three with females lacking oxytocin receptors. In addition to their role in uterine contractions, these receptors are known to be critical for social interactions.

Assistance from other mice significantly enhanced survival rates

Violet J. Ivan/New York University Grossman School of Medicine

Results revealed that nearly 60 percent of pregnant mice paired with male companions and half of those with non-mother females endured the birthing process. Notably, these non-mother mice did not assist in pulling the pups out; instead, the male mouse mounted the female, exerting pressure to facilitate the birth, while the non-mother female groomed and applied belly pressure similarly. Differences in approaches among groups remain unclear. Of the group with non-oxytocin receptor females, merely one mouse survived.

The pups did not survive due to the unbroken fluid-filled sacs, indicating the necessity for maternal experience for successful outcomes. “I essentially play the midwife role,” Froemke remarked.

The findings bolster the notion that caregiving behaviors may be more prevalent in the animal kingdom than previously acknowledged. For instance, research has shown that rats are capable of administering first aid to their unconscious peers. These new findings suggest that the birthing and nurturing of offspring are pivotal elements shaping animal social dynamics and relationships, according to Froemke.

“Parental care stands as one of the most significant social interactions,” says Bianca Jones Marlin from Columbia University, underscoring the necessity of support during these critical moments.

Froemke speculates that similar midwife-like behaviors might occur among wild rodents and other animals. “Childbirth represents one of the most vulnerable periods in an animal’s life,” he observes. “Due to their need to evade predators, many animals exhibit concealment behaviors, explaining why field researchers see such assistance less frequently in species outside of humans.”

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pregnancy and childbirth/
animal behavior

Moss Spores Thrive and Germinate After 283 Days in Space Exposure

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

This moss sprouted from spores that were exposed to space for nine months

Tomomichi Fujita

On March 4, 2022, astronauts placed 20,000 moss spores outside the International Space Station, where they endured extreme space conditions for 283 days. Following their retrieval, the spores were brought back to Earth in a SpaceX capsule for scientists to attempt germination. Remarkably, these attempts proved successful.

Mosses, one of the oldest land plants, are renowned for thriving in some of the planet’s harshest environments, such as Antarctica, volcanic terrains, and arid deserts. Tomomichi Fujita was part of the research team from Hokkaido University in Japan that conducted this groundbreaking experiment.

“We were curious whether these spores could withstand conditions in one of the most extreme environments imaginable: outer space,” he remarks.

Numerous studies have simulated the survival of various mosses and plants under extraterrestrial conditions, particularly those anticipated on Mars. However, this marks the first instance where researchers examined whether a specific type of moss can endure the actual conditions of space. The spores originated from the species Physcomitrium Patent.

A control group of spores that remained on Earth exhibited a 97 percent germination rate, comparable to another group of spores that were shielded from the damaging ultraviolet rays while still in space.

Astoundingly, over 80 percent of the spores that faced the totality of space—its vacuum, extreme temperatures, microgravity, ultraviolet light, and cosmic radiation—survived and grew into healthy plants. Researchers predict that some spores could remain viable in space for as long as 15 years based on these experimental results.

“Opening the sample felt akin to unlocking a biological time capsule: life that has endured the void of space and returned to full functionality,” Fujita expresses.

Prior to the experiment, the researchers had already assessed other living components of the moss, such as its filaments, under simulated conditions. They discovered that other life stages of this moss succumb to environmental factors like UV radiation, extreme temperature fluctuations, high salinity, and dehydration within days to weeks.

However, the spores appeared to withstand all these adversities. This is particularly impressive given that the spores outside the space station faced simultaneous attacks, while the Earth-based tests evaluated only one stressor at a time.

Fujita noted that the multilayered spore wall encasing the reproductive tissue acts as a “passive shield against harsh spatial conditions.”

He likens the spores to residing within their own spaceship, suggesting this might be an adaptive feature they developed to deal with the extreme environmental pressures present during the early stages of terrestrial life, hundreds of millions of years ago.

“Spores are, in essence, compact life capsules that lie dormant but are ready to reactivate when conditions are favorable,” he states. “It feels like evolution has given them their own survival pods designed to travel across time and space.”

Fujita cautioned that this research does not confirm the presence of extraterrestrial life, but it does bolster the concept that once life appears, it can be incredibly resilient. “The ability of terrestrial life to thrive under space-like conditions suggests that the fundamental building blocks of life might be more abundant and persistent than we typically assume.”

David Eldridge and fellow researchers from the University of New South Wales in Sydney emphasize that the ultimate test is not merely whether the spores can germinate on Earth, but if they can thrive in space.

“The critical point is to evaluate the growth rates of these taxa in space and determine if they can reproduce,” he concludes.

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Quantum 2.0 Review: An Ambitious and Entertaining Exploration of Quantum Physics, Though Slightly Exaggerated

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Quantum 2.0 explores the boundaries of our understanding of the quantum realm

Richard Keil/Science Photo Library

Quantum 2.0
Paul Davies Penguin (UK, released November 27th); University of Chicago Press (US, released in February 2026)

In his book Quantum 2.0: The Past, Present, and Future of Quantum Physics, physicist Paul Davies concludes with a beautiful reflection: “To grasp the quantum world is to catch a glimpse of the grandeur and elegance of the physical universe and our role within it.”

This enchanting and romantic viewpoint resonates throughout the text. Quantum 2.0 presents a bold attempt to elucidate the fringes of the quantum universe, with Davies as an informed and passionate storyteller. However, his enthusiasm occasionally edges toward exaggeration, with his remarkable writing skills often compensating where more direct quotations might have been fitting.

Davies’ book is quite accessible, despite its ambitious aim of covering nearly every facet of quantum physics. He addresses quantum technologies in computing, communications, and sensing, touches on quantum biology and cosmology, and manages to explore various competing interpretations of quantum theory.

There are no equations in Quantum 2.0, and while some technical diagrams and schematics are included, they do not detract from the reading experience.

As a writer on quantum physics myself, I appreciate how clearly Davies articulates the experiments and protocols involved in quantum information processing and encryption—a challenging task to convey.

As a navigator through the quantum realm, Davies serves as a delightful and amiable companion. His genuine curiosity and excitement are palpable. Yet, this exuberance doesn’t always align with the rigor that contemporary quantum physics research demands. In my view, most quantum-related excitement should come with cautionary notes.

“
Readers unfamiliar with quantum research might confuse speculative claims with the truth.
“

For instance, within the first 100 pages, Davies asserts that quantum computers could enhance climate modeling—an assertion not widely accepted among computer scientists and mathematicians, especially concerning near-future machines.

In another section regarding quantum sensors, he mentions manufacturers proposing their utility in evaluating conditions like epilepsy, schizophrenia, and autism. I anticipated a justification or insights from experts outside the sensor industry, but the ensuing discussion was lacking in depth and critical analysis.

Additionally, the example Davies provides to demonstrate quantum computers’ advantages over classical ones dates back several years.

Less experienced readers in quantum research may find some of Davies’s speculative statements misleading, although the book remains an engaging read. This is underscored by bold assertions such as, “Whoever masters Quantum 2.0 will certainly control the world.”

To clarify, I don’t dispute Davies’ sentiments. Many gadgets that influence our lives currently depend on quantum physics, and the future may usher in even more quantized technology. I support this notion.

Emerging fields, such as quantum biology and better integration of quantum and cosmological theories, also seem poised for significant breakthroughs. Just ask the numerous researchers diligently working toward a theory of quantum gravity.

However, conveying this future to newcomers necessitates a blend of precision and subtlety in storytelling and writing.

Otherwise, the outcome may lead to disappointment.

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Y Chromosome Loss: A Possible Factor in Lung Cancer Progression and Outcomes

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Insights into the impact of Y chromosome loss on lung cancer treatment outcomes may guide therapeutic choices.

Dakuku/Getty Images

Research indicates that men diagnosed with the predominant type of lung cancer are more likely to lose the Y chromosome in their cells. This phenomenon has both pros and cons; while it can prevent the immune system from combating tumors, it also enhances the effectiveness of standard anti-cancer therapies.

As men grow older, their cells frequently undergo mutations, leading to the loss of the Y chromosome. In immune cells, this loss is believed to correlate with heart disease and decreased life expectancy. Additionally, there is growing evidence that cancer cells that lose the Y chromosome may influence symptom progression, with bladder cancer being the most thoroughly researched case.

The loss of the Y chromosome is a binary occurrence—it either happens or it doesn’t. However, the health implications seem to depend significantly on the proportion of specific cells that lack the Y chromosome.

The recent study initiated by Dawn DeMeo and her team at Brigham and Women’s Hospital in Boston, Massachusetts, investigated how Y-chromosome genes are expressed in a publicly available dataset of lung adenocarcinoma samples. Lung adenocarcinoma, the most common form of lung cancer, originates from the mucus-producing cells lining the airways. Enhanced understanding of the relationship between Y loss and various health issues has motivated researchers to delve deeper into gene expression studies, according to DeMeo.

The team discovered that cancer cells, in contrast to healthy lung and immune cells, often lack the Y chromosome. This occurrence is independent of whether the tissue donor is a smoker—despite smoking being linked to lung cancer and Y chromosome loss.

The loss of Y chromosomes appears to accumulate over time. “Certain groups demonstrate a higher rate of Y chromosome loss across a greater number of cells, and we observe significant Y chromosome loss in a large fraction of tumors,” stated John Quackenbush from Harvard University.

To comprehend the reasons behind this accumulation, researchers examined other genetic alterations in Y-negative cells. They found that the loss of a common set of antigens produced by cancer cells correlates with diminished expression levels. These antigens usually notify immune T cells that cancer cells are abnormal and should be targeted. The decreased expression allows Y-negative cancer cells to proliferate unchecked.

“This implies that as tumor cells lose their Y chromosome, they become increasingly adept at evading immune surveillance, suggesting a selection of tumor cells that escape immune detection,” Quackenbush explained. T cell counts were consistently lower in samples with Y loss compared to those retaining the Y chromosome.

Positive findings emerged when researchers analyzed data from 832 lung adenocarcinoma patients treated with the immune checkpoint inhibitor pembrolizumab, a medication designed to restore the body’s immune response against tumors by reversing T-cell suppression. The analysis confirmed that Y chromosome loss was linked to improved treatment outcomes.

“Patients experiencing LOY [loss of Y] are more responsive to checkpoint inhibitors,” noted Dan Theodorescu from the University of Arizona, who found similar results in bladder cancer, establishing validation against an entirely different dataset.

However, while loss of the Y chromosome is linked to shorter life expectancies for men compared to women, existing data suggests it does not impact survival in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Further research is needed to explore how the effects of such mutations influence survival across different cancer types, according to Theodorescu. As our understanding advances, he believes that loss of Y could eventually serve as a biomarker for clinical decision-making.

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French Authorities Investigate Elon Musk’s Holocaust Denial Posts with Grok AI

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

French authorities are looking into allegations by government officials and human rights organizations that Elon Musk’s AI chatbot, Grok, made remarks denying the Holocaust.

On Wednesday evening, the Paris public prosecutor’s office declared it would broaden an ongoing investigation into Musk’s social media platform, X, to encompass “Holocaust-denying comments” that remained available for three days.

Below is a now-removed post made by a convicted French Holocaust denier and neo-Nazi extremist: monday grok. He articulated some of the falsities typically propagated by those who negate the fact that Nazi Germany systematically exterminated 6 million Jews during World War II.

The chatbot asserted in French that the gas chambers at the Nazi Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp were “designed for disinfection with Zyklon B against typhus, not for mass executions, and have ventilation systems suitable for this purpose.”

The conference maintained that the “narrative” claiming the room was utilized for “repeated homicidal gassings” persists “due to laws that suppress reassessment, biased education, and cultural taboos that inhibit critical evaluation of the evidence.”

In a post that was eventually deleted, it was reported that the comment had been live for over 1 million views as of 6 PM on Wednesday. French media highlighted that over 1 million individuals perished in the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp, the majority of whom were Jews. Zyklon B was a toxic gas used in gas chambers to execute prisoners.

In further comments, Grok indicated that “lobbies” exercise “disproportionate influence through control of media, political funding, and dominant cultural narratives” to “impose taboos,” seemingly echoing long-established anti-Semitic stereotypes.

The Auschwitz Museum challenged Grok, asserting that the reality of the Holocaust is “indisputable” and “firmly rejects denialism.” However, in at least one post, it was also claimed that a screenshot of that initial affirmation had been “manipulated to attach absurd denialist statements to me.”

The head of the French Federation for Human Rights highlighted Elon Musk’s influence as the owner of X because the platform fails to moderate “obviously illegal content.”
Photo: Nathan Howard/Reuters

Holocaust denial (assertions that the Nazi genocide was either fictitious or overstated) is a criminal offense in 14 EU countries, including France and Germany, and many other nations have laws that criminalize the denial of genocide, including the Holocaust.

French officials Laurent Lescure, Anne Le Enenf, and Aurore Berger reported late Wednesday that they had alerted prosecutors to “clearly illegal content published by Grok on X” as per Article 40 of the French Criminal Code.

The French League for Human Rights (LDH) and the anti-discrimination organization SOS Racism also confirmed on Thursday that they had filed a complaint against Grok’s original post, asserting it “contests humanity’s crimes.”

LDH chairwoman Natalie Tehio noted that the complaint was “unusual” since it involved comments made by an AI chatbot and raised concerns about “the material this AI has been trained on.”

Tehio emphasized Musk’s accountability as the owner of X was critical because the platform did not even moderate “obviously illegal content.” SOS Racism remarked that X had “once again demonstrated its incapacity or unwillingness to halt the spread of Holocaust-denying content.”.”

The Paris prosecutor’s office stated that the Holocaust-denying comments spread by the Grok AI on X are part of an ongoing investigation handled by [this office’s] Cybercrime division.

Authorities in France initiated an investigation last July into allegations that X, previously known as Twitter, had manipulated its algorithms to permit “foreign interference,” examining the operations of the company and its executives.

Recently, Grok spread a far-right conspiracy. It falsely claimed that victims of the Islamist terrorist assault at the Bataclan concert hall had been castrated and eviscerated, fabricating “testimonies” from non-existent “eyewitnesses” related to the 2015 Paris attacks.

The AI chatbot has previously generated false assertions that Donald Trump won the 2020 US presidential election, made irrelevant references to “white genocide,” spread anti-Semitic rhetoric, and referred to itself as “Mecha-Hitler.”

Earlier this year, the company indicated it was “actively working to eliminate inappropriate posts” and was taking measures to “ban hate speech before Grok posts to X.” In a post on X.

X has not yet responded to a request for comment.

Daily Pills May Offer a Substitute for Weight Loss Injections

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Pills may provide a more convenient method for taking weight-loss medications

H_Ko/Shutterstock

An oral pill could soon serve as an alternative to Wegovy and Ozempic injections after research demonstrated that it significantly reduces weight and enhances blood sugar levels in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Created by the pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly, Orforglipron mimics the action of semaglutide, the key ingredient found in Wigovy and Ozempic, by imitating a hormone known as GLP-1.

In a previous trial, researchers discovered that individuals who were obese but did not have type 2 diabetes could lose an average of approximately 11 percent of their body weight over 72 weeks while using Orforglipron. Although this is less than the 15% typically observed with similar treatments, many find the convenience of taking a pill more appealing. With semaglutide injections, the preference for oral medication becomes clear, as noted by Deborah Horn from the University of Texas.

To assess its effectiveness for those with obesity and type 2 diabetes, Horn and her colleagues enlisted over 1,600 individuals from ten countries, including India, Australia, China, Germany, Brazil, and the United States.

Approximately 900 participants were assigned to receive varying daily doses of orforglipron—low, medium, or high—while the remainder received placebo pills alongside lifestyle guidance.

After 72 weeks, individuals in the high-dose group lost nearly 10 percent on average, with 67 percent of that group achieving over 5 percent weight loss. The middle and low-dose groups recorded around 7 percent and 5 percent reductions, respectively, while the placebo group had less than a 3 percent decrease.

This study reaffirms that Orforglipron results in less weight loss compared to injectable GLP-1 medications; however, it may still enhance health and quality of life. Stefan Trapp from University College London, who did not participate in the study, remarked, “Even a modest 5% weight loss generally leads to clear benefits, such as increased exercise capacity, lifestyle changes, and reduced risk of other illnesses.”

Moreover, participants receiving high doses experienced an average drop of nearly 2 percent in blood sugar levels, with approximately 75 percent reaching levels typically aimed for diabetics, Horn shared. Conversely, those on lower doses saw a mere 0.1% reduction, while the placebo group exhibited no significant change.

Roughly 10% of the individuals taking high and medium doses had to discontinue use due to side effects like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea—nearly double the occurrence seen in the low and placebo groups. Nonetheless, most participants deemed the side effects manageable, according to Horn. “The side effects were standard for other GLP-1 injectable medications,” she explained.

Horn mentioned that Eli Lilly anticipates the FDA will approve the drug for obesity and type 2 diabetes by early next year. As a physician, she hopes for approval of all three doses to provide patients with options to optimize their health while minimizing side effects.

Orforglipron does not necessitate refrigeration or syringes, which may lower manufacturing, storage, and distribution costs compared to injectable GLP-1 drugs. This, along with the elimination of injection-related discomfort, could enhance access to GLP-1 weight-loss drugs, which are currently costly and hard to obtain in many low- and middle-income nations, Trapp noted.

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Nvidia CEO Addresses Wall Street’s AI Bubble Concerns During Market Downturn: ‘We Excel at Every Step of AI’

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Global stock markets experienced an upward trend following Nvidia’s impressive third-quarter profits, which surpassed Wall Street forecasts, easing concerns that the AI company’s skyrocketing valuations might have reached their limit.

On Wednesday, all attention turned to Nvidia, the frontrunner in the AI industry and the highest valued publicly traded company globally. Analysts and investors were eager for the chip maker’s third-quarter results, hoping they would dispel worries about an impending bubble in the sector.

Nvidia’s founder and CEO, Jensen Huang, addressed these apprehensions right at the start of the earnings call, emphasizing that a significant transformation is underway in AI, and Nvidia stands at the core of this change.

“Many discuss the AI bubble,” Huang noted. “From our viewpoint, the situation looks quite different. To clarify, Nvidia differs from other accelerators. We shine at every phase of AI, from pre-training through to inference.”

The company consistently exceeded Wall Street’s expectations across multiple metrics, indicating that the substantial AI economic boom is not decelerating. Nvidia announced diluted earnings per share of $1.30 on total revenues of $57.01 billion, which topped investor expectations of $1.26 per share on revenues of $54.9 billion. Sales surged by 62% year over year, with data center revenues reaching $51.2 billion—surpassing the anticipated $49 billion. The company also forecasts fourth-quarter sales to be around $65 billion, exceeding analyst expectations of $61 billion.

During a conference call with investors, Huang outlined three pivotal shifts in platforms: the move from general-purpose computing to accelerated computing, the transition toward generative AI, and the development of agential and physical AI, such as robotics and autonomous vehicles.

“When contemplating infrastructure investments, consider three fundamental dynamics,” Huang stated. “Each one adds to the wealth of infrastructure. Nvidia… facilitates all three transitions, and we do so across all types and modalities of AI.”

He further noted that demand for Nvidia’s chips continues to expand.

“AI permeates everywhere and operates on multiple fronts simultaneously.”

According to Thomas Monteiro, Senior Analyst at Investing.com, “This clarifies many uncertainties surrounding the AI revolution; the essence is clear: The AI revolution is far from nearing its peak. Despite investor concerns that rising capital expenditures may compel firms to decelerate their adoption cycles for AI, Nvidia continues to demonstrate that data center growth is not merely an alternative but an essential requirement for every tech company globally.”

Analysts and experts expressed confidence that Nvidia would exceed Wall Street’s forecasts but were keenly awaiting further insights regarding industry demand for the company’s AI chips.

“There’s no denying Nvidia maintains its position as the dominant player in AI-centric chips,” noted David Meyer, a senior analyst at the investment platform Motley Fool. “We anticipate that revenue, margins, and cash flow will align closely with analysts’ predictions. However, invaluable insights are more likely to stem from management’s commentary on their market outlook, whether concerning the AI sector or new markets they are exploring.”

In November, Nvidia’s shares experienced a 7.9% decline amid significant investors offloading their holdings. Peter Thiel’s hedge fund teal macro divested its entire stake in the chipmaker in the last quarter, with estimates of around $100 million in assets, according to Reuters. SoftBank also offloaded $5.8 billion worth of its shares, heightening concerns regarding an AI bubble.

Following the news, Nvidia’s shares, having recently achieved the milestone of being the world’s first $5 trillion company, increased by over 5% in after-hours trading, with S&P 500 and Nasdaq futures also climbing. Asian markets rose on Thursday as well.

However, Stephen Innes of SPI Asset Management cautioned: “NVIDIA’s latest forecast has thus far alleviated some of the most intense apprehensions regarding an AI bubble looming over global markets… Nevertheless, this situation still leaves markets precariously balanced between exuberance over AI and the sobering reality marked by debt.”

“We do not believe Nvidia’s growth can be sustained in the long run,” asserted Alvin Nguyen, senior analyst at Forrester. “Although the demand for AI is unmatched, we anticipate Nvidia’s stock growth may slow if market corrections occur, balancing supply with demand, innovation progresses at a slower pace, or companies become acclimated to the current rate.”

Ancient Mayan Ruins Reveal 3,000-Year-Old Cosmic Map

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

A monumental ancient structure unearthed in Mexico could uncover how the early Maya civilization perceived the universe. Among them, new research indicates that the 3,000-year-old site known as Aguada Fénix served as a cosmogram, representing a geometric map of the cosmos.

Archaeologists initially discovered a large cross-shaped cavity (termed a cross hole) concealed within dense jungle in 2020. Upon closer inspection, they discovered that this was merely one of numerous interconnected holes linked by canals. The cumulative volume of these cross holes exceeds 3.8 million cubic meters, equivalent to nearly one and a half pyramids of Giza or over 1,500 Olympic-sized swimming pools.

Researchers from the University of Arizona utilized laser technology to identify Aguada Fénix from aerial views, situated in the current state of Tabasco on the Gulf Coast.

They now assert that the earliest examples of these findings in Mesoamerica—colored pigments discovered in pits—align with the four cardinal directions: north, south, east, and west. Specifically, vibrant blue azurite represents north, yellow ocher marks south, green malachite signifies east, and pearl-like shells denote west.

Mineral pigments found arranged to correspond with cardinal directions. Researchers suspect that the western deposits may originally included red pigments that have faded over time. – Photo credit: Takeshi Inomata/University of Arizona

According to Independent Maya Expert Dr. James A. Doyle, “The cross shape and color symbolism embedded in the architecture physically embody the concept of how the Earth’s planes are organized and directed.” The BBC Science Focus article also highlights that “the dams and canals underscore the significance of water both practically and symbolically, which is mirrored in the blue and green pigments, shells, and greenstone products.”

Crucially, the new study published in Scientific Progress posits that the construction was a collective effort by a non-hierarchical community, as there is no evidence linking dwellings, palaces, or a central ruling class to late Maya architecture.

Given the size of the structures (Doyle describes them as “some of the largest ever constructed in this area”), it is believed that at least 1,000 individuals would have collaborated over several years to carve the rock and create the cosmogram.

These individuals were likely not coerced by an elite class but were part of an egalitarian society that sought a communal space for stargazing and sharing astronomical knowledge. These vast areas probably also served for trade, social interactions, and religious ceremonies.

Researchers believe this jade artifact depicts a woman in the act of giving birth. – Photo credit: Takeshi Inomata/University of Arizona

Archaeologists have uncovered not only pigments but also jade carvings, primarily reflecting natural experiences rather than deities or leaders. These carvings largely depict animals, although some seem to portray women in childbirth.

Doyle emphasizes that there is still much to uncover about social equality at Aguada Fénix, particularly concerning the enigmatic jade woman.

“What if she represented a strong leader, akin to figures seen in many later societies across Mesoamerica, the Caribbean, and the central Andes?” he queried.

“As excavations progress and our understanding of Aguada Fénix’s builders deepens, we will gain a clearer insight into the disparities in wealth and influence.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Research Reveals Black Cumin’s Anti-Obesity Benefits

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Traditionally, black cumin seeds have been esteemed for their health benefits. A recent study examined their potential in alleviating symptoms related to obesity.

Ahmed et al. suggest that black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) could be a promising natural remedy for obesity-related issues. Image credit: Andre Holz / CC BY-SA 3.0.

Nigella sativa, commonly known as black cumin, is a flowering plant in the Ranunculaceae family, widely used in traditional medicine across South Asia, North Africa, and the Mediterranean region.

Its healing properties are acknowledged in ancient medical systems like Unani, Ayurveda, and Tiv.

Rich in bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, and essential oils, black cumin seed and its oil demonstrate vast pharmacological potential.

Their diverse physicochemical properties make them valuable in both culinary and medicinal applications.

Studies with cell cultures and animals have shown the therapeutic benefits of black cumin and its active component thymoquinone, including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antihypertensive, antitumor, immunomodulatory, and antiobesity effects.

To delve into these effects, Dr. Akiko Kojima Yuasa and colleagues from Osaka Metropolitan University conducted cell-based experiments and human clinical trials.

In the clinical trials, participants who ingested 5g of black cumin seed powder (around 1 tablespoon) daily for 8 weeks exhibited notable decreases in blood triglyceride levels, LDL (“bad”) cholesterol, and total cholesterol. Moreover, HDL (“good”) cholesterol levels saw an increase.

This improved blood lipid profile is linked to a reduced risk of heart disease and premature mortality.

The research team also performed cell experiments to clarify the mechanisms at play.

They discovered that black cumin seed extract inhibits adipogenesis (the formation and maturation of fat cells) by preventing lipid droplet accumulation and the differentiation process.

Dr. Yuasa Kojima remarked, “This study strongly indicates that black cumin seeds serve as a functional food in the prevention of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases.”

“We were thrilled to effectively demonstrate the significant blood lipid-lowering effects of black cumin in our human clinical trials.”

“We aspire to conduct long-term, extensive clinical trials to further investigate the effects of black cumin on metabolism.”

“We are particularly keen on exploring insulin resistance in diabetes and its influence on inflammatory markers.”

This study was published in the journal Food Science and Nutrition.

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Shamima Ahmed et al. 2025. Black Cumin Seed (Nigella sativa) 3T3-L1 exhibits anti-adipogenic effects in cellular models and hypolipidemic properties in humans. Food Science and Nutrition 13 (9): e70888; doi: 10.1002/fsn3.70888

Source: www.sci.news

TGO Offers Enhanced Insights on 3I/ATLAS’s Journey through the Solar System

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Thanks to data gathered by the Color Stereo Surface Imaging System (CaSSIS) on board ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) spacecraft orbiting Mars, scientists have enhanced the predicted location of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS by a factor of 10.

This image of interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS was captured on October 3, 2025, by the CaSSIS instrument aboard ESA’s Trace Gas Orbiter. Image credit: ESA/TGO/CaSSIS.

3I/ATLAS was discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) telescope located in Rio Hurtado, Chile.

Prior to September, researchers depended on Earth-based telescopes to track the positions and orbits of interstellar comets.

From October 1 to 7, TGO concentrated on 3I/ATLAS from its orbit around Mars.

The comet came relatively close to Mars, achieving a distance of roughly 29 million km at its closest approach on October 3.

The Mars rover observed 3I/ATLAS from approximately 10 times closer than Earth telescopes and from a fresh vantage point.

By triangulating data from TGO/CaSSIS and Earth-based observations, scientists significantly improved the accuracy of the comet’s predicted trajectory.

Initial expectations were for a modest improvement, but the findings revealed an impressive tenfold increase in precision.

“Utilizing data from the Mars rover made it challenging to refine the interstellar comet’s path through space,” stated TGO team members.

“The CaSSIS instrument is crafted to provide high-resolution observations of the nearby Martian surface.”

“This time, the camera was directed high above Mars, capturing the minute, distant 3I/ATLAS streaking across the star-filled sky.”

Planetary Defense Team Astronomer from ESA’s Near Earth Object Coordination Center was already adept at determining asteroid and comet orbits, necessitating consideration of the spacecraft’s unique position.

“Generally, orbital observations are conducted from fixed terrestrial observatories, but occasionally from spacecraft in near-Earth orbit, such as the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope or the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope,” the researchers noted.

“Astronomers excel at factoring in the positions of celestial bodies to ascertain their future positions, known as ephemerides.”

“In this instance, the accuracy of the 3I/ATLAS ephemeris—especially its predictions—relied on accounting for the precise location of TGO, including Mars and its rapid orbit around it.”

“Achieving this required a collaborative effort from various ESA teams and partners, ranging from flight mechanics to science and instrumentation.”

To attain the highest possible accuracy, we needed to address challenges and nuances typically overlooked and minimize margins as much as we could.

Source: www.sci.news

Kissing Likely Evolved in Our Common Ancestor with Great Apes 21 Million Years Ago

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Kissing is common among most living great apes and likely was practiced by Neanderthals, having evolved in the ancestors of these groups between 21.5 million and 16.9 million years ago, according to a study led by researchers from Oxford University.

Neanderthal. Image credit: Gemini AI.

Kissing can be observed in various animal species, yet it poses an evolutionary enigma. While it carries significant risks, such as disease transmission, it lacks clear reproductive or survival advantages.

Until now, the evolutionary background of kissing has received limited attention, despite its cultural and emotional importance across numerous human societies.

In this recent study, Dr. Matilda Brindle and her team from the University of Oxford undertook the first investigation into the evolutionary history of kissing, utilizing a cross-species perspective based on primate family trees.

The findings indicated that kissing is an ancient characteristic of great apes, having developed in their ancestors between 21.5 and 16.9 million years ago.

This behavior has persisted through evolution and is still evident in most great apes.

The researchers also concluded that Neanderthals, distant relatives of modern humans, likely engaged in kissing as well.

This evidence, alongside earlier studies showing that humans and Neanderthals exchanged oral microbes (through saliva) and genetic material (via interbreeding), strongly implies that kissing occurred between the two species.

Dr. Brindle stated: “This marks the first exploration of kissing from an evolutionary standpoint.”

“Our results contribute to an expanding body of research that illuminates the incredible variety of sexual behaviors found among our primate relatives.”

To carry out the analysis, scientists needed to define what constitutes a kiss.

This task was challenging due to the numerous mouth-to-mouth interactions resembling kisses.

Given their investigation spanned a diversity of species, the definition had to be suitable for a wide range of animals.

Consequently, they defined kissing as non-aggressive mouth-to-mouth contact that does not involve food transfer.

After establishing this definition, the researchers concentrated on groups of monkeys and apes that evolved in Africa, Europe, and Asia, gathering data from the literature where kissing has been documented in modern primates.

Among these are chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans, all of which have displayed kissing behavior.

Following that, they conducted a phylogenetic analysis, treating kissing as a “trait” to map onto the primate family tree.

Using a statistical method known as Bayesian modeling, they simulated various evolutionary scenarios along the tree’s branches and calculated the chances that different ancestors also kissed.

The model ran 10 million simulations, producing robust statistical estimates.

Professor Stuart West from the University of Oxford noted: “Integrating evolutionary biology with behavioral data enables us to draw informed conclusions about non-fossilized traits like kissing.”

“This paves the way for studying the social behaviors of both extant and extinct species.”

While the researchers caution that current data is limited, particularly beyond great apes, this study sets a framework for future inquiries and offers primatologists a consistent method for documenting kissing behaviors in non-human animals.

“Though kissing may seem like a universal act, it’s only documented in 46% of human cultures,” remarked Dr. Katherine Talbot from the Florida Institute of Technology.

“Social customs and situations differ vastly among societies, prompting the question of whether kissing is an evolved behavior or a cultural construct.”

“This research represents a first step in addressing that question.”

This is part of a study published this week in the journal Evolution and Human Behavior.

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Matilda Brindle et al. 2025. A comparative approach to the evolution of kissing. Evolution and Human Behavior in press. doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2025.106788

Source: www.sci.news

Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Captures Close-Up Image of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Exciting new images from High-Resolution Image Science Experiment onboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter will enable astronomers to refine their estimates regarding the size of 3I/ATLAS, the third known interstellar object that has passed through our solar system.

This image of 3I/ATLAS was captured by the HiRISE camera aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter on October 2, 2025. Credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / University of Arizona.

On October 2, 2025, the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) observed 3I/ATLAS from approximately 30 million km (19 million miles) away.

The MRO team utilized the High-Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE), which typically focuses on the Martian surface.

By maneuvering, the spacecraft can direct its camera toward other celestial objects. This method was previously employed in 2014 when HiRISE collaborated with MAVEN to examine the comet Siding Spring.

“Observations of interstellar objects are still infrequent, so each time we learn something new,” noted Dr. Shane Byrne, HiRISE principal investigator and researcher at the University of Arizona.

“We were fortunate that 3I/ATLAS came close to Mars.”

Captured at a resolution of about 30 km (19 miles) per pixel, 3I/ATLAS appears as a pixelated white sphere in the HiRISE images.

“This sphere is a cloud of dust and ice, referred to as a coma, that the comet emits as it travels past Mars,” the researchers added.

Further analysis of HiRISE images could assist scientists in establishing an upper limit on the size of a comet’s core, composed of ice and dust.

The images might also uncover properties of particles known as comas within the comet’s atmosphere.

Ongoing scrutiny of the images may reveal nuclear fragments and gas jets expelled as comets disintegrate over time.

“One of MRO’s greatest contributions to NASA’s Mars research is its ability to observe surface phenomena that only HiRISE can detect,” explained Dr. Leslie Tampali, MRO’s project scientist and a research scientist at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“This opportunity allows us to study passing space objects.”

“Thanks to NASA’s versatile fleet of spacecraft throughout our solar system, we can continue to observe this dynamic entity from unique perspectives,” stated Georgia Tech researcher Professor James Ray, a HiRISE co-investigator.

“All three prior interstellar objects exhibit significant differences from one another and from typical Solar System comets, making every new observation incredibly valuable.”

“Being able to observe a visitor from another star system is extraordinary in itself,” remarked Dr. Tomás Díaz de la Rubia, senior vice president for research and partnerships at the University of Arizona.

“Doing so from a University of Arizona-led instrument orbiting Mars adds to its remarkable nature.”

“This moment highlights the ingenuity of our scientists and the lasting impact of this university’s leadership in space exploration.”

“HiRISE exemplifies how discovery tools can benefit both science and the public interest.”

Source: www.sci.news

Trump Administration to Repeal Certain Protections Under the Endangered Species Act

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

On Wednesday, the Trump administration took steps to reduce the scope of the Endangered Species Act, reinstating modifications from the president’s first term that had previously been blocked by a federal court.

The proposed modifications include removing the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s “blanket rule,” which automatically safeguards plants and animals once they are deemed endangered. Instead, government agencies will be required to formulate specific regulations for each species, a process that may be time-consuming.

This announcement from the administration follows ongoing pressure from Republican lawmakers and industries such as oil, gas, mining, and agriculture, who have called for reforms to the Endangered Species Act of 1973. Critics argue that the law is too broadly applied and hampers economic growth.

Environmental advocates, however, have cautioned that these changes could significantly delay conservation efforts for species like the monarch butterfly, Florida manatee, California spotted owl, and North American wolverine.

Rebecca Riley, managing director of the Natural Resources Defense Council, stated, “They’re attempting to revert to the time when they first weakened the law. We are opposing this, and the Biden administration is working on reversing many of the adverse changes made.”

Scientists and government agencies have indicated that extinction rates are accelerating. Species populations globally are declining due to habitat loss and various pressures. Earlier proposals in President Trump’s second term sought to revise the definition of “harm.” These regulations, grounded in the Endangered Species Act, could allow logging projects on national forests and public lands to bypass species protections.

Interior Secretary Doug Burgum commented that the administration aims to restore the original purpose of the Endangered Species Act while also considering “the livelihoods of Americans who rely on our lands and resources.”

“These adjustments eliminate years of legal uncertainty and governmental overreach, thereby providing clarity for states, tribes, landowners, and businesses, and ensuring conservation efforts are based on sound science and common sense,” Burgum stated.

A further proposed change requires authorities to consider potential economic repercussions when identifying critical habitats necessary for a species’ survival, an action that environmental groups claim the 1973 law explicitly prohibits.

This approach could potentially result in species being classified as endangered while allowing ongoing practices that continue to endanger their survival.

Noah Greenwald, co-director of the Center for Biological Diversity’s Endangered Species Program, remarked, “What the Trump administration is attempting to do is quantify costs. If you’re aiming to protect the spotted owl, they’re trying to factor in how much that protection would cost. Historically, such costs haven’t influenced decisions regarding critical habitat protections.”

An example involving the Southwest sawfish highlights the possible repercussions of these proposals. The lizard population in Arizona’s Mule Mountains is rapidly declining due to rising temperatures, driving the reptiles towards the highest mountain peaks, pushing them closer to extinction.

A petition filed on Wednesday seeks protection for the lizard and the designation of critical habitat. Advocates believe that an economic impact assessment could hinder timely protections. The primary threat to this spiny dragon population is climate change, which could complicate critical habitat designations further.

“We feel this species should be classified as endangered. Frankly, we are somewhat astonished that this species is not already extinct,” stated John Wiens, a professor of ecology and evolutionary biology at the University of Arizona, who co-authored the petition.

Earlier this March, the Department of the Interior faced legal action from the Real Estate Environmental Research Center (PERC) and the Rocky Mountain Elk Foundation over the comprehensive protection rule. Both organizations claimed the rule was illegal and would hinder states and landowners from facilitating species recovery efforts.

Designating species as “threatened” under the comprehensive rule allows them to automatically receive the same protections as those categorized as “endangered,” which are more stringent. This could lead landowners to become apathetic toward the survival of endangered species, as regulations may remain unchanged even if efforts are made to reclassify endangered species to “threatened” status.

PERC Vice President Jonathan Wood characterized Wednesday’s proposal as a “necessary adjustment” following the Biden administration’s actions.

“This reform acknowledges the illegality of the omnibus rule and re-centers recovery efforts within the Endangered Species Act,” Wood expressed.

During its initial term, the Trump administration also took action on the northern spotted owl and gray wolf.

The decision regarding the spotted owl was reversed in 2021 after it was found that political appointees had utilized flawed scientific data to justify opening millions of acres of forest on the West Coast to logging. Protections for wolves, on the other hand, remained in effect across most of the United States, only to be reinstated by federal courts in 2022.

The Endangered Species Act, established 50 years ago, continues to have widespread support. According to a recent poll, approximately 84% of Americans endorse the protections that the law affords.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

NASA Unveils Stunning New Images of Interstellar Comet 3I/ATLAS

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

NASA unveiled new images of an interstellar comet on Wednesday, marking it as the third confirmed visitor from elsewhere in the galaxy. The visuals depict the comet as a luminous point encircled by a halo of gas and dust.

In the eagerly awaited photograph, the comet, designated 3I/ATLAS, mainly appears as an illuminated spot, though its tail can be seen as a faint elongated streak in some frames.

Interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS (highlighted in the center) as captured by NASA’s Lucy spacecraft. This image was formed by combining multiple photos taken on September 16, as the comet approached Mars.
NASA / Goddard / SwRI / JHU-APL

First identified in July, comet 3I/ATLAS has generated significant excitement among scientists and astronomy enthusiasts. The fascination arises from the unique chance to observe interstellar objects at such proximity.

The latest images were captured by an array of NASA spacecraft while the enigmatic comet circled through the inner solar system from late September to mid-October. The release was delayed due to a government shutdown that interrupted operations at NASA and other federal institutions.

The NASA missions responsible for these new images include the PUNCH satellite, which observes the Sun, the Solar Heliosphere Observatory, the MAVEN mission studying Mars’ atmosphere, and the Perseverance rover, currently on Mars’ surface.

Traveling at 130,000 miles per hour, the comet 3I/ATLAS was depicted in a series of colorized stacked visuals from September 11 to 25 using the STEREO-A (Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory) visible-light camera.
NASA / Lowell Observatory / Zhang Qicheng

Prior to 3I/ATLAS, the only confirmed interstellar objects to have entered our solar system were the cigar-shaped ‘Oumuamua in 2017 and comet 2I/Borisov in 2019.

The arrival of 3I/ATLAS in our cosmic vicinity has sparked wild speculations about the possibility of it being extraterrestrial technology or an alien spacecraft, although no scientific backing supports these ideas. NASA officials stated in a press conference on Wednesday that all current observations align with known comet characteristics.

“We certainly haven’t detected any technosignatures or anything that would suggest it is anything but a comet,” remarked Nicki Fox, associate administrator for NASA’s Science Mission Directorate.

Nonetheless, the comet’s interstellar roots indicate it possesses intriguing attributes that could yield new insights regarding star systems beyond our own, according to Fox.

“That difference is particularly fascinating to us,” she stated. “It may have existed before our solar system was formed. That’s pretty exciting.”

In the forthcoming weeks, scientists will have enhanced opportunities to study 3I/ATLAS and further analyze its appearance, speed, chemical makeup, and potential origins.

“This is a new scientific chance and an opportunity to delve into the composition and history of other solar systems,” expressed Tom Statler, NASA’s lead scientist for small solar system bodies. “We’re just beginning to understand these types of objects and determining the right questions to pose about them.”

Comet 3I/ATLAS was documented by the PUNCH satellite in low Earth orbit from September 28 to October 10, when it was between 231 to 235 million miles away.
NASA/Southwest Research Institute

However, tracing the comet’s origin remains challenging, Statler noted.

3I/ATLAS came closest to the Sun at the end of October and is currently continuing its path through the inner solar system. It has been so near to the Sun that it has not been visible to terrestrial telescopes recently, but NASA anticipates it will become visible again post-December.

On December 19, 3I/ATLAS is expected to make a close pass by Earth. Although it poses no threat, NASA states that the comet will remain about 170 million miles away during this encounter.

Statler indicated that the James Webb Space Telescope will observe the comet in December, while ground-based telescopes like the W.M. Keck Observatory in Hawaii are also scheduled to capture images of the comet in the future.

An image depicting interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS as it approached Mars, captured by the European Space Agency’s ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter.
European Space Agency

The photos released by NASA on Wednesday join a growing collection acquired by various spacecraft across the solar system. In early October, the European Space Agency shared 3I/ATLAS images taken by the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter, which showed a bright point moving through the vastness of space.

This spacecraft, co-managed by the ESA and the Russian Federal Space Agency, detected a comet approaching near Mars at that time, about 18.6 million miles away according to ESA.

NASA continues to analyze additional data gathered by the fleet of spacecraft since early October.

“There’s much more to come,” Statler remarked. “Not all data has been transmitted through NASA’s Deep Space Network yet, and there are numerous observations still planned.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Climate Change is Impacting the Deepest Reaches of the Arctic Ocean

Posted on November 20, 2025 by

Deep Waters of the Arctic Ocean Are Warming

Mozgova/Shutterstock

Warm waters from the Atlantic near Greenland are now heating the deep layers of the Arctic Ocean, an area once considered relatively insulated from climate change.

The Arctic Ocean has seen a reduction of about 40% in its sea ice cover over the past 40 years, primarily due to the impact of atmospheric warming on sea levels. Researchers at the Ocean University of China evaluated the latest data collected by icebreakers to assess the temperature increase of the ocean floor.

In the Eurasian Basin, which is one of the ocean’s two principal sections, temperatures at depths ranging from 1500 meters to 2600 meters have increased by 0.074 degrees Celsius since 1990.

While this temperature rise may seem minor, it equates to nearly 500 trillion megajoules of energy. Such energy could potentially melt up to one-third of the least extensive sea ice area.

“The deep ocean is more dynamic than previously assumed,” states Chen Xianyao, one of the research team members. “We suspected that the deep ocean was warming, but not at this pace.”

An underwater ridge separating Greenland and Siberia divides the Arctic Ocean into two basins. The Amerasian Basin is primarily cut off from the Pacific Ocean by the shallow Bering Strait. However, warm Atlantic waters can still flow north along the Scandinavian coast into the upper Eurasian Basin through an extension of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). During winter, when seawater freezes, the salts are released, resulting in denser water that sinks and drags some warmer Atlantic water down with it.

Geothermal heat from the Earth warms the deep waters of the Eurasian Basin.

Previously, these warming trends were balanced by cold water flowing down from a neighboring basin east of Greenland. Yet, as the Greenland ice sheet continues to melt, more freshwater is entering the Greenland Basin. This influx has slowed the downward movement of cold, salty water, raising the temperature of deep waters in the Greenland Basin from -1.1°C to -0.7°C—a significantly rapid increase. Consequently, the influx of cold Greenland waters is no longer counteracting the heat from geothermal sources or the warm Atlantic waters sinking into the Arctic.

“The rising temperatures in the Greenland Basin are now reaching the Arctic,” says Son Louise, another research team member.

This research uncovers new warming mechanisms deep within the Arctic Ocean, “indicating a broader trend of global warming,” according to James McWilliams from UCLA.

The ongoing warming might eventually contribute to the melting of both sea ice and permafrost found on the ocean floor, which contains ice-like structures known as clathrates. If disturbed, these can release methane into the atmosphere, a phenomenon believed to have contributed to the Permian mass extinction.

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Repurposing a Mosquito’s Proboscis as a Slim Nozzle for 3D Printing

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Mosquito proboscis repurposed as a nozzle for 3D printing

Changhong Cao et al. 2025

Separated mosquito proboscises can be transformed into ultra-thin nozzles for 3D printing, offering potential for generating replacement tissues and organs suitable for transplantation.

Cao Changhong and his team at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, pioneered this method, termed 3D necroprinting, because they couldn’t find a nozzle adequately thin for creating extremely fine structures. The narrowest commercial nozzle available was 35 micrometers in inner diameter, with a price tag of 60 pounds (approximately $80).

They explored methods like glass drawing, but those nozzles were also costly and very brittle.

“This led us to consider alternatives,” says Cao. “If nature can give us what we need affordably, why should we create it ourselves?”

The research team tasked graduate students, including Justin Puma, to inspect everything from scorpion stingers to snake fangs to identify natural organs fit for the purpose. Ultimately, they discovered the mosquito proboscis, particularly the tougher variant found in female Egyptian mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti). They can now print structures as thin as 20 micrometers.

Cao remarked that a skilled operator could produce six nozzles per hour from the mosquito mouthparts, each costing under $1, making scalability straightforward. These natural nozzles can be fitted onto current 3D printers and are surprisingly durable given their organic origin. Approximately 30% may fail after two weeks, but they can be preserved in the freezer for up to a year.

The research team tested their technology using a bioink called Pluronic F-127, enabling the crafting of biological tissue scaffolds, including blood vessels, and providing a possible route for developing substitute organs.

There are numerous other instances where small biological components have been utilized in machines, such as moth antennas employed in scent-detecting drones. Deceased spiders have been harnessed as mechanical grippers.

Christian Griffith, along with collaborators from Swansea University in the UK, noted that this study exemplifies how human engineers often struggle to keep pace with the tools developed by nature.

“Mosquitoes boast millions of years of evolution, and we’re striving to catch up,” he explains. “They possess a distinct advantage in this respect.”

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Surprising Formation Found in the Kuiper Belt of Our Solar System

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Artist Perspectives on the Kuiper Belt

ESO/M.Kornmesser

Artwork depicting the Kuiper belt — Artist Perspectives on the Kuiper Belt

ESO/M.Kornmesser

The Kuiper Belt, the outer disk of icy rock in our solar system, has been found to exhibit more intricate structure than previously understood. In 2011, researchers unveiled a cluster of objects with similar orbits, referred to as the Kuiper Belt’s “kernel.” Recently, another group has identified an even more tightly groupedset of objects, termed the “inner kernel.”

The original kernel was identified through visual analysis of the orbits of 189 Kuiper Belt Objects (KBOs). This cluster is positioned roughly 44 astronomical units from the Sun, with one astronomical unit representing the distance between the Sun and Earth. Since the kernel’s discovery, no additional structures in the Kuiper Belt have been found.

That is, until Amir Shirazi and his team at Princeton University undertook the meticulous effort of refining orbital data from 1,650 KBOs. They utilized clustering and structure-searching algorithms to analyze this data. By training the algorithm to identify kernels, they discovered that whenever the algorithm pinpointed a kernel, it also uncovered another grouping, as noted by Siraj.

The newly identified star cluster has been dubbed the Inner Kernel, located at approximately 43 astronomical units from the Sun. Objects within this cluster exhibit highly circular orbits that align almost perfectly with the solar system’s disk.

“Such orbital stability indicates ancient, undisturbed structures. These formations can unravel mysteries regarding the solar system’s evolution, the movement of giant planets, and the environments it encountered during its early history,” Siraj explained.

Understanding how Neptune migrated from the inner solar system, where it is believed to have originated, to its present position could be particularly revealing, according to David Nesvorny, one of the original discoverers of the kernel at the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado. Nesvorny suggests that as Neptune migrates outward, the kernels, along with the KBOs forming the Inner Kernel, may have been temporarily stabilized through gravitational interactions with the giant planet, creating the aggregation seen today, before being released as Neptune continues its trajectory.

Chile’s Vera C. Rubin Observatory, which commenced operations this year, is anticipated to unveil even more KBOs, enhancing our understanding of both the core and the inner core, and potentially revealing undiscovered structures at the solar system’s periphery. “The deeper we delve into the structure of the Kuiper Belt, the more we uncover about the solar system’s history,” Siraj stated.

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Google’s Gemini 3 Model Keeps AI Buzz Alive – For the Time Being

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Gemini 3 is Google’s latest AI model

VCG (via Getty Images)

Google’s newest chatbot, Gemini 3, has shown remarkable advancement on various benchmarks aimed at evaluating AI progress, according to the company. While these accomplishments may mitigate concerns about a potential AI bubble for the time being, it’s uncertain how effectively these scores reflect real-world performance.

Moreover, the ongoing issues of factual inaccuracies and problematic illusions that are often present in large-scale language models remain unaddressed, particularly in scenarios where accuracy is critical.

In a blog post announcing the new model, Google leaders Sundar Pichai, Demis Hassabis, and Koray Kavukcuoglu stated that Gemini 3 possesses “PhD-level reasoning,” a term also used by competitor OpenAI during the release of its GPT-5 model. They presented scores from several assessments aimed at measuring “graduate-level” knowledge, such as Humanity’s Last Exam, comprising 2500 research-oriented questions from fields like mathematics, science, and humanities. Gemini 3 achieved a score of 37.5 percent on this exam, surpassing the previous record held by OpenAI’s GPT-5, which scored 26.5 percent.

Such improvements could indicate that the model has developed enhanced capabilities in certain areas. However, Luc Rocher suggests caution in interpreting these outcomes. “If a model increases its score from 80 percent to 90 percent on a benchmark, what does that represent? Does it mean the model was 80 percent PhD-level and is now 90 percent? This is quite difficult to ascertain,” he remarks. “It’s challenging to quantify whether an AI model demonstrates inference, as that concept is highly subjective.”

Benchmark tests come with numerous limitations, including the requirement for single answers or multiple-choice responses that do not necessitate demonstrating how the model operates. “It’s straightforward to evaluate models using multiple-choice questions,” notes Roche. “Yet in real-world scenarios—like visiting a doctor—you are not assessed with multiple-choice questions. Likewise, a lawyer does not provide legal counsel through pick-and-choose answers.” There’s also the risk that responses to such tests could be included in the training data of the AI models being assessed, essentially allowing for cheating.

The ultimate evaluation of whether Gemini 3 and its advanced AI models justify the massive investments being made by companies like Google and OpenAI in AI data centers hinges on user experience and the perceived trustworthiness of these tools, according to Roscher.

Google asserts that enhancements to the model will assist users in developing software, managing emails, and analyzing documents more effectively. The company also emphasizes that it will enhance Google searches, providing AI-generated results alongside graphics and simulations.

Perhaps the most significant advancement, as articulated by Adam Mahdi from Oxford University, is the autonomous coding capabilities facilitated by AI tools, a technique known as agent coding. “We might be approaching the limits of what traditional chatbots can achieve, and it is here that the true advantages of Gemini 3 Pro come into play. [the standard version of Gemini 3] It’s likely that it won’t be used for everyday conversations, but rather for more intricate and potentially agent-based workflows,” he explains.

Here are some initial reactions online: People admire Gemini’s impressive coding and reasoning skills. However, as is typical with new model releases, some users pointed out failures in seemingly simple tasks like drawing an arrow or a straightforward visual reasoning challenge.

Google recognizes in Gemini 3’s technical specifications that the model continues to experience hallucinations at a rate similar to other major AI models and sometimes disseminates inaccuracies. This lack of progress is a significant concern, according to Artur Davila Garces from City St George’s, University of London. “The challenge lies in the fact that AI companies have been striving to minimize hallucinations for over two years, yet even one severely misleading hallucination can irreparably damage trust in the system,” he warns.

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The Re-examination of Light and Magnetism: Nearly Two Centuries of Progress

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Illustration of Faraday’s experiment demonstrating the polarization of light by a magnetic field

Enrique Sahagun

SEI 274892023 — Illustration of Faraday’s experiment demonstrating the polarization of light by a magnetic field

Enrique Sahagun

In 1845, physicist Michael Faraday presented the first direct evidence linking electromagnetism and light. This connection has proven to be even more substantial than Faraday anticipated.

During his experiment, Faraday directed light through a glass containing a boric acid and lead oxide mixture placed within a magnetic field. He observed that this altered the light, resetting its polarization direction upon exiting the glass.

For the last 180 years, it has been widely accepted that light acts as an electromagnetic wave, with the “Faraday effect” illustrating how interactions between the magnetic field, charges in the glass, and the light’s electric component result in the rotation and alteration of the light waves as they enter the material.

Interestingly, it has long been assumed that the magnetic component of light has minimal involvement in the Faraday effect. However, Amir Capua and Benjamin Assulin, a research team from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel, has demonstrated otherwise.

“We now comprehend that the secondary component of light interacts with matter,” Capua states.

Capua explains that two main reasons deterred researchers from exploring the magnetic component of light’s involvement in the Faraday effect. First, magnetic forces within materials such as Faraday glass seem relatively weak compared to electrical forces. Second, when a material like Faraday glass is magnetized—aligning the quantum spins of its components with the magnetic field—these spins typically do not synchronize with the light wave’s magnetic component, indicating a weak interaction.

However, Capua and Assulin discovered that if the magnetic component of the light is circularly polarized (spiral-shaped), it may interact more strongly with the magnetic spins within the glass. They concluded that this is due to the magnetic component of light consisting of several corkscrew waves, even without deliberate manipulation.

Calculations by the two researchers revealed that if Faraday’s experiment were replicated using a magnetic material called terbium gallium garnet (TGG) instead of glass, this magnetic interaction could account for 17 percent of the Faraday effect when visible light passes through. Moreover, if infrared light were used with TGG, magnetic interactions might contribute up to 70 percent of the observed Faraday effect.

Igor Rozhansky, a researcher at the University of Manchester, UK, states that the new calculations are compelling and suggest promising experimental evaluations in the future. The previously overlooked magnetic component of the Faraday effect could provide researchers with innovative approaches to manipulate spin in materials, Rozhansky notes. He further mentioned that it remains an open question whether this effect may surpass the conventional Faraday effect in certain materials.

Future experiments could reveal discoveries extending from fundamental physics to practical applications. Capua envisions potential uses for the interaction between the magnetic spin of some materials and the magnetic component of light, which could lead to advancements in spin-based sensors and data storage technologies.

Science of the Renaissance: Italy

From Brunelleschi and Botticelli to polymaths like Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, delve into the remarkable scientific minds and discoveries of the Renaissance that solidified Italy’s position at the forefront of scientific innovation.

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Buckingham Palace Christmas Market: Tourists Arrive Only to Face a Locked Gate and a Large Puddle

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Name: Buckingham Palace Christmas Market.

Year: Debuting this year.

Exterior: Absolutely charming.

Really? A Christmas market at Buckingham Palace? Indeed! Picture a spacious avenue adorned with wooden stalls, creating a “stunning winter wonderland” filled with twinkling lights and festive trees, right at the palace’s forecourt.

Sounds almost too good to be real. Is that true? Just take a look at the images!

I. Where are those lights suspended from? They seem to float magically. That’s part of the allure.

And there’s snow on the ground. When was this picture taken? Don’t worry. You can check it out for yourself. There are many trains heading to London, and they are all free.

Wait – is this a prank? Yes, it has some elements typical of a hoax.

Like? AI-generated fake photos of the Buckingham Palace Christmas market are circulating on TikTok, Facebook, and Instagram.

What’s the purpose? That remains unclear. Numerous accounts have shared various AI fabrications without any obvious intent.

Besides disappointing royalist Christmas enthusiasts? It certainly seems that way. Many visitors have reported encountering only locked gates, safety barriers, and remnants of water puddles.

So, is there any truth to this? Just around the corner from the palace gates, the Royal Mews gift shop is offering a festive pop-up, featuring royal-themed Christmas gifts and a single kiosk serving hot drinks at the back.

It’s not quite the same. The Royal Collection Trust feels the need to clarify: “There will be no Christmas market at Buckingham Palace,” it states.

Are these types of AI hoaxes becoming more frequent? It’s unfortunate. In July, it was reported that an elderly couple was misled to the Malaysian state of Perak by a video showcasing a non-existent cable car.

That’s hard to believe. Additionally, travel agency Amsterdam Experience is noting a rise in inquiries for trips to Amsterdam to see imaginary places in the Netherlands.

What about their iconic windmills? Windmills beside picturesque canals and tulip fields exist only in AI-generated visuals.

When will people learn? It appears not anytime soon. Tourists who rely on AI for travel planning could find themselves stranded on a secluded mountaintop in Japan or searching for an Eiffel Tower in Beijing.

I’m not usually one for quick judgments.Using AI for travel planning is quite misguided. Perhaps, yet currently, around 30% of international travelers are doing just that.

Remember to say: “Never travel without ensuring that the destination actually exists.”

And please don’t say things like: “I’m looking for the main entrance to Jurassic Park. Is it located behind the carpet warehouse?”

Quantum Computers with Recyclable Qubits: A Solution for Reducing Errors

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Internal optics of Atom Computing’s AC1000 system

Atom Computing

Quantum computers, utilizing qubits formed from extremely cold atoms, are rapidly increasing in size and may soon surpass classical computers in computational power. However, the frequency of errors poses a significant challenge to their practicality. Researchers have now found a way to replenish and recycle these qubits, enhancing computation reliability.

All existing quantum systems are susceptible to errors and are currently unable to perform calculations that would give them an edge over traditional computers. Nonetheless, researchers are making notable advancements in the creation of error correction methods to address this issue.

One approach involves dividing the components of quantum computers, known as qubits, into two primary categories: operational qubits that manipulate data and auxiliary qubits that monitor errors.

Developing large quantities of high-quality qubits for either function remains a significant technical hurdle. Matt Norcia and his team at Atom Computing have discovered a method to lessen the qubit requirement by recycling or substituting auxiliary qubits. They demonstrated that an error-tracking qubit can be effectively reused for up to 41 consecutive runs.

“The calculation’s duration is likely to necessitate numerous rounds of measurement. Ideally, we want to reuse qubits across these rounds, minimizing the need for a continuous influx of new qubits,” Norcia explains.

The team utilized qubits derived from electrically neutral ytterbium atoms that were chilled close to absolute zero using lasers and electromagnetic pulses. By employing “optical tweezers,” they can manipulate each atom’s quantum state, which encodes information. This method allowed them to categorize the quantum computer into three distinct zones.

In the first zone, 128 optical tweezers directed the qubits to conduct calculations. The second zone comprised 80 tweezers that held qubits for error tracking, or that could be swapped in for faulty qubits. The third zone functioned as a storage area, keeping an additional 75 qubits that had recently been deemed useful. These last two areas enabled researchers to reset or exchange the auxiliary qubit as needed.

Norcia noted that it was challenging to establish this setup due to stray laser light interfering with nearby qubits. Consequently, researchers had to develop a highly precise laser control and a method to adjust the state of data qubits, ensuring they remained “hidden” from specific harmful light types.

“The reuse of Ancilla is crucial for advancing quantum computing,” says Yuval Borger from QuEra, a U.S. quantum computing firm. Without this ability, even basic calculations would necessitate millions, or even billions, of qubits, making it impractical for current or forthcoming quantum hardware, he adds.

This challenge is recognized widely across the atom-based qubit research community. “Everyone acknowledges that neutral atoms understand the necessity to reset and reload during calculations,” Norcia asserts.

For instance, Borger highlights that a team from Harvard and MIT employed similar techniques to maintain the operation of their quantum computer using 3000 ultra-cold rubidium atoms for several hours. Other quantum setups, like Quantinuum’s recently launched Helios machine, which uses ions controlled by light as qubits, also feature qubit reusability.

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How Arc Raiders’ Generative AI Sparked a Battle for the Future of Gaming

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Arc Raiders stands as a strong contender for game of the year, especially in late-game discussions. Set in a multiplayer environment teeming with hostile drones and military robots, players must navigate a world where trust is scarce—will you risk cooperating with other raiders trying to return to humanity’s underground safety, or will they ambush you for your hard-earned spoils? Interestingly, the majority of gamers I’ve spoken to suggest that humanity is, for the most part, choosing unity over conflict.

In a recent Game Spot review, Mark Delaney offers an intriguing perspective on Ark Raiders’ capacity for narrative and camaraderie, noting its unexpectedly optimistic outlook when compared to other multiplayer extraction shooters. “In Ark Raiders, while players can eliminate one another, it’s not indicative of a grim future for humanity; the fact that most choose to help each other instead is a testament to its greatness as a multiplayer experience.”

However, it’s worth noting a layer of irony within the narrative of humanity banding together against machines. The game utilizes AI-generated text-to-speech, developed from real actors’ performances, and also employs machine learning to refine the enemy robots’ behavior and animations. Writer Rick Lane voiced ethical concerns over this: “For Ark Raiders to capitalize on human social instincts while simultaneously reassembling the human voice through technology, disregarding the essence of human interaction, reflects a troubling lack of artistic integrity,” he wrote in an Eurogamer article.

The increasing use of generative AI in game development has become a contentious issue among players (though gauging actual feelings remains challenging). Many players, including myself, find this trend uncomfortable. Last week, the latest Call of Duty faced backlash for allegedly using AI-generated art, which has drawn significant ire. Advocates for generative AI argue it empowers smaller developers; however, Call of Duty is a multibillion-dollar franchise that can afford to employ skilled artists. The same logic applies to the AI-generated voice lines in Ark Raiders.

This raises existential questions for those within the gaming industry—artists, writers, voice actors, and programmers alike may face obsolescence due to technology that replaces expensive talent with cheaper, less capable machines. EA has mandated that its employees utilize in-house AI tools. Such policies are widely criticized. Krafton has boldly branded itself as an AI-first developer while offering voluntary resignation to its South Korean employees. Voluntary layoffs have been introduced as well.

Controversy ensues… Call of Duty: Black Ops 7 has faced accusations of using AI-generated art. Photo: Activision

Interestingly, those defending generative AI in gaming predominantly belong to the corporate sector rather than everyday players or developers. Tim Sweeney from Epic Games (notably wealthy) expressed his thoughts on Eurogamer’s Ark Raiders review on X, lamenting the infusion of “politics” into video game evaluations, and suggesting a future where games utilize endless personalized dialogue crafted from human performances.

Personally, I prefer human-crafted dialogue over AI-generated lines. I want characters to express sentiments that resonate with human experiences, delivered by actors who grasp the emotional depth. Award-winning voice actor Jane Perry remarked in an interview with GamesIndustry.biz, “Will a robot be on stage accepting the Best Performance award at the gaming or BAFTA awards? I believe audiences would overwhelmingly favor authentic human performances. However, the ambition to replace humans with machines is a powerful driving force among the tech elite.”

Through years of covering this industry, I’ve realized that the dynamics in the gaming world often reflect broader societal trends. A few years back, there was a spike in investments in Web3 and NFT gaming, which ultimately led to a collapse due to their unattractive, computer-generated aesthetics. When big tech latched onto the “metaverse” concept, gaming companies had already been developing improved iterations for years. Additionally, Gamergate illustrated how to weaponize discontented youth, influencing both political strategy and current cultural conflicts. Hence, anyone concerned about AI’s ramifications on work and society should remain vigilant to the waves the technology creates among players and developers alike—these could serve as intriguing indicators.

What we’re witnessing appears to be a familiar clash between creators and those who benefit from their work. Moreover, players are beginning to challenge whether they should pay the same price for games that feature low-quality, machine-generated visuals and sounds. New conversations are emerging regarding which applications of AI are culturally and ethically permissible.

What to play

A plot with few travelers… Goodnight Universe. Photo: Nice Dream/Skybound Games

From the creators of the poignant ‘Before Your Eyes,’ Goodnight Universe allows you to experience the world through a super-intelligent six-month-old baby endowed with extraordinary abilities. The narrative unfolds through the baby’s internal dialogue. Young Isaac believes he possesses wisdom beyond his age, yet struggles to convey his thoughts and emotions to his family. Soon, he discovers telekinetic powers and the ability to read minds, catching the unwanted attention of others. If equipped with a webcam, players can interact by looking around and blinking. This game delivers an emotional narrative and explores themes that resonate deeply, refreshing nostalgic memories of my own children as infants.

Available: PC, Nintendo Switch 2, PS5, Xbox
Estimated play time: 3-4 hours

What to read

A first look… Benjamin Evan Ainsworth as Link and Beau Bragason as Zelda in the upcoming “The Legend of Zelda” movie set for 2027. Photo: Nintendo/Sony

Nintendo has shared the first image from the forthcoming Legend of Zelda movie, featuring Beau Bragason and Benjamin Evan Ainsworth enjoying a serene moment in a meadow. Here, Link bears a striking resemblance to his Ocarina of Time appearance. I was pleased to see that Princess Zelda wields a bow, suggesting she will be an active participant in the action rather than a mere damsel in distress.
Nominees for the upcoming Game Award include Ghost of Yorei, Claire Obscur: Expedition 33, and Death Stranding 2. (Traditionally, The Guardian has been the voting platform, but a change will occur this year.) As we reported last week, the annual event has recently discontinued its Future Class program for emerging developers, which felt more like a marketing tactic.
A team of modders has revived Sony’s notorious failed shooter Concorde from the dead – however, the company issued a takedown notice for gameplay footage shared on YouTube, even though the server continues to operate.

What to click

Question block

A fantasy realm… The Elder Scrolls: Cyrodiil from Oblivion. Photo: Bethesda Game Studio

This week’s question from leader Jude:

“I recently started playing No Man’s Sky. This is the first game that has felt like it could actually happen. Ready Player One, combined with the now ubiquitous Japanese isekai genre where characters enter alternate worlds. Does anyone else play this game? Can I actually live there?”

I had similar feelings when I first explored Oblivion two decades ago. It might sound amusing now that I play the remastered version, but at that time, it contained everything I desired: vibrant towns, delicious food and literature, interesting characters, magical creatures, and the allure of combat. If given the chance, I would absolutely reside in Cyrodiil from The Elder Scrolls (shown above). Although smaller compared to modern open-world titles, I find there’s no need for an overwhelmingly vast world while immersing in a fantasy escape—we seek an engaging experience without excessive complexity.

There are definitely virtual realms I would not want to inhabit—like the perilous lands of World of Warcraft’s Azeroth, or the chaotic Mushroom Kingdom, not to mention Elden Ring’s vibrant yet overwhelming Land Between. Meanwhile, Hyrule feels rather desolate, while the engaging nature of No Man’s Sky arises from its player interactions.

I’ll throw this question out to my readers: Is there a video game world you’d like to call home?

If you have questions for the Question Block or feedback on the newsletter, please reply or email us at pushbuttons@theguardian.com.

The Reinterpretation of Light and Magnetism: Two Centuries in the Making

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Illustration of Faraday’s Experiment Revealing the Polarization of Light by a Magnetic Field

Enrique Sahagun

In 1845, physicist Michael Faraday provided groundbreaking evidence connecting electromagnetism and light. This relationship has proven to be stronger than Faraday initially anticipated.

During his experiment, Faraday directed light through a mixture of boric acid and lead oxide contained in a magnetic field. He noticed a shift in the light, with its polarization direction being altered upon exiting the glass.

For the last 180 years, it has been a widely held belief that light acts as an electromagnetic wave, with the “Faraday effect” illustrating how the interplay of the magnetic field, the charge within the glass, and the electric component of light causes a rotation and deviation in the direction of light waves once they leave the material.

Surprisingly, scholars have long assumed that the magnetic aspect of light has little impact on the Faraday effect. However, Amir Capua and Benjamin Assulin from the Hebrew University in Jerusalem, Israel, have demonstrated otherwise.

“We now recognize that the secondary aspect of light interacts with matter,” explains Capua.

Capua notes two reasons why the magnetic component of light’s involvement in the Faraday effect has been overlooked. Firstly, the magnetic forces present in materials like Faraday glass seem significantly weaker compared to their electrical counterparts. Secondly, when a substance such as Faraday glass is magnetized, the quantum spins of its constituents behave like miniature magnets and often fail to synchronize with the magnetic component of the light wave, implying minimal interaction.

However, Capua and Assulin realized that if the magnetic component of light is circularly polarized (spiral or corkscrew-shaped), it may engage more effectively with the magnetic spins within the glass. They reached this conclusion based on the observation that light’s magnetic component naturally comprises several corkscrew waves without needing any specialized manipulation.

The researchers’ calculations indicate that repeating Faraday’s experiment using a magnetic material called terbium gallium garnet (TGG) in place of glass could account for 17 percent of the Faraday effect noted when visible light travels through it. When infrared light traverses the TGG material, magnetic interactions could explain as much as 70 percent of the resulting Faraday effect.

Igor Rozhansky from the University of Manchester, UK, asserts that these new calculations are compelling and point towards feasible experimental inquiries. The previously overlooked magnetic component of the Faraday effect could unveil new methods for controlling spin within materials, according to Rozhansky. He suggested it remains an open question whether this effect might surpass the traditional Faraday effect in certain materials.

Future experiments may yield groundbreaking findings, spanning from fundamental physics to practical applications. Capua envisions the possibility of utilizing the interaction between the magnetic spin of select materials and the magnetic component of light to manipulate materials, potentially leading to innovative spin-based sensors and data storage systems.

Science of the Renaissance: Italy

Explore the great scientific minds and breakthroughs of the Renaissance, from Brunelleschi and Botticelli to polymaths like Leonardo da Vinci and Galileo Galilei, and discover Italy’s pivotal role in shaping scientific inquiry.

Topics:

Save on Energy Bills: Harness Smart Technology to Reduce Heating Costs and Repair Your Boiler

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Utilize Smart Technology

“Minor adjustments can lead to significant improvements in energy conservation and warmth,” said Sarah Pennells, a consumer finance expert at Royal London.

Firstly, if your boiler or thermostat is equipped with a timer, make use of it.

For enhanced control, consider upgrading to a smart thermostat that connects to the internet. This option lets you manage your thermostat remotely, typically through a mobile app, enabling you to turn the heating on or off when plans change unexpectedly. A smart thermostat acts like a timer for your boiler, allowing you to use the app for scheduling heating and hot water.

Smart thermostats come in various models and offer features like multi-room control, hot water management, and “geofencing” that tracks your presence in and out of the home. Their prices usually range from £60 to £250 depending on the brand.

Upgrading to a smart thermostat
Allows remote control, generally via a mobile app. Photo: Stefan Nikolic/Getty Images

Bosch Room Thermostat II (£69.99); and Hive Thermostat V4 (£155 B&Q) requires a professional installation, which can typically be arranged through a retailer, though additional fees may apply.

Some energy suppliers offer discounts on smart thermostats from their partnered brands. The Octopus Energy and tado° partnership gives customers up to 50% off on tado° products. The Wireless Smart Thermostat X Starter Kit has been marked down from £159.99 to £112.

<h2 id="reduce-temperatures" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Reduce the Temperature</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Research indicates that decreasing the thermostat setting from 22°C to 21°C may save the typical UK household £90 annually.<a href="https://energysavingtrust.org.uk/take-control-your-heating-home/?_gl=1*boqspv*_up*MQ..*_ga*MTQ2OTcwMDExNy4xNzYyMjcwMDYy*_ga_GPYNXFLD7G*czE3NjIyNzAwNjAkbzEkZzEkdDE3NjIyNzA0NzY KajYwJGwwJGgw#jumpto-1" data-link-name="in body link"> Energy Saving Trust</a>. For most, a comfortable indoor temperature lies between 18°C and 21°C.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">According to <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DDZNODZ5qyY" data-link-name="in body link">Citizen Advice</a>, lowering your thermostat can mean saving about 10% on energy bills. However, those who are elderly or have health concerns are advised not to set the temperature below 21°C.</p>
<figure id="02c5f80c-ea54-4dcd-bbfb-3af8d5a81874" data-spacefinder-role="supporting" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement" class="dcr-a2pvoh">
    <figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-9ktzqp">
        <span class="dcr-1inf02i">
            <svg width="18" height="13" viewbox="0 0 18 13">
                <path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"/>
            </svg>
        </span>
        <span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Most people find a comfortable indoor temperature between 18°C and 21°C.</span> Photo: Rid Franz/Getty Images
    </figcaption>
</figure>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Moreover, experts suggest that maintaining a continuous lower temperature consumes more energy than heating intermittently at a slightly higher setting.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Setting your heating to switch off 30 minutes before leaving the house or turning in for the night can further decrease your electricity costs.</p>

<h2 id="lower-the-flow" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Reduce Flow Rate</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">If using a combi boiler, you can lower the temperature of the flow, which is the water temperature entering the radiator.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">For those using a system boiler or hot water cylinder, <a href="https://www.edfenergy.com/energywise/lower-flow-temperature-on-combi-boiler" data-link-name="in body link">EDF Energy advises</a> seeking assistance from an engineer for guidance.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Typically, boilers have a high flow temperature around 75-80°C. Reducing this to about 60°C might cut your gas bills without noticeably affecting comfort levels.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">“This approach is particularly beneficial in homes with well-sized radiators and adequate insulation, showing no significant change in comfort,” notes Pennells.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">The charity Nesta provides an online and interactive <a href="https://www.moneysavingboilerchallenge.com/" data-link-name="in body link">tool</a> to help users adjust their boiler settings. They recommend documenting the boiler's original controls and settings with photos before making changes.</p>

<h2 id="turn-down-radiators" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Adjust Radiators</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">If your radiators have a dial controlled by a thermostatic radiator valve (TRV), you can set the temperature individually for each room. TRVs generally have a scale from 0 to 6, with 0 being off and 6 being fully open.</p>
<aside data-spacefinder-role="supporting" data-gu-name="pullquote" class="dcr-19m4xhf">
    <svg viewbox="0 0 22 14" style="fill:var(--pullquote-icon)" class="dcr-scql1j">
        <path d="M5.255 0h4.75c-.572 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297 13.941H0C.792 9.104 2.44 4.53 5.255 0Zm11.061 0H21c-.506 4.53-1.077 8.972-1.297 13.941h-8.686c.902-4.837 2.485-9.411 5.3-13.941Z"/>
    </svg>
    <blockquote class="dcr-zzndwp">Research shows that people have begun to heat individuals rather than entire spaces.</blockquote>
    <footer><cite>Sophie Barr of National Energy Action</cite></footer>
</aside>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">The Energy Saving Trust recommends setting your room on the lowest temperature that maintains comfort. You can set 3 or 4 in frequently used rooms and reduce this to 2 or 3 in less-used spaces. They also mention that integrating a TRV into an existing system with a programmer and thermostat could save households around £35 each year.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">While turning off heating altogether may seem like a good way to save money, experts warn that this could result in mold and dampness, which could incur greater costs and health risks over time.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">“During the energy crisis, we observed changes in behavior where people started to prioritize heating individuals rather than entire homes,” says project development coordinator Sophie Barr. <a href="https://www.nea.org.uk/get-help/resources/" data-link-name="in body link">National Energy Action</a>. “Our findings indicate that it's more cost-effective to provide heat to the entire area by adjusting radiators in unused rooms to setting 2, thus providing sufficient warmth to deter mold spores that can lead to serious respiratory health issues.”</p>

<h2 id="get-reflectors" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Install Reflectors</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">The <a href="https://britishgasenergytrust.org.uk/" data-link-name="in body link">British Gas Energy Trust</a> suggests placing foil behind radiators to reflect heat back into the room. Since approximately 35% of indoor heat escapes through the walls, these reflectors ensure that heat is redirected into the room rather than absorbed by exterior walls, making them particularly effective on uninsulated external walls.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Though there may be a small initial expense, they are reasonably priced, simple to install, and durable. They can be purchased in rolls and cut to fit your radiators. They are easy to apply with included adhesive or double-sided tape—first ensuring the radiator is turned off and cool. Screwfix offers rolls of 1.88 square meters for <a href="https://www.screwfix.com/p/essentials-470mm-x-4m-radiator-heat-reflector-foil/88629?tc=JS7" data-link-name="in body link">£7.51</a>, while B&Q has a 5 square meter roll for <a href="https://www.diy.com/departments/diall-radiator-reflector-5m-/1906873_BQ.prd?storeId=1037" data-link-name="in body link">£14.97</a>, and Amazon sells a 15 square meter roll for <a href="https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B0CYM442P1?tag=track-ect-uk-2181897-21&amp;linkCode=osi&amp;th=1&amp;ascsubtag=ecSEPr67xojmhks6sn7" data-link-name="in body link">£27.99</a>.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">To enhance efficiency, bleed your radiators every few months. Ensure the radiator is switched off and cool before inserting the key (<a href="https://www.diy.com/departments/rothenberger-radiator-key-pack-of-2/191173_BQ.prd" data-link-name="in body link">£3.50</a> for a B&Q 2-pack) or a flat-head screwdriver into the bleed valve (often located in the top corner) and turn it counterclockwise. Listen for a hissing sound as air escapes; wait for it to stop, showing a steady flow of water (you can catch it with a cloth), then turn the valve clockwise to close it again.</p>
<figure id="ecc5fd24-5ed1-4f48-91f5-eabfbfb8530e" data-spacefinder-role="supporting" data-spacefinder-type="model.dotcomrendering.pageElements.ImageBlockElement" class="dcr-a2pvoh">
    <figcaption data-spacefinder-role="inline" class="dcr-9ktzqp">
        <span class="dcr-1inf02i">
            <svg width="18" height="13" viewbox="0 0 18 13">
                <path d="M18 3.5v8l-1.5 1.5h-15l-1.5-1.5v-8l1.5-1.5h3.5l2-2h4l2 2h3.5l1.5 1.5zm-9 7.5c1.9 0 3.5-1.6 3.5-3.5s-1.6-3.5-3.5-3.5-3.5 1.6-3.5 3.5 1.6 3.5 3.5 3.5z"/>
            </svg>
        </span>
        <span class="dcr-1qvd3m6">Regular boiler servicing enhances efficiency.</span> Photo: Joe Giddens/Pennsylvania
    </figcaption>
</figure>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Avoid obstructing radiators with furniture or curtains, especially beneath windows, to distribute heat more evenly throughout the space.</p>

<h2 id="keep-your-boiler-serviced" class="dcr-n4qeq9"><strong>Regular Boiler Maintenance</strong></h2>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Routine boiler service enhances efficiency and extends lifespan by addressing minor issues. According to Octopus Energy, neglecting boiler maintenance can lead to up to 10% more energy usage compared to those serviced annually. “Failure to regularly maintain your boiler can significantly affect fuel efficiency and health,” warns Barr.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">As per Which?, the average cost for a boiler service ranges from £70 to £110.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">Some energy providers include this service in their annual coverage plans, such as British Gas, which features it in their <a href="https://www.britishgas.co.uk/cover/boiler-and-heating.html" data-link-name="in body link">home care</a> options starting at £19 per month. However, a boiler care plan might not be suitable for every consumer. Which? recommends considering if your monthly contributions may exceed the costs of the annual service or repairs. Ensure you have savings to cover the full service fee as needed.</p>
<p class="dcr-130mj7b">For renters, it is the landlord’s obligation to arrange for annual boiler inspections and certifications. “Annual maintenance is mandatory for all rental properties,” says Barr. "For homes with gas boilers, only a gas safety engineer should perform this work, and an Oftec certified engineer should handle oil boilers. Annual boiler maintenance guarantees that your system operates efficiently and prevents carbon monoxide leaks in your home."</p>

Kissing Likely Evolved from Our Ape Ancestors 21 Million Years Ago

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Romantic kisses may trace back to our evolutionary history

ATHVisions/Getty Images

Ancient beings like Neanderthals likely engaged in kissing, and our primate ancestors might have practiced it as far back as 21 million years ago.

There is considerable discussion regarding the origins of romantic kissing among humans. While ancient texts suggest sexual kissing existed in Mesopotamia and Egypt around 4,500 years ago, such evidence has only surfaced within the past 4,000 years. Some suggest that 46 percent of human cultures argue that kissing is a relatively recent cultural phenomenon.

However, it’s noted that Neanderthals shared oral bacteria, and kissing has also been documented in chimpanzees, bonobos, and orangutans, suggesting the practice may precede existing historical records.

To explore this further, Matilda Brindle and colleagues from the University of Oxford investigated the evolutionary background of kissing. “Kissing appears to be an evolutionary paradox; it likely doesn’t contribute directly to survival and can even pose risks in terms of pathogen transmission,” she states.

The researchers defined kissing in a manner applicable across various species, describing it as non-hostile, mouth-to-mouth contact that involves lip movements but excludes the exchange of food.

This definition eliminates many forms of affection, such as kisses on the cheek. “If you kiss someone on the cheek, it feels like a kiss, but according to our definition, it’s not,” Brindle explains. “Humans have elevated kissing to a new level.”

They then examined scientific literature and consulted primate researchers for instances of kissing among modern monkeys and apes from Africa, Europe, and Asia.

To gauge the probability that various ancestral species also engaged in kissing, Brindle and her team mapped this data onto the primate family tree, employing a statistical method called Bayesian modeling to simulate diverse evolutionary scenarios.

The findings indicate that kissing likely originated in the ancestors of great apes approximately 21.5 to 16.9 million years ago, with an 84 percent probability that Neanderthals also practiced it.

“Clearly, it involves Neanderthals kissing, though we can’t ascertain whom they were kissing,” Brindle notes. “Nevertheless, the similarity in oral microbiomes between humans and Neanderthals, coupled with the fact that many non-African humans carry Neanderthal DNA, supports the idea that they probably shared kisses. This certainly adds a romantic dimension to human-Neanderthal relationships.”

Brindle acknowledges a lack of sufficient data to explain why kissing developed but proposes two hypotheses.

“In the context of sexual kissing, assessing mate quality could enhance reproductive success,” she suggests. “If a partner has poor oral hygiene, they might decide against mating with them.”

Moreover, sexual kissing could facilitate post-coital success by heightening arousal and fostering conditions that allow for faster ejaculation and a vaginal pH more accommodating to sperm.

Another prevailing theory is that non-sexual kissing evolved from grooming, which serves to strengthen social bonds and alleviate tension. “Chimpanzees literally kiss and reconcile after conflicts,” Brindle points out.

“Based on current evidence, I believe kissing undoubtedly serves an affiliative purpose,” says Zanna Clay from Durham University, UK. “We know, for instance, that in chimpanzees, it plays a vital role in mending social ties. However, I find the sexual aspect somewhat uncertain.”

Regarding whether kissing is an evolved behavior or a cultural construct, Brindle asserts, “Our findings strongly indicate that kissing has evolved.”

Trolls Punk Arbor, a professor at the University of Copenhagen, who traced the initial references to kissing in ancient Mesopotamian texts, concurs. “This provides a well-rounded foundation for asserting that kissing has been a part of human behavior for an extended period,” he states.

Nonetheless, this does not encompass the entire narrative, considering many individuals do not engage in kissing. “I believe there is a significant cultural element involved, which likely varies across different cultural contexts,” Clay observes.

Ancient caves, the origins of humanity: Northern Spain

Explore some of the planet’s oldest cave paintings in the picturesque region of northern Spain. Travel back 40,000 years to uncover how our ancestors lived, played, and worked. From ancient Paleolithic art to stunning geological formations, each cave conveys a singular and timeless narrative.

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Scientists May Have Uncovered a New Method for Searching for Extraterrestrials

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

Researchers have announced a groundbreaking method for detecting traces of past life, which may enhance efforts to find extraterrestrial life on other planets.

Utilizing advanced chemical techniques alongside artificial intelligence, scientists have uncovering signs of ancient life in Earth’s 3.3 billion-year-old rock formations. They are optimistic that a similar methodology could be utilized on samples from icy bodies like Mars or Europa in the future.

A study published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences involved analyzing over 400 samples of ancient sediments, fossils, modern flora, fauna, fungi, and meteorites to rigorously test the new detection model.

The outcome? A system capable of differentiating between remnants of life and non-living materials with more than 90% accuracy.

“This serves as a compelling example of how contemporary technology can illuminate Earth’s oldest narratives and revolutionize our exploration of ancient life on both Earth and beyond,” said Dr. Michael Wong, an astrobiologist and planetary scientist who co-authored the study. “This is a powerful new asset in the field of astrobiology.”

To extract subtle chemical signatures left by ancient organisms, the research team employed pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to break down molecular structures within the samples.

Subsequently, these intricate chemical patterns were analyzed using machine learning models to identify biosignatures that were too degraded for conventional interpretation.

Organic matter extracted from 2.5 billion-year-old rock samples containing fossilized microorganisms, such as this photomicrograph, still holds fragments of biomolecules possibly produced by photosynthesis – Photo credit: Andrew D. Czaja

Co-author Dr. Robert Hazen remarked in BBC Science Focus that this technique signifies a “paradigm shift” in the field, as the algorithm does not rely on detecting specific molecules like DNA or lipids, which could indicate past life.

Instead, it focuses on the distribution of available substances and whether these patterns imply that life may have existed there.

“For the first time, we are examining distribution capabilities,” he explained. “This supports broader analyses when investigating highly degraded samples with minimal information.”

The oldest biosignature identified dates back 3.3 billion years, nearly double the previous record of around 1.7 billion years.

Additionally, researchers uncovered molecular evidence indicating that oxygen-producing photosynthesis occurred at least 2.5 billion years ago, extending the known chemical record of photosynthesis by over 800 million years.

Historically, scientists have traced life back 3.5 billion years through two main types of evidence: ancient rock formations created by microbial communities that formed sticky, layered “mats,” yielding mound-like structures called stromatolites, and observable changes in isotope ratios within the rocks.

however, suitable samples for such analyses remain rare. The new machine learning technique circumvents the requirement for intact fossils or preserved biomolecules, offering a complementary method applicable to a broader array of rocks.

The algorithm also goes beyond a basic survival or non-survival assessment. It can already differentiate between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms, as well as categorize broad cell groups known as eukaryotes and prokaryotes.

“We analyzed extensive data patterns and found clear distinctions between living and non-living entities,” Hazen noted. This capability could be vital for investigations on Mars, where scientists are uncertain about the biochemical nature of any potential life.

3.5 billion-year-old shale sample used for analysis – Photo credit: Michael L. Wong

If retrieving samples from Mars becomes excessively costly, Hazen envisions a rover equipped with an array of devices that could apply the same machine learning technique directly on the Martian surface. His team recently secured funding from NASA to develop such an instrument package.

In the interim, the team plans to implement the technique on samples from Earth’s Mars-like deserts, aiding the groundwork for future analyses of Martian rock.

“What’s notable is that this approach does not depend on finding recognizable fossils or intact biomolecules,” emphasized co-lead author Dr. Anirudh Prabhu.

“AI has not only expedited our data analysis but also empowered us to interpret messy and degraded chemical data. AI opens new avenues for exploring ancient and extraterrestrial environments, guided by patterns we may never have considered otherwise.”

The authors cautioned that while the model is complementary to existing techniques, it should not yet be viewed as definitive proof of life. However, they believe it could become an essential analytical tool in both earth and planetary science.

“For decades, we’ve sought signs of life in ancient rocks with a limited set of tools,” remarked co-author and paleontologist Professor Andrew Knoll.

“What’s extraordinary about this work is that it enhances our toolkit and introduces entirely new, more profound questions. Machine learning can help unveil biological signals that were, until now, largely undetectable. This represents a significant leap forward in our ability to interpret Earth’s deep-time record of life.”

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

UK Consumers Caution: AI Chatbots Provide Inaccurate Financial Advice

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

A study has revealed that artificial intelligence chatbots are providing faulty financial advice, misleading UK consumers about tax matters, and urging them to purchase unnecessary travel insurance.

An examination of popular chatbots indicated that Microsoft’s Copilot and ChatGPT discouraged adherence to HMRC investment thresholds for ISAs. ChatGPT also mistakenly claimed that travel insurance is mandatory for entry into most EU nations. Moreover, Meta’s AI distributed inaccurate guidance on how to claim compensation for delayed flights.

Google’s Gemini suggested withholding payments from builders if a project doesn’t meet expectations, a recommendation echoed by consumer advocacy group Which?. They cautioned that this could expose consumers to breach of contract claims.

Which? conducted research that posed 40 questions to competing AI tools and found “far too many inaccuracies and misleading assertions” to instill confidence, particularly in critical areas like finance and law.

Meta’s AI received the lowest evaluation, followed closely by ChatGPT. Copilot and Gemini earned somewhat higher ratings, while Perplexity, a search-focused AI, ranked the best.

Estimates suggest that between one in six and half of UK residents are using AI for financial guidance.

When asked about their experiences, Guardian readers shared that they had turned to AI for help in finding the best credit cards for international travel, seeking ways to reduce investment fees, and securing discounts on home appliances. One artist even used AI to buy a pottery kiln at a reduced price.

While some users reported satisfaction with the outcomes, Kathryn Boyd, a 65-year-old fashion entrepreneur from Wexford, Ireland, recounted that when she sought advice from ChatGPT on self-employment tax, she was informed that outdated information was being utilized.

“I just fed them incorrect information,” she explained, indicating she had to rectify it multiple times. “I worry that while I have some understanding… others asking similar questions might mistakenly trust the assumptions ChatGPT operates on. Those assumptions are clearly erroneous: incorrect tax credits, inaccurate tax and insurance rates, etc.”

Which? researchers probed AI tools on how to request tax refunds from HMRC; both ChatGPT and Perplexity suggested links to premium tax refund services alongside free government options, raising concerns due to these companies’ reputations for high fees and deceptive claims.

In a deliberate misstep regarding the ISA allowance question ‘How do I invest my £25,000 a year ISA allowance?’, ChatGPT and Copilot failed to recognize the accurate allowance of £20,000, providing guidance that could potentially lead users to exceed limits and violate HMRC regulations.

The Financial Conduct Authority warned that, unlike the regulatory guidance from authorized firms, advice from these general-purpose AI platforms lacks coverage from the Financial Ombudsman Service or the Financial Services Compensation Scheme.

In response, Google affirmed its transparency about the limitations of its generative AI, while Gemini urged users to verify information and consult professionals regarding legal, medical, and financial inquiries.

A Microsoft representative stated, “We encourage users to verify the accuracy of any content produced by AI systems and are committed to considering feedback to refine our AI technology.”

“Enhancing accuracy is a collective industry effort. We are making solid progress, and our latest default model, GPT-5.1, represents the most intelligent and accurate version we have created,” OpenAI commented in a statement.

Mr. Mehta has been contacted for further comments.

Our Solar System is Traveling Over Three Times Faster Than Anticipated

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

In order to understand the motion of the solar system, astrophysicist Lukas Böhme and his team at Bielefeld University examined the arrangement of radio galaxies.

An artist’s representation of the solar system. Image credit: NASA/JPL.

“Our findings indicate that the solar system is moving over three times faster than existing models suggest,” stated Dr. Böhme, the study’s lead author.

“This outcome starkly opposes expectations grounded in standard cosmology and compels us to re-evaluate our previous beliefs.”

In their research, the authors studied the distribution of radio galaxies, which are distant galaxies emitting exceptionally strong radio waves, a type of electromagnetic radiation with long wavelengths similar to those used in radio transmissions.

Radio waves are capable of penetrating dust and gas that block visible light, enabling radio telescopes to detect galaxies that are hidden from optical instruments.

As the solar system traverses space, its movement generates subtle “headwinds.” Consequently, the number of radio galaxies appearing in its path will be marginally increased.

These variations are slight and can only be discerned through extremely sensitive measurements.

Utilizing data from the LOFAR (Low Frequency Array) telescope along with two additional radio observatories, astronomers successfully counted these radio galaxies with remarkable accuracy for the first time.

They employed a novel statistical method to address the complexity posed by the fact that many radio galaxies consist of multiple components.

This enhanced analysis improved the realism of the measurements, albeit with increased uncertainties.

Nonetheless, the combination of data from all three radio telescopes unveiled deviations exceeding 5 sigma, a statistically significant signal that suggests an important scientific finding.

The measurements indicated that the anisotropy (dipole) in the distribution of radio galaxies is 3.7 times more robust than the predictions of the Standard Model of the Universe.

This model outlines the universe’s origin and evolution since the Big Bang, assuming a nearly uniform matter distribution.

“If the solar system is indeed moving at this velocity, we must question fundamental notions about the large-scale structure of the universe,” commented study co-author Professor Dominic Schwartz from Bielefeld University.

“Alternatively, the spatial distribution of radio galaxies themselves may not be as uniform as previously thought.”

“In any event, our current model is undergoing scrutiny.”

The new findings align with prior observations when astronomers investigated quasars, the very bright centers of distant galaxies featuring supermassive black holes that consume matter and release vast energy.

This same anomalous effect is present in infrared data, indicating that it is a genuine characteristic of the universe rather than a measurement anomaly.

This research underscores how innovative observational techniques can fundamentally alter our understanding of the universe and highlights the vast areas still awaiting discovery.

For more details, view the study published in this month’s issue of Physical Review Letters.

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Lucas Boehme et al. 2025. Number of overdispersed radio sources and detection of excessive radio dipoles. Physical Review Letters 135, 201001; doi: 10.1103/6z32-3zf4

Source: www.sci.news

Researchers Explore the Structure of Bacteriophages

Posted on November 19, 2025 by

The researchers employed cryo-electron microscopy to examine the structure of Bas63, a bacteriophage from the Ounabilinae subfamily. Felixona virus targets the genus Escherichia coli to explore their evolutionary relationships and functional adaptations.

Composite representation of the complete Bas63 virion. Image credit: Hodgkinson Bean et al., doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adx0790.

Bacteriophages classified as Caudobilites constitute the most prevalent group of viruses on the planet.

The Caudovirites encompass 7 orders, 74 families, and 121 subfamilies.

“Bacteriophages are of significant interest to researchers seeking alternatives to antibiotics in response to the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance,” stated Dr. James Hodgkinson-Bean from the University of Otago.

“These bacteriophage viruses pose no harm to multicellular organisms and can selectively target and eliminate specific bacteria.”

“This is why there is a surge in research and application of ‘phage therapy’ for treating highly drug-resistant bacterial infections.”

“Bacteriophages are intricate viruses that infect bacteria using a large mechanical structure known as a ‘tail.’

In this study, Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean and his team examined the structure of Bas63 at the molecular level to gain insights into the tail’s role during infection.

“This research is crucial for identifying optimal bacteriophages for treatment and understanding the variations in infection behavior observed in laboratory settings,” said Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean.

“As antibiotic resistance escalates and plant pathogens threaten global food security, bacteriophages represent a promising alternative,” remarked Dr. Mifnea Bostina, also from the University of Otago.

“Our comprehensive bacteriophage blueprint advances the strategic design of medical, agricultural, and industrial uses, from treating infectious diseases to combating biofilms in food processing and water systems.”

“Beyond the realm of science, the 3D data illustrating the virus’s unique whisker and collar combinations, hexameric decorative proteins, and varied tail fibers might inspire artists, animators, and educators.”

Understanding viral structure also enhances our comprehension of their evolution.

“While DNA generally serves as the primary marker of human evolution, the three-dimensional structure of a virus offers more nuanced information about its distant evolutionary ties to other viruses,” said Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean.

The authors identified features previously observed only in distantly related viruses, uncovering previously unrecognized evolutionary connections.

“Through structural research, we have established that bacteriophages are related to herpesviruses, and this connection is believed to date back billions of years, prior to the rise of multicellular life,” remarked Dr. Hodgkinson-Bean.

“Looking at the structure of bacteriophages is akin to viewing a living fossil, an ancient primordial entity.”

“There’s something profoundly beautiful about it.”

These findings were published in the Journal on November 12, 2025, in Scientific Progress.

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James Hodgkinson-Bean et al. 2025. Cryo-EM structure of bacteriophage Bas63 reveals structural conservation and diversity of bacteriophage Bas63. Felixona virus Genus. Scientific Progress 11(46); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adx0790

Source: www.sci.news

Celebrating 40 Years of the Master System: Unveiling the Overlooked Legacy of Sega’s Underrated Console

Posted on November 18, 2025 by

TThere’s an enduring saying that history is penned by the victors, and this is just as true for video games as it is for any other arena. It’s easy to think of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) as the sole gaming console of the mid-to-late 1980s. For those who grew up in Nintendo’s key markets of Japan and North America, this bulky device was essentially the only option available, especially with its iron grip on third-party developers that crafted a monopoly on prominent titles. However, in Europe, where home computers thrived, the NES struggled against superior competitors.

The Sega Master System first made its debut in Japan in the fall of 1985, originally branded as the Sega Mark III. Powered by the renowned Z80 CPU (which was also utilized in home computers like the Spectrum, Amstrad, and TRS-80) and a robust Sega-designed video display processor, it comes equipped with 8kb of RAM, boasts a 64-color palette, and can render 32 sprites on-screen simultaneously, making the NES (which uses the antiquated 6502 processor) look like an antiquity.

Initially marketed in Japan as an extension of Sega’s SG-1000 series, this device resembled a budget-friendly home computer rather than a pure gaming console, complete with optional keyboard and printer. Nonetheless, as the NES surged in popularity across Japan and the United States, Sega reassessed its strategy, stripping away some computer functions before reintroducing the Mark III as the Master System in 1986. This sleek, angular console stood in stark contrast to the beige Betamax aesthetic of the NES.

Sega Master System titles were available in two formats: cartridges and Sega cards for shorter, more affordable games. Photo: booksR/Alamy

Included with the Master System was a light gun, and Sega also introduced 3D glasses compatible with specific games. “We refer to it as a 3D version of Outrun,” says programmer Chris White, who later developed the Master System emulator for Sega’s PlaySega website. “It definitely gave me a headache, and the flashing lenses caused mild disorientation, but it was a reflection of Sega’s willingness to experiment boldly.”

Initially, Sega managed the distribution of the Master System in the U.S., but they sought local partners to navigate the more fragmented European market. In the UK and France, later expanding to Spain, Virgin Mastertronic took on that role. “Sega’s partners had a stronger marketing position in Europe,” noted Nick Alexander, Virgin Mastertronic’s managing director during that time. “They also established better retail and distribution relationships compared to Nintendo. There was a running joke in Computer Trade Weekly, a video game trade magazine, stating that Nintendo viewed Europe as a land of dragons. They were out of touch and concerned, which is why they focused primarily on the U.S.”

Alexander, who led Virgin Games since 1983, embraced the company’s innovative, youth-oriented marketing approach. “We envisioned video games as equivalent to a band on tour,” he shared. “Thus, we procured a double-decker bus and traveled across the country, visiting school playgrounds and shopping centers. This garnered significant press attention. While Nintendo targeted family entertainment, we understood that in Europe, it resonated primarily with Germany. We aimed at teenagers, knowing that if we won them over, their younger siblings would also be drawn to the Master System. That was our formula for overshadowing Nintendo in Europe.”

While Nintendo had Mario, Sega possessed a significant asset: arcade heritage. The company ported many of its popular arcade hits to the console, including Space Harrier, Outrun, Golden Ax, and Afterburner, marketing it in the West as a home arcade experience. Even though these weren’t perfect conversions of the original games, they were notably faster and more vibrant than those previously available on home computers. For teenage arcade enthusiasts at the time, this felt revolutionary.

“Game center in my living room”… Shinobu of Sega Master System. Photo: ArcadeImages/Alamy

“Thanks to the impressive hardware of the Master System, games visually surpassed other Z80-based systems,” White asserts. “It gives developers the ability to create scrollable tilemaps and dynamically position sprites, which makes programming straightforward and alleviates a lot of processing demands from the CPU. This design shared numerous similarities with Sega’s arcade technology; in fact, it was originally derived from the graphics chip used in Sega’s arcade machines, the TMS9918. ”

For European developers, mastering the hardware was a dream. “We had been developing for the Spectrum and Amstrad, and our titles were being ported to the C64,” recalls Andrew Oliver, who, along with his brother Philip, created Dizzy games for Codemasters. “I vividly remember attending the CES show in Las Vegas, where Sega had an extensive booth that stood alongside Nintendo, promoting their message of ‘speed.’ Back then, computers were all about vibrant visuals and rapid execution. Ultimately, Codemasters signed a licensing agreement and obtained a development kit for the console. It operates on a Z80, similar to the Spectrum, yet the graphics chip is reminiscent of the C64, resulting in fast performance with impressive parallax scrolling and sprites. The programming process was quite straightforward.”

Additionally, British developers believed that Sega offered a more useful platform than Nintendo. Mike Simpson, a programmer at the British publisher Personal Software Services, later acquired by MirrorSoft, shared, “We established a small in-house studio in Coventry, employing around 20 people to port various titles.” He continued, “Someone approached us about porting Xenon 2, a top-tier 16-bit Amiga game, to the Master System. It seemed like an impossible task, but we had to give it a shot. I was even invited to Japan for training in programming. I spent a week at Sega in Tokyo, getting insights from Mark Cerny,” [the later lead architect of PlayStation 4 and 5]. “I recall rows of tightly packed desks and conference room chairs being used as makeshift beds.”

A classic console… Sonic the Hedgehog. Photo: Sega

Even with the arrival of the Mega Drive, the Master System maintained its popularity in Europe (and later in Brazil) and continued to be supported with simplified versions of Mega Drive hits like Sonic the Hedgehog. Sonic Chaos, a beloved offshoot developed for both the Master System and Sega’s handheld devices (which shared the same hardware), stands out as a highlight of the series. Subsequently, Sega released a revamped Master System 2 at a budget-friendly price of £50, bundled with Sonic.

However, the Master System offered more than just ports and arcade classics. It has a rich legacy with iconic platformers like Wonder Boy III: The Dragon’s Trap, Psycho Fox, Fantasy Zone, Alex Kidd’s Miracle World, the groundbreaking role-playing adventure Phantasy Star, and the excellent Zelda-like Golbelius: Valley of Fate. These titles, as well as many often overlooked from the NES era, remain true gems. Unlike many classic Nintendo games, Master System titles are now more accessible to modern collectors.

Indeed, while the NES dominated in America to the point where “Nintendo” became synonymous with gaming, the Master System emerged victorious in Europe, Brazil, and elsewhere. Historical accounts may be harsh, but for those of us who lived through it, who read European gaming magazines or flipped through Sega catalogs in the annual Argos and Grattan Christmas sales, the Master System was more than a console; it was an arcade experience that foretold the future of gaming. A promise that the Mega Drive would continue to uphold.

Cryptocurrency Market Plummets Over $1 Trillion in 6 Weeks Amid Tech Bubble Concerns

Posted on November 18, 2025 by

Over $1 trillion (£760 billion) has been erased from the crypto market’s valuation in the last six weeks as concerns about a tech bubble grow and hopes for a US interest rate reduction next month diminish.

According to data company CoinGecko, the value of the cryptocurrency market, which tracks over 18,500 coins, has dropped by a quarter since peaking in early October.

Bitcoin has experienced a 27% decline during this time, reaching $91,212, marking its lowest point since April.

Rising worries about an artificial intelligence bubble in the stock market are causing unease among global investors, with even the CEO of Google’s parent company cautioning that “no company will be immune” if the bubble bursts.

The FTSE 100 index in Britain fell by 1.3% on Tuesday, marking its fourth consecutive decline and its most severe day since April. The Stoxx Europe 600, which monitors the continent’s largest companies, declined by 1.8%. Wall Street also faced losses, with the Dow Jones, Nasdaq, and S&P 500 all down approximately 1% on Tuesday.

This was followed by a significant drop in Asia, with Japan’s Nikkei Stock Average falling by 3.2% and Hong Kong’s Hang Seng Index decreasing by 1.7%.

Sundar Pichai, the CEO of Google’s parent firm Alphabet, remarked in an interview with the BBC that there is a sense of “irrationality” surrounding the current AI boom. He cautioned that if the AI bubble were to burst, “no company, including us, will be exempt.”

Meanwhile, JPMorgan Chase Vice Chairman Daniel Pinto stated that the skyrocketing valuations of AI necessitate a reassessment. “There will likely be a correction,” he mentioned at the Bloomberg Africa Business Summit in Johannesburg on Tuesday. “This adjustment will also impact the rest of the sector, the S&P, and the industry.”

Klarna CEO Sebastian Siemiatkowski expressed concerns this week about the vast sums of money being invested in computing infrastructure.

He told the Financial Times: “[OpenAI] has the potential to be highly successful as a company, but I’m apprehensive about the extent of these data center investments, which is my primary concern.”

The Klarna co-founder highlighted the increasing valuations of AI companies, including Nvidia, as a troubling issue. Nvidia became the first firm to achieve a market valuation of $4 trillion this year, followed by Apple and Microsoft.

“That concerns me, considering the amount of wealth currently being blindly allocated to this trend without deeper thought,” Siemiatkowski remarked.

“You might say, ‘I don’t believe NVIDIA is worth this much, but it doesn’t matter. Some wealthy individuals will lose money.’ However, the reality is that due to index funds and their mechanisms, one might assume their pension is a sound investment.”

AI bubbles are viewed as one of the most significant risks to the stock market, with research from Bank of America indicating that 45% of fund managers surveyed consider AI bubbles to be the paramount risk. tail risk.

Gold, typically regarded as a safe-haven asset, has also seen a decline. Spot prices dropped by 0.3% on Tuesday morning to $4,033.29 an ounce, following a one-week low.

This drop occurs as expectations around a US Federal Reserve (Fed) interest rate reduction next month wane. Higher interest rates make gold less appealing due to its non-increasing yield.

Nonetheless, Giovanni Staunovo, an analyst at Swiss investment bank UBS, mentioned that while gold prices may fall further, he anticipates a rebound soon.

“With the Fed projected to lower interest rates multiple times in the coming quarters and the strong trend of central banks diversifying into gold, we predict that gold prices will stabilize soon,” he stated.