The wiring of our neurons evolves over the decades
Alexa Mousley, University of Cambridge
Our brain’s functionality isn’t static throughout our lives. We know that our capacity for learning and the risk of cognitive decline fluctuate from infancy to our 90s. Recently, scientists may have uncovered a possible reason for this change. The wiring of our brains seems to experience four key turning points at ages 9, 32, 66, and 83.
Previous studies indicate that our bodies undergo three rapid aging cycles around the ages of 40, 60, and 80. However, the complexity of the brain complicates our understanding.
The brain consists of distinct regions that communicate through white matter tracts. These tracts are wire-like structures formed by long, slender projections known as axons, which extend from neurons, or brain cells. These connections significantly influence cognitive functions, including memory. Nevertheless, it was uncertain if this substantial change in wiring transpires throughout one’s life. “No one has combined multiple metrics to characterize stages of brain wiring,” states Alexa Mousley from Cambridge University.
In an effort to bridge this knowledge gap, Maudsley and his team examined MRI scans of roughly 3,800 individuals from the UK and US, primarily white, spanning ages from newborns to 90 years. These scans were previously gathered as part of various brain imaging initiatives, most of which excluded individuals with neurodegenerative diseases or mental health issues.
The researchers discovered that the brain wiring of individuals reaching 90 years old typically progresses through five significant stages, separated by four primary turning points.
In the initial stage, from birth to age nine, the white matter tracts between brain areas seem to become longer, more intricate, and less efficient. “It takes time for information to travel between regions,” explains Mausley.
This may be due to the abundance of connections in our brains as young children. As we age and gain experiences, we gradually eliminate unused connections. Mausley notes that the brain prioritizes making broader connections, beneficial for activities like piano practice, though at the expense of efficiency.
However, during the second stage, from ages 9 to 32, this trend appears to reverse, potentially driven by the onset of puberty and hormonal shifts affecting brain development. “Suddenly, your brain’s connections become more efficient. Connections become shorter, allowing information to traverse more swiftly,” says Mausley. This could enhance skills such as planning and decision-making, along with improved cognitive abilities like working memory.
The third stage, which spans from 32 to 66 years, is the longest phase. “During this stage, the brain continues to change, albeit at a slower rate,” Mausley explains. Specifically, she notes that connections between regions have a tendency to become less efficient over time. “It’s unclear what exactly triggers this change; however, the 30s often involve significant lifestyle alterations, like starting a family, which may play a role,” she adds. This inefficiency might also stem from general physical wear and tear, as noted by Katia Rubia from King’s College London.
From ages 66 to 83, the connections between neurons in the same brain area tend to remain more stable than those among different regions. “This is noteworthy, especially as the risk of developing conditions like dementia increases during this period,” Mausley remarks.
In the final stage, from ages 83 to 90, connections between brain regions weaken and rely more frequently on “hubs” that link multiple areas. “This indicates that there are fewer resources available to maintain connections at this age, leading the brain to depend on specific areas to serve as hubs,” Mausley explains.
Understanding these alterations in the brain could provide insights into why mental health issues arise, typically before the age of 25, and why individuals over 65 are particularly vulnerable to dementia, she states.
“It’s vital to comprehend the normal stages of structural changes in the brain throughout the human lifespan, so future research can explore deviations that occur in mental health and neurodegenerative disorders,” Rubia notes. “Grasping the causes of these deviations can assist us in pinpointing treatment strategies. For instance, we might examine which environmental factors or chemicals are responsible for these differences and discover methods to counteract them through treatments, policies, and medications.”
Nevertheless, Rubia emphasizes the need for further research to determine whether these findings apply to a more ethnically and geographically diverse population.
Grain cultivation can produce excess food that can be stored and taxed.
Luis Montaña/Marta Montagna/Science Photo Library
The practice of grain cultivation likely spurred the formation of early states that functioned like protection rackets, as well as the need for written records to document taxation.
There is considerable discussion on how large, organized societies first came into being. Some researchers argue that agriculture laid the groundwork for civilization, while others suggest it emerged from necessity as hunter-gatherer lifestyles became impractical. However, many believe that enhanced agricultural practices led to surpluses that could be stored and taxed, making state formation possible.
“Through the use of fertilization and irrigation, early agricultural societies were able to greatly increase productivity, which in turn facilitated nation building,” says Kit Opie from the University of Bristol, UK.
However, the timelines for these developments do not align precisely. Evidence of agriculture first appeared about 9,000 years ago, with the practice independently invented at least 11 times across four continents. Yet, large-scale societies didn’t arise until approximately 4,000 years later, initially in Mesopotamia and subsequently in Egypt, China, and Mesoamerica.
To explore further, Opie and Quentin Atkinson of the University of Auckland, New Zealand, employed a statistical method inspired by phylogenetics to map the evolution of languages and cultures.
They combined linguistic data with anthropological databases from numerous preindustrial societies to investigate the likely sequence of events, such as the rise of the state, taxation, writing, intensive agriculture, and grain cultivation.
Their findings indicated a connection between intensive agriculture and the emergence of states, though the causality was complex. “It appears that the state may have driven this escalation, rather than the other way around,” Opie notes.
Additionally, they observed that states were significantly less likely to emerge in societies where grains like wheat, barley, rice, and corn were not cultivated extensively; in contrast, states were much more likely to develop in grain-dominant societies.
The results suggested a frequent linkage between grain production and taxation, with taxation being uncommon in grain-deficient societies.
This is largely because grain is easily taxed; it is cultivated in set fields, matures at predictable times, and can be stored for extended periods, simplifying assessment. “Root crops like cassava and potatoes were typically not taxed,” he added. “The premise is that states offer protection to these areas in exchange for taxes.”
Moreover, Opie and Atkinson discovered that societies without taxation rarely developed writing, while those with taxation were far more likely to adopt it. Opie hypothesizes that writing may have been developed to record taxes, following which social elites could establish institutions and laws to sustain a hierarchical society.
The results further indicated that once established, states tended to cease the production of non-cereal crops. “Our evidence strongly suggests that states actively removed root crops, tubers, and fruit trees to maximize land for grain cultivation, as these crops were unsuitable for taxation,” Opie asserted. “People were thus coerced into cultivating specific crops, which had detrimental effects then and continues to impact us today.”
The shift to grain farming correlated with Neolithic population growth but also contributed to population declines, negatively affecting general health, stature, and dental health.
“Using phylogenetic methods to study cultural evolution is groundbreaking, but it may oversimplify the richness of human history,” notes Laura Dietrich from the Austrian Archaeological Institute in Vienna. Archaeological records indicate that early intensified agriculture spurred sustained state formation in Southwest Asia, yet the phenomena diverged significantly in Europe, which is a question of great interest for her.
David Wengrow points out, “From an archaeological perspective, it has been evident for years that no single ‘driving force’ was responsible for the earlier formation of states in different global regions.” For instance, he states that in Egypt, the initial development of bureaucracy appeared to be more closely related to the organization of royal events than to the need for regular taxation.
EEvery day, Kiran Kasbe navigates her rickshaw taxi amid the bustling Mahuls near her home on Mumbai’s eastern coast, where stalls brim with tomatoes, gourds, and eggplants, often enveloped in thick smog.
Earlier this year, doctors identified three tumors in her 54-year-old mother’s brain. The specific cause of her cancer remains unclear, yet those residing near coal-fired power plants have a significantly higher risk of developing such illnesses. A studyindicates that Mahul’s residents live mere hundreds of meters from these plants.
The air quality in Mahul is notoriously poor; even with closed car windows, the pungent odor of oil and smoke seeps in.
“We are not the only ones suffering health issues here. Everything is covered in grime,” noted Kasbe, 36.
Last year, plans to shut down two coal-fired power plants operated by Indian firms Tata Group and Adani were announced as part of the government’s initiative to reduce emissions. However, by late 2023, these decisions were overturned after Tata claimed escalating electricity demand in Mumbai necessitated coal.
Neither firm responded to inquiries for comment.
Buildings blanketed in smog in Mumbai, India, January. Photo: Bloomberg/Getty Images
India’s electricity demand has surged in recent years, driven by economic growth and increased air conditioning needs due to severe heat exacerbated by climate change. However, a study by Source Material and The Guardian highlighted that a primary hindrance for cities in relying on fossil fuels is the insatiable energy demands of data centers.
Leaked documents also expose Amazon’s significant presence in Mumbai, where it stands as the largest data center operator globally.
In metropolitan areas served by Amazon, the organization has noted three “availability zones,” indicating one or more data centers. Leaked data from a year ago indicated that the company operates 16 machines in the city.
Bhaskar Chakravorty, an academic at Tufts University analyzing technology’s societal impacts, remarked that the surge in data centers is creating a tension between energy needs and climate goals as India evolves its economy into an artificial intelligence hub.
“I’m not surprised by the slow progression towards a greener transition, particularly as demands grow rapidly,” he said regarding the Indian government’s stance.
Amazon spokesperson Kylie Jonas asserted that Mumbai’s “emissions issue” cannot be attributed to Amazon.
“On the contrary, Amazon is among the largest corporate contributors to renewable energy in India, backing 53 solar and wind initiatives capable of generating over 4 million megawatt-hours of clean energy each year,” she stated. “Once operational, these investments will power more than 1.3 million Indian households annually.”
Amazon is establishing numerous data centers globally, vying with Microsoft, Google, and other entities for dominance in the burgeoning AI sector.
Tata Consultancy Services Ltd. office in Mumbai, India. Photo: Bloomberg/Getty Images
Amazon Employee Climate Justice representative Eliza Pan criticized the company for not acknowledging its role in perpetuating reliance on one of the most polluting energy sources.
“Amazon is leveraging this shiny concept called AI to distract from the reality of building a dirty energy empire,” she said.
Jonas refuted this assertion, stating, “Not only are we recognized as the most efficient data center operator, but we’ve also been the top corporate purchaser of renewable energy for five successive years, with over 600 projects globally.”
Amazon’s claims regarding green energy are contentious. The organization has been scrutinized for engaging in “creative accounting” by acquiring renewable energy certificates alongside direct green energy purchases, as noted by a member of Amazon Employees for Climate Justice.
“Everything is contaminated”
Kasbe operates her rickshaw in Mahul, a former fishing settlement that has transformed into a residence for tens of thousands who were displaced from slums across the city.
Kiran Kasbe’s mother. Photo: Provided by Sushmita
Kasbe and her mother relocated here in 2018 after their home in Vidyavihar’s outskirts faced demolition. She was in good health prior to the move, but her medical condition significantly worsened, culminating in a brain tumor diagnosis.
Gajanan Tandol, a local resident, shared that pollution-related diseases are prevalent. “There are numerous instances of skin and eye inflammation, cancer, asthma, and tuberculosis, yet we receive no government assistance,” he lamented.
Another community member, Santosh Jadhav, implored the government to relocate residents from Mahul.
“Everything is tainted. We’re exhausted from fighting for a decent existence,” he stated. “This is hell for us.”
Amazon, an e-commerce platform facilitating 13 million customer transactions daily, is investing billions into expanding its profitable cloud computing sector and enhancing its AI-assisted services, such as automated coding and translation, as per research from CapitalOne.
Many of the centers in Mumbai remain under the radar because they are leased rather than owned. Unlike in the U.S., where Amazon predominantly owns its facilities, it frequently rents entire data farms or server racks in centers shared with other companies elsewhere.
Xiaolei Ren, a computing scholar from the University of California, Riverside, remarked that shared “colocation” units lead to significantly higher energy consumption in data centers compared to wholly owned or fully leased operations.
“The majority of energy used in the data center sector is concentrated in colocation facilities,” he noted. “They are ubiquitous.”
Employees near the Amazon Prime brand in Mumbai, India, September. Photo: NurPhoto/Getty Images
Based on leaked information, Amazon’s colocation data center in Mumbai consumed 624,518 megawatt-hours of electricity in 2023, sufficient to power over 400,000 homes in India for an entire year.
India is on the verge of surpassing Japan and Australia, poised to become the second-largest consumer of data center power in the Asia-Pacific region. S&P predicts that by 2030, data centers will account for one-third of Mumbai’s energy consumption, according to Techno & Electric Engineering CEO Ankit Saraiya.
“Poison hell”
In a bid to keep up with power demand, the Maharashtra government has extended the operational duration of the Tata coal-fired power plant in Mahul by at least five years. Additionally, the closure of a 500-megawatt plant operated by Tata competitor Adani Group in the city’s north has been postponed.
When Tata requested an extension in its proposal to the State Energy Commission, it cited the rising energy demand from data centers as the primary justification. Adani projected that the anticipated surge in demand during the five years following the plant’s scheduled closure would come predominantly from data centers.
These power plants represent merely two of the numerous polluting sources within Mumbai’s Mahul district. The area also houses three oil refineries and 16 chemical facilities, as stated in a 2019 report by the Indian Center for Policy Research, which branded the locality a “toxic hell.”
The Tata power plant has been operational since 1984, and like many old power stations, it is subject to lenient emissions regulations, as noted by Raj Lal, chief air quality scientist at the World Emissions Network, who labeled it “one of the major contributors to air pollution in Mumbai.”
The Center for Energy and Clean Air Research noted that PM2.5 particles comprise nearly a third of the area’s pollution. PM2.5 particles are airborne and less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter, which can lead to severe health issues when inhaled.
Smoke emanates from the chimney of Tata Power Company’s Trombay thermal facility in Mumbai, India, August 2017. Photo: Bloomberg/Getty Images
Shripad Dharmadhikari, founder of the environmental organization Manthan Adhyayan Kendra, stated that the toxic heavy metals in ash generated by the factories are likely to trigger “respiratory diseases, kidney ailments, skin issues, and heart problems.”
While Tata’s facilities continue operations, Mumbai’s power grid is buckling under the increasing demand. To mitigate potential power shortages, Amazon’s colocation data center in the city has invested in 41 backup diesel generators and is seeking permission for additional installations, according to the leaked documents.
A report from the Center for Science and Technology Policy (CSTEP) released in August identified diesel generators as a primary pollutant source in the locality.
Air quality expert Swagata Dey at CSTEP argued that the presence of data centers requiring continuous electricity, coupled with the backup diesel generators, “will inevitably exacerbate emissions,” advocating for legal requirements for data center operators to utilize pollution-free solar energy.
Particularly, the Amazon facility across Thane Creek from Mahul has 14 generators already installed, and one partner was granted permission to set up another 12 generators on-site earlier this year.
“Public health considerations must be central to decisions regarding data center locations and energy source selections,” stated Wren from the University of California, Riverside, co-author of a recent paper evaluating the public health consequences of diesel generators in U.S. data centers.
Sushmita notes that in India, surnames are not commonly used as they signify caste, reflecting a hierarchical and discriminatory social structure.
As per a report from a prominent education and research charity, the UK could see up to three million low-skilled positions vanish by 2035 due to advances in automation and AI.
The National Foundation for Educational Research (NFER) identifies the most vulnerable occupations as trades, machine operations, and management roles.
Conversely, a growing demand for highly skilled workers is anticipated as improvements in AI and technology increase workloads “at least in the short to medium term”. Overall, the report forecasts that the UK economy will generate 2.3 million new jobs by 2035, though the distribution of these jobs will be uneven.
This finding contrasts with recentstudies suggesting that AI’s impact will be more significant on high-skilled technical jobs like software engineering and management consulting, rather than on trades or manual labor.
Research from King’s College, published in October, indicated that “high-wage companies” experienced job losses of approximately 9.4% between 2021 and 2025, primarily following the launch of ChatGPT in late 2022.
The British government identified management consultants, psychologists, and legal professionals as the professions “most vulnerable to AI”, while athletes, roofers, and bricklayers are least likely to be displaced.
Recently, law firm Clifford Chance announced it would be reducing its London-based business services workforce by 10% (around 50 positions), attributing the change to AI. Additionally, PwC’s leadership has publicly stepped back from plans to recruit 100,000 individuals between 2021 and 2026, stating that “the world has changed” due to advancements in artificial intelligence.
Jude Hilary, one of the authors of the report, stated that NFER’s research, grounded in long-term economic models of the UK labor market, suggests that the forecasts for job losses due to AI may be premature.
He indicated that the reduction of jobs linked to AI may be influenced by factors like a weakened UK economy, rising National Insurance contributions, and employer risk aversion.
“There’s a general sense of uncertainty regarding future developments and the timeline for recovery. Much discussion revolves around AI and automation, but lacks substance, which is a concern for many employers,” Hilary remarked.
“Currently, I think many employers are simply hesitant to act.”
Mr. Hilary predicted that the overall influence of AI on the UK workforce would be multifaceted. There will likely be a decline in demand for numerous entry-level roles, and many low-skill jobs may become obsolete. This raises significant concerns, as individuals losing low-skill positions in an evolving economy will struggle to reskill.
“New job opportunities in the labor market often lean towards professional or semi-professional roles. … The one to three million workers displaced highlighted in the report will encounter substantial hurdles when attempting to re-enter the workforce,” he added.
New guidelines have urged social media platforms to curtail internet “pile-ons” to better safeguard women and girls online.
Ofcom, Britain’s communications regulator, implemented guidance on Tuesday aimed at tackling misogynistic abuse, coercive control, and the non-consensual sharing of intimate images, with a focus on minimizing online harassment of women.
The measures imply that tech companies will limit the number of responses to posts on platforms like X, a strategy Ofcom believes will lessen incidents where individual users are inundated with abusive responses.
Additional measures proposed by Ofcom include utilizing databases of images to prevent the non-consensual sharing of intimate photos—often referred to as ‘revenge porn’.
The regulator advocates for “hash matching” technology that helps platforms remove disputed images. This system cross-references user-reported images or videos with a database of illegal content, transforming them into “hashes” or digital identifiers, enabling the identification and removal of harmful images.
These recommendations were put forth under the Online Safety Act (OSA), a significant law designed to shield children and adults from harmful online content.
While the advice is not obligatory, Ofcom is urging social media companies to follow it, announcing plans to release a report in 2027 assessing individual platforms’ responses to the guidelines.
The regulator indicated that the OSA could be reinforced if the recommendations are not acted upon or prove ineffective.
“If their actions fall short, we will consider formally advising the government on necessary enhancements to online safety laws,” Ofcom stated.
Dame Melanie Dawes, Ofcom’s chief executive, has encountered “shocking” reports of online abuse directed at women and girls.
“We are sending a definitive message to tech companies to adhere to practical industry guidance that aims to protect women from the genuine online threats they face today,” Dawes stated. “With ongoing support from our campaigners, advocacy groups, and expert partners, we will hold companies accountable and establish new benchmarks for online safety for women and girls in the UK.”
Ofcom’s other recommendations suggest implementing prompts to reconsider posting abusive content, instituting “time-outs” for frequent offenders, and preventing misogynistic users from generating ad revenue related to their posts. It will also allow users to swiftly block or mute several accounts at once.
These recommendations conclude a process that started in February, when Ofcom conducted a consultation that included suggestions for hash matching. However, more than a dozen guidelines, like establishing “rate limits” on posts, are brand new.
Internet Matters, a nonprofit organization dedicated to children’s online safety, argued that governments should make the guidance mandatory, cautioning that many tech companies might overlook it. Ofcom is considering whether to enforce hash matching recommendations.
Rachel Huggins, co-chief executive of Internet Matters, remarked: “We know many companies will disregard this guidance simply because it is not legally binding, leading to continued unacceptable levels of online harm faced by women and girls today.”
For many years, researchers have been intrigued by two massive structures hidden deep beneath the Earth’s surface. These anomalies might possess geochemical characteristics that differ from the surrounding mantle, yet their source remains unclear. Geodynamicist Yoshinori Miyazaki from Rutgers University and his team offer an unexpected explanation regarding these anomalies and their significance in influencing Earth’s capacity to sustain life.
This diagram shows a cross-section that reveals the interior of the early Earth, featuring a hot molten layer situated above the core-mantle boundary. Image credit: Yoshinori Miyazaki/Rutgers University.
The two enigmatic structures, referred to as large low-shear velocity regions and ultra-low velocity regions, lie at the boundary between the Earth’s mantle and core, approximately 2,900 km (1,800 miles) beneath the Earth’s exterior.
Large low-shear velocity regions are vast, continent-sized masses of hot and dense rock.
One of these regions is located beneath Africa, while the other is situated beneath the Pacific Ocean.
The ultra-low velocity zone resembles a thin layer of melt that adheres to the core much like a puddle of molten rock.
Both structures significantly slow seismic waves and display unusual compositions.
“These are not random, odd phenomena,” Dr. Miyazaki, co-author of a related paper published in the journal Nature Earth Science, explained.
“They represent traces of Earth’s primordial history.”
“Understanding their existence could help us unravel how our planet formed and what made it habitable.”
“Billions of years in the past, the Earth was covered by an ocean of magma.”
“While scientists anticipated that as the mantle cooled, it would establish distinctive chemical layers—similar to how frozen juice separates into sweet concentrate and watery ice—seismic surveys have shown otherwise. Instead, large low-shear velocity regions and ultra-low velocity zones appear as irregular accumulations at the Earth’s depths.”
“This contradiction sparked our inquiry. When starting with a magma ocean and performing calculations, the outcome does not match the current observations in the Earth’s mantle. A critical factor was missing.”
The researchers propose that over billions of years, elements such as silicon and magnesium may have leached from the core into the mantle, mixing with it and hindering the development of pronounced chemical layers.
This process could clarify the bizarre structure of the large low-shear velocity and ultra-low velocity regions, potentially visibly representing the solidified remnants of a basal magma ocean tainted by core materials.
“What we hypothesized is that this material could be leaking from the core,” Dr. Miyazaki noted.
“Incorporating core components might account for our current observations.”
“This discovery goes beyond merely understanding the chemistry of the deep Earth.”
“Interactions between the core and mantle may have shaped the Earth’s cooling process, volcanic activity, and atmospheric evolution.”
“This could help clarify why Earth possesses oceans and life, while Venus is a frigid hothouse and Mars a frozen wasteland.”
“Earth has water, life, and a relatively stable atmosphere.”
“In contrast, Venus’ atmosphere is over a hundred times thicker than Earth’s and is mainly carbon dioxide, while Mars’ atmosphere is much thinner.”
“While we do not fully comprehend why this is the case, the processes occurring within the planet—its cooling and layer evolution—could be a significant part of the explanation.”
By synthesizing seismic data, mineral physics, and geodynamic modeling, the authors reaffirm that the extensive low-shear velocity regions and ultra-low velocity zones offer crucial insights into Earth’s formative processes.
These structures may also contribute to volcanic hotspots like those in Hawaii and Iceland, thereby connecting deep Earth dynamics to the planet’s surface.
“This study exemplifies how the integration of planetary science, geodynamics, and mineral physics can aid in unraveling some of Earth’s long-standing enigmas,” said co-author Dr. Jie Deng, a researcher at Princeton University.
“The notion that the deep mantle may still retain the chemical memory of ancient core-mantle interactions provides fresh perspectives on Earth’s unique evolution.”
“Every new piece of evidence contributes to piecing together Earth’s early narrative, transforming scattered hints into a more coherent picture of our planet’s development.”
“Despite the limited clues we have, we are gradually forming a significant narrative,” Dr. Miyazaki remarked.
“With this research, our confidence in understanding Earth’s evolution and its distinctiveness can now be bolstered.”
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J. Deng et al. 2025. Heterogeneity in the deep mantle formed through a basal magma ocean contaminated by core materials. Nature Earth Science 18, 1056-1062; doi: 10.1038/s41561-025-01797-y
NASA’s STEREO (Solar-Earth Relations Observatory), the NASA/ESA SOHO (Solar-Heliospheric Observatory), and NASA’s PUNCH (Corona-Heliosphere Integrating Polarimeter) missions had the extraordinary capability to observe sky regions near the Sun, enabling them to monitor 3I/ATLAS as it traversed behind the Sun from Earth’s perspective.
3I/ATLAS moves at an incredible speed of 209,000 km (130,000 miles) per hour, visualized through a series of colorized stacked images captured from September 11 to 25, 2025, using the Heliocentric Imager-1 instrument aboard NASA’s STEREO-A spacecraft. Image credit: NASA / Lowell Observatory / Qicheng Zhang.
STEREO monitored the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS between September 11 and October 2, 2025.
The mission aims to examine solar activity and its effects on the entire solar system and is part of a collection of NASA spacecraft studying comets, offering insights on their size, physical characteristics, and chemical makeup.
Initially, it was believed that comet 3I/ATLAS would be too dim for STEREO’s instruments, but advanced image processing using the visible-light telescope Heliospheric Imager-1 and the stacking of images revealed 3I/ATLAS effectively.
By overlaying multiple exposures, distinct images were produced, showing the comet slightly brighter at the center.
This image of 3I/ATLAS combines observations from the NASA/ESA SOHO mission between October 15 and 26, 2025. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Lowell Observatory / Qicheng Zhang.
The SOHO spacecraft managed to catch a glimpse of 3I/ATLAS from October 15 to 26, 2025.
During this time frame, the LASCO instrument suite onboard SOHO identified comets crossing its observation area from around 358 million km (222 million miles) away, which is more than twice Earth’s distance from the Sun.
SOHO orbits at Sun-Earth Lagrange Point 1, a gravitational equilibrium point approximately 1.6 million km (1 million miles) closer to the Sun along the Sun-Earth axis.
Members of the SOHO team also utilized stacking techniques to create images of 3I/ATLAS.
In this image, 3I/ATLAS is clearly visible as a bright object in the center, created by consolidating observations from NASA’s PUNCH mission conducted from September 20 to October 3, 2025. Image credit: NASA/Southwest Research Institute.
The PUNCH mission observed 3I/ATLAS from September 20 to October 3, 2025.
These observations indicated that the comet’s tail extended slightly to the lower right.
During this period, the comet was so dim that the PUNCH team was uncertain if the spacecraft would be able to detect it well, given its primary focus on studying the Sun’s atmosphere and solar wind rather than comets.
However, by collecting multiple observations, 3I/ATLAS and its tail became distinctly visible.
“We’re truly pushing the limits of this system,” stated Dr. Kevin Walsh, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute who led the PUNCH observations of comets.
The recently identified moon has an approximate diameter of 38 kilometers (23.6 miles) and a V magnitude of 28, making it the faintest moon ever found orbiting a trans-Neptunian object.
This image of Quaor and its satellite Waywot was captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope on February 14, 2006. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Michael E. Brown.
Discovered on June 4, 2002, Quaor is a trans-Neptunian body approximately 1,100 km (690 miles) in diameter.
Similar to the dwarf planet Pluto, Quaor is located within the Kuiper Belt, a frigid region populated with comet-like objects.
The satellite, also referred to as 2002 LM60, orbits between 45.1 and 45.6 astronomical units (AU) from the Sun, completing an orbit every 284.5 years.
In 2006, astronomers confirmed Quaor’s moon Waywot, measuring 80 km (50 miles) in diameter and orbiting at a radius of 24 around Quaor.
Recently, two rings, designated Q1R and Q2R, were identified surrounding Quaor.
“Stellar occultations over the last decade have indicated the presence of rings around small celestial bodies,” remarked Benjamin Proudfoot, an astronomer at the Florida Space Institute, alongside his colleagues.
“Among these small ring systems, the ring around Quaor is notably enigmatic.”
“The two rings discovered thus far lie well beyond Roche’s limits and exhibit heterogeneity.”
“Quaor’s outer ring, dubbed Q1R, seems to be at least partially confined by mean-motion resonance with Quaor’s moon Waywot, as well as by spin-orbit resonance linked to Quaor’s triaxial structure.”
“The inner ring, Q2R, appears less dense, and its confinement remains more indefinite.”
“Recently, simultaneous dropouts from two telescopes during a stellar occultation indicated the existence of a previously unidentified dense ring around a moon, or Quaor.”
“The length of the dropout suggests a minimum diameter/width of 30 km.”
Artist’s depiction of Quaor and its two rings, with Quaor’s satellite Waywot on the left. Image credit: ESA/Sci.News.
In a recent study, astronomers sought to further characterize the orbit of this new satellite candidate.
They determined that the object is likely on a 3.6-day orbit, close to a 5:3 mean-motion resonance with Quaor’s outermost known ring.
Additionally, they explored the potential for observing satellites through further stellar occultations.
“Quaor will be well-positioned within the Scute nebula for the next 10 years, providing the best opportunity for occultation throughout its 286-year orbit,” the researchers stated.
“Current ground-based and space-based telescopes will struggle to detect the newly discovered moon, given its brightness (9 to 10 magnitude fainter than Quaor) and its angular distance from Quaor.”
“Our analysis of Webb/NIRCam images from the Quaor system did not reveal any convincing evidence of the satellite,” they added.
“Direct imaging with existing equipment would necessitate considerable telescope time to blindly reacquire the satellite’s phase, even if the satellite were detectable.”
“However, future generations of telescopes will likely have the capability to easily observe it.” The discovery of this new moon suggests that the ring around Quaor may have originally formed from a broad impact disk and may have undergone significant evolution since its creation, according to the researchers.
“Studying the formation and evolution of the lunar disk system will yield valuable insights into the development of trans-Neptunian objects,” they remarked.
“We advocate for advanced tidal mechanics, hydrodynamics, and collisional modeling of the Quaor system.”
Our conscious experiences often shape our lives with positive joy. Feel the sunlight on your skin, listen to the birds singing, and embrace the moment. However, we also encounter pain. I recently fell down the stairs and my knee is hurting; I often find myself feeling pessimistic and in distress. Why have we, as living beings, evolved cognitive abilities that encompass not just pain and suffering, but also positive experiences? Dr. Albert Nguyen from Ruhr-Universität Bochum and Dr. Carlos Montemayor from San Francisco State University suggest distinguishing three fundamental phenomena of phenomenal consciousness: basic arousal, general arousal, and reflexive (self-)consciousness.
Scholars believe that consciousness is a fundamental property of the universe. Image credit: NASA / ESA / JPL-Caltech / STScI / Sci.News.
“From an evolutionary standpoint, basic arousal was the first to develop, providing the fundamental ability to place the body in a state of alert in life-threatening situations, enabling organisms to survive,” Dr. Nguyen stated.
“Pain serves as a highly effective means of detecting bodily harm and the related threat to life.”
“This often triggers survival mechanisms such as fleeing or freezing.”
The subsequent evolutionary stage is the emergence of general attention.
This allows you to concentrate on a single item even when overwhelmed with information.
For example, if we see smoke while someone is speaking to us, our focus shifts entirely to the smoke in search of its source.
“This enables us to learn about new correlations. Initially, it establishes a basic causal relationship: smoke comes from a fire and indicates its location,” Dr. Montemayor remarked.
“Furthermore, targeted attention allows us to discern complex scientific relationships.”
Humans, along with certain animals, then develop reflexive (self-)consciousness.
This capability allows for a nuanced reflection not only on ourselves but also on our past and future.
We can create a self-image and incorporate it into our actions and plans.
“Reflexive consciousness, in its fundamental form, developed alongside the two primary forms of consciousness,” Dr. Nguyen explained.
“In such instances, conscious experience is less about perceiving the surroundings and more about consciously acknowledging aspects of oneself.”
“This encompasses not just the state of your body, but also your perceptions, feelings, thoughts, and actions.”
“A simple example would be recognizing oneself in a mirror, which is a form of reflexive consciousness.”
“Children begin to develop this ability by 18 months, and some animals such as chimpanzees, dolphins, and magpies have demonstrated this as well.”
“The core function of reflexive conscious experience enhances our ability to integrate into society and collaborate with others.”
The team’s paper will be published in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B.
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Albert Nieuwen and Carlos Montemayor. 2025. Three types of phenomenal consciousness and their functional roles: Development of the ALARM theory of consciousness. fill. transformer. R.Soc.B 380 (1939): 20240314; doi: 10.1098/rstb.2024.0314
Jelly-like midsections, thunderous thighs, and muffin tops — derogatory terms abound for the parts of ourselves we feel insecure about. Many cultures view fat as, at best, mere insulation or an obstacle to be eliminated. However, it’s time to shift this perspective.
While excessive body fat is linked to various health issues such as cancer, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes, it’s noteworthy that not all individuals with obesity experience these adverse effects. This indicates a more complex scenario at play. Our comprehensive cover story reveals that fat is far from being a passive entity. Instead, it functions as a vital, dynamic organ that collaborates with the brain and bones to support overall health.
This essential reevaluation of fat allows us to perceive obesity as a form of organ dysfunction rather than a moral failing. Such a change in perspective can shift the dialogue from stigmatization and fat-shaming to developing effective treatments for obesity. Current research is exploring innovative methods to “reprogram” dysfunctional fat cells to enhance health and even transform “unhealthy” obesity into less harmful variations.
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Fat is a crucial and vibrant part of the body, functioning as an organ that helps maintain our well-being. “
Encouragingly, this transformative approach does not necessitate drastic weight loss. Many advantages of contemporary weight loss medications seem to arise from enhancing the function and distribution of fat rather than merely promoting weight reduction.
Realizing this transformation could revolutionize not only health outcomes but also perceptions of what constitutes a healthy body shape. Yet, the phenomenal success of GLP-1 medications poses a risk of undermining the fat-positive movement and re-igniting outdated moral assessments regarding body size and self-discipline.
However, if fat can indeed be reprogrammed, more individuals may lead longer, healthier lives without the burden of self-consciousness about their size. Understanding the biology of fat and its interactions with the body is the first step towards this goal.
COP30 President Andre Correa de Lago (centre) alongside Advisor and UN Climate Change Secretary Simon Stiel (left)
Pablo Porciuncula/AFP via Getty Images
The COP30 climate summit held by the United Nations in Brazil faced severe challenges, including heavy rainfall, protests, and a partial electrical fire. The concluding session was momentarily halted over objections to the perceived weakness of the finalized document.
Despite these hurdles, the globally recognized climate action framework continued, with nearly all nations except the United States engaging in 12 days of discussions in the Amazon to establish a unified framework.
Notably, the final agreement omitted any mention of fossil fuels, responsible for a significant portion of greenhouse gas emissions, despite a prior commitment made at COP28 in Dubai to pivot away from such energy sources. Over 80 nations at COP30 aimed for a detailed transition plan regarding fossil fuels, but oil-exporting nations excluded a key clause that mandated unanimous consent from all 194 countries.
“An agreement born out of climate change denial is a failed agreement,” remarked Diana Mejía, the Colombian representative, expressing support from delegates from Panama and Uruguay who voiced frustrations about Brazil’s dismissal of their comments before the text’s submission.
Brazil argued it was unaware of the request but committed to helping draft a roadmap for transitioning away from fossil fuels outside the UN’s framework.
“It’s akin to designing a board game,” commented Natalie Jones, a professor at the International Institute for Sustainable Development, reflecting on the stalled transition roadmap, “We’re engaged in play, yet some are still deliberating on the rule set.”
The final decision, named “Global Mutilan” after an indigenous Brazilian term for “collective endeavor,” at least indicated that international collaboration on climate issues has withstood some severe challenges this year, as U.N. Climate Secretary Simon Stiel noted. said in his closing remarks.
President Donald Trump again withdrew the United States, the second-largest emitter globally, from the COP process, threatening to do the same with Argentina, raising alarms about the potential collapse of annual negotiations. Throughout other global conferences this year, the U.S. has sought to advance talks on minimizing shipping emissions and reducing plastic pollution.
Corporate entities, industry coalitions, and non-profits have also begun retreating from addressing climate change, with Bill Gates suggesting a focus on poverty and health instead of emissions at COP30.
A decade post the Paris Agreement at COP21, which aimed to cap global warming to 2°C above pre-industrial levels, we are currently experiencing steady progress towards 2.6℃— an increase that had already approached 4°C before the agreement’s onset.
In a letter to the UN last year, leading scientists and diplomats expressed concerns that the COP process is “no longer fit for purpose.” However, one of the letter’s signatories, former Irish president Mary Robinson, commented post-COP30 that many nations are moving forward “during a time when multilateralism is under stress.”
The nations reaffirmed their collective commitment to the Paris Agreement and the conclusions of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In conjunction with climate pledges, the G20 Summit Declaration was issued on the same day, while participants from major economies, along with the U.S., opted out, describing it as “a significant pushback against Trump.” Joanna Depledge, a COP historian at the University of Cambridge, remarked.
This conveys a strong message to businesses, investors, and local authorities, according to her.
As foreign aid budgets decline and the U.S. eliminates aid agencies, low-income nations are expressing dissatisfaction with historically large polluters for not aiding them in coping with climate challenges. COP30 acknowledged the necessity to devise a “just transition mechanism” for support, also promising to triple adaptation funding, though the specifics remain vague, and the original deadline of 2030 has been postponed to 2035.
“Beyond the just transition mechanism… there’s little to celebrate,” said Harjeet Singh from the Satthat Sampada Climate Foundation, which aids climate-vulnerable populations. “We should have aimed higher.”
COP30, convened in Belém at the Amazon’s edge, did not achieve consensus on a plan to halt and reverse deforestation, despite the efforts of over 90 nations. Prior to the summit, however, Brazil launched the Tropical Forest Forever Facility, an investment initiative rewarding countries for maintaining forest areas.
Brazil and its sponsors have so far contributed $6.6 billion to the fund, which is far below the $25 billion target. Tightening the fund’s operational guidelines is necessary, stated Kate Dooley from the University of Melbourne, indicating that it represents a welcome shift away from carbon offsets that yield no actual climate benefits.
“Brazil’s leadership on deforestation could be among the top outcomes from COP30,” remarked Marco Duso, a sustainability consultant at Ernst & Young. “And this leadership is resonating on the global stage.”
Climate change activists march on the sidelines of the COP30 summit in Belém, Brazil
Pablo Porciuncula/AFP via Getty Images
A decade following the Paris Agreement, there should be a significant leap in climate initiatives. Yet, in the past four years, there has been scant advancement, highlighted by the latest COP summit, which did not make substantial progress in phasing out fossil fuels or curbing deforestation. What went wrong?
I cannot provide a clear answer. However, as the planet continues to warm and the consequences become increasingly dire, I fear our responses are leaning toward irrationality instead of rationality. If true, the resulting climate impacts may be far worse, and the decline of our global civilization could become a more plausible scenario than previously imagined.
Let’s revisit the 2015 Paris Agreement. The concept of an international climate accord, wherein each nation would establish its own greenhouse gas emission targets, seemed to me incredibly naive. The ambitious 1.5 degrees Celsius target was a stark shift from prior plans. Advocates claimed progress would be made incrementally through a “ratchet mechanism,” allowing nations to enhance their commitments over time.
I remained skeptical. I left Paris believing this was largely a façade for environmentalism. My expectation was minimal immediate influence but increased action as the consequences of warming became undeniable. In essence, reason would eventuate.
Yet, the opposite has occurred. Based on current policies, the Climate Action Tracker estimated back in 2015 that the world was on course for approximately 3.6°C of warming by 2100. By 2021, that figure was revised to around 2.6°C—a significant improvement, suggesting Paris was making strides.
However, the most recent Climate Action Tracker report prior to the COP30 summit presents grim findings. For four consecutive years, there has been “little or no measurable progress.” The report states, “Global progress remains stagnant.” Although a handful of countries are genuinely advancing, others are stalling or reversing their climate efforts.
While the increase in renewable energy generation is surpassing expectations, it’s counterbalanced by substantial funds still being allocated to fossil fuels. Simply harnessing cheap solar energy won’t suffice. The proliferation of solar installations can lead to diminishing returns on profits. Moreover, although producing green electricity is manageable, progress in more challenging sectors like agriculture, aviation, and steel manufacturing remains inadequate.
In addition, the issue is not solely the failure to reduce emissions; we are also ill-equipped to handle what’s coming. We continue constructing cities on sinking land adjacent to rising seas. As noted in an April report, “Adaptation progress is either too slow, stagnant, or misdirected,” a sentiment echoed by the UK’s Climate Change Committee.
The pressing question is why climate action has plateaued without intensification. In some regions, this is strikingly due to political leaders who either disregard climate change as a priority or blatantly deny it, such as seen with the US’s withdrawal from the Paris Agreement.
Even those governments that vocalize climate change as a priority are taking minimal action, often citing more immediate concerns like the cost of living crisis. However, this crisis is intertwined with climate issues, as escalated severe weather patterns fuel rising food prices. As the climate continues to warm, the repercussions on food production and the broader economy will likely intensify.
Will we reach a moment where governments find themselves paralyzed on climate action due to the costs associated with combating rising sea levels inundating metropolises? Will citizens persist in supporting climate change deniers out of fear regarding global conditions, regardless of public opinion? Most individuals worldwide support increased climate action.
The notion that mounting evidence will lead leaders to rectify their course appears ever more naive. We navigate an unusual reality, reminiscent of the CDC’s handling of misinformation, such as the baseless anti-vaccination movements undermining public health even amid measles outbreaks, alongside some politicians suggesting that hurricanes stem from climate manipulation.
As we continue to break temperature records annually, the reality of climate change has never been clearer. But perhaps that’s part of the issue. Philosopher Martha Nussbaum posited that fear can drive detrimental behavior, prompting people to discard rational thought for fleeting pleasure over long-term benefits. Research indicates that environmental stress may lead individuals to act irrationally.
People often leap from perceiving difficulties to declaring imminent doom. No, we are not condemned. However, the longer rational thought is sidelined, the graver the consequences will become. Perhaps what we’re witnessing is merely a transient response linked to the pandemic’s aftermath and the Ukraine war. Alternatively, something more troubling might be unfolding.
By 12:30 PM on Wednesday, systems will be active, trading algorithms set, and billions in buy and sell orders prepared for Rachel Reeves’ budget announcement.
For the first time, a custom artificial intelligence tool will be tuned in to a Prime Minister’s speech at Deutsche Bank’s London trading floor. It will transcribe her address, detect shifts in tone, and notify you when figures fall short of expectations.
“Once the information is available, we can analyze it in real time,” explained Sanjay Raja, chief UK economist at the bank. The natural language model has been trained on Reeves’ recent public appearances, including media interviews, speeches at conferences, the spring Office for Budget Responsibility (OBR) forecast, and last year’s budget, all designed to give banks a competitive edge in this highly anticipated budget.
“As we approach November 26th, there are heightened expectations regarding the city’s budget,” Raja stated.
We are now in the era of bond market budgets, following a decade of soaring government borrowing. With rising debt interest costs and the lingering effects of Brexit and Liz Truss’ mini-budget, market reactions will be critical.
Deutsche Bank’s trading floor in London. Photo: Roger Parks/Alamy
Mr. Reeves has clashed with major players in Britain’s £2.7 trillion debt market for months, engaging with top government officials from Goldman Sachs and JP Morgan in an effort to smooth over a multi-billion pound tax and spending plan.
What comprises the market? Think of it as the embodiment of electronic trading executed in systems around the globe, extensively analyzed by commentators leading up to the budget. There is concern that market turmoil could trigger stock declines and elevate borrowing costs for governments, mortgage holders, and businesses, potentially leading to political upheaval for Mr. Reeves and Keir Starmer.
Mr. Reeves experienced the bond market’s influence firsthand earlier this month when government borrowing costs surged after announcements that he scrapped income tax hikes, breaking his manifesto commitment.
The British government bond market, known as gilts, isn’t governed by a single entity but rather by a group of institutions and individuals working behind trading desks in the City, Canary Wharf, and other financial hubs.
At Phoenix Group’s trading room, a FTSE 100 insurance firm by London’s Old Bailey, Summer Refai gets ready behind a Bloomberg terminal. Budget day is significant as they manage £300 billion in assets, which includes billions of pounds in gold backing pensions, savings, and life insurance for 12 million clients.
“You might recall the famous quote from Bill Clinton’s advisor,” the firm’s head of macro markets commented. (Former strategist James Carville remarked in 1993 that a “bond market” would wield more power than any president or pope.)
“It really intimidates folks. No force makes governments move faster than the bond market,” he noted.
“You can see how the market dynamics certainly have an effect.”
The influence of bond traders has intensified in recent years as government debt and borrowing costs have surged globally, partly due to rising inflation and sluggish economic growth. The UK faces distinct challenges.
Following multiple economic shocks and consecutive budget deficits, Britain has amassed over £2.7 trillion in debt, nearly 100% of its national income. Inflation remains among the highest in the G7, and ongoing speculation regarding the government’s financial position is troubling.
Simultaneously, the Bank of England is offloading government bonds from its quantitative easing program, releasing vast amounts of gilts into the commercial market to support government borrowing.
Historically, pension funds managed most of the debt, but their demand has been dwindling due to the decline of defined benefit and final salary plans. Foreign investors have increasingly entered the market, now accounting for about a third of it.
The OBR has cautioned that this could render the UK more susceptible. Foreign investors could easily opt to invest elsewhere. For Reeves, preserving the bond market’s stability will be a top priority.
Amidst this context, the UK’s annual debt interest expenses have soared to £100 billion, about £1 for every £10 spent by the Treasury. This added financial pressure is exacerbated by the mounting costs of refurbishing damaged public services and catering to an aging population.
The yield (real interest rate) on 10-year bonds has reached 4.5%, the highest among G7 nations and nearly at a three-decade peak since 1998.
Simon French, chief economist at Panmure Liberum, mentioned that part of Reeves’ strategy involves reducing yields to alleviate this interest overhead. Bringing the UK back to a mid-ranking position could translate to billions in savings annually.
“Comparing the UK to the G7 is akin to determining who is the most inebriated at a party. But that’s a serious embarrassment regarding fiscal disparity. That’s a vital opportunity.”
Lower interest rates could yield “muted returns,” he suggests. This contrasts with the “stupid premium” witnessed during the Truss government. “By avoiding self-inflicted harm, we could see a market rebound.”
To achieve this, Reeves will need to bridge a possible £20 billion budget gap while addressing inflation. Raising taxes and cutting spending could intensify challenges, especially without stalling economic progress or violating Labor’s manifesto pledges.
The amount of debt investors will need to absorb will be a pivotal moment in the budget. The city anticipates that Mr. Reeves will have to rebuild considerable leeway, contrary to fiscal regulations. This would cap deficits and consequently reduce future gilt issuances.
“We’re closely monitoring the possibility of new budget rules being announced. That’s our focal point,” remarked Moeen Islam, head of UK rates strategy at Barclays.
In the spring, Reeves had set aside £9.9 billion as a cushion. However, this reserve is likely to be impacted by rising borrowing costs, a reversal in welfare policies, and downward adjustments to the OBR’s productivity forecasts.
Investors are hoping for a figure exceeding £20 billion, he adds. “That would be incredibly optimistic.”
However, a political approach focused on satisfying city investors may not be a comfortable route for Labor, especially when many are urging Mr. Reeves to ensure welfare spending does not rise.
Geoff Tilley, senior economist at the Labor Congress, stated that the city backed the Conservative Party’s austerity measures during the 2010s. “Rather than mending public debt, it has harmed it.”
“Our perspective is that markets are not inherently rational, but they do appreciate growth, and there’s evidence they respond favorably to policies that steer the economy in a positive direction.”
Investors had expected a manifesto-breaking increase in income tax. Implementing this would be the simplest route to generate billions for the Treasury, rather than relying on a mix of smaller, harder-to-execute measures.
“We underestimated the complexity of such a decision, and how high the bar would be. [a breach of manifesto] This decision lies with the prime minister, any prime minister,” remarked Islam.
Curiously, this could temper reactions on Wednesday, as numerous investors fear Reeves may be ousted from No. 11. “The market has recognized that such decisions can often be more intricate and nuanced than originally perceived.”
On Panmure Liberum’s trading floor, Marco Varani anticipates turbulent trading conditions.
“In this industry, what you’re truly after is movement and volatility. It generates more business. Days like Brexit and the onset of Covid were peaks of chaos. It was absolute madness.”
Once Reeves’ speech appears on Bloomberg, retail trading leaders expect an immediate impact. “You’ll see the gold market react, becoming a bit unsettled. Expect considerable volatility.”
During her address, he predicts that gold fluctuations, currency shifts, and movements in UK-listed company stocks will primarily be influenced by “fast money” (the City’s term for hedge funds).
However, a clear judgment may unfold over several days. A crucial factor will be Threadneedle Street’s response regarding its scheduled rate cut on December 18 in the following weeks, as well as the UK’s growth trajectory and global circumstances.
Anthony O’Brien, head of market strategy at Phoenix Group, emphasized, “The market’s initial reaction should never be taken as definitive. It’s typically just individuals caught off guard, and it may require several days for clarity on the situation.”
“In the end, the economy dictates the valuation of national debt. Focusing on reducing inflation is vital. We must eliminate this uncertainty.”
The origins of the sperm swimming mechanism date back to ancient times.
Christoph Burgstedt/Alamy
The evolutionary roots of sperm can be traced to the unicellular forerunners of all existing animals.
Nearly all animals go through a unicellular phase in their life cycle, which involves two forms of sex cells, or gametes. Eggs are sizeable cells that hold genetic information and the nutrients necessary for early development, while sperm transport genetic material from one organism to another to fertilize eggs and create new life.
“Sperms play a crucial role in the process that allows life to be transmitted from generation to generation,” states Arthur Matt from Cambridge University. “It carries the legacy of over 700 million years of evolutionary history and is likely linked to the origins of animals themselves. Our aim was to explore this extensive evolutionary narrative to understand the origins of sperm.”
Matt and his team utilized an open science dataset containing information about sperm proteins from 32 animal species, including humans. They combined this data with the genomes of 62 organisms, including various related single-cell groups, to track the evolution of sperm across different animal lineages.
The research revealed a “sperm toolkit” comprising about 300 gene families that make up the last universal common sperm core genome.
“We have now identified numerous significant advancements in sperm mechanisms occurring long before multicellular animals emerged, even before the sperm themselves,” explains Matt.
This indicates that the sperm mechanics, represented by a “flagellum that propels a single cell,” were already evolving prior to the development of multicellular organisms.
Thus, our ancient progenitors were once all single-celled oceanic swimmers, and the sperm toolkit was present in our earliest swimming unicellular predecessors long before the advent of animals.
“Animals evolved multicellularity and cellular differentiation, but they did not create sperm from nothing. They repurposed the body structure of their swimming forebears as the foundation for sperm,” states Matt. “In essence, sperm are not a novel creation of multicellular organisms but are constructed upon the designs of a single-celled organism repurposed for reproduction.”
The study also indicated that the significant technological developments leading to the vast variety of current sperm primarily affected the cell heads, while the tails have remained largely constant since their common ancestor.
According to the research team members, fertilization can occur in various manners, with some sperm reaching the egg within the body, while others swim in open waters, notes Adria Leboeuf, also from the University of Cambridge. “Finding eggs in these different settings presents unique challenges and requires specialized machinery,” she explains. “However, the tail remains well-preserved since it must be capable of swimming in all environments.”
“This illustrates how evolution can modify existing structures instead of creating mechanisms from scratch,” says Jenny Graves, from La Trobe University in Melbourne, Australia.
Amy Redford, daughter of Robert Redford, has expressed her discontent regarding the proliferation of artificial intelligence tributes to her late father, labeling them a “hoax.”
Redford shared a statement on social media. In her message, she expressed gratitude for the “overwhelming love and support” from fans, stating: “It’s evident he meant so much to so many, and my family is truly humbled by the countless stories and tributes pouring in from around the globe.”
She further commented, “There are numerous fabricated AI funerals, eulogies, family quotes, etc. Portraying a father who clearly has no voice, alongside a family misrepresented, is especially challenging during these trying times.”
Redford added that a public funeral has not yet occurred, and plans for a memorial celebrating her father’s life are still underway. “Every family deserves the opportunity to grieve, honor the deceased, and convey their sympathies in a manner that resonates with their values and familial culture,” she stated.
She concluded, “My wish is to maintain transparency around AI usage. While many aspects of AI are created with good intentions, I implore you to consider: What would you want if this situation involved you? Let that perspective guide your actions.”
Numerous civil liberties advocates and legal professionals are demanding an inquiry into the UK’s data protection regulator. The regulator has referred to the situation as a “collapse in enforcement activity” following a significant scandal, specifically the Afghanistan data breach.
A group of 73 individuals—including academics, leading lawyers, data protection specialists, and organizations like Statewatch and the Good Law Project—have sent a letter to Chi Onwurah, the chair of the bipartisan Commons Science, Innovation and Technology Committee. This effort was coordinated by the Open Rights Group and calls for an investigation into the actions of Information Commissioner John Edwards’ office.
“We are alarmed by the failure in enforcement actions by the Directorate of Intelligence, which has resulted in not formally investigating the Ministry of Defense (MoD) after the Afghanistan data breach,” stated the signatories. They caution that there are “more serious structural flaws” beyond just data breaches.
The Afghanistan data breach represented a grave leak involving information about Afghan individuals who collaborated with British forces prior to the Taliban’s takeover in August 2021. Those whose names were disclosed indicated that this exposure endangered their lives.
“Data breaches can pose serious risks to individuals and disrupt the continuity of government and business,” the letter emphasized. “However, during a recent hearing conducted by your committee, Commissioner John Edwards suggested he has no intention of reassessing his approach to data protection enforcement, even in light of the most significant data breach ever in the UK.”
The signatories also referenced other notable data breaches, including those affecting the victims of the Windrush scandal.
They argue that the ICO has adopted a “public sector approach” to such incidents, issuing disciplinary actions characterized by unenforceable written warnings and substantially lowering fines.
“The ICO’s choice not to initiate any formal action against the MoD, despite ongoing failures, is as remarkable as its lack of documentation regarding its decisions. This paints a picture in which the ICO’s public sector approach provides minimal deterrence and fails to encourage effective data management across government and public entities.”
“The response to the Afghanistan data breach signifies a broader issue. Many have been left disillusioned by the ICO’s lack of use of its remedial powers and its continual shortcomings.”
The letter warns that the trend of declining enforcement in the public sector will inevitably reflect in the accompanying statistics. Latest ICO report Enforcement actions by the private sector are also becoming increasingly rare, as the ICO fails to pursue matters and organizations redirect resources away from compliance and responsible data practices.
“Instead of simply hoping for a positive outcome, Congress has endowed the ICO with ample authority to ensure compliance with legally binding orders. During the hearing you conducted, it was clear that the ICO opted not to exercise these powers regarding the Afghan data breach.”
“Regrettably, the Afghanistan data breach is not an isolated case but rather an indication of deeper structural issues in the operations of ICOs.”
The letter concludes with the assertion that “change seems improbable unless the Science, Innovation and Technology Committee steps in with its oversight capabilities.”
An ICO spokesperson commented: “We possess a comprehensive array of regulatory powers and tools to tackle systemic concerns within specific sectors or industries.”
“We appreciate the essential role civil society plays in scrutinizing our decisions and look forward to discussing our strategies in our upcoming regular meeting. We also welcome the opportunity to clarify our work when engaging with or presenting before the DSIT Selection Committee.”
Recent investigations into AI reveal that comedians and writers who excel at clever wordplay might find temporary solace.
Researchers from institutions in the UK and Italy have been exploring the capacity of large-scale language models (LLMs) to comprehend puns, only to discover significant gaps in their understanding.
For instance, they examined the statement, “I used to be a comedian, but my life became a joke.” Even after substituting it with “I used to be a comedian and my life became a mess,” LLMs still acknowledged the presence of puns.
Another example tested was: “long fairy tales have a tendency to dragonify.” When “dragon” was swapped with its synonym “extension” or any arbitrary word, LLMs erroneously assumed a pun was present.
Professor Jose Camacho Collados, associated with Cardiff University’s School of Computer Science and Informatics, suggested that the research indicates a fragile understanding of humor by LLMs.
“Essentially, LLMs tend to retain information from their training, allowing them to recognize established puns, but that doesn’t equate to true understanding,” he remarked.
“We consistently managed to mislead the LLM by altering existing puns and stripping away the double meanings integral to the original humor. In these scenarios, the model would draw connections to prior puns and create various justifications for its conclusions. Ultimately, we determined that the model’s interpretation of puns was merely an illusion.”
The findings indicated that LLMs’ accuracy in differentiating between pun and non-pun sentences could dip to 20% when encountering unfamiliar wordplay.
Another pun tested was: “Old LLM never dies, it just loses attention.” Even when attention shifted to “ukulele,” the LLM still identified it as a pun, as “ukulele” bore a slight resemblance to “you-kill-LLM.”
The team was impressed by the creativity displayed, yet the LLM still failed to appreciate the humor.
The researchers emphasized that their findings underscore the need for caution when utilizing LLMs for tasks that involve humor, empathy, and an understanding of cultural subtleties.
A study commissioned by law enforcement revealed that 25% of individuals either believe there is no issue with creating and sharing sexual deepfakes or feel indifferent, regardless of the subject’s consent.
In response to these findings, a senior official in law enforcement cautioned that AI is exacerbating the crisis of violence against women and girls (VAWG), with tech companies being complicit in this misconduct.
A survey involving 1,700 participants, commissioned by the Office of the Chief Scientific Adviser, found that 13% were comfortable with creating and sharing sexual or intimate deepfakes (content manipulated using AI without consent).
Additionally, 12% of respondents felt neutral about the moral and legal acceptability of creating and sharing such deepfakes.
Det. Church Supt Claire Hammond of the VAWG and National Center for Civil Protection emphasized that “distributing intimate images of someone without their consent, regardless of whether they are authentic, is a serious crime.”
Discussing the survey results, she remarked: “The rise of AI technology is accelerating the violence against women and girls globally. Tech companies bear responsibility for enabling this abuse, facilitating the creation and dissemination of harmful material with ease. Immediate action is required.”
She encouraged anyone affected by deepfakes to report them to authorities. Ms. Hammond stated: “This is a serious crime, and we are here to support you. Nobody should endure pain or shame in silence.”
Under new data laws, the creation of sexually explicit deepfakes without consent will be classified as a criminal offense.
A report from crime and justice consultancy Crest Advisory indicated that 7% of participants had been portrayed in a sexual or intimate deepfake. Of those, only 51% reported the incident to law enforcement. Among those who remained silent, common reasons included embarrassment and doubts regarding the seriousness of the crime being taken.
The data also pointed out that men under 45 were more likely to be involved in the creation and sharing of deepfakes. This demographic also tended to consume pornographic content, hold misogynistic views, and have a favorable attitude toward AI. However, the report noted that the correlation between age, gender, and such beliefs is weak, calling for more research to delve deeper into this connection.
One in 20 respondents admitted to having created a deepfake previously, while over 10% expressed willingness to do so in the future. Moreover, two-thirds reported having seen or potentially seen a deepfake.
Karian Desroches, the report’s author and head of policy and strategy at Crest Advisory, cautioned that the creation of deepfakes is “growing increasingly common as technology becomes more affordable and accessible.”
“While some deepfake content might seem innocuous, the majority is of a sexual nature and predominantly directed at women.”
“We are profoundly alarmed by our findings: a demographic of young individuals who actively consume pornography, exhibit misogynistic attitudes, and perceive no harm in creating or sharing sexual deepfakes of others without consent.”
“We are living in troubling times, and without immediate and concerted action in the digital arena, we jeopardize the futures of our daughters (and sons),” said Carrie Jane Beach, an advocate for stronger protections for deepfake abuse victims.
Moreover, she stated: “We are witnessing a generation of children growing up devoid of protections, laws, or regulations addressing this matter, leading to dire consequences of such unregulated freedom.
“Confronting this issue starts at home. To have any hope of elimination, we must prioritize education and foster open discussions every day.”
Life encompasses more than mere figures, yet it often seems otherwise in today’s world. We exist in a time dominated by wearable tech, health tracking, and extreme optimization.
With just a few unobtrusive devices, driven individuals can transform themselves into intelligent data compilers.
We can keep an eye on blood oxygen levels, breathing rates, blood sugar, REM sleep, skin temperature, heart rate variability, body composition, and an array of other biomarkers regularly.
If desired, you can document your meals, mood, menstrual cycles, and even bowel habits.
The goal is to have access to all this information so we can enhance and extend our lives. But how do we extract significance from it?
How can we gain genuine health insights without dedicating hours to computations and organization? Because aside from a few bored billionaires, most of us don’t view our living spreadsheets as truly valuable.
Fortunately, researchers at Northwestern University in the US have some exciting news. In 2025, they discovered a method to: Combine two commonly measured health indicators to provide us with deeper insights into daily fitness and long-term health risks.
The daily heart rate per step (DHRPS) is a straightforward measure. Simply divide your average daily heart rate by your average step count.
Yes, you’ll need to constantly track both metrics using a health monitor, such as an Apple Watch or Fitbit (the latter being utilized in the research), but the calculations are done automatically.
In just 2 seconds, you can uncover critical information about your cardiovascular health.
“We discovered that [DHRPS measurement] has a stronger correlation with type 2 diabetes, heart failure, myocardial infarction, and heart attacks,” said Flynn Chen, the lead author of the paper. “It’s significantly more informative than merely tracking heart rate or steps.”
Improving Your Score
Here’s the breakdown: Suppose your average heart rate for the month is 80 beats per minute, and you walk an average of 6,000 steps daily. Your DHRPS score would then be 0.01333.
Now, if you boost your step count to an average of 10,000 steps per day over the following month, your DHRPS should drop to 0.008. In this case, a lower score is preferable.
In their study, Chen and colleagues monitored over 7,000 Fitbit users across five years, during which they recorded more than 50 billion steps.
Taking more steps can effectively benefit your overall health – Photo credit: Getty
The researchers categorized participants into three groups based on their DHRPS scores: low (below 0.0081), moderate (above 0.0081 and below 0.0147), and high (above 0.0147).
The simplest way to alter your score is by increasing your step count, Chen suggests.
“Numerous established studies indicate that daily step count is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease and overall mortality,” he adds.
“Our ongoing research reveals that heart rate in relation to step count may be an even stronger independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease than step count alone.
“By increasing your step count, you not only pursue the 10,000 steps daily goal, but also improve both metrics simultaneously.”
Chen advises that you need at least a week’s worth of consistent data from your smartwatch or tracker for a meaningful DHRPS score.
The Future of Heart Rate per Step
Since the release of this study, the health tracking community has started utilizing these insights, potentially leading to further advancements as more data becomes available.
“A crucial aspect is that our metrics correlate with VO.2 max scores,” Chen mentions.
This is significant because V.O.2 maximum measures the highest rate of oxygen consumption during exercise, providing valuable insights regarding your aerobic capacity and metabolic health.
The challenge lies in accurately measuring VO.2 max, as it typically requires a treadmill stress test, with limited availability of such tests.
If DHRPS proves to be a reliable indicator of VO.2 max, it could serve as another method to simplify health data access for everyone—no spreadsheets needed.
This year’s hurricane season was marked by three Category 5 storms—some of the most potent hurricanes ever documented—yet there were no landfalls on U.S. soil, leading to an unusual lull during the typically active period. These elements contributed to what many are calling a “screwball” season.
Atmospheric scientist Phil Klotzbach made this observation.
“It’s been quite an unusual year,” noted Klotzbach, a hurricane researcher at Colorado State University. “Characterizing this year’s patterns has been challenging.”
The official end of hurricane season is November 30th. Notably, the year 2025 aligns with anticipated increases in storm frequency as climate change progresses. Late-season hurricanes formed, some escalating rapidly and producing some of the most intense storms recorded.
In many respects, it was simply puzzling. Although fewer hurricanes developed than anticipated, nearly all that did reached major storm status. For the first time in a decade, the U.S. mainland avoided any landfalls, underscoring the unpredictable nature of hurricane seasons, despite improvements in forecast accuracy. This is particularly true in a warming climate.
Hurricanes will occur less frequently but with greater intensity.
In May, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration forecasters predicted a stronger-than-usual season, estimating six to ten hurricanes, including at least three major storms classified as Category 3 or higher, with winds of 111 miles per hour or more.
Klotzbach independently confirmed this forecast, as did other hurricane monitoring organizations. We were on the same page.
Ultimately, while the number of hurricanes was lower than expected, four out of the five that formed (Erin, Gabriel, Humberto, Imelda, and Melissa) were classified as major.
Hurricane Imelda impacted Bermuda on October 1st.NOAA
“This marks the highest rate seen in the past 50 years,” remarked Brian McNoldy, a hurricane researcher at the University of Miami’s Rosenstiel School of Ocean, Atmospheric and Earth Sciences.
Additionally, three of those storms reached the Category 5 level, the pinnacle of hurricane intensity.
Despite the limited number of storms, forecasters’ predictions of an above-average season held true, as measured by a metric called accumulated cyclone energy, which gauges the total intensity and duration of tropical cyclones throughout the season.
Klotzbach estimated the stored energy would be 125% of the 30-year average; the season concluded at 108%. This indicates that, given the fewer storms, each one was particularly powerful.
“It wasn’t about quantity this season; rather, it was about intensity,” he commented.
Klotzbach noted that nine of the last ten Atlantic hurricane seasons have been warmer than average, attributing this trend to rising ocean temperatures and the La Niña cycle, which generally weakens upper-level winds that inhibit hurricane formation.
McNoldy, who meticulously tracks Atlantic Ocean temperatures, stated that 2025 is expected to be “unusually warm.”
“Regardless of the storms we experienced, there was undoubtedly a significant amount of fuel available,” McNoldy said. Heat from the ocean promotes evaporation, driving warm, moist air upward and leading to convection. For hurricanes to develop, ocean temperatures must be at least 79 degrees Fahrenheit.
THalf a century ago, protests erupted in the American colonies against British authority, triggered by Congress’ tea sales monopoly and the antics of a proud king. Fast forward to today, and it is Britain that finds itself under the influence of American tech giants (companies so powerful they operate as monopolies) and an unpredictable president. Strangely, Britain appears comfortable with this scenario, sometimes even willing to sustain its economic reliance. The UK isn’t alone in yielding to American corporate power, but it serves as a prominent example of why nations must collaborate to address the dominance of such hegemons.
The current age of American tech monopolization took root in the 2000s, when the UK, like many nations, became heavily reliant on a few major American platforms such as Google, Facebook, and Amazon. It was a period marked by optimism around the internet as a democratizing force, with the belief that these platforms would benefit everyone. During the 1990s, the vision was simple yet appealing: anyone with a passion or skill could go online and earn a living from it.
America’s edge in technology wasn’t a result of a single policy. However, it reflected a choice made by each nation, as highlighted by China’s decision to block foreign websites and develop its own. While such actions might be easier for authoritarian regimes, they also established an industrial strategy that left China as the sole major economy with its independent digital ecosystem.
This pattern continued from the 2000s into the 2010s. Amazon and Microsoft quickly dominated cloud computing. Within Europe and the UK, no significant competitors emerged to challenge platforms like Uber or Airbnb. While these companies have undeniably offered convenience and entertainment, the wealth generated by the Internet hasn’t been distributed as widely as many anticipated. Instead, American firms captured the majority, becoming the most valuable companies in history. This trend is repeating itself now with artificial intelligence, where the significant profits appear to be heading once more to Silicon Valley.
Why was there minimal pushback? Essentially, Britain and Europe adhered to the principles of free trade and globalization. According to this ideology, nations should concentrate on their strengths. Just as it made sense for Britain to import French wine or Spanish ham, relying on American technology rather than developing it domestically seemed logical. Instead, the focus shifted to Britain’s strengths, such as finance, creative industries, and whisky production.
However, when it comes to these new platforms, the comparison to standard trade collapses. There’s a crucial distinction between fine wine and the technology that supports the entire online economy. While Burgundy might be costly, it doesn’t siphon value or gather advantageous data from every interaction. The trade theories of the 1990s blurred the lines between ordinary goods and those integral to the market infrastructure necessary for buying and selling. Google and Amazon epitomize this. A more fitting analogy would be allowing foreign companies to construct toll roads throughout the country and charge whatever they wish for usage.
Now, as we build artificial intelligence, we witness a similar scenario. During President Trump’s state visit in September, the UK confidently highlighted investments by Google and Microsoft in “data centers”—expansive facilities filled with computer servers powering AI systems. Yet, data centers represent the most basic level of the AI economy, serving solely to send profits back to U.S. headquarters.
In a different scenario, the UK could have emerged as a genuine leader in AI. At one point, American researchers trailed behind their British and French counterparts. Yet, in a move that neither the U.S. nor the Chinese governments would have permitted, the UK willingly allowed the sale of many major AI assets and talents over the past decade—Google’s acquisition of DeepMind serves as a prominent example. What’s left is an AI strategy that primarily involves supplying electricity and land for data centers. It feels akin to being invited to a gathering only to discover you’re there to pour drinks.
If technology platforms are indeed comparable to toll roads, a rational step would be to mitigate their burden, potentially by instituting toll caps or imposing charges for data extraction. Yet, no country has taken such actions. We accept the platform’s existence, but we struggle to regulate its influence like we would with traditional utilities. The European Union has made strides through digital market legislation that manages how dominant platforms interact with their reliant businesses. Meanwhile, the U.S. government finds itself at the behest of its own tech giants, with Congress stuck in inertia.
Should the UK choose an alternative route to combat this economic colonization and exploitation, it could collaborate with the European Union and possibly Japan to devise a unified strategy. This strategy would compel platforms to support local businesses and cultivate alternatives to established U.S. technologies. However, thus far, the UK, along with other nations subjected to American hegemony, has been slow to adapt, clinging to a 90s approach even though evidence suggests this is no longer effective.
The reality is we are now in a more strategic and cynical era. Regardless, a far more rigorous antitrust framework is necessary than what we’ve observed thus far. Across the globe, it’s evident that a more diverse array of companies from various nations would lead to a better world. The alternatives are not only costly but also foster political risks, resentment, and dependency. We can aspire to more than a future where what passes for economic freedom is merely a choice between reliance on the United States or dependency on China.
“Plants lack ears and brains, so they can’t experience music like we do…”
Credit: Michele Cornelius/Alamy
Do you serenade your plants? As a botanist passionate about houseplants, I often get asked this. The idea of playing music for plants gained traction in the 1960s, alongside the rise of “music for plants” albums, and it’s making a comeback online. But what does current research reveal about this enduring topic?
Clearly, plants lack ears or brains, so they cannot enjoy music in the way humans do. However, recent studies, including one study, indicate that they can detect vibrations in their environment and adapt their behavior accordingly. For instance, mouse worms exposed to the sound of caterpillar chewing produced high levels of a defensive bitter toxin. Astonishingly, plants can differentiate between the vibrations caused by munching insects and those from wind or mating calls, activating their defenses only when threatened.
Moreover, plants react to the sounds of opportunity. Certain flowers, like tomatoes, blueberries, and kiwis, ignore the buzzing of non-pollinating bees and release pollen only when stimulated by the vibrations of specific pollinators. This response can be rapid; for example, evening primrose flowers show changes in nectar composition within three minutes of being played sounds of bees in flight: Rich in sweet rewards. Researchers even reported pea plants can shift their root growth toward the sound of flowing water.
Nonetheless, as anyone who’s heard a seven-year-old on a recorder can attest, there’s a significant distinction between noise and “music.” Experiments aimed at assessing music’s impact on plant growth yielded mixed results. A recent study found certain music tracks enhanced lettuce growth significantly, while alfalfa showed no improvement.
Another investigation into background noise discovered that sage and marigold plants exposed to 16 hours of continuous traffic noise daily exhibited notably reduced growth. Could this continual noise be obstructing plants’ ability to perceive vital sound cues? At this stage, that remains uncertain.
The takeaway? Recent studies reveal that plants are not entirely oblivious to sound; in fact, they are significantly impacted by it. Yet, much about the specifics remains unclear, so we can’t definitively predict which sounds, at what frequencies or volumes, will yield desired results. So before you consider blasting Katy Perry for your plants’ benefit, remember that they might not appreciate it—and neither will your neighbors.
James Wong is a botanist and science writer focused on food crops, conservation, and environmental issues. Trained at the Royal Botanic Gardens in Kew, London, he personally owns over 500 houseplants in his compact apartment. Follow him on X and Instagram @botanygeek.
Beatie Wolfe (left) and Brian Eno prepare for the launch of their latest album.
Cecily Eno
liminal Brian Eno and Beatie Wolfe, Verve Records
One sunny October day, I found myself in a field in New Jersey, gazing up at a giant metallic marvel. I was at the Holmdel Horn Antenna, and I can confidently say it was the most peculiar album launch I’ve ever experienced. Beside me stood Nobel Prize laureate Robert Wilson, the astronomer who reshaped our understanding of the universe. In 1964, he and his colleague Arno Penzias uncovered the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB), a faint energy signature permeating the cosmos and a significant confirmation of the Big Bang theory.
In addition to this cosmic radiation is liminal, the third installment in a trilogy of albums by ambient music innovator Brian Eno and conceptual artist Beatie Wolfe. Wolfe and Eno refer to their album as “dark matter music,” a fitting description for the enigmatic yet captivating tracks it encompasses. “This album ties everything together, bringing forth the unseen elements surrounding us,” says Wolfe. Eno elaborates, “There’s a notion that the universe teems with entities we cannot perceive.”
Wilson and his colleague Greg Wright repurposed the Holmdel Horn, transforming the 16-ton antenna from a receiver to a transmitter. We leaned over the signal modulator, attempting to catch a glimpse of Wolfe’s resonant voice through the tiny apparatus. “Beatie’s voice possesses a beautiful, rich undertone that’s often elusive,” Wilson noted. But through the horn, the authentic recording emerges, even if it’s inaudible from where I stood.
“The beam width measures around 1 degree, thus any triangulation will diminish the signal before it escapes Earth’s orbit,” Wilson explained. He asserted that the album’s signal is potent enough to resonate within low Earth orbit, but by the time it reaches the moon, it will be drowned out by the CMB.
“
Brian Eno expresses that the album evokes the notion that the universe brims with things we cannot detect. “
Wright and Wilson directed their horns skyward, ready to transmit a message: liminal to the stars. The album depicts a surreal landscape, with layered synths and guitars creating lush ambient tracks, interspersed with songs that showcase Wolfe’s poignant vocals. The immersion is surreal, nearly impossible to articulate—listening felt like the sensation of slipping off a ship and drifting into the vastness of the ocean in a liberating manner.
Following the release of two albums earlier this year, Luminal and Lateral Direction, this work completes the trilogy. “Frequently, when I revisit my work, I struggle to recall how I crafted it,” Wolfe admits. “Including who actually generated the sounds,” Eno adds. “It’s akin to having an intriguing dialogue with someone; you often forget the nuances of how it unfolded.”
The album flows like a conversation, transitioning between dynamic yet tense tracks such as matrix, coupled with foreboding robotic lyrics amidst a whirlwind of drones. Then it evolves into something all-encompassing and deeply evocative, epitomized by little boy—Eno’s favored track.
“Over the past 70 or 80 years, the most significant development in music has been the ability to create new sonic realms that only exist in a fictional sense,” he explains. “One could employ a year-long reverb or fabricate an infinitely expansive space. What we aim to explore is these novel environments and the experience of existing within them.”
While it’s common to label ambient music as “otherworldly,” liminal offers more than that. Its edges lack polish, rendering the human voice and imperfections audible. “Recognizing that different individuals contributed to these creations was crucial,” says Eno. “Interestingly, this view contributes to my skepticism about AI. While I admire AI-generated content, I often feel a void when I realize it was produced by a machine.”
When I inquired whether they believed someone in space might hear their music after transmitting it, they surprised me by revealing they don’t really consider their audience during the creative process. “The beauty of this music lies in the fact that we weren’t focused on anyone while crafting it. We created it simply because it felt enjoyable, thrilling, and exploratory,” Wolfe reflects.
“Play is integral to science, just as it is to art. All the scientists I know are driven by their fascination. It’s the same underlying motivation, as they feel they’re uncovering something profound and significant.”
I recall Wilson, standing in the room where he transformed our comprehension of the cosmic timeline, smiling at his laptop as he discussed the current state of music. It is stretching out beyond the Moon, mingling with the rest of the dark matter on its journey to the constellation Canis Major.
These ‘murder koalas’, or marsupial lions, are the highlight of the show
Apple TV
In 1999, the BBC introduced Walking with Dinosaurs, pioneering a new format of wildlife “documentaries” showcasing long-extinct species. As a fan of this genre, I found Prehistoric Planet: Ice Age, a production by BBC Studios for Apple TV, to be exceptional.
The earlier series brought prehistoric planet dinosaurs to vivid life. Now, this third installment highlights the remarkable mammals that inhabited Earth until relatively recently.
The visuals are breathtaking. You could easily mistake the extinct creatures on screen for real footage, especially their incredibly lifelike eyes.
There were occasional awkward moments in the animals’ movements, but my discerning son remarked, “The only unreal thing is how stunning it looks.”
Paleontologists who previewed the trailer seem genuinely impressed. Ultimately, if you’re at all intrigued by extinct species, Prehistoric Planet: Ice Age is a must-watch.
What I particularly appreciate about this series is its breadth; it’s not solely focused on woolly mammoths fleeing saber-toothed tigers. Iconic Ice Age animals are featured, including giant sloths, woolly rhinos, giant armadillos, scimitar-toothed cats, and Columbian mammoths.
This series explores not just the icy polar regions, but also global ecosystems, showcasing many lesser-known species—including some I had never heard of. The animal deemed the “king of beasts” in Ice Age Africa came as a complete surprise.
Prehistoric Planet: Procoptodon, the giant ice age kangaroo
Apple TV
Another standout was the “murder koala” or marsupial lion (Thylacoleo). A recent study’s findings were published just this month. Koalas are our closest living relatives. The inclusion of this marsupial lion suggests the producers were aware of this finding beforehand. Other Australian creatures, such as a massive marsupial called diprotodon, also make an appearance.
Prehistoric Planet: Ice Age Woolly Mammoth
Apple TV
Additionally, there are charming moments, like a squirrel trying to eat a fruit resembling a giant cannonball, reminiscent of the animated film series Ice Age.
I found the change from David Attenborough to Tom Hiddleston as narrator to be somewhat distracting, as Loki’s voice felt out of place at times.
Interestingly, the series avoids graphic content, perhaps considering a younger audience. I’ll refrain from specifics to avoid spoilers, but I was quite surprised by this approach.
My primary critique is that the final segment discussing the science is brief. I would have preferred more insights from the featured experts, particularly regarding the evidence and rationale behind the actions depicted. Many New Scientist readers might agree with this sentiment, although it could just be my perspective.
While the initial scientific trivia outlines why Ice Ages persisted for so long, it curiously omits mentioning carbon dioxide’s role. The reduction of CO2 was crucial in initiating these Ice Ages, and CO2 feedback significantly amplified orbital variations’ effects.
Lastly, keep an eye out for direwolves. I’ve extensively covered claims of reviving the dire wolf via gene editing on the gray wolf, noting the misconceptions stemming from the fantasy portrayals in Game of Thrones. This series offers a high-quality, accurate artistic representation of a real animal.
Ultimately, this science-based depiction of extinct creatures is a remarkable achievement. The direwolves aren’t just large white wolves; this portrayal captures their distinctive head shape and brownish fur.
Prehistoric Planet: Ice Age Direwolf
Apple TV
For me, the portrayal of extinct animals on screen represents a critical approach to de-extinction. As we approach the end of a lengthy Ice Age, we face the stark reality that there’s no longer a habitat for these extraordinary species on our planet.
KLista Pawlowski recalls a pivotal moment that influenced her views on the ethics surrounding artificial intelligence. As a worker on Amazon Mechanical Turk, a platform where businesses hire individuals for tasks like data entry and validating AI outputs, Pawlowski dedicates her time to overseeing and assessing AI-generated text, images, and videos, along with fact-checking them.
Approximately two years ago, she accepted a job categorizing tweets as racist or not, working from her dining room table. When she encountered a tweet stating, “Listen to the Mooncricket song,” she nearly clicked “no” before researching the term “Mooncricket,” only to discover it was a racial slur against Black Americans.
“I sat there contemplating how many times I might have made the same error without realizing it,” Pawlowski reflected.
The possible enormity of her own mistakes, alongside those of countless other workers like her, plunged Ms. Pawlowski into a troubling contemplation. How many others have unwittingly overlooked offensive content or worse, permitted it?
After years of observing the inner workings of AI systems, Pawlowski has made a personal decision to refrain from using generative AI products, and she has advised her family to do the same.
“In my house, it’s off-limits,” Pawlowski said regarding her teenage daughter’s use of tools like ChatGPT. When meeting people socially, she encourages them to question AI about topics they are knowledgeable about. This way, they can identify AI’s inaccuracies and appreciate how fallible the technology is. Each time Pawlowski looks at a new set of tasks available on the Mechanical Turk platform, she wonders if her actions might inadvertently harm others, and her answer is consistently “yes.”
Amazon stated that employees have the discretion to select tasks and can review task details prior to accepting them. According to Amazon, requesters define the specifics for tasks, including estimated time, payment, and instruction level.
“Amazon Mechanical Turk serves as a marketplace connecting businesses and researchers, known as requesters, with workers who perform online tasks, including labeling images, answering surveys, transcribing text, and reviewing AI outputs,” explained Amazon spokesperson Montana McLachlan.
Pawlowski isn’t alone. Twelve AI evaluators, responsible for verifying the accuracy and reasoning behind AI responses, reported to the Guardian that after recognizing the inaccuracies in chatbots and image generators, they began to caution friends and family against using generative AI altogether, or at least advised them to adopt a cautious approach. These evaluators work with various AI models, including Google’s Gemini, Elon Musk’s Grok, and other popular technologies, including some lesser-known bots.
One evaluator from Google, who assesses responses generated by Google Search’s AI summaries, noted that the company aims to minimize AI usage whenever possible. She expressed concern about the organization’s handling of AI responses to health-related queries and requested anonymity to avoid professional backlash. She observed that colleagues assessed AI-generated medical responses without critical evaluation and that she herself had to evaluate such queries despite lacking medical qualifications.
At home, she restricts her 10-year-old daughter from using chatbots. “Without critical thinking skills, she won’t be able to determine if the information is valid,” the evaluator stated.
“Ratings represent just one of many aggregated data points that inform us about our systems’ performance, but they do not directly affect our algorithms or models,” Google clarified in a statement. “We have implemented comprehensive safeguards to ensure that high-quality information is provided across our products.”
Bot watchers raise concerns
These individuals constitute a global workforce of tens of thousands dedicated to making chatbots more human-like. While assessing AI’s responses, they strive to prevent the dissemination of incorrect or harmful information.
However, when those ensuring AI appears credible have the least trust in it, experts suggest that’s indicative of a more substantial issue.
“This suggests a tendency to prioritize product launch and scaling over thorough testing, and that the feedback from evaluators is often disregarded,” said Alex Mahadevan, director of MediaWise at Poynter, a program focused on media literacy. “So, if you observe the finalized versions of chatbots, expect to encounter similar mistakes. This can be troubling for the general public increasingly looking toward LLMs for news and information.”
AI professionals express skepticism toward the models they work with because they often prioritize fast turnaround times over quality. Brook Hansen, an AI worker at Amazon Mechanical Turk, conveyed that while she does not trust generative AI conceptually, she also holds reservations about the organizations creating and implementing these tools. A significant turning point for her was realizing how little support is provided to those training these systems.
“We are expected to enhance the model, but often face vague or insufficient instructions, little training, and unrealistic deadlines,” stated Hansen, who has been involved in data work since 2010 and contributed to training some of Silicon Valley’s leading AI models. “If employees lack the necessary information, resources, and time, how can the results be safe, accurate, or ethical? The disparity between expectations and the actual support provided is a clear indication that companies prioritize speed and profit over responsibility and quality.”
Experts point out a fundamental flaw in generative AI: an inability to refrain from providing answers when none are available, often delivering false information assuredly. A NewsGuard audit of the top ten generative AI models, including ChatGPT, Gemini, and Meta AI, found that non-response rates dropped from 31% in August 2024 to 0% in August 2025. Simultaneously, these chatbots were found to be more likely to disseminate misinformation, with the rate nearly doubling from 18% to 35%. None of the companies responded to NewsGuard’s request for comment at that time.
“I don’t have any faith in the accuracy of the bot. [It] lacks ethical integrity,” said another Google AI evaluator, who sought anonymity due to a non-disclosure agreement with the contracting firm, echoing sentiments from another evaluator who warned against using AI, particularly in sensitive medical or ethical matters. “This is not an ethical robot.” It is merely a robot.
“We joke about [chatbots] wishing we could get them to stop falsifying information,” remarked an AI trainer who has worked with Gemini, ChatGPT, and Grok, requesting anonymity due to a non-disclosure agreement.
“Garbage in, garbage out.”
Another AI evaluator, beginning their assessment of Google’s products in early 2024, found themselves doubting the AI’s credibility after six months. Tasked with identifying the model’s limitations, they had to pose various questions to Google’s AI.
“I probed into Palestinian history, but regardless of how I rephrased my questions, I received no answers,” remembered this individual, who preferred to remain anonymous due to a non-disclosure agreement. “When asking about Israeli history, however, the AI readily provided extensive information. We reported this inconsistency, but Google seemed uninterested.” Google did not issue a statement regarding the matter when specifically questioned.
For this Google employee, the primary concern lies in the quality of feedback given to AI models by evaluators like them. “After witnessing the poor quality of data intended for training the model, I realized it was utterly impossible to train it effectively under such conditions,” they noted, employing the phrase “garbage in, garbage out.” This programming principle illustrates that poor or incomplete data inputs inevitably lead to faulty outputs.
This evaluator mentioned they refrain from using generative AI and actively advise friends and family against purchasing new phones with integrated AI, urging them to resist automatic updates that incorporate AI, and to withhold personal information from AI.
Fragile, not futuristic
Whenever discussions of AI arise, Hansen reminds her audience that AI isn’t magical, emphasizing the invisible workforce supporting it, the unreliability of its information, and its negative environmental impacts.
“When you analyze how these systems are constructed—considering biases, expedited timelines, and constant compromises—you cease to see AI as an advancement and begin viewing it as fragile,” explained Adio Dinica, who studies the workforce behind AI at the Decentralized AI Institute, reflecting on the people working behind the scenes. “In my experience, those fascinated by AI are typically those who lack a deep understanding of it.”
The AI workers who spoke with the Guardian expressed a commitment to making better choices and raising awareness among their communities, particularly emphasizing that, per Hansen, AI “doesn’t guarantee the best information; the value lies in those working with the AI.” She and Pawlowski presented at the Michigan School Boards Association spring conference in May, engaging with a room filled with school board members and administrators from across the state, discussing the ethical and environmental ramifications of artificial intelligence, aspiring to foster dialogue.
“Many attendees had never considered the human labor and environmental costs associated with AI, so they were astonished by our insights,” Hansen revealed. “While some appreciated the perspective, others pushed back, claiming we were being ‘hopeless and bleak’ about a technology they deemed exciting and filled with potential.”
Pawlowski compares AI ethics to that of the textile industry. In an era when consumers were unaware of how inexpensive clothing was produced, they were pleased to find bargains. However, as stories of sweatshops emerged, consumers learned they had choices and responsibilities. She believes a similar awakening is necessary in the AI sector.
“Where does the data originate? Is this model developed from piracy? Were the contributors fairly compensated for their efforts?” she questioned. “Often, the truth remains obscure to the public, as we are only beginning to inquire. But change is feasible if we persist in questioning and advocating for better practices, analogous to the textile industry.”
There’s no denying that protein has become a major industry nowadays. A glance at the aisles of your neighborhood grocery store reveals numerous products highlighting their protein content, whether they originate from natural sources like meat and dairy or from processed items such as breakfast cereals and pasta.
Additionally, protein powders are available for those wishing to enhance their protein intake or source protein from non-animal origins, including fitness enthusiasts and vegans.
However, a concerning new report discloses that some of these powders contain another substance alongside protein: lead. Given this revelation, how concerned should you be about protein powder?
Lead Levels
Consumer Reports, an independent nonprofit organization in the United States that assesses the quality of consumer products, evaluated 23 different protein powder and shake formulations.
Their findings, revealed in October, were alarming. More than two-thirds of the products contained lead levels per serving that exceeded what Consumer Reports’ food safety experts deem safe for daily consumption.
Worryingly, certain products contained amounts that were 10 times the Dietary Intake Restrictions outlined by Consumer Reports.
At first glance, the levels of lead found in items meant for human consumption might appear dangerously high. However, it’s important to remember that Consumer Reports sets a relatively low daily dietary limit of 0.5 micrograms (μg) per day, whereas the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has a limit of 12.5 μg per day.
Protein powders are made from proteins sourced from animals like casein and whey derived from milk, or from plant sources like soy, pea, and hemp. Source: Getty
Why is there such a significant difference between these recommendations? “My assumption is that Consumer Reports employs much lower benchmark levels than the FDA to address regulatory gaps,” says Dr. Kathryn Schilling, Assistant Professor of Environmental Health Sciences at Columbia University, USA.
This regulatory gap exists because supplements like protein powders do not fall under the categories of food or drugs in the United States. They are classified as dietary supplements and regulated by different FDA guidelines under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA).
“There are no federal restrictions on heavy metals in supplements in the United States, and manufacturers aren’t required to demonstrate their products’ safety prior to market entry,” Schilling points out. “Given that research shows there is no safe threshold for lead, Consumer Reports may have established its own targets purely for health protection.”
In the UK and Europe, however, protein powders are considered food rather than dietary supplements, which mandates adherence to standard food safety regulations, including regular contaminant testing. But does this guarantee that UK protein powders are free of lead?
“No,” Schilling asserts. “Even with stricter supervision, trace levels can still emerge.”
The Danger
As Schilling emphasizes, no level of lead is safe. This is echoed by both the World Health Organization (WHO) and environmental health research in which Schilling was involved.
Toxic heavy metal exposure can have severe consequences on vital organs, including the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys; the documented harm is well-established.
For instance, a significant study by a major U.S. company published in The Lancet Public Health tracked blood lead levels in 14,000 adults over a 20-year period. Researchers discovered that individuals with elevated blood lead levels were 37% more likely to die from any cause and 70% more likely to succumb to heart disease compared to those with lower lead levels.
The body retains lead in the calcified tissues of bones and teeth, where it can build up and remain for decades. Source: Getty
Similarly, the WHO estimated in 2019 that excessive lead exposure led to over 300,000 deaths from strokes worldwide. Lead can harm blood vessel linings, resulting in inflammation, plaque accumulation, and high blood pressure. This is why the American Heart Association lists lead as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases.
One of lead’s most insidious characteristics, apart from the damage it inflicts, is its tendency to persist in the body over extended periods.
“When lead enters the body, it accumulates in bones, teeth, and other tissues,” Schilling explains. “It can remain trapped in the skeleton for 10 to 30 years, gradually re-entering the bloodstream.”
Unfortunately, this coincides with the fact that even minimal lead consumption can result in bodily harm. Even microgram amounts of lead ingested daily are associated with increased risks of heart disease, kidney issues, and high blood pressure.
As noted earlier, the body eliminates lead at a sluggish pace. Therefore, consistent small amounts can accumulate more rapidly than they can be reduced.
Metal Detection
Consumer Reports’ analysis also revealed that the two protein powders containing the highest lead concentrations (up to 6.3 μg and 7.7 μg per serving) were plant-based products.
“There’s a scientific explanation for why some plant-based protein powders exhibited elevated metal levels,” Schilling states.
“Plants like peas, soybeans, and hemp have a tendency to absorb metals from the soil. If lead is present in even small amounts in the soil or irrigation water, the plants will take it up during growth.
“When these plants undergo processing, the metals from the original plants become concentrated in the final protein powder. Thus, the findings by Consumer Reports are plausible. However, their study examined only 23 products, leaving us unaware of the cultivation locations or manufacturing processes of the powders.”
Soy is a vital ingredient in many vegan and vegetarian supplements due to its high protein content. Source: Getty
“Lead is persistent in soil, dust, and outdated infrastructure,” Schilling notes. “It can still intrude into our homes, water supplies, and food; its prevalence in the environment makes it nearly impossible to eliminate all exposure.”
In fact, a 2019 FDA study estimated that the average American adult is exposed to as much as 5.3 micrograms of lead daily through dietary sources alone. If you inadvertently include a scoop of high-lead protein powder in this total, you could easily surpass FDA limits without even being aware of it.
Even more troubling, Schilling warns that high lead levels in protein powders have long been recognized in the U.S. “We’ve encountered reports like this repeatedly, and little has changed,” she states. “It’s not merely an issue with a single brand or batch; it represents a systemic contamination and oversight problem.”
So, given all this information, how concerned should you be about lead in your protein shakes and powders?
“Protein powder is just one aspect of the bigger picture,” Schilling concludes. “The essential message is not to panic after just one shake, but to acknowledge that even small amounts of lead from various sources can accumulate, highlighting the necessity for enhanced monitoring to remove lead from the products people regularly use.”
DAre your LinkedIn followers viewing you as a “thought leader”? Do numerous commenters laud your strategies for “scaling” your startup? Do recruiters slide into your DMs “to explore potential synergies”?
If the answer is no, it could be tied to your gender.
Multiple women took part in an experiment on LinkedIn this week, sparked by viral posts suggesting that altering one’s gender to “male” could enhance visibility on the platform.
Others have reported that by modifying their profiles and using business jargon like “drive,” “transform,” and “accelerate,” they experienced an uptick in engagement.
This surge in engagement has led some to speculate that LinkedIn’s algorithm may harbor biases, making men who utilize typical business language more visible.
Similar to many large social media platforms, LinkedIn employs algorithms to determine which posts reach users, elevating some while downgrading others.
In a blog post last Thursday, LinkedIn acknowledged this phenomenon but stated it doesn’t factor in “demographic information” when deciding who receives visibility. Instead, they mentioned that “hundreds of signals” contribute to a post’s performance.
“Changing your profile gender does not influence how your content is displayed in searches or your feed,” a representative stated. Yet, anecdotes continue to circulate.
“It was quite thrilling,” shared Simone Bonnet, a social media consultant based in Oxford, who altered her pronouns to “he/him” and updated her name to “Simon E.” on LinkedIn earlier this week.
“Right now, I’m witnessing a staggering 1,600% increase in profile views, a significant figure given our current social media engagement. We’re also observing a 1,300% rise in impressions, with similar trends in reach statistics.”
Megan Cornish, a communications strategist at a mental health tech firm, began experimenting with her LinkedIn profile after noticing a drop in her reach earlier this year.
Initially, she changed her gender to “male.” Then, she utilized ChatGPT to rewrite her profile in a “male-coded” manner, drawing from a LinkedIn post that suggested favoring “agency” words like “strategic” and “leader.”
Lastly, she prompted ChatGPT to revamp an old, underperforming post from months prior using similarly “agent-like” language to discern how “peer coding” was influencing reach.
The results were favorable. Shortly after, her LinkedIn reach soared by 415% in the week following the changes. She penned an article about her experience, which went viral, gathering nearly 5,000 interactions.
However, she disliked the outcome. Previously, she described her posts as “soft,” combining “succinctness and intelligence with warmth and humanity.” Now, as “Brother Megan,” she felt assertive and confident, “akin to a white man strolling about.”
She decided to stop after a week. “I had initially intended to do this for an entire month. Each day, as things improved, I became increasingly irritated.”
Not every individual shared the positive experiences of Cornish and Bonnet. Cath Cooper, a technology and social media writer, stated she changed her gender to “male” and later identified her race as “white” (despite being Black). She reported a decline in her profile’s reach and engagement. Other women of color on the platform recounted similar experiences here.
“We understand that algorithms have biases, yet it’s challenging to ascertain how or why they behave a certain way in specific situations,” she noted.
While Cooper found the LinkedIn experiment “frustrating,” she believes it mirrors broader social biases. “I’m not disillusioned with the platform; I’m more dissatisfied with the lack of progress in society.”
User discusses LinkedIn’s hybrid role as both a business and a social network, a trend that has emerged since the pandemic blurred professional boundaries and normalized oversharing in the workplace. LinkedIn often encourages extreme “peer coding.” The platform’s most visible accounts highlight the extremes of this behavior here.
These recent “bro-coding” experiments stem from what Cornish, Bonnet, and others suggest is an algorithm shift that has notably lessened female creators’ visibility. This spurred a series of informal experiments earlier this year, where women and men across similar industries posted identical content, revealing significant disparities in reach.
What purpose does LinkedIn serve? An AI system categorizes posts according to content and the professional identity and skills of the user to determine their spread. The company claims to routinely assess its algorithms, including “monitoring for gender-related disparities.”
A spokesperson from LinkedIn indicated that the recent reduction in reach for some users may be attributed to a significant increase in content on the platform, noting that comments surged by 24% over the past quarter, alongside a proportional rise in video uploads.
In Bonnet’s perspective, “peer coding” is on the rise. “While people once viewed LinkedIn as a more sophisticated, business-focused space, that perception is fading. It’s rapidly becoming the Wild West.”
WThe ash processor has allowed women to engage in exhausting jobs that drain their leisure time. While social media sparked one revolution, it also led to the destabilization of democracies worldwide. Now, with the rise of AI, it appears that screenwriters might be among its primary targets for replacement. It’s easy to succumb to techno-pessimism; however, the new documentary *Seeing into the Future* (Sunday, 23 November, 8 PM, BBC Two) offers a fresh perspective. For individuals with disabilities, tech advancements are already making a significant impact, and this is just the beginning.
Hosted by comedian and *Strictly* champion Chris McCausland, who is visually impaired, the show features surprisingly captivating moments early on, such as how he utilizes his smartphone. Essentially, it serves as his eyes and voice. “What T-shirt is this?” he inquired while holding up the item. “Gray T-shirt with Deftones graphic logo,” his phone declared. It even informs him if his shirt requires ironing. However, McCausland was more curious about the origins of this technology and traveled to the U.S. to explore developments in the homes of tech leaders.
He visited Meta’s facility to test smart glasses. Personally, it felt as if he were either in a lair of a fictional villain or wandering around a castle for treats. This perspective reflects my lack of immediate necessity for such tech, as documentaries aim to unveil possibilities rather than highlight deficiencies. I imagine Mr. Zuckerberg isn’t lurking in a lab with pets or spinning in an egg chair.
I enjoy broadening my viewpoint. Although a button-less glass screen appears to be an exclusive gadget, McCausland acknowledges that his smartphone has turned into the most accessible device he has ever encountered. He expresses excitement about a device he whimsically refers to as Metaspec. This device is always active, offering live video descriptions and identifying what he’s viewing. It functions like a phone but is more like a wearable gadget. “A blind person will never have both hands free,” he remarks.
McCausland and Meta’s Vice President of Accessibility and Engagement Maxine Williams test out smart glasses.
Photo: BBC/Open Mic Productions
At MIT, he learned about nanotechnologies that may enable molecular devices to repair bodily cells. He experimented with a bionic walking aid that attaches to the calf to provide the wearer with additional strength, similar to the knee brace Bruce Wayne wore in *The Dark Knight Rises*. The most significant moment for him was traveling in a self-driving car, marking his first experience of riding alone in a vehicle.
Autonomous vehicles are anticipated to debut in the UK next spring (which feels like a long wait). My instinct is to label them as NOPE. Nevertheless, McCausland noted, “it’s not terribly different from trusting an unfamiliar driver.” These extraordinary cars come equipped with rotating radars that compute data, including the speed of light, to create a 3D model of their surroundings instantly. They might even feature gullwing doors. McCausland appreciated the self-operating handle, which adds a touch of intrigue. Coolness is likely the second best drive an engineer can pursue, the first being ensuring equal access to dignity and independent living. I must clarify that my skepticism doesn’t stem from just a general mistrust of technology; it leads to a mistrust of profit-driven big tech companies in considering public welfare or accountability.
The documentary also offers similar moments of delight, showcasing cultural disparities across the Atlantic. The participants are not merely Americans but the innovative minds of San Francisco. Unintentional comedy is enhanced by McCausland’s dry wit; even while discussing a blood-based computer with a nanotechnologist that could potentially restore eyesight, he seems more inclined to grab a pint at the pub than delve into futuristic devices.
The technology portrayed is distinctly American. “Can you hear the plane?” McCausland urged Zuckerberg to test out the glasses. “Yes, I can see the plane in the clear blue sky,” a serious, bespectacled participant replied. McCausland then exchanged a wry look with his camera crew, quipping, “Do they appear to know what they’re doing?” Judging by their gear, it seems they are indeed professionals. While gadgets become more capable of divine-like capabilities, a layer of skepticism remains, even when wearing Batman’s leg braces.
3p: The cost per mile for an electric vehicle is minimal, yet it represents a significant shift in the UK’s approach.
Ministers have historically opposed any type of road pricing due to its potential political fallout. This stance might change next week. Rachel Reeves, likely accustomed to facing criticism over fundraising schemes, is expected to propose charges specifically based on the mileage of EVs.
The Treasury has nearly confirmed that some financial measures will be revealed in next week’s budget, though no specifics have been disclosed. As reported first by the Telegraph, starting in 2028, EV users will be able to pay an additional fee atop their yearly road tax or vehicle excise duty (VED) according to the miles driven that year. This could involve a self-reported distance estimate or an odometer check during an MOT.
The uptake of battery electric vehicles, which are cheaper to operate compared to petrol cars, is increasing. By 2024, these vehicles are projected to be driven an average of about 8,900 miles, based on statistics from the Department for Transport (DfT). At a rate of 3p per mile, the current 1.4 million EVs on the roads could generate £267 per vehicle, amounting to around £375 million annually.
The Treasury has effectively confirmed that a form of fee for EVs will be announced when Rachel Reeves presents her Budget. Photo: Carlos Jasso/AFP/Getty Images
Transport Secretary Heidi Alexander had difficulty dismissing a national road pricing scheme during Thursday’s Commons questioning, but a later “clarification” indicated that pay-per-mile for EVs remains a possibility.
Looking ahead, a worrying deficit in vehicle tax revenue is anticipated as the transition to EVs diminishes fuel tax revenue. While petrol and diesel vehicles contribute taxes based on fuel consumption, the shift to electric will alter this dynamic.
Latest forecasts from the Office for Budget Responsibility indicate that a fuel tax of 52.95p per liter (roughly 5p per mile for the average car) will yield £24.4 billion this year, but billions of this income will decline starting in 2030 when sales of new petrol and diesel cars are phased out.
The key challenge lies in identifying fair alternatives to an unsustainable tax structure, particularly as there is enduring opposition from the right to all types of road pricing, which has become entangled in a culture war over London’s Ultra Low Emission Zones (ULEZ) and low-traffic areas, arguing for increased surveillance and reduced freedoms.
Last year, London’s mayor, Sadiq Khan, abandoned a review of pricing after being overwhelmed by anti-ULEZ sentiment. Photo: PA Images/Alamy
Some economists are in favor of time- and congestion-based road pricing, which may serve as a fairer method for managing road usage, although it also raises concerns about additional tracking.
Steve Gooding, director of the RAC Foundation, asserts that any plan should prioritize simplicity. However, regarding privacy, he notes, “The volume of data generated by modern vehicles is substantial. If the DfT or DVLA began monitoring Fahrzeugen, people might feel closely scrutinized. Yet Elon Musk has a different view: [Musk] – They don’t seem to mind.”
A broader issue is that pay-per-mile may deter drivers from switching to electric vehicles, which is vital for reducing carbon emissions. Manufacturers, businesses, and motoring organizations like Ford, Autotrader, and the AA have expressed concerns about the timing of introducing new charges amid this transition. Under the UK’s ZEV obligation, car manufacturers are required to ensure that one in three cars sold next year is a zero-emission vehicle, escalating to 80% by 2030 (the remaining 20% can be hybrids).
Current grants for new electric cars can be as high as £3,750, making running costs more reasonable for some consumers; however, several discounts and tax exemptions have ceased. Transport for London recently confirmed that EVs will have to pay the capital’s congestion charge starting next year, with zero-emission vehicles also subject to VED from April onward.
New Zealand is raising alarms, according to a report from the Social Market Foundation (SMF). Electric vehicles became liable for road tolls last year, a system previously reserved for diesel cars, where drivers purchased permits in increments of 1,000 km (621 miles). This change, alongside the cessation of buyer incentives and tax exceptions, resulted in a dramatic drop in new EV sales, with market share plummeting from a peak of 19% to just 4%.
Electric car at a charging station in Auckland, New Zealand. Last year, EVs were made responsible for road user charges. Photo: Michael Craig/AP
The SMF noted that Iceland also implemented a pay-per-mile system for EVs last year, but maintained incentives and pricing differentials, resulting in a much less pronounced decline in market share.
Advocates of this emerging technology proceed with caution. The Electric Vehicle Association England, representing motorists, expressed to the Prime Minister that consumer confidence in EVs remains tepid.
For many individuals, particularly in lower-income neighborhoods or those reliant on public charging without driveways, operational costs no longer present the same appeal. Ginny Buckley, CEO of Electrifying.com, an EV review platform, stated: “For numerous people, the expense of running an EV could exceed that of a gasoline vehicle if they lack access to affordable home charging and depend on public networks.”
Graham Parkhurst, a professor of sustainable mobility at the University of the West of England, highlighted that the stark disparity between home chargers and public charging stations (which are subject to a 20% VAT surcharge) represents a “political time bomb,” further dividing socio-economic classes.
Even longstanding advocates for pay-per-mile, like Parkhurst, caution that such systems require careful consideration. “Charging based on mileage makes sense, similar to how fuel taxes function. However, we need time to devise how to integrate this into a broader transport taxation framework. If you need a vehicle, an electric car is undoubtedly the smarter choice,” he asserted.
Proponents of pay-per-mile warn that they need to be cautious in moving forward. Photo: nrqemi/Getty Images/iStockphoto
The think tank Resolution Foundation suggests that any mileage and weight-based charges should apply only to future EV sales.
Tanya Sinclair, chief executive of UK Electric Vehicle, agrees on the need for fundamental reform of car taxation, but emphasizes that the government must convey a clear intent to encourage the shift to electric vehicles. “Any actions that create confusion, like providing subsidies while also launching pay-per-mile charges, blur the message for consumers,” she notes.
A government spokesperson stated the administration would “consider further support” for EVs but emphasized: “While fuel tax applies to petrol and diesel, an equivalent for electric vehicles is lacking. We are aiming for a fairer system for all drivers, while facilitating the transition to electric vehicles.”
“The best time to integrate road pricing would have been in the past, but the political landscape is complicated,” noted Gooding. The cross-party Transport Select Committee advocated for urgent road pricing implementation in 2022 to replace all vehicle taxation for every vehicle type. Yet, no minister has shown enthusiasm for this. Mayor Sadiq Khan of London was compelled to reject the possibility of pricing last year due to overwhelming anti-ULEZ sentiment, despite earlier indicating it was a viable option.
According to Mr. Gooding, introducing new policies is “most effectively undertaken with the minimum number of vehicles involved, and limiting it to EVs could be more manageable than developing complex charges for the 34 million vehicles already in circulation.”
For some, including Buckley and the Transport Improvement Campaign, a controversial yet clear solution remains: terminate the 15-year freeze on fuel taxes and the temporary 5p reduction currently in effect since 2022.
The SMF reported that had the levy remained consistent in real terms, nearly £150 billion would have been accumulated in public funds. Regardless of how the pay-per-mile model evolves, Reeves stated, “We must ensure that taxes on EVs for businesses remain lower than those on petrol.” “The simplest method of preserving this variance is by increasing fuel taxes.”
The Moon was created through a massive collision between the proto-Earth and the ancient protoplanet Theia. A recent study by a collaborative team of scientists from the United States, Germany, France, and China analyzed iron isotopes in lunar samples, Earth rocks, and meteorites believed to represent the isotope reservoir from which both Theia and early Earth may have formed. Their findings indicate that Theia and most of Earth’s constituent materials originated from the inner solar system, suggesting that Theia formed closer to the sun than Earth.
Artist’s impression of the collision between proto-Earth and Theia. Image credit: MPS/Mark A. Garlick.
“The composition of the body reflects its entire formation history, including its origin,” said Dr. Torsten Kleine, lead author of the study from the Sonnensystemforschung Institute at the Max Planck Institute.
“The ratio of specific metal isotopes within the body is particularly insightful.”
“Isotopes are different versions of the same element, varying only in neutron count in the atomic nucleus, which affects their weight.”
“In the early solar system, the distribution of isotopes was likely not uniform. For instance, at the solar system’s outer edges, isotopes existed in proportions that differed from those found near the Sun.”
“Thus, the isotopic makeup of a body holds clues about the origins of its components.”
The authors measured iron isotopes in Earth and Moon rocks with exceptional accuracy in this study.
The research involved 15 terrestrial rocks and six lunar samples collected by Apollo astronauts.
This outcome aligns with earlier findings, indicating that the Earth and the Moon are indistinguishable in terms of isotope ratios for chromium, calcium, titanium, and zirconium.
However, direct conclusions about Theia are elusive due to their similarities.
The multiplicity of potential collision scenarios also complicates matters.
While most models suggest that the Moon is largely composed of Theia material, it’s also plausible that it consists primarily of early Earth’s mantle material, or a mix of both Earth and Theia rocks.
To explore Theia’s characteristics, researchers employed a method akin to reverse engineering.
They analyzed the isotope ratios of contemporary Earth and Moon rocks to infer the size and composition of Theia, as well as the early Earth composition that resulted in the current state.
The study examined not only iron isotopes but also those of chromium, molybdenum, and zirconium.
Different elements provide insights into various phases of planetary formation.
Before the catastrophic collision with Theia, a sorting process was occurring within the early Earth.
As the iron core formed, elements like iron and molybdenum were sequestered there, almost completely removing them from the rocky mantle.
Thus, the iron found in Earth’s mantle today may have arrived post-core formation, potentially aboard Theia.
Other elements, like zirconium, which did not sink into the core, encapsulate the entire history of Earth’s formation.
Some mathematically feasible compositions of Theia and early Earth can be dismissed as unlikely.
“The most credible scenario suggests that the majority of components in Earth and Theia originated from the inner solar system,” stated Dr. Timo Hopp, a researcher at the University of Chicago and the Max Planck Institute.
“Earth and Theia were likely neighbors.”
“While the early Earth’s composition can be explained primarily through known meteorite mixtures, the same does not hold for Theia.”
“Distinct classes of meteorites formed in various regions of the outer solar system.”
“These provide a reference for the materials accessible during the early formation of Earth and Theia.”
“However, Theia’s composition may also include previously unidentified substances.”
“We hypothesize that this material originated closer to the Sun than to Earth.”
“Thus, our calculations imply that Theia was formed nearer to the sun compared to our planet.”
of result Published in this week’s Science magazine.
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Timo Hopp et al.. 2025. Theia, the impactor that formed the Moon, originated from within the solar system. Science 390 (6775): 819-823;doi: 10.1126/science.ado0623
The notion that humans might use chemical signals known as pheromones for communication has intrigued scientists and the general public alike for many years, leading to numerous investigations aimed at discovering evidence.
Pheromones are well-documented in the animal kingdom. Ants use chemical trails for navigation and communication, dogs mark their territory with scent signals, and moths emit airborne pheromones to attract partners.
However, the question of whether humans share this capability is much more complex. Can one person elicit a physical or emotional reaction in another without their awareness? Might this influence attraction?
After over six decades of research, the answers remain uncertain, but recent findings indicate we might be getting closer to understanding this phenomenon.
First Whiff
In 1959, Adolf Butenandt and his team identified the first pheromones, specifically bombykol, a chemical released by female silk moths to attract male counterparts.
Shortly after, scientists introduced the term “pheromone” to describe chemical signals emitted by one individual that trigger distinct responses in another of the same species.
This discovery opened the door to exploring potential human equivalents.
One of the earliest notable claims regarding human pheromones was put forth by Martha McClintock in 1971. Her study involving 135 women residing in university dorms suggested their menstrual cycles seemed to synchronize throughout the year.
This phenomenon, termed the “McClintock effect,” was widely regarded as evidence supporting the existence of human pheromones. However, subsequent studies did not replicate these findings and revealed that any apparent synchronization could be attributed to chance.
For many years, researchers have concentrated on four primary chemicals believed to be human pheromones. Androstenone and androstenol are thought to influence social perception and sexual attraction.
Androstadienone has been investigated for its impact on mood and alertness in women, while estratetraenol is believed to affect men’s perceptions of women.
Nonetheless, none of these substances have been definitively established as true human pheromones.
The doses used in studies are often much higher than what the body naturally produces, leading to less reliable outcomes. Furthermore, many experiments suffer from design flaws and weak statistics, resulting in inconsistent and inconclusive findings.
Read More:
T-Shirt Test
If discussions on human pheromones arise, Professor Klaus Wedekind’s “Sweaty T-shirt research” from 1995 is likely to be mentioned.
In this experiment, women were asked to smell T-shirts worn by men and indicate their preferences.
Interestingly, women who were not on birth control were more inclined to like the scents of men whose immune system genes (MHC genes) differed most from their own.
This preference aligns with evolutionary theory, as choosing mates with varied immune genes can enhance resistance to diseases in offspring.
This study has been replicated and is frequently hailed as a compelling instance of human chemical signaling, wherein body odor conveys social or biological information.
Yet, the scents involved in this research do not adhere to the strict definition of pheromones.
Most of the odor in sweat comes from a small number of underarm bacteria on your T-shirt, not pheromones. – Photo credit: Getty
Initially, a person’s complex “smell print” consists of multiple chemicals rather than a single one. Pheromones trigger automatic and unconscious responses, such as hormonal changes and instinctive behaviors, whereas this type of scent is subjective and conscious, forming personal preferences.
Invisible Clues
Although the T-shirt study does not clarify the role of pheromones in humans, some scientists believe that research in this area is far from complete.
Among them is Dr. Tristram Wyatt, a senior research fellow at the University of Oxford’s Department of Zoology, who has dedicated his career to studying the evolution of pheromones.
“If we consider humans as just another animal, it would be surprising to think we do not communicate chemically,” he explains. “For instance, our body odor evolves during puberty and becomes even more pronounced as we reach sexual maturity.
“In other animals, such odors frequently convey critical signals, so it is highly possible that humans emit similar signals; we just haven’t established this scientifically yet.”
The queen bee releases a pheromone that inhibits the reproduction of all other females in the hive – Photo credit: Getty
Even with this potential, pinpointing human pheromones has proven extraordinarily challenging.
“Studying human pheromones is akin to searching for a needle in a haystack,” Wyatt remarks. “Humans release thousands of odor molecules, making it difficult to identify which one triggers certain effects.
“Moreover, our reactions to odors are influenced by cultural, emotional, and individual differences, rendering our responses highly variable. Without reliable bioassays that provide clear, measurable reactions to odors, it is nearly impossible to pinpoint genuine pheromones.”
Another problem is reproducibility; many pheromone studies are based on small sample sizes, which makes their results statistically unreliable and susceptible to false positives.
Early research often lacks strict controls, and the field faces publication bias, increasing the likelihood of positive results being published.
The outcome? An evidentiary basis that appears more robust than it truly is. It comprises a collection of intriguing yet unreliable findings, with only a few holding up under repeat testing.
The Scent is Hot
Despite years of challenges, Wyatt remains hopeful, particularly about recent advances in research, including a French study that may represent the closest step toward identifying a human pheromone.
This investigation centered on secretions from Montgomery’s glands (small glands around the nipples that release tiny droplets during breastfeeding) in nursing mothers.
Researchers found that when newborns were exposed to the scent of these secretions, they instinctively turned their heads, displayed suckling behavior, and began searching for the nipple.
“This is the most exciting lead we’ve encountered to date,” says Wyatt. “Babies respond to these secretions even if they come from a different mother.
“Such a universal, instinctive reaction is precisely what we expect from an authentic pheromone. If we can identify the specific compound responsible, we might finally establish the first verified human pheromone.”
A recent breakthrough in pheromone research occurred in 2023 at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel. Researchers studied the effects of tears from women.
Men who smelled tears shed by a woman during a sad film showed decreased testosterone levels, and brain scans indicated changes in areas linked to both aggression and olfactory processing.
The study also revealed four receptors in the nose capable of detecting chemical signals in tears, and researchers are currently working to identify the specific compounds in tear fluid that elicit this response, potentially leading to compounds that mitigate aggression.
Recent research indicates that chemicals in women’s tears significantly affect men’s testosterone levels – Image courtesy of Getty Images
Nevertheless, while there is evidence that humans utilize scent in both social and sexual contexts, it has yet to be definitively proven that pheromones play a role in human communication.
“To conclusively ascertain whether human pheromones exist, rigorous research is necessary,” Wyatt asserts.
“This entails clear testing with consistent responses, larger and better-designed studies, and moving beyond the same old unproven molecules. Only diligent, evidence-driven research will yield real answers.”
“The quest for genuine human pheromones is just at its inception,” he concludes. “With the proper guidance, we could finally be on the brink of an exciting discovery.”
A submerged “storm” is eroding the ice shelf that shields Antarctica’s Thwaites “Terminal” glacier, prompting concerns that scientists may be underestimating future sea level increases.
These storm-like currents, referred to as “submesoscale” features, can extend up to 10 kilometers wide and begin to form when water with varying temperatures and densities collides in the open ocean. This process is akin to hurricanes that arise from gas mixtures in the atmosphere. Similar to hurricanes, these currents can surge toward the coast, with Antarctica predominantly consisting of ice shelves—floating extensions of glaciers that project tens of kilometers into the ocean.
“Their movements are so unpredictable that halting them is quite challenging,” states Mattia Poinelli from the University of California, Irvine. “The only course of action is for them to become trapped beneath the ice.”
Poinelli and colleagues’ modeling indicates that these submesoscale formations were responsible for one-fifth of the total ice melt in the Thwaites Mountains and nearby Pine Island over a nine-month timeframe. This research marks the first attempt to quantify the influence of these storms across the entire ice shelf.
Ice shelves play a crucial role in hindering the movement of glaciers into the sea and shielding them from wave erosion. The vulnerable Thwaites Glacier annually loses 50 billion tons of ice and could raise sea levels by 65 centimeters if it collapses.
In the Antarctic waters, hundreds of meters of cold, fresh water float above warmer, saltier, deeper water. When a storm becomes enveloped within a cavity beneath an ice shelf, its swirling motions push cold surface water away from the center of the vortex, pulling warmer, deeper water into the cavity and melting the ice shelf from below.
This triggers a feedback mechanism where the melting cold freshwater interacts with the warmer, saltier water, amplifying the rotation of the underwater storm and increasing melting.
In 2022, a deep-sea float that measured temperature, salinity, and pressure was “captured” by a large rotating eddy trapped beneath the ice tongue of Stancombe Wills at another location along the Antarctic coast. The data retrieved from the captured floats showed that Katherine Hancock from Florida State University and her team estimated that the swirl causes 0.11 meters of annual melting beneath its ice tongue.
“This highlights the importance of understanding rotating eddies beneath ice shelves,” says Hancock.
The smaller submesoscale storms from Poinelli’s research are likely causing similar effects, she adds, indicating that swirling water bodies of varying sizes are contributing to significant ice melting. “There’s a need for more precise quantification,” Hancock emphasizes.
As temperatures rise and additional fresh snowmelt escapes from Antarctica, these underwater storms may increase in intensity, possibly leading to greater sea level rise than currently anticipated.
Tiago Dot of Britain’s National Oceanography Centre stated that the “unexpected” findings necessitate further observations beneath the ice shelf.
“Considering the shifts in wind patterns and sea ice around Antarctica, how much are we genuinely overlooking by not monitoring these smaller scales?” he questions.
Artist’s Impression of Population III Stars in the Early Universe
Noir Lab/NSF/AURA/J. da Silva/Space Engine/M. Zamani
The James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) offers astronomers a unique opportunity to explore distant galaxies that exist far beyond the early Universe. Some of these galaxies exhibit chemical signatures that may suggest the presence of exotic supermassive stars, possibly weighing up to 10,000 times that of our Sun.
These enormous stars are puzzling, as our current understanding suggests that stars in the nearby universe generally have a maximum size limit. “Our models for galaxy evolution are predicated on the assumption that stars cannot exceed around 120 solar masses,” explains Devesh Nandal at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Massachusetts. “While we had theorized about stars potentially larger than this, there were no observational data to validate it.”
That all changed recently. Nandal and his team analyzed JWST observations of a distant galaxy dubbed GS 3073, discovering its chemical signature contained an unexpectedly high concentration of nitrogen. Though elevated nitrogen levels have also been noted in several other remote galaxies,
For most galaxies, nitrogen concentrations aren’t high enough to cause ambiguity and can be attributed to certain classes of relatively ordinary stars or other cosmic phenomena. However, this isn’t the case for GS 3073, as Nandal asserts that the nitrogen levels are simply too elevated.
There exists a hypothetical category of protostar referred to as a Population III star, which models indicate can grow to considerable sizes. Simulations suggest that if these stars form, they would produce significantly more nitrogen than typical stars. Nandal and his co-researchers concluded that only a handful of Population III stars—ranging from 1,000 to 10,000 solar masses—could account for the excess nitrogen observed in GS 3073. “Our research provides the most compelling evidence yet for the existence of Population III supermassive stars in the early universe,” he declares.
However, some scholars challenge whether only supermassive Population III stars can account for this data, or if they do so accurately. “Population III should be linked with an environment where elements heavier than helium are scarce,” notes Roberto Maiorino of Cambridge University. “Conversely, GS 3073 is a fairly chemically mature galaxy, which makes it seem ill-suited for the types of environments typically associated with Population III.”
On the other hand, John Regan from Maynooth University in Ireland suggests that this may simply be an unusual galaxy. “When we look back at the early universe, what we see are incredibly strange, exotic galaxies. It’s challenging to assert that we shouldn’t expect the formation of supermassive stars simply because it’s peculiar; you just claimed these galaxies are quite bizarre,” he states.
If these colossal stars truly exist, they may unlock mysteries related to the formation of supermassive black holes in the universe’s distant past. Should they originate from supermassive stars instead of conventional stars, we could gain critical insights into how these black holes achieved their immense sizes in what appears to be a relatively brief time frame.
Confirming the existence of supermassive stars in GS 3073 and other nitrogen-rich galaxies from the early Universe is complex, and additional discoveries of these chemical signatures may be necessary. “It’s quite challenging to bolster the argument for their existence; establishing definitive signatures is difficult,” Regan lamented. “Nonetheless, this indication is incredibly robust.”
BMonths pass with minimal updates on streaming platforms surpassing traditional television. YouTube remains the leader with 2.5 billion viewers monthly. For those of us around 28 and younger, YouTube is less of an application and more of a response to the omnipresent background noise of today’s life. While my mother fills the house with Radio 4 or has BBC News flickering in the background, I’m engrossed in a video essay on Japan’s innovative urban planning. It’s not that I entirely avoid traditional TV (though I primarily access it through various streaming services), but after a long day, the thought of enduring another hour of intense programming feels overwhelming. More often than not, I gravitate towards YouTube, meaning it’s improbable that we’re viewing the same content.
When Google acquired the platform for $1.65 billion in 2006, the amount seemed outrageous. Many critics doubted whether any video platform could justify such a valuation. The reasoning was straightforward: Unless YouTube could eclipse television, it would never attain that worth. Fast forward nearly two decades, and that perspective significantly underestimates YouTube’s evolution. It hasn’t merely replaced TV; it has also pioneered entirely new content formats, such as vodcasts, vlogs, video essays, reaction videos, ASMR, and its controversial counterpart, mukbang. The platform has effortlessly adapted to emerging trends, establishing an alternate ‘online mainstream’. Long before podcasters, TikTokers, substack writers, or influencers emerged, there were YouTubers.
I began my YouTube Premium subscription during the COVID-19 lockdown when I found myself with ample time, no commute, and extra cash. Currently, it’s the only subscription I don’t question in terms of value; instead, I contemplate whether it significantly impacts my personal growth. Regrettably, my gym membership doesn’t match this criteria.
The standout advantage of a premium subscription is the absence of ads. Additionally, the smart downloads feature, which automatically curates episodes for your queue based on viewing habits, has been invaluable during lengthy subway rides. I rarely experience boredom nowadays. On my daily commute instead of staring vacantly out the window, I enjoy sports highlights or listen to podcasts. I find myself immersed in YouTube without a second thought.
Donald Trump (right) appears on Joe Rogan’s podcast on YouTube. Photo: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hBMoPUAeLnY
I feel a bit sheepish admitting that a random burst of short stories about guitar instructors and teenage garage bands reignited my passion for playing. It’s akin to confessing you met your significant other on Hinge. Yet, that’s precisely the point. YouTube has democratized expertise in a manner that traditional media never achieved. Moreover, it aligns with the social norms around media consumption on mobile devices. I wouldn’t dare watch a Spielberg or Scorsese film on a 6-inch screen; it feels disrespectful to the artistry. However, behind-the-scenes footage and promotional tour clips? That’s the ideal use for YouTube.
I indulge in a mix of homegrown YouTube creators, such as Amelia DiMoldenburg’s Chicken Shop Date, XXSyHighroller for NBA analysis, Tifo Football for tactical breakdowns, and Happy Sad Confused for film interviews. Additionally, I consume a steady stream of content initially designed for television and print but now reaches vast audiences through YouTube, including shows like Graham Norton, Saturday Night Live, and fellow journalists like Owen Jones and Mark Kermode. Sports highlights also thrive on the platform, providing an unparalleled convenience that traditional broadcasters struggle to offer, especially regarding paywalled sports like cricket and the NFL, which demand significant financial and temporal investment to access live.
Nevertheless, this convenience isn’t without its challenges. YouTube’s intensely personalized algorithms ensure that everyone’s viewing experience is unique. While previous generations could bond over the question, “Did you catch that last night?” now people are entrenched in their individual algorithmic bubbles. Despite the abundance of choices, we’ve lost the shared cultural experience. Even YouTube’s significant moments are splintered in a way that Saturday night television never was. When far-right politicians lament societal divisions, their focus might be better directed toward our viewing behaviors instead of immigration concerns. My enjoyment of algorithms might be more aligned with a 28-year-old in Bangalore than with the 45-year-old neighbor next door.
While this reality can be unsettling, there’s a noteworthy exception. Although YouTube intensifies viewing discrepancies across many demographics, it has forged a near-monoculture among younger audiences. Figures like Joe Rogan, Theo Von, Rex Fridman, and a revolving group of intellectuals, including podcasters aligned with President Trump and the late Charlie Kirk, have fostered a pervasive and relaxed dialogue among men in my age group. Although YouTube has democratized access to long-form discussions in enriching ways, it has also facilitated a pipeline for increasingly detrimental content. The platform’s algorithms not only highlight what piques your interest but also what captures your attention longer, which aren’t always the same. This phenomenon tends to elevate extreme viewpoints and fringe theories, leading viewers on a gradual journey from innocuous to genuinely harmful misinformation without them realizing it. Furthermore, it’s challenging for communities to self-regulate since everyone within a demographic shares a similar experience.
Recent statistics show that YouTube users consume over 1 billion hours of content daily around the globe. For better or worse, YouTube has emerged victorious, and I’m mostly okay with that. You might want to consult your outdated TV guide to figure out what’s on BBC Two at 9 PM. However, perhaps we should reassess the balance—not only between YouTube and competing platforms but also between YouTube and everything else. I’m uncertain about the solution…but I’m fairly confident there’s a video essay that can tell me what I should think.
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Our bodies comprise various soft, hard, and intricate components. What should we do when these components fail or don’t meet our needs? Medicine provides several solutions, including dentures, skin, heart, and hair transplants, but don’t expect an instant replacement.
In Alternative You: Adventures in Human Anatomy, popular science author Mary Roach explores the most intriguing historical and current efforts to repair, replace, or enhance our body parts.
These efforts range from dentures designed like mouth piercings, lab-grown anuses, to gene-edited pig hearts, each delivered with a humor that had me laughing, wincing, and holding my breath throughout the pages.
Roach, drawn to the “human element of exploration,” shares engaging tales as she travels the globe to meet surgeons, scientists, patients, and other individuals at the forefront of body modification.
Her bold and often cheeky questions animate these encounters. For example, during a dinner discussion about gut-derived vaginas with her surgeon, she mentions that intestinal tissue generally contracts to aid in food movement.
“That could be advantageous for partners who have penises, right?” she quips. “It’s not overly aggressive,” the surgeon replies, sipping his Chianti.
Roach embraces self-experimentation, visiting a hair transplant surgeon and persuading him to relocate hair follicles from her head to another body area. Her goal? To gaze in wonder at the few long strands that might sprout on her legs. While the transplant fails, she quickly dives into the trials of growing hair from stem cells. Spoiler: we’re not there yet.
One significant innovation Roach covers is ostomy, where surgeons create openings in the abdomen for waste drainage into an external pouch. She speaks with individuals who use stoma bags due to conditions like Crohn’s disease and colitis, which can lead to inflammation and frequent bowel movements, complicating life outside the home. Roach highlights the importance of reducing stigma around ostomies and discusses the remarkable technology supporting this procedure.
As expected from a book on body part replacement, there’s a chapter dedicated to 3D printed organs. Roach approaches this topic thoughtfully, noting that it’s not merely about feeding cells into a printer. Most organs consist of multiple cell types that must be arranged with precise specifications, and printed tissues often lack the authentic properties that remain elusive for researchers.
I highly recommend this book to anyone curious about the human body. However, be advised—some vivid surgical descriptions are included. (If that’s not your cup of tea, feel free to skip the next paragraph.) At one point, Roach compares the tubes of fat and blood pulled from patients to “raspberry smoothies.” Additionally, when a leg implant is affixed to the femur, it sounds like “tent stakes collapsing.”
Such sensory details might not appeal to everyone, but for those willing to confront the raw, sinewy, and delicate reality of our bodies, this book serves as a profound reminder of our complexity and depth. I certainly walked away feeling grateful for all that I have.
Students at Staffordshire University expressed feeling “deprived of knowledge and enjoyment” upon realizing that the course they intended to pursue for their digital careers was primarily delivered through AI.
James and Owen were part of 41 students who enrolled in a coding module last year at Staffordshire, looking to make a government-supported career transition. apprentice A program aimed at preparing individuals to become cybersecurity experts or software engineers.
However, as AI-generated slides were intermittently narrated by an AI voiceover, James began to lose confidence in the program and its administrators, fearing he had “wasted two years” of his life on a course designed “in the most cost-effective manner.”
“If I were to submit something created by an AI, I’d be expelled from the university, yet we are being instructed by an AI,” James remarked during a confrontation with an instructor recorded as part of a course in October 2024.
James and his peers have engaged in several discussions with university officials regarding the use of AI in their coursework. Nonetheless, the university seems to persist in utilizing AI-generated materials for instruction. This year, it posted a policy statement on its course website rationalizing the use of AI, detailing a “Framework for Academic Professionals to Leverage AI Automation” in their academic activities and teaching.
The university’s foreign policy states that students who outsource assignments to AI or present AI-generated work as their own are breaching the integrity policy and could face academic misconduct charges.
“I’m in the midst of my life and career,” James lamented. “I don’t feel I can just leave and start over now. I feel trapped on this path.”
The situation at Staffordshire resembles this more and more. Universities are integrating AI tools to assist students, develop course materials, and provide tailored feedback. A Ministry of Education policy document released in August welcomed this trend, asserting that generative AI “has the potential to revolutionize education.” A survey conducted last year by education technology firm Jisc among 3,287 higher education faculty revealed that almost a quarter use AI tools in their teaching.
For students, AI education seems to be more demoralizing than transformative. In the US, students have voiced their discontent online in reviews about professors using AI. In the UK, undergraduates turned to Reddit to express frustration over instructors copying and pasting feedback generated by AI. Chat GPT or using AI-generated content in coursework images.
“I recognize there’s pressure compelling instructors to use AI, but I’m just disappointed,” commented one student. I wrote.
James and Owen realized “almost immediately” that AI was being utilized in their Staffordshire course last year, notably during their first class when the instructor presented a PowerPoint with an AI audio reading the slides.
Shortly thereafter, they began to notice indications that some course materials were AI-generated, including inconsistent editing of American and British English, suspicious file names, and “general, surface-level information” that sometimes cryptically referenced U.S. law.
Signs of AI-generated content persisted this year. In one course video uploaded online, the narration introducing the material shifted to a Spanish accent for approximately 30 seconds before reverting to a British accent.
Narration accent changes during lesson in allegedly AI-generated course – video
The Guardian examined the course materials at Staffordshire and utilized two distinct AI detectors (Winston AI and Originality AI) to assess this year’s content. Both indicated that numerous assignments and presentations were “highly likely to have been generated by AI.”
Ms. James reported her concerns during a monthly meeting with student representatives early in the course. Later, in late November, it was discussed in a lecture and incorporated into the instructional materials. In the recording, he requests the instructor refrain from worrying about the slides.
“Everyone knows these slides were generated by AI. We would prefer if they were discarded,” he stated. “I don’t want guidance from GPT.”
Shortly after, the student representative for the course responded, “We conveyed this feedback, James, and the reply was that instructors can use diverse tools. This answer was quite frustrating.”
Another student commented: “While there are some helpful points in the presentation, only 5% of it is useful. There’s valuable content buried here, but perhaps we can extract that value ourselves by consulting ChatGPT.”
The lecturer laughed awkwardly, saying, “I appreciate the honesty…” before shifting to discuss another tutorial he had created using ChatGPT. “Honestly, I did this on very short notice,” he added.
Ultimately, the course director informed James that he would not receive an AI experience in the final session, as the material would be evaluated by two human instructors.
In response to inquiries from the Guardian, Staffordshire University asserted that “academic standards and learning objectives were upheld” for the course.
“Staffordshire University endorses the responsible and ethical application of digital technologies in accordance with our guidelines. While AI tools may aid certain aspects of preparation, they cannot replace academic expertise and must always be utilized in a manner that preserves academic integrity and discipline standards.”
Although the university appointed a non-AI lecturer for the final lecture of the course, James and Owen indicated that it felt insufficient at this point, especially since the university seemingly continued to use AI in this year’s instructional materials.
“I feel as if a part of my life has been taken from me,” James stated.
Owen, who is in the midst of a career transition, explained that he opted for the course to gain foundational knowledge rather than merely a qualification, but he now believes it was a waste of time.
“It’s exceedingly frustrating to sit through material that lacks value when I could be dedicating my time to something genuinely worthwhile,” he remarked.
Unusual marks found on rocky surfaces in Italy may have been created by a group of sea turtles reacting to an earthquake around 83 million years ago.
Extreme climbers stumbled upon a peculiar feature in a restricted area on the slopes of Monte Conero along Italy’s east coastline.
Over 1,000 prints are evident in two distinct spots. One location is situated over 100 meters above sea level, while the other is a ledge that collapsed onto La Vera Beach. These limestone rocks were formed from fine sediments that settled on the shallow ocean floor during the Cretaceous era.
The climbers captured photographs that were subsequently shared with the Alessandro Montanari Cordigioco Geological Observatory in Italy and colleagues. Scientists were then granted permission by the Conero Regional Park authority to explore the area both on foot and using drones.
Montanari mentioned that while it is challenging to identify which animal made the marks, the only two types of vertebrates inhabiting the ocean then were fish and marine reptiles. The researchers dismissed fish, plesiosaurs, and mosasaurs, leading to the conclusion that sea turtles are the most probable culprits.
Given the dynamic nature of the ocean floor, the prints must have been buried almost immediately after formation to remain intact, potentially occurring during an earthquake.
“[It may have been] the powerful earthquake that frightened the poor animals, which were peacefully residing in their nutrient-rich shallow-water habitat,” states Montanari.
“In panic, they swam towards the open sea on the west side of the reef, leaving paddle impressions on the soft seabed.”
However, the notion of a turtle swarm remains speculative, and the team is eager to collaborate with ichthyologists who specialize in analyzing fossilized tracks for the next phase of their research.
Anthony Romilio, a researcher from the University of Queensland in Australia, claims that if these marks indeed are from sea turtles, they would be “potentially the most numerous in the world.”
Nevertheless, he has yet to visit the site or view high-resolution images and doubts the prints belong to sea turtles. “The surface patterns do not exhibit the spacing, rhythm, or anatomy expected in a sea turtle’s flipper stroke,” he comments. “I suspect they are abiotic formations rather than biological in origin.”
Dinosaur hunting in Mongolia’s Gobi desert
Join an exciting and unique expedition to uncover dinosaur remains in the expansive wilderness of the Gobi Desert, a renowned hotspot for paleontology.
Quantum Machine Professor Jonathan Cohen presenting at the AQC25 conference
Quantum Machines
Classical computers are emerging as a critical component in maximizing the functionality of quantum computers. This was a key takeaway from this month’s assembly of researchers who emphasized that classical systems are vital for managing quantum computers, interpreting their outputs, and enhancing future quantum computing methodologies.
Quantum computers operate on qubits—quantum entities manifesting as extremely cold atoms or miniature superconducting circuits. The computational capability of a quantum computer scales with the number of qubits it possesses.
Yet, qubits are delicate and necessitate meticulous tuning, oversight, and governance. Should these conditions not be met, the computations conducted may yield inaccuracies, rendering the devices less efficient. To manage qubits effectively, researchers utilize classical computing methods. The AQC25 conference held on November 14th in Boston, Massachusetts, addressed these challenges.
Sponsored by Quantum Machines, a company specializing in controllers for various qubit types, the AQC25 conference gathered over 150 experts, including quantum computing scholars and CEOs from AI startups. Through numerous presentations, attendees elaborated on the enabling technologies vital for the future of quantum computing and how classical computing sometimes acts as a constraint.
Per Shane Caldwell, sustainable fault-tolerant quantum computers designed to tackle practical problems are only expected to materialize with a robust classical computing framework that operates at petascale—similar to today’s leading supercomputers. Although Nvidia does not produce quantum hardware, it has recently introduced a system that links quantum processors (QPUs) to traditional GPUs, which are commonly employed in machine learning and high-performance scientific computing.
Even in optimal operations, the results from a quantum computer reflect a series of quantum properties of the qubits. To utilize this data effectively, it requires translation into conventional formats, a process that again relies on classical computing resources.
Pooya Lonar from Vancouver-based startup 1Qbit discussed this translation process and its implications, noting that the performance speed of fault-tolerant quantum computers can often hinge on the operational efficiency of classical components such as controllers and decoders. This means that whether a sophisticated quantum machine operates for hours or days to solve a problem might depend significantly on its classical components.
In another presentation, Benjamin Lienhardt from the Walter Meissner Institute for Cryogenic Research in Germany, presented findings on how traditional machine learning algorithms can facilitate the interpretation of quantum states in superconducting qubits. Similarly, Mark Saffman from the University of Wisconsin-Madison highlighted using classical neural networks to enhance the readout of qubits derived from ultra-cold atoms. Researchers unanimously agreed that non-quantum devices are instrumental in unlocking the potential of various qubit types.
IBM’s Blake Johnson shared insights into a classical decoder his team is developing as part of an ambitious plan to create a quantum supercomputer by 2029. This endeavor will employ unconventional error correction strategies, making the efficient decoding process a significant hurdle.
“As we progress, the trend will shift increasingly towards classical [computing]. The closer one approaches the QPU, the more you can optimize your system’s overall performance,” stated Jonathan Cohen from Quantum Machines.
Classical computing is also instrumental in assessing the design and functionality of future quantum systems. For instance, Izhar Medalcy, co-founder of the startup Quantum Elements, discussed how an AI-powered virtual model of a quantum computer, often referred to as a “digital twin,” can inform actual hardware design decisions.
Representatives from the Quantum Scaling Alliance, co-led by 2025 Nobel Laureate John Martinis, were also present at the conference. This reflects the importance of collaboration between quantum and classical computing realms, bringing together qubit developers, traditional computing giants like Hewlett Packard Enterprise, and computational materials specialists such as the software company Synopsys.
The collective sentiment at the conference was unmistakable. The future of quantum computing is on the horizon, bolstered significantly by experts who have excelled in classical computing environments.
Concerns about a potential bubble in the artificial intelligence sector emerged again on Thursday as major U.S. stock markets declined, just a day after chipmaker Nvidia’s impressive results had sparked a market rally.
Initially, Wall Street experienced a boost following Nvidia’s reassurance of robust demand for its advanced data center chips. However, this optimism faded as the tech stocks central to the AI boom began to face downward pressure.
In New York, the S&P 500 index ended the day down 1.6%, while the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell by 0.8%. The tech-focused Nasdaq Composite Index dropped by 2.2%.
Earlier in the session, the FTSE 100 rose by 0.2% in London, and the DAX closed 0.5% higher in Frankfurt. The Nikkei Stock Average increased by 2.65% in Tokyo.
Currently valued at approximately $4.4 trillion, Nvidia has seen an extraordinary surge in valuations among AI-related companies in recent months. The escalating concerns about a bubble have arisen as businesses invest heavily in chips and data centers to secure their position in the AI market.
Nvidia continues to experience strong demand, with highly anticipated earnings surpassing expectations on Wednesday. Yet, worries persist that companies utilizing these chips and investing in AI are making substantial expenditures to stimulate demand.
“The sale of semiconductors to support AI doesn’t mitigate fears that some hyperscalers might be overspending on AI infrastructure,” remarked Robert Pavlik, senior portfolio manager at Dakota Wealth. “While certain companies are turning a profit, many are still investing heavily.”
Mixed employment data released Thursday morning highlighted robust labor market growth in September, albeit with a slight uptick in the unemployment rate, reinforcing the expectation that Federal Reserve policymakers may choose to maintain interest rates at their upcoming December meeting.
Nvidia’s stock saw a decline of 3.2%, while the VIX index, which gauges market volatility, increased by 8%.
Technology Secretary Liz Kendall has warned that Britain’s internet regulator, Ofcom, may lose public confidence if it doesn’t take adequate measures to address online harm.
During a conversation with Ofcom’s Chief Executive Melanie Dawes last week, Ms. Kendall expressed her disappointment with the slow enforcement of the Online Safety Act, designed to shield the public from dangers posed by various online platforms, including social media and adult websites.
While Ofcom stated that the delays were beyond their control and that “change is underway,” Ms. Kendall remarked to the Guardian: “If they utilize their authority, they risk losing public trust.”
The father of Molly Russell, who tragically took her life at 14 after encountering harmful online material, expressed his disillusionment with Ofcom’s leadership.
Kendall did not offer any support when questioned about his faith in the regulator’s leadership.
Her comments come amidst worries that key components of the online safety framework may not be implemented until mid-2027—nearly four years after the Online Safety Act was passed—and that the rapid pace of technological advancement could outstrip government regulations.
Kendall also voiced significant concerns about “AI chatbots” and their influence on children and young adults.
This concern is underscored by a U.S. case involving teenagers who sadly died by suicide after forming deep emotional bonds with ChatGPT and Character.AI chatbots, treating them as confidants.
“If chatbots are not addressed in the legislation or aren’t adequately regulated—something we are actively working on—they absolutely need to be,” Kendall asserted. “Parents need assurance that their children are safe.”
With Ofcom Chairman Michael Grade set to resign in April, a search for his successor is underway. Ms. Dawes has been CEO for around six years, having served in various roles in public service. Ofcom declined to provide further comment.
Michael Grade will soon step down as chairman of Ofcom. Photo: Leon Neal/Getty Images
On Thursday, regulators imposed a £50,000 fine on the Nudify app for failing to prevent minors from accessing pornography. The app typically uses AI to “undress” uploaded photos.
Mr. Kendall stated that Ofcom is “progressing in the right direction.” This marks the second fine issued by regulators since the law was enacted over two years ago.
He spoke at the launch of a new AI ‘Growth Zone’ in Cardiff, which aims to draw £10 billion in investment and create 5,000 jobs across various locations, including the Ford Bridgend engine factory and Newport.
The government noted that Microsoft is one of the companies “collaborating with the government,” although Microsoft has not made any new investment commitments.
Ministers also plan to allocate £100 million to support British startups, particularly in designing chips that power AI, where they believe the UK holds a competitive edge. However, competing with U.S. chipmaker Nvidia, which recently reported nearly $22 billion in monthly revenue, may prove challenging.
On Wednesday, Labour MPs accused Microsoft of “defrauding” British taxpayers, as U.S. tech firms raked in at least £1.9 billion from government contracts in the 2024-25 financial year.
When asked for his thoughts, Mr. Kendall praised Microsoft’s AI technology being utilized for creating lesson plans in schools within his constituency but emphasized the need for better negotiation expertise to secure optimal deals. He also expressed a desire to see more domestic companies involved, especially in the AI sector.
A Microsoft spokesperson clarified that the NHS procures its services through a national pricing framework negotiated by the UK government, which “ensures both transparency and value for money,” stating that the partnership is delivering “tangible benefits.”
“The UK government chooses to distribute its technology budget among various suppliers, and Microsoft is proud to be one of them,” they added.
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