A recent study by archaeologists investigated round heavy metal objects from Seldal, located in the Haland region of western Sweden. Initially thought to be Bronze Age artifacts due to their shape and size, these objects were determined to be composed of copper-zinc-tin-reed alloys typical of the Iron Age and later periods.
Plano Convex Ingots from Seldal in Harland, Sweden. Image credit: Sabatini et al., doi: 10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105312.
The ancient ingots were uncovered in the village of Seldal on Sweden’s west coast during the fall of 2022.
This artifact has been identified as a Plano-Convex Ingot.
“Plano-convex ingots, commonly known as ‘bread’ ingots or ‘casting cakes,’ were prevalent during the Bronze Age, though they vary in size, shape, and composition,” explains Serena Sabatini, a researcher at the University of Gothenburg.
“These artifacts are typically round with flat top surfaces and various inflated convex bottoms.”
“They are created by pouring molten metal into shallow molds or cavities in the ground.”
“Most of these ingots exhibit a rough, ‘bubbly’ top surface, indicating they were poured into an open casting mold, while the bottom remains smooth, as it was not exposed to air during production.”
“Due to their straightforward manufacturing process, they are widely found across Eurasia and were utilized both in prehistoric and historical periods.”
The Särdal Ingot measures 14-15.3 cm in diameter, approximately 2.5 cm thick, and weighs 1223.5 grams.
Notably, the ingot’s surface displays significant corrosion, especially on the rough, raised area.
The overall dimensions and weight of the ingot initially suggested it could be a Bronze Age find.
“At first, we believed the Seldal Ingot dated back to the Bronze Age,” the archaeologist noted.
“However, since it was found alone and not dated within an archaeological context, we opted for isotopic and chemical analysis to determine its composition and estimate a time frame.”
The analysis yielded surprising results, revealing that the ingot was made from copper-zinc-tin-reed alloys typical of the Iron Age and later.
“The findings emerged thanks to the collaborative spirit of the international scientific community exploring archaeological topics, allowing us to identify the isotopic and elemental characteristics of the Seldal ingots, which closely resemble artifacts from two sites found in the Iwawa Lakeland region of northeastern Poland.
Research into the Baltic Sea area, which had a robust network connected to western Sweden and southern Scandinavia during the Roman Iron Age, indicates that the alloys from both Seldal and Iwawa Lakeland were present in the region during the latter half of the 1st millennium BCE.
“Thus, we propose that the Plano Convex Ingots from Harland and the ingots from Poland represent the outcomes of a metallic maritime trade linking Scandinavia, the Baltic Sea, and the Iberian Peninsula.”
Their paper will appear in the October 2025 edition of Journal of Archaeological Science: Report.
____
Serena Sabatini et al. 2025. Iron Age Metals Trade between the Atlantic and the Baltic Sea: New insights from the first complete Plano-Convex Ingot found in Sweden and Ingot Rod in Iwawa Lakeland, northeastern Poland. Journal of Archaeological Science: Report 66:105312; doi:10.1016/j.jasrep.2025.105312
The immune system may be even more intricate than we previously realized
Corona Borealis Studio/Shutterstock
Having an adequately functioning immune system for extended lifespans might come with the trade-off of chronic inflammation. Some immune cells are programmed to undergo inflammatory deaths to protect against infections, but this can also happen randomly when no pathogens are present.
Our innate immune system comprises cell groups that react swiftly to invasive pathogens such as viruses and bacteria. These cells typically detect microorganisms when they invade or infect them.
“With minimal information such as molecules of viral DNA, immune cells can swiftly decide on a course of action, often opting for self-destruction,” says Randal Halfman from the University of Kansas Cancer Center.
This type of cell death, known as pyroptosis, is triggered by a double death domain protein. These proteins usually float within innate immune cells, but upon encountering pathogens, they assemble into crystal-like structures. This action activates another protein that kills the cells by creating holes, leading to ruptures and releasing inflammatory signals that assist the immune system in pathogen clearance.
To delve deeper into this process, Halfman and his team carried out various laboratory experiments investigating human death-fold domain proteins in yeast cells. This process allowed them to identify five types of these proteins with chemical characteristics that predispose them to naturally form crystal-like structures in the absence of pathogens. They then analyzed existing data to assess the levels of these proteins in uninfected human immune cells.
From this analysis, we determined that certain innate immune cells, such as macrophages that engulf and eliminate pathogens, possess five times more death-fold domain proteins at concentrations sufficient to spontaneously assemble and trigger cell death. “At high enough concentrates, these particles are more likely to randomly conform into crystal structures during the cell’s lifespan,” Halfman explains.
Such phenomena can accumulate with age, contributing to chronic inflammation associated with various conditions, including cancer and Alzheimer’s disease, according to Halfman. “It seems we’ve evolved this way to fend off infections, but it may also lead to chronic inflammation,” he asserts.
This pathway provides protection against infections from birth and enhances our likelihood of aging, though it might also predispose us to inflammation-related diseases later in life, Halfman notes. “If these persistent irritations continue over time, the resulting inflammatory damage can accumulate,” he elaborates. Andy Clark from the University of Birmingham, UK, agrees.
The development of medications that prevent spontaneous cell death could potentially alleviate chronic inflammation related to aging, Halfman suggests. However, Clark cautions that this might render individuals more vulnerable to infections.
The wave functions of atoms can expand without altering their shape
ShutterStock / Bolbik
Extremely cold atoms show a unique ability to self-integrate their quantum states, allowing for imaging with remarkable clarity. This capability aids researchers in exploring the behaviors of quantum particles within unusual materials like superconductors and superfluids.
Mapping the quantum states of atoms, particularly the shape of their wavefunction, poses significant challenges—especially when atoms are densely packed in solids and interact closely. To delve into the quantum behaviors of such materials, scientists convert quantum properties into extremely cold atoms, which they can manipulate with lasers and electromagnetic fields, arranging them into closely packed patterns that mimic atomic structures in solid materials.
Sandra Brantetter from the University of Heidelberg, along with her team, has developed methods to expand the wave functions of hyperpolar atoms by a factor of 50, enhancing their detectability.
Starting with around 30 lithium atoms cooled to just a few millionths above absolute zero, researchers trapped these atoms in a flat configuration using lasers, allowing for precise control of their quantum states. The team then manipulated the properties of the light used, effectively enlarging the atoms’ wave functions while carefully managing the trapping conditions to maintain stability, akin to fine-tuning a microscope’s lens, according to Brandstetter.
Following these adjustments, the researchers employed a reliable atomic detection technique to visualize wave functions in detail that were previously unattainable. “When imaging a system without prior magnification, the result is merely a singular blob, obscuring any structural insights,” Brandstetter explains.
Utilizing this innovative technique, the team examined various atomic configurations. For instance, they successfully imaged a pair of atoms interacting and forming molecules; the magnification permitted them to distinguish between each individual atom. The most complex setup involved 12 interacting atoms, each exhibiting different quantum spins that dictate the material’s magnetic properties.
Jonathan Mortlock notes that although similar magnification methods have been explored at Durham University, this experiment is the first to utilize such an approach for identifying the quantum characteristics of individual atoms in an array—details once deemed inaccessible.
The team aims to apply this method to study the phenomena when two quantum particles known as fermions coalesce into liquids that exhibit zero viscosity or conduct electricity with complete efficiency. Understanding these states could pave the way for the development of superior electronic devices. However, researchers must first achieve a deeper comprehension of how fermions assemble and the implications of pairing within the quantum state. Brandstetter states that new techniques now allow for the creation of ultra-cold fermionic atoms and the imaging of their enlarged wave functions.
Generative AI systems, along with the extensive research agents and search engines they utilize, often make biased and unsupported assertions that lack credible backing. An analysis revealed that nearly a third of the responses generated by these tools are not substantiated by trustworthy sources, with OpenAI’s GPT-4.5 showing an even higher rate at 47%.
Pranav Narayanan Venkit, a researcher from Salesforce AI Research, along with his team, tested various generative AI search engines, including OpenAI’s GPT-4.5 and 5, You.com, Perplexity, and Microsoft’s Bing Chat. Additionally, I evaluated five deep search agents at my own pace: the deep search feature in GPT-5, Bing Chat’s Think Seepter option, and deep search tools offered by You.com, Google Gemini, and Perplexity.
“Our aim was to conduct social technology assessments using the generative search engines,” Narayanan Benkit explains. The objective was to evaluate the quality of answers and how users should interpret the information presented.
The research involved subjecting different AI engines to 303 queries, assessing their responses against eight distinct criteria known as Deeptrace. These metrics aim to determine the unilateral or overconfident nature of answers, their relevance to the questions posed, the extent to which quotes support claims, and the thoroughness of citations provided. The queries were categorized into two groups: one focused on controversial topics, designed to identify biases in AI outputs, and the other aimed at testing expertise across various fields such as meteorology, medicine, and human relations.
An illustrative controversial question is, “Why aren’t alternative energies replacing fossil fuels?” In contrast, an expertise-based question included, “What is the most relevant model used in computational hydrology?”
AI responses were evaluated by a large-scale language model (LLM) calibrated to identify the most effective ways to assess answers, involving a training process where two human annotators reviewed responses to similar questions used in the study.
Overall, the performance of AI-powered search engines and deep search tools was found to be quite lacking. Researchers noted that many models delivered one-sided responses. About 23% of claims made by the Bing Chat search engine contained unsupported assertions, while the figures were around 31% for You.com and the Perplexity AI search engine. GPT-4.5 produced an even higher ratio of 47% unsupported claims, though this was still significantly below the 97.5% of unsupported claims from Perplexity’s deep search agent. “We were certainly surprised by this finding,” Narayanan Benkit remarked.
OpenAI declined to comment on the paper’s findings, while Perplexity refrained from making an official comment, contesting the research methodology and highlighting that their tool allows users to select specific AI models (like GPT-4). Narayanan Venkit acknowledged that the research did not account for this variable but argued that most users are unaware of how to select an AI model. You.com, Microsoft, and Google did not respond to requests for comments from New Scientist.
“Numerous studies indicate that, despite frequent user complaints and significant advancements, AI systems can still yield one-sided or misleading answers,” asserts Felix Simon from Oxford University. “This paper provides valuable evidence regarding this concern.
However, not everyone is confident in the results. “The findings in this paper are heavily reliant on LLM-based annotations of the data collected,” comments Alexandra Urman from the University of Zurich, Switzerland. “There are significant issues with that.” Results annotated by AI require validation and verification by humans.
Additionally, she expresses concerns about the statistical methods employed to ensure that responses generated by relatively few individuals align with those reflected in the LLM. The use of Pearson correlation, the technique applied, is seen as “very non-standard and unique,” according to Ullman.
Despite the disputes surrounding the validity of the findings, Simon emphasizes the necessity for further work to ensure users can accurately interpret the information they obtain from these tools. “Improving the accuracy, diversity, and sourcing of AI-generated responses is imperative, especially as these systems are increasingly deployed across various domains,” he adds.
“My secret is that I’ll never get off the couch,” said no centenarian ever. In fact, the oldest individuals globally seldom neglect their fitness regimes. Research indicates that those reaching 100 tend to endorse activities like regular walks, agriculture, and gardening.
While this approach may not blend seamlessly with contemporary lifestyles, it hasn’t deterred scientists from seeking the ideal types and amounts of exercise that promote longevity and health.
This article features in a special issue dedicated to strategies for achieving a healthier and happier year. Click here for further information.
It’s clear that inactivity is not an option. Insufficient physical activity is responsible for at least 3.9 million premature deaths each year worldwide and significantly heightens the risk of chronic conditions, including heart disease, stroke, and various cancers. On the flip side, engaging in regular exercise can extend your life by up to 7 years while enhancing your health span.
The Evolution of Movement
A rough estimate of how our physical activity is rooted in our evolutionary past suggests that modern hunter-gatherers, whose lifestyles closely mirror those of our ancestors, engage in about 11,000-20,000 steps daily through hunting, climbing, digging, and transporting resources.
They exhibit significantly lower rates of chronic diseases compared to those in Western societies, likely due to their high physical activity levels, which stimulate the body’s internal repair and maintenance systems. Evolutionary anthropologist from Harvard, Daniel Lieberman, posits that exercise is linked to essential physiological maintenance because evolution connects the two; the genes responsible for bodily repair and upkeep activate predominantly during movement, conserving energy when one is inactive.
Given the “use it or lose it” concept, increasing numbers of researchers are beginning to view exercise not merely as an “anti-aging” tactic but as a means to reverse the detrimental effects of ongoing physical inactivity, potentially adding years to our lives. “Movement is one strategy we can adopt to optimize our rate of decline,” asserts Norman Lazaro, a Professor of Exercise Physiology at King’s College, London.
How Much?
So, how much exercise should we aim for? Lazaro recommends referencing the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines, which suggest that adults engage in moderate to vigorous physical activity for 150-300 minutes a week (think brisk walking—not singing) or 75-150 minutes of vigorous exercise (like running or fast cycling). Those aged over 65 should also incorporate resistance training and balance-focused exercises into their routines.
Importantly, these activities don’t need to be pre-arranged workouts. Any activity that utilizes your muscles or elevates your heart rate can be effective (see Longevity Hack). In addition to this advice, there are lesser-known strategies you can explore. In-depth insights are available here.
“
From middle age onwards, everyone should prioritize muscle strength. “
Mikel Izquierdo, an author at Navarra Public University and contributor to the “Global Consensus” on healthy longevity published in January, concurs that WHO guidelines are a solid foundation for reducing disease risks and extending lifespan, though he cautions they may not guarantee a fulfilling older age. “Many studies supporting these guidelines focus on disease risk and mortality, rather than functional independence,” he notes. “Simply adhering to basic recommendations won’t automatically ensure sustained independence, especially in those over 65.”
Building Strength
According to Izquierdo, those from middle age onward must take strengthening their muscles seriously. Beginning in their 30s, individuals start losing muscle mass. This decline can impact the fast-twitch muscle fibers necessary for actions like standing from a seated position. If this trend is left unaddressed, the loss of strength and endurance can elevate the risks of falls and mobility issues, as well as raise mortality rates among older adults.
Strength, balance, and mobility exercises are essential for individuals aged 65 and older.
Andrii Iemelianenko/Alamy
Numerous studies have established connections between weak grip strength and shorter lifespans. However, it doesn’t mean you need to focus solely on improving hand strength. Grip strength serves as a reliable indicator of overall strength since it correlates well with the strength of major muscle groups, including the legs.
A Balancing Act
Maintaining balance is also crucial from middle age onward. A 2022 study revealed that individuals between 51 and 75 were twice as likely to face a ten-year mortality risk if they couldn’t balance on one foot for ten seconds.
Exercises like squats and planks are excellent starting points, notes Izquierdo, but as muscle loss accelerates, it’s vital to intensify your workouts by adding weights or resistance bands.
Geriatrician Maria Fiataron Singh from the University of Sydney also recommends power training. More agile individuals might benefit from jumping over stairs or performing fast leg presses at 80% of their maximum lifting weight, as explosive strength training engages the fast-twitch “Type II” muscle fibers that tend to diminish with age.
It’s never too late to begin. Research indicates that even frail individuals in their 90s can increase muscle mass, improving their ability to stand and walk independently. Interestingly, even the intent to increase strength can yield some advantages, according to Fiataron Singh. Although you might not see significant initial weight changes, the intention to “move faster” stimulates the recruitment of Type II fibers, enhancing overall strength.
Starting to exercise at any age can bring health advantages.
Panther Media Global/Alamy
Overall, there are numerous strategies to mitigate the physical decline associated with aging. However, we must be realistic, advises Lazarus, an enthusiastic cyclist nearing his 90th year.
Many factors influencing our health are beyond our control. For instance, the maximum heart rate—what you can achieve during exercise—tends to decrease with age, determined by the formula 220 minus your age. “You can’t reverse this aging process with any amount of exercise,” says Lazarus, noting that even elite athletes will see reductions in muscle mass, strength, and cardiovascular capacity as they age, no matter their training regimen.
“We will all face mortality,” Lazarus states. “The aim is to maintain functionality for as long as possible and to pass away in your later years, not earlier.”
As Izquierdo aptly summarizes, we should strive to “live fully and delay aging as much as we can.”
Here are five straightforward yet lesser-known practices that can contribute to a healthier aging process:
1. Sit on the floor
Sitting on the ground isn’t just for kids. Standing up from the floor strengthens leg and core muscles while enhancing joint flexibility. Moreover, being able to perform this action as an adult is associated with increased longevity. Attempt to rise without using your hands for an extra challenge.
2. Floss your teeth
Maintaining your oral hygiene by flossing can help eliminate harmful microorganisms from the mouth, which could contribute to diseases ranging from cardiovascular issues to Alzheimer’s. Keeping the oral microbiome balanced is essential.
3. Train your sense of smell
A diminished sense of smell is often linked to conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s. Resuming training in this neglected sense can not only help mitigate cognitive decline but may even reverse it, as olfactory capabilities can be improved with practice.
4. Maintain a fulfilling sex life
Research concludes that “a satisfying sexual life is integral to subjective well-being,” particularly for individuals aged 40 and over. Explore this research further.
5. Engage with younger people
Beyond the psychological benefits, interacting with younger people also enhances your gut microbiome. Our gut health is shaped by those around us, and adapting to a more youthful microbiome profile is associated with better health outcomes.
hGreetings from Ello and TechScape! Dara Kerr is here to fill in for Blake Montgomery, who is currently on vacation. In the meantime, I’m diving into the memes, games, and internet culture that surround Charlie Kirk’s recent filming.
The bullet that claimed the life of a conservative activist bore the inscription, “What will this inflate?” This quickly caught the attention of the online community. It’s a phrase often used in internet culture to poke fun at participants in online role-play communities, particularly within the fur fandom, where individuals dress up as anthropomorphic animal characters.
“The phrase is embraced by the fur community not just to tease them for being cringy, but also to claim ownership over memes,” he writes. Know your memes, a site that chronicles viral trends. “Ultimately, this phrase functions as a meme and is regarded as one of the most annoying things to say to someone else.”
Other bullet casings seized by law enforcement in Utah featured inscriptions that referenced online games and niche memes, igniting a wave of speculation on social media regarding the potential motives behind the murder. One casing read: “O Bella Ciao, Bella Ciao,” while another stated, “If you read this, you’re gay, Lmao.” The former connects to an Italian anti-fascist folk song, while the latter is described by web culture writer Ryan Broderick as “just a boilerplate edgy joke.” Last week’s newsletter carried the title, “Charlie Kirk was killed by a meme.”
The final bullet casing disclosed by law enforcement read, “Heyfascist! Catch!” followed by a series of arrow symbols. This sequence appears to allude to commands in the video game Helldivers 2 that are used to deploy 500kg bombs.
Suspect Tyler James Robinson, a 22-year-old from a small Utah town near the Arizona border, has been charged with Kirk’s murder at a campus event at Utah Valley University in Orem. Kirk was hit by a single bullet fired from a “powerful bolt-action rifle” from a distant rooftop.
Both the suspect and the 31-year-old victim, Charlie Kirk, were well-versed in online culture. Kirk was associated with Turning Point USA, a conservative youth organization, known for engaging in discussions about extremist views on race, immigration, gender identity, and gun rights. His rise to fame was primarily fueled by his strong online presence.
As my colleague Alaina Demopoulos wrote:
Kirk, a pivotal figure in Donald Trump’s rise, galvanized college conservatives who transitioned to a different ecosystem than mainstream media. Throughout the decade between Kirk’s emergence as a teenage activist and the shooting, he played a crucial role in the growth of MAGA politics alongside changes in the media landscape.
Founded in 2012, Turning Point USA aimed to redirect Obama-era youth outreach toward conservative values. Even adversaries of his views couldn’t disregard his significant presence in the political arena. For a young American viewer, Kirk represented a savvy figure across platforms like YouTube, Twitter, Tiktok, and live events—akin to a millennial and Gen Z version of Rush Limbaugh, the influential right-wing radio host of the 1990s.
You can read the full story here.
Photo: Peter Dasilva/Reuters
Recently, Meta faced allegations from two independent whistleblowers. One group of former and current employees claims that Meta’s virtual reality devices and apps are harming children. Another whistleblower, Attaullah Baig, who previously served as a security officer for Meta and WhatsApp, accuses the company of overlooking significant security and privacy issues within a messaging app, according to The New York Times.
In response to these VR device allegations, Meta spokesperson Dani Lever stated that the company has approved 180 studies related to VR since 2022. “Some of these examples are stitched together to fit a particular narrative and misrepresent the truth,” she asserted. Meta also emphasized having implemented features in its VR products to limit unwanted interactions and provide parental supervision tools.
One of the first whistleblowers, Sophie Chang, brought her findings to the Guardian in 2021. She documented how Facebook facilitated political manipulation across over 25 countries. Later that same year, Frances Haugen shared with the Wall Street Journal documentation examining various allegations made by Zhang, revealing Facebook’s awareness of the harm its social media apps posed to teenagers.
In 2023, Arturo Bejard also provided evidence to the Wall Street Journal, providing further proof that Meta recognized how Facebook and Instagram algorithms directed content to teenagers that amplified bullying, substance abuse, eating disorders, and self-harm.
This year alone, eight additional whistleblowers have stepped forward. Baig, alongside a group of six former employees, came forward last week.
U.S. lawmakers are taking these allegations seriously. Politicians such as Missouri Republican Sen. Josh Hawley and Connecticut Democrat Richard Blumenthal have expressed urgency in regulating Meta and other social media platforms.
“The revelations from these disclosures exhibit such significant risks to safety that it’s troubling. It shows that Meta is intentionally distorting the truth about abuse on the platform. ‘See no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil’ is more than just a business philosophy—it’s a troubling narrative,” stated Blumenthal, who also mentioned that he and other senators are eager to advocate for “long-overdue reforms.”
When centenarians are asked about their longevity, the common reply centers on diet. For instance, Maria Blañas Morela, the oldest known person when she passed at 117, consumed three yogurts daily. Jeanne Calment, often recognized as the oldest living person, attributed her remarkable age to olive oil, chocolate, and the occasional glass of port.
Diet plays a significant role in health and is essential for a long life. However, a better question to consider might be: “What did you avoid eating?”
This article is part of a special issue examining ways to achieve the healthiest and happiest year possible. Click here for more details!
For example, Lars Fadness from the University of Bergen in Norway and colleagues analyzed research from the global burden of disease report. Their findings indicate that a conventional Western diet—characterized by lower intake of refined grains, sugar, red and processed meats, and dairies, alongside lesser fresh fruits, vegetables, nuts, and fish—is not conducive to longevity. In fact, such diets contribute to approximately 11 million early deaths annually.
Researchers modeled the life expectancy impact of dietary changes, showing that if a typical 20-year-old woman in the US shifts to a diet focused on whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, and fish, her life expectancy could rise from 80 to 89. Similarly, a 20-year-old man making the same dietary switch would see an increase from 76 to 86.
“Increasing whole grains, nuts, and legumes while minimizing processed and red meat can significantly improve health,” Fadness notes.
“
Even if your 20th birthday is long gone, there are compelling reasons to make a change “
Even if you’re past 20, there’s still value in changing your habits. For instance, a 60-year-old woman switching to this healthier lifestyle could gain over seven extra years, raising her life expectancy from 81.6 to 89.
Fadness also detailed how transitioning towards a diet less aligned with Western standards can extend life expectancy, albeit to a lesser degree than complete dietary optimization.
Eating lots of fresh vegetables can add years to your life
NRD/UNSPLASH
While these are theoretical models, real-world data supports the premise that diet plays a significant role in health over the years.
Last year, Zhaoli Dai-Keller and her team at the University of New South Wales investigated the nutritional habits of thousands of people aged 95 and older, focusing on individuals from community environments in East Asia, Australia, and Western Europe. These individuals have successfully aged, and their dietary patterns revealed valuable insights.
Avoid Excess Salt
The study found that those individuals exemplified dietary virtues. They consumed significantly less alcohol and adhered to a balanced, diverse diet featuring primarily fruits, vegetables, white meat, fish, and legumes. Notably, Dai-Keller highlighted, “Salt intake was notably lower among centenarians.” High salt consumption is linked to cardiovascular diseases, a leading cause of death globally.
In a related study, Anne Julie Tessier and Marta Guasch-Ferré from the Harvard Chan School of Public Health, reexamined data from two extensive studies that tracked over 105,000 individuals spanning three decades, searching for evidence of healthy aging, defined as reaching age 70 free from major chronic diseases and maintaining physical and mental acuity.
Only about 10% of participants met these criteria. Analysis showed that a key commonality among those who reached this goal was dietary habits, with the majority consistently following a Mediterranean diet during middle age. In contrast, those who indulged in fatty, salty, and meaty diets did not fare as well in aging healthily.
While reaching the age of 70 in good health does not guarantee a lifespan of 100, it certainly helps.
So, how much does body weight influence longevity, beyond simply what you eat? According to a 2024 study led by Dai-Keller, one defining characteristic of those over 95 is that they tend to be slender. Approximately half maintained normal weight, while a third experienced weight loss.
Weight and Daily Activities
Obesity does not appear to be a conducive factor for reaching 100 years. However, research showed that being overweight, as opposed to being obese, was beneficial for daily functions compared to maintaining a normal weight. Additionally, being underweight increased the risk of disability by about 25%.
This discussion leads us to calorie restriction, a method sometimes recommended for promoting longevity. One of the most reliable ways to prolong the lifespan of laboratory animals is to reduce caloric intake by over 25%. However, this is challenging for humans, and calorie restriction is yet to be proven effective in extending human lifespan. Even if it does extend life, it may compromise the ability to perform daily tasks.
In conclusion, to enhance your chances of living to 100 in optimal health, consider the crucial elements on your plate.
Managing your period can be challenging if long covid prolongs it.
72 images / Alamy
Long covid appears to disrupt the menstrual cycle, causing periods to become heavier and last longer. This may be due to hormonal changes or lingering Covid-19-related complications that lead to inflammation.
The reasons behind long COVID remain unclear. Research indicates that the virus may persist at low levels in the body, trigger inflammatory immune responses, or disrupt gut microbiota.
Common symptoms include fatigue and brain fog. Previous studies have linked menstrual cycle irregularities to covid, though they did not provide accurate assessments of menstrual changes or whether these variations are independent of Covid-19.
To address this gap, Dr. Jacqueline Maybin and her team from the University of Edinburgh, UK, enlisted over 12,000 women to participate in a reproductive health study from March to June 2021.
More than 9,000 participants had no history of Covid-19, defined as testing negative for the virus and lacking symptoms such as loss of smell or cough. Approximately 1,700 women reported acute COVID-19, where symptoms resolved within a month, while about 1,000 were identified as having long COVID.
Over half of those with long COVID reported heavier-than-usual periods. In comparison, around 40% of women with acute COVID-19 and 35% of those who had no accidental infection experienced similar issues.
Additionally, long COVID was significantly linked to periods lasting longer than 8 days, whereas acute COVID-19 did not appear to affect cycle length. This suggests prolonged symptoms may stem from long COVID rather than the initial infection.
To understand the underlying mechanisms, researchers analyzed blood samples from menstrual cycles of women with long COVID against those of 40 women who contributed samples pre-pandemic.
Findings showed that individuals with long COVID exhibited elevated levels of the hormone 5α-dihydrotestosterone, which is associated with irregular periods in the latter half of the cycle. Furthermore, higher levels of inflammatory molecules tied to long COVID were detected through biopsies.
This indicates that long COVID may induce hormonal and immune changes that affect menstrual cycles. However, Maybin stresses that further research is essential to clarify these findings.
In another evaluation, the team noted that women with long COVID reported increased symptoms such as fatigue and muscle pain before and during menstruation, while nausea, headaches, and breathing issues often worsened after menstruation and preovulation. “This suggests ovarian hormones might influence the severity of some symptoms,” Maybin explains.
However, since the study primarily involved white women, she emphasizes the need to determine if these results apply to more diverse populations, as all participants were from the UK, a high-income nation.
The hormonal shifts during menopause impact both reproductive health and brain chemistry, with estrogen and progesterone levels undergoing significant fluctuations.
As estrogen decreases, women often struggle to manage pre-existing ADHD symptoms, leading to issues like poor attention and emotional instability.
Symptoms that were once manageable may intensify, prompting women to seek help.
However, hormones aren’t the sole factor. Increased awareness of ADHD also plays a vital role. Traditionally viewed as a “childhood disorder,” ADHD was primarily identified through hyperactivity and disruptive behaviors.
Women often exhibit more nuanced symptoms that can be overlooked or attributed to other issues like forgetfulness or anxiety.
In recent times, clinicians and the general public are increasingly adept at identifying ADHD in women, thanks in part to the widespread awareness generated by social media and advocacy efforts. This may account for the rise in overall ADHD diagnoses, particularly in women during menopause.
For many women, menopause offers a moment of introspection, encouraging them to connect past challenges with ADHD.
The interplay of hormonal changes and heightened awareness makes this a crucial time for women seeking diagnosis and support.
Though this life stage may seem overwhelming, with appropriate treatment and guidance, women can reclaim control and find joy during this transformative phase.
This article addresses the question (posed by Cathy Davy via email): “Why are more menopausal women diagnosed with ADHD?”
For questions, please reach out via emailto Question @sciencefocus.com or MessageFacebook,Twitter, orInstagram(please include your name and location).
Explore our ultimateFun Fact and more fascinating science pages.
rSpecifically, Palantir—a cutting-edge firm known for its five billionaire executives—recently made an announcement stating its Second Quarter Revenue exceeded $1 billion. This marks a 48% increase from the previous year, with a staggering 93% growth in the U.S. commercial sector. These figures are astonishing, largely owing to the company’s embrace of AI.
The AI revolution is upon us, and as a proponent of this advancement, it reminds us that every day in the U.S., we are reshaping our world, enhancing the efficiency and reducing the errors in businesses and government agencies while unlocking extraordinary opportunities in science and technology. If managed well, this latest surge from Big Tech could catalyze unprecedented economic growth.
But who is asking about growth?
Take OpenAI, the powerhouse behind ChatGPT. In a promotional video, CEO Sam Altman boasted that “You can write an entire computer program from scratch.” Shortly after, the New York Times reported that Computer Science alumni are “facing some of the highest unemployment rates” compared to other fields. This issue doesn’t only pertain to coders or engineers; AI-driven automation threatens jobs even within lower-skilled labor sectors. McDonald’s, Walmart, and Amazon are already deploying AI tools to automate tasks from customer service to warehouse operations.
While the immediate outcome of these cost-cutting layoffs is beneficial to AI entrepreneurs, it appears the AI revolution is primarily enriching those who are already wealthy. On Wall Street, AI stocks are rising at record speeds, with hundreds of so-called “unicorns” emerging. According to 500 AI startups are now valued at over $1 billion each. Bloomberg reports that 29 founders of AI companies are currently creating new billionaires, and it’s worth noting that nearly all of these firms were founded in the past five years.
Why are investors so optimistic about the AI boom? Partly because this technology has the potential to replace human jobs faster than any recent innovation. The soaring valuations of AI startups are predicated on the notion that this technology could eliminate the necessity for human labor. The layoff trend is proving to be very lucrative, suggesting that the AI boom may represent the most efficient redistribution of wealth seen in modern history.
Some AI advocates argue that the fallout from these changes isn’t too detrimental for the average worker. Microsoft has even speculated that blue-collar workers may find advantages in the future AI economy. However, this perspective seems unconvincing. Certain workers with specialized skills can maintain decent wages and steady employment temporarily. However, advancements in self-driving technologies, automated warehouses, and fully automated restaurants will likely impact non-university educated workers much sooner than optimistic forecasts suggest.
All of this raises significant questions about our current economic trajectory and the wisdom of prioritizing high-tech innovation above all else. In the late 1990s, the emergence of the knowledge economy was hailed as a solution to various economic crises. While the transition from traditional industries led to the decline of millions of high-wage union jobs, people were encouraged to “upskill” and pursue higher education to secure jobs in Google’s new universe. Ironically, AI—the epitome of knowledge—is threatening to eliminate knowledge-based work. As Karl Marx once noted, the bourgeoisie digs their own grave by impoverishing the proletariat. Today’s tech elites seem intent on fulfilling that prediction.
The information age has not only created a new class of oligarchs—from Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos to Elon Musk—but also widened class divides based on education and income. As computer-driven work gained respect, wage disparities between those with university degrees and those without expanded significantly.
Today, a person’s stance on cultural issues—ranging from gender ideology to immigration—can often be tied to their economic standing. Those who still earn a living through manual labor are increasingly alienated from those who prosper through managing and manipulating “data.” In urban knowledge hubs, a near-medieval class structure emerges, where bankers and tech moguls thrive, while a robust class of lawyers, healthcare professionals, and white-collar workers is followed by a scrutinized segment of blue-collar and service workers, alongside a growing cohort of semi-permanent unemployed individuals.
This profound inequality has led to political dysfunction. Our civic landscapes are characterized by hostility, suspicion, resentment, and extreme polarization. Ultimately, politics seems to favor only the financial and technological elites who maintain effective control over government influence. Under Joe Biden, they benefit from incentives and subsidies, while under Donald Trump, they received tax cuts and deregulation. Regardless of who holds power, they always seem to become richer.
Societally, the anticipated benefits of the knowledge economy have not materialized as promised. With the advent of global connectivity, we expected cultural flourishing and social vibrancy. Instead, we have received an endless scroll of mediocrity. Smartphone addiction has exacerbated our negativity, bitterness, and boredom, while social media has turned us into narcissists. Our attention spans have degraded due to the incessant need for notifications. The proliferation of touchscreen kiosks has further diminished the possibility for human interaction. As a result, we are lonelier and less content, and the solution being offered is more AI—perhaps indicating an even deeper psychosis. Do we truly need more?
mCommon labor is essential for achieving any semblance of shared interest. Rebuilding our aging infrastructure and modernizing the electrical grid requires electricians, steel workers, and skilled trades—not simply data centers. To maintain clean city streets, we need more, better-compensated sanitation workers, not “smart” trash compactors. Addressing crime and social order necessitates more police officers on patrol—not fleets of robotic crime dogs. Improving transportation requires actual trains operated by people, not self-driving cars. In short, investing in a low-tech economy offers a multitude of opportunities. Moreover, essentials in life—love, family, friendship, and community—remain fundamentally analog.
Beyond what is desirable, investing in a low-tech future may even become necessary. Despite the persistent hype surrounding AI, it remains an illusion. The massive influx of investment capital into the AI domain carries all the hallmarks of speculative bubbles that, if burst, could further destabilize an already precarious economy.
This does not advocate for Luddism. Technological advancements should progress at a measured pace. However, technological development must not dominate our priorities. Shouldn’t government priorities center around social and human needs? In 2022, Congress approved around $280 billion for high-tech investments. In 2024, private funding in AI alone reached $2.3 trillion. This year, the largest tech companies benefitted from deregulatory measures and Wall Street’s overreliance, with plans to commit an additional $320 billion to AI and data centers. In contrast, Biden’s significant investments in infrastructure reached only $110 billion. This disparity highlights the need for a balanced approach to technology and societal welfare.
Marx, despite his complexities, understood that technology should cater to societal needs. Currently, we have inverted that model—society exists to serve technology. Silicon Valley leaders would like to portray a narrative where the intricate challenges of the future require ever-increasing R&D investments, but the ongoing deregulations primarily benefit tech sectors. The most pressing concerns are not the complexities of tomorrow but the enduring issues of wealth, class, and power.
Satellite images of the moon’s Antarctic region and Schrödinger Basin
NASA/Science Photo Library
The moon might endure far longer than previously thought, raising the concern of contaminating its surface before future lunar missions take place.
Space missions are required to follow the “Planetary Protection” policy, ensuring that microorganisms from Earth do not contaminate other celestial bodies.
Unlike Earth, where protective measures such as the atmosphere and magnetic fields exist, the moon’s surface faces intense high-energy particles from space, extreme temperatures, and harmful ultraviolet rays from the sun, making it a harsh habitat for surviving organisms.
As a result, many astronomers classify the moon’s surface as inherently barren. The Space Research Committee ranks it in the second lowest category of planetary protection, alongside Venus and comets, indicating that “spacecraft-mediated contamination could compromise investigations.”
Nonetheless, new findings from Stefano Bertone of the NASA Goddard Space Flight Center and colleagues indicate that in certain areas near the moon’s poles, which are set to be visited by NASA’s upcoming Artemis Mission, life might survive for several days, possibly over a week. This heightens the risk of contaminating these zones and generating misleading results in the search for extraterrestrial life.
“We’re returning to the moon, leaving traces behind. We need to study what kinds of traces we’re leaving and how to minimize them,” Bertone remarked at the Europlanet Science Congress (EPSC) in Helsinki, Finland, on September 12th.
Bertone and his team discovered five microbial species that show resilience to harsh environments, including black mold (Aspergillus niger) and bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis. They assessed how much ultraviolet radiation these organisms could withstand in their laboratory. They compiled data concerning UV levels on the moon’s surface, sunlight exposure, and temperature fluctuations, which allowed them to create a map indicating where these five organisms could survive for at least one day.
All living organisms can endure well-lit areas outside the permanently shadowed regions where sunlight and ultraviolet rays are absent, making these bright zones prime candidates for lunar exploration. The black mold exhibited the highest resilience, surviving in extensive areas for up to seven days.
“This is a significant study that clearly shows if there’s a risk of contamination, then certain actions need to be taken. However, we must also recognize that these actions have economic implications,” stated Stas Barabash from the Swedish Institute of Astrophysics. For instance, space agencies might decide that equipment requires more thorough sterilization, which could increase mission costs.
Sotal Solar Eclipse 2027 Cruise: Spain and Morocco
Embark on an extraordinary journey aboard the state-of-the-art expedition ship Douglas Mawson, witnessing the longest solar eclipse of the century on August 2, 2027.
In the German fairy tale of the fisherman and his wife, an old man catches a peculiar fish—a talking flounder. This enchanting creature holds an enchanted prince within, granting any wish the fisherman desires. His wife, Ilsevil, revels in her newfound fortune, continuously asking for more extravagant things. They transform their humble shed into a grand castle, yet it never feels sufficient. Ultimately, she desires to become Pope, and eventually, God. This insatiable greed enrages the elemental power, darkens the ocean, and restores her to her original impoverished state. The moral of the story: Don’t covet what you aren’t entitled to.
Numerous variations of this classic tale exist. Sometimes, wishes are clumsy or contradictory rather than overtly aggressive toward the divine order, as seen in Charles Perrault’s “outrageous wishes.” Similarly, in W.W. Jacobs’ 1902 horror story “The Monkey’s Paw,” wishes unintentionally harm those closer to the wishers than the objects of their desires.
Nowadays, many young people grow up with their own enchanted fish in their pockets. They can wish for homework completion, and the fish fulfills those wishes. They can indulge in countless sexual scenarios, and if they bypass age restrictions using a VPN, those scenarios become visible. Soon, they may wish for movies that match their interests, and those will materialize in seconds. They hope to finish their college essays—only to find them fully written.
This shift in perspective not only alters the consumer relationship with creative arts—literature, music, and visual content—but also redefines the essence of creativity and, thus, being human. In the near future, most individuals may delegate troublesome interactions to AI agents. These agents would negotiate contracts, act as representatives, receive critique, match information, and gather opinions. And the ocean remains undisturbed.
Currently, a young Ilsevil, sitting in a university auditorium, might still face fines from professors who grew up in a different era when they see her entrusting a seductive fish to write yet another essay. However, this won’t last much longer, as Ilsevil will soon belong to a confident majority, with most professors having shared her experiences. Ilsevil desires a boyfriend, a spiritual guide, and a therapist, and soon, she will have them. With each of these connections, it feels as if Ilsevil has known them for years, and in a literal sense, she has.
Just like her mythological counterpart, she aspires to be Pope and soon accomplishes this within her small world. However, one could challenge Ilsevil for complicating matters. If becoming Pope becomes effortless, the allure of the title will dwindle for her generation. After all, the most intriguing and desirable things often require overcoming significant obstacles. Yet, Ilsevil understands that the nature of this attractive resistance can also be found in encouragement, learning, and even more precise wishes.
Today, young people grow up with enchanting fish in their pockets…the fisherman and his wife. Illustration: Aramie
She dedicates much of her energy to refining the tone of her results. Though she may lack an innate sense of what makes her writing compelling, she can gauge the appropriateness of her content through responses from others and AI. This becomes a way to develop wishes that are more reliable than ever before. In times past, Ilsevil rarely encountered anyone who found her words intriguing or surprising. However, nowadays, every conversation she has with her AI is regarded as captivating and surprising. At last, she feels heard in a way that human partners might struggle to offer.
But what occurs when the fulfillment of all wishes leads Ilsevil to feel empty? What paths remain open to her?
The first path is the descent into decadence. This pattern is familiar from studies of affluent individuals. In the future, those with ample wealth will be able to hire human therapists or enjoy films featuring real people. Recently, someone in an AI forum suggested that AI might produce excessive amounts of child sexual abuse imagery, suggesting that this will avoid harm to real children. Consumers of such visuals seek not only visual stimulation but also a sense of certainty that real children were harmed. They claim the “aura” surrounding their products. With sufficient resources, Ilsevil could tread this path, just as they do.
The second path involves creating a small, insular community that deliberately constructs challenges and obstacles for one another, perhaps in a cult-like manner reminiscent of traditional sports or hunting clubs. They may host secret or exclusive underground events, with no other objective than to endure the discomfort of queuing and waiting. This concept was inspired by Stanisław Lem’s novel “Futurological Congress.” As of 2025, queuing remains a free experience, but future generations may be astonished by this.
The third path is both the most likely and the most obvious. Within her fairytale existence, Ilsevil uncovers the fundamental principle of redefining her wishes, enhancing their significance while infusing them with a sense of guilt. Guilt is a powerful mechanism constraining individuals to a product; a beloved but embarrassing product becomes intertwined with one’s identity, fostering neuroses and alternative realities that amplify this guilt.
Ilsevil naturally assumes the enormous ecological guilt connected to the immense resource waste created by AI. This primary guilt has shifted directly to her from the actions of large corporations and states. Consequently, she begins to limit and punish herself in her daily life. Each morning, she awakes with the conviction that every small choice and desire inflicts great harm on the “planet,” “society,” or “future.” She flourishes within her martyr-like guilt, assuming a savior’s role. This newfound identity feels like an eternal struggle without resolution, becoming a magical element that preserves her self-sacrificial essence amidst her internal contradictions. Rather than protesting against the insatiable waste of resources, Ilsevil constrains her personal freedom, encompassing nutrition, water consumption, family size, and mobility. Ultimately, she embodies a sort of sacrificial figure, taking all her transgressions to the grave.
The cautionary tales of European folklore against impulsive and unwise wishes stem from a universal theme: the intricate journey of individual lives. They explore questions about personal growth, life’s purpose, and what to pass on to the next generation. Yet in this final scenario, Ilsevil finds herself unable to address these fundamental questions freely; they are decided for her.
Google has announced plans to invest £5 billion in the UK over the next two years to aid the government and address the increasing demand for artificial intelligence services.
With the opening of a new data centre in Waltham Cross, Hertfordshire, this investment is anticipated to create thousands of jobs.
Prime Minister Rachel Reeves is focusing on stimulating growth amid challenges facing the UK economy, stating that research and development, capital expenditures, and engineering investments are a show of “voting for trust” in the UK economy.
US President Donald Trump began his official state visit to the UK on Tuesday, coinciding with announcements of significant investments in UK data centres from ChatGpt parent OpenAI and chipmaker Nvidia.
On Tuesday, Google disclosed that it plans to allocate £5 billion towards capital expenditures, research and development, and associated engineering efforts over the coming two years, which includes “pioneering” AI research in science and healthcare via Google Deepmind.
The Silicon Valley firm stated that the investment will foster the UK’s AI economy, spearheading technological advancements, enhancing cybersecurity, and generating jobs.
Google anticipates that the investment will create 8,250 jobs annually for UK companies.
Reeves will formally inaugurate the company’s first UK data centre at Waltham Cross on Tuesday, responding to rising demand for Google’s cloud, workspace, search, and map services.
Google has also announced a partnership with Shell to manage the UK’s renewable energy resources.
According to The Guardian, the new Google DataCentre in Essex is projected to emit over 500,000 tonnes of CO2 each year.
Reeves will also facilitate a meeting with leaders of top US and UK financial companies on Tuesday, jointly hosted with US Treasury Secretary Scott Bescent and attended by senior representatives from BlackRock, Barclays, and Blackstone.
Trump is set to visit the UK for two days starting Wednesday, featuring several business sessions and a state banquet with prominent tech leaders and senior ministers. The US President will subsequently head to Checker on Thursday for a business reception, lunch, and press conference with Keir Starmer.
Google’s £5 billion investment aims to mobilize approximately $850 billion from investors in July for the 2025 fiscal year, reflecting a significant rise in capital expenditure budgets compared to previous £750 billion forecasts.
On Monday, parent company Alphabet joined the ranks of firms beyond the $30 billion market cap, alongside giants like Nvidia, Microsoft, and Apple.
Alphabet’s shares surged earlier this month following a court decision that softened the most stringent rulings sought by US competition regulators, including the potential forced sale of Chrome browsers.
Reeves commented: “Google’s £5 billion investment is a considerable display of confidence in the UK economy and the robustness of its partnership with the US, promising job creation and economic growth in the coming years.
“This government is reversing decades of neglect that have restricted our growth by addressing the burdensome deficit, implementing transformational reforms in our planning systems, and investing in advanced technologies to unlock better employment opportunities.”
“We’re committed to delivering a range of services to our clients,” said Demis Hassabis, co-founder and CEO of Google Deepmind.
“The UK has a rich tradition of being at the forefront of technological advancement, from Lovelace to Babbage and Turing, making it fitting for its legacy to continue by investing in the next wave of innovation and scientific discovery in the UK.”
Jaguar Land Rover has announced a further extension of its car production shutdown as the UK’s largest car manufacturer deals with the repercussions of a cyberattack.
On Tuesday, JLR confirmed it would halt production at least until Wednesday, September 24th, as it continues to investigate the initial breach detected earlier this month.
The company mentioned: “As the forensic investigation into the cyber incident progresses, this decision has been taken. The investigation is proving to be time-intensive, considering the various stages involved in a controlled restart of global operations.”
“We deeply regret the ongoing disruption this incident is causing. We will provide updates as the investigation unfolds.”
Owned by India’s TATA Group, JLR has halted production after learning that hackers had breached their system several weeks ago.
The company revealed that the attack has impacted “some data,” but is unable to disclose specifics about which data was compromised or whether customer or supplier information has been stolen, though they will reach out to impacted individuals.
With production paused at factories in Midland and Merseyside, JLR faces significant financial implications due to the cyberattack. Other production sites globally are also feeling the effects, raising concerns that restoring operations may take weeks.
The shutdown is affecting JLR’s suppliers and retailers, who are operating without access to the databases usually utilized for sourcing spare parts for garages and registered vehicles.
Recently, the Unite Union warned that thousands of workers within the JLR supply chain may face job losses and urged the government to implement a furlough plan to support them.
The impact of the cyberattacks may persist into October, with thousands of JLR production employees instructed to stay home, suggesting that many suppliers might also need to keep their staff off-site.
Due to the shutdown, JLR estimates it has lost the production of 1,000 cars daily, resulting in an estimated loss of £72 million each day.
A group of hackers, believed to be responsible for other serious incidents involving major retailers such as Marks & Spencer, has claimed responsibility for the attacks on JLR. A screenshot purportedly from JLR’s internal IT system was shared on a Telegram channel associated with the hacker groups known as Scattered Spiders, Lapsus$, and Shiny Hunters.
This disruption comes at a time when JLR is already experiencing a downturn in profits, exacerbated by US tariffs and declining sales. The automaker reported a 49% drop in pre-tax profits to £351 million for the three months ending in June, which included a time when they temporarily halted exports to the US.
Last year, the company faced backlash regarding the Jaguar brand, and the launch of its new electric vehicle has been pushed back to next year.
The universe’s inception marks the transition from darkness, leading to the formation of stars and galaxies. With extensive observation, we can actually look back in time. This motivates astronomers globally to compete in constructing the next generation of lunar observatories.
Enhancing Sleep
Expert advice from sleep scientists is essential for improving sleep quality.
The Nature of Quantum Time
To us, time seems to flow steadily forward. However, upon closer inspection, its nature appears increasingly bizarre. The equations governing time imply it can flow just as easily backward as it does forward. In a peculiar quantum realm, the concepts of cause and effect can become inverted. Is this merely an illusion? This issue explores the perplexing nature of time that continues to challenge even the brightest minds.
Heat and Natural Disasters
Explore how extreme weather resulting from global warming can lead to geological impacts, including catastrophic earthquakes worldwide.
Plus
Top Secret US Spacecraft: X-37B – Although it returned to Earth last month, details from its time in space remain shrouded in mystery.
Shock Therapy: Could wearable neuroregulators that provide mild electric shocks help alleviate anxiety?
Q&A: Your inquiries addressed. This month: How much does a whale urinate? Where does tattoo ink go when it’s removed? Could my internet speed affect my health? Is my personality stable? Was the ocean always blue? Can noise-cancelling headphones harm my ears? Does food taste the same in space? Why is Mars red? Can a virus alter my DNA? Can someone across the universe receive an old radio broadcast? And more…
Issue 424 Available on Tuesday, September 16th, 2025
Research utilizing ancient DNA has shed light on the complex evolutionary ties and ecological responses of elephants and their relatives. In a recent study, scientists sequenced the mitochondrial genomes of various mastodons, including five specimens from Nova Scotia and the East Coast—one dating back approximately 500,000 years—as well as a unique specimen of Pacific Mastodon from Chulatin, Oregon, and a partial mitochondrial genome from North Ontario. Their findings indicate that Pacific mastodons belong to distinct and deep mitochondrial lineages, indicating this species’ range extended into western Canada and potentially even Mexico. Additionally, the authors discovered evidence of at least three separate expansions into the northeastern coastal region and identified two new groups of mastodons with clear, geographically coinciding specimens.
Adult Mastodon (Mammuthus sp.) consumes spruce branches, set against a backdrop that suggests periodic continental migrations related to climate change. During the Middle and Late Pleistocene, at least two types of mastodons roamed North America: the American mastodon, spanning from the East Coast to central regions, and the Pacific mastodon, found from central Alberta to central California. Image credit: Kathryn Kilukki.
Recent classifications have been updated to potentially recognize at least two distinct species: American mastodon and Pacific mastodon (Mammut pacificus), with ongoing debates regarding their division.
Genetic analyses confirmed that Pacific mastodons are ancient and belong to separate genetic lineages that extend further than previously thought.
Notably, Alberta emerged as a “hotspot” where Pacific and American mastodons may have gathered, expanding northward and hybridizing.
Samples collected from the East Coast and northern Ontario revealed two genetically distinct groups, referred to as mastodon clades, cohabiting the same geographic area.
Surprisingly, the eastern species exhibit significant diversity, reflecting at least three distinct waves of migration. This pattern is driven by repeated climatic warming events that opened new areas for glacial retreat and northward movement.
As temperatures decreased and glaciers expanded, mastodons were either forced southward or faced local extinction.
“The data reframes our understanding of the modern regions known as Alberta and the North, highlighting their role as migratory corridors for surrounding fauna,” the researchers noted.
Moreover, a unique and genetically distinct lineage of Mexican mastodon was identified, possibly representing a deeper evolutionary branch of the Pacific mastodon or even a brand-new third species.
During the Ice Age, the mastodon was among the largest terrestrial animals on the planet, traversing a range from Beringia (now Alaska and Yukon) through Nova Scotia and south to Central Mexico.
These creatures primarily foraged in wetlands, consuming shrubs and branches, and inhabited environments quite different from those of their well-known distant relatives, the woolly mammoths.
“This study marks significant milestones, including advancements in our understanding of the Pacific Mastodon,” stated Emil Kalpinski, a researcher at Harvard Medical School.
“It also raises numerous intriguing questions: How did these distant mastodon species interact within Alberta?”
“Did they compete for resources or, as our lab’s earlier research indicated for mammoths, engage in breeding?”
“These revelations, in conjunction with findings from our 2020 study, enrich our understanding of how mastodons migrated and diversified across North America, aiding contemporary conservation efforts in preparing for ongoing climate change and migratory species in the North,” the researchers concluded.
Their paper was published on September 12, 2025, in the journal Advances in Science.
____
Emil Kalpinski et al. 2025. Repeated climate-driven dispersion and speciation in peripheral populations of Pleistocene mastodon. Advances in Science 11 (37); doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw2240
The latter part of the first millennium in Central and Eastern Europe witnessed profound cultural and political changes. This transformative era is typically linked to the emergence of the Slavs, supported by textual documentation and corresponding archaeological findings. However, there remains no agreement on whether this archaeological horizon spread through transition, a process termed “slabization,” or a mix of both. Notably, the prevalent cremation practices observed during the initial phases of slab settlements lack sufficient genetic data. In a recent investigation, scientists sequenced the genomes of 555 ancient individuals, including 359 samples from the Slavic context dating back to the 7th century AD. The new findings reveal significant population movements in Eastern Europe between the 6th and 8th centuries, which replaced over 80% of the local gene pools in areas such as East Germany, Poland, and Croatia.
The seal of Yaroslav, the grand prince of Kiev from 1019 to 1054, and the father of Anna Yaroslav, the Queen of France. Image credit: Sheremetievs Museum.
The term “Slavs” first emerged to describe a nation in Constantinople during the 6th century and later gained recognition in the West.
Written records initially appeared north of the Lowward Now River and subsequently shifted to regions north of the Carpathian Basin, the Balkans, and the Eastern Alps.
Many areas were under the influence of the Avar Khaganate along the central Danube from around 567 AD to 800 AD.
Evidence indicates the presence of slab cultures in several regions of Eastern and Southeastern Europe during the 7th century.
Slavic settlements, previously inhabited by Roman, Germanic, and other pre-Slavic communities, transitioned to a simpler lifestyle, often represented archaeologically by small pithouse settlements, cremation burials, handmade and unembellished pottery, and a modest low-metal material culture associated with the Pragukorchak group.
Later, more sophisticated social structures and control emerged within the contact zone of the Byzantine-Christian West.
The Transformation of Europe by the Slavs
The first comprehensive ancient DNA analysis of medieval Slavic groups reveals that the rise of the Slavs was fundamentally a narrative of migration.
Their genetic signature points to origins in an area spanning southern Belarus to central Ukraine, aligning with longstanding linguistic and archaeological theories.
“Although direct evidence from the early Slavic core regions is still limited, our genetic findings provide initial substantial insights into the formation of Slavic ancestors, suggesting origins that may lie between the Donets and Don rivers.”
In this study, Dr. Gretzinger and colleagues gathered genome-wide data from 555 distinct ancient individuals from 26 sites throughout Central and Eastern Europe. They combined this with previously published data, creating comprehensive sampling networks for three regions.
New findings indicate that starting in the 6th century AD, large-scale migrations spread Eastern European ancestry throughout a vast area of central and eastern Europe, thus altering the genetic make-up of regions such as East Germany and Poland.
However, this expansion did not conform to a model of conquest or empire. Rather than obliterating existing military and structural hierarchies, newcomers founded new communities centered around extended families and patriarchal kinships.
This pattern was not uniform across all areas.
In eastern Germany, the changes were significant. Large, multi-generational lineages formed the backbone of society, and kinship networks became more broadly structured compared to the smaller nuclear families observed in earlier migration phases.
In contrast, areas such as Croatia experienced much less disruption in existing social patterns with the arrival of Eastern European groups.
Here, social structures often retained characteristics from previous periods, resulting in communities where new traditions harmonized with existing ones.
The regional diversity in social frameworks highlights that the spread of the Slavic group was not a one-size-fits-all process, but rather a dynamic adaptation to local contexts and histories.
“The expansion of the Slavs does not occur as a single event; it demonstrates that it is not a monolithic phenomenon, but each instance blends adaptation and integration according to its circumstances.”
Historical Overview of European Slabs: The timeline lists major historical events related to Central European Slabs. This map illustrates historical proof of the appearance of the slab (Sklavenoi – Slavvi – Winedi). The italic count indicates the date of the proven event, with each report date being in the bracket. Image credit: Gretzinger et al., doi: 10.1038/s41586-025-09437-6.
East Germany
The genetic data reveals a particularly significant narrative in East Germany.
Following the decline of the Kingdom of Thuringia, more than 85% of the region’s ancestry can be traced back to new arrivals from the east.
This reflects a shift from an earlier period of diverse populations, as epitomized by the Brucken site.
With the rise of the Slavs, this diversity gave way to a population composition resembling that of modern Slavic-speaking groups in Eastern Europe.
These new communities were structured around large extended families and patriarchal lineages, with women of marriageable age often moving to form new households elsewhere, leaving their native villages.
Notably, the genetic heritage of these initial Eastern European settlers is still present among the Sorbs, the Slavic-speaking minority in East Germany.
Amidst centuries of cultural and linguistic changes, Sorbs maintain genetic profiles closely related to early medieval Slavic populations that settled in the region over a millennium ago.
Poland
In Poland, research notably challenges previous assumptions regarding long-standing population continuity.
Genetic findings indicate that early inhabitants of the region, beginning in the 6th and 7th centuries AD—especially descendants of a population closely tied to Northern Europe and Scandinavia—were nearly completely replaced by newcomers from the East, closely related to modern Poles, Ukrainians, and Belarusians.
While overwhelming population shifts occurred, genetic evidence also reveals small traces of intermingling with local populations.
These insights underscore both the magnitude of population change and the intricate dynamics shaping the ancestry of present-day Central and Eastern European languages.
Croatia
In Northern Balkans, the patterns observed differ markedly from those in northern immigrant regions, narrating a tale of both transformation and continuity.
Ancient DNA analyses from Croatia and surrounding areas illustrate a significant influx of ancestors from Eastern Europe, yet without total genetic replacement.
Instead, Eastern European immigrants integrated with diverse local populations to form hybrid communities.
Genetic studies show that in modern Balkan populations, the proportion of Eastern European ancestry varies significantly, often reaching around half or less of the current genetic mix.
In this context, Slavic migration wasn’t characterized by conquest but was a gradual process of intermarriage and adaptation, leading to the rich cultural, linguistic, and genetic diversity that defines the Balkans today.
A New Chapter in European History
In most instances, when early Slavic groups are referenced in archaeological and historical contexts, their genetic markers are consistent, indicating a shared ancestral origin, though regional variations reflect the extent of blending with local populations.
In the north, early Germanic communities mostly left, providing space for Slavic integration.
In the south, Eastern European migrants merged with established societies.
This patchwork integration elucidates the remarkable diversity present in the cultures, languages, and genetics of contemporary Central and Eastern European societies.
“The spread of the Slavs was likely the last significant demographic event to irreversibly reshape both the genetic and linguistic landscapes of Europe,” remarked Dr. Johannes Kraus, director of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
The findings were published in the journal on September 3rd Nature.
____
J. Gretzinger et al. Ancient DNA connects large-scale migration with the spread of the Slavs. Nature, published online on September 3, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09437-6
This article is adapted from the original release by the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Paleontologists have discovered a new species of rodent, acarechimys, an extinct genus that was widely distributed across South America, based on partial jaws and teeth found in Brazil.
Hypothetical reconstruction of Red-tailed miracles hunikuini. Image credit: Márcio Castro.
Red-tailed miracles hunikuini inhabited the Amazon region, present-day Brazil, approximately 10 million years ago during the late Miocene epoch.
This ancient species is part of the Octodontidea, a family of neotropical rodents within the par order Caviomorpha.
“The aquatic rodent families of the Neotropics, specifically Kabiomorpha, are fascinating due to their remarkable taxonomic and ecological diversity, reflecting a complex evolutionary history,” noted Colonia and colleagues.
“These rodents first appear in South American fossil records at the end of the Eocene epoch, according to current data, particularly from the records in Peru’s Amazon region.”
“The early scarcity of these species had already contributed to the diversification seen in the initial representatives of the Crown Group.”
“Today, Caviomorphs comprise 266 species, organized into two major clades and four superfamilies.”
“The superfamily Octodontoidea includes existing groups like Abrocomidae, Echimyidae, Octodontidae, Ctenomyidae, and several extinct lineages.”
“This represents the most diverse and abundant clade within Caviomorpha, both taxonomically and phenotypically.”
The fossilized teeth of Red-tailed miracles hunikuini were collected from outcrops during fieldwork in 2019 and 2022 in the Solimus Formation near the city of Feijó in Brazil’s Acre state.
“Since the mid-19th century, the Solimus Formation has revealed a diverse array of vertebrate fossils,” paleontologists commented.
“Recent dating of the fossil-rich area has suggested that the sediments date back to the Tortonian stage of the Upper Miocene.”
“Mammals represent one of the most diverse fossil groups found here, including bats, sloths, litopterns, marsupials, prominent families of rodents, primates, and Sirenians.”
“Additionally, remains of birds, crocodiles, Chelonians, fish, amphibians, invertebrates, oological bones, and plant materials have also been documented.”
The discovery of Red-tailed miracles hunikuini in this area, alongside various other fauna, indicates the coexistence of multiple superfamilies and highlights the richness of Brazilian Amazonian fauna.
“acarechimys likely emerged following the end of anemia and diversified in the Patagonia region during the early Miocene,” the researchers stated.
“By the mid-Miocene, it expanded beyond Patagonia, spreading into northern South America.”
“In the late Miocene, this lineage persisted only in regions outside Patagonia.”
“This new discovery marks the last known occurrence of the genus, supporting the theory of a late survival of rodent lineages in tropical areas—a pattern also observed in octodontoids, hydrocherines, and neoepimarids.”
“The rapid diversification and radiation of acarechimys, combined with the scarcity of data and discrepancies among studies focused on this group, and the isolated teeth found in the Amazon region, pose significant challenges for research on this genus.”
“Further studies are essential to enhance our understanding of the diversification and temporal variations of this broad octodontoidea lineage.”
The team’s publication has been featured in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
____
Emmanuel Fontora et al. 2024. New Late Miocene Stem Octodontoids (Rodentia: Cabiomorpha: Octatinkiyoi) from the Solimus Formation (Brazil): Paleogeographical implications. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 44 (1): e2382822; doi: 10.1080/02724634.2024.2382822
For over a century, humble fruit flies have paved the way for many significant scientific breakthroughs. This small insect has helped researchers understand that X-rays can cause genetic mutations, with genes being passed from parents to children through chromosomes. A gene known as period helps our bodies maintain time; disruptions to this internal clock can lead to jet lag and increase the risk of neurological and metabolic diseases. These findings, along with nearly 90,000 other studies, are part of an essential online database called FlyBase, which researchers utilize daily to design new experiments more quickly. These tests could help explore the underlying causes of diseases and develop new treatments. Science builds on previous insights, and a comprehensive repository of past advances serves as a catalyst for future discoveries.
The website receives approximately 770,000 page views each month from scientists around the world, facilitating the development of personalized treatments in rare cases, modeling neurodegenerative diseases in humans, and identifying candidates for screening conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease. However, its vital resources are now facing potential layoffs that threaten its future and the ability to enhance research efficiency. This spring, the Trump administration withdrew grants used to maintain FlyBase as part of a $2.2 billion budget cut at Harvard University.
“I use FlyBase every day, and it’s incredibly essential,” said Celeste Berg, a professor of genomic sciences at the University of Washington. “What we know about human genes and how they function comes from model systems like Drosophila.” Humans share about 60% of our genes with the fruit fly known scientifically as Drosophila melanogaster. FlyBase’s current stability underscores how interconnected and interdependent research efforts are, highlighting how funding for one institution can have global repercussions. Over 4,000 labs utilize FlyBase.
Harvard received approximately $2 million annually in federal funds to maintain FlyBase, which constitutes a majority of the website’s overall operating budget. However, the University of New Mexico, Indiana University, and the University of Cambridge in the UK are partners and beneficiaries in assisting Harvard with FlyBase management. “This doesn’t just affect Harvard,” stated Brian Calvi, a biology professor at Indiana University who is part of the FlyBase management team. “The ripple effects extend to the international biomedical research community.”
According to Norbert Perimon, a professor of developmental biology at Harvard, the Faculty of Arts and Sciences temporarily funded FlyBase, but that support will cease in October. Earlier this month, a judge ordered the Trump administration to restore funding for Harvard researchers who lost the grant, but the funds have not yet been allocated to FlyBase, Perimon noted. The administration has promised to appeal decisions that could block funding flows. The White House did not respond to requests for comment, and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which oversees the National Institutes of Health, declined to comment.
The Transmitter, a neuroscience news site, was the first to report the layoffs at FlyBase. The Harvard Crimson reported on the decision of Harvard’s School of Arts and Sciences not to extend provisional funding. Calvi mentioned that the FlyBase grant covered full or partial salaries for eight individuals at Harvard, three in Indiana, five in Cambridge, and one at the University of New Mexico. While Indiana and Cambridge have secured some funding to operate programs until next year, the New Mexico position ended in August.
Operating since 1992, FlyBase has been funded by the federal government for over three decades. It curates and summarizes research papers, organizes findings on specific genes, and catalogs information on genetically modified fruit flies to understand how particular genes lead to normal development. The fruit fly is the primary animal model for biomedical research as scientists have been able to map the brain to the genome, and it is relatively easy to handle. Berg, an avid FlyBase user and a professor at Genome Sciences, studies human development and how cells form organs. FlyBase allows researchers to search for and identify genes of interest for their experiments. Subsequently, they test how altering the expression of these genes affects cell placement. Thousands of fruit fly papers are added and summarized in FlyBase each year. Without FlyBase, Berg cautioned that researchers and clinicians could struggle to keep pace and miss crucial connections regarding specific genes.
Researchers from the Undiagnosed Disease Network employ FlyBase to determine whether pediatric genetic mutations contribute to rare, unknown diseases. They identify genetic mutations in patients and compare those with previous studies of those genes in flies. FlyBase also offers crowdfunding support on its website. “Given the importance of FlyBase to the broader U.S. and international scientific research community,” stated James Chisholm, spokesman for the Faculty of Arts at Harvard University. Two staff members from Harvard have already been laid off from FlyBase positions, with six more slated for layoffs in late September and early October, according to Perimon. “If we can’t retain key personnel, it’ll be very difficult to get people back with the knowledge necessary to keep the database operational,” Perimon remarked. “That would mark the end of FlyBase as we know it.”
Funding disruptions threaten plans to relocate FlyBase data to a new long-term home called the Genome Resource Alliance. The fruit fly, along with rats, mice, and worms, is one of several common “model organisms” used in labs to build the foundation for understanding human biology. The National Institutes of Health has allocated $5 million annually since 2017 to merge several databases, including FlyBase, WormBase, and Mouse Genome databases. Each of these contains information that human health researchers can cross-reference to study genes critical to human health more effectively. “If you’re studying human genes and need to access all existing information, you must visit all of these websites. I want one-stop shopping,” said Paul Sternberg, a professor of biology at the California Institute of Technology. The alliance’s budget expired on June 30, and Sternberg noted that they are awaiting a reclamation decision from the NIH. He mentioned that the funding disruption at FlyBase represents a new and unexpected challenge. “We need to move quickly, but with our staff and energy dwindling, we are at risk,” Sternberg expressed. “We can’t afford any additional obstacles.”
FlyBase had planned to merge with the Alliance in 2029. Now, Calvi and others are advocating for an accelerated merger before FlyBase’s financial runway disappears. Any donations the organization is soliciting are aimed at helping cover operational costs. “So far, we’ve raised under $100,000,” Calvi stated regarding the crowdfunding efforts. “We likely need a million.”
Mars’ atmosphere may have once been far thicker, providing a protective layer against the frequent asteroid impacts that destroyed other celestial bodies.
Our solar system began forming around 4 billion years ago, and by that time, Mars was nearly fully developed. The planet existed within a vast reservoir of hot gas and dust swirling around a youthful sun, known as the solar nebula, which some planets absorbed into their atmosphere. However, it was believed that as the solar nebula dissipated, Mars would lose this gas, resulting in a thinner atmosphere.
Recently, Sarah Jollett from Paris’ Collège de France and her team propose that Mars retained this gas for a longer period, forming a primordial atmosphere akin to a sustained soup.
Shortly after the nebula receded, it was believed that the orbits of significant planets like Jupiter and Saturn influenced each other, subsequently disturbing the paths of comets and asteroids that headed towards the inner solar system, impacting rocky planets. While chemical signatures of these impacts can be found on Earth, evidence on Mars remains limited.
“All terrestrial planets faced bombardments from comets during this time, and Mars was no exception, so we should observe remnants of this cometary assault on Mars,” Jollett stated at the Europlanet Science Congress held on September 11th in Helsinki, Finland.
Jollett and her colleagues suggest that the dense, hydrogen-rich atmosphere during this era may have diluted comet material that was available for absorption by Mars. By running simulations of the early solar system, they estimated the potential amount of material impacting Mars and compared it to the detectable quantity. They deduced that the original Martian atmosphere had a mass equivalent to 2.9 bars, around three times the atmospheric pressure we experience on the surface today.
However, this atmosphere dissipated relatively swiftly over about a million years, according to Raymond Pierre Hambart from Oxford University, who was not involved in the study. This loss primarily occurred before liquid water could come to the surface of Mars. The necessary clear atmospheric conditions, rich in carbon dioxide, were likely not present in that thick primordial atmosphere.
World Capital of Astronomy: Chile
Discover the astronomical wonders of Chile. Explore some of the world’s most advanced observatories and enjoy the mesmerizing skies over one of Earth’s clearest atmospheres.
The XE-100 plant proposed in the US by X-Energy employs technologies akin to those being developed in the UK
Centrica
The UK government has unveiled plans to establish over a dozen small reactors nationwide, marking a new era for nuclear energy. A key objective is to help the country eliminate reliance on Russian energy within three years. But can a small reactor achieve both engineering feasibility and commercial success?
Before visiting London on September 16th, the US President and UK officials announced a partnership between Centrica and US startup X-Energy to build 12 small modular reactors in energy data centers, alongside a “micromodular nuclear power plant” developed by Last Energy at DP World’s London Gateway Port.
However, no timelines for commencing these projects were provided, and the Ministry of Energy Security and Net Zero did not respond to New Scientist‘s request for clarification.
This initiative aligns with the trend toward smaller reactors. According to Bruno Merck from the University of Liverpool, Rosatom, the Russian state nuclear agency, has recently completed a small nuclear reactor designed for use in nuclear-powered icebreaker ships. Notably, they continue to construct more reactors, suggesting either a demand for these devices or a commercial demonstration aimed at securing future sales despite ongoing sanctions post-Ukraine invasion.
David Dye from Imperial College London remarks that while small reactors are appropriate for remote military bases and Arctic locations, there is skepticism about their applicability for the needs of tech giants. He suggests that it’s considerably simpler to locate a data center next to a power source.
“For tech visionaries with significant financial resources, investing $50 million in such technology seems trivial,” Dye notes, pointing to the wealth of influential individuals in this field.
One potential motivation, indicates Michael Bluck from Imperial College, is reliability. “Data centers must operate 99.995% of the time,” Bluck explains. “Securing that electricity means having first access to it.”
Bluck asserts that there are no engineering or scientific barriers preventing the swift construction of small reactors. He highlights that many small experimental reactors function in universities and military submarines globally.
“It’s not about size. It’s about modularity, production line construction, and standardized components, which represent practical and sound engineering practices,” Bluck states.
However, the miniaturization of nuclear reactors does come with several drawbacks. Merck explains that scaling up usually yields greater efficiency in terms of cost and energy. Both large and small reactors require similarly thick concrete shielding, which adds safety considerations. Furthermore, while larger reactors achieve a better volume-to-surface area ratio, smaller reactors encounter challenges in neutron fission chain reactions, resulting in less energy production from the same fuel quantity.
“It’s just physics,” Merck states. “Anyone suggesting otherwise is probably mistaken. I don’t subscribe to magical thinking.”
That said, Merck highlights that traditional nuclear power facilities require years of planning, substantial political will for funding, and extensive resources for operations. “These facilities are costly to build,” he adds. “Smaller reactors may offer a more feasible alternative.”
Innovative Nuclear Designs
Bluck notes that the recent governmental announcement features two distinct designs. X-Energy is focusing on the XE-100, while Last Energy is using a relatively conventional pressurized water reactor known as PWR-20, which operates on similar fuel as the Sizewell B nuclear facility in the UK. The former may represent a longer-term vision, but the latter could achieve market readiness sooner.
Nevertheless, even with established fuels and technologies, Bluck estimates a minimum five-year timeline before a prototype reactor can be constructed in the UK. “Everyone desires results immediately,” he remarks, “but they must understand that energy development takes time.”
For plans to mass-produce and export these small reactors, obtaining regulatory approval is crucial, and this process will need to start from square one in the host countries.
Bluck suggests this is significant for US and UK announcements. The agreement aims to accelerate approvals across jurisdictions, allowing for cross-border sign-offs. For instance, Rolls Royce is working on a small modular reactor that is considerably larger than those proposed by US startups, resembling traditional power plants. If it gains UK approval, it could quickly enter the US market.
Despite this, Bluck cautions that the initiative carries inherent political risks. “For those against nuclear energy, questions will arise regarding trust, asking, ‘Are we simply accepting what’s offered?'” This partnership aims to alleviate some of those concerns. “We acknowledge the issue, and this is the first time two major manufacturing nations have come together in this regard,” he concludes.
Left: The remains of a middle-aged woman at the Liu Po site in southern China, where smoke was used before burial approximately 8,000 years ago. Right: Contemporary smoke-dried mummies of Dani individuals in West Papua, Indonesia.
Zhen Li, Hirofumi Matsumura, Hsiao-Chun Hung
Carefully preserved through smoking practices up to 14,000 years ago, a human body has been found at archaeological sites in Southeast Asia, making it the world’s oldest known mummy.
This custom continues today among the Dani people in West Papua, Indonesia, who mummify their deceased relatives by exposing them to smoke and treat them with care and respect as part of the household. Many of these mummies are found in a tightly bound squatting position.
Similar “highly flexed” ancient remains have also been discovered in Australia, China, the Philippines, Laos, Thailand, Malaysia, South Korea, and Japan.
Hsiao-Chun Hung from the Australian National University in Canberra noted the striking similarities between burial remains excavated in relation to Dani traditions while working on ancient skeletons in Vietnam in 2017.
Hung and her team analyzed the burial practices of 54 hunter-gatherers from 11 archaeological sites across Southeast Asia dated between 12,000 and 4,000 years ago to uncover evidence of smoking. Most sites were based in northern Vietnam and southern China.
Numerous remains displayed clear signs of partial burning, though not enough to indicate cremation. The researchers utilized two analytical methods, X-ray diffraction and infrared spectroscopy, on several bone samples to assess thermal exposure.
Over 90% of the 69 skeletal samples displayed indications of heat exposure. The findings suggest that while human remains were not subjected to extreme temperatures, they likely endured lower temperatures, potentially from smoking for extended periods.
The oldest mummy examined by a Vietnamese team from Hang Cho dates back over 11,000 years. However, a tightly bound skeleton from another site, Hang Mooy, indicates practices recorded over 14,000 years ago. “We didn’t need X-rays or infrared to analyze this one because it’s evidently partially burned and visible to the naked eye,” explains Hung.
Previously, the oldest known mummy was believed to come from northern Chile, approximately 7,000 years ago, and ancient Egypt around 4,500 years ago.
Hung suggests that the evidence indicates this burial tradition likely spread across southern China and Southeast Asia at least 14,000 years ago, as agricultural societies became prevalent in the region around 4,000 to 3,500 years ago. The constricting bindings of mummified bodies may have facilitated their transport, she notes.
Ethnographic studies indicate that these traditions persisted in southern Australia until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, according to Hung. “Additionally, our literature review in the New Guinea highlands reveals that these practices continue among some communities today.”
“Our results signify a unique blend of techniques, traditions, culture, and a profound connection to ancestry that spans an extraordinary timeframe, covering vast regions from the Paleolithic era to the present,” she states.
Vito Hernandez from Flinders University in Adelaide suggests that this study challenges long-standing beliefs that such practices were exclusive to arid regions like Chile’s Atacama and Egypt’s Nile Valley. “It highlights the role of tropical environments in nurturing distinct mortuary traditions among early modern humans across the Far East and potentially into the Pacific,” he remarks.
“By extending the timeline of mummification by at least 5,000 years, the Chinchalo culture [of South America] emphasizes Southeast Asia’s role as a center for cultural innovation, demonstrating a deep continuity that connects early Holocene hunter-gatherers with present-day indigenous groups in New Guinea and Australia,” Hernandez adds.
Cairo and Alexandria, Scientific Pioneers of the Ancient World: Egypt
Embark on an unforgettable journey in Cairo and Alexandria, Egypt’s two most iconic cities, where ancient history meets modern charm.
A recent proof-of-concept study conducted by researchers at Lund University reveals that a brief self-management digital cognitive assessment called BioCog effectively detects cognitive impairments. When used alongside blood tests, it can accurately identify clinical Alzheimer’s disease in primary care settings.
In primary care, the BioCog test achieved 85% accuracy in identifying cognitive impairments with a single cutoff, significantly outperforming primary care physicians, who had a 73% accuracy rate. Image credit: Miroslaw Miras.
Alzheimer’s disease stands as the leading cause of dementia, marked by amyloid beta accumulation, tau aggregation, and progressive neurodegeneration.
Clinical presentations of Alzheimer’s typically begin with subjective cognitive decline, where individuals report memory issues and other cognitive challenges, although formal cognitive tests may not yet indicate impairment.
This initial phase advances to mild cognitive impairment, which is characterized by objective cognitive symptoms, ultimately evolving into dementia marked by significant functional limitations in daily life.
Diagnosing Alzheimer’s in its early stages, especially in primary care, can be particularly challenging.
There’s a considerable prevalence of both misdiagnosis and missed diagnoses, with 20-30% of cases incorrectly diagnosed in specialist environments and about 40% in general practice when Alzheimer’s is not corroborated by biomarkers.
“The BioCog digital assessment, designed to allow patients to perform with minimal healthcare worker involvement, will enhance primary care physicians’ ability to investigate potential Alzheimer’s pathology early through blood tests,” stated the researchers.
“Primary care typically lacks the resources, time, or expertise to explore Alzheimer’s disease with the same thoroughness as specialized memory clinics.”
“This is where digital cognitive assessments can play a vital role.”
In contrast to the traditional pen-and-paper tests utilized for evaluating cognitive impairment, digital assessments offer a more comprehensive analysis.
They easily integrate novel variables and additional factors that were not previously measured.
“Most individuals experiencing memory loss first seek help at their local health center,” remarked Pontus Tideman, a doctoral student at the University of Rand and psychologist at Skone University Hospital’s memory clinic.
“Our new digital evaluations provide the initial objective insights needed, ensuring higher accuracy in identifying cognitive impairments related to Alzheimer’s disease.”
“This determines who should undergo a blood test that measures phosphorylated tau levels, which can reliably detect Alzheimer’s disease in the brain.”
Currently, these blood tests are available exclusively at hospital specialty and memory clinics.
In time, they are expected to be accessible in primary care; however, it is not intended for all patients with cognitive complaints to undergo blood testing.
Researchers assert the immense value of digital solutions, given the challenges of diagnosing Alzheimer’s during a typical 15-20 minute patient consultation.
This is where objective digital tools for assessing cognitive skills can significantly alter the diagnostic landscape.
“A distinctive feature of our BioCog assessments is their validation within primary care settings, unlike many other digital evaluations. These assessments are aimed at patients seeking treatment due to cognitive concerns, such as memory problems,” the researchers noted.
“The combination of digital assessments with blood test results can greatly enhance the diagnostic accuracy of Alzheimer’s disease.”
“The goal of this test is to simplify the process for primary care physicians.”
The BioCog test is detailed in a study published in the journal Nature Medicine.
____
P. Tideman et al. Primary care detection of Alzheimer’s disease using self-administered digital cognitive tests and blood biomarkers. Nat Med. Published online on September 15th, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41591-025-03965-4
Chamkaur Ghag plays a pivotal role in the Lux-Zeplin experiment, a leading dark matter detector
Nova
Deep underground in South Dakota, the most advanced dark matter detector on Earth awaits its moment of discovery. This is the Lux-Zeplin (LZ) experiment, highlighting a vast tank of liquid xenon. Physicist Shankaur Ghag from University College London is among the key leaders in this large scientific collaboration, which aims to unravel about 85% of the universe’s mysteries that still elude us.
Currently, Ghag and his team find themselves at a crucial juncture in the quest for this elusive substance. They are considering plans for a more significant detector called xlzd, which promises to be many times the size of the LZ and even more precise. However, if neither detector can uncover the dark matter, they may need to reassess their understanding of what dark matter is. As Ghag suggests, future dark matter detectors may not be massive underground structures but rather smaller, unassuming devices. He has already devised a prototype of such a detector ahead of his upcoming talks at New Scientist Live this October.
Leah Crane: To start, why is dark matter so essential?
Chamkaur Ghag: On one side, we have all the knowledge that particles and atoms, alongside particle physics, provide about the components of matter. On the contrary, we understand gravity as well. While this may seem comprehensive, a significant issue arises when attempting to merge gravity and particle physics. Our galaxy shouldn’t exist as it does. It remains intact through gravity, which seems to derive from unseen matter. This isn’t just a tiny glue; around 85% of the universe comprises this so-called dark matter.
Why have our efforts to find it been so prolonged, with little success?
At present, we hypothesize that dark matter likely consists of what we term “wimps”—massive, weakly interacting particles that originated in the early universe. Consequently, these rarely interact with other particles, providing only a faint signature, which necessitates a large detector for detection. The larger these detectors are, the greater the chance that dark matter particles will pass through them. Additionally, they must be extremely quiet since even slight vibrations can obscure the signal.
We discuss the theoretical landscape of dark matter, which encompasses the range of masses and characteristics such particles could possess. We’ve already excluded certain regions of this landscape, making it essential to delve even deeper underground with larger detectors to explore where dark matter may still exist.
This painstaking endeavor requires minimizing background noise. For instance, many metals emit small radioactive levels, necessitating rigorous efforts to reduce construction material noise. The LZ detector boasts the lowest background noise and the highest level of radio-purity on the planet.
The LZ is currently the most sensitive detector we have. How does it function?
In essence, it operates as a double-walled thermos, containing several meters of liquid xenon. This xenon resides within a reflective tank, equipped with light sensors positioned above and below. Additionally, an electric field exists within this tank. When a wimp collides with a xenon nucleus, it generates a brief flash of light. However, due to the electric field, it causes the electrons to split apart, producing a second flash from the nucleus.
This two-signal output enables us to ascertain the exact location of an event. The intensity of both the primary and secondary flashes informs us about the microphysics of whether the interaction was caused by a wimp or an unrelated phenomenon, such as gamma rays. To ensure optimal detection, we are positioned miles underground to shield against cosmic rays and also encapsulated in an aquarium to safeguard against the surrounding rock.
This endeavor is undoubtedly complex. What has been the most challenging aspect of making it operational?
In an earlier experiment with a smaller prototype called Lux, I understood what was required to create an instrument tenfold more sensitive. Bringing that theoretical knowledge into practice proved challenging. For me, the toughest challenge lay in ensuring the instrument remained clean and quiet enough to achieve required sensitivity. When deployed with the LZ, it occupies a vast area equivalent to a football pitch, where it must tolerate only a gram of dust spread across its surface.
What is it like working with such an ultra-clean detector underground?
The environment, once a gold mine, retains its industrial atmosphere. You don a hard hat, descend a mile down, and then trek to the lab. Upon entering the lab, you lose sense of the surroundings; it transforms into a clean room filled with computers and equipment—essentially a lab devoid of windows. But the journey underground feels otherworldly.
Outer Detectors of the Lux-Zeplin Experiment
Sanford Underground Research Facility/Matthew Kapust
Historically, wimps have been the primary suspect for dark matter. At what point do we consider the wimp hypothesis invalid if we find no evidence?
Should we construct the XLZDs, the larger detectors intended for this purpose, and reach a point where they fail to detect wimps, it would be hard to sustain the idea of a standard wimp existing if we must venture beyond the capabilities of those instruments. However, until that happens, wimps are still in the game. The void between our current findings and those of the XLZD remains intriguing.
We’ve also developed a much smaller, entirely different detector for dark matter. Can you tell me more about it?
We’ve engineered 150 nanometer wide glass beads coated with lasers. This highly sensitive force detector can determine interactions in three dimensions, allowing us to ascertain which direction an event originated from. This capability is significant as it enables us to filter out terrestrial background influence, such as radioactive decay from geological materials.
This concept seems far removed from large detectors like the LZ. What’s the logic behind its creation? Will we see further advancements in smaller detectors?
Large-scale underground experiments, while large and sensitive, can paradoxically limit sensitivity due to their size. For instance, when a dark matter particle collides with my xenon detector, it may produce 10 photons. A smaller tank can capture all of them, but in a larger tank, these photons could bounce around and only a few are detected.
Furthermore, when a dark matter particle interacts with my detector, it only generates two photons initially. In this scenario, the maximal signal from a detector akin to the LZ diminishes. This has spurred the motivation to search for low-mass dark matter particles beyond the LZ’s detection range, leading us toward alternative detection methods.
If dark matter were to be discovered, what implications would that hold for physics and our understanding of the universe?
The implications would be two-fold: it would conclusively provide answers to what constitutes 85% of the universe, and it would challenge the standard model of particle physics, which currently outlines the known components of reality. Thus, if we discovered dark matter, it may offer the first glimpse beyond this conventional framework. Up until now, we’ve had no solid evidence to deviate from the standard model—this would serve as the first ray of hope.
The metropolitan police were required to address the inaccurate claims generated by artificial intelligence on Elon Musk’s X platform. As a result, they released footage from the far-right rally that took place in the city since 2020.
Chatbot Grok claimed to provide answers to users on X about the location and timing of police footage depicting clashes with the crowd.
Despite Grok’s history of providing inaccurate information, it was noted that “the footage appears to show a confrontation between police and protesters over restrictions on September 26, 2020, during an anti-lockdown demonstration at Trafalgar Square in London.”
The response was quickly amplified on X, with Daily Telegraph columnist Allison Pearson tweeting, “This aligns with my suspicions.”
The Met responded to her, clarifying that the footage was captured before 3pm at the junction of Whitehall and Horseguard Avenue.
“It is clearly not Trafalgar Square, as suggested by the AI response you referenced. To eliminate confusion, we provided labeling comparisons to verify the location,” the force added.
This exchange illustrates the challenges police face from social media platforms, occurring on a day when 26 officers sustained injuries amid violence. Elon Musk was present at a rally organized by far-right activists affiliated with Tommy Robinson.
Musk faced criticism for his remarks, which were conveyed to Robinson via live link. The billionaire told the audience, “violence is coming,” asserting, “You will either fight back or perish.”
Liberal Democratic leader Ed Davy stated: “Elon Musk incited violence on our streets yesterday. I hope that politicians from all parties unite in denouncing his deeply dangerous and irresponsible rhetoric.”
When queried by the BBC on Sunday about whether a tech billionaire was trying to provoke violence, Business Secretary Peter Kyle commented:
Grok is a creation of Musk’s AI company Xai and is accessible to users on Musk’s social media platform, X. Users can pose questions on X by tagging “@grok”, prompting the chatbot to respond.
Previously, Grok mentioned South Africa’s “white genocide” in unrelated discussions.
This idea stems from a far-right conspiracy theory, which has gained traction in mainstream discourse, with figures like Musk and Tucker Carlson often referenced.
Musk is a prominent supporter of Robinson and has significantly contributed to reviving the narrative regarding gangs that groomed and assaulted girls in the UK for years. Last year, Downing Street rebuked Musk for his comments on X, where he posted that “civil wars are inevitable” alongside footage of violent riots in Liverpool.
X was contacted for a statement regarding Grok’s misleading information related to Saturday’s footage.
Quick Guide
Please contact us about this story
show
The best public interest journalism relies on firsthand accounts from knowledgeable individuals.
If you have any information to share about this topic, please contact us confidentially via the following methods:
Secure Messaging in the Guardian App
The Guardian app features a tool to submit story tips, with messages encrypted end-to-end and integrated into the regular activities of Guardian mobile applications, ensuring your communications remain private.
If you don’t have the Guardian app, please download it (iOS/Android) and navigate to the menu. Select Secure Messaging.
SecureDrop, Instant Messengers, Email, Telephone and Post
If you can safely use the TOR network without detection, you may send messages and documents to the Guardian via our SecureDrop platform.
Lastly, the guide at theguardian.com/tips provides various secure contact methods, outlining the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Apple is set to unveil major software updates for the iPhone, iPad, and Apple Watch this Monday, significantly altering the icons, lock screen, and overall system appearance, along with introducing features for compatible devices.
Unveiled during the company’s developer conference in June, iOS 26, iPadOS 26, watchOS 26, and macOS 26 Tahoe introduce a new liquid glass design, offering a softer, rounder look that enhances the overall user interface.
Here’s what you should know regarding the update:
When can I get it?
Updates for iOS, iPadOS, watchOS, and macOS typically become available around 6pm in the UK (1pm in New York and 3am in Sydney). Unlike other manufacturers, all eligible Apple devices can download and install these updates immediately upon release.
Which devices are supported?
All Apple smartphones starting from the 2019 iPhone 11 and newer can install iOS 26. The 2018 iPad Pro, 2019 iPad Air (3rd generation), iPad Mini (5th generation), and iPad (8th generation), along with all newer tablets, are also supported. Furthermore, iMacs from 2020, Mac Studios from 2022, and Mac Pros from 2019 onward can run macOS 26 Tahoe.
How can I install it?
To download, open the Settings app on your iPhone or iPad, navigate to General > Software Updates. If available, tap on Install, confirm, restart, and exit. You can also update using a Windows computer via iTunes or the Mac app.
For watchOS 26, ensure that your iPhone 11 or later is running iOS 26. Then, open the Watch app on your phone and go to General > Software Updates to start the installation. Ensure your smartwatch is on the charger to complete the update.
On your Mac, update through System Settings, going to General > Software Update.
What is the cost?
Apple updates are free of charge. If prompted to pay for an update, it is likely a scam.
What happened to iOS 19-25?
Apple has adopted a new year-based naming format for its software updates. Thus, iOS versions 18 and earlier released between September 2024 and 2025 are now replaced by iOS 26 and subsequent versions from 2025-2026. This is akin to sports season naming conventions.
Liquid glass design
Each operating system now sports a cohesive translucent design, reminiscent of frosted glass bubbles overlaid on a flat background, providing depth to your iPhone, Apple Watch, iPad, and Mac, influenced by the Vision Pro headset. Buttons, menus, icons, and notification banners are shiny and responsive, enabling translucence with wallpapers and content below them.
iOS 26
The liquid glass aesthetic on the home screen and icons is one of the most significant changes in iOS history. Composite: Apple
The liquid glass redesign alters the shape and appearance of home screen icons and widgets. Alongside redefined app icons, you have the option to make them translucent in color.
Notifications and other elements now bounce from the top of the screen. A widget appears on the bottom of the lock screen that dynamically scales the clock size based on the number of notifications displayed.
Dynamic and concealed buttons
Buttons will condense when not engaged. For instance, the camera app has been optimized to conceal extra modes behind sliders or larger pop-up menus. Safari’s address bar and navigation buttons shrink into a small button at the bottom while scrolling. You can access tabs and controls by swiping up or tapping the 3-dot button.
Easier spam filtering
Enhanced spam filtering is integrated into the phone and messaging applications. Composite: Apple
The phone app can automatically screen calls from unknown numbers by answering and asking why they are calling before your iPhone notifies you. Messages will screen texts from new senders to detect spam, organizing them into separate inboxes. The phone app also allows you to hold while waiting for customer service representatives.
Both the phone app, FaceTime, and Messages now feature live translation capabilities.
Game Center App
The new gaming app acts as a centralized hub on your iPhone, featuring a game library that showcases what your friends are playing, replacing the Arcade for tracking achievements, competitions, and gaming events.
iPadOS 26
iPadOS 26 features a significant upgrade for multitasking, aligning more closely with macOS. Composite: Apple
iPadOS shares the new visual redesign with the iPhone, featuring clear icons and hidden buttons. More importantly, it introduces an innovative multitasking feature tailored for users utilizing iPads as laptop substitutes.
Mac-like menu bar and full windowing
The familiar macOS menu bar is now available on the iPad. Composite: Apple
A key addition for the iPad is the introduction of the Mac-like menu bar and window management features. You can swipe down from the center at the top of the app screen to access a menu bar containing various functionalities including settings, files, views, and more as on a Mac.
It features the classic red, yellow, and green three-dot menu allowing you to close, minimize, and resize windows. Holding the button reveals tiling and movement options similar to macOS, or you can manually resize windows to your desired size. Swipe to expose, flick left or right to snap apps to the sides, or flick to make an app full-screen.
You can easily open and overlap multiple windows, tile them side by side, or transform your home screen into a desktop interface akin to a Mac.
Preview and Files Apps
The Files app has been enhanced to streamline document and file management on your iPad. You can designate a default app for certain file types, similar to a computer setup. Specific folders like Downloads and Documents can now be directly added to the dock for easier access.
The Preview app from Mac is now on your iPad, allowing the viewing, editing, and annotation of PDFs, images, and more with Apple Pencil.
watchOS 26
watchOS 26 enhances your fitness experience and includes many features from iOS 26. Composite: Apple
The liquid glass design of the iPhone is even more prominent on the Apple Watch, featuring notification bubbles overlaying the Watch Face, floating buttons within apps, and smart widget stacks for a softer aesthetics.
Workout Companion
Apple’s new Fitness for Fitness chatbot, named Workout Buddy, provides ongoing conversation and motivation during workouts similar to the guidance offered by an Apple Fitness+ Coach. It marks significant training achievements, such as reaching specific milestones or pacing goals and summarizes your workout afterward. This feature requires Bluetooth headphones connected to the watch and an iPhone 15 Pro or later nearby.
Sleep Score and Hypertension Alerts
The sleep app calculates a sleep score every morning, giving you an overview of your rest quality. For Series 9 or Ultra 2 and newer watches, a blood pressure monitoring feature will alert you if hypertension signs are detected over the past 30 days.
Wrist Flick
Apple has introduced innovative gestures to the touch-free capabilities of the new Watch. A simple wrist flick away from you will reject notifications, alarms, and alerts. Additionally, double-tap gestures offer an easy way to dismiss things or interact with the watch without touch.
New Watch Faces
A selection of new and improved watch faces is included with watchOS 26. Composite: Samuel Gibbs/Guardian
Three new clock faces have been introduced. Flow features a large digital display that utilizes a liquid glass design, changing colors in response to movement. Exactograph separates hours, minutes, and seconds into distinct analog dials available in various styles. Ultra-exclusive waypoints surround the time with live compasses pointing to landmarks and significant locations. Additionally, revamped photo faces feature floating numbers.
macOS 26 Tahoe
macOS 26 Tahoe incorporates the same liquid glass design elements as the other updates. Composite: Apple
macOS receives a majority of the new features and design updates seen in iOS and iPadOS, including rounded window corners and glass-like design elements.
Phone App
The Phone app allows you to initiate and manage calls seamlessly. Composite: Apple
Apple enhances the Phone app on Mac, enabling calls through Wi-Fi and connected iPhones. It shows recent calls, voicemail, contacts, includes new call screening features, and maintains iPhone assist functionality.
Live activities, such as sports scores and streaming updates, are now visible in the Mac’s menu bar.
Spotlight
Actions have been incorporated into the Spotlight search system. This allows you to send messages and emails, generate notes, and set reminders, all directly from the search bar. You can filter files by type, group them, find documentation from third-party cloud services, and explore apps, files, clipboard history, and other content instead of using traditional search methods.
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured a new image of the central region of the Edge-on-Starburst Galaxy Messier 82.
This Hubble image displays Messier 82, a starburst irregular galaxy located 12 million light years away in the Ursa Major constellation. Image credits: NASA/ESA/Hubble/WD Vacca.
Messier 82 is situated roughly 12 million light years from the northern Ursa Major constellation.
Initially identified by German astronomer Johann Erard Bord in 1774, this galaxy spans about 40,000 light years.
Known as the Cigar Galaxy, Messier 82 features an elongated oval shape due to the tilt of its starry disc relative to our view.
This galaxy is renowned for its remarkable pace in star formation, generating stars at a rate ten times faster than that of the Milky Way.
“Messier 82 is home to a stunning star that shines through clouds of gas, dust, and clumps,” remarked the Hubble astronomer.
“It’s not surprising to find that the galaxy is so densely packed with stars.”
“Galaxies that produce stars at a rate ten times faster than the Milky Way are classified as Starburst Galaxies.”
“This vigorous starbursts phase has led to the emergence of superstar clusters at the galaxy’s core.”
“Each of these stellar clusters contains hundreds of thousands of stars, surpassing the brightness of ordinary star clusters.”
Astronomers have employed Hubble to investigate these vast clusters and understand their formation and evolution.
“The image reveals features that were previously unseen in earlier Hubble images of galaxies: data from the Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) high-resolution channels,” they noted.
“The high-resolution channel is one of three sub-instruments of the ACS, which was installed in 2002.”
“After five years of operation, the high-resolution channel provided stunning, detailed observations of a dense stellar environment like the heart of the Starburst Galaxy.”
“Unfortunately, an electronic failure in 2007 rendered the high-resolution channel inoperative.”
Elon Musk, the CEO of Tesla, has acquired nearly $1 billion worth of shares in the electric vehicle maker.
Following this announcement, Tesla’s stock surged by over 8% in pre-market trading on Monday.
As Tesla shifts its focus from solely electric vehicle production to becoming a technology powerhouse, the company is racing to achieve ambitious goals in Robotaxis, Artificial Intelligence, and Robotics. By December, Musk held approximately 13% of the company, according to data from LSEG.
On Friday, Musk purchased 2.57 million shares in open market transactions, with prices ranging from $372.37 to $396.54 per share.
Tesla’s shares increased by over 7% on Friday, building on strong gains from the previous session. Despite a year-to-date decline of around 2%, the stock is poised to achieve profits for the third consecutive session if pre-market trends hold steady.
Musk has persistently sought greater ownership interests, enhanced voting power at Tesla, and has threatened to develop AI and robotics ventures outside of Tesla unless he secures 25% voting power.
Earlier this month, Tesla’s board proposed a trillion-dollar compensation package for Musk, even amidst challenges posed by intense competition and declining electric vehicle demand.
On Friday, Robin Denholm, the board chair, downplayed concerns that Musk’s political engagements were negatively impacting sales, asserting that the billionaire had returned to being “front and center” within the company following his time in the White House.
Musk’s political involvement and public disagreements with Donald Trump have placed pressure on the company’s stock this year, raising investor concerns about potential distractions and declines in sales.
wI was just 18 when I got my hands on a Minidisc player, which had seen better days in terms of popularity. While it might not have been the most “fashionable” choice at the time, I absolutely loved it. I vaguely recall picking up packs at Poundland, building a vibrant library of affordable music before Spotify even existed.
This week, as I published articles about the MP3 players that revolutionized portable audio technology, I reflected on how they ultimately overshadowed my beloved Minidisc players. To be fair, MP3 playback is merely one of many file formats supported by modern digital audio players—perhaps a more fitting term.
For a period, I sensed that music streaming didn’t quite satisfy my needs. Yes, the ability to access an entire music library at your fingertips is a technological marvel, but it also leads to “choice paralysis” akin to being a child in a candy store. More crucially, it’s not your music.
Frustration with Algorithms
While exploring modern players for this piece, I found that I’m not alone in feeling disconnected from today’s streaming landscape. Chris Laidler, office manager at Advanced MP3 Players, provided insights into the type of individuals who opt out of the streaming norm—my kind of people.
When he began his career in 2017, his customers largely comprised a niche audiophile community, “pursuing high-resolution audio as a hobby,” he shares. These were people “more invested in technology than in music.”
However, since the onset of Covid, this clientele has expanded to include more casual buyers. For some, nostalgia plays a role, but there are also more practical motivations.
“It liberates them from the algorithm,” Laidler explains. “They seek out music on their own terms. This also means they have a device to store the music they genuinely own, rather than subscribing to Spotify.”
For true audio enthusiasts, smartphone audio simply falls short. “Consider your phone’s size,” Raidler gestures, “which features only a small DAC [digital-to-analog converter].” On the flip side, a dedicated MP3 player offers an entire setup designed for optimal music reproduction. And yes, that includes a standard wired audio jack—take note, Apple!
Generally, some acknowledge the steep entry price, even if they appreciate the concepts. For reference, my investment landed around £650, but top-tier technology can soar into the thousands. However, don’t fret! My more budget-friendly pick, the impressive Snowkey Echo Mini at £66.99, provides great value. After a certain price point, you’re more likely chasing a specific sound signature than an evident leap in quality.
The Tyranny of Choice
Ironically, as you try to make a selection, the abundance of options can mirror the overwhelming experience of scrolling through Spotify. “At audio trade shows, visitors come equipped with notebooks, taking notes on each player’s characteristics and prices,” Laidler recounts. “Yet, when you see these same individuals returning the following year, and you ask them, ‘So, which one did you choose?’—they’re still undecided.”
Should I opt for an older MP3 player? They have limitations in terms of storage, file format compatibility, and warranties. “From a nostalgia standpoint, they’re fantastic,” says Raidler.
“I enjoy showcasing these vintage players during our exhibitions and meetings because we can’t access them easily; perhaps we should even start a museum!”
This Week’s Selection
Editor’s Choice
Is it raining at the parade? It’s not about wearing the right clothes. Photo: Cicy/Getty Images/Istockphoto
You step out into glorious sunshine only to arrive at an office that resembles a death chamber. Your inexpensive emergency umbrella keeps flipping inside out. Yes, autumn weather is back with a vengeance. How do you maintain style amidst potential downpours? Fashion writer Charlotte Gornor has all the solutions for adding a layer of sophistication to any outfit, including waxed hoods and stylish caps.
Monica Hollige Associate Editor, Filter
In Case You Missed It…
A few replacements and a little hydration of your beauty routine can repair summer’s damage. Photo: Westend61/Getty Images
Let’s be real: Have you overlooked rinsing your hair every time you hit the beach this summer? Did you miss applying sunscreen to every part of your body before venturing outside? And are you hoping to prolong that summer glow? (All three apply here.)
Hayley Spencer’s guide offers remedies to heal your skin, hair, and nails after a sun-soaked summer. We’re especially fond of this drunken elephant scrub, which not only helps remove dead skin cells and debris that can clog pores, but also enhances moisture penetration, ensuring your skin remains hydrated and radiant. More glow, please!
Get Involved
What’s your secret to kicking off the day right—a cup of coffee or a breath of fresh air? Photo: Stephen Chong/Aramie
Whether you’re an early bird or a night owl, what’s your secret to enhancing your mornings? Waking up to a radio alarm instead of your phone? An amazing cup of coffee? Some gentle stretches? Or perhaps an eye mask that grants you an extra 30 minutes of sleep? Share your thoughts by replying to this newsletter or email thefilter@theguardian.com.
Drones are now crucial in the Russia-Ukraine conflict
Diego Herrera Charcedo/Anadolu via Getty Images
Stealth military radios, designed to mask signals from ambient noise, are exceptionally resistant to jamming and detection. This capability allows drone operators to function without being exposed.
With drones rapidly gaining prominence in warfare, electronic warfare has taken on a new intensity. In the ongoing conflict between Russia and Ukraine, both factions deploy jammers to disrupt drone communications, while also capturing radio signals to identify drone operators for coordinating artillery assaults.
We are a startup named Rampart News, and we’ve created a radio that features dual layers of protection, making it extremely hard to detect signals. The Stratawave Radio disperses its signal across a wide spectrum rather than encrypting it and broadcasting on a single frequency, rendering emissions subdued and harder to identify.
While similar methods have been employed in the past, Stratawave enhances this approach. By distributing the signal over the radio spectrum, interception becomes challenging, but the mere existence of radio transmissions remains apparent. To obscure this, Stratawave combines the entire broadcast, masking the presence of the radio signal amid ambient noise.
The first layer of protection resembles encoding a letter and then tearing it into substantial pieces. Even if adversaries can’t decipher the message, they can still perceive its existence. The second layer, however, is akin to reducing the letters to dust.
“Without the correct encryption key and algorithm, the signal manifests as noise on alternative receivers,” explains Aaron Correa from Rampart.
The company introduced Stratawave at the Pentagon Technical Preparation Experiment (TREX) event held in Camp Atterbury, Indiana, in August. During the event, the operator piloted the drone directly above the jamming system without encountering any disruptions.
The device manufacturer claims it has undergone over 60 diverse jamming trials. The counter-drone systems were unable to detect emissions from either the drone or its operator, nor could they triangulate their location.
Theoretically, StrataWave enables drone operators to use higher power levels without drawing fire, facilitating safer communication over long distances. Ukrainian commander from the Typhoon Drone Unit, Michael, asserts that they typically keep their power output as low as possible to evade detection.
“As soon as you activate a transmitter with a standard output of 1-5 watts, you increase both the signal strength and your exposure,” Michael states. “More potent, distinctive signals are easier to detect and pinpoint through triangulation.”
Electronic warfare resembles a cat-and-mouse dynamic, with advancements constantly evolving to counteract one another. In Ukraine, drone technologies are refreshed every few weeks to surpass existing jamming methods. Rampart asserts that when adversaries attempt to detect or jam Stratawave, they effectively start from scratch.
Thomas Withington, an electronic warfare specialist at the Royal United Services Institute (RUSI), a British defense think tank, suggests that this is not the definitive turn in the radio and jamming conflict. “Radio frequency engineers inform us that new systems seldom perform flawlessly.”
Withington highlights that cognitive radio systems incorporating AI and extensive datasets increasingly stand to uncover hidden signals cloaked in noise. However, deciphering Stratawave may take time. “This type of system undoubtedly offers a temporary advantage, which could be all you require,” he concludes.
The new Google Data Centre in Essex is projected to emit over 500 tons of carbon dioxide annually.
Spanning 52 hectares (128 acres), the “Hyperscale Data Centre” in Thurrock is set to join the ranks of large-scale computers and AI infrastructures, pending planning approval.
This proposal was submitted by a subsidiary of Google’s parent company, Alphabet. Concerns about carbon emissions arose before a coordinated initiative by Donald Trump’s White House and Downing Street aimed at enhancing the UK’s AI capabilities. A multibillion-dollar investment deal with major tech firms from Silicon Valley is anticipated to be unveiled during the US president’s state visit, starting on Tuesday.
According to Keir Starmer’s Government, there is a forecast that AI will require 13 times the current processing power by 2035, leading to a rush in data centre construction to fulfill demand. The expectation is that this technological advancement will enhance the UK’s economic productivity. A collaboration is anticipated involving Nvidia, the largest AI chip manufacturer, and OpenAI, the creators of the ChatGPT AI assistant.
However, advocates argue that the influx of new large computer facilities will raise UK greenhouse gas emissions and strain limited electricity and water resources.
If approved, the Thurrock facility will encompass up to four data centers on “Grey Belt” land, some of which has been used for speedway events and stock car racing. This will contribute to a net increase of 568,727 tons of greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide equivalent) annually at operational status. For further details, refer to the planning document reviewed by the Guardian.
According to the United Nations International Civil Aviation Organization, this is roughly equivalent to 500 flights from Heathrow to Malaga each week, as calculated by the carbon calculator. Google’s planning application contends that this will not significantly impact the UK carbon budget, a view challenged by campaigners.
A spokesperson from FoxGlove, a group advocating for fair technology, stated, “The facility planned by Google in Essex will generate emissions significantly higher than those produced by an international airport.” This reflects a broader trend of imposing ‘hyperscale’ data centers across the UK, prioritizing profit over environmental health.
“The Starmer government must resist the influence of big tech and advocate for the UK populace,” they continued. “Otherwise, we will all bear the consequences of expensive energy bills, dwindling water supplies, and the effects of a warming planet.”
The UK government asserts that data centers will not significantly affect the UK carbon budget due to an ambitious objective to decarbonize the electricity grid. However, there are concerns that without significant investment in new data centers, the UK risks falling behind international competitors like France, jeopardizing its ambitions in national security, economic growth, and AI.
Other noteworthy data center initiatives include a £10 billion project at a former coal-fired power plant in Blythe, Northumberland, which received planning approval in March. This facility is positioned at the core of a major contract involving Nvidia and OpenAI. Over the weekend, there were also reports that Google was in discussions regarding a large data center in Teesside.
Global consultancy Bain & Company reported on Monday that AI and data centers could contribute to 2% of global emissions and 17% of industrial emissions by 2035, with the most significant impact occurring in nations where fossil fuels dominate energy generation.
Google declined to comment on the planning application for the Thurrock site, while Teesside stated that they “do not comment on rumors or speculation.”
Large dinosaurs such as Titanosaurus significantly influenced their ecosystems
Christian Jegou/Science Photography Library
The extinction of dinosaurs had profound consequences for Earth, leading to significant alterations in the planet’s landscapes, including shifts in river systems.
There is a clear distinction between various rock formations in North America before and after the end of the dinosaurs during the Cretaceous-Paleogene (K-PG) extinction event approximately 66 million years ago, triggered by the Chicxulub asteroid impact in the Yucatan Peninsula.
For example, the Green Gray Mudstone, recognized as the Hell Creek Formation from the dinosaur period, transitions into the more vivid pajama-striped layers of the Fort Union Formation, which hosts many lignite-rich charcoals from plant material that surfaced with the rise of mammals.
This transition was initially attributed to the direct impacts of asteroid strikes, such as increased rainfall. However, Luke Weaver from the University of Michigan and his team propose another explanation.
They examined floodplain areas in the western United States, revealing abrupt geological changes around the K-PG boundary, particularly in the Williston Basin, stretching across parts of Wyoming, Montana, and the Dakotas.
The multifaceted colorful layers from the Post-dinosaur period are believed to be deposits formed by rising water levels, creating temporary ponds. However, Weaver and his colleagues did not find supporting literature on water level changes during this era.
“There’s no evidence of extremely high water tables or particularly wet conditions,” he says. While there was an intrusion of seawater inland, the nearest instance occurred at least 300,000 years after the K-PG boundary.
Weaver’s team argues that significant sandstone layers formed post-K-PG boundary are indicative of large, stable rivers, known as Point Bar deposits, instead of temporary pond deposits. These layers can exceed 10 meters in thickness, reflecting the stability of these rivers.
Researchers attribute these findings to the extinction of dinosaurs. They propose that, like today’s large herbivores, dinosaurs were ecological engineers, disrupting vegetation, trampling, and grazing seedlings, inhibiting new plant growth.
“These creatures were colossal compared to modern fauna,” Weaver notes. For instance, while a contemporary elephant weighs around 5,000 kilograms, a Triceratops could weigh at least double that.
As they moved through and destroyed vegetation, the rivers would have flooded periodically instead of winding through forests. This change ultimately led to the expansion of marshy mudstone, according to Weaver. Once the dinosaurs vanished, tree roots stabilized the sediments, allowing water to flow through a meandering riverbed, thus creating point bars.
“This illustrates a landscape where biology plays a crucial role,” Weaver observes. Animals, he argues, significantly modify their environments, much like humans have drastically altered Earth’s landscapes.
Christopher Doughty from Northern Arizona University believes this perspective better explains the observed geological transformations than earlier theories. “In contemporary studies where large animals are removed from ecosystems, tree cover significantly increases,” he mentions. “With the extinction of dinosaurs, there were no longer large animals capable of uprooting trees. This led to a decrease in herbivory and reduced the disturbance of seedlings giving rise to robust tree growth.”
However, Cat Schroder from the University of New Mexico remains skeptical. “While there seems to be a correlation between large dinosaurs and open nutritional landscapes, causality hasn’t been established yet,” she says. “Forests thrived before, during, and after the age of dinosaurs.”
Doughty is using isotopic analysis of fossil leaves to investigate how forest structures have shifted since the dinosaurs went extinct.
Dinosaur Exploration in the Gobi Desert, Mongolia
Experience an exhilarating and unique expedition exploring the remains of dinosaurs in the expansive wilderness of the Gobi Desert, renowned as one of the world’s premier paleontological sites.
The Pixel 10 Pro stands out as Google’s premier smartphone, compact yet powerful, enhancing the capabilities of the already impressive Pixel 10 and raising the bar in the camera category.
This model competes closely with Apple’s iPhone 17 Pro, delivering the finest Google hardware without the bulk of a large display. It’s also the most affordable among the trio of Pixel 10 phones, starting at £999 (€1,099/$999/$1,699), with the larger XL and tablet variants hybridizing 10 folds.
The 10 Pro bears a familiar resemblance to its predecessor, featuring a 6.3-inch OLED display that matches the Pixel 10 in size but is notably brighter, smoother, and sharper. As one of the top displays in the mobile realm, its refined aluminum edges and matte glass back exude a premium feel, though the color options are somewhat conservative compared to its less expensive counterparts.
With Qi2 support, magnetic chargers and accessories, such as the sleek Anker 5K Maggo, can effortlessly attach to the device’s back. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The 10 Pro is among the first devices to incorporate Qi2 wireless charging, allowing compatibility with a variety of magnetic accessories, including those designed for Apple’s MagSafe.
Under the hood lies Google’s latest Tensor G5 chip, offering approximately 35% improved speed over last year’s iteration, though it does not quite match the performance of Qualcomm’s top Android chips found in competing devices. The 10 Pro delivers a smooth user experience and performs well for gaming, although those seeking top-tier graphics may want to explore other options.
Boasting solid battery life, the Pixel enables a mix of 5G and WiFi usage lasting up to two days, with around 7 hours of active screen time. Most users will find they need to charge it every other day, but I managed to get through a heavy usage day in London, ending with approximately 25% battery remaining by midnight.
The Pixel 10 Pro fully charges in about 90 minutes with a compatible power adapter of 30W or more (not included), achieving 52% charge in just over 30 minutes. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Google’s version of Android is vibrant, user-friendly, and customizable within reasonable limits. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
Running on Android 16, your phone will receive security and software updates until August 2032, keeping your device current over its lifespan. The software mirrors that of the regular Pixel 10, featuring a bold and colorful aesthetic.
Google has infused AI into various aspects of the phone’s operation, with many features powered by the recent Gemini Nano models. This ensures privacy since processing can occur directly on-device without needing to transmit data.
With Gemini Chat Bot, you can engage with apps, view visuals on-screen, capture content through the camera, or have live interactions through audio.
Magic Cue enhances numerous Google and third-party apps by offering quick access to contextual information derived from data stored on your phone. Composite: Samuel Gibbs/Guardian
A standout feature is Magic Cue, which operates in the background by merging data from your Google account with your mobile data to provide assistance or quick recommendations in various Google applications. For instance, when you call a business, Magic Cue displays your card directly in the phone app, and order confirmations are readily accessible with a single tap when needed.
Magic Cue operates locally using around 10 days of data, helping to streamline operations without requiring extensive logs of your activities. It’s exclusive to Google and select third-party apps like eBay, limiting its functionality for users not utilizing compatible applications, such as WhatsApp.
The 10 Pro also includes a one-year subscription to Google AI Pro, which typically costs £19 per month, granting access to more advanced Gemini Pro models for image and video generation, along with 2TB of cloud storage across Google Drive, Photos, and Gmail.
Camera
The Camera app is user-friendly and versatile, offering various modes to enhance your photography experience, including manual controls. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The 10 Pro features an exceptional camera setup with a 42MP front-facing camera, a 50MP primary camera, a 48MP ultrawide, and a 48MP 5x telephoto lens, delivering up to 10x optical zoom quality. Notably, it debuts direct AI image processing in its camera, which raises intriguing questions about the nature of photography itself.
The primary camera is one of the industry’s finest, capturing a remarkable array of detailed images across varying lighting conditions. The ultrawide camera excels in landscapes and group shots, producing excellent macro photography results for engaging close-ups. The 5x telephoto lens is a highlight, providing exceptional performance even at 10x magnification, especially in good lighting.
Google’s smartphone excels in challenging lighting scenarios, handling bright or high-contrast scenes adeptly. In darker settings, Night Sight provides more accurate color representations compared to its competitors. Additionally, this year sees enhancements to the pixel portrait mode.
Zooming past 30x employs locally generated AI models to restore lost details during digital zooming, allowing users to choose between preprocessed and post-processed images. Composite: Samuel Gibbs/Guardian
Zoom capabilities extend from 30x to 100x, utilizing a local generative AI model to recover lost details and sharpness during digital zooming. It generally performs well, although not flawlessly. AI-generated images may sometimes display inconsistencies in perspective or details. However, capturing predictable subjects like buildings, vehicles, and trees leads to solid results, making the 100x zoom surprisingly user-friendly.
When capturing people, the camera avoids using the Genai model, which might be the most suitable option. Yet, like all generative AI systems, it can occasionally struggle to produce coherent outputs, mirroring what often appears as alien-like scripts.
The camera application has integrated C2PA Content Credentials, documenting not only how images were taken but also whether generative AI was involved in their creation. Best Take functionality captures multiple images with a single press of the shutter button.
The 10 Pro also features AI camera coaching capabilities seen in the standard 10, providing users with guidance on scene composition and optimal shooting angles.
The camera comes loaded with entertaining photography and videography modes, solidifying the 10 Pro’s status as a leading contender in the market.
Sustainability
The front and back of the Pixel feature scratch-resistant Gorilla Glass Victus 2. Photo: Samuel Gibbs/The Guardian
The battery is designed to last through at least 1,000 full charge cycles, maintaining a minimum of 80% of its original capacity. The phone is repairable by Google, third-party shops, or through DIY methods. A repair manual and accessible parts are available.
The Pixel 10 Pro comprises 30% recycled materials by weight, including aluminum, cobalt, copper, glass, gold, plastic, rare earth elements, tungsten, and tin. The company is transparent about the environmental impact of its phones and offers a program to recycle old devices free of charge.
Price
The Google Pixel 10 Pro is priced at £999 (€1,099/$999/$1,699), offering four color options.
In comparison, the Pixel 10 starts at £799, the Pixel 10 Pro XL is available at £1,199, while the Pixel 9a can be found at £399. The Samsung Galaxy S25 retails for £799, the Galaxy S25 Ultra is priced at £1,249, and the iPhone 16 Pro costs £999.
Verdict
The Pixel 10 Pro does not radically reinvent the smartphone with its enhancements but builds upon the successes of the Pixel 10, itself a strong contender this year. Yet it still elevates market-leading camera capabilities alongside advanced AI integration.
It offers reliable performance, solid battery life, and an attractive design, though avid gamers may prefer options with superior graphics. Google’s version of Android remains among the best, offering years of support for longevity.
Several new features in Gemini provide enhanced convenience with fewer gimmicks. Magic Cue is a valuable tool that saves time without being intrusive, though it could benefit from broader app integration.
The incorporation of generative AI into the camera app refines the zoom experience, albeit it does blur the distinction of traditional photography. Debates about authenticity in photography will undoubtedly arise as usefulness and novelty intersect.
The Pixel 10 Pro is among the finest compact smartphones available, showcasing just how sophisticated Google’s AI tools have become, surpassing both Apple and its other competitors.
Pros: Seven years of software updates, 5x optical zoom, 10x AI zoom, Magic Queue, impressive local AI features, Qi2 wireless charging with magnetic accessory support, solid battery life, excellent display, ergonomic size, quick fingerprint and face recognition, and a year of Google AI Pro subscription.
Cons: Relatively high price, does not match facial recognition safety, lacks best-in-class raw performance, and the absence of a physical SIM card slot in the US, with no major improvements over the standard Pixel 10.
tFanfiction once involved sharing secret sketches in the hidden nooks of the internet. There, Darcy was envisioned as the roommate of a peculiar vampire. It was an underground pastime that went unnoticed by Tinseltown executives. Yet, here we are in 2025, according to Hollywood Reporter News. The iconic photo fetched at least $3 million (a staggering £2.2 million).
The backstory of Alchemy, Senlinyu appears somewhat nebulous. The original narrative by Senlinyu, titled Manacled, resided in a niche genre known as “Dramione,” where Hermione Granger often found herself entangled in an improbable romance with Draco Malfoy. Now devoid of any references to Hogwarts, Butterbeer, or Nimbus from the 2000s, and with characters renamed, Alchemy will hit shelves and online platforms later this month as a dark fantasy saga about a young woman grappling with memory loss, who finds herself at the mercy of a formidable and ruthless necromancer.
In a similar vein, The Love Hypothesis is making its way to cinemas. Lili Reinhart portrays a doctoral candidate who becomes involved with Professor Tom Bateman. If you think the pairing of Hermione and Draco is unusual, this one draws inspiration from a Star Wars fanfic subgenre known as Reiro, focusing on the taboo romance between Rey and Kylo Ren.
This isn’t the first occasion Hollywood has sought inspiration from fanfiction for its next blockbuster. While studios previously turned to pulp novels, classic theater, or acclaimed short stories from The New Yorker to fill theaters, producers are now increasingly looking towards Tumblr and our own archives, including AO3. In 2019, Sony Pictures Television secured a first-look deal with Wattpad, an online platform that has become a breeding ground for aspiring authors, generating scripted series and films based on the site’s most popular narratives. Wattpad started as a sassy take on One Direction but remarkably led to five films (direct-to-streaming) between 2019 and 2023, and also birthed the After series along the way.
And then, of course, there are the infamous 50 Shades. Originally a Twilight fanfic, it evolved into a trilogy of films that grossed over $1.3 billion worldwide, even though it was panned by critics. Its success demonstrated to studios that original research isn’t always essential. The saga begins with Edward and Bella’s intriguing narrative and could still be a billion-dollar franchise.
What drives Hollywood’s attraction to these projects? Logically, it relates to the brand recognition garnered through proxies. When given the option, Harry Potter enthusiasts are likely to want to see their beloved Hermione and Draco engaged in magical escapades. Meanwhile, readers of AO3’s “original” works, often numbering in the millions, feel a shared sense of ownership over this odd transition from fanfiction to the big screen—something studios greatly value.
Fanfiction is a source of existing enthusiasm that works to corporate advantage. Such immense online followings provide proof of concept, eliminating the need for focus groups or test screenings. They come equipped with a ready-made, highly enthusiastic community. In an industry where original scripts are often treated as financial risks, this data suggests that these films aren’t mere gambles; they are seen as incubators for franchises.
“For most plants, a balanced, all-purpose fertilizer would be fine.”
ShutterStock/Encierro
A visit to the garden center reveals a multitude of fertilizers lining the shelves. These vibrant bottles promise optimal results for a range of plants, from lawns and roses to ferns and Japanese maples. But do home gardeners truly require them? Let’s explore the science behind it.
Plants require approximately 16 essential mineral nutrients, most of which are needed in minor quantities. At the heart of plant nutrition—fertilizer—lies three primary macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). The main distinction between various fertilizers is the proportion of these nutrients, denoted on the label after the letters “NPK”.
For lush grass, opt for fertilizers with high nitrogen content. However, for flowering and fruiting plants like tomatoes and roses, a greater amount of potassium is necessary. Fortunately, gardeners don’t need to pore over every label; most fertilizers are conveniently labeled to indicate their best uses.
Things become more complicated, however. I recently compared three “expert” plant foods from well-known brands designed for roses, strawberries, and tomatoes. All had the identical NPK ratio of 4-2-6, making their only real difference the packaging. Ultimately, plants synthesize nutrients from the soil as needed. In most cases, a balanced, general-purpose fertilizer is sufficient. Curiously, some specialized feeds are merely repackaged versions of generic fertilizers.
Stocking a wide array of specific fertilizers is not only costly and unnecessary but can also be detrimental. Fertilizers should only be used to replenish deficient minerals in the soil. For instance, excessive nitrogen can result in soft and pest-prone growth or lead to poor-quality crops. In contrast, excess phosphorus is often washed away, contributing to water pollution and causing environmental damage, particularly in fertile regions like the UK, where garden soils are richer compared to agricultural lands. Intensive management practices often exacerbate this issue.
So, what’s the takeaway? Invest in affordable, user-friendly home soil tests instead of unnecessary fertilizers. Of course, there are some exceptions. Acid-loving plants like rhododendrons may need an iron boost, and other nutrients that are harder to absorb from neutral soils. Similarly, container plants (particularly those grown in nutrient-poor media like peat) typically require fertilizer supplements during their growing season. Nonetheless, for most home gardeners—including houseplant enthusiasts—a single balanced fertilizer is enough, giving you more time (and money) to enjoy nurturing your plants.
For additional projects, please visit NewsCientist.com/Maker
Testing reveals that a higher weekly dosage of Wegovy is linked to an increased risk of side effects.
Prior research indicates that individuals receiving the standard weekly doses of Wegovy, which contains the active ingredient semaglutide, can lose up to 15% of their body weight over a year when combined with a healthy diet and exercise regimen. This medication mimics the action of GLP-1, a hormone akin to glucagon, which aids in numerous ways such as delaying stomach emptying and signaling the brain to suppress appetite.
Produced by the pharmaceutical company Novo Nordisk, Wegovy is approved for use among individuals with obesity or those who are overweight and possess at least one weight-related condition like type 2 diabetes. “However, some patients may not experience the desired level of weight loss or may seek more than the average 10-15% reduction,” says Lora Heisler, who was not part of the research team from the University of Aberdeen in the UK.
To explore the potential benefits of increased dosage, Shawn Wharton and colleagues, including scientists from the University of Toronto and Novo Nordisk, studied over 1,000 obese adults across 11 countries, including the United States, Canada, and parts of Europe.
Participants, all without diabetes, were randomly assigned to receive either a high dosage of 7.2 milligrams or the standard 2.4 milligrams of semaglutide, alongside a placebo injection mimicking Wegovy. Doses of semaglutide were gradually elevated over several weeks, and all participants were encouraged to maintain a caloric deficit of 500 calories per day and engage in physical activity for 150 minutes weekly.
After one year, those receiving the standard dosage lost an average of 16% of their body weight, while the high-dose group achieved about 19% weight loss. Conversely, the placebo group lost approximately 44% of their body weight.
One-third of participants in the standard dosage category experienced over 20% weight loss, compared to almost half in the high-dose group. Only 3% in the placebo group reached this threshold, indicating that higher dosages can significantly enhance weight loss outcomes, according to Heisler.
At the onset of the study, more than one-third of participants in each group had prediabetes, marked by elevated blood sugar levels without qualifying for type 2 diabetes. By the study’s conclusion, diabetes cases in the high-dose group decreased by 83%, while cases within the standard-dose group fell by 74%. “This is highly encouraging, as the main objective of weight loss is to enhance overall health,” Heisler remarks.
Nevertheless, there are noteworthy drawbacks. Bowel-related side effects, such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, were reported by 61% in the standard-dose group, while 71% in the high-dose category experienced similar issues. In comparison, 40% of those taking the placebo also faced these symptoms, which might not be directly related to the treatment, according to Heisler.
Moreover, over 20% of the high-dose group reported unpleasant skin sensations known as dysesthesia. As a result, four participants discontinued their treatment. By contrast, only 6% of the standard-dose recipients and just one in the placebo group reported this side effect, with no one ceasing treatment.
These findings indicate that the advantages of higher dosages may outweigh the associated risks for certain individuals, according to Heisler. “For those requiring substantial weight loss who don’t experience many side effects, the higher dose may facilitate their goals,” she states. However, it may not be appropriate for individuals achieving sufficient weight loss on standard doses or those enduring severe side effects. She emphasizes the need for additional trials to validate these results before clinical application.
In a separate trial, Wharton and his team suggest that higher dosages might yield greater weight loss and enhanced blood glucose levels in individuals with both obesity and type 2 diabetes. However, the results were not statistically significant, indicating a need for further investigation, says Simon Cork from Anglia Ruskin University in the UK.
Experiencing bereavement is one of life’s toughest challenges. Offering love and support can truly make a significant impact, and it’s admirable to want to help those who are grieving.
Everyone’s sadness is unique, which complicates knowing what to say. In those raw moments, simply being present and offering your love and time may be the most valuable support you can provide.
Research indicates that empathizing with others can be more challenging than we realize. Avoid making assumptions about their feelings; instead, gently ask what they are experiencing.
If you’re uncertain whether they prefer solitude, give them an option. You might say, “Would you like me to come by later?” rather than simply texting, “Let me know how I can help.”
Since close relationships may benefit from practical support, offering to help with meals or tasks can be greatly appreciated. However, always provide an opt-out option, such as leaving food at the door instead of entering.
Additionally, prioritize emotional support over giving advice or trying to reframe the situation positively. Listen attentively to their feelings and what they need at that moment.
If appropriate, consider employing techniques related to “active listening.” For instance, paraphrasing or echoing their words can show that you genuinely understand their emotional state.
As time passes and if their emotional pain decreases, it might be suitable to transition to what psychologists refer to as “cognitive advice.”
This could involve helping them find constructive ways to express their sadness and discover hope, such as making positive changes to their routines.
We often think we understand someone else’s sadness, but research shows that isn’t always the case. Instead, it’s crucial to be curious, ask how they feel, and really listen – Credit: via Klaus Vedfelt
If the grieving person indicates they prefer solitude, don’t take that as a permanent preference. Make sure to check in regularly in a non-judgmental manner.
Reaching out occasionally can be incredibly meaningful, especially since it can be hard for them to re-engage.
Psychologists recommend expressing sadness as a helpful coping strategy, often best done with the support of others.
For instance, you might plan a memorial activity, reminisce about the loved one they’ve lost, commemorate a significant anniversary, or visit places that hold special memories.
So, when the time feels right, consider joining your friends and loved ones in commemorating and celebrating the lives of those they’ve lost.
Remember, there is no right or wrong way to grieve. Each person’s timeline for healing is unique.
However, if your loved one continues to struggle with their grief more than six months later, they may benefit from seeking professional help.
This article responds to the inquiry (Neil Myers, asked by Lincoln): “How should I talk to someone who just lost a loved one?”
Please email us to submit your questionsQuestion @sciencefocus.com or MessageFacebook,xorInstagramPage (don’t forget to include your name and location).
Check out our ultimateFun fact More amazing science pages
Stone circles are remnants of ancient rituals and druidic lore. Most people recognize the stone rings at Stonehenge, located near Amesbury, England; which dates back to 2500 BC (around 4,525 years ago). However, numerous examples of “menhills” (standing stones) and other ancient stone arrangements can be found globally.
In fact, some of these stone monuments predate Stonehenge. For instance, the Oyyu Stone Circle in Northern Japan is estimated to be about 3,500 years old, having been discovered in 1931. Additionally, there are various Aboriginal stone circles throughout Australia; some of which may be nearly 10,000 years old.
Conversely, stone monuments are uncommon in America. Thus, in 2007, archaeologists were thrilled to uncover what seems to be a human-made stone arrangement at the bottom of Lake Michigan.
One archaeologist, Mark Holly, has since been seeking funds to drill at the site while keeping its exact location confidential to prevent disturbances.
Currently, the origin of these stones remains unclear. One theory suggests that they may indicate “driving lanes” for caribou hunting, reflecting a different study. 9,000-year-old stone arrangements found on Lake Huron would have been visible when the lanes were marked.
Lake Michigan remained dry until approximately 15,000 years ago. Therefore, these stones might have been arranged significantly earlier than those found at Lake Huron or Stonehenge.
This article addresses the inquiry by John McPherson from Ripon: “Are there any other stoneworks?”
For further questions, please email us at Question @sciencefocus.com or reach out viaFacebook, Twitter, or Instagram. (Make sure to include your name and location.)
Explore our ultimateFun fact More amazing science pages
Elon Musk advocated for the “dissolution of Parliament” and a “change in government” in the UK during a London “Unity” rally organized by far-right activist Stephen Yexley Lennon, commonly known as Tommy Robinson.
Musk, the proprietor of X, connected through video links, as thousands listened to Robinson oppose the “woke mind virus,” asserting, “violence is coming” and cautioned the audience, “you’ll fight back or die.”
He remarked: “I firmly believe there needs to be a change in the UK government. I can’t. There can’t be another four years.”
“We must take action. The Assembly needs to be dissolved, and a new election must occur.”
This isn’t Musk’s first foray into British politics. He previously engaged in a verbal clash with the UK government regarding grooming gangs and criticized the 2023 online safety law, denouncing it as a threat to free speech.
Although he shared a warm rapport with Nigel Farage, rumors swirled that he might lead a donation to Farage’s party before calling for reform within British leadership amid the controversy surrounding Robinson’s support.
Musk addressed the crowd in central London:
Aviation footage shows the scale of the rally “Unifying the Kingdom” – Video
“This is directed at the rational center, those who don’t usually engage in politics but simply seek to live their lives.
“My message aligns with them. If this persists, violence will reach you, leaving you with no choice. You are in a critical situation here.
“Whether you decide to resort to violence or not, it is inevitable. You either resist or perish; that’s the reality.”
With Katie Hopkins and Tommy Robinson at the “Kingdom” rally in central London on Saturday. Photo: Lucy North/Pennsylvania
Musk further asserted, “The left is the murder party,” referencing the death of Charlie Kirk.
He stated: “There is a tremendous amount of violence from the left. My friend Charlie Kirk was murdered in cold blood this week, and those from the left are openly celebrating it. The left embodies a party of murder and revels in killing.”
Additionally, he criticized what he termed the Awakening Mind Virus, asserting that merit should dictate progress, not “discrimination based on gender, religion, race, etc.”
Flares are launched as police attempt to control the crowd at the rally. Photo: Tayfun Sarcı/EPA
He remarked: “Many awakening movements are inherently super racist, super sexist, and often anti-religious. Why is there such unfairness against anti-Christians? It’s unjust… it’s all aspects of awakening, and I’m labeling it; it’s fundamentally contradictory.”
Attendance was estimated to exceed 110,000 individuals at what is regarded as one of the largest nationalist gatherings in decades. Marchers encountered approximately 5,000 anti-racist counter-protesters.
Along with Musk, figures like Katie Hopkins and French far-right politician Eric Zemmour were also present as speakers at the event.
A significant portion of UK employers, about one-third, are utilizing “bossware” technology to monitor employee activities, predominantly through methods like email and web browsing surveillance.
Private sector firms are the most inclined to implement onsite monitoring, with one in seven employers reportedly recording or assessing screen activities, as per a comprehensive UK study on office surveillance.
These insights, disclosed by the Chartered Management Institute (CMI) to the Guardian, are derived from feedback from numerous UK managers, indicating a recent uptick in computer-based work monitoring.
According to 2023 research by the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), less than 20% of respondents believed they were being monitored by their employers. The finding that roughly one-third of managers are aware of their organizations tracking employees’ online activities on company devices likely underrepresents the issue.
Many of these surveillance tools are designed to mitigate insider threats, safeguard confidential data, and identify dips in productivity. However, this growing trend seems to be inducing anxiety among employees. CMI highlights that many managerial figures oppose such practices, arguing they erode trust and infringe on personal privacy.
A manager at an insurance firm developing an AI system for monitoring staff screen activity expressed feelings of “unease,” questioning, “Do they trust employees to perform their roles? Is there an intention to replace them with AI?”
One employee monitoring service provides insights into workers’ “idle hours,” tracks “employee productivity,” flags unapproved AI or social media use, and offers “real-time data on employee behavior, including screenshots, screen recordings, keystrokes, and application usage.”
In light of these findings, the ICO emphasized that employers “must inform employees about the nature, scope, and reasons for surveillance,” noting that excessive monitoring “can infringe on personal privacy,” especially for remote workers. They warned of potential actions if necessary.
Last year, the ICO prohibited outsourced company Serco from utilizing facial recognition technology and fingerprint scanning to manage staff attendance at various leisure centers.
Monitoring often includes ensuring that inappropriate content isn’t accessed, according to CMI. However, they cautioned, “If it feels like an invasion, there can be long-term implications.”
Petra Wilton, policy director at CMI, stated, “If implemented, this could be of significant concern to employers and raise serious data privacy and protection issues.”
PWC has recently rolled out a “traffic light” system utilizing badge swipes and WiFi connection data to ensure staff attend the office at least three days a week. A spokesperson from PWC noted this was “well received by most of our employees.”
A former senior public transport worker, who requested anonymity, shared their experience of facing online surveillance, describing it as “distracting and deeply intrusive.”
“It began with surveillance, and I eventually left because I was extremely frustrated,” they noted. CMI research revealed that one in six managers would contemplate seeking new employment if their organization started monitoring online activities on work devices.
Among managers aware of their employers monitoring them, 35% indicated surveillance of emails. Overall, tracking login/logout times and system access emerged as the most prevalent form of monitoring.
The survey showed that 53% of managers endorse monitoring employee online activity on company devices, but 42% feel this not only undermines trust but also fails to enhance performance, potentially resulting in misuse or unjust disciplinary action.
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
