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How Art Can Enrich Your Life: Insights from Ali Smith, Tracey Emin, Claudia Winkleman, and Others in Art and Design

Posted on November 11, 2025 by

HHow often do you find yourself reaching for your phone? Are you quick to respond to notifications, getting lost in that small black screen during your commutes? What about while eating or as soon as you wake up? Does it give you a sense of richness and vitality? I’m equally guilty of the same habits. We swipe, like, and scroll in a world designed to capture our attention. But how can we dedicate just five or ten minutes to enrich our lives instead?

I enjoy seeking insights from artists. They encourage us to pause and consider different viewpoints and to appreciate the beauty of nature. The world is evolving right before our eyes, and artists remind us of the joy of creating and discovering within a landscape where AI might supplant our creativity. They help us see potential everywhere—whether it’s arranging words into sentences, crafting paragraphs into books, or using paint to conjure visuals. Their work can shift our perspectives, impart knowledge, and even instill a sense of calm.

It’s backed by science: 2024 survey commissioned by the British government highlights that engaging with art not only boosts physical and mental health but, as Sarah Carlsberg notes, “reduces healthcare costs and increases national productivity.” Recently, King’s College London reported that out of 50 participants aged 18 to 40 who viewed paintings, there was a 22% decrease in stress hormones. (In contrast, those who viewed digitally exhibited only an 8% reduction.)

No matter our situation, art and artists will always guide us. I’ve embraced the wisdom of creatives—whether for inspiration, reflection, relationship insights, or daily organization. This has led me to compile 366 short passages of daily wisdom into a new book titled how to live an artistic life.

Featuring insights from artists like Tracey Emin and Marina Abramovic, alongside writers like Ali Smith and Iris Murdoch, each entry includes reflections, rituals, encouragement, and creative exercises. The book follows the seasons (with January focusing on Beginnings, February on Love, August on Beauty, and November on Memory), allowing me to respond creatively to the artists’ words and engage everyone in the act of creation.

I wrote this book during a time of feeling uninspired and distracted. The words of these artists helped me rise above that fog. Did you catch writer Patricia Highsmith’s habit of making her workspace “as enjoyable as possible” by lounging in bed surrounded by cigarettes, coffee, and donuts? Or art critic Jerry Saltz’s advice to engage with those next to you in a museum by asking, “What do you think about that?” Dialogue sparks ideas. Museums have always served as spaces for conversation, community building, and direct connections—many of which are free to access in the UK.

“Cigarettes, mugs of coffee, donuts”… Author Patricia Highsmith discusses ways to enhance work life. Photo: Dino Fracchia/Alamy

When feeling overwhelmed, author Hisham Matar and broadcaster Claudia Winkleman suggest focusing on just one artwork at a time. Return to it later and take note of how your perception shifts with your circumstances. As you change, so does the artwork. If visiting a museum isn’t an option, consider exploring art online or in books, share it with someone, and inquire about their thoughts. As Smith remarked, “Whenever you stand in front of art, you participate in it and awaken something within you.”

Why do we engage with art? Perhaps it resonates with Paula Rego’s thought expressed to her son, director Nick Willing: “An artist travels to places unseen and returns with something both novel and instantly familiar.”

Living an “artistic life” doesn’t necessitate becoming an artist. It’s about enhancing what you already possess. As Laurie Anderson reminds us in her December entry (focusing on joy), prioritize “the things that make you feel free and truly good.” While many wellness programs come at a cost, artists like Abramovic emphasize the value of stillness: “Doing nothing is the genesis of something.”

Be present in the world. Engage with people. Visit places, big or small. Look up at the sky, rather than yourself mediated through technology. Let’s reclaim our focus and turn it towards one another. The new year is a gift. Go forth, seize it, and live artistically.

Examining Gender Bias in Facebook’s Job Ads: Insights from France’s Equality Monitoring Regulations

Posted on November 5, 2025 by

France’s equality regulator has determined that Facebook’s job advertising algorithm is discriminatory towards women, following an investigation that revealed a bias in job ads for mechanics favoring men, while ads for kindergarten teaching positions were predominantly shown to women.

The watchdog group, Défenseur des Droits, contended that Facebook’s targeted job ad system discriminates based on gender, which constitutes indirect discrimination. The regulator advised Facebook and its parent company, Meta, to implement measures to eliminate discriminatory practices in advertising and granted the company three months to inform French authorities of its actions.

According to the regulator’s ruling, “The system implemented for distributing job listings treats Facebook users differently based on their gender, thereby resulting in indirect gender discrimination.”

This ruling followed an initiative from Global Witness, a campaign organization focused on examining the influence of major tech firms on human rights, which posted advertisements on Facebook that included links to various job opportunities across countries like France, the UK, Ireland, and South Africa.

The findings revealed that, notably in France, 90% of individuals seeing ads for mechanic positions were men, whereas the same percentage of those encountering kindergarten teacher ads were women. Additionally, 80% of viewers for psychologist job ads were women, while 70% of those seeing pilot job ads were men.

Global Witness, along with French women’s rights organizations La Fondation des Femmes and Femme Ingénue, which had reached out to the rights group, praised the ruling.

In a joint statement, they remarked, “This seems to be the first instance where a European regulator has ruled that a social media platform’s algorithms exhibit gender discrimination, marking significant progress in holding these platforms accountable under existing legislation.”

“This decision conveys a powerful message to all digital platforms that they will be held responsible for such biases,” stated attorney Josephine Sheffet, representing the plaintiffs. “This legal principle establishes a crucial precedent for future legal actions.”

Mr. Mehta disputed the ruling, with a spokesperson stating: “We disagree with this decision and are exploring our options.”

Meta had agreed to modify Facebook’s algorithms in 2022 after allegations from the U.S. Department of Justice suggested that the platform’s housing advertising system discriminated against users based on criteria like race, religion, and gender.

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Chilling Effect: How Fear of ‘Naked’ Apps and AI Deepfakes is Driving Indian Women Away from the Internet

Posted on November 5, 2025 by

Gaatha Sarvaiya enjoys sharing her artistic endeavors on social media. As a law graduate from India in her early 20s, she is at the outset of her professional journey, striving to attract public interest. However, the emergence of AI-driven deepfakes poses a significant threat, making it uncertain whether the images she shares will be transformed into something inappropriate or unsettling.

“I immediately considered, ‘Okay, maybe this isn’t safe. People could take our pictures and manipulate them,'” Sarvaiya, who resides in Mumbai, expresses.

“There is certainly a chilling effect,” notes Rohini Lakshane, a gender rights and digital policy researcher based in Mysore. He too refrains from posting photos of himself online. “Given how easily it can be exploited, I remain particularly cautious.”

In recent years, India has emerged as a crucial testing ground for AI technologies, becoming the second-largest market for OpenAI with the technology being widely embraced across various professions.

However, a report released recently reveals that the growing usage of AI is generating formidable new avenues for harassment directed at women, according to data compiled by the Rati Foundation, which operates a national helpline for online abuse victims.

“Over the past three years, we’ve identified that a significant majority of AI-generated content is utilized to target women and sexual minorities,” the report, prepared by Tuttle, a company focused on curbing misinformation on social media in India, asserts.

The report highlights the increasing use of AI tools for digitally altering images and videos of women, including nudes and culturally sensitive content. While these images may be accepted in Western cultures, they are often rebuked in numerous Indian communities for their portrayal of public affection.

Indian singer Asha Bhosle (left) and journalist Rana Ayyub are victims of deepfake manipulations on social media. Photo: Getty

The findings indicated that approximately 10% of the numerous cases documented by the helpline involve such altered images. “AI significantly simplifies the creation of realistic-looking content,” the report notes.

There was a notable case where an Indian woman’s likeness was manipulated by an AI tool in a public location. Bollywood singer Asha Bhosle‘s image and voice were replicated using AI and distributed on YouTube. Journalist Rana Ayyub faced a campaign targeting her personal information last year, with deepfake sexual images appearing of her on social media.

These instances sparked widespread societal discussions, with some public figures like Bhosle asserting that they have successfully claimed legal rights concerning their voice and image. However, the broader implications for everyday women like Sarvaiya, who increasingly fear engaging online, are less frequently discussed.

“When individuals encounter online harassment, they often self-censor or become less active online as a direct consequence,” explains Tarunima Prabhakar, co-founder of Tattle. Her organization conducted focus group research for two years across India to gauge the societal impacts of digital abuse.

“The predominant emotion we identified is one of fatigue,” she remarks. “This fatigue often leads them to withdraw entirely from online platforms.”

In recent years, Sarvaiya and her peers have monitored high-profile deepfake abuse cases, including those of Ayyub and Bollywood actress Rashmika Mandanna. “It’s a bit frightening for women here,” she admits.

Currently, Sarvaiya is reluctant to share anything on social media and has opted to keep her Instagram account private. She fears this measure may not suffice to safeguard her. Women are sometimes captured in public places, such as subways, with their photos potentially surfacing online later.

“It’s not as prevalent as some might believe, but luck can be unpredictable,” she observes. “A friend of a friend is actually facing threats online.”

Lakshane mentions that she often requests not to be photographed at events where she speaks. Despite her precautions, she is mentally preparing for the possibility that a deepfake image or video of her could emerge. In the app, her profile image is an illustration of herself, rather than a photo.

“Women with a public platform, an online presence, and those who express political opinions face a significant risk of image misuse,” she highlights.

Rati’s report details how AI applications, such as “nudification” and nudity apps designed to remove clothing from images, have normalized behaviors that were once seen as extreme. In one reported case, a woman approached the helpline after her photo, originally submitted for a loan application, was misused for extortion.

“When she declined to continue payments, her uploaded photo was digitally altered with the nudify app and superimposed onto a pornographic image,” the report details.

This altered image, accompanied by her phone number, was circulated on WhatsApp, resulting in a flood of sexually explicit calls and messages from strangers. The woman expressed to the helpline that she felt “humiliated and socially stigmatized, as though I had ‘become involved in something sordid’.”

A fake video allegedly featuring Indian National Congress leader Rahul Gandhi and Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman promoting a financial scheme. Photo: DAU Secretariat

In India, similar to many regions globally, deepfakes exist within a legal gray area. Although certain statutes may prohibit them, Rati’s report highlights existing laws in India that could apply to online harassment and intimidation, enabling women to report AI deepfakes as well.

“However, the process is often lengthy,” Sarvaiya shares, emphasizing that India’s legal framework is not adequately prepared to address issues surrounding AI deepfakes. “There is a significant amount of bureaucracy involved in seeking justice for what has occurred.”

A significant part of the problem lies with the platforms through which such images are disseminated, including YouTube, Meta, X, Instagram, and WhatsApp. Indian law enforcement agencies describe the process of compelling these companies to eliminate abusive content as “often opaque, resource-draining, inconsistent, and ineffective,” according to a report published by Equality Now, an organization advocating for women’s rights.

Meanwhile, Apple and Meta have recently responded accordingly. Rati’s report uncovers multiple instances where these platforms inadequately addressed online abuse, thereby exacerbating the spread of the nudify app.

Although WhatsApp did respond in the extortion scenario, the action was deemed “insufficient” since the altered images had already proliferated across the internet, Rati indicated. In another instance, an Instagram creator in India was targeted by a troll who shared nude clips, yet Instagram only reacted after “persistent efforts” and with a “delayed and inadequate” response.

The report indicates that victims reporting harassment on these platforms often go unheard, prompting them to reach out to helplines. Furthermore, even when accounts disseminating abusive material are removed, such content tends to resurface, a phenomenon Rati describes as “content recidivism.”

“One persistent characteristic of AI abuse is its tendency to proliferate: it is easily produced, broadly shared, and repeated multiple times,” Rati states. Confronting this issue “will necessitate much greater transparency and data accessibility from the platforms themselves.”

Elon Musk, AI, and ‘Radical Left Activism’: Insights from Wikipedia’s Creator on Its Greatest Threat

Posted on November 5, 2025 by

Few websites are as essential to the internet as Wikipedia.

This digital encyclopedia was established by Jimmy Wales roughly 25 years ago while he was involved with the expert-driven initiative “Nupedia.”

Although Nupedia didn’t gain traction, its successor evolved into one of the most significant platforms online. Currently, there are over 7 million articles available in English alone.

So, where does Wikipedia stand as distinguishing fact from fiction becomes increasingly challenging and artificial intelligence (AI) transforms how we generate and access knowledge?

To explore this, BBC Science Focus held a discussion with Wales. He shared insights on the evolution of platforms over the last two decades, the challenge of sustaining trust and neutrality amidst misinformation, and how AI might shape the future.

SF: You’ve mentioned that social media contributes to a decline in trust. Can Wikipedia still thrive in such an environment?

JW: I believe we can certainly hold our own. I don’t necessarily view it as a competition, akin to business rivalries or transportation competition.

There’s a growing sentiment advocating for a shift from cultural conflicts to more thoughtful and respectful interactions, embracing differences, and promoting dialogue across divides.

Yet, division is an inherent aspect of human nature. For instance, when people discuss today’s youth, they often claim they lack attention spans and are perpetually glued to their phones. However, it’s evident that while they enjoy captivating short-form content, they can also binge-watch intricate TV series for extended hours.

Both represent facets of the human experience and can exist simultaneously—light-hearted social media and serious inquiry. Much like our dietary habits, we should ensure a balance, avoiding just junk food while incorporating nutritious options.

SF: How has Wikipedia managed to foster a relatively constructive culture while the rest of the internet seems to decline?

JW: I appreciate your use of “relatively constructive,” which recognizes that we face internal disputes and occasional anger—it’s part of being human.

It’s fundamentally about design—both in terms of software and what I term community design. It’s a blend of various factors.

When a business model relies heavily on ad revenue and user engagement, it becomes tempting to promote content that elicits longer viewing times, anger, or arguments, rather than happiness. This approach can be unhealthy in the long term.

Conversely, Wikipedia operates without ads and is funded by public donations. Thus, our model positions us as a charity, which means we aim to minimize clicks and keep users engaged without overwhelming them.

This necessitates a divergent approach to site design and community guidelines.

Civilized discussion is crucial. Without it, Wikipedia could become rampant with misinformation. I believe numerous foundational elements contribute to our success.

SF: Recently, Wikipedia has encountered increased criticism—Elon Musk even referred to it as “Walkpedia.” How do you feel about that?

JW: That’s unfortunate. When Elon labels us “Walkpedia,” he’s mistaken and misinformed. That assertion is baseless.

For instance, regarding transgender topics, there’s a common “gotcha” question: “What is a woman?” Wikipedia’s entry for “female” defines it as “an adult female human being.” This is indisputable, isn’t it?

Furthermore, the entry also addresses more nuanced discussions surrounding gender in society, which add depth.

Elon Musk recently introduced Grokipedia, an AI-powered competitor to Wikipedia – Credit: Getty

Claiming that we’ve turned into some sort of radical leftist organization is simply misguided. Of course, there are areas worthy of refinement. At times, you may examine an article and feel it’s unjust towards one party, and these instances require critical reflection and effort.

The solution lies in engaging more individuals. I would welcome more compassionate and thoughtful individuals who recognize bias in Wikipedia articles to realize that contributions stem from source material, rather than assuming it’s the work of some radical activist ready to block dissenters.

While certain perspectives may lack representation, we can incorporate them and work toward a more balanced viewpoint.

read more:

SF: As reliance on AI for information grows, could Wikipedia face obsolescence?

JW: I hesitate to say “never,” as the future of technology is unpredictable. However, at present, we don’t foresee a significant impact in that regard.

A Pew Research study indicates that Wikipedia appears in about 3% of the top 10 results in standard Google searches, whereas Google’s AI summaries link to Wikipedia approximately 6% of the time.

This dynamic means Wikipedia is frequently referenced in Google AI summaries, although fewer users are inclined to click those links. We’re not overly concerned about clicks, but it remains a trend to monitor.

Personally, I utilize AI extensively and have discovered that its strengths lie in scenarios that wouldn’t typically generate interest on Wikipedia.

Forty years ago, I would have assumed that the first AI able to write in English would be dull and purely factual, merely regurgitating information. Surprisingly, I find that AI excels in creative brainstorming. It’s impressively effective.

Jimmy Wales was the first individual to edit Wikipedia, writing “Hello, World!” right after its launch in 2001. – Credit: Getty

SF: Are you concerned that Wikipedia’s biases could influence the AI models trained on its extensive content?

JW: Absolutely. This is a crucial focus, particularly for those developing AI models.

From what I’ve observed, the largest data sources for most advanced language models (LLMs) are Wikipedia and Reddit. While both are valuable, they have inherent limitations, particularly since both are predominantly male-dominated.

We are striving for awareness, as Wikipedia prioritizes neutrality. Yet, if we’re not vigilant, we risk unintentionally reinforcing existing biases.

At the same time, LLMs can be trained and directed, making it feasible to envision an AI continuously navigating through Wikipedia, identifying biases, and flagging articles in need of revision.

If utilized appropriately, this process could highlight instances where, for example, articles about male Nobel Prize-winning economists mention their families, while articles about female winners do not. Such insights are intriguing and may go unnoticed.

This conversation has been condensed for brevity and clarity.

Jimmy Wales’ new book, The 7 Rules of Trust, is available for purchase now.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unraveling Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: New Insights into the Genetic Causes of PCOS

Posted on November 4, 2025 by

Visual representation of polycystic ovary syndrome showing enlarged ovaries

Science Photo Library / Alamy

Recent research has begun to shed light on the genetics behind polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), paving the way for potential new therapies.

PCOS affects up to 20% of women, leading to disrupted ovarian function characterized by at least two of the following: irregular or absent periods, elevated male hormones like testosterone, and the accumulation of immature eggs within cyst-like ovaries. Consequently, it can result in fertility challenges.

While the exact causes remain unclear, PCOS is believed to correlate with changes in the gut microbiome and hormonal imbalances during prenatal development. The condition also appears to have a hereditary component, with studies indicating that 70% of the risk is genetic. However, researchers have only pinpointed about 25 genetic mutations impacting sex hormone production and ovarian function, explaining roughly 10% of an individual’s risk.

To address this knowledge gap, Qiao Shigang and colleagues at Shandong University in Jinan, China, conducted a genomic study involving over 440,000 women from China and Europe, out of which 25,000 were diagnosed with PCOS, marking the largest gene analysis related to the condition to date.

The researchers discovered 94 genetic variants that appear to contribute to PCOS risk, with 73 being previously unrecognized. Notably, one mutation affects the gene responsible for the mitochondrial ribosomal protein S22, essential for mitochondrial function, an area that Zhao points out has connections in earlier studies discussing the link between PCOS and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Another newly identified variant impacts sex hormone-binding globulin, a protein that moderates the activity of sex hormones and is often found at reduced levels in women with PCOS.

Several of the remaining variants influence the function of granulosa cells in the ovaries, responsible for producing estrogen and progesterone and aiding in egg development during the menstrual cycle. This supports the hypothesis that PCOS is genetically influenced by fluctuations in sex hormone levels, according to Zhao.

In summary, the research indicated that these 94 mutations account for around 27% of the risk variation in PCOS among European participants and about 34% in the Chinese cohort.

“This study is significant because it enhances our understanding of the genetic factors associated with this condition,” remarks Elisabeth Stenner-Victorin from Karolinska Institutet, Sweden. Furthermore, it underscores the necessity of including diverse ancestral backgrounds in PCOS genetic research, according to Zhao.

Ultimately, the team identified medications that could modify the pathways affected by the recognized mutations. Some of these, like clomiphene, are already used for PCOS treatment; they stimulate ovulation which is often hampered by the syndrome. Additionally, the team discovered that betaine—sometimes utilized for homocystinuria treatment—might also benefit PCOS patients. Future studies using mice exhibiting PCOS-like symptoms could explore this treatment potential.

“Current treatments focus on alleviating symptoms, as there aren’t any medications that can cure PCOS,” states Stenner-Victorin. Typical interventions include clomiphene, contraceptive pills to manage periods, and metformin, a type 2 diabetes medication that may enhance fertility. However, effectiveness varies among individuals. “Identifying genetic clusters that affect PCOS risk will be essential for developing more targeted treatment strategies for these women,” she adds.

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Incredible Valuations of AI Firms

Posted on November 4, 2025 by

Greetings! Welcome to TechScape. I’m your host, Blake Montgomery. If you wish to subscribe to our newsletter, please share this email with 5 friends and encourage them to sign up, much like a chain letter promising 5 years of bad luck. This week in news, AI companies have reached astonishing financial highs, with valuations soaring to $5 trillion, a record $100 billion quarterly earnings, and a series of agreements totaling close to $600 billion.

The staggering numbers of the AI boom make criticism challenging.

Last week, Nvidia’s market valuation hit the $5 trillion mark. Just three months earlier, it had become the first company ever to reach a $4 trillion valuation. Similarly, Microsoft joined Apple in hitting the $4 trillion valuation last week. In addition, companies like Meta, Microsoft, Amazon, and Alphabet reported massive quarterly earnings. Notably, Google’s parent company generated $100 billion in its first quarter. Amazon experienced remarkable expansion in its cloud computing sector, leading to a 13% increase in its stock price. However, Meta faced an unexpected tax bill of $16 billion. All major tech firms except Apple have increased their capital spending forecasts, indicating plans to invest billions more in the essential infrastructure that backs AI. These revisions alone add tens of billions to an already staggering total in the hundreds of billions. For instance, Alphabet has projected capital expenditures of $91 billion to $93 billion for next year, an increase from the $75 billion initially stated in February and the revised $85 billion announced in July.

Not to be outdone by its publicly traded competitor, OpenAI has transitioned to a for-profit model and is contemplating an initial public offering with a potential valuation of $1 trillion. The world’s highest-valued startups are actively making deals, including a partnership with Nvidia that involves an investment of $100 billion in OpenAI as of September. Furthermore, Microsoft recently entered a contract with OpenAI for $250 billion in Azure cloud services. Oracle, another cloud services giant, also struck a $300 billion investment agreement with OpenAI in September. On Monday, the creator of ChatGPT announced a $38 billion deal with Amazon Web Services, as OpenAI commits to a staggering total of $588 billion in expenditures over the coming years.

Nvidia is now valued higher than Germany’s total annual economic output projected for 2025, estimated at $4.66 billion. To put this into perspective, Nvidia’s market capitalization surpasses the collective valuation of all German companies, which is expected to be approximately $2.4 trillion in 2024, according to the World Bank. No single company should eclipse the world’s third-largest economy, a nation with 83.5 million residents whose economic landscape supports an entire continent.

read more: Boom or bubble? Inside $3 trillion in AI data center spending | Artificial Intelligence (AI) | Guardian

Understanding the economics surrounding the AI boom poses significant challenges, hindering straightforward criticism. How should one respond to such overwhelming data? Even the keenest analyses can feel dwarfed by the magnitude of a billion-dollar data center. The scale of these figures defies comprehension; there’s hardly a personal context with which to relate. How do we consider a spending plan of $91 billion? What does it mean to make choices in the realm of hundreds of billions? It’s bewildering. Describing Meta’s earnings as “mixed” feels odd, yet that’s the assessment from Wall Street experts.

The boom has seen billions circulating in transactions between these corporations, raising red flags regarding inflated valuations and financial risk. If one entity stumbles, a domino effect could ensue, potentially dragging the U.S. economy down with it. Nonetheless, these companies show no signs of diminishing their collective enthusiasm.

File photo: COMPUTEX in Taipei
File photo: Nvidia Blackwell GPUs on display at COMPUTEX in Taipei, Taiwan, June 4, 2024. Reuters/Ann Wang/File photo
Photo: Anne Wang/Reuters

On the populist front, critics argue that AI has failed to establish any significant use cases beyond something as trivial as assisting with homework. Regardless of how many jobs a CEO might eliminate, replacements will remain inadequate. Approximately 95% of AI pilots that companies have undertaken have faltered, as MIT researchers discovered in August.

The economic magnitude of the AI boom is unfathomably vast, corresponding with its digital scale. Large language models like ChatGPT and Claude Sonnet operate partially through parameters—variables that help the model predict subsequent words. These invisible adjusters can modulate responses by the hundreds of billions, with projections indicating that GPT-5 could reach into trillions.

The physical ramifications of AI mirror the considerable economic scale of this technology. Dara Kerr, a technology reporter for the Guardian, recently reported from the Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center, which houses the largest data center in the nation along with several smaller establishments. She detailed its extraordinary scale:

The Tahoe-Reno Industrial Center stretches from Interstate 80 to the mountains of the arid Nevada desert. This vast complex encompasses tens of thousands of acres and houses roughly 200 companies involved in logistics, fulfillment, and data center technology, including Google, Microsoft, and Tesla. Some firms maintain multiple data centers spanning several times the length of a football field throughout desert valleys. This industrial area occupies 65% of the county’s land, creating a scale that’s nearly incomprehensible.

Should you purchase that gadget?

You can now wager on American elections by contributing to the President of the United States

US President Donald Trump
Photo: President Donald Trump via Truth Social and Reuters

Donald Trump’s Truth Social is collaborating with Crypto.com to facilitate betting on election outcomes, as announced by its parent company last week. Trump Media and Technology Group is set to launch a “Truth Prediction” feature allowing users to “trade predictive contracts on major events and milestones, ranging from political elections to changes in interest rates, inflation, commodity prices, and significant sports events,” although a launch date remains uncertain.

TMTG Director Devin Nunes stated regarding the feature, “For too long, elites have strictly controlled these markets. With Truth Prediction, we’re democratizing information, enabling regular Americans to harness collective wisdom and converting free speech into actionable foresight.” Ironically, Nunes criticizes the “global elite” from a position of notable power within the government.

There’s something unsettling about this arrangement, as if the contender in a match is simultaneously the bookmaker. Mr. Trump, as President, invites voters to invest in his campaign while implementing policies that directly impact the interest rates users can wager on. As he flirts with the notion of an unprecedented third term, does the American public want to take bets on his potential to achieve it?

Even creating the truth prediction feature seems like a dubious endeavor. Crypto.com has contributed $11 million to Trump’s initiatives, as reported by the Financial Times. Additionally, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission closed its investigation during Trump’s administration while the company sought banking authorization from regulators. Trump Media and Technology Group signed a substantial deal to acquire billions of dollars’ worth of Kronos, the token associated with Crypto.com.

Gambling has become increasingly ingrained in American culture, with trading on election outcomes only legalized last year. A recent analysis by the Financial Times observed that the betting volume on prediction markets like Karshi averages $1 billion each week. This trend initiated with sports betting, which has reached unprecedented levels. My colleague Brian Armen Graham discussed the fallout from a scandal that shook the professional basketball world before Halloween, dubbed Operation No Bet, leading to the arrest of NBA players, coaches, and dozens of others.

The NBA gambling scandal marks the peak of a lengthy relationship between professional leagues and the massive gambling industry, which has transitioned from partnership to controversy. This represents the most significant corruption crisis in Major League Baseball following the legalization of gambling in numerous U.S. states and serves as a clear reflection of how embedded gambling has become within professional sports.

When will politics face its own “no-bets strategy”?

Wider TechScape

Ancient Crayons Provide Insights into Neanderthal Art Creation

Posted on October 29, 2025 by

Neanderthals may have used ocher crayons to draw on cave walls

Golodenkov/Getty Images

SEI 272269083 — Neanderthals may have used ocher crayons to draw on cave walls

Golodenkov/Getty Images

A fascinating yellow crayon discovered in Crimea remains sharp after over 40,000 years, indicating that marking objects was a component of Neanderthal culture. This finding serves as the most compelling evidence so far that certain Neanderthal groups utilized colored pigments symbolically, a behavior previously believed to be exclusive to humans.

“It’s truly remarkable. It expands our understanding of the symbolic application of color,” states Emma Pomeroy from the University of Cambridge, who was not part of the study.

The use of ocher, an iron-rich mineral displaying red, yellow, and orange shades, has deep roots in Europe and Africa, reaching back at least 400,000 years. Ocher fragments have been found in numerous Neanderthal sites and seem to have been utilized for practical activities like tanning skins and igniting fires, sometimes being applied to seashell beads.

Neanderthals might have also decorated their bodies, clothing, and surfaces with ocher, although such marks have long since vanished. To delve deeper, Francesco d’Errico and fellow researchers from the University of Bordeaux in France undertook a thorough examination of ocher fragments from Neanderthal sites in Crimea, Ukraine. By analyzing how Neanderthals modified these fragments and examining their wear using a microscope, they gained insights into their usage.

The most intriguing of these ocher artifacts, dating back at least 42,000 years, was yellow and shaped like a crayon, measuring about 5 to 6 centimeters long. In-depth analysis revealed that the tip had been worn down through use and then resharpened, suggesting that it was regularly reused as a marking implement.

“This is a tool that has been refined and reshaped multiple times, making it quite unique,” remarks D’Errico. “It’s not merely a standard crayon; it exists as a crayon because of its use as such. It may have been utilized for drawing lines on skin or stone, reflecting artistic endeavors.”

Ocher fragment tip utilized as a crayon and subsequently sharpened

D’Errico et al., Sci. Advances 11, eadx4722

April Nowell, a professor at Victoria University in Canada who was not part of the study, concurs. “I only retain the dot on the crayon when I aim to create precise lines or designs,” she comments.

The research team also uncovered an even older broken crayon made from red ocher, potentially as old as 70,000 years.

“A small piece of ocher can convey a wealth of information,” says Pomeroy. “It connects with our shared humanity in a deeply emotional way.”

This Crimean crayon discovery contributes to a growing array of evidence of Neanderthal artistic capacity, which includes a 57,000-year-old finger carving found on a cave wall in France, and a mysterious circle created from stalagmites 175,000 years ago in another French cave.

These findings support the notion that symbolic behavior is not merely a recent development but has deep-seated roots in our evolutionary trajectory. “The cognitive capabilities associated with symbolic actions were likely present in our last common ancestor, encompassing Homo sapiens, Denisovans, and Neanderthals over 700,000 years ago,” notes Nowell.

Ancient caves, the origins of humanity: Northern Spain

Explore some of the oldest cave paintings in this picturesque area of northern Spain. Journey back 40,000 years to discover how our ancestors lived, created, and built their lives. From ancient Paleolithic art to stunning geological formations, every cave tells a distinctive and timeless narrative.

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Ex-Intel CEO’s Quest to Create Christian AI: ‘Accelerate the Second Coming of Christ’ | Tech Insights

Posted on October 28, 2025 by

In March, Patrick Gelsinger joined Intel’s executive team, just three months after being removed as the company’s CEO and facing litigation from shareholders. Gloo is a technology firm dedicated to what he describes as the “faith ecosystem,” providing Salesforce and chatbots for churches, along with an AI assistant designed to automate pastoral and ministry support.

Gelsinger’s transition comes at a time when the U.S. tech sector is re-engaging with political activities, as the second Trump administration revives religious conservatism in Washington, D.C. Some notable figures are funding Donald Trump’s re-election campaign and actively pursuing government contracts.

As the Executive Chairman and Head of Technology at Gloo (now free from shareholder lawsuits), Gelsinger aims to promote Christian values within the company’s initiatives. Silicon Valley, the state capital, and beyond have become focal points. He has attracted $110 million in strategic investments. His campaign encompasses a call for AI technologies that reflect Christian ethics, with high-tech products developed by Gloo designed around prevalent large-scale language models, customized to align with users’ theological beliefs.

“My life’s mission is to develop technologies that enhance the quality of life for every individual globally and accelerate the return of Christ,” he stated.

Speakers discuss trust conditioning in AI at the Gloo hackathon. Photo: Mike Mauser

Gloo claims to support “over 140,000 faith, ministry, and nonprofit leaders.” Although Gloo’s client base is smaller compared to major AI industry players, it’s worth noting that approximately 800 million users engage with ChatGPT weekly.

Gelsinger, a committed Christian, has described his “mission field” as influencing the culture of Silicon Valley. He observes a “very loud, very visible, very specifically Christian tech culture” emerging in the area. Scholars like Damian Williams from the University of North Carolina at Charlotte explore how religious beliefs shape technology, drawing parallels with figures like Peter Thiel and Andreessen Horowitz, who caution about the Antichrist’s looming presence without adherence to a particular technological framework. Katherine Boyle, closely connected with Vice President JD Vance, recognizes Gelsinger’s longstanding advocacy for Christian principles. In 2013, he founded Transforming the Bay with Christ, aimed at revitalizing the Christian spiritual movement in the region.

During a seminar co-hosted by a conservative university and the Christian Post on October 7, Gelsinger described AI’s development as “another Gutenberg moment,” a significant transformative change that parallels the Reformation. Just as Martin Luther used the printing press to ignite “the greatest age of human invention,” he perceives a similar faith-driven potential to alter history through AI today.

“The church adopted the great invention of its time to fundamentally change humanity,” Gelsinger remarked regarding the printing press. “So my inquiry today is whether we will embrace this? Can AI be molded into a technology that powerfully embodies the Church and its mission?”

Jesus Hackathon

Gloo aims to influence AI, Christianity, and faith technology beyond just Silicon Valley. The company also supports the Christian tech ecosystem through funding and events like a three-day hackathon that followed the seminar at Colorado Christian University. The event attracted over 600 participants vying for more than $250,000 in prizes, with participant numbers projected to triple by 2024.

Despite its growth, the hackathon faced challenges. Ryan Siebert, an AI product developer, discovered a vulnerability in Gloo’s latest LLM, which is not publicly available, and it provided him with a methamphetamine recipe due to prompt injection. He informed the president of Gloo AI about the issue. A spokesperson from Gloo mentioned that as the product is still in “pre-beta” development, participants were encouraged to test the new LLM and offer feedback.

Audience at the Gloo hackathon. Photo: Mike Mauser

Meanwhile, Gelsinger indicated that his message regarding Christian AI is resonating well in Washington, D.C. In a conversation with the Guardian, he mentioned introducing Gloo’s efforts to various legal advocacy groups and Congressional members. Although he didn’t specify the organizations or politicians, he noted that some Congress members have shown interest in integrating Gloo products into church activities.

Goo’s influence also spans conservative political circles. Brandon Showalter, a journalist for the Christian Post and co-host of the seminar with Gloo, expressed hope that society would view care for transgender youth as “unthinkable as an ice pick lobotomy.” An analyst at the Heritage Foundation, which is behind Project 2025, participated in a panel moderated by Showalter, providing insights on AI regulation. On October 17th, Gelsinger delivered his “Gutenberg Moment” speech at Liberty University’s CEO Summit, alongside keynote speeches from figures like Liz Truss, Michael Flynn, and Chick-fil-A’s Chairman, Dan T. Cathy.

Gelsinger appears just as at ease in these settings as he was as an honored guest at Joe Biden’s 2022 State of the Union address. Like a pragmatic industry leader, he also engages in public records and has supported political movements across party lines.

Gloo itself maintains an ecumenical tone in its messaging. The hackathon avoided political discussions and sectarian divides. In a Discord chat, participants shared plans to create an AI bot for a “biblical response” to the assassination of conservative figure Charlie Kirk, where organizers advised keeping conversations focused on Jesus, despite recognizing the relevance of politics. The hackathon team, comprised of Leah and Wes Brooks, produced open-source AI tools aimed at interoperability among faith-based and other applications, highlighting the diverse backgrounds of participants, including a female pastor. “I wasn’t even required to sign a faith declaration,” Leah Brooks remarked. Gloo also asserts it does not “prohibit” Islamic organizations from utilizing its technology.

Patrick Gelsinger. Photo: Mike Mauser

“We’re not aiming to take a theological stance. Our goal is to create a technology platform versatile enough for Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Catholics to effectively utilize it,” Gelsinger informed the Guardian. “We want to represent a broad spectrum of faith while also accommodating organizations that maintain a non-sectarian view,” such as Alcoholics Anonymous.

Gelsinger’s ambition is to integrate faith into AI technology. He leads Gloo’s Flourishing AI initiative, which assesses large-scale language models’ effects on human well-being across seven dimensions. Essentially, it evaluates whether a language model contributes positively to the religious lives of its users. This initiative draws from a research program at Harvard University’s human flourishing program. Models such as Grok 3, DeepSeek-R1, and GPT-4.1 score well on average for supporting users with financial inquiries, achieving around 81 points out of 100, but fare poorly in enhancing users’ spiritual growth, with an average score of just 35 points out of 100 according to Gloo’s metrics.

Gloo’s endeavors have yet to gain significant traction within Silicon Valley. A spokesperson stated that the IT department is “beginning to reach out” to leading AI firms.

“I want people to care,” Gelsinger remarked.

Unraveling the Genetics of Fibromyalgia: New Insights into Its Causes

Posted on October 24, 2025 by

Individuals with fibromyalgia exhibit different genetic mutations compared to those who do not have fibromyalgia.

Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library/Getty Images

Recent advances in our understanding of the genetics behind fibromyalgia, a poorly understood disorder characterized by widespread chronic pain, are emerging. Two large-scale studies have reinforced the notion that dysfunctions within the central nervous system significantly contribute to fibromyalgia. Nonetheless, other studies have indicated the involvement of alternative mechanisms such as autoimmunity, highlighting the complex, multi-faceted nature of this ailment.

Fibromyalgia is believed to impact 2-3% of the population. While the exact cause remains a mystery, treatment is challenging. A prevailing hypothesis suggests that individuals with fibromyalgia may experience alterations in how their central nervous system interprets pain signals, potentially triggered by infections or changes in gut microbiota.

To investigate the genetics involved, two research teams undertook genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to pinpoint genetic variations prevalent in fibromyalgia patients. Their focus rested primarily on single-letter mutations rather than more extensive genomic alterations which might have more pronounced effects.

The first study, led by Michael Weinberg at Mount Sinai Hospital in Toronto, Canada, encompassed participants from various countries, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Finland. This team gathered data from 54,629 individuals with fibromyalgia, primarily of European descent, and compared it to 2,509,126 individuals without the condition. Their findings revealed 26 genetic mutations linked to a higher risk of fibromyalgia.

Meanwhile, Joel Gelernter from Yale School of Medicine directed a second study utilizing datasets from the U.S. and the U.K. Their research involved 85,139 patients with fibromyalgia and 1,642,433 controls of mixed European, Latin American, and African ancestries. They identified 10 mutations associated with fibromyalgia among the European group, one in the African group, and 12 across diverse ancestries.

Both Weinberg and Gelernter opted not to give interviews as their studies await peer review.

“Both studies are truly commendable in terms of their participant numbers,” remarked Cindy Bohr from Erasmus Medical Center in Rotterdam, Netherlands.

In Weinberg’s study, the strongest association was linked to a variant of a gene called huntingtin, known for its role in causing Huntington’s disease. This condition results from repeating genetic sequences that prompt the production of faulty proteins. Conversely, the mutations associated with fibromyalgia are characterized by single-letter changes throughout the gene.

However, Bohr emphasizes that this mutation is unlikely to be the sole contributor to fibromyalgia. “It needs to be viewed alongside other risk factors and genetic elements.” There are likely thousands of contributing variants, along with external factors such as exposure to air pollution, she states. Larger studies are essential to uncover all contributing variants.

Despite certain limitations, the mutations identified by Weinberg’s team are found in genes linked to neuronal function, indicating that crucial mechanisms of fibromyalgia likely occur in the brain. Similarly, Gelernter’s research has highlighted variants previously connected to pain and neurologically related issues like post-traumatic stress disorder and depression.

These findings reaffirm a prevailing theory about fibromyalgia: “There’s a significant issue within the brain tissue,” said Bohr. Tracking these mutations may help identify key cell types, brain regions, and biochemical pathways that could become targets for future therapies. However, Bohr cautions that this is still years away unless existing drugs targeting known mechanisms prove relevant. Current treatments focus on approaches such as exercise, therapy, and antidepressants, though results are mixed.

Nevertheless, factors aside from genetics may also be influential. David Anderson and colleagues at King’s College London previously identified signs suggesting fibromyalgia may have autoimmune origins. In 2021, mice injected with antibodies from fibromyalgia patients exhibited symptoms like painful hypersensitivity and muscle weakness. Furthermore, research in September showed that these mice displayed atypical sensory responses, where nerves usually responsive to light touch began reacting to cold stimuli—mirroring the chronic pain experienced by fibromyalgia patients from non-painful stimuli, such as mildly lower temperatures.

“I firmly believe in the conclusions of our fibromyalgia research and anticipate that the findings will pivot the field’s focus toward autoantibodies [targeting the body’s tissues] and peripheral nerve cells [neurons outside of the brain and spinal cord], forming a new mechanism,” Anderson stated.

Bohr, however, points out that this recent research does not discount other theories. With rigorous statistical standards, while confident in the variants discovered and their implied mechanisms, they likely overlook many others. Gelernter and his team also detected several variants linked to autoimmune responses.

Professor Bohr characterizes this work as an essential “first step” towards understanding the roots of fibromyalgia. “What’s the pathway?” she inquires. “And is there something we can target?”

Topic:

New Insights into Why Birds Sing at Dawn

Posted on October 24, 2025 by

Zebra finches are commonly studied in captivity by biologists

Alamy

The morning chorus of birds has captivated poets and nature enthusiasts for centuries, yet the reasons behind this daily ritual remain unclear.

Recent experiments on zebra finches (Teniopygia guttata) indicate that even though darkness suppresses their songs, these birds experience a heightened inclination to sing at night, culminating in vocal bursts once night descends. Furthermore, the study implies that practicing their vocalization in daylight enhances their singing performance.

Satoshi Kojima and his team from the Korea Brain Research Institute in Daegu, South Korea, examined zebra finches raised in a lab with carefully controlled lighting to alter their light-dark schedules.

Initially, they postponed the bright light exposure for the finches by three hours from natural dawn. Under the fabricated darkness, the birds were awake yet silent, but once the light activated, they chirped more energetically than usual.

When the lights were turned on three hours prior to actual dawn, the finches resumed singing, although not as fervently as before.

Kojima explains that a longer delay between the birds waking and the onset of light results in a more intense dawn chorus.

“The birds remain awake in the dark before light arrives,” he notes. “Their natural inclination to sing is hindered by darkness, and this suppression amplifies their eagerness to sing, leading to a surge in singing immediately after the lights come on.”

The researchers subsequently trained the birds to pull a lever for 10 seconds of artificial light. When the simulated dawn was postponed by three hours, the birds engaged with the lever more often; conversely, when it was advanced, they used the lever less frequently.

The scientists administered Luzindole, a drug that counteracts melatonin, which is released at night and regulates awake cycles in numerous animals. Finches treated with the drug five hours before their normal light time awakened earlier and began to sing sooner than those given a saline solution.

Kojima and his colleagues also scrutinized the finches’ songs to observe alterations throughout the day. They discovered a notable shift in song structure between the first and second hours after dawn.

“Due to the lack of singing at night, the vocal motor system and song acoustic structure may experience slight degradation, but the dawn chorus rapidly restores or enhances them,” Kojima remarks.

While this research focused on a single species, Kojima believes that analogous factors could influence other birds. “Considering the simplicity of these mechanisms and their functional implications, we propose that they may underlie dawn choruses across various avian species.”

However, Diego Gil from the National Museum of Natural Sciences in Madrid, Spain, advises caution. “There are numerous differences among species regarding the how, when, and what they sing during their dawn chorus,” he says. “This diversity accounts for the 11 different hypotheses put forth to explain the phenomenon.”

Gill commended the study, noting that it demonstrates an increased inclination for birds to sing during pre-dawn hours. “If zebra finches experience extended nights without singing, they become more motivated to vocalize,” he explains. “They also indicate that these prolonged nights exceed their sleep requirements, prompting them to sing when given the chance.”

However, the study does not conclusively show that the purpose of the dawn chorus is to refine the birds’ songs, Gill adds. “Although these song structure alterations are believed to enhance the vocalization, there is no data to confirm that females favor these changes,” he notes. “The study merely suggests that songs evolve gradually over time.”

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Experiencing Life Without Tech: Insights from the AWS Outage

Posted on October 21, 2025 by

Workers were sent home, examinations were postponed, coffee machines required manual activation, and users of language apps feared that their hard-earned progress might be lost due to Monday’s global outage of Amazon Web Services. Meanwhile, some brushed off their temporary technological difficulties.

A malfunction in the AWS cloud service disrupted apps and websites for millions worldwide, impacting over 2,000 companies, including Snapchat, Roblox, Signal, the language app Duolingo, and various Amazon-owned businesses.

While many sites were operational again within a few hours, several continued to experience problems throughout the day. By Monday evening, Amazon reported that all cloud services had “returned to normal operations.”

However, amid the chaos disrupting essential services globally, there was an unexpected twist.

Amazon employees shared videos on TikTok enjoying a slow workday. Some were dancing in quiet warehouses, while others informed CNN that they had been dismissed.

“Those of us working at Amazon Flex have been sent home because the system can’t check us in or release us for pay. Due to this outage, we are uncertain if the 80 of us here will receive compensation,” James, a Texas resident, shared with the network.

Tiffini from Florida mentioned she had planned to start her Amazon delivery shift at 3:30 a.m., but the system was down. “I submitted a ticket, but due to issues with Amazon’s system this morning, I still don’t know if I’ll be paid for the missed block.”

Other social media users reported delays in medical and veterinary appointments, while some customers using Amazon’s virtual assistant Alexa encountered smart home disruptions.

“I use an Alexa-enabled smart plug to control my room lamps,” Christina, who requires crutches, told CNN. “During the outage, my smart plugs stopped responding. Before I could figure out the problem, I tried to reset one and ended up failing. Now they don’t work at all.”

Nonetheless, some Alexa users downplayed the incident.

“Because of the Amazon outage, Alexa wasn’t functional this morning, so I had to stumble out of bed in the dark, head to the kitchen, and manually turn on the coffee maker. I can’t live like this. You all can do without me,” one user shared. Posted by user X.

“I had to turn the lights on manually without Alexa’s assistance. It was a rough beginning to the day,” another user remarked on Reddit.

Many devoted Duolingo users, who track their consecutive practice days, were anxious about their progress being affected.

Some threatened to “riot” if their practice streaks were interrupted, others lamented that streaks exceeding 900 days had reset to zero, while one user on X targeted Amazon founder and CEO Jeff Bezos, saying, “What if I lost my 1,300-day Duolingo streak due to AWS? [Amazon Web Services] If the power goes out, I’ll personally throw an egg at Bezos’ bald head.”

Duolingo offered reassurance to users on Tuesday. Your streaks will be safe!

Conversely, for some individuals, web services like Canvas – an educational platform – became a reason for joy.

“I can’t grade on Canvas since Amazon Web Services is down. It’s so enjoyable not being able to work lol,” one BlueSky user commented.

“I can’t access midterm exams,” remarked one Reddit user. “I’m having a fantastic day.”

This Unusual Optical Illusion Could Reveal Insights into Animal Thought Processes

Posted on October 21, 2025 by

A recent study reveals that certain optical illusions can deceive some animals, though not all. This emerging research may offer fresh insights into how perception influences survival and evolution in different species.

The optical illusion examined in this research is known as the Ebbinghaus illusion, where two identical circles appear different in size because one is encircled by a larger circle, while the other is surrounded by a smaller one.

When observing the illusion overall, the outer circle misleads our brain into perceiving the inner circle as a different size. However, focusing solely on the inner circles reveals that they are indeed the same.

Our susceptibility to this illusion hinges on how our brains interpret visual information, whether as a cohesive whole or detailed parts.

To investigate how various animals perceive their surroundings, scientists at the University of Vienna in Austria recreated the Ebbinghaus illusion using bait, arranging circles of differing sizes around a central bait area.

The two orange circles are identical, yet the left one seems smaller due to the larger circle surrounding it. Conversely, the right circle appears larger – Credit: Getty Images

Next, they observed the responses of two fish species: guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and ring doves (Streptopelia risoria).

The findings indicated that guppies are reliably deceived by optical illusions, similar to humans; they often preferred to consume fish flakes within a smaller circle, perceiving them as larger food items.

In contrast, ring doves exhibited varying responses; some birds chose millet seeds surrounded by a smaller circle, while others opted for those within a larger circle.

The researchers concluded that these choices highlight how each species is uniquely equipped to interact with its environment and tackle its challenges.

For instance, guppies inhabit shallow tropical rivers, where they encounter flickering lights, thick vegetation, swift predators, and numerous other guppies.

Guppies might be influenced by an illusion, suggesting they perceive their environment contextually rather than focusing on minute details – Credit: Getty Images

Researchers believe that for guppies, quick judgment of which fish are safe in a visually cluttered environment is crucial for survival. Thus, making rapid decisions could be advantageous.

Conversely, wood pigeons spend their lives on the ground, foraging for seeds. For them, noticing fine details could be more beneficial than analyzing the broader scene.

Nevertheless, scientists have observed that some pigeons react as if they are misled by a hallucination, indicating variability within species, much like humans.

Overall, the team concluded that optical illusions can provide a valuable lens through which to explore the diverse perceptions across species.

read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Shedding 25 Pounds in 20 Days: My Experience on the Front Lines of a Global Cyberattack

Posted on October 18, 2025 by

Tim Brown will always remember December 12, 2020.

This was the day SolarWinds, a software company, learned it had been hacked by Russia.

As the chief information security officer, Brown quickly grasped the impact. The hack could potentially affect any of the company’s more than 300,000 customers globally.

The breach enabled hackers to remotely access systems of customers using SolarWinds’ Orion networking software, which included the U.S. Department of the Treasury, the National Telecommunications and Information Administration, and numerous businesses and public organizations.

Brown mentioned he was “running on adrenaline” during the initial days following the breach.

Amid full-time remote work due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the company’s email system was compromised, rendering it unusable for internal communication.

“We stopped taking calls, and everyone came into the office for COVID-19 testing,” Brown recalled. “I lost 25 pounds in about 20 days. I just kept going.”

He has been featured on CNN and 60 Minutes, along with major newspapers.

“The world is on fire. We’re working to inform people about what is secure and what isn’t.”

Brown indicated the company moved to Proton email and Signal during the email breach, as he received calls from companies and government entities worldwide, including the U.S. military and the COVID-19 vaccine initiative, Operation Warp Speed.

“People prefer spoken communication to written communication. That’s a crucial lesson. You can document things, but people want personal interaction,” said Brown during a talk at Cybercon in Melbourne.

“They want to hear the nuances, so it’s vital to be ready for that kind of response.”

How did the cyberattack unfold?

The notification of the breach came via a call from Kevin Mandia, the founder of cybersecurity firm Mandiant, to SolarWinds’ then-CEO, Kevin Thompson.

Mandia informed Thompson that SolarWinds had “shipped contaminated code” within its Orion software, which aids organizations in monitoring their networks and servers for outages.

According to Mandia, the exploits in Orion were utilized to infiltrate government agencies.

“What you can see from that code is that it wasn’t ours, so we realized right away this was serious,” Brown recalled.

Brown stated that SolarWinds was not the main target of the hack but served as a “conduit to it.” Photo: Sean Davey/The Guardian

The Texas-based company discovered that 18,000 people had downloaded the contaminated product, and hackers, later attributed to Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service, managed to inject it into Orion’s build environment where the source code is converted into software.

The news broke on a Sunday, and SolarWinds released the announcement before the stock market opened on Monday.

Initial estimates suggested that as many as 18,000 customers might be impacted, which later adjusted down to approximately 100 government agencies and businesses that were truly affected.

“I wish I had known that on the first day, but that’s the reality,” Brown says. “We weren’t specifically the target; we were merely a gateway to it.”

SolarWinds enlisted the help of CrowdStrike, KPMG, and law firm DLA Piper to respond and investigate.

Aftermath: heart attack

For the next six months, SolarWinds suspended the development of new features and redirected its team of 400 engineers to focus on systems and security to restore the company’s stability.

“We prioritized transparency—how can we ensure people understand what threats there are, how those actors operate, how they gather information, how they execute attacks, and how they withdraw?”

Brown noted that the company’s customer renewal rate dropped to around 80% in the aftermath but has since risen back to over 98%.

However, legal consequences soon followed.

In 2021, the Biden administration enacted sanctions and expelled Russian diplomats in response to the attack.

In 2022, SolarWinds settled a class action suit related to the incident for $26 million. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) initiated a lawsuit against SolarWinds and Brown personally in October 2023, alleging that the company and Brown misled investors regarding cybersecurity measures and failed to disclose known vulnerabilities.

Mr. Brown has remained with SolarWinds since the cyberattack. Photo: Sean Davey/The Guardian

Brown was in Zurich when he became aware of the charges.

“As I ascended a hill, I felt out of breath, my arms were heavy, and my chest was tight—I wasn’t getting enough oxygen,” he recalled. “I made a poor decision and flew home. I couldn’t walk from the terminal to my car without pausing; it was a journey I had made countless times.”

He was experiencing a heart attack. Upon returning home, his wife took him to the hospital for surgery, after which he recovered.

“The stress continued to mount, leading me to think I was handling it well without proactively visiting a doctor,” he explained.

Now, Brown is advocating for companies facing similar crises to engage psychiatrists to assist employees in managing stress.

“My stress levels were at a peak, and I was really close to the edge, though the pressure had been building for a while.”

A proposed confidential settlement with the SEC was announced in July but still awaits approval. The finalization of the agreement has faced delays due to the U.S. government shutdown.

Mr. Brown has remained with SolarWinds throughout this entire ordeal.

“This happened on my watch, and that’s how I perceive it. There are factors that contributed, like a state-sponsored attack, but it still occurred under my supervision,” he reflected.

“I admit I can be stubborn, but it was paramount for us to navigate this entire process, and leaving before it was resolved wasn’t an option.”

Study Reveals Plug-In Hybrids Emit Nearly the Same Pollution as Gasoline Vehicles

Posted on October 16, 2025 by

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) release nearly five times more greenhouse gas emissions than reported statistics suggest. I found a report detailing this issue.

These vehicles can operate on electric batteries as well as internal combustion engines and have been promoted by European manufacturers as a means to travel longer distances while lowering emissions—offering an alternative to fully electric cars.

Research indicates that PHEVs emit just 19% less CO₂. An analysis from the nonprofit organization Transport and Environment was released on Thursday, showing laboratory tests estimated 75% less pollution.

Researchers examined data from fuel consumption meters in 800,000 vehicles registered in Europe between 2021 and 2023, discovering that the real carbon dioxide emissions from PHEVs in 2023 were 4.9 times greater than those from standardized lab tests, an increase from 3.5 times in 2021.

“While official emissions are declining, actual emissions are on the rise,” remarked Sofia Navas Goelke, a researcher at the Institute for Transport and Environment and co-author of the report. “This widening gap is becoming a significant issue. Consequently, PHEVs are now polluting nearly as much as traditional petrol vehicles.”

The researchers identified that much of this disparity stems from an overestimation of the “utility factor” (the proportion of miles driven in electric mode compared to total miles), finding that only 27% of driving was done in electric mode, versus the official estimate of 84%. The analysis noted that the European Commission proposed two amendments to the utility coefficient ratio, which lessened the gap but didn’t eliminate it entirely.

Even when operating in electric mode, pollution levels were found to be significantly higher than official figures suggest. Researchers indicated this was due to the electric motor being insufficient for sole operation, with the engine burning fossil fuels for almost one-third of the distance traveled in electric mode.

Patrick Plotz, head of energy economics at the Fraunhofer Institute for System Innovation, who did not participate in the study, described it as a “very useful contribution” to ongoing discussions, as some in the automotive industry have claimed there’s insufficient data to accurately gauge real emissions.

“Without a doubt, the disparity between official and actual fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions for PHEVs is substantial,” Plotz remarked. “Their emissions are much higher than those of gasoline or diesel cars,” referring to the study on the topic. “Any policy adjustments regarding PHEVs should be thoughtfully considered in the context of this data.”

Hybrid vehicles have re-entered political discourse as automakers urge the EU to ease carbon emission targets. The push to ban new internal combustion engine vehicles by 2035 is facing strong lobbying from the auto sector, along with resistance from member states with significant automotive industries.

“There should be no significant reductions in 2035,” stated German Chancellor Friedrich Merz following a summit with Germany’s struggling automotive sector, committing to “do everything possible in 2035.” Other senior German leaders have cited plug-in hybrids as an example of “flexibility” that could be integrated into the legislation.

Researchers calculated that the undervaluation of PHEV emissions artificially facilitated compliance with the EU’s average vehicle CO2 regulations, enabling four major car manufacturers to evade over €5 billion (around £4.3 billion) in fines between 2021 and 2023. The study indicated that PHEV drivers are likely to incur approximately €500 more in annual running costs than expectations based on lab tests.

“The exaggerated claims made by manufacturers regarding their plug-in hybrid vehicles are clearly misleading,” observed Colin Walker, a transportation analyst at Energy and Climate Intelligence.

“Consumers are misled into thinking that by choosing a PHEV, they are aiding the environment and saving money,” he pointed out. “In reality, PHEVs are only marginally more efficient than regular petrol and diesel vehicles concerning fuel and CO₂ consumption, resulting in higher operation costs.”

UK Security Officials Report 50% Surge in Cyberattacks Over the Past Year | Cybercrime Insights

Posted on October 14, 2025 by

‘Extremely serious’ cyber-attacks have surged by 50% over the past year, with UK security agencies now addressing a new nationally significant attack every two days, according to the latest data from the National Cyber Security Center (NCSC).

In what officials are calling a “call to arms,” national security leaders and ministers are encouraging all organizations, from small businesses to major corporations, to develop contingency strategies for the possibility that their “IT infrastructure is compromised.” [is] Tomorrow, all screens could potentially be rendered [go] Blank.”

The NCSC, a division of GCHQ, stated in its annual report released on Tuesday that a “highly sophisticated” China, along with a “competent yet reckless” Russia, Iran, and North Korea, represent the primary national threats. This rise is fueled by ransomware attacks from profit-driven criminals and society’s growing dependence on technology, resulting in more potential targets for hackers.

Prime Minister Rachel Reeves, Security Secretary Dan Jarvis, and Technology and Business Secretaries Liz Kendall and Peter Kyle have contacted the leaders of hundreds of the UK’s largest companies, urging them to elevate cyber resilience to a board-level concern and cautioning that hostile cyber activities in the UK are becoming “more intense, frequent, and sophisticated.”

“We must not make ourselves an easy target,” stated Anne Keast-Butler, GCHQ’s director. “It’s critical to prioritize cyber risk management, integrate it into governance, and set a tone from the top.”

The NCSC dealt with 429 cyber incidents from the past year up to September, with nearly half considered to be of national significance, a figure that has more than doubled in the last year. Among these, eighteen incidents were categorized as “very serious,” indicating they profoundly affected governments, essential services, the public, and the economy. Many of these were ransomware attacks, with Marks & Spencer and Co-op Group among those heavily impacted.

“Cybercrime poses a significant threat to our economy’s security, businesses, and the lives of individuals,” Jarvis remarked. “We are working tirelessly to combat these threats and support organizations of all sizes, but we cannot do this alone.”

The NCSC refrained from commenting on reports suggesting it is investigating possible Russian involvement in the severe attack on Jaguar Land Rover, which has halted production. This report indicated that Russia is encouraging unofficial “hacktivists” to target the UK, the USA, as well as European and NATO nations.

Last month, a cyberattack disrupted passenger services at numerous European airports, including London Heathrow.
Photo: Isabel Infantes/Reuters

Overall, the number of attacks up to September signifies the highest level of cyber threat activity recorded by the NCSC in the last nine years. For the first time in a year, the UK and its allies have detected Russian military units executing cyber attacks, provided recommendations against a China-linked campaign affecting thousands of devices, and raised alarms over cyber attackers affiliated with Iran, as noted by the NCSC. Domestic threats also persist, with two 17-year-old boys arrested in Hertfordshire last week following an alleged ransomware hack of children’s data from the Kido nursery chain.

Hackers are increasingly incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance their activities, and although the NCSC has not yet encountered an AI-driven attack, they predict that “AI will almost certainly present cyber resilience challenges by 2027 and beyond.”

“We observe attackers improving their capacity to inflict significant damage on the organizations they compromise and those dependent on them,” commented Richard Horne, NCSC’s chief executive. “Their disregard for their targets and the harm they cause is clear. This is why all organizations must take action.”

He emphasized the psychological toll inflicted on victims of cyberattacks, stating, “I have been in numerous meetings with individuals profoundly affected by cyberattacks on their organizations. I am aware of the anxiety, the sleepless nights, and the consequent turmoil caused by such disruptions for employees, suppliers, and customers.”

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“Experts Discuss Addressing News Violence with Children: ‘No Topic Is Off-Limits'” | Parenting Insights

Posted on October 7, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

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Last month, right-wing commentator Charlie Kirk was killed, and videos of his shooting quickly circulated on social media. Nowadays, anyone with a smartphone can access distressing videos, images, and a significant amount of misinformation. While experts have raised concerns about the potential negative effects of smartphones on children’s and teenagers’ mental health, many young individuals still have unrestricted access to their devices.

The Guardian consulted seven experts on how to effectively discuss troubling news with children, including the appropriate age to start these conversations and what should be avoided.

Expert Panel:

Anya Kamenetz, Journalist and Publisher Golden Hour Newsletter
Psychiatrist and Executive Director, Clay Center for Young Health Mind, Massachusetts General Hospital
Tara Conley, Assistant Professor of Media and Journalism at Kent State University.
Dr. Tricordino, Licensed Clinical Psychologist based in Ohio
Jill Murphy, Chief Content Officer, Common Sense Media
Ashley Rogers Burner, Professor at Johns Hopkins University
Holly Korbey, Author of Building Better Citizens

What is the best way to discuss bad news with children? Or issues related to climate disasters?

Anya Kamenetz: First, ascertain what they already know or have heard. Children often get snippets from school and social media, so it’s essential to gauge their understanding. Providing a few clear facts can clarify misconceptions. Watch content together online and demonstrate balanced information consumption. Once you’ve covered the basics, ask if they have any questions and inquire about their feelings on the matter.

Eugene Belesin: Children of all ages typically have three primary concerns: Am I safe? Are you taking care of me? How does this impact my life? Therefore, I want to ensure I listen to their worries, validate their feelings, and encourage them to express those concerns.

Tara Conley: Establishing practical channels for communication is essential when discussing upsetting news with children. Consider creating a family group chat or dedicated online and offline spaces where young people feel connected and supported.

What is the best approach to talk to children about graphic content, like the videos involving Charlie Kirk?

Tricordino: I know numerous teenagers, and I’ve been truly surprised by their reactions. Particularly among younger children, there may be a sense of confusion, feeling that “I shouldn’t have watched that, so I can’t even discuss it with my parents.” It’s critical that they feel comfortable discussing these experiences with trusted adults. It’s important to convey that continuously seeking out such videos can have lasting effects.

Ashley Rogers Burner: When children learn about acts of violence, it’s crucial to be honest with them. Parents should reinforce democratic values, emphasizing peaceful conflict resolution without resorting to violence. Additionally, reassure them that responsible authorities deal with violent acts, and such events are relatively rare.

How can parents help children navigate misinformation?

Holly Korbey: Parents must understand that when their children are on their phones, they are exposed to relentless streams of distressing news. Moreover, the mixed messages from political figures, telling them “Don’t trust the news,” can create confusion.

Parents need to encourage fact-checking. If children encounter something particularly frightening, guide them towards reliable journalistic sources to verify its accuracy.

Cordino: Children are drawn to phones since it’s a key communication tool with their peers and a means of understanding their world. Rather than simply sidelining the device, we should focus on establishing positive technology habits early on. It’s important to frame guidelines around device usage and allow appropriate access.

While a one-size-fits-all strategy won’t work, generally, limiting access initially for younger users is advisable (fewer social media apps, stricter time limits). For all children, it’s beneficial to avoid having devices in bedrooms overnight or allowing unsupervised use behind closed doors. I highly recommend Common Sense Media for families seeking resources on this issue.

Conley: Instilling critical media literacy skills early will help children comprehend how media and technology shape social behavior and interactions. Here are some resources for parents/caregivers: Tips for Adults to Support Children Consuming Scary News. The American Academy of Pediatrics also offers insights on Creating a Family Media Plan.

With the current political landscape being highly polarized and violent, how should such discussions be approached?

Korbey: I believe no topic should be off-limits. Students need exposure to controversial subjects to become politically active. Engaging in discussions at the dinner table is perfectly acceptable.

Jill Murphy: Children and teenagers are bound to have numerous questions, which can serve as a springboard for deeper discussions regarding political or cultural matters. Parents should reaffirm their values and perspectives, while actively listening to their children’s curiosities and concerns.

What pitfalls should parents and caregivers avoid when discussing news with children?

Kamenetz: Avoid having TV news playing in the background. Although I understand the tendency because of my background in journalism, depending on how a story unfolds, it might be wise to minimize that exposure as well. Depending on the child’s age, there’s often no need to volunteer excessive information unless it’s explicitly asked for. Children process information at different paces, and their developmental needs can vary significantly.

Conley: It may also be prudent not to pretend to have all the answers. Children can sense when we do, and it’s essential to be humble about what we don’t know.

How do you reassure children when faced with significant risks to safety, such as climate change, school shootings, or police violence?

Conley: I recall my college years, when numerous global incidents unfolded, from September 11 to Hurricane Katrina. My father occasionally wrote me letters offering guidance or encouragement. I cherish those letters as reminders of our shared humanity.

Thus, I encourage parents and educators to consider practical activities like Letter Writing Activities. Simply writing to the young people in your life can be tremendously impactful.

Cordino: During instances like school shootings, we shouldn’t exacerbate children’s distress. Instead, we aim to ensure they take school safety drills seriously and follow the guidance provided by their educational institutions.

As a parent, how do you provide reassurance to your child while navigating your own concerns about the news?

Kamenetz: It’s crucial for parents to establish a supportive network; you must tend to your own well-being first, which includes voicing your concerns. Model healthy news consumption habits by avoiding distressing content before bedtime and fostering family routines that serve as news-free zones.

Conley: I encourage both young people and adults to seek out helpers—echoing the wisdom of Fred Rogers. Be a helper. Recent research shows that providing support, such as through volunteering, can help us manage certain stressors more effectively. Helping others often improves our own well-being.

When is the right age to initiate these important conversations?

Murphy: Given the rapid exposure of children and teens to news, often through influencers, it’s best for parents to communicate age-appropriate information and begin conversations early.

Kamenetz: Often, we don’t have a choice in these matters. I never intended to explain to my three-year-old that she was in lockdown due to a global pandemic, but reality prevailed, and today she’s a happy and healthy eight-year-old.

Steam World Lifecycle – Sci-Worthy Insights

Posted on October 6, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The primary goal of contemporary astronomy is to search for extraterrestrial life. All organisms on Earth require water, prompting scientists to postulate that locating water in space is essential for finding Earth-like life elsewhere. Discoveries indicate that substantial amounts of water exist in space, often in surprising locations. For example, researchers have identified frosty Calderas on Mars and water geysers on Saturn’s Moon Enceladus, among other sites, including the worlds of water surrounding other stars.

Nonetheless, water-rich exoplanets do not necessarily mimic Earth. A prevalent category of exoplanets known as Sub-Neptunes can be 2-4 times Earth’s radius, typically composed of more gas and ice. Researchers have determined the density of these sub-Neptunes, suggesting they may possess a substantial inner layer rich in water, encased in hydrogen layers. This structure diverges from Earth’s, which features thin surface oceans and expansive underground water reserves.

Additionally, scientists have found numerous sub-Neptunes in close orbit to their stars, revealing that they maintain elevated equilibrium temperatures. Consequently, these exoplanets are unable to sustain liquid water layers; instead, they exhibit a vapor atmosphere above a water layer in a state between liquid and gas, referred to as supercritical.

Gas and supercritical fluids dominate over liquids, resulting in Steam Worlds that are inflated compared to colder sub-Neptunes. Their larger radius is sensitive to temperature changes, causing them to expand as they move away from their host star and contract as they approach it. Although scientists have developed computer models of steam worlds previously, outcomes varied as they overlooked either contraction effects or aged deformation.

In pursuit of a clearer understanding of these steam worlds, a collaboration between US and UK scientists generated dynamic simulations of the known exoplanet GJ 1214B to assess its transformations over 20 billion years. Their model featured planets orbiting a red star with a mass less than seven times that of Earth and a radius exceeding 3.3 times Earth’s, with equilibrium temperatures around 540°F (280°C). They structured the model planet across five distinct layers: an inner iron core, varying upper and lower mantle compositions, a high-pressure ice layer, and an external fluid water envelope.

To monitor the temperature changes within their steam world over time, the research team focused on its interior rather than the outermost layer. For planets with vaporous outer layers subjected to solar evaporation, internal temperatures can exceed expectations since atmospheric gases can trap more heat than escape to space. This explains why Venus, the second planet from the Sun, is hotter than Mercury, the closest planet to the Sun.

The team found that their model exoplanet generally cooled and contracted over its lifespan. Starting with a radius over 3.3 times Earth’s and internal temperatures near 1,300°F (700°C), within less than 10 million years, its radius reduced to 2.9 times Earth’s with an internal temperature of 260°F (130°C). After 100 million years, it measured 2.7 times Earth’s radius, while internal temperatures dropped to -190°F (-120°C). Ultimately, after 20 billion years, the model planet’s radius was 2.6 times that of Earth, with a frigid interior temperature of -400°F (-230°C).

The final findings revealed a cooler interior exoplanet, smaller than earlier models of water-rich sub-Neptunes, indicating that it remained tightly compressed and did not lose mass. A denser planet holds less steam in its outer layers. Additionally, its inner ice layer was influenced by chemical transformations between ice and cold plasma, exhibiting properties of both liquid and solid forms, termed superion ice.

The researchers conceded that their model may not accurately reflect real sub-Neptunes, as they assumed pure water layers within the steam world. In reality, these layers likely contain chemical impurities, accompanied by an outer hydrogen and helium gas shell. Nonetheless, they posited that these outcomes could aid international researchers in better deciphering the entirety of Sub-Neptunes, as they indicate a potential relationship between a sub-Neptune’s radius, its density, and the age of its host system. All three characteristics are currently under examination in ongoing missions like JWST and Gaia.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Delivery Robots Are on the Horizon: Insights from Skype Co-Founder on His Fastest Venture, Starship

Posted on October 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

cResidents globally have adapted to take-out food and speedy grocery deliveries. However, many are still getting accustomed to seeing a robot arrive at their doorstep. Ahti Heinla, co-founder of Skype, is determined to change that with his new endeavor.

Heinla is the CEO of Starship Technologies, a startup he asserts is more cost-effective than using human delivery drivers, particularly in smaller towns and villages where delivery had previously been impractical.

“We addressed every challenge that existed,” Heinla remarked while having lunch at a London hotel. “You can mark the year and the months, but it’s clear: this will happen.”

Residents in Manchester, Leeds, Cambridge, and Milton Keynes in the UK, along with those in Estonia and Finland, have already begun receiving their food and groceries via these robots. They are becoming increasingly mainstream, even attending garden parties at 10 Downing Street and featuring in episodes of popular shows. Starship has executed 8 million deliveries with just 200 employees, aiming to expand significantly.

Heinla, having already made substantial profit from co-founding a company that became a household name, speaks of his ambition with enthusiasm.

In 2000, Heinla worked with Niklas Zennström, a video game developer and Skype co-founder, and fellow Estonian Jaan Tallin, to swiftly develop new coding. This effort led to the creation of the file-sharing software Kazaa, followed by similar techniques used for Skype. The six-member founding team sold Skype to eBay in 2005 for $3.1 billion (£2.3 billion).

Reflecting on the era of emerging tech, Heinla mentioned that Skype’s closure this year brought back memories. While he didn’t disclose his earnings, he indicated that he could travel in a private jet if he so desired.

Ahti Heinla believes robotics can “enhance everyone’s lives” through autonomous delivery. Photo: None

Yet, he insists, “Even if they’re capable, I’m not just chasing after money. I don’t need more wealth. Why should I want a palace? What’s the purpose?”

Instead, Heinla emphasized that achieving effective autonomous driving is a key way robotics can “integrate into everyone’s lives.”

After departing from Skype, Heinla explored various ventures, including attempts at social networking. In 2014, he entered a NASA contest to design an affordable Mars rover. Although NASA didn’t select his design, it was capable of traversing both extraterrestrial and urban terrains using radar, cameras, and ultrasound sensors that learned from their experiences.

By 2017, the robot was navigating in Estonia, accompanied by a model referred to as the “Safety Walker.” Heinla boasts that it became the first unsupervised robot operating autonomously in public settings. In 2018, the company commenced a pilot commercial service on the predictable roads of Milton Keynes, collaborating with Estonia’s high-tech company Bolt, and UK co-op supermarket chains along with US food delivery companies like Grubhub.

A robotics delivery vehicle in Milton Keynes, UK. Photo: Justin Long/Aramie

Starship may boast the world’s largest fleet of self-driving vehicles; however, as technology progresses, competition intensifies. Rival companies include the Saudi Arabia-backed Noon, and US startups like Nuro. Additionally, there’s stiff competition from numerous firms developing autonomous vehicles, including Tesla and Baidu.

A compelling competitor is Manna Aero from Dublin, a startup already utilizing flying drones for deliveries like coffee and pizza. Amazon and Google’s sister company, Wing, have also ventured into drone-based services.

A recurring issue for many of these businesses is encountering inconsistent regulations. Starship has had to negotiate with various UK councils, while in Finland, they service one million residents under national laws established for robot use on sidewalks, serving a population of 5.6 million. Meanwhile, the UK has far fewer robots catering to its 69 million population.

“We’re ready to invest in the UK for large-scale expansion, but we require regulatory clarity,” Heinla stated. “The number of robots in the UK is lower than in Finland, but there’s potential for growth. Many more robots could operate here.”

He highlighted a potential client in the UK that initially plans to deploy robots at 200 locations, with aspirations to expand to 800 sites, including areas beyond major towns and cities.

Testing a Starship Technology robot crossing the road in Northampton, UK. Photo: Brian Tomlinson/Starship Technologies

“That’s the unique capability of a robot,” Heinla stated. “Our goal is to introduce delivery services to small towns in the UK. We are prepared to invest in scaling these operations.”

While many economists and futurists warn about robots replacing human jobs, Heinla contends that Starship robots are addressing the growing demand for deliveries, allowing humans to focus on longer and more complex tasks. He further asserts that these robots help smaller businesses “thrive economically and compete against larger establishments,” enhancing overall capabilities.

Starship has raised just 200 million euros (£175 million) in funding, a modest sum compared to the billions amassed recently by rapid delivery companies that still rely on human workers. Many of these companies have fizzled out after initially attracting substantial investments, such as Getir and Gorillas.

The initial investment in a robot is relatively high—thousands of pounds, though not exceeding 10,000 euros, according to Heinla. However, the cost per delivery can compete with traditional human services. He declined to provide precise figures but stated that the Starship delivery model is cash-generative.

“While we’re not fully profitable yet, we are confident,” he clarified.

Some retailers question whether robots can outperform human delivery services offered by companies like Recrioo and Uber Eats. Nonetheless, Heinla argues that robots eliminate costs associated with downtime, making them viable options for urban restaurants and retailers in low-density areas.

“Almost every delivery service could benefit from this,” he asserted. “At a certain point, using robots becomes significantly cheaper, making it the obvious choice.”

Superior to Standard Running Shoes for Swamp Trails: Expert Insights on Top Fitness Techniques and Gadgets

Posted on October 1, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The fitness technology scene is thriving like never before, offering numerous ways to monitor and analyze every run, ride, or workout session. From high-tech carbon-plated running shoes to innovative foam floats for the pool, the latest wave of fitness gear aims to help you break records, win races, and enhance your athletic performance.

Not all devices, wearables, or training tools align with your fitness goals, so it’s crucial to know where to invest your hard-earned money. To sift through marketing hype, I consulted various sports experts to pinpoint technologies that truly make a difference. Surprisingly, the most effective options aren’t always the latest or most expensive models—some are quite simple.

Top Fitness Technologies and Gadgets

Cycling

Photo: Photoschmidt/Getty Images

Jake Hales, Head Coach Ride Revolution

Pedals and Shoes

Transitioning to clipless pedals enhances your cycling by allowing more efficient circular movements instead of a rigid push-down motion. This also secures your feet in place for greater comfort during long rides, minimizing chain issues when dismounting.

For an accessible entry into clipless pedals, consider mountain bike pedals, which work on both sides, making entry and exit easier than road bike pedals that only clip in from one side. These pedals often come with simple, removable shoe cleats for easy walking.

Rock Rider Mountain Bike Shoes

£79.99 at Decathlon

Shimano Clipless Cycling Pedal

£27.99 at Halfords

£28.62 on Amazon

Turbo Trainer and Third-Party Training Software

For beginners, a turbo trainer can transform your bike into an effective indoor training tool. Advancements in technology have made these trainers more user-friendly. Hales notes, “The main advantage of a turbo trainer is environmental control, eliminating distractions from traffic or road conditions, allowing you to focus on your specific training sessions.”

Today, turbo trainers come equipped with engaging software like Zwift or Rouvy, making indoor training more exciting than ever before.

Zwift

Starting at £17.99 a month on Zwift

Running

Photo: Westend61/Getty Images

Doug Stewart, Head Coach TMR Coaching

GPS Watch

A GPS watch is invaluable for runners, offering the ability to record distance and speed while tracking progress. This functionality serves as great motivation.

Following a training plan becomes easier, guiding when to increase pace or slow down. The data collected allows for assessment of the runner’s efforts.

Choose a reliable running watch; the Apple Watch is sleek but may lack in data accuracy. The Garmin Forerunner series is known for its dependability.

Garmin Forerunner 165 Music

£249 at John Lewis

£289.99 on Garmin

Garmin Forerunner 570

£459.99 on Garmin

£459.99 at Runners

Carbon Running Shoes

Shoes featuring carbon plates enhance running efficiency. Research indicates that each step in these shoes requires less oxygen compared to traditional options, as they function like springs, providing significant propulsion.

Evidence shows they can benefit runners across skill levels, not just elite athletes (supported by both scientific findings and anecdotal evidence from marathon finish times).

It’s important to try various models for comfort. High-performing options include Nike AlphaFly and Vaporfly, ASICS METASPEED, and Saucony Endorphin Pro, with some models proving more durable than others. Generally, Nike models are rated for a lifespan of 100-200 miles, influenced by running conditions and individual forces.

The latest PUMA Fast-R Nitro Elite3 has also shown outstanding performance in recent studies, though it’s crucial to familiarize yourself with race-day shoes during training sessions to maintain their efficacy. Balance usage with other shoes to ensure they’re in top condition for race days.

Nike AlphaFly 3 (Boys)

£234.99 at Sports Direct

£284.99 at Nike

Nike Vaporfly 4 (Women)

£199.99 at Sports Direct

£239.99 at Nike

ASICS Metaspeed Edge Paris (Unisex)

Starting at £211 at StockX

£220 at ASICS

Saucony Endorphin Pro 4 (Boys)

£229.99 at Sports Shoes

£230 at Saucony

Puma Fast R Nitro Elite (Boys)

Runners require £160.89

£230 at Puma

Heart Rate Monitor

For those new to fitness, pace is all that matters at first. Yet as you aim for greater performance, understanding your heart rate becomes crucial in gauging your exertion. Many factors influence pace, including terrain and footwear.

It’s common for runners to overestimate their exertion level; knowing your heart rate can help you find the right training zones. This data can then inform your workouts, ensuring you’re not pushing too hard on easy days.

Although GPS watches have improved, they may still provide unreliable heart rate readings while running. Hence, a strap-based monitor can offer better accuracy. Arm-based monitors, such as those from Coros, can be particularly effective for women, as they can be less cumbersome than chest straps.

Coros Heart Rate Monitor

£68.99 at Sports Shoes

£69 on Amazon

Swimming

Photo: BalanceFormCreative/Getty Images

Film Murphy, Head Coach Total Tri Training

Pull Buoy

Most adults haven’t swum competitively from a young age. Using equipment like a pull buoy can help these “newer swimmers” achieve better body position and feel for the water.

A pull buoy is positioned between the thighs to elevate the body into a neutral position in the water, mitigating the need for kicking. Without it, many may find their hips sinking, making proper stroke initiation difficult.

Not all pull buoys are created equal; their size and buoyancy vary greatly. Many believe that using a pull buoy is akin to cheating, but in reality, it simplifies swimming. Without it, the struggle intensifies and can lead to fatigue, which is why less frequent swimmers may not cover much distance.

Toy Buoy 4

£17.99 at Sports Shoes

Smart Goggles

I tend to prefer traditional methods at the pool, but smart goggles have significantly improved swimming experiences. They automatically track your time and laps, eliminating the need to touch any buttons.

Additionally, these goggles can help analyze your body position in real time, providing feedback on head positioning and breathing, which can enhance swim performance.

Smart Swim Goggles

£299 at Selfridges

Tennis

Alex Johansson, @tennistechie

For years, tennis lagged in tech adoption, but this is changing with tools like SwingVision, which brings smart analytics to your device, offering real-time shot tracking, line calls, and match stats.

SwingVision provides a free tier for two hours of recorded analysis monthly, making it user-friendly and accessible without any permanent infrastructure.

SwingVision

From free on SwingVision

Strength Training

Photo: Skynesher/Getty Images

Andrew Julian, Personal Trainer, @ajsmadness

Gym Shoes

Running shoes propel you forward, but wearing them in the gym can hinder movement patterns. For example, during squats, executing the movement with your toes leads is crucial.

For functional training, Nike Free MetCon is highly recommended for its durability and adaptive exercise patterns. It promotes natural foot movement, providing stability during agility exercises and landings.

Nike Free MetCon 6 (Men)

£99.99 at Sports Direct

£119.99 at Nike

Nike Free MetCon 6 (Women)

£71.99 at Nike

£119.99 at ASOS

Lifting Belt

Hybrid training can often lead to muscle strain if you lift following a long run. It’s advisable to utilize a belt when lifting heavy to support your back and engage your glutes and hamstrings effectively.

Titan Longhorn Lever Belt

£164 at Pullum

Recovery

Photo: Andreypopov/Getty Images

Aileen McCann, PT and Sports Massage Therapist, @aileenmccann_moves

Massage Gun

While manual massages may be more effective, using a massage gun pre, during, or post-workout can have benefits. The rapid vibrations assist in tapping massage techniques to stimulate the nervous system and relieve tension in muscle groups.

Massage guns are excellent for targeting specific muscle areas but aren’t a substitute for comprehensive coverage. It’s difficult to treat areas like the traps effectively without help. However, they can be useful tools.

Theragun Mini Massage Gun

£199 at Therabody

£199 at Argos

Hyper Volt 2 Massage Gun

£199 at Hyperice

£199 on Amazon

Check out our guide on the best massage guns and essential Pilates kits for more insights.

Who’s Truly Benefiting in Today’s Economy? | Technology Insights

Posted on September 30, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Greetings and welcome to TechScape. Over the weekend, I contemplated the resilience of the US, where even the ultra-wealthy seem to generate enough wealth to secure the essentials for a comfortable life.

The New York Times recently published an article about rising costs on Broadway, revealing grim statistics indicating that “none of the musicals that debuted last season turned a profit.” Productions are occurring amidst skyrocketing ticket prices, yet they struggle to recoup their investments. So, who is actually making money?

On a broader scale, escalating food prices and perceived wage stagnation are poised to significantly influence the upcoming 2024 presidential race and will remain a pivotal issue in New York City’s mayoral elections.

Despite soaring food costs in the US, farmers haven’t managed to align themselves effectively. They are grappling with a major shortage, primarily due to tariffs imposed during Trump’s administration and China’s retaliatory measures. The disparity between perception and reality was a theme in last year’s series by the Guardian’s US business desk, centering around issues of trust.

The only sector that appears somewhat buoyant is tech. Daily job seekers inform the Guardian that one individual, affected by the layoffs at Usaid linked to Elon Musk’s Doge’s Scythe, has submitted 400 applications but secured just six interviews. This individual described the job market as challenging and slow-moving. This stands in stark contrast to the lavish sums being offered to certain AI researchers, with Nvidia consistently posting remarkable profits amid evaluations that may seem incomprehensible to the average person. Perhaps CEO Jensen Fan is the only one seemingly unaware of the price tags on his weekly grocery runs.

I’m uncertain where this sense of pessimism originates. It likely stems from a broader malaise.

Meta and YouTube are glossing over recent history

Illustration: Angelica Arzona/Guardian Design

Last week, YouTube declared it would prohibit the dissemination of misinformation regarding Covid-19 and the 2020 US presidential election. The platform criticized account suspensions under pressure from the Biden administration.

“High-ranking officials within the Biden administration, including those from the White House, have consistently supported Alphabet and urged the company to address specific user-generated content relating to the Covid-19 pandemic that did not breach its policies,” stated a YouTube lawyer in a letter to Congress.

Both YouTube and Meta are now taking a stance where they frame moderation choices as compliance with unfavorable administrations. Mark Zuckerberg is similarly retracting positions on Covid misinformation and has criticized Biden. This transformation aligns with the CEO’s defense against the Trump administration, involving third-party fact-checking and dismantling the company’s diversity initiatives.

Read more: Zuckerberg’s Turnaround: How Diversity Has Shifted from Meta’s Priorities to Cancellation

The evident changes at YouTube seem to echo the motivations behind major tech firms’ donations to Trump’s inauguration and a visit to him at Mar-a-Lago. Nevertheless, Google and Facebook are both grappling with contemporary challenges, intertwining recent history with their operational frameworks. Banned creators face immense uncertainty, and both platforms appear to have fallen victim to the current administration’s anti-vaccine ideology.

These shifts do not excuse previous errors; rather, they reflect the evolving dynamics of power.

I recall a headline from a Daily Beast article I wrote in 2021. Who do you think it was about? An Instagram spokesperson described the removal of an account belonging to ex-Health Secretary Robert F. Kennedy Jr. stating, “We deleted this account for repeatedly sharing disproven claims regarding the coronavirus or the vaccine.” Kennedy’s account has since been reinstated, amassing 800,000 to 5.4 million followers.

What drives their responses and persistence is indicative of the majority of recent passive moderation practices by tech firms. Moderation entails significant costs and complications, particularly on issues that are controversial, novel, and uncertain, like Covid-19. I believe both companies wield content moderation as political instruments and jeopardize the truth.

Views on Technology

Trump’s Cronyism in TikTok Deal

TikTok’s headquarters in Culver City, California, on Thursday. Photo: Mario Tama/Getty Images

Donald Trump signed an executive order on Thursday, outlining the terms for transferring TikTok to US ownership.

The plan entails US investors assuming control over a significant portion of TikTok’s operations and overseeing the management of the app’s robust recommendation algorithms. US firms are expected to own roughly 65% of the US variant of the spin-off companies, with ordinances and Chinese investors holding less than 20%. According to White House officials, the new TikTok will be governed by a seven-member board, predominantly composed of Americans, including experts in cybersecurity and national security.

Alongside Oracle and its co-founder Larry Ellison, Trump mentioned other investors such as media tycoon Rupert Murdoch and Dell Computer’s CEO.

Murdoch’s Fox News is headed by his son, Lachlan, and Paramount, the parent of CBS News, is managed by Ellison’s son, David. Under Trump’s trade conditions, the owners of the most influential cable networks in the US may soon have control over the nation’s most significant social media platforms. This arrangement grants Trump’s billionaire allies substantial influence over the expansive and unprecedented US media landscape.

The US media terrain is becoming increasingly red as Trump’s TikTok deal takes shape.

Discover more about Trump’s TikTok Deal

Digital ID: A Necessity for Privacy or a Dire Threat in the 21st Century?

A narrow victory will come as a relief to Switzerland’s major political parties. Photo: westend61 gmbh/alamy

UK Prime Minister Keir Starmer has rolled out plans for a mandatory digital ID to establish a person’s right to work in the UK, with the ID expected to be requested by 2029. The proposed measure, which revives a longstanding discussion in the UK, is driven by border security concerns, with Starmer asserting that digital IDs could “play a vital role” in making the UK less appealing to illegal immigrants.

Numerous countries within the European Union have successfully implemented digital identity systems over the years. Outside of the EU, Swiss voters recently sanctioned the creation of national electronic identification cards in a referendum.

My colleague Robert Booth covered the brewing conflict over virtual qualifications:

While digital ID cards have the potential to intensify digital exclusion, the Minister appears set to explore these ideas once more. Age UK estimates that approximately 1.7 million individuals aged 74 and above are not utilizing the internet.

Advocates like Tony Blair assert that digital identities can seal loopholes exploited by human traffickers, mitigate factors driving illegal migration to the UK, expedite interactions between citizens and government, minimize errors and identity fraud, and foster trust as a tangible representation of a more responsive and adaptive government.

Opponents, particularly privacy advocates, argue that even essential ID systems intended to combat illegal immigration could necessitate collecting extensive personal data for national databases. They express concerns that such data can be combined, searched, and scrutinized to surveil, track, and profile individuals.

Cybersecurity experts also warn that centralized data presents lucrative targets for hackers. Increased cyberattacks, such as those aimed at Jaguar Land Rover, Co-op, and the British Library, signify a growing threat to the UK’s operational capabilities.

Opponents of digital IDs (approximately 1.6 million) have signed a petition against their introduction.

The Wider Tech Landscape

The Reconstructed Skull Reveals Fascinating Insights into Our Mysterious Ancestor

Posted on September 26, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Yunxian 2 skull, although deformed, has been reconstructed to resemble an early Denisovan.

Gary Todd (CC0)

Our species’ origins may extend further back than previously believed, and the same could hold true for both our extinct Neanderthal and Denisovan relatives. A recent analysis of fossil remains suggests that the common ancestors of these groups emerged over a million years ago.

“If these ancient divergences are accurate, we might be overlooking significant details about the early history of these lineages,” states Chris Stringer from the Natural History Museum in London.

This finding could clarify the search for “ancestor X,” the lineage from which modern humans, Neanderthals, and the population that produced the Denisovans descended. It also may imply that the Denisovans were our closest relatives, potentially even closer than Neanderthals—a point that remains debated.

Stringer and his research team, which includes Xijun Ni from the Institute for Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology in Beijing, revisited the Yunxian fossil collection located in central China.

Two partial skulls were unearthed on a terrace above the Han River in 1989 and 1990; reported in 1992. Both skulls were crushed during their discovery, although the YUNXIAN 2 specimen sustained less damage.

Using advanced techniques, Stringer, Ni, and their colleagues reconstructed the Yunxian 2 skull. These methods include CT scans that digitally separate individual bone fragments from the surrounding sediment. “The skull is elongated and has a prominent brow ridge,” Stringer notes. “Additionally, it features a slight beak-like nose, small third molars, and larger teeth.”

The Yunxian 2 skull dates back between 940,000 and 1.1 million years. Specimens of this age are often classified as Homo erectus, which appeared around 2 million years ago in Africa before dispersing to South Asia and Indonesia approximately 108,000 years ago. However, Stringer asserts that Yunxian 2 doesn’t conform to this profile; many of its features are characteristic of later specimens, including Neanderthals.

To better understand the Yunxian 2, the research team compared it with 56 other fossils of the same group. They constructed a family tree based on the morphology, grouping related fossils together. This analysis revealed three significant lineages, encompassing most fossils from the past million years.

One lineage consists of modern humans (Homo sapiens), another includes Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis) who lived in Europe and Asia for several hundred thousand years before disappearing around 40,000 years ago, and the third represents the Denisovans from East Asia.

Denisovans were first identified in 2010 through DNA from a bone fragment, and it took 15 years to connect this lineage with larger fossils. Stringer was involved in interpreting the Harbin skull from China, which was identified as Denisovan in June based on molecular evidence. Yunxian 2 appears to fall into the early Denisovan category, much like several other Asian fossils.

This discovery provides important links among these fossils in the Denisovan lineage, according to geneticist Aylwyn Scally at Cambridge University: “This allows us to form better hypotheses about the Denisovans’ whereabouts, lifestyle, and species characteristics.”

Recognizing that Yunxian 2 is a Denisovan reshapes our recent understanding of human evolution in two significant ways. First, it appears to alter the timeline of the emergence of these three groups. Traditional genetic narratives suggest that the common ancestor, “ancestor X,” diverged into two branches. However, the reconstruction indicates that Neanderthals separated first about 1.38 million years ago, before the divergence of modern humans and Denisovans around 1.32 million years ago.

If validated, this hypothesis posits that Denisovans were indeed more closely related to us than Neanderthals, challenging established genetic theories. Nonetheless, Scally expresses caution, noting the complexities of inter-group histories: “In reality, straightforward phylogenetic trees don’t provide a complete picture.” The research relies more on “entangled networks” than traditional models. Furthermore, Scally suggests that genetics may provide clearer insights into these relationships than morphology, especially with only partial skeletal evidence available.

The second significant change is that all three groups appear to have emerged much earlier than previously thought. Genetic evidence generally indicates that modern humans split from their Neanderthal and Denisovan relatives around 500,000-700,000 years ago. However, Yunxian 2 suggests that the Denisovan lineage was already distinct one million years ago.

Scally adds that there may not be a single definitive date for these splits; instead, they likely occurred over extended periods with intermittent separations and reunions. In this case, Stringer and his colleagues may be correct that divergence began over a million years ago, stretching across hundreds of thousands of years.

This extended timeline raises new questions. The oldest known fossils of modern humans date to around 300,000 years ago. So where are the earlier ancestors from millions of years ago? “We either lack those fossils, or they’re present but unrecognized,” Stringer comments.

We also know little about “ancestor X”—its appearance and habitat remain a mystery. “Ten years ago, I would have stated that the likely origin of most of these groups was Africa,” Stringer reflects. “It now seems plausible that their forebears lived outside Africa, potentially in regions of Western Asia. This suggests that ancient sapiens ancestors likely migrated to Africa, evolving there for a large portion of that million-year timeline.”

Stringer highlights the scarcity of known fossils from Western Asia dating back a million years, noting that even India has limited evidence. Only one human fossil from that period exists. “There are numerous regions where our fossil record is strikingly thin,” he asserts.

A significant source of information is the Yunxian site. In 2022, a third skull was uncovered that seems to be in better condition, although it has yet to be analyzed.

Neanderthals, Ancient Humans, Cave Art: France

Join New Scientist’s Kate Douglas on an enthralling journey through time as she delves into significant Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic sites across southern France, from Bordeaux to Montpellier.

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EA Sports FC 26 Review: Fans Compete in the Twin Truck Tournament | Gaming Insights

Posted on September 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

the player started to let go of his aspiration to replicate the success of an older competitive football rival. Sometimes, the developer’s vision doesn’t align with expectations. During the creation of FC 26, EA engaged with a group of influencers and community members to inform critical design choices. Consequently, the soccer experience is now segmented into two distinct modes. Offline, it feels more like an evaluation phase, highlighting aspects like player fatigue. In contrast, online gameplay is fast-paced esports-focused, prioritizing quick shots and goals over defensive strategies like those of William Saliba.

Offline, the mode feels rejuvenating. For instance, the career mode showcases a thoughtful pace comparable to recent matches in FC and FIFA. Tactical approaches matter significantly, with noticeable differences in skills like ball control and vision. Weather effects, including wind and pitch conditions, can influence how the ball interacts with the ground. Patient build-up play is encouraged, and skills can be effectively defended without relying on skill sticks, giving the experience a cerebral aspect.

About the target…EA Sports FC 26. Photo: Electronic Arts

After a lackluster year, Manager Mode offers a more authentic playing experience. The new career carousel introduces consequences that impact job security, leading to managers being hired or poached by rival clubs. For the first time, CPU-controlled teams will implement the tactics of incoming coaches, adding much-needed variety. There are also random events, such as training injuries and unexpected issues. For instance, in my West Ham career, Kyle Walker-Peters and Eldo Zimalic Diuff missed the away game against Arsenal due to “dangerous food.” Yet, some legacy concerns, like uninspired cutscenes, persist, although they serve as a reasonable alternative to the often-controversial Ultimate Team.

Meanwhile, Ultimate Team (FUT) continues to dominate, especially among those willing to spend for random player packs, similar to collecting Panini stickers. This time, there are appealing updates, such as the introduction of Evolution mechanics for leveling up goalkeepers and the return of the All-Silver Tournament, which restricts players to silver-rated ones. It’s possible to build a strong team without significant expenditures. Just a week in, my team already includes Toni Kroos, Lionel Messi, and Ruben Dias. However, the allure to spend on random packs remains a divisive feature in the series.

The gameplay within Ultimate Team embraces “competitive” online settings and reflects years of community input. Prepare for a basketball-style goal-fest filled with impressive tricks and shots. The new AI and animations for goalkeepers will help to keep some scores lower, but defending remains a significant challenge. The absence of player fatigue complicates matters, as previously, containing a speedy attacker for 70 minutes would demand skill, but now they can push deeper into injury time, undermining solid defensive efforts. While this change caters to player feedback, it detracts from the overall sense of realism.

This high-octane gameplay is engaging and reminiscent of the enjoyable rush from mode 5. Numerous quality-of-life enhancements make it as addictive as its distant predecessor, FIFA Street. It addresses annoying elements, such as players getting stuck to the controller, and ensures goalkeepers make intelligent saves while the default view smartly tracks players, providing a comprehensive view of the pitch. Defensive issues are less detrimental in this context, making it the most enjoyable way to experience FUT.

FC 26 remains a robust offering despite its conscious decision to forego some realism in the online arena. Even in competitive settings, there are still many players yearning for authenticity. While it may represent a regression in terms of real football simulation, it certainly advances in areas of fan service. This may not be what simulation purists of Pro Evo are looking for, but as an esports collaboration between developers and the gaming community, this third installment of FIFA achieves many of its goals.

Breakthroughs in Huntington’s Disease: Essential Insights on Gene Therapy

Posted on September 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The caudate nucleus is one of the brain regions that gene therapy targets

Kateryna Kon/Science Photo Library

Innovative gene therapy has emerged as the pioneering treatment that effectively slows the progression of Huntington’s disease. While the results are still in their early stages, this method holds significant promise and could even pave the way for new therapies for other neurodegenerative disorders, including Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases.

How does the treatment function?

The therapy known as AMT-130 specifically targets the abnormal brain proteins associated with Huntington’s disease progression. Those affected by the condition possess genetic mutations that result in the accumulation of huntingtin proteins, which form toxic aggregates in brain cells, leading to cell death. This eventually manifests as memory loss, mobility issues, speech impairment, and various other symptoms.

Therapies from the Dutch biopharmaceutical company Uniqure aim to halt the production of these mutant proteins. The process involves delivering genetic material to brain cells using a harmless virus. This genetic material instructs the cells to produce small RNA molecules called microRNAs that effectively block and eliminate the signals that lead to the generation of toxic proteins. It acts similarly to a molecular stop signal.

Procedures and Location of Treatment

This therapy initially focuses on two specific brain areas impacted by Huntington’s disease: the caudate nucleus and the putamen. These regions are located deep within the brain, requiring doctors to utilize real-time brain imaging to navigate thin catheters into place. The entire procedure duration ranges from 12 to 18 hours, and preliminary results suggest that a single injection may be adequate to permanently reduce levels of mutant huntingtin in the brain.

What is the efficacy of gene therapy?

Initial findings released by Uniqure indicate that gene therapy may slow the advancement of Huntington’s disease by approximately 75%.

The revelation stems from a clinical trial spearheaded by Sarah Tabrizi of University College London, where 17 Huntington patients received high-dose treatment. After three years, researchers noted the deterioration in cognitive function, motor skills, and daily activities compared to a similar group of untreated individuals. Tabrizi remarked that the decline typically observed over a year in untreated patients was instead noted within four years for those receiving treatment. BBC News. Additionally, those treated exhibited reduced levels of proteins associated with brain damage in their cerebrospinal fluid, highlighting the potential of gene therapy in slowing Huntington’s progression.

“These findings reaffirm our conviction that AMT-130 could revolutionize the treatment landscape for Huntington’s disease,” stated Walid Abi-Saad from Uniqure in a press release.

Are there any side effects?

While Uniqure has not provided comprehensive data on the side effects of the treatment, initial reports suggest that the drug appears to be safe and well-tolerated. The most frequently reported side effects included headaches and confusion, which generally resolved with steroid treatment to reduce inflammation.

When will the treatment be accessible?

In a recent press announcement, Uniqure indicated that it anticipates submitting an application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration early next year, with the potential for product availability as soon as before 2027 with expedited approval.

“However, it is still in the preliminary phase, and further testing is necessary to assess the long-term effects of this new gene therapy and any potential side effects,” noted Zofia Miedzybrodzka from the University of Aberdeen, UK, in a statement.

Could this method assist in treating other brain disorders?

If successful, the gene therapy could facilitate the development of analogous treatments for various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s and other forms of dementia, according to David Rubinsztein from Cambridge University. Researchers could manipulate genetic material to target the toxic proteins that cause these conditions. “This could represent a significant breakthrough,” he remarked.

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Is Leucovorin an Effective Treatment for Autism? Insights from Recent Research

Posted on September 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The Trump administration has included a drug known as leucovorin in efforts to alleviate certain autism symptoms. However, experts specializing in autism largely agree that additional research is needed before it can be widely used in children and adults.

Leucovorin, or Folinic Acid, is a synthetic variant of vitamin B9 requiring a prescription. It is primarily administered to cancer patients via IV alongside chemotherapy.

On Monday, the Food and Drug Administration revealed that it is moving forward with the approval of a tablet formulation for specific autistic patients.

Many researchers have raised concerns that this approval may be hasty, given that only a few small trials—mostly conducted outside the US—demonstrate its effectiveness in children with autism.

Several experts informed NBC News that FDA approval might create unrealistic expectations for families. This is particularly concerning as not all children with autism are eligible for prescriptions, and the likelihood of achieving positive results remains uncertain.

Researchers have long sought medications that can effectively mitigate autism symptoms; however, very few have satisfied the FDA’s rigorous safety and efficacy criteria. Prior to Monday, the FDA had only authorized two medications to address bothersome symptoms associated with autism, none of which targeted issues related to communication, social interactions, or repetitive behaviors.

Alycia Halladay, Chief Science Officer of the Autism Science Foundation, commented that her organization supports research grounded in evidence; leucovorin is not suggested as a treatment and more research is essential.

“Leucovorin doesn’t meet the standards set for FDA approvals, yet this administration is proceeding regardless. Therefore, I wouldn’t label this a victory,” Halladay remarked.

She further noted that the way the drug was presented at Monday’s White House Briefing as a major breakthrough for families with autism doesn’t align with the nuances of FDA approval.

The FDA stated in a news release that the drug is being approved for patients suffering from cerebral folate deficiency, a rare neurological disorder marked by low levels of vitamin B9 (folate) in the brain. Some researchers speculate that this condition might be linked to autism, but it is not present in all autistic individuals.

(Halladay estimates that around 10-30% of autistic patients may have this condition.)

Though leucovorin can potentially aid in reaching the brain, theoretically improving verbal communication and alleviating autism symptoms like irritability and repetitive actions, there is no evidence to suggest it entirely eradicates these symptoms.

“We still hope that leucovorin might serve as a helpful option for a subset of patients,” noted Dr. Rachel Forlomer, an assistant professor of pediatrics at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine. “However, I can’t say we’re at a stage where we can confidently claim we can assist every individual with autism.”

President Donald Trump expressed at a briefing that the approval “offers hope for many parents of children with autism that life improvement is possible.” Mehmet Oz, leader of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, described the decision as “life-saving.” FDA commissioner Marty McCurry remarked, “I believe hundreds of thousands of children will benefit.”

However, in a follow-up news release, the Department of Health and Human Services clarified that leucovorin is “not a cure” for autism and “may only result in improvements in speech-related deficits for a subset of children.”

David Mandel, a professor of psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania, remarked that the folate hypothesis is based on relatively weak scientific evidence.

“We lack robust large-scale studies demonstrating that a significant number of individuals with autism suffer from folic acid deficiency,” he noted.

While leucovorin has shown minimal side effects in cancer patients, higher doses can lead to gastrointestinal issues and increase the risk of seizures in individuals on anti-seizure medications. It is commonly part of treatment for colorectal cancer and other gastrointestinal malignancies, often enhancing the efficacy of the chemotherapy drug 5-fluorouracil. In rare cases, it is administered to reduce side effects from another chemotherapeutic agent, high-dose methotrexate.

Halladay mentioned observing side effects during the leucovorin autism trial but noted that the specific safety of the drug was not evaluated. She indicated that dosages varied across studies, making it difficult to determine if leucovorin was responsible for any symptom improvement, as some trial participants also received behavioral therapy.

According to Mandel, the largest study involving these trials included only 80 participants.

“For FDA approval, one would ideally want hundreds of children involved in these trials,” he explained.

Leucovorin must overcome one final obstacle before it becomes available to select autistic patients. The FDA stated it is collaborating with GSK, the manufacturer of the brand-name version of leucovorin, to update the drug’s labeling. GSK confirmed that a new application will be submitted to include autism indications.

Oz stated on Monday that leucovorin prescriptions will be covered by Medicaid, with private insurance companies likely to follow suit.

However, Mandel expressed concern that anticipated cuts to Medicaid may compel many families to cover costs out of pocket, potentially driving them to purchase folinic acid supplements online without prescriptions. Such supplements may not have gone through quality control, and dosage information could be unclear.

Dr. William Dahoot, chief science officer at the American Cancer Society, expressed concern that the growing interest in leucovorin for autism might adversely impact its availability for cancer patients.

“We have faced shortages of this drug before, and an increase in demand could lead to future shortages,” he noted in an email.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Murdoch, Ellison, and China: Insights into the U.S. TikTok Trade | Technology

Posted on September 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

For a week now, the White House has indicated that a deal is on the horizon to transfer TikTok’s ownership to an American company. Donald Trump is set to sign an executive order this week that will establish a framework for a consortium of investors to take over the operations of the US-Chinese social media platform.

On Monday, officials from the White House revealed that US software company Oracle would license TikTok’s recommended algorithm as part of the agreement. This collaboration expands the existing management of TikTok data collected from US users.

The US president had a phone conversation with Chinese President Xi Jinping on Friday, sharing on Truth Social that the call was “very good” and expressing gratitude for “TikTok’s approval.” Earlier in the week, leaders from both countries met in Madrid, Spain, to discuss trade agreements related to TikTok’s ownership.

The status of popular apps in the US has been uncertain for over a year, stemming from a 2024 Congressional vote that overwhelmingly approved a law banning social media apps unless they could find US buyers. The Supreme Court upheld the law in January, but on his first day in office, Trump signed an executive order delaying the ban. He has consistently postponed TikTok’s ban, which was initially his proposal, until a deal could be finalized.

Here’s what we know about the forthcoming agreements, including the involvement of media moguls and Oracle’s Larry Ellison alongside the Murdoch family, who recently surpassed Elon Musk as the richest individuals globally:

What are the terms of the transaction?

The deal aims to keep TikTok operational in the US, but under new ownership that is not linked to China. Lawmakers argue that a popular social media app owned by a Chinese entity poses risks, enabling potential propaganda spread among its 180 million US users.

At least 12 investors have shown interest in acquiring TikTok, including a consortium led by software giant Oracle. A complete roster of investors has yet to be disclosed. According to White House officials, Oracle is responsible for managing data for US users and overseeing TikTok’s influential recommendation algorithms, ensuring that information remains outside the jurisdiction of Chinese authorities.

ByteDance will ultimately retain less than 20% ownership of the app, as White House officials told Reuters, with US TikTok operations managed by a blend of existing US and global firms, along with new investors devoid of ties to Chinese authorities.

The agreement mandates that all data pertaining to US users be stored domestically within cloud infrastructure managed by Oracle.

Who is involved?

Trump mentioned in a Fox News Sunday interview that media tycoon Rupert Murdoch and his son Lachlan, CEO of Fox Corporation, might join the deal. He also indicated that Michael Dell, CEO of Dell Technologies, is involved.

Larry Ellison, co-founder of Oracle, has been a key player among the potential buyers for quite some time. He leads a consortium that includes asset manager Blackstone, private equity firm Silverlake, Walmart, and billionaire Frank McCourt.

According to Reuters, the US government will not have a seat on the board or a golden share in the new entity that owns TikTok within the US. It remains uncertain if the US government will receive financial considerations as a condition for approval.

Why is this happening?

The prospect of banning TikTok began with Trump in 2020, citing that apps owned by China pose national security risks. This issue soon garnered bipartisan consensus, leading Congress to overwhelmingly pass a law last year that mandated the app’s ban unless sold by its Chinese owners. The initial deadline for TikTok’s ban was set for January 19th.

After embracing the app during his presidential campaign last year, Trump shifted his perspective on TikTok, gaining millions of followers and hosting TikTok CEO Shaw Chew at Mar-a-Lago and the White House. The president has praised social media platforms for enhancing his connection with younger voters in the 2024 election.

Trump issued the first executive order in January to delay the TikTok ban, subsequently signing three more orders to postpone enforcement until a deal could be reached. Currently, the president is delaying the enforcement of the law until mid-December, as transaction details are settled to ensure the new ownership is eligible for a complete sale.

What does the executive order do?

The order is expected to delineate the framework of the TikTok transaction and ensure the agreement complies with US law. The proposal reportedly includes a seven-member board comprised of Americans, and TikTok’s algorithm will be leased to the new US owner.

Trump’s executive order is anticipated to feature a new 120-day suspension of enforcement to facilitate investors and finalizing contracts.

Does China agree?

The US is optimistic about China’s approval of the deal and doesn’t plan further discussions with Beijing on the details, as White House officials explained to reporters during a conference call. However, they noted that additional documentation from both parties would be necessary for deal approval.

China has yet to confirm its approval of the transaction. ByteDance stated that while discussions about the app’s resolution are ongoing with the US government, any contracts will be “subject to approval under Chinese law.”

Why Do Some Gamers Reverse Their Controls? Scientists Reveal Surprising Insights | Games

Posted on September 18, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

fA few years ago, just before the first Covid lockdown, I wrote an article exploring a rather niche query. Most gamers press down on the controller, gazing at the characters on their screens as they look up. However, controlling avatars like pilots represents a significant minority who handle their characters as if they were piloting, returning to control the plane and ascend. In many modern games, this necessitates diving into settings to adjust the default controls. Why has this practice persisted?

I figured some hardcore gamers might find this topic intriguing. To my surprise, the article resonated with over a million readers, drawing the attention of Dr. Jennifer Corbett (cited in the original piece) and Dr. Jap Munneke.

At that time, the two were investigating vision science and cognitive neuroscience, but the lockdown meant they could no longer conduct lab experiments with volunteers. The issue of controller inversion presented an ideal chance to analyze the neuroscience behind human-computer interactions using remote participants. They reached out to gamers who contributed insights into the motivations behind their controller preferences, garnering hundreds of responses.

Microsoft Flight Simulator… Many believed that being a pilot would affect control retention. Photo: Microsoft

Interestingly, it wasn’t just gamers who were engaged. “Machinists, equipment operators, pilots, designers, and surgeons — individuals from diverse fields reached out,” Corbett noted. “The variety of responses signaled a wealth of scientific literature to examine for structuring optimal research. The feedback from readers prompted us to refine how users customize their controllers.”

This month, the duo released their findings in a paper titled “Why Axis Inversion? Optimizing the Interaction Between Users, Interfaces and Visual Displays in a 3D Environment.” Why do some people choose to invert their controls? It’s a complex issue.

The study commenced with participants completing a survey detailing their background and gaming experiences. “Numerous individuals indicated that their preference for flipping controls stemmed from their early experiences with flight simulators or the first console games they played,” Corbett explained. “Many reported changing their preferences over time, prompting us to include an entirely new section in our research based on this input.”

Mental rotation… Subjects engaging in the controller inversion study. Photo: Jen Corbett

However, Corbett and Munneke, currently based at MIT, were convinced that critical cognitive aspects of inversion could only be assessed through behavioral reactions. They developed a sequence of four experiments, in which participants were monitored via Zoom. Corbett elaborated, “They had to mentally rotate random shapes, adopt the perspective of the ‘avatar’ in the scenario, judge the tilt of an object against a differing background, and navigate the typical ‘Simon effect’ when responding to targets while using a machine. These varied tasks clarified whether an individual tends to invert.”

The outcomes of the cognitive evaluations revealed that many assumptions surrounding controller preferences were indeed incorrect. “There was no discernible reason provided by participants [for inverting controls],” Corbett stated. “It was linked to their actual inversion habits. The quicker participants were, the less inclined they were to invert. Conversely, those who identified as occasional invertors were significantly slower in these tasks.” Does this imply that non-inverters excel at gaming?

In essence, gamers believe they are inverters or non-inverters based on their initial exposure to game controls. Many flight simulators from the 1980s may have conditioned players to instinctively turn themselves around. Conversely, gamers raised in the 2000s might assume they are inherently non-inverted, given that non-reverse controls became the norm. Yet cognitive testing suggests otherwise. Depending on how your brain perceives 3D objects, you may be predisposed to either invert or not.

Consequently, Corbett suggests that trying out a controller configuration you’re not accustomed to might enhance your gaming skills. “Non-inverters should experiment with inverting. Inverters should consider giving non-inversion a fair shot,” she suggests. “You might want to commit to it for a few hours. People have learned one way, but that doesn’t necessarily mean they can’t excel with the alternative. A parallel can be drawn with left-handed children who are compelled to write with their right hand, potentially leading to long-term handwriting difficulties and learning challenges.”

Through their research, Corbett and Munneke established that complex, often subconscious cognitive processes govern how individuals utilize controllers, affecting not just gaming hardware but also human-computer interfaces across various fields, from aviation to surgical technology. They crafted a framework for assessing how to optimally tailor controls for individuals, now detailed in their published research.

Learning curves… Corbett and Munneke’s research can also influence surgical practices. Photo: Oksana Krasiuk/Alamy

“This research has significant potential for optimizing inverted settings to enhance human-machine collaboration,” Corbett stated. “Many technologies blend human capabilities with AI and various machines to amplify performance. It allows individuals to tailor a specific configuration for tasks—whether aiming for a target or avoiding a mistake—such as in laparoscopic surgery.”

What began as a casual, almost nerdy inquiry has evolved into a published cognitive research document. One scientific publication has already referenced it, and interview requests have surged from podcasts and YouTube channels. What’s my takeaway? “The most remarkable discoveries for gamers [who don’t invert],” Corbett remarked:

Why Random Video Game Dialogues Get Stuck in Our Heads | Gaming Insights

Posted on September 17, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Similar to iconic movie quotes, fragments of video game dialogue are instantly recognizable to many fans. From Street Fighter’s “Hadouken!” to Call of Duty’s “Remember, there’s no Russian,” and Bioshock’s “Would you kindly?”—these phrases often leave a lasting impression, making them perfect for social media memes.

Yet, some odd phrases from lesser-known games linger in our minds. I can recall most of the vocal barks from Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines, despite it being over two decades since I last played. Why do I misplace my headphones, wallet, and phone daily, yet Samuel Brooklyn’s quotes are etched in my memory? Why do I find myself humming “Finally, some action,” “It’s done, think of the boss,” or the timeless “Okey Dokey”? What is wrong with me?

Thankfully, I shared this on Bluesky and discovered I’m not the only one. Many gamers reached out about random game quotes that stuck with them. Some were lesser-known lines from famous titles: comic book writer Kielonghillen recalled the line, “I have never seen such courage” from Gauntlet, while gaming academic Cat Brewster mentioned the phrase “Oh, nutrition!” from the same game. Matthew Castle of the Game Podcast Back Page still can’t forget the infamous beedle exclamation, “Thank you” from The Legend of Zelda: Wind Waker. “Whether it’s a hot trot or a cold cat in my dad’s shop, I can’t escape the voices of random Pokemon trainers,” she shared. “It’s been looping in my head, driving me crazy.”

Some titles resurface frequently in conversations. Games like Worms, Grand Theft Auto, House of the Dead, and Monkey Island often provide hilarious yet odd quips. A fan of Bungie’s Shooter Marathon confessed he couldn’t shake the phrase “Frog Blast the Vent Core!” Its peculiar origin has made it memorable. Many gamers integrate these quotes into their daily lives, with some saying they recite “Wizards need food badly” every time they open the fridge.

In my head… Commandos: Behind Enemy Lines. Photo: Pyro Studios

So why do certain obscure lines stick with us? One reason is sheer repetition. In a lengthy action-adventure game filled with NPCs, you might hear the same “bark” (a brief piece of NPC dialogue that conveys surprise or context) repeatedly. This is why so many players remember every vendor line from Resident Evil 4; by the end, you’ve heard “What will you buy?” countless times. Additionally, the phenomenon of echolalia—repeating comforting words and sounds—serves as a coping mechanism. Since games are crafted with rhythm and repetition, it’s natural for us to internalize these elements into our daily habits.

Video game dialogue can also create inside jokes among friends, strengthen bonds, and evoke shared memories, much like quoting movie lines. On Bluesky, user Steve O’Gorman shared thoughts on F-Zero GX. In video games, our personal experiences are often as memorable as the stories crafted by developers. The realization that you might be the only one who encountered a peculiar character or heard a specific line can forge a deeply personal connection to the game.

Despite the many times I’ve sent him to his demise while he uttered his epic lines, I doubt I share a profound connection with the indomitable Samuel Brooklyn: “No problem, man.” Clearly, I was experiencing something while engaging with that game, or perhaps I simply found humor in the contrast between my serious battles with Nazis and the repetitive quips accompanying each mouse click. We may never fully understand why certain moments or lines from classic shows like Gilmore Girls or Twin Peaks linger in our memories, but it’s comforting to know we’re not alone in our quirky mental collections.

What to play

Scoundrel’s Tale…The Outlaw from Star Wars. Photo: Ubisoft

Originally overlooked, this title now shines with the delightful Nintendo Switch 2 version. Star Wars Outlaws has quickly become one of my favorite Star Wars experiences. It pivots away from the mysticism of Jedi lore, embracing instead a story of a scoundrel turned resistance hero, embarking on a thrilling escape across familiar planets against the Empire’s antagonists.

The environments you traverse and the various spaceship designs are stunning, evoking the slightly tarnished futuristic kingdoms reminiscent of early Ralph McQuarrie concept sketches. The dialogue is often engaging, with the protagonist, Kay Vess, being an original character in the Star Wars universe, which aligns beautifully with the narrative’s themes and resonates with the essence of the original films. Given its expansive storyline, the Switch 2 display is a fantastic platform to carry this galaxy wherever you venture.

Available on: PC, PS5, Switch 2, Xbox
Estimated playtime: Over 25 hours

What to read

Bugout… Hollow Knight: Silksong. Photo: Team Cherry

Eurogamer has released a feature discussing controversial elements in video game design, particularly focusing on Boss Runbacks—the intervals and gameplay duration between checkpoints and boss encounters. Silksong posed quite a challenge (frustrating?) with its lengthy and often arduous runbacks after failing the 56th boss fight. But do they genuinely enhance the game’s rhythm? Personally, I consider them the worst—but that’s a debate for another day.
I never anticipated this newsletter would link to the United Nations, but they’ve shared insights on video games and democracy in commemoration of International Democracy Day (September 15th). The article reviews the history of advocacy and persuasive games developed by charities and ponders whether gaming can effectively enlighten players about their democratic rights and civic engagement.
A delightful retro gaming magazine, A Forgotten World, has just released a new issue dedicated to Sega—a nostalgic look back at the company’s “blue sky” era during the late 80s and early 90s when arcade and home console games dominated play. The issue includes interviews with Sega pioneers and journalists, alongside snippets from gaming magazines as well as contributions from Gary Cutlack of the prominent Sega fan site British Resistance. It’s a nostalgic treasure!

What to click

Question block

On the shelf… a book about video games, politics, and culture. Photo: Aleksandr Volkov/Alamy

This week’s questions came via email from Amanda S.

“Given the surge of video games in the news lately, are there any books that explore the relationship between video games and politics?”

Indeed, there are, though not a plethora. Some titles delve into the themes we often encounter. Recommended readings include I Got Lost in a Good Game by Pete Etchell and Extra Life by Tom Bissell. For a more overt socio-political narrative, check out authors like Angelanagle with Kill All Normies, Silaches with Play Like a Feminist, and Marijam with Everything You Play.

Also noteworthy are Empire of Games by Nick Dyer-Witheford and Greig de Peuter, along with Blood, Sweat, Pixels by Jason Schreier, which illuminate the sometimes murky economics of the industry. Lastly, be sure to look for Power Play by George Osborne, which investigates how businesses and governments wield gaming’s influence for political gain (and leveraging clickers). That one’s out next year.

If you have a query for the question block or have feedback about the newsletter, feel free to hit reply or email us at pushbuttons@theguardian.com.

Exploring Humanity Through AI: Insights from a German Fairy Tale

Posted on September 16, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In the German fairy tale of the fisherman and his wife, an old man catches a peculiar fish—a talking flounder. This enchanting creature holds an enchanted prince within, granting any wish the fisherman desires. His wife, Ilsevil, revels in her newfound fortune, continuously asking for more extravagant things. They transform their humble shed into a grand castle, yet it never feels sufficient. Ultimately, she desires to become Pope, and eventually, God. This insatiable greed enrages the elemental power, darkens the ocean, and restores her to her original impoverished state. The moral of the story: Don’t covet what you aren’t entitled to.

Numerous variations of this classic tale exist. Sometimes, wishes are clumsy or contradictory rather than overtly aggressive toward the divine order, as seen in Charles Perrault’s “outrageous wishes.” Similarly, in W.W. Jacobs’ 1902 horror story “The Monkey’s Paw,” wishes unintentionally harm those closer to the wishers than the objects of their desires.

Nowadays, many young people grow up with their own enchanted fish in their pockets. They can wish for homework completion, and the fish fulfills those wishes. They can indulge in countless sexual scenarios, and if they bypass age restrictions using a VPN, those scenarios become visible. Soon, they may wish for movies that match their interests, and those will materialize in seconds. They hope to finish their college essays—only to find them fully written.

This shift in perspective not only alters the consumer relationship with creative arts—literature, music, and visual content—but also redefines the essence of creativity and, thus, being human. In the near future, most individuals may delegate troublesome interactions to AI agents. These agents would negotiate contracts, act as representatives, receive critique, match information, and gather opinions. And the ocean remains undisturbed.

Currently, a young Ilsevil, sitting in a university auditorium, might still face fines from professors who grew up in a different era when they see her entrusting a seductive fish to write yet another essay. However, this won’t last much longer, as Ilsevil will soon belong to a confident majority, with most professors having shared her experiences. Ilsevil desires a boyfriend, a spiritual guide, and a therapist, and soon, she will have them. With each of these connections, it feels as if Ilsevil has known them for years, and in a literal sense, she has.

Just like her mythological counterpart, she aspires to be Pope and soon accomplishes this within her small world. However, one could challenge Ilsevil for complicating matters. If becoming Pope becomes effortless, the allure of the title will dwindle for her generation. After all, the most intriguing and desirable things often require overcoming significant obstacles. Yet, Ilsevil understands that the nature of this attractive resistance can also be found in encouragement, learning, and even more precise wishes.

Today, young people grow up with enchanting fish in their pockets…the fisherman and his wife. Illustration: Aramie

She dedicates much of her energy to refining the tone of her results. Though she may lack an innate sense of what makes her writing compelling, she can gauge the appropriateness of her content through responses from others and AI. This becomes a way to develop wishes that are more reliable than ever before. In times past, Ilsevil rarely encountered anyone who found her words intriguing or surprising. However, nowadays, every conversation she has with her AI is regarded as captivating and surprising. At last, she feels heard in a way that human partners might struggle to offer.

But what occurs when the fulfillment of all wishes leads Ilsevil to feel empty? What paths remain open to her?

The first path is the descent into decadence. This pattern is familiar from studies of affluent individuals. In the future, those with ample wealth will be able to hire human therapists or enjoy films featuring real people. Recently, someone in an AI forum suggested that AI might produce excessive amounts of child sexual abuse imagery, suggesting that this will avoid harm to real children. Consumers of such visuals seek not only visual stimulation but also a sense of certainty that real children were harmed. They claim the “aura” surrounding their products. With sufficient resources, Ilsevil could tread this path, just as they do.

The second path involves creating a small, insular community that deliberately constructs challenges and obstacles for one another, perhaps in a cult-like manner reminiscent of traditional sports or hunting clubs. They may host secret or exclusive underground events, with no other objective than to endure the discomfort of queuing and waiting. This concept was inspired by Stanisław Lem’s novel “Futurological Congress.” As of 2025, queuing remains a free experience, but future generations may be astonished by this.

The third path is both the most likely and the most obvious. Within her fairytale existence, Ilsevil uncovers the fundamental principle of redefining her wishes, enhancing their significance while infusing them with a sense of guilt. Guilt is a powerful mechanism constraining individuals to a product; a beloved but embarrassing product becomes intertwined with one’s identity, fostering neuroses and alternative realities that amplify this guilt.

Ilsevil naturally assumes the enormous ecological guilt connected to the immense resource waste created by AI. This primary guilt has shifted directly to her from the actions of large corporations and states. Consequently, she begins to limit and punish herself in her daily life. Each morning, she awakes with the conviction that every small choice and desire inflicts great harm on the “planet,” “society,” or “future.” She flourishes within her martyr-like guilt, assuming a savior’s role. This newfound identity feels like an eternal struggle without resolution, becoming a magical element that preserves her self-sacrificial essence amidst her internal contradictions. Rather than protesting against the insatiable waste of resources, Ilsevil constrains her personal freedom, encompassing nutrition, water consumption, family size, and mobility. Ultimately, she embodies a sort of sacrificial figure, taking all her transgressions to the grave.

The cautionary tales of European folklore against impulsive and unwise wishes stem from a universal theme: the intricate journey of individual lives. They explore questions about personal growth, life’s purpose, and what to pass on to the next generation. Yet in this final scenario, Ilsevil finds herself unable to address these fundamental questions freely; they are decided for her.

iOS 26 Launch: Essential Insights on Apple’s Liquid Glass Enhancements

Posted on September 15, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Apple is set to unveil major software updates for the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch this Monday, significantly altering the icons, lock screen, and overall system appearance, along with introducing features for compatible devices.

Unveiled during the company’s developer conference in June, iOS 26, iPadOS 26, watchOS 26, and macOS 26 Tahoe introduce a new liquid glass design, offering a softer, rounder look that enhances the overall user interface.

Here’s what you should know regarding the update:

When can I get it?

Updates for iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and macOS typically become available around 6pm in the UK (1pm in New York and 3am in Sydney). Unlike other manufacturers, all eligible Apple devices can download and install these updates immediately upon release.

Which devices are supported?

All Apple smartphones starting from the 2019 iPhone 11 and newer can install iOS 26. The 2018 iPad Pro, 2019 iPad Air (3rd generation), iPad Mini (5th generation), and iPad (8th generation), along with all newer tablets, are also supported. Furthermore, iMacs from 2020, Mac Studios from 2022, and Mac Pros from 2019 onward can run macOS 26 Tahoe.

How can I install it?

To download, open the Settings app on your iPhone or iPad, navigate to General > Software Updates. If available, tap on Install, confirm, restart, and exit. You can also update using a Windows computer via iTunes or the Mac app.

For watchOS 26, ensure that your iPhone 11 or later is running iOS 26. Then, open the Watch app on your phone and go to General > Software Updates to start the installation. Ensure your smartwatch is on the charger to complete the update.

On your Mac, update through System Settings, going to General > Software Update.

What is the cost?

Apple updates are free of charge. If prompted to pay for an update, it is likely a scam.

What happened to iOS 19-25?

Apple has adopted a new year-based naming format for its software updates. Thus, iOS versions 18 and earlier released between September 2024 and 2025 are now replaced by iOS 26 and subsequent versions from 2025-2026. This is akin to sports season naming conventions.

Liquid glass design

Each operating system now sports a cohesive translucent design, reminiscent of frosted glass bubbles overlaid on a flat background, providing depth to your iPhone, Apple Watch, iPad, and Mac, influenced by the Vision Pro headset. Buttons, menus, icons, and notification banners are shiny and responsive, enabling translucence with wallpapers and content below them.

iOS 26

The liquid glass aesthetic on the home screen and icons is one of the most significant changes in iOS history. Composite: Apple

The liquid glass redesign alters the shape and appearance of home screen icons and widgets. Alongside redefined app icons, you have the option to make them translucent in color.

Notifications and other elements now bounce from the top of the screen. A widget appears on the bottom of the lock screen that dynamically scales the clock size based on the number of notifications displayed.

Dynamic and concealed buttons

Buttons will condense when not engaged. For instance, the camera app has been optimized to conceal extra modes behind sliders or larger pop-up menus. Safari’s address bar and navigation buttons shrink into a small button at the bottom while scrolling. You can access tabs and controls by swiping up or tapping the 3-dot button.

Easier spam filtering

Enhanced spam filtering is integrated into the phone and messaging applications. Composite: Apple

The phone app can automatically screen calls from unknown numbers by answering and asking why they are calling before your iPhone notifies you. Messages will screen texts from new senders to detect spam, organizing them into separate inboxes. The phone app also allows you to hold while waiting for customer service representatives.

Both the phone app, FaceTime, and Messages now feature live translation capabilities.

Game Center App

The new gaming app acts as a centralized hub on your iPhone, featuring a game library that showcases what your friends are playing, replacing the Arcade for tracking achievements, competitions, and gaming events.

iPadOS 26

iPadOS 26 features a significant upgrade for multitasking, aligning more closely with macOS. Composite: Apple

iPadOS shares the new visual redesign with the iPhone, featuring clear icons and hidden buttons. More importantly, it introduces an innovative multitasking feature tailored for users utilizing iPads as laptop substitutes.

The familiar macOS menu bar is now available on the iPad. Composite: Apple

A key addition for the iPad is the introduction of the Mac-like menu bar and window management features. You can swipe down from the center at the top of the app screen to access a menu bar containing various functionalities including settings, files, views, and more as on a Mac.

It features the classic red, yellow, and green three-dot menu allowing you to close, minimize, and resize windows. Holding the button reveals tiling and movement options similar to macOS, or you can manually resize windows to your desired size. Swipe to expose, flick left or right to snap apps to the sides, or flick to make an app full-screen.

You can easily open and overlap multiple windows, tile them side by side, or transform your home screen into a desktop interface akin to a Mac.

Preview and Files Apps

The Files app has been enhanced to streamline document and file management on your iPad. You can designate a default app for certain file types, similar to a computer setup. Specific folders like Downloads and Documents can now be directly added to the dock for easier access.

The Preview app from Mac is now on your iPad, allowing the viewing, editing, and annotation of PDFs, images, and more with Apple Pencil.

watchOS 26

watchOS 26 enhances your fitness experience and includes many features from iOS 26. Composite: Apple

The liquid glass design of the iPhone is even more prominent on the Apple Watch, featuring notification bubbles overlaying the Watch Face, floating buttons within apps, and smart widget stacks for a softer aesthetics.

Workout Companion

Apple’s new Fitness for Fitness chatbot, named Workout Buddy, provides ongoing conversation and motivation during workouts similar to the guidance offered by an Apple Fitness+ Coach. It marks significant training achievements, such as reaching specific milestones or pacing goals and summarizes your workout afterward. This feature requires Bluetooth headphones connected to the watch and an iPhone 15 Pro or later nearby.

Sleep Score and Hypertension Alerts

The sleep app calculates a sleep score every morning, giving you an overview of your rest quality. For Series 9 or Ultra 2 and newer watches, a blood pressure monitoring feature will alert you if hypertension signs are detected over the past 30 days.

Wrist Flick

Apple has introduced innovative gestures to the touch-free capabilities of the new Watch. A simple wrist flick away from you will reject notifications, alarms, and alerts. Additionally, double-tap gestures offer an easy way to dismiss things or interact with the watch without touch.

New Watch Faces

A selection of new and improved watch faces is included with watchOS 26. Composite: Samuel Gibbs/Guardian

Three new clock faces have been introduced. Flow features a large digital display that utilizes a liquid glass design, changing colors in response to movement. Exactograph separates hours, minutes, and seconds into distinct analog dials available in various styles. Ultra-exclusive waypoints surround the time with live compasses pointing to landmarks and significant locations. Additionally, revamped photo faces feature floating numbers.

macOS 26 Tahoe

macOS 26 Tahoe incorporates the same liquid glass design elements as the other updates. Composite: Apple

macOS receives a majority of the new features and design updates seen in iOS and iPadOS, including rounded window corners and glass-like design elements.

Phone App

The Phone app allows you to initiate and manage calls seamlessly. Composite: Apple

Apple enhances the Phone app on Mac, enabling calls through Wi-Fi and connected iPhones. It shows recent calls, voicemail, contacts, includes new call screening features, and maintains iPhone assist functionality.

Live activities, such as sports scores and streaming updates, are now visible in the Mac’s menu bar.

Spotlight

Actions have been incorporated into the Spotlight search system. This allows you to send messages and emails, generate notes, and set reminders, all directly from the search bar. You can filter files by type, group them, find documentation from third-party cloud services, and explore apps, files, clipboard history, and other content instead of using traditional search methods.

British Companies Utilizing “Bossware” to Monitor Employee Activities, According to Research

Posted on September 14, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A significant portion of UK employers, about one-third, are utilizing “bossware” technology to monitor employee activities, predominantly through methods like email and web browsing surveillance.

Private sector firms are the most inclined to implement onsite monitoring, with one in seven employers reportedly recording or assessing screen activities, as per a comprehensive UK study on office surveillance.

These insights, disclosed by the Chartered Management Institute (CMI) to the Guardian, are derived from feedback from numerous UK managers, indicating a recent uptick in computer-based work monitoring.

According to 2023 research by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), less than 20% of respondents believed they were being monitored by their employers. The finding that roughly one-third of managers are aware of their organizations tracking employees’ online activities on company devices likely underrepresents the issue.

Many of these surveillance tools are designed to mitigate insider threats, safeguard confidential data, and identify dips in productivity. However, this growing trend seems to be inducing anxiety among employees. CMI highlights that many managerial figures oppose such practices, arguing they erode trust and infringe on personal privacy.

A manager at an insurance firm developing an AI system for monitoring staff screen activity expressed feelings of “unease,” questioning, “Do they trust employees to perform their roles? Is there an intention to replace them with AI?”

One employee monitoring service provides insights into workers’ “idle hours,” tracks “employee productivity,” flags unapproved AI or social media use, and offers “real-time data on employee behavior, including screenshots, screen recordings, keystrokes, and application usage.”

In light of these findings, the ICO emphasized that employers “must inform employees about the nature, scope, and reasons for surveillance,” noting that excessive monitoring “can infringe on personal privacy,” especially for remote workers. They warned of potential actions if necessary.

Last year, the ICO prohibited outsourced company Serco from utilizing facial recognition technology and fingerprint scanning to manage staff attendance at various leisure centers.

Monitoring often includes ensuring that inappropriate content isn’t accessed, according to CMI. However, they cautioned, “If it feels like an invasion, there can be long-term implications.”

Petra Wilton, policy director at CMI, stated, “If implemented, this could be of significant concern to employers and raise serious data privacy and protection issues.”

Recent examples of workplace surveillance methods include: HSBC’s installation of numerous security cameras and 1,754 biometric readers as a means of accessing their new London headquarters.

PWC has recently rolled out a “traffic light” system utilizing badge swipes and WiFi connection data to ensure staff attend the office at least three days a week. A spokesperson from PWC noted this was “well received by most of our employees.”

A former senior public transport worker, who requested anonymity, shared their experience of facing online surveillance, describing it as “distracting and deeply intrusive.”

“It began with surveillance, and I eventually left because I was extremely frustrated,” they noted. CMI research revealed that one in six managers would contemplate seeking new employment if their organization started monitoring online activities on work devices.

Among managers aware of their employers monitoring them, 35% indicated surveillance of emails. Overall, tracking login/logout times and system access emerged as the most prevalent form of monitoring.

The survey showed that 53% of managers endorse monitoring employee online activity on company devices, but 42% feel this not only undermines trust but also fails to enhance performance, potentially resulting in misuse or unjust disciplinary action.

Why UK Readers Choose to Carry or Not Carry Wallets: Insights on Consumer Behavior

Posted on September 12, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A recent survey reveals that 50% of British adults still carry physical wallets, while many opt for mobile phones and smartwatches to transport their payment cards.

Digital wallets like Apple Pay and Google Pay have become the go-to payment methods for Generation Z and Millennials. In contrast, many individuals over 44 continue to depend on traditional debit and credit cards.

Four readers have shared their insights about wallets.

‘Not needed’

Alosh K Jose suggests that the shift to online and contactless payments post-Covid means there’s no necessity for a wallet anymore.
Photo: Alosh K Jose/Guardian Community

“It used to overwhelm me,” shares Alosh K. Jose from Newcastle upon Tyne. “Bringing it everywhere has become increasingly unnecessary.”

Josue states that the shift to online and contactless payments post-Covid means he doesn’t need a wallet. “All my bank cards are on my phone,” says the 31-year-old, who operates a business that provides local cricket sessions.

Despite being caught on a Spanish train during a widespread blackout that hit parts of Europe last April, Jose felt financially okay without too much cash.

“My fiancé and I traveled from Barcelona to Madrid, waiting five hours on the train before disembarking. [£8.70] Luckily, a few people shared cash with us, allowing us to catch the bus,” he recounts.

“If something similar were to happen in Newcastle, I’d be fine. There’s no language barrier even without physical cash.”

“I don’t want to risk my sensitive information being misused.”

Still favoring a physical wallet, Roger feels exposed when pulling his phone out.
Photo: Roger/Guardian Community

In Buckinghamshire, Roger, a retired IT professional, maintains both a wallet and a coin pouch. “Putting all my cards on my smartphone feels like risking everything at once,” he mentions.

At 69 years old, he prefers having physical cards on hand and feels vulnerable when taking out his phone. “Using it to pay at a store feels risky, and I worry about dropping it too often.”

“Having worked in security, I’m aware of the risks associated with personal information. I don’t want that window of potential misuse to be left open by using a digital wallet.”

Among his wallet’s contents, Roger holds cash, payment cards, reward cards, and even a snippet of a Times article from the 1980s.

Snippets from an article in the Times from the 1980s.
Photo: Roger/Guardian Community

“I prefer using physical cards – it’s about control.”

Georgina, part of Gen Z, finds it surprising how few people have wallets.
Photo: Georgina/Guardian Community

At 26, Georgina is astonished that many don’t have a wallet. “I always carry mine because I prefer to possess physical items instead of just digital equivalents,” she explains.

Her wallet includes a debit card, driver’s license, train cards, supermarket loyalty cards, and even £20 in emergency cash, along with an “overused business card from a taxi service.”

Georgina stands against the trend by not adopting digital wallets.
Photo: Guardian Community

As a member of Gen Z, Georgina, living in Leeds and developing online technology training courses, resists the trend of digital wallets.

“Call me old-fashioned, but I despise that idea,” she remarks. “Most of my friends use their phones to pay, and while I acknowledge it’s convenient—

“I cherish tangible things like cards and even nostalgic items like paper concert tickets. I prefer not to be overly reliant on my phone; it’s about having control. I used to worry about carrying my card, but now I find myself asking if I have cash.”

‘My wallet is essentially a generous phone case.’

Before receiving her first smartphone during the pandemic, Sarah Hayward carried a wallet “twice the size” of her current phone case.
Photo: Sarahayward/Guardian Community

Sarah Hayward, a 61-year-old artist from Worcester, mentions that her wallet has become “a generous phone case.”

Before getting her first smartphone during the pandemic, Hayward carried a wallet that was “double the size” of her current phone case. As an artist, she has often carried a digital camera. Now, her phone case has become a combination of all of her essentials.

While Sarah Hayward keeps a physical card, it remains hidden in her phone case.
Photo: Sarahayward/Guardian Community

“I carry bank cards, taxi cards from the airport, supermarket loyalty cards, season tickets from a local majestic home garden, annual travel insurance details, GHIC cards, my polaroid snapshots, and memories of my children with their partners from a recent Moroccan wedding, along with self-employment receipts and emergency cash.

“My phone also contains a video of my mother from four years ago before she passed away. It’s like a living wallet that has her presence in it.”

Hayward avoids digital payments as she finds physical cards much more “secure.” However, she acknowledges a downside to her preferred method: “There’s no space for lipstick and tissues.”

How Your Nose Can Reveal Insights into Your Mental State

Posted on September 11, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

It’s no surprise that stress is a key factor in various health issues, including mental health disorders like anxiety and depression, as well as physical ailments such as heart disease. There’s an urgent need for a straightforward, objective, and non-invasive method to study and assess stress. Interestingly, the temperature of an individual’s nose might provide valuable insights.

Our stress levels are shaped by our mental perceptions of situations and our physical responses to them. Factors such as genetics, social influences, and cultural backgrounds contribute to our unique stress responses.

Traditionally, stress has been measured in two ways. First, surveys are commonly used, typically administered after stress has occurred, which can disconnect participants from their immediate experiences. These surveys are also subjective; not everyone accurately identifies or articulates their feelings.

The second approach involves monitoring physical indicators like blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory patterns. While these measures can appear more objective, they require specialized equipment in clinical settings, which can disrupt daily life. Ironically, the process of testing can itself induce stress, leading to an increase in the very markers being measured.

Exciting advancements in science suggest that thermal imaging, originally designed for identifying heat loss in structures, is now proving invaluable in tracking medical conditions related to temperature variations, such as infections, inflammation, and tumors. Researchers are now utilizing thermal cameras to assess stress levels based on facial temperature changes. Their research explores how temperature variations in the face can indicate stress.

When we experience stress, blood flow is redirected within our bodies. The nervous system prioritizes blood flow to vital sensory organs, such as the eyes and ears, while reducing blood circulation to the nose. This reduction in blood flow is detected as a decrease in temperature by thermal cameras. This phenomenon, known as “nose dip,” isn’t exclusive to humans; it has also been observed in both adults and children, as well as in nonhuman primates, suggesting an evolutionary connection to stress responses.

While undergoing stress, our nervous systems can redirect blood flow to heighten sensory awareness, resulting in a cooler nose. Since the nose remains relatively still, these temperature changes can serve as a clear indicator of stress.

The integration of thermal imaging with existing stress measurement techniques could revolutionize stress research. This method offers continuous monitoring in a non-intrusive manner, eliminating the need for lab environments or stressful questionnaires.

In the future, we may be able to utilize nose temperature as a form of biofeedback to help manage stress levels. This approach could support individuals—especially those who struggle to communicate their stress—by allowing for the monitoring of stress levels in high-pressure environments such as emergency rooms, trading floors, or even zoos.

Studies indicate that recognizing stress responses can enhance stress management. Making stress visible allows individuals to better understand its impacts on their mental and physical well-being before, during, and after stressful situations. The future of stress research promises to be groundbreaking.

Gillian Forrester is a professor of comparative cognition at the University of Sussex, UK. Tune in to hear her speak at New Scientist Live on October 18th.

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Animal Study Reveals New Insights into the Interaction Between Sleep and Growth Hormone Regulation

Posted on September 9, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers from the University of California, Berkeley and Stanford University have investigated the brain circuits that regulate the release of growth hormone during sleep. Their findings reveal new feedback mechanisms that keep growth hormone levels finely tuned. This discovery could lead to advancements in treating individuals with sleep disorders associated with metabolic issues like diabetes, as well as degenerative diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s.

Sleep is known to promote tissue growth and regulate metabolism by partially promoting growth hormone (GH) release, but the underlying circuit mechanism is unknown. Ding et al. show how GH release, which is enhanced in both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep, is regulated by sleep-wake-dependent activities of distinct hypothalamic neurons that express GH release hormone (GHRH) and somatostatin (SST). Arcuate nuclei SST neurons inhibit GH release by targeting nearby GHRH neurons that stimulate GH release, while periencephalic SST neurons project onto the median ridge to inhibit GH release. GH release is associated with significant surges of both GHRH and SST activity during REM sleep, while NREM sleep sees moderate increases in GHRH and reductions in SST activity. Furthermore, Ding et al. identified negative feedback pathways where GH increases the excitability of locus ceruleus neurons, leading to increased arousal. Image credit: Ding et al, doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.039.

“We have gained significant insights into this area,” said Xinlu Ding, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of California, Berkeley.

“We directly recorded the neural activity of mice to understand the underlying processes.”

“Our findings provide a foundational circuit to explore various treatment options moving forward.”

Neurons that manage growth hormone release during the sleep-wake cycle—specifically growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) neurons and two types of somatostatin neurons—are located deep within the hypothalamus, an ancient brain region present in all mammals.

Once released, growth hormone enhances the activity of locus coeruleus neurons, a brainstem region involved in arousal, attention, cognition, and curiosity.

Dysregulation of locus coeruleus neurons is linked to numerous psychiatric and neurological disorders.

“Understanding the neural circuits involved in growth hormone release could ultimately lead to new hormone therapies aimed at enhancing sleep quality and restoring normal growth hormone levels,” explained Daniel Silverman from the University of California, Berkeley.

“Several experimental gene therapies have been developed that target specific cell types.”

“This circuit could serve as a new approach to modulate the excitability of the locus coeruleus, which has not been effectively targeted before.”

The researchers investigated neuroendocrine circuits by implanting electrodes into the mouse brain and measuring activity changes triggered by light stimulation of hypothalamic neurons.

Mice have short sleep bouts (lasting several minutes at a time) throughout day and night, providing ample opportunities to study fluctuations in growth hormone during the sleep-wake cycle.

Utilizing advanced circuit mapping techniques, researchers found that the two peptide hormones (GHRH and somatostatin) regulating growth hormone release operate differently during REM and non-REM sleep.

Both somatostatin and GHRH promote growth hormone release during REM sleep; however, somatostatin decreases and GHRH sees only moderate increases during non-REM sleep, which still results in growth hormone release.

Growth hormone release regulates locus coeruleus activity through a feedback mechanism, creating a homeostatic balance.

During sleep, growth hormone accumulates at a gradual pace, stimulating the locus coeruleus and fostering arousal, according to the new findings.

However, excessive activation of the locus coeruleus can paradoxically lead to drowsiness.

“This indicates that sleep and growth hormone form a delicate balance. Insufficient sleep diminishes growth hormone release, while excessive growth hormone may drive the brain toward wakefulness,” Dr. Silverman noted.

“Sleep facilitates growth hormone release, which in turn regulates arousal. This equilibrium is crucial for growth, repair, and metabolic health.”

Growth hormone functions partially through the locus coeruleus, influencing overall brain alertness during wakefulness, emphasizing the importance of maintaining proper balance for cognitive function and attention.

“Growth hormone is pivotal not only for muscle and bone development and reducing fat tissue, but it also offers cognitive benefits and can elevate overall arousal levels upon waking,” stated Dr. Ding.

study Published in the journal Cell.

____

Xinlu Ding et al. 2025. Neuroendocrine circuits for sleep-dependent growth hormone release. Cell 188 (18): 4968-4979; doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2025.05.039

Source: www.sci.news

Discovering a New Type of Black Hole: Insights from Mirror Technology and Insect-Inspired AI

Posted on September 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Gravitational waves result from colliding black holes

Victor de Schwanberg/Science Photography Library

Researching the universe can be enhanced by AI created by Google DeepMind. With an algorithm capable of diminishing unwanted noise by as much as 100 times, the Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO), equipped with laser interferometers, can identify specific black hole types that are affecting our separation.

LIGO aims to detect gravitational waves generated when entities like black holes spiral and collide. These waves traverse the universe at light speed, yet the spacetime fluctuations are minimal—10,000 times smaller than an atomic nucleus. Since its initial detection a decade ago, LIGO has recorded signals from nearly 100 black hole collisions.

The experiment comprises two U.S. observatories, each with two perpendicular arms measuring 4 km. A laser is directed down each arm and bounced off precise mirrors, where an interferometer compares the beams. As gravitational waves pass through, the lengths of the arms fluctuate slightly, and these changes are meticulously documented to help visualize the signals’ origins.

However, achieving such precision is challenging, as even distant ocean waves or clouds can interfere with measurements. This noise can overwhelm the signal, rendering some observations unfeasible. To counterbalance this noise and accurately adjust the mirrors and other equipment, numerous critical tweaks are essential.

Lana Adhikari from the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena stated that his team has collaborated with DeepMind to innovate new AI methods. He mentions that even automating these adjustments can sometimes introduce noise. “That control noise has puzzled us for decades. All aspects in this space are hindered,” Adhikari explains. “How can you stabilize a mirror without creating noise? If left uncontrolled, the mirror tends to oscillate unpredictably.”

Laura Nuttall from the University of Portsmouth, UK, was involved in manually executing these adjustments at LIGO. “Changing one element causes a cascading effect; one change leads to another,” she points out. “It feels like an endless cycle of fine-tuning.”

DeepMind’s new AI, known as Deep Loop Shaping, aims to minimize noise by making up to 100 adjustments to LIGO’s mirrors. The AI is trained via simulations before being implemented in real-world scenarios, focusing on achieving two main objectives: limiting the number of adjustments it performs. “Over time, as it repeatedly operates, it’s like conducting hundreds or thousands of trials in a simulation. The controller learns what strategies work and identifies the best approach,” says Jonas Buchli from DeepMind.

Alberto Vecchio from the University of Birmingham, UK, expressed enthusiasm for the AI’s role in LIGO but mentioned that many challenges remain. The AI currently operates effectively for only an hour under real conditions, necessitating longer-term validation. Additionally, it’s only been applied to one control aspect, while many hundreds, if not thousands, of factors could assist in stabilizing the mirrors.

“This is clearly an initial step, but it’s certainly a fascinating one. There’s considerable scope for significant advancement,” Vecchio remarked.

If similar enhancements could be replicated elsewhere, it’s possible to detect medium-sized black holes—those around 1,000 times the mass of our sun—a category that has yet to see confirmed observations. Improvements are typically seen with the low-frequency gravitational waves generated by large bodies, where noise can obscure the signals.

“We’ve observed black holes up to 100 solar masses and more than a million solar masses in galaxies. What’s out there in between?” Vecchio pondered. “There’s a perception that black holes exist across a spectrum of masses, yet clear experimental evidence remains elusive.”

Nuttall commented that this new methodology could enhance identification of known black hole types. “This appears quite promising,” she stated. “I’m thrilled about this development.”

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Exploring Love’s Work: Insights from Psychoanalysis on Love and Heartbreak

Posted on September 4, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Psychoanalysts Can Aid Couples in Clarifying Relationship Concerns

Carl Navarro Percesus/Getty Images

Labour of Love
Stephen Grosz (UK: Chatto & Windus, Available Now; US: Random House, February 10, 2026)

Psychoanalysts, with their deep understanding of human emotions, might seem to enjoy relationships devoid of the tumult that often impacts our romantic endeavors.

However, in his compelling memoir, Labour of Love, Grosz delves into over 40 years of discussions about love with his patients, observing the intricate web involving four of his colleagues. At first, Susan and Paul appear to be a blissfully married couple, just like Kora and Martin, until it’s revealed that Paul and Kora have maintained a secret affair for two years.

The ensuing critique strikes at the very essence of their profession. “I’ve never fully grasped what it means to be a psychoanalyst,” Susan confides to Kora. “I possess empathy, I care for others, I establish boundaries, I perceive reality. Avoid taking your friend’s husband.” For Susan, psychoanalysis seems to focus on accountability and self-regulation. Kora, on the other hand, believes her journey is about achieving complete self-awareness. To her, psychoanalysis serves the purpose of intentional self-discovery.

Grosz reflects on these paradoxes, arriving at ambiguous conclusions. He suggests that while psychoanalysis may target both objectives, neither should be a primary aim. “It benefits the patient and enhances her well-being. However, these goals may obscure the hidden desire to restrict the patient’s freedom,” he states. Psychoanalysts enable their patients to gain insights into their minds, but how they utilize that understanding remains their own decision.

Skeptics might contend that psychoanalysis lacks scientific validity. After all, how can one measure the effectiveness of interventions on mental processes? Initially pioneered by Sigmund Freud, psychoanalysis employs informal dialogues to uncover unconscious dynamics, often involving extended discussions that may last for years, including in-depth explorations of childhood. This contrasts sharply with cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which utilizes specific exercises aimed at altering immediate thoughts and behaviors, such as more aggressive strategies to “reconstruct” experiences.

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Grosz has drawn comparisons to Anton Chekhov and Oliver Sacks.
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Nowadays, CBT is often the preferred initial treatment for various mental health issues, yet clinical trials indicate that psychoanalysis effectively enhances well-being. Labour of Love offers a captivating exploration of this process through the stories of Gross’s patients and acquaintances.

Take Sophie, for example. When Gross first meets her, she’s engaged, but despite her hopes for a future marriage, she hesitates to send out any invitations. She is plagued by haunting dreams about her parents’ demise. Together, they eventually trace this fear back to her parents and their loss, which occurred before Sophie was born. She dreads any changes that might separate her from them.

Often, individuals’ issues stem from a fear of losing their identity. “A crucial distinction exists between surrendering to something (or someone) and submitting to it,” Gross asserts. Submissions equate to transactions and involve relinquishing control, whereas mutual surrender fosters vitality, empowerment, and acceptance. In that space, love can flourish.

The journey to comprehend Labour of Love is not straightforward. As the title implies, understanding both ourselves and our beloved requires consistent effort.

Grosz is a compelling writer whose thoughtful narratives frequently illuminate the complexities of human experiences. A review of his earlier work, Researched Life, likened him to literary figures such as Anton Chekhov and Oliver Sacks. His storytelling shines particularly when illustrating the intertwined lives of fellow psychoanalysts. For instance, during Cola’s death, Paul connects deeply with Cola’s family while sitting shiva. In this poignant moment, he finds solace in Susan’s presence.

This scene encapsulates the contradictions inherent in love, as Grosz elaborates: “Susan and Paul loved, resented, married, and divorced. Yet, even during this challenging period, they remained a couple. Their love continued to evolve.”

David Robson is the author of The Law of Connection: 13 Social Strategies That Transform Your Life

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Six Key Insights from Psychologists on Understanding Anxiety

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Anxiety is a multifaceted and widespread mental health issue impacting millions globally. It manifests in various ways, with many individuals feeling that anxiety can be overwhelming and disrupt day-to-day activities.

How can you identify if anxiety is problematic? Additionally, what are the underlying causes of anxiety? Here’s everything you need to know.

What is anxiety?

Essentially, anxiety is an emotional state characterized by nervousness, often coupled with negative thoughts and physical symptoms. While it may center around specific upcoming events or challenges, it can also evolve into a more generalized anxiety about the future.

Breaking it down further, anxiety involves thoughts, emotions, and actions. For instance, if you joke about yourself during a meeting, it might lead to feelings of nausea, causing you to skip the meeting altogether. This decision, while it may provide temporary relief, can exacerbate anxiety in the long run, creating a cycle of avoidance.

What causes anxiety?

Anxiety often begins with negative anticipatory thoughts. For example, you might worry that an upcoming exam will be too challenging, leading to failure, or that something might go wrong during a flight. These thoughts can trigger a fear response in your brain, releasing hormones that activate your sympathetic nervous system, particularly adrenaline, preparing your body to either confront or escape a perceived threat.

In genuinely dangerous situations, this response can be life-saving. However, unhealthy anxiety may result in false alarms, prompting your body to react vigorously despite the absence of real danger.

Other factors contributing to anxiety can include past traumatic experiences, certain medications that provoke fearful thoughts, or medical conditions like hyperthyroidism that disrupt hormones related to fear.

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What does it feel like?

Anxiety can manifest physically, leading to discomfort through symptoms like a racing heart, sweaty palms, dizziness, trembling, stomach issues, and nausea.

Individuals with chronic anxiety may find these physical sensations particularly troubling, further intensifying their anxiety. For example, someone anxious about public speaking may feel their hands shake or their stomach flutter, compounding their stress.

Mentally, anxiety often triggers a cascade of fearful thoughts and incessant worries. Coupled with physical symptoms, this situation can lead to a strong desire to flee or avoid anxiety-inducing scenarios, making avoidance appear appealing despite it being counterproductive over time.

Those suffering from anxiety may tend to be devastated. Photo: Joe Waldron

When does anxiety become a problem?

Experiencing anxiety occasionally is entirely normal. In fact, moderate levels of anxiety can be beneficial (as boxing coach Cus d’Amato once noted, anxiety is like fire: it can be destructive, but when controlled, it’s a valuable resource for warmth and cooking).

For instance, moderate anxiety about a job interview can motivate adequate preparation, which is preferable to arriving unprepared. Similarly, a mild anxiety boost during the interview may help you think more clearly.

Anxiety becomes problematic when it spirals out of control (e.g., being so anxious during exams that you can’t focus) or becomes chronic and overwhelming.

A significant warning sign is when anxiety leads to avoidance behavior. For example, avoiding travel due to fear of flying can narrow your life experience and lead to feelings of unhappiness, denying you the chance to learn how to manage worry-inducing situations.

Avoidance may also manifest as reliance on ineffective coping strategies that only mask anxiety in the short term while exacerbating it over time. In contrast, confronting anxiety can be daunting initially but may be the better path toward long-term relief.

Is anxiety a mental disorder?

If a person experiences significant anxiety for many days over a period of more than six months across various situations, they may be diagnosed with “generalized anxiety disorder.”

There are also specific anxiety disorders. For example, someone with intense anxiety tied to social situations may be diagnosed with “social anxiety disorder,” while frequent panic attack concerns may lead to a diagnosis of “panic disorder.”

Specific phobias, such as agoraphobia (fear of situations where escape might be difficult), are recognized as forms of anxiety disorders. Other conditions like post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) were formerly categorized as anxiety disorders, but psychiatrists now classify them distinctly, despite their anxiety connections.

In PTSD, traumatized individuals often remain in hyper-alert states, perpetually poised for a fight or flight response. In OCD, individuals may resort to compulsive behaviors as ineffective attempts to mitigate feelings of anxiety.

Are some people more prone to anxiety than others?

Genetics and life experiences jointly shape our personality traits, which can influence susceptibility to anxiety. Particularly, individuals scoring high in neuroticism tend to experience frequent mood swings and negative emotions like shame and guilt, increasing their worry.

Conversely, those who exhibit higher levels of trust and lower stress levels in interpersonal relationships are often less susceptible to anxiety. Additionally, evidence suggests that extroverted individuals have a lower likelihood of developing anxiety, especially in social scenarios.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Honor Magic V5 Review: Top-Notch Foldable Phones Need Improved Android Software | Smartphone Insights

Posted on August 28, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Honor’s newest folding phone-tablet aims to challenge Samsung’s dominance with a sleek SuperSuma design, an impressive battery, and a camera module reminiscent of a giant lens on the back.

Closed, the Magic V5 measures approximately 8.9mm thick, which is comparable to the USB-C port thickness, and feels similar to a conventional flat phone while being able to unfold into a mini tablet format.

Priced at £1,699.99 (€1,999.99), this folding device competes fiercely with offerings from Samsung and Google, though it remains on the pricier side, which may deter some consumers.

The Magic V5 comes in several colors, featuring different materials on the back that affect both thickness and weight. At 222g or less, it is slightly heavier than Samsung’s latest foldable, yet remains lighter than many other competitors, equating its weight to that of a larger standard phone.

When closed, the Magic V5 has a weight, thickness, and width comparable to that of a large conventional phone. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The external 6.43-inch OLED display is remarkable and functions like a standard smartphone, while the internal 7.95-inch folding screen stands out for its brightness. Though it has visible creasing in the middle, it remains unobtrusive during use. The inner screen is more flexible than typical smartphone displays and requires careful handling, plus it tends to attract fingerprints.

This device is one of the first folding phones to offer water resistance comparable to standard smartphones, ensuring that dust and particles cannot penetrate behind the flexible screen or around the metal hinges, addressing concerns about durability.

Specifications

Main screen: 7.95in (403ppi) 120Hz OLED Flexible Display
Cover screen: 6.43in (405PPI) 120Hz OLED
Processor: Qualcomm Snapdragon 8 Elite
RAM: 16 GB
Storage: 512GB
Operating system: Magicos 9.0.1 (Android 15)
Camera: 50MP + 50MP Ultrawide + 64MP 3x Tele; 2x 20MP Selfie
Connectivity: 5G, Dual SIM + ESIM, USB-C, WiFi 7, NFC, Bluetooth 6, GNSS
Water resistance: IP58 and IP59 (Immersion and high pressure jet)
Folded dimensions: 156.8 x 74.3 x 8.88-9mm
Expanded dimensions: 156.8 x 145.9 x 4.1-4.2mm
Weight: 217-222g

Top Snapdragon Chip and Large Capacity Battery

Using a standard 100W USB-C power adapter (not included), it takes 55 minutes to fully charge, reaching 70% in under 30 minutes. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The Magic V5 is powered by Qualcomm’s top-tier Snapdragon 8 Elite chip, offering robust performance that rivals flagship devices. It handles everyday tasks effortlessly, remains cool under pressure, and excels in gaming.

Its multitasking capabilities shine through, allowing up to four apps to be displayed simultaneously on-screen.

Moreover, the generous battery life extends the device’s usability while maintaining a sleek form factor, larger than typical flat phones. Its battery performance varies significantly based on screen usage; primarily used as a tablet with 5G for video watching, it lasts around 37 hours. Balanced use across both screens can get you through three days before requiring a charge.

Magicos Software Still Needs Improvement

Multitasking on a large internal display offers a delightful experience with three apps available on split screen. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Running Honor’s Magicos 9 (based on last year’s Android 15) instead of the latest Android 16, the Magic V5 promises seven years of Android updates and security patches for European customers.

While the software features some promising ideas, it still exhibits rough patches and unexpected behaviors. The outer screen operates like traditional Android devices, but the inner display is where the software shines, allowing for multitasking with three apps on split screen. One app can be partially hidden to maximize space without closing the others, a clever feature first seen on the OnePlus Open. The taskbar simplifies window management.

Mini-floating windows offer enhanced desktop multitasking capabilities. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

However, tapping on app notifications within the internal screen consistently opens the app in a mini window, which may be suitable for small messaging apps, but could be unsatisfactory for larger applications like Gmail.

Furthermore, the software doesn’t utilize the partially folded mode that the inner screen offers, lacking a counterpart to Samsung’s well-regarded flex mode—representing a missed opportunity. Another bug in Honor’s font choice makes it challenging to identify unread emails in bold within Gmail, which is frustrating.

While these minor irritations may be overlooked in budget devices, they stand out on a premium device priced at £1,700. Honor has work to do.

Camera

The Camera app features multiple modes suitable for closed, partially open, or fully open configurations, ideal for selfies. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Equipped with a solid camera array nestled within a pronounced circular camera bump, the Magic V5 features a 50MP main camera that captures appealing images across varying lighting conditions, though details can soften in lower light.

The 50MP ultra-wide camera performs well but slightly distorts edges and loses fine detail. The standout is the 64MP 3x optical telephoto camera, which excels in clarity and color accuracy, even under indoor lighting, and can achieve a 6x zoom that softens details at full size but performs admirably in bright conditions.

The dual 20MP selfie cameras produce decent results, yet using the main camera with the outer screen as a viewfinder yields superior quality.

The camera app supports various modes, including smart motion capture for action shots and robust video capabilities. There’s a range of AI filters and effects typical of many Chinese smartphones, allowing for personalized aesthetics.

Overall, while the camera is one of the better options among folding devices, it falls short of the top-tier camera phones available on the market.

Sustainability

The capacitive fingerprint scanner on the power button integrates seamlessly with the slim design. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

The expected battery lifespan is at least 1,200 charge cycles with a minimum of 80% original capacity remaining. The Magic V5 is generally easy to repair, with the internal screen priced around £700 and the external screen around £200. Additionally, Honor offers complimentary screen repairs for 12 months if purchased within the first month after release.

This device incorporates recycled plastics, and while Honor provides limited environmental reports, trade-in and refurbished options are available.

Price

The Honor Magic V5 retails for £1,699.99 (€1,999.99).

For context, the Samsung Galaxy Z Fold 7 is priced at £1,799; the Google Pixel 10 Pro Fold costs £1,749; the Galaxy S25 Ultra is listed at £1,249, while the Honor Magic 7 Pro is available for £1,099.

Verdict

Honor has crafted an impressive folding phone, yet the software experience has room for improvement. While the Magicos has progressed over time, it lacks the customization and features seen in competitors.

The main issues are minor glitches, rough edges, and abnormal behaviors throughout the software. None of these detract significantly from the product, but they accumulate and cannot be ignored in a device priced at £1,700.

It’s unfortunate because the phone is rapid, boasts great battery life, has a capable camera, and presents aesthetically well. It’s great to see a meaningful rivalry among Samsung and Google in this foldable segment. Nonetheless, there’s insufficient incentive to choose the Magic V5 when it costs nearly the same as the industry-leading Samsung.

Pros: Super slim design, functions like a regular phone when closed, excellent performance, outstanding battery life, superb internal display, solid camera capabilities, effective fingerprint scanner, and a water and dust resistance rating.

Cons: High price point, software lacks polish for advanced behaviors, less durability compared to standard devices, expensive repairs, and limited folding modes.

The Magic V5 is a visually appealing and well-crafted device. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian

Insights from the Thylacine Genome Reveal Reasons for Its Extinction

Posted on August 27, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Thylacines were once found throughout Australia and New Guinea

Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images

SEI 263374247 — Thylacines were once found throughout Australia and New Guinea

Robert Nickelsberg/Getty Images

The extinction of crucial genes over the millennia since humans arrived in Australia may have made the thylacine more prone to extinction.

The thylacine, also known as the Tasmanian tiger (Thylacinus cynocephalus), was the last remaining member of a marsupial family called Thylacinidae, which once thrived in Australia and New Guinea.

It became extinct on mainland Australia around 2000 years ago, primarily due to human hunting and competition with dingoes. After European settlers arrived in Tasmania, the animal was targeted by farmers and government bounties, leading to the last of its kind dying in 1936 at Hobart Zoo.

Nagarjun Vijay and Buddha Bhashan Gilish Salv from the Institute of Science and Education in Bhopal, India, grew fascinated by the Tasmanian tiger’s genome while studying that of the Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris).

“We noticed some parallels between the extinction of thylacines and our own tiger,” Vijay notes. “There’s a significant push to protect Indian tigers.”

The duo theorized that hypercarnivores like the Bengal and Tasmanian tigers may have lost vital genes through their evolutionary journey in response to environmental shifts and emerging diseases.

They examined genetic data previously obtained from thylacine specimens and compared these to the genome of the Tasmanian devil, a close relative (Sarcophilus harrisii), along with other marsupials.

Unlike nearly all other marsupials, including the Tasmanian devil, the thylacine has lost at least four crucial genes: SAMD9L, HSD17B13, CUZD1, and VWA7.

Vijay found it surprising that this genetic loss did not occur after Tasmania’s populace was isolated due to rising sea levels roughly 10,000 years ago.

This genetic loss may have been beneficial under certain historical conditions, but can hinder species health by diminishing antiviral defense, metabolic functions, lactation, as well as increasing susceptibility to cancer and pancreatitis.

Thylacines lost SAMD9L, CUZD1, and VWA7 at least 6 million years ago, coinciding with a significant climatic transition when species sizes increased dramatically, resulting in an oversaturation of carnivores entirely dependent on meat.

“The overarching narrative is that much of the human influence, or artificial changes, has perpetually shaped the extinction of thylacines,” Vijay states. “We speculated that there would be lost genes linked to disease, and that’s exactly what we uncovered.”

Timothy Churchill from the University of New South Wales in Sydney emphasizes that climate change over the course of human history has indeed led to a drastic decrease in genetic diversity among thylacines. He believes that the genetic losses identified in the new study may have rendered the Tasmanian tigers more vulnerable to illnesses, though confirming this requires additional research.

“It’s one of those species that truly survived against the odds for an extended period in that niche,” Churchill explains. “But once dingo-like canids arrived, it was the beginning of the end on the mainland. Then, of course, after creating adversaries in Tasmania, it marked their doom.”

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Exploring the Origins of Language: What is Parenting Fuel Language? Insights from a New Book

Posted on August 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Beekman proposes that the intricacies of parenting have fueled the evolution of language

Shutterstock/Artem Varnitsin

The Origin of Language
Madeleine Beekman (Simon & Schuster)

Language remains one of the few attributes regarded as uniquely human. While animals like chimpanzees and songbirds exhibit advanced communication systems, they do not convey meaning on the same scale as humans. So, what prompted our ancestors to develop language?

Madeleine Beekman, an evolutionary biologist with a focus on insects, particularly honeybees, presents an engaging explanation in her first book aimed at general audiences regarding the evolution of human language.

Her hypothesis suggests that language emerged as a necessity to meet the challenges of parenting. In comparison to other mammals, human infants are quite helpless at birth and need around-the-clock care.

Echoing decades of paleontological research, Beekman links the vulnerable state of infants to two factors: a larger brain and a narrower pelvis. “As our bodies adapted for bipedalism, our hips narrowed,” she notes. As a result, our brains grew larger. “A big-headed baby and a mother with a narrow pelvis don’t work well together,” Beekman elaborates.

To circumvent this “obstetric dilemma,” infants are born at an earlier stage, leading to the situation where their heads are too large for a narrow birth canal. This adaptation allows for safer childbirth but necessitates extended care for the fragile young.

Thus far, the narrative is familiar. Beekman’s significant leap is to propose that the requirements of caring for human offspring spurred the development of complex languages. “Caring for human babies is incredibly challenging, leading evolution to craft entirely new tools to assist with this effort,” she asserts, “the design flaws that initiated the issue ultimately offered a solution.” While our brains made childbirth more complicated, we simultaneously developed our capacity for a richer, more flexible language.

In presenting this idea, Beekman navigates a bustling marketplace of theories on language evolution. Various hypotheses exist; some contend that language arose alongside toolmaking, where the development of advanced tools required more descriptive language for instruction. Others suggest language served as a means of social distinction, encompassing clever wordplay and insults. Additionally, it may have initially been a cognitive tool, primarily for individual thought before evolving to facilitate communication with others.

One intriguing element of Beekman’s theory is her emphasis on the roles of women and children. Science has historically leaned towards male-centered viewpoints, often overshadowing the significant evolutionary shifts linked to pregnancy (e.g., the “Hunter” model).

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The authors contend that language is around 100,000 years old and unique to our species.
“

It’s essential to reflect on the contributions of women and children in the story of language’s origins. However, this doesn’t necessarily affirm Beekman’s thesis. She presents compelling evidence, notably showing that many large birds, including parrots and New Caledonian crows, produce underdeveloped offspring. Why? A 2023 study indicated that the primary predictor of avian brain size was the degree of parental care.

All of this resonates with Beekman’s narrative. Yet, the most pressing question remains: timing. Humans have been walking on two legs for at least 6 million years, and our brains have expanded rapidly for the last 2 million years. Given this extensive timeline, when did language actually develop?

Beekman posits that modern language is roughly 100,000 years old and specific to our species. She references 2020 research pinpointing “unique gene regulatory networks that shape the anatomy crucial for precise word production.” These networks appear to exist solely in our species, indicating that other human relatives, like Neanderthals, may not have possessed the same linguistic capabilities.

Beekman considers this “conclusive,” yet other scholars have unearthed evidence that suggests the possibility of complex language in other human species. The evolution surrounding human childbirth remains as intertwined as it is uncertain. In summary, robust ideas necessitate further proof.

Michael Marshall is a writer based in Devon, UK

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