Paleontologists from the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science, the University of Texas at El Paso, and Montana State University unearthed fossil bones of a tenontosaurus sp. This early Cretaceous ornithopod dinosaur from North America inhabited the Yucca Formation located in the far west of Texas, USA. Notably, this southernmost finding of Tenontosaurus in the interior West is around 400 km east of the Arizona record and about 900 km southwest of the north-central Texas record.
Tenontosaurus is a genus of iguanodont ornithopod dinosaur that roamed North America around 115 million years ago during the early Cretaceous period.
This genus includes two known species: Tenontosaurus tilletti and Tenontosaurus dossi.
Both species possessed particularly long and broad tails, which were strengthened by a framework of bony tendons, similar to their backs.
The recent fossils were retrieved from the Upper Yucca Formation of the Indio Mountains, situated approximately 35 km southwest of Van Horn in West Texas.
“I wasn’t specifically searching for fossils that day,” stated Dr. Jason Ricketts, a paleontologist at the University of Texas at El Paso.
“While examining rocks in the area, we spotted debris weathered from the soft shale.”
“There was no need for excavation; I simply collected them. It was a surprising and thrilling discovery. My family joined me to help gather the pieces.”
“Fossils of dinosaurs are uncommon in West Texas, and finding fossilized bones instead of just footprints is especially rare.”
“The fossils were found as separate fragments, with the largest confirmed to be a part of a femoral leg bone.”
“Despite their imperfect state, these fossils hold significant scientific value,” he remarked.
“Before this discovery, similar fossils were only found in other regions of Montana, Idaho, Arizona, and Texas.”
This new finding extends the known range of Tenontosaurus further southwest than previously documented.
“Until now, fossils of this kind were mostly located in northern and eastern states, such as Utah and Wyoming,” Ricketts noted.
“This discovery… indicates that Tenontosaurus lived as far south as West Texas.”
While research on the fossil fragments continues, the authors hope this discovery will encourage additional exploration in West Texas, where dinosaur fossils are largely uncharted.
“This finding demonstrates that there is still a wealth of knowledge to acquire about our region’s prehistoric history,” said Dr. Ricketts.
“It’s a privilege to contribute, even if only in a small way, to that larger narrative.”
Spencer G. Lucas et al. 2025. An ornithopod dinosaur that lived in the early Cretaceous of West Texas. Bulletin of the New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science 101:291-294
Researchers from Stellenbosch University and other institutions utilized advanced uranium-lead (U-Pb) dating along with elemental mapping to analyze traces of uranium and lead in the calcite of fossilized dinosaur eggshells discovered in the United States and Mongolia.
An artist’s reconstruction of a troodontid dinosaur that had just hatched from a fragment of an egg shell. Image credit: Eva Utsukiyouhei.
The ages of numerous fossil remains globally remain uncertain.
Without precise geological age data for fossils, paleontologists face challenges in comprehending the relationships among different species and ecosystems over time and across regions.
Traditionally, they depend on dating minerals like zircon and apatite found alongside fossils, but these minerals are not always available.
Efforts to date fossils such as bones and teeth often lead to ambiguous results.
Dr. Ryan Tucker and his team at Stellenbosch University adopted a novel strategy. They applied advanced U-Pb dating and elemental mapping to identify trace quantities of uranium and lead in the calcite of fossilized dinosaur eggshells.
These isotopes function as a natural clock, enabling scientists to ascertain when an egg was buried.
Studies of dinosaur eggs sourced from Utah in the United States and Mongolia’s Gobi Desert have indicated that the eggshells can accurately reflect their ages to about 5% in comparison to the true ages of volcanic ash.
In Mongolia, researchers have for the first time directly dated a significant area where dinosaur eggs and nests have been preserved, tracing back to approximately 75 million years ago.
“Eggshell calcite is remarkably adaptable,” states Dr. Tucker.
“This introduces a fresh method for dating fossil sites lacking volcanic layers, which has posed a challenge for paleontology for many years.”
By demonstrating that dinosaur eggshells can reliably record geological time, this research bridges biology and earth sciences, providing scientists with a powerful tool for dating fossil remains worldwide.
“Directly dating fossils is a dream for paleontologists,” remarked Dr. Lindsay Zanno, a paleontologist at North Carolina State University and the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences.
“With this innovative technology, we can tackle previously insurmountable riddles of dinosaur evolution.”
The team’s study was published in the journal Communication Earth and Environment.
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RT Tucker et al. 2025. U-Pb calcite dating of fossil eggshells as an accurate deep-earth chronometer. Communication Earth and Environment 6,872; doi: 10.1038/s43247-025-02895-w
Research led by scientist Hannah Long at the University of Edinburgh has found that specific regions of Neanderthal DNA are more effective at activating genes responsible for jaw development than those in humans, potentially explaining why Neanderthals had larger lower jaws.
Neanderthal. Image credit: Natural History Museum Trustees.
“With the Neanderthal genome being 99.7% identical to that of modern humans, the variations between species are likely to account for differences in appearance,” Dr. Hanna stated.
“Both human and Neanderthal genomes consist of roughly 3 billion characters that code for proteins and regulate gene expression in cells. Identifying the regions that influence appearance is akin to searching for a needle in a haystack.”
Dr. Long and her team had a targeted approach, focusing on a genomic area linked to the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition marked by an unusually small mandible.
“Individuals with the Pierre Robin sequence often have significant deletions or rearrangements in this portion of the genome that affect facial development and restrict jaw formation,” Dr. Hanna explained.
“We hypothesized that minor differences in DNA could produce more nuanced effects on facial structure.”
Upon comparing human and Neanderthal genomes, researchers discovered that in this segment, approximately 3,000 letters long, there are only three one-letter variations between the species.
This DNA region doesn’t code for genes but regulates when and how certain genes, particularly SOX9, which plays a crucial role in facial development, are activated.
To confirm that these Neanderthal-specific differences were significant for facial development, scientists needed to demonstrate that the Neanderthal version could activate genes in the appropriate cells at the right developmental stage.
They introduced both Neanderthal and human versions of this region into zebrafish DNA and programmed the cells to emit different colors of fluorescent protein based on the activation of either region.
By monitoring zebrafish embryo development, researchers observed that cells responsible for forming the lower jaw were active in both human and Neanderthal regions, with the Neanderthal regions showing greater activity.
“It was thrilling when we first noticed the activity of specific cell populations in the developing zebrafish face, particularly near the forming jaw, and even more exhilarating to see how Neanderthal-specific variations could influence activity during development,” said Dr. Long.
“This led us to contemplate the implications of these differences and explore them through experimental means.”
Recognizing that Neanderthal sequences were more effective at activating genes, the authors questioned whether this would lead to enhanced target activity affecting the shape and function of the adult jaw, mediated by SOX9.
To validate this idea, they augmented zebrafish embryos with additional samples of SOX9 and discovered that cells involved in jaw formation occupied a larger area.
“Our lab aims to further investigate the effects of genetic differences using methods that simulate various aspects of facial development,” Dr. Long remarked.
“We aspire to deepen our understanding of genetic variations in individuals with facial disorders and improve diagnostic processes.”
“This study demonstrates how examining extinct species can enhance our knowledge of how our own DNA contributes to facial diversity, development, and evolution.”
The findings are published in the journal Development.
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Kirsty Utley et al. 2025: Neanderthal-derived variants enhance SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitor cells, influencing jaw development. Development 152 (21): dev204779; doi: 10.1242/dev.204779
Scientist Hannah Long and her team at the University of Edinburgh have discovered that specific regions of Neanderthal DNA are more effective at activating genes related to jaw formation compared to human DNA, which might explain why Neanderthals had larger lower jaws.
Neanderthal. Image credit: Natural History Museum Trustees.
“The Neanderthal genome shows a 99.7% similarity to the human genome, suggesting that the differences between the species contribute to variations in appearance,” explained Dr. Hanna.
“Both the human and Neanderthal genomes comprise around 3 billion characters that code for proteins and regulate gene usage in cells. Therefore, pinpointing regions that affect appearance is akin to finding a needle in a haystack.”
Dr. Long and her collaborators had a targeted hypothesis regarding where to initiate their search. They focused on a genomic area linked to the Pierre Robin sequence, a condition characterized by a notably small jaw.
“Some individuals with Pierre Robin sequence exhibit significant deletions or rearrangements in this genomic region that disrupt facial development and impede jaw formation,” stated Dr. Hanna.
“We speculated that minor variations in DNA could subtly influence facial shape.”
Through the comparison of human and Neanderthal genomes, researchers identified that in a segment approximately 3,000 letters long, there are just three one-letter differences between the two species.
This DNA segment lacks any specific genes but regulates the timing and manner in which genes, particularly SOX9, a crucial factor in facial development processes, are activated.
To demonstrate the significance of these Neanderthal-specific differences for facial development, researchers needed to confirm that the Neanderthal region could activate genes in the correct cells at the appropriate developmental stage.
They introduced both Neanderthal and human variants of this region into zebrafish DNA concurrently and programmed the cells to emit different colors of fluorescent protein based on whether the human or Neanderthal region was active.
By monitoring zebrafish embryo development, researchers observed that the cells crucial for lower jaw formation were active in both regions, with the Neanderthal regions showing greater activity than those of humans.
“We were thrilled when we first detected the activity in a specific group of cells within the developing zebrafish face, near the jaw, and even more so when we realized that Neanderthal-specific differences could modify this activity during development,” Dr. Long noted.
“This led us to ponder the potential implications of these differences and how we may explore them experimentally.”
Recognizing that Neanderthal sequences were more adept at activating genes, the authors inquired whether this would correlate with heightened activity in target cells, influencing the shape and function of the adult jaw as governed by SOX9.
To test this hypothesis, they administered additional samples to zebrafish embryos. They found that the cells involved in jaw formation occupied a larger area.
“In our lab, we aim to investigate the effects of additional DNA sequence differences using methods that replicate aspects of facial development,” Dr. Long said.
“We aspire to enhance our understanding of sequence alterations in individuals with facial disorders and assist with diagnostic efforts.”
“This research illustrates that by examining extinct species, we can gain insights into how our own DNA contributes to facial variation, development, and evolution.”
Findings are detailed in the journal Developmenthere.
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Kirsty Utley et al. 2025: Variants derived from Neanderthals enhance SOX9 enhancer activity in craniofacial progenitor cells that shape jaw development. Development 152 (21): dev204779; doi: 10.1242/dev.204779
Astronomers have a limited timeframe to determine if they will intervene to stop asteroid 2024 YR4 from colliding with the moon in 2032. A brief observation period utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope is set to commence in February, as new findings indicate that the potential for impact is rising to over 30%, posing a significant threat to satellites and future lunar infrastructures.
Discovered late last year, 2024 YR4 quickly emerged as the most probable asteroid to strike Earth. The worst-case scenario initially estimated a collision probability of 1 in 32 for 2032. However, further observations have nearly eliminated the chance of an Earth impact, leaving a 4 percent possibility of a collision with the moon, which could endanger numerous vital satellites orbiting Earth due to debris.
Despite the considerable risk associated with this asteroid, space agencies have yet to take action, although NASA researchers are exploring potential deflection strategies, such as deploying a nuclear charge near the asteroid.
The asteroid has recently moved out of range for Earth’s telescopes, limiting astronomers’ ability to obtain further data on its orbit until it reappears in 2028, which may not allow enough time to execute a deflection mission.
Fortunately, the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) anticipates a brief operational window to observe the asteroid in February 2026 and again in April 2024, offering a critical opportunity to plan a deflection mission. Andrew Rivkin from Johns Hopkins University in Maryland remarked, “By 2028, it will be in close proximity, so capturing data in early 2026 grants us additional time.”
This advantageous positioning will enable JWST to observe 2024 YR4, which follows a distinct orbit around Earth, undetectable by other ground-based telescopes, but the observation will still be challenging, as the asteroid is expected to be dim, even for JWST’s highly sensitive instruments. There will be two narrow windows for observation on February 18th and 26th.
Rivkin and his team computed how new data regarding the asteroid’s positions and velocities could alter the existing understanding based on these observations. Their findings indicate an 80% likelihood of reducing the probability of a lunar impact to under 1%, while there is a 5% chance that the risk could increase to 30% or higher. JWST should have a chance to repeat these observations in 2027, but this will provide less time for decision-making, according to Rivkin.
Nonetheless, it remains uncertain whether space agencies would opt to plan missions in the event of increased risks. “The question of whether planetary defense extends to the moon is entirely new, and different agencies may have varied responses,” Rivkin noted. “If a company operates many satellites, they might advocate for a particular course of action.”
Richard Moisle from the European Space Agency indicated that while the current budget does not allocate for deflection or reconnaissance missions regarding the asteroid, they will reevaluate if next year’s observations indicate a heightened risk of collision. “We chose to delay our decision until next year to allow for a thorough evaluation of our options,” Moisle stated.
Hot flashes are a prevalent symptom experienced both before and after menopause.
Chay_Tee/Shutterstock
The occurrence and intensity of menopausal hot flashes can be significantly reduced using hypnotic audio recordings, which can be conveniently listened to at home.
Up to 80% of women experience hot flashes during menopause—a sudden sensation of overheating that can lead to excessive sweating, discomfort, anxiety, and interruptions in sleep, primarily caused by a sharp decline in estrogen during this phase. While dietary modifications, hormone replacement therapy, and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may provide relief, they are often inconvenient and may not be effective for everyone.
“Many people believe in the connection between the mind and body, suggesting that we can influence our physical state through mental processes,” states Gary Elkins from Baylor University in Waco, Texas. “This hypnotherapy demonstration highlights the remarkable strength of the mind-body connection.”
Clinic-based hypnosis has demonstrated its effectiveness in alleviating hot flash symptoms, surpassing the results of CBT. However, a more accessible option is needed, according to Elkins. His team has created a six-week at-home program that involves listening to 20-minute audio recordings daily, designed to promote hypnotic relaxation and evoke cool imagery.
To evaluate its effectiveness, they recruited 250 postmenopausal women (average age 56) who reported at least four hot flashes daily. Participants were assigned either to a hypnosis program or a sham program offering 20 minutes of white noise.
After six weeks, the hypnosis group reported an average reduction of 53 percent in their hot flash scores, measuring frequency and severity, compared to the start of the program. The sham group also noted improvements, with a 41% reduction, likely due to a placebo effect, according to Elkins.
Twelve weeks following the intervention, both groups continued to report enhancements from their initial scores, with the hypnosis group showing a 61% overall improvement. In contrast, the sham group enjoyed a 44% improvement after 12 weeks. Elkins suggested that participants might have continued listening to the recordings voluntarily or practiced self-hypnosis based on what they learned.
This indicates that home hypnotherapy may serve as a practical, cost-effective solution for managing perimenopausal hot flashes. While the precise mechanism remains unclear, research indicates it could enable the brain to adapt and rewire itself to better handle various life challenges, potentially elucidating its effectiveness in alleviating pain and anxiety.
Karo people overlooking the Omo River Valley in Ethiopia
Michael Honegger/Alamy
Here’s a snippet from Our Human Story, a newsletter focusing on advancements in archaeology. Subscribe to receive it monthly in your inbox.
On the eastern shores of Lake Turkana in Kenya lies Namorotuknan Hill, where a river once flowed but has since dried up. The area features a dry landscape with sparse shrubbery.
Between 2013 and 2022, a team of researchers led by David Brown from George Washington University excavated clay layers adjacent to the river. Their findings included 1,290 stone tools crafted by ancient humans, dating back between 2.44 and 2.75 million years. They reported their discoveries in Nature Communications last week.
The tools belong to the Oldowan type, which are prevalent in various regions of Africa and Eurasia. These items are among the oldest Oldowan tools ever found.
Brown and his team noted a remarkable consistency in the tools’ design. Despite spanning 300,000 years, the creators displayed a preference for specific rock types, indicating a reliable and habitual approach to tool-making rather than isolated incidents.
The tools from Namorotuknan represent yet another significant discovery from the Omo Turkana Basin, a key site for understanding human origins.
Basins, Cradles, and Rifts
Since the 1960s, the Omo Turkana Basin has served as a focal point for human evolution research.
It stretches from the sandy beaches of southern Ethiopia, where the Omo River flows southward into Lake Turkana—one of the world’s longest lakes, extending deep into Kenya. The Türkwel and Kerio rivers also flow into its southern reaches.
Various fossil-rich locations pepper the basin. On the lake’s western side is the Nachukui Formation, while the Kobi Fora is situated on the east. Additional archaeological sites include the Usno Formation near Omo in the north and Kanapoi near Kerio in the south.
Map of fossil and tool sites in the Omo Turkana Basin
François Marchal et al. 2025
Led by François Marchal, a team from France’s Aix-Marseille University has compiled all known human fossil findings from the Omo Turkana Basin into a database. They detailed these patterns in the Human Evolution Journal, offering a snapshot of historical paleoanthropological research and a wealth of knowledge about human evolution.
Research in the Omo Turkana Basin began with early expeditions led by a collaborative French, American, and Kenyan team, including notable figures such as Camille Aramboul, Yves Coppens, F. Clark Howell, and Richard Leakey. Leakey also spearheaded explorations in the eastern Koobi Fora and western sites like Nachukwi.
Richard Leakey was a pivotal figure in the study of human evolution during the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. He is part of a family legacy in paleoanthropology, being the son of Louis and Mary Leakey, renowned for their groundbreaking work in the Oldupai Valley, Tanzania; his daughter Louise continues the exploration of human evolution.
Research on the Omo Turkana Basin transcends individual contributions. Marchal’s team collected a substantial 1,231 hominin specimens from around 658 individuals, accounting for about one-third of all known hominin remains across Africa.
Alongside the Great Rift Valley of East Africa—encompassing places like the Oldupai Gorge and the Cradle of Humanity in South Africa—the Omo Turkana Basin ranks as one of Africa’s richest hominid fossil sites.
Discovery
To the north, near the Omo River, researchers have uncovered some of the earliest Homo sapiens remains on record. At Omo Kibishu, two skull fragments and several bones were found, along with numerous teeth. Ongoing studies reveal these remains date back significantly further than initially believed, once estimated at 130,000 years, later revised to 195,000 years ago, and a subsequent analysis in 2022 indicated they could be at least 233,000 years old. Of all discovered, only the fossils from Morocco’s Jebel Irhoud are older, dating back to about 300,000 years.
The fossils from Omo Kibishu and Jebel Irhoud significantly deepen our understanding, suggesting that our species may have been evolving far earlier than the previously accepted timeline of around 200,000 years.
This trend also extends to the Homo genus, encompassing various groups like Homo erectus and Neanderthals. Determining which branch of Homo originated first remains complex—although records regarding Homo are sparse before 2 million years ago, they become increasingly elusive as one goes further back.
By meticulously analyzing fossils from the Omo Turkana Basin, Marchal and his team determined that Homo thrived in the region between 2.7 and 2 million years ago.
The earliest known Homo specimens in this basin are from the Shungra Formation, estimated to be between 2.74 and 2.58 million years old. Despite being announced in 2008, detailed examinations have yet to be conducted.
Faced with this gap, Marchal’s team posits that an influx of unexamined material could bring the number of known early Homo individuals to 75, creating a substantial and informative dataset, suggesting that there is “much more than just a handful of fossils.”
Notably, the Homo genus became well-established in the Omo Turkana Basin between 2.7 and 2 million years ago. While they were not the dominant species, another genus, Paranthropus, featuring smaller brains and larger teeth, was twice as prevalent. Numerous species from the Australopithecus genus also existed, indicating a period of cohabitation among different hominins. Importantly, some Homo individuals likely produced the Oldowan tools found.
This type of discovery is made possible by decades of dedicated research, and it is anticipated that the Omo Turkana Basin will continue to illuminate our origins for years to come.
Neanderthals, ancient humans, and cave art: France
Accompany New Scientist’s Kate Douglas on an intriguing journey through time, exploring significant Neanderthal and Upper Paleolithic sites across southern France, from Bordeaux to Montpellier.
Video games have evolved significantly since their rise in popularity in the 1970s, leading to a remarkable surge in players. Today, there are around 3 billion gamers globally, with estimates indicating that over 90% of Gen Z engage in gaming for more than 12 hours a week. Contemporary gaming blockbusters are vibrant and imaginative, immersing young people in dynamic and expansive worlds they can explore and influence.
This burgeoning creative talent has caught the attention of criminals, who target children and teenagers within popular online games, transforming them into skilled hackers.
The financial and societal repercussions of cybercrime are staggering. It is predicted that global costs of cybercrime will reach: 12 trillion dollars by 2025. Moreover, research indicates that 69% of youth in Europe report having engaged in some form of cybercrime. In the UK, the last statistics released by the National Crime Agency in 2015 revealed that the average age for cybercrime suspects is 17, which is notably younger than for other criminal activities like drug offenses (37 years old).
“If you’re facing arrest at 17, it likely began around age 11,” states Fergus Hay, co-founder and CEO of The Hacking Games, an initiative aimed at helping young individuals channel their coding talents into legitimate paths. “This transition doesn’t happen instantly. Games are often the gateway that enables skill development and experimentation in a controlled setting. These young hackers are continually modifying and hacking games to exploit vulnerabilities.”
He further noted that social media platforms are integral, offering tools and steps for hacking while also fostering a desirable lifestyle and community belonging.
This challenge coincides with a notable uptick in serious cyber-attacks within the UK. The National Cyber Security Center (NCSC) recently reported a historic surge in large-scale cyber assaults. In the year leading to August 2025, GCHQ categorized 204 incidents as being of ‘national significance,’ an increase from 89 the prior year.
In response to these threats, Hay initiated the Hacking Games and collaborated with John Madeline, a cybersecurity expert, to realize a vision of “cultivating a generation of ethical hackers who will enhance global safety.”
“This is a generation of inherent hackers. They can either serve society positively or become a liability. If we can engage them, we can guide them towards becoming ethical rather than criminal hackers,” Madeline emphasizes.
The Hacking Games recently unveiled the HAPTAI platform, which assists in creating hacking aptitude profiles for youths by evaluating their performance in popular games and aligning those results with psychometric data. Subsequently, candidates are matched with suitable job roles and teams where they can flourish.
The projected global average annual cost of cybercrime is $23 trillion by 2027, fueled by threats from state entities and organized crime groups worldwide. These groups often seek out young individuals, steering them towards criminal activities.
For youths approached by these “cyber Fagins,” there is a lure of significant financial gain. Initial payments often come in the form of virtual currencies for gaming but can escalate to tens of thousands in real money or its virtual equivalent.
They approach young hackers and offer payment for their abilities, often using cryptocurrencies. Composite: Stocksy/Guardian Design
“When they identify talent displaying genuine hacking or game modification skills, they engage them under the guise of another youth, asking, ‘How would you utilize cryptocurrency?'” Hay explains. “Many are exceptionally bright, sometimes neurodivergent, employing games as a medium to push creative boundaries. They do not inherently possess a criminal mindset.”
The scale of the cybercrime issue in the UK has become increasingly evident over the past year, with businesses experiencing significant disruption and monetary loss. Major corporations, including Co-op, have reported losses amounting to millions due to hacking incidents, one of which saw four arrests as part of an ongoing investigation by the National Crime Agency.
Social Issues Behind Crime
As a socially conscious organization, Co-op is dedicated to community enhancement and has partnered with The Hacking Games to mitigate future cyber threats and foster opportunities for vulnerable youth.
“When they experienced a cyberattack, Co-op sought to understand the nature of the issue. Upon discovering underlying societal factors, they recognized their responsibility to grasp the root causes impacting youth and to collaborate with us to address these challenges, not just the technical aspects,” Madeline clarifies.
The Co-op has a longstanding tradition of community initiatives addressing issues like social mobility and isolation. Together, Co-op and The Hacking Games aim to establish a pilot program within the Co-op Academies Trust across Northern England. Sponsored by Co-op Group, the Trust encompasses a network of 38 academies with around 20,000 students, including primary, secondary, special schools, and universities, dedicated to guiding aspiring hackers towards legitimate career trajectories.
For this pilot, students will be selected based on their interests in gaming and technology. Through interactive and creative sessions, participants will delve into the principles of ethical hacking and understand its crucial role in cybersecurity. The program will also highlight career education, with reputable industry partners introducing talented youths to the vast prospects available in this rapidly expanding domain.
“Our academy students’ curiosity about technology-related roles is on the rise, yet there is scant data regarding their home gaming environments and whether these interests extend to hacking,” remarks Joe Sykes, careers director at Co-op Academies Trust. “As educators, we must confront these challenges directly—this initiative will undoubtedly provide fresh perspectives and foster insights for students eager to explore these pathways.”
Hay and Madeline aspire to bridge the cybersecurity skills gap by showcasing the potential of gifted young developers. Composite: Stocksy/Guardian Design
A Path to a Legitimate Career
Young gamers may find themselves simply altering game experiences without authorization or creating cheat codes to sell them on the dark web.
Some parents associated with The Hacking Games have only discovered their child’s online activities when asked about tax implications after their digital wallets reached $400,000 (£298,000).
“For the youth unsure about further education, many are starting to realize that substantial earnings can come from just a few keystrokes,” explains Madeline.
According to Hay and Madeline, it’s essential to engage young individuals before they stray too far, to identify their skills, recognize their potential, and integrate these into an educational framework that aims to fill the cybersecurity skills gap in the UK and globally—a concept Hay refers to as “intergenerational opportunities.”
“Many of these youths have felt marginalized in school and, at times, victimized. They possess a deep disdain for wrongdoers and bullies. If you understand their motivations, you can channel that into something positive,” he concludes.
HHow often do you find yourself reaching for your phone? Are you quick to respond to notifications, getting lost in that small black screen during your commutes? What about while eating or as soon as you wake up? Does it give you a sense of richness and vitality? I’m equally guilty of the same habits. We swipe, like, and scroll in a world designed to capture our attention. But how can we dedicate just five or ten minutes to enrich our lives instead?
I enjoy seeking insights from artists. They encourage us to pause and consider different viewpoints and to appreciate the beauty of nature. The world is evolving right before our eyes, and artists remind us of the joy of creating and discovering within a landscape where AI might supplant our creativity. They help us see potential everywhere—whether it’s arranging words into sentences, crafting paragraphs into books, or using paint to conjure visuals. Their work can shift our perspectives, impart knowledge, and even instill a sense of calm.
It’s backed by science: 2024 survey commissioned by the British government highlights that engaging with art not only boosts physical and mental health but, as Sarah Carlsberg notes, “reduces healthcare costs and increases national productivity.” Recently, King’s College London reported that out of 50 participants aged 18 to 40 who viewed paintings, there was a 22% decrease in stress hormones. (In contrast, those who viewed digitally exhibited only an 8% reduction.)
No matter our situation, art and artists will always guide us. I’ve embraced the wisdom of creatives—whether for inspiration, reflection, relationship insights, or daily organization. This has led me to compile 366 short passages of daily wisdom into a new book titled how to live an artistic life.
Featuring insights from artists like Tracey Emin and Marina Abramovic, alongside writers like Ali Smith and Iris Murdoch, each entry includes reflections, rituals, encouragement, and creative exercises. The book follows the seasons (with January focusing on Beginnings, February on Love, August on Beauty, and November on Memory), allowing me to respond creatively to the artists’ words and engage everyone in the act of creation.
I wrote this book during a time of feeling uninspired and distracted. The words of these artists helped me rise above that fog. Did you catch writer Patricia Highsmith’s habit of making her workspace “as enjoyable as possible” by lounging in bed surrounded by cigarettes, coffee, and donuts? Or art critic Jerry Saltz’s advice to engage with those next to you in a museum by asking, “What do you think about that?” Dialogue sparks ideas. Museums have always served as spaces for conversation, community building, and direct connections—many of which are free to access in the UK.
“Cigarettes, mugs of coffee, donuts”… Author Patricia Highsmith discusses ways to enhance work life. Photo: Dino Fracchia/Alamy
When feeling overwhelmed, author Hisham Matar and broadcaster Claudia Winkleman suggest focusing on just one artwork at a time. Return to it later and take note of how your perception shifts with your circumstances. As you change, so does the artwork. If visiting a museum isn’t an option, consider exploring art online or in books, share it with someone, and inquire about their thoughts. As Smith remarked, “Whenever you stand in front of art, you participate in it and awaken something within you.”
Why do we engage with art? Perhaps it resonates with Paula Rego’s thought expressed to her son, director Nick Willing: “An artist travels to places unseen and returns with something both novel and instantly familiar.”
Living an “artistic life” doesn’t necessitate becoming an artist. It’s about enhancing what you already possess. As Laurie Anderson reminds us in her December entry (focusing on joy), prioritize “the things that make you feel free and truly good.” While many wellness programs come at a cost, artists like Abramovic emphasize the value of stillness: “Doing nothing is the genesis of something.”
Be present in the world. Engage with people. Visit places, big or small. Look up at the sky, rather than yourself mediated through technology. Let’s reclaim our focus and turn it towards one another. The new year is a gift. Go forth, seize it, and live artistically.
Airplanes are typically defrosted using antifreeze spray.
Jaromir Chalabala / Alamy
Static electricity has the potential to eliminate up to 75% of frost from surfaces, which could lead to significant energy savings and a reduction in the millions of tons of antifreeze currently utilized for vehicle defrosting.
In 2021, Jonathan Boreyko and his team at Virginia Tech serendipitously discovered that frost becomes electrically charged during its formation. They successfully employed this natural electric field to charge an adjacent water film, which could effectively dislodge ice crystals from the frost as a natural deicing agent. However, the impact was minimal and did not significantly affect total frost levels.
Now, Boreyko’s research group has engineered a more advanced defrosting system that utilizes ultra-high voltage copper electrodes positioned above frosted surfaces like glass or copper. This innovative system can eliminate half of the frost in approximately 10 to 15 minutes, and up to 75% if the surface is highly water-repellent. “Instead of tapping into the voltage created by the frost, we’re enhancing the effect by applying our own voltages,” Boreyko explains.
To achieve a 50% reduction in frost, their method requires electrodes charged to 550 volts, which is more than double the voltage generally supplied by utility power in many regions. Nonetheless, the current from these electrodes is minimal, making them relatively safe. Boreyko noted that accidental contact with the electrodes would result in an electric shock similar to that from electric fences used on farms.
Boreyko states that this low current draws less energy—less than half of what would be needed to directly heat the frost.
An effective and swift defrosting technique could be applicable not just to car windows and roadways but also in the aerospace sector, where significant quantities of antifreeze are employed to prevent ice accumulation on aircraft wings, which can impact flight performance.
“Instead of applying hundreds of liters of antifreeze to the aircraft wings during taxi to eliminate ice, we could employ this machine, which would move around the airport runway, utilizing a high-voltage wand to clear away all the ice and snow,” Boreyko remarks.
For numerous young individuals in schools and universities, a solid understanding of digital skills is essential for future learning and employment prospects. Nonetheless, teachers face a considerable challenge in ensuring these skills are utilized effectively.
As reported by The Hacking Games, an organization focused on helping youth with hacking skills secure jobs in the cybersecurity sector, criminal groups are increasingly targeting talented teenagers within popular online gaming spaces.
This is a route that educators hope to steer their students away from, which is why Co-op, a sponsor of the Co-op Academies Trust, has collaborated with The Hacking Games. The Co-op Academies Trust serves over 20,000 students across 38 primary, secondary, and special needs schools, as well as one college in Northern England. The partnership aims to direct students with coding skills toward careers in ‘ethical hacking.’
Joe Sykes, Careers Director at the Co-op Academies Trust, comments: “In recent years, there has been a growing interest among students in technology, particularly gaming, and they are investigating how this passion might lead to future careers.
“Through our engagement with The Hacking Games, we discovered the transferable skills that exist between gaming and ethical hacking, particularly within cybersecurity. Our students found this link to be both exciting and motivating.”
“Students will find it engaging to learn about the transferable skills between gaming and ethical hacking in the technology sector, especially in cybersecurity.”
Adam Woodley, Head of Curriculum at Connell Cope College, agrees, noting that many young individuals view careers in the digital sector as a “very popular option.”
“Students have acquired highly sought-after skills through hobbies such as gaming, and they naturally desire to apply these skills in exciting career paths,” he states.
“Thus, it is crucial that they have the chance to explore the stimulating realm of ethical hacking and cybersecurity and utilize those skills to benefit society.”
Rob Elsey, Chief Digital Information Officer at Co-op, concurs. “There are numerous unfilled positions in cybersecurity,” he points out. “The more we can transform the bright, skilled young individuals we have in the UK into defenders instead of attackers, and educate them about the available opportunities, the better. This will help us confront ongoing threats as a nation.”
Driving apprenticeships and internships
Fergus Hay, co-founder of The Hacking Games, emphasizes, “It takes a community to motivate, appreciate, and empower this generation to choose the right path.” The Hacking Games’ framework assesses young people’s digital aptitudes and skills against specific criteria to identify suitable careers for them in the tech industry.
The Hacking Games is actively working on creating formal pathways (apprenticeships and internships) to digital jobs within the government or private sectors in the future. Many experts believe this route is also accessible for neurodiverse youth. However, for both neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals, gaming serves as a common training ground for hacking, remarks John Madelin, a cybersecurity veteran and Chief Product Officer at The Hacking Games.
“Many hackers I’ve encountered are gamers,” he states, adding that most young gamers do not harbor criminal intentions, “but the distinction is significant.” For many young gamers, hacking revolves around discovering new and hidden aspects of gameplay, while for some, it involves creating and selling cheat codes to other players.
Hacking Games’ assessment framework aligns a student’s aptitudes with appropriate technical jobs. Composite: Getty Images/Guardian Design
These advanced technological skills are precisely what criminal organizations seek to exploit, particularly among students less focused on academic achievement. However, Madeline asserts she can guide young hackers toward more positive paths. “It’s essential to continuously challenge and engage them,” he states. “Instead of allowing them to remain inactive, we should utilize their talents.”
The Co-op Academies Trust has already identified careers in the digital sector as crucial components of its post-primary career program. Mr. Sykes believes it is vital for all children to discern their strengths as early as possible. “Our duty as educators is to optimize outcomes in these areas.
“Individuals with strong digital skills often possess a natural inclination to think logically and solve problems creatively,” she adds.
“Blessed with a talent for technology and gaming.”
The collaboration between Co-op and The Hacking Games comes after Co-op became the target of a cyberattack earlier this year. Focused on creating social value, Co-op (an organization owned by its members rather than shareholders) sought to address the underlying causes of hacking.
“We recognize that children possess talents in technology and gaming, and that these skills can lead to hacking,” Sykes states. “Initiatives like this allow us to discuss the ramifications and legalities surrounding hacking and help students recognize the opportunities these skills can present through their ethical application.”
Potential roles in cybersecurity for major firms and organizations may involve identifying weaknesses that malicious hackers could exploit. There are also opportunities within government departments working against hacking attempts directed at critical national infrastructure.
This is one of the primary reasons The Hacking Games recently launched its HAPTAI platform. The platform aids in developing hacking aptitude profiles for young individuals by analyzing their performances in popular games and matching them with corresponding psychometric profiles. Subsequently, candidates are paired with roles and teams suited to their strengths.
Our collaboration with The Hacking Games aims to encourage children to actively harness their abilities. Composite: Getty Images/Guardian Design
Protection today, career path tomorrow
“Children can be particularly susceptible to online dangers, thus we ensure they are educated about these risks, including the legal boundaries surrounding online safety and hacking,” Sykes explains. “I believe all schools need to stay updated with current issues. This presents a real opportunity for professionals to enhance their understanding of the risks and communicate them effectively to parents.”
In the future, she envisions a national computer science curriculum that incorporates lessons on ethical hacking and PSHE (Personal, Social, Health and Economic), helping all students recognize the potential harm at all levels of the economy.
Until that vision is realized, the partnership between Co-op and The Hacking Games will persist. The Co-op Academy Walkden will be piloted in the upcoming months to raise awareness of the issue and identify talented young individuals who can contribute to the solution before scaling it into a nationwide program.
“There are vast career opportunities in the digital arena,” states Sykes. “This ultimately aids students in understanding all the positive pathways available to them and how they can significantly contribute to creating a safer world.”
Greetings! Welcome to TechScape. I’m your host, Blake Montgomery, reaching out from Barcelona where my culinary adventures have, quite humorously, turned half of me into ham.
Who will lead the self-driving car industry?
The global rollout of self-driving cars is on the horizon. Next year, leading companies from the United States and China plan to expand their operations considerably and introduce robotaxis in major cities worldwide. These firms are akin to male birds strutting to attract a mate, setting the stage for upcoming worldwide rivalries.
On the U.S. front, we have Waymo, the autonomous vehicle initiative by Google. Over the last 15 years, it has invested billions into Waymo. After extensive testing, the company launched its robotaxi service for the public in San Francisco in June 2024, and has since expanded significantly. Waymo vehicles are now a common sight in most parts of Los Angeles, with introductions planned for Washington, D.C., New York City, and London next year.
On November 2nd, Chinese tech giant Baidu lodged a complaint against Google. Baidu claimed its autonomous vehicle division, Apollo Go, conducts 250,000 rides weekly, matching Waymo’s performance. Waymo recently hit a major milestone in the spring.
Most electric vehicles in China are priced significantly lower than their American counterparts, even without self-driving capabilities. Experts estimate that a single Waymo vehicle costs hundreds of thousands to manufacture, though exact figures remain unclear. “The hardware costs for our vehicles are much less than Waymo’s,” declared the CFO of Pony AI, a leading Chinese self-driving firm, to the WSJ.
To recoup its billion-dollar investment in Waymo, Google must persuade potential customers of its superior quality.
Google is highlighting transparency as a distinguishing factor. Much less data is accessible regarding Baidu’s vehicles, raising concerns about their safety records. Baidu asserts that its vehicles have amassed millions of miles without “a single major accident.” Google referenced this in a statement, posing a question about the extent to which the success of Chinese self-driving companies has been communicated to U.S. transportation authorities, as noted by the Wall Street Journal.
However, Apollo Go, which has unlocked taxis in Dubai and Abu Dhabi, is not Waymo’s only contender, as Gulf nations pursue diverse tech partnerships. Wheels from WeRide, another Chinese autonomous vehicle company, have made their way to the UAE and Singapore. All major players in the Chinese market are pursuing expansion into Europe, according to Reuters. Vehicles built by Momenta and deployed by Uber are slated to begin operations in Germany by 2026. WeRide, Baidu, and Pony AI are also gearing up to introduce robotaxi services in various European locations soon, leading to many more people encountering self-driving cars in their everyday lives.
Initially, the primary question concerning self-driving cars was: can we create a working vehicle? Now, the focus has shifted to: who will dominate the market?
Read more: Driving competition: Chinese automakers race to take over European roads
This Week in AI
Elon Musk’s loyal supporters push his wealth to $1 trillion
Martin Lawson discusses Elon Musk’s new compensation package. Illustration: Martin Rowson/The Guardian
Tesla’s recent performance has been lackluster. The looming end of the U.S. electric vehicle tax credit has resulted in a surge of buyers at dealerships over the past few months, yet the company reported a 37% drop in profits in late October. This decline adds to a series of challenges facing EV manufacturers.
In spite of Tesla’s struggles, shareholders voted in favor of a plan to compensate Elon Musk $1 trillion over the next decade, contingent on his ability to elevate Tesla’s valuation from $1.4 trillion to $8.5 trillion. Should he succeed in this and other objectives, it would mark the largest reward in the company’s history.
The results of the vote were revealed during the company’s annual shareholder meeting in Austin, Texas, where more than 75% of investors backed the proposal. Enthusiastic chants of “Elon” filled the room following the announcement.
Musk has been associated with Tesla for a decade through this pay structure, yet his attention has rarely been confined to just one venture. He has remained deeply involved in politics. My colleague Nick Robbins Early details how Musk has aligned himself with the international far-right:
Since his departure from the Trump administration, Musk’s political endeavors have included wielding social media as a platform to influence the New York mayoral election and orchestrating a right-wing, AI-generated alternative to Wikipedia. He has expressed concerns over a “homeless industrial complex” of nonprofits purportedly harming California and declared that “white pride should be acceptable.” On X, he stated that Britain is on the brink of civil war and warned of the collapse of Western civilization.
The social and economic repercussions stemming from Musk’s political stance have not deterred his public support for the far right, and he has increasingly showcased these affiliations, all while maintaining in his characteristic obstinacy that being branded a racist or extremist is of no consequence to him.
Read more: How Tesla shareholders’rewarded Elon Musk towards becoming the world’s first trillionaire
Can you take on the data center?
Google data center located in Santiago. Photo: Rodrigo Arangua/AFP/Getty Images
The data centers fueling the AI revolution are truly colossal. Their financial scope, physical dimensions, and vast datasets encompass all, making the idea of halting their construction seem counterintuitive amid ongoing developments. Silicon Valley’s leading firms are investing hundreds of billions at a rapid pace.
Yet, as data centers expand, resistance is mounting in the United States, the UK, and Latin America, where these facilities are rising in some of the most arid regions globally. Local opposition typically centers on the environmental repercussions and resource use of such monumental constructions.
Paz Peña, a researcher and fellow at the Mozilla Foundation, focuses on the social and environmental effects of data center technology in Latin America. She shared insights with the Guardian at the Mozilla Festival in Barcelona on how communities in Latin America are filing lawsuits to extract information from governments and corporations that prefer to keep it hidden. This dialogue has been condensed for brevity and clarity.
Read my Q&A with Paz Peña here.
Read more: “Cities that draw the line”: A community in Arizona fights against massive data centers
In 2016, a 19-year-old Daniel Kelly faced charges for computer hacking, extortion, and fraud linked to a significant data breach at a British telecom firm, resulting in a four-year prison sentence. Post-release, he has collaborated with over 35 cybersecurity firms to create campaigns and thought leadership pieces. The reality of digital threats.
As a teenager, gaming dominated my life. I spent upwards of 12 hours daily immersed in it. My focus was entirely on video games, as school didn’t captivate me and my offline social interactions were minimal. Gaming became my world, a means of escape, and my community.
Trouble began around 2011 or 2012 when I was competing in an online multiplayer game and experienced a sudden internet disconnection just before the match. It turned out that my opponent had managed to trace my IP address and launched a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack against me. This incident sparked my curiosity to understand how it was accomplished, leading me to an online hacking forum—not out of malicious intent, but pure curiosity.
Delving into video game cheating sparked my interest in the workings of websites, prompting me to learn about hacking web applications. I began reporting vulnerabilities to various companies and ultimately gained a position as a security researcher with Microsoft.
What deterred me from pursuing that path was the sense of futility I felt. At that time, formal bug bounty programs—incentives for responsible hackers who discover vulnerabilities—were non-existent, and many companies failed to grasp the concept of responsible disclosure. Consequently, those who reported issues were often ignored or even threatened. For a teenager yearning for acceptance and community, this was transformative.
“I would tell my younger self not to cross certain lines.” (Photo of model posing) Composite: Stocksy/Guardian Design
From 2012 to 2015, things intensified. I forged connections on hacking forums, and the discussions gradually shifted from curiosity to darker topics. I found myself leaning towards cybercrime without fully realizing how far from my initial intentions I had strayed.
Following my arrest, I faced endless legal battles and delays while on police bail for four years.
My first prison experience was at HMP Belmarsh, an environment that felt chaotic and unpredictable. For the initial weeks, I remained hyper-alert—not from fear, but due to the atmosphere. Eventually, you adapt to the prison’s daily rhythm, which also forces you to deeply reflect on your choices. It wasn’t entirely negative, but it was certainly isolating.
The sensation of being liberated can be most simply described as “weird.” You expect freedom to be an emotional high point, but it’s often disorienting. After months or years of being told what to do and when, emerging back into society comes with the expectation of returning to normalcy. Adjusting took time; I had to reacquaint myself with making small decisions and rebuild my confidence.
My sentence included a Serious Crime Prevention Order, which I still abide by more than a decade later. It impacts nearly every aspect of my life, imposing restrictions on my technology use and online activities. The awareness that one misstep could lead to loss of freedom creates a constant tension.
Since being released, I’ve found a way to merge two realms I know intimately: cybersecurity and cyber threat intelligence. Many cybersecurity marketing teams lack technical skills, while many tech experts struggle to communicate their work to the public effectively. I’ve built a bridge between these areas. The same knowledge that once led me astray now serves as the bedrock of my business—an odd yet positive twist.
Kelly’s business now leverages his skills for profitability. Composite: Getty Images/Guardian Design
If you have talents but feel isolated, it’s easy to gravitate toward communities that seemingly accept you but ultimately lead you astray. During my youth, I attempted to apply my skills positively. Had there been a more structured and constructive avenue for young individuals to showcase their abilities, my trajectory might have been different. I wasn’t predisposed to commit typical crimes; it was indeed a valid case where no one intervened to guide my potential for legal use. This lack of guidance combined with innate talent can be hazardous.
Fergus Hay, founder of The Hacking Games, aims to reshape the narrative surrounding hacking from one viewed solely as criminal to one seen as constructive when applied correctly. The partnership between Co-op and The Hacking Games offers young minds an outlet to hone their digital skills toward ethically sound careers—precisely the preventative approach we need. It provides young people with technical skills a positive direction. As a member of The Hacking Games Virtue Community, I strive to guide the next generation in avoiding my past mistakes and using their skills for societal protection.
I would advise anyone passionate about technology to not overlook the opportunities that come from being open about your learning journey. The Internet can connect you with individuals who recognize your potential and provide opportunities. The essential aspect is to focus your energy on mastery rather than mischief. Be mindful of the motives of those around you. If someone suggests that laws are irrelevant or that all laws are inconsequential, it’s a warning sign. The boundary between curiosity and crime can blur quickly without guidance.
My thoughts on what advice I would give my younger self continue to evolve. The obvious response would be, “Please don’t.” Yet, the reality is that everything I experienced has fundamentally shaped who I am and my current endeavors.
Still, I would advise my younger self, “Don’t cross that line.” Avoid threatening or extorting businesses—that remains my greatest regret. I’d also emphasize the importance of considering the outcomes and realizing how many lives are impacted by rash actions. While curiosity itself isn’t wrong, the way it was wielded was flawed.
Scientists in Australia have discovered a new species of native bee featuring tiny, devilish horns, leading to its whimsically infernal name, Lucifer.
The species is called megachile lucifer. It was identified in 2019 during research on endangered wildflowers in Western Australia’s Goldfields, as reported in a recent study published Monday in the Journal of Hymenoptera Research.
The lead author of the study, Kit Prendergast, who is also a part-time researcher at Curtin University, explained that the female bee earned its name due to its uniquely upturned horns.
“While crafting a description for the new species, I was watching the Netflix series lucifer,” Prendergast mentioned in a statement on Tuesday. “The name felt just right.”
This species was discovered by scientists researching endangered wildflowers. Kit S. Prendergast; Joshua W. Campbell
Following DNA analysis revealed that this species does not correspond with any known bees in current databases, marking it as the first new member of its group to be described in over two decades, according to researchers.
Researchers hypothesize that the approximately 0.9-millimeter-long horns could be used for accessing flowers, competing for resources, or protecting nests, although their precise function remains uncertain. Male bees of this species lack horns.
Prendergast emphasized the significance of studying native bee species, noting that new species may be endangered due to threats such as habitat disruption and climate change.
“If we are unaware of which native bees exist and the plants they rely on, we risk losing both before realizing their importance,” she stated.
Reports indicate that Australia is home to around 2,000 native bee species, with over 300 yet to be scientifically named and described, according to CSIRO, Australia’s National Science Agency.
Tobias Smith, a honey bee researcher from the University of Queensland, mentioned in an email to NBC News on Tuesday that Australia’s native honey bees are “understudied and data-scarce,” resulting in insufficient knowledge about the conservation status of “nearly every species.”
Smith, who did not participate in the study, noted that Australian authorities need “stronger policies” to safeguard native bees from habitat loss, inadequate fire protection, and the heightened threat of large-scale fires.
Smith encouraged Australians to “venture out and seek out our native bees and appreciate their presence.”
Video Games have faced ongoing challenges with diversity and inclusion, making it unsurprising when Game Awards host and producer Geoff Keighley unveiled the Future Class program in 2020. The initiative aimed to spotlight individuals in gaming as part of a “bright, bold, and inclusive future” for the industry.
Considering the vast audience of the annual Keighley-led show, which garnered around 154 million livestream views last year, Future Class appeared to be a sincere attempt at fostering change. Hall of Fame inductees were invited to the prestigious December ceremony, often referred to as the “Oscars of Gaming,” and featured prominently on the official Game Awards website, with promises of networking and career development. However, reports indicate that the program faced difficulties from the outset, with support waning in recent years. It now appears that the Game Awards Future Class may have been entirely abandoned.
This marks the second consecutive year without any new Future Class members being announced. Typically, the program sees 50 inductees from various sectors of the gaming world, including writing, development, journalism, and community management. According to a report by a game developer, organizer Emily Weir stated, “We’re not planning a new Future Class.” [2025] There are currently no active plans for Future Classes.
Former Future Class inductees express that this outcome follows years of advocacy to enhance the program. As the video game industry navigates a cultural clash surrounding Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Initiatives (DEI), some Future Class members feel they were leveraged for positive portrayals and then abandoned when DEI initiatives lost momentum.
The 2024 Game Awards Ceremony. Photo: Frank Micelotta/Picturegroup/Shutterstock
“We were essentially props,” game producer Deanna Lora, who joined the inaugural Future Class in 2020, recounted during a video call. “At the Game Awards, most people had come from far away due to the costs, and I felt sidelined. I later learned that Casely was hosting a party in another room with influencers and industry leaders. Do you know where the Future Class gathered that day? At Starbucks.”
“No one from the official leadership attended until the meet and greet was nearly over,” said Future Class member and Retcon Games creative director Jess Negron, reflecting on the Starbucks gathering. “We felt quite let down.”
At the 2021 ceremony, Lora, community manager Natalie Czech, podcast host Kalief Adams, and other Future Class members found themselves seated behind a camera riser, effectively blocking their view of the event.
Future Class inductees receive program benefits for a year, including tickets to the Game Awards (alumni were offered discounts on ticket purchases) and access to career advancement opportunities. Many noted that the early-career-focused event primarily featured discussions with notable industry figures like former Nintendo president Reggie Fils-Aimé and Xbox head Phil Spencer, rather than a comprehensive mentorship program.
“It felt like Keighley gathered some friends for a Zoom call,” Lora remarked. “While those conversations were thrilling, that was pretty much the extent of it.”
Lora was among several Future Class members who urged Keighley and Weir to enhance the program.
Writer Emma Kidwell at the 2022 Game Awards. Photo: Scott Kirkland/PictureGroup for The Game Awards/Shutterstock
“They had everything the 2023 class received: a Future Class mixer;” commented Emma Kidwell, a writer who joined in 2023, about past inductees. “All the benefits we’ve gained are due to our previous classmates. They arranged for hotel stays and covered our flights… Everything we’ve received is thanks to our former peers.”
However, 2023 also saw a significant conflict between Future Class and Casely, which members believe may have hastened the program’s decline. In November, over 70 Future Class members signed an open letter advocating for a statement supporting Palestinians and calling for a ceasefire, given the heightened media focus on the humanitarian crisis in Gaza. The letter requested this statement be read at a December ceremony. Despite receiving media attention, the letter shared on the Future Class Discord, which both Keighley and Weir are part of, was ignored.
Shortly after, several Future Class members presented a virtual address to Keighley and Weir, acknowledging the program’s significance but voicing concerns about its “goals, structure, and sustainability.” They provided suggestions for enhancing both the program and the awards ceremony, such as incorporating more female presenters, improving accessibility, and recognizing recent mass layoffs in the industry. Younes Rabi, a Hall of Fame inductee from 2022, reported that Keighley appeared visibly frustrated during the discussion, while another member described him as “furious.”
Keighley and Weir did not respond to requests for comments.
All interviewed Future Class members expressed various levels of dissatisfaction with the program’s abrupt conclusion. Accessibility consultant Steve Thaler lamented, “It’s unfortunate that it was part of something meaningful with great individuals and was left in limbo.” He continued, “I’m not angry; I’m just disappointed.” Many speculated that the program’s disbandment was a result of inductees advocating for a superior Future Class. “You have influence, you can drive changes,” Lora highlighted. “However, since we challenged the status quo, it seems the sentiment became, ‘This is too challenging; it would be better to keep the peace.’” Czech added, “Due to our advocacy for ourselves—given that we were inducted—we faced repercussions for pushing for the same changes the organization publicly commended us for.”
Geoff Keighley is also the host of the annual Summer Game Fest showcase. Photo: Frank Micelotta/PictureGroup/Shutterstock
Several members pondered whether sponsorships linked to the program (a video introducing the 2023 Hall of Fame inductees was sponsored by Old Spice) meant they were effectively being “tokenized” to boost revenue. (The cost of a one-minute trailer for Keighley’s 2024 Summer Games Showcase was reportedly $250,000, with sources estimating the Game Awards will incur even higher costs.) “They didn’t acknowledge us at the 2022 Game Awards, and while we’re not well-known, we certainly didn’t receive financial support, other than the sponsorship they supposedly secured under the Future Class name,” Negron said.
At one point, the Future Class page disappeared from the Game Awards site. This action eliminated any official record of members. “Not only did they cancel the program, but they also erased our means to claim the honor we were previously awarded,” Czech said.
“Marginalized voices need recognition because it brings them at least to the same starting point as others,” Kidwell pointed out. “Now, you can’t even list that on your resume,” Negron noted, questioning the rationale behind such decisions. “Don’t assemble the leading advocates in the industry, treat us poorly, and then expect us to remain silent.”
The decline of the Future Class serves as a poignant reminder that alliances lacking genuine support are often mere performative gestures. Yet, for some, not all hope is lost. Midnight Hour founder Elaine Gómez emphasized that the most valuable aspect was “the camaraderie and community fostered by uniting nearly 200 developers and creators from underrepresented backgrounds.” Meanwhile, the official Future Class Discord remains operational and even more vibrant than in the past year.
A major clash in the world of mathematics may see resolution thanks to computers, potentially bringing an end to a decade-long dispute surrounding a complex proof.
It all began in 2012 when Shinichi Mochizuki, a mathematician from Kyoto University in Japan, shocked the mathematical community with his extensive 500-page proof of the ABC conjecture. This conjecture stands as a significant unsolved issue at the very essence of number theory. Mochizuki’s proof relied on an intricate and obscure framework that he developed, known as Interuniversal Teichmuller (IUT) theory, which proved challenging for even seasoned mathematicians to grasp.
The ABC conjecture, which has been around for over 40 years, presents a seemingly straightforward equation involving three integers: a + b = c, investigating the relationships among the prime numbers that constitute these values. The conjecture offers profound insights into the fundamental interactions of addition and multiplication, with ramifications for other renowned mathematical conjectures, including Fermat’s Last Theorem.
Given these potential consequences, mathematicians initially expressed excitement over verifying the proof. However, Mochizuki noted that early attempts faced challenges and more focus was needed on understanding his findings. In 2018, two distinguished German mathematicians, Peter Scholze from the University of Bonn and Jakob Stix from Goethe University in Frankfurt, announced that they had found possible flaws in the proof.
Mochizuki, however, dismissed these critiques. Lacking a central authority to arbitrate the debate, the credibility of the IUT theory has split the mathematical community into opposing factions, with one side comprising a small collective of researchers aligned with Mochizuki and the Kyoto Institute for Mathematical Sciences, where he teaches.
Now, Mochizuki has suggested a path forward to resolve the deadlock. He proposes transferring proofs from their existing mathematical notation, intended for human comprehension, to a programming language known as Lean, which can be validated and checked by computers.
This approach, known as formalization, represents a promising area of research that could revolutionize the practice of mathematics. Although there have been earlier suggestions for Mochizuki to formalize his proof, this marks the first time he has publicly indicated plans to advance this initiative.
Mochizuki was unavailable for comment on this article. However, in recent reports, he asserted that Lean would be an excellent tool for clarifying certain disputes among mathematicians that have hindered acceptance of his proof. He stated, “This represents the best, and perhaps only, way to achieve significant progress in liberating mathematical truth from social and political constraints.”
Mochizuki became convinced of the advantages of formalization after attending a conference on Lean in Tokyo last July, particularly impressed by its capacity to manage the mathematical structures essential to his IUT theory.
This could be a vital step in overcoming the current stalemate, noted Kevin Buzzard from Imperial College London. “If it’s articulated using Lean, that’s not strange at all. Much of what’s found in papers is written in unusual terms, so being able to express it in Lean means that this unusual language has become universally defined,” he explains.
“We seek to understand why [of IUT], and we’ve been awaiting clarity for over a decade,” remarked Johann Kommelin from Utrecht University in the Netherlands. “Lean will aid in uncovering those answers.”
However, both Buzzard and Kommelin acknowledge that formalizing IUT theory is an immense challenge, necessitating the conversion of a series of mathematical equations that currently exist only in a human-readable format. This effort is anticipated to be the largest formalization endeavor ever attempted, often requiring teams of specialists and taking months or even years.
This daunting reality may dissuade the limited number of mathematicians capable of undertaking this project. “Individuals will need to decide whether they are willing to invest significant time in a project that may ultimately lead to failure,” Buzzard remarked.
Even if the mathematicians succeed in completing the project and the Lean code indicates that Mochizuki’s theorem is consistent, disputes about its interpretation could still arise among mathematicians, including Mochizuki himself, according to Kommelin.
“Lean has the potential to make a significant impact and resolve the controversy, but this hinges on Mochizuki’s genuine commitment to formalizing his work,” he adds. “If he abandons it after four months, claiming ‘I’ve tried this, but Lean is too limited to grasp my proof,’ it would just add another chapter to the long saga of social issues persisting.”
Despite Mochizuki’s enthusiasm about Lean, he concedes with his critics that interpreting the meaning of the code might lead to ongoing disputes, expressing that Lean “does not appear to be a ‘magic cure’ for completely resolving social and political issues at this stage.”
Nevertheless, Buzzard remains optimistic that the formalization project, especially if successful, could propel the decade-old saga forward. “You can’t contest software,” he concludes.
The rapid technological advancements can widen the gap between parents and teens. Gen
Moreover, a rise in cyberattacks affecting major companies has been frequently reported. Interestingly, many of those who face these hacks are young individuals equipped with advanced digital skills. In fact, the National Crime Agency reports that one in five children engages in unlawful activities under the Computer Fraud Act, which penalizes unauthorized access to computer systems or data. This statistic rises to 25% among gamers.
To combat this, co-ops adopt a unique preventive strategy. As part of our long-term mission to empower young people to harness their technology skills, Co-op has teamed up with a hacking game aimed at helping talented gamers secure positions in the cybersecurity sector.
This collaborative model is crucial because, as Greg Francis, former senior officer at the National Crime Agency and director of 4D Cyber Security, puts it, “A digital village is necessary to nurture digital natives.” Early intervention is essential, and parents play a pivotal role. “Parents are vital as they wield significant influence, but they shouldn’t remain passive. They should grasp the fundamentals of the hacker universe,” notes Francis, who also serves as Hacking Game’s Cyber Ambassador. So, where to begin?
Show Interest Without Judgment
First and foremost, having an interest in hacking isn’t inherently negative.
“Ethical hacking is an exhilarating and rapidly evolving domain, making it completely understandable for children to find it intriguing,” says Lynne Perry, CEO of children’s charity Barnardo’s. The organization collaborates with co-ops to generate funds to support young individuals in forging positive futures.
Maintaining an open dialogue is just as critical as beginning discussions early. “The ideal moment to start is now,” states Perry. “Once your child shows an interest in online technology, it’s time. Frequent, age-appropriate discussions are essential to keep the lines of communication open.”
Activities that seem innocuous can lead to a path towards cybercrime. Composite: Stocksy/Guardian Design
Perry advises involving children in online activities from a young age. “Explore technology together and discuss what to do if something unusual or concerning occurs. As kids mature, they may seek more independence, but regular interaction allows them to steer conversations, ask questions, and express concerns.”
For parents who grew up in a simpler digital age, grasping the complexities of today’s online gaming, dominated by franchises like Roblox, Minecraft, and Call of Duty, might seem daunting. However, both Francis and Perry emphasize that you don’t need to have all the answers to provide support.
Parents should check game age ratings and utilize parental controls, such as friend-only features, to enhance the security of in-game chats. For online resources, check Ask About Games for detailed information on popular games and guides to setting up safety measures.
It’s also beneficial to inquire if your young gamer has ever experienced being “booted” offline. Booting refers to a DDoS (Distributed Denial of Service) attack, where someone hacks another gamer’s IP address and floods it with data, causing an Internet outage. While booting may seem innocuous among gamers, it is a serious issue. Francis clarifies: “They may not realize this infringes on the Computer Misuse Act.” In fact, booting is identified as one of the initial steps towards cybercrime, as noted during Francis’s work with various prevention programs.
Asking questions aligns with observing potential warning signs like excessive gaming, social withdrawal, unexplained tiredness, unusual purchases of equipment or technology (especially if you’re unaware of how it was paid for), and multiple email addresses. While one sign alone might not be serious, a combination of them can be concerning.
Mary* faced these warning signs firsthand. “I had a son engaged in hacking on the darknet. He isolated himself and avoided sleep. I truly had no clue about his activities,” she shares. “After consulting a cybersecurity expert and discussing my challenges, I discovered he was attempting to delve into the cryptocurrency world on the darknet at just 13 years old.”
Guidance from trusted sources inspires talented young individuals to utilize their skills positively. Composite: Getty Images/Guardian Design
A Transformative Path for Neurodivergent Youth
Particularly for neurodivergent youth, engaging with games and spending time online can yield significant advantages in terms of socialization and emotion regulation. Yet, it’s crucial to recognize that with these benefits come potential drawbacks, including the considerable risks of internet or gaming addiction and the associated allure of cybercrime.
However, over 50% of technology professionals identify as neurodivergent, according to the Tech Talent Charter, indicating vast opportunities for neurodivergent young individuals in this sector. This is why The Hacking Games directly targets “digital rebels” showcasing “raw talent” and “unconventional thinking,” matching them with cybersecurity job opportunities, mentors, and fostering community through Discord group chats.
As Mary can confirm, mentorship and career awareness can be life-changing. “Cyber experts supported my son as a credible source of information and ultimately coached him on my behalf,” she states. “They helped him realize that he could channel his skills for impactful purposes. Consequently, he began assisting others.”
While this situation may seem alarming, there are numerous ways for parents to intervene positively. Approaching the subject with curiosity and care, rather than judgment, is paramount for guiding your child in the right direction. Here are some suggestions for parents who are concerned about their kids.
1 Begin conversations regarding online gaming safety early, approaching the topic with sensitivity rather than judgment. Remaining calm fosters open communication.
2 You don’t need to be fully informed, but a genuine interest can lead to insightful discussions. Ask your child about their games and online activities. Just as you would inquire about who they play with at a park, ask the same about their online friends. Be vigilant for warning signs like strangers trying to befriend them, offering freebies, or inviting them to unfamiliar worlds or games, as these could indicate grooming.
3 Take proactive measures. Pay attention to age ratings for games, which are significant. The best way to ascertain what is suitable for your child is to play the game together or at least observe them while they play. Remember, just like in Call of Duty, children can also be recruited in games like Minecraft. Games with community or “freemium” options can entice young players seeking extra income through in-game purchases or upgrades.
4 Monitor for warning signs such as social withdrawal, excessive gaming, lack of sleep, unusual tech purchases, and multiple email accounts.
5 Engage with your child’s school. Consult their computer science teacher to learn how they promote digital responsibility. Teachers often have insight into which students may require specific support to enhance their skills. This could serve as an early opportunity to channel their talents positively through initiatives like Cyber First and Cyber Choices or coding communities such as Girls Who Code.
*Mary’s name has been changed to protect her family’s anonymity.
Caves in the Hebrus Valley of Mars may have been sculpted by ancient water flows
NASA Mars Earth Surveyor
Subsurface caves shaped by flowing water on Mars may have provided ideal conditions for life, with potential remnants still present today.
Throughout Mars, numerous openings resembling cave entrances are found, primarily near volcanic regions. This implies these features were likely formed by processes related to volcanic activity rather than water.
Earth is home to numerous karst caves, created by the dissolution of soluble rock by water. However, scientists have yet to find equivalent caves on Mars, despite evidence indicating the planet was once covered in water billions of years ago.
Currently, Ding Vermicelli, a professor at Shenzhen University in China, has identified eight caves that seem to have been formed by ancient water flows instead of volcanic activity. These caves are situated in the Hebrus Gorge, a northwestern region characterized by extensive valleys and depressions likely shaped by ancient floods.
Previous Mars missions, including NASA’s Mars Global Surveyor (which orbited Mars from 1997 to 2006), have mapped these caves. Ding and his team analyzed material near one cave entrance using spectroscopic data from that mission, revealing a notable presence of carbonate and sulfate minerals typically associated with water.
They also detected signs of an ancient stream ending near the cave entrance, similar to patterns seen near karst caves on Earth. James Baldini from Durham University, UK, noted, “On a map, you’d expect a river to emerge to the surface only to disappear suddenly, as the cave system absorbs its water.”
Daniel Le Corret from the University of Kent in the UK mentioned that while the mineralogical and geological data implies these may be water caves, they appear quite similar to other Martian caves of volcanic origin. “I’ve spent countless hours evaluating the global catalog of Martian caves and these resemble known volcanic formations,” he said.
If these caves are indeed formed by water, they might be excellent locations for searching for life. “For life to exist, water and a protective environment from Mars’ intense surface radiation are essential,” Baldini remarked. “Volcanic caves and lava tubes also present good avenues for potential life, though they don’t necessarily involve water.”
Mars’ water caves may contain stalagmites—bulbous rock formations generally found in Earth’s karst caves—and could act as time capsules of Mars’ ancient climate conditions, such as temperature.
However, stalagmites require thousands of years of sustained water flow to develop, and determining their formation timing could be challenging, even if rovers or drones succeed in collecting samples, according to Baldini.
Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England
Join a weekend with some of science’s leading minds as you delve into the enigmas of the universe, featuring a tour of the renowned Lovell Telescope.
Apple and WhatsApp have committed to continue alerting users if their devices are targeted by government hacking software, particularly in the United States, as two spyware companies aim to penetrate the Trump administration.
The two tech giants provided statements in response to questions from the Guardian, as two Israeli-founded cyber weapon manufacturers, now under U.S. ownership, aggressively seek access to the American market.
Paragon Solutions, known for its spyware called Graphite, has already reached an agreement with the Trump administration to provide U.S. immigration officials with one of the most advanced hacking tools globally as of September, following the unfreezing of a $2 million contract by the Department of Homeland Affairs with ICE (Immigration and Customs Enforcement).
Paragon did not reply to requests for comment.
NSO Group, another firm cited by the Biden administration in 2021 for conducting business “that goes against the national security or foreign policy interests of the United States,” revealed over the weekend that David Friedman, former U.S. ambassador to Israel during Donald Trump’s initial term, will become executive chairman of the parent company that owns NSO. The company has reportedly been recently acquired by new investors, including American film producer Robert Simmons.
Both Paragon and NSO Group develop spyware capable of infiltrating any phone without the knowledge of the user, enabling the spyware operator to read texts, eavesdrop on calls, track locations, and turn mobile devices into wiretapping tools or remote cameras.
While both companies defend their products as tools to combat serious crimes and thwart potential terrorist activities, their software is also weaponized by government clients to spy on individuals they wish to monitor covertly, including journalists, business leaders, and human rights advocates.
Apple and WhatsApp have consistently opposed the proliferation of spyware worldwide, notifying users via alerts when potential hacking attempts are detected in various countries, including Italy, Spain, and India.
In October, a U.S. court ruled in favor of WhatsApp after six years of legal battles, preventing NSO from targeting WhatsApp users in the future.
However, concerns arise due to the close connections between Apple, WhatsApp’s parent company Meta, and the Trump administration regarding whether they will persist in warning users amid such spyware threats in the United States.
“Threat notifications are intended to individually inform and assist users who may be victims of mercenary spyware, irrespective of geographic location,” Apple stated.
“WhatsApp aims to safeguard our users by disrupting hacking attempts from mercenary spyware, advancing protective measures, and notifying those whose devices are under threat, no matter where they are globally,” commented a WhatsApp representative.
Former FBI Director Christopher Wray testified that the FBI considered utilizing NSO’s Pegasus but ultimately declined to incorporate commercial spyware into its operations. Experts express concern over the legality surrounding the use of spyware in the United States, given existing laws that restrict targeted surveillance of Americans.
An aide to Democratic Senator Ron Wyden, a member of the Select Committee on Intelligence, mentioned that current immigration officials provided a preliminary briefing to his office, stating that “the policy is still under development,” but there has been no feedback since the government shutdown began in October.
When asked about the potential lifting of sanctions imposed on NSO by the Biden administration in 2021, Friedman mentioned during a phone call from Israel that he has yet to discuss the matter with President Trump, stating, “I hope that happens, but I have not made that request yet.” He added it is “too early to determine” when NSO may pursue the removal of these sanctions.
Regarding mercenary spyware, John Scott Railton, a senior research fellow at the University of Toronto’s Citizen Research Institute, warns that “no one is safe.” He is recognized as a leading authority on tracking and disrupting spyware usage against civil society members globally.
“American firms are unprepared to detect and defend against this type of menace domestically, similarly to healthcare institutions, legal professionals, politicians, and the general populace,” he noted. “The last thing America needs now is a silent spyware epidemic.”
Paragon initially signed a contract with ICE in 2024 under the Biden administration. The relatively small agreement went unnoticed by the White House until its official announcement, several insiders disclosed. Wired reported. The contract was subsequently suspended to ascertain whether it complied with a significant executive order issued earlier. Signed by the White House in May 2023, it prohibited the operational use of spyware that “poses a risk to national security or has been exploited by foreign entities for human rights violations globally.”
At that point, Paragon was free from surveillance controversies, unlike NSO Group, which faced scrutiny for its Pegasus spyware targeting a plethora of civil society organizations.
However, the situation shifted in January 2025 when WhatsApp disclosed that 90 individuals, including journalists and civil society members, had been targeted by Paragon’s Graphite.
Following this revelation, Paragon severed its ties with the Italian government, alleging that Italy violated its service terms by using spyware against civil society members.
Since then, media accounts have detailed how several Italian journalists, at least two executives from Italy’s largest bank, an Italian human rights advocate, and an Italian political strategist were targeted by hacking spyware in 2024.
The current government led by Prime Minister Giorgia Meloni has admitted that the software was employed against certain activists by Italian agencies with legal authority, but has not accepted responsibility for other prominent targets.
“This is Italy’s Watergate,” remarked former Italian Prime Minister Matteo Renzi in an interview.
“This is a tool that only governments can wield. If the Italian government continues to deny its usage, the question for multiple Italian business leaders and journalists remains, who is responsible?” he said. “I may not be closely aligned with journalists, but freedom of the press is essential in a free democracy. Using this tool against journalists is intolerable.”
Some officials are worried that this Graphite may now be under the control of U.S. immigration authorities.
“ICE is already undermining due process by hastily detaining children and families who pose no threat, ruining lives,” Wyden stated to the Guardian. “I am extremely concerned about how ICE will utilize spyware, facial recognition, and other technologies to further infringe upon the rights of American citizens and those whom Donald Trump views as adversaries.”
A spokesperson for the Department of Homeland Security did not respond to a request for comment.
The Justice Minister informed the House of Lords on Monday that artificial intelligence chatbots could play a role in preventing the accidental release of prisoners from jail.
James Timpson announced that permission had been granted for the use of AI at HMP Wandsworth after a specialized team was assembled to explore “quick-fix solutions”.
This response follows a dual investigation initiated last week after a sex offender and fraudster was mistakenly released from a prison in south-west London.
Opposition MPs have seized upon recent release blunders as proof of governmental negligence amid turmoil in the criminal justice system.
Attorney-General David Lammy is set to address Parliament regarding the number of missing prisoners when MPs reconvene on Tuesday.
It is reported that AI technology can assist in reading and processing paperwork, aiding staff to cross-check names and prevent inmates from concealing prior offenses under false identities. It can merge various datasets while calculating release dates and notifications.
Currently, many of these tasks are performed by untrained staff utilizing calculators and piles of paperwork.
In response to a query in the Upper House on Monday, Lord Timpson remarked: “The frequency of releases from one prison to another varies significantly. At HMP Gartree, the average is just two releases per year, while at Wandsworth it reaches 2,000.”
“That’s why our digital team visited HMP Wandsworth last week to explore potential opportunities for adopting digital solutions quickly.
“We have an AI team in place, and they believe an AI chatbot could provide significant assistance, among other benefits. It can also cross-reference aliases, as we know some criminals may use over 20 different names.”
He further stated: “We have authorized the team to move forward with this.”
Brahim Kadour Sherif, 24, was mistakenly released on October 29 and was re-arrested on Friday following a police operation.
He was serving time for burglary with intent to steal and had a record for indecent assault.
Sherif is believed to have overstayed his visitor visa after arriving in the UK in 2019 and was in the process of being deported.
Another inmate, Billy Smith, 35, who was accidentally released from Wandsworth on Monday after being sentenced to 45 months for fraud, voluntarily returned to custody on Thursday.
The wrongful release of these two individuals heightened scrutiny on Ramy, who had introduced a new checklist for prison staff just days earlier after mistakenly releasing sex offender Hadush Kebatu on October 24.
Kebatu, who arrived in the UK via a small boat, created a disturbance in Epping, Essex, after sexually assaulting a 14-year-old girl and a woman. He was improperly released from Chelmsford Prison and tried to return to the prison at least four times before finally being arrested in Finsbury Park, North London, and given funds for deportation back to Ethiopia.
According to government statistics, 262 prisoners were mistakenly released over the 12 months leading to March this year, marking a 128% increase from 115 the previous year. The majority of these incidents (233) occurred in prisons, with the remaining 29 happening in court settings.
Unions and prison governors have cited the complicated early release protocols and reliance on paper systems as contributing factors to the recent surge in errors, with numerous documents going missing between prisons, courts, and the Ministry of Justice.
The chief inspector of prisons remarked that the recent surge in early prisoner releases indicates “a system on the brink of collapse”.
In a recent piece, Charlie Taylor stated that the escalation in erroneous early releases is “concerning and potentially hazardous”.
Last weekend, reports surfaced indicating that four individuals remain unaccounted for following wrongful releases, with two having been released in June this year and two more scheduled for release in 2024.
On Monday, government sources suggested that one of these individuals had been apprehended.
However, in a sign of an ongoing crisis within the prison system, it appears he was never mistakenly released, but was incorrectly listed among those who had been.
The Prime Minister’s official spokesperson commented: “These incidents highlight the nature and extent of the prison crisis this government has inherited.
“It’s evident that these issues won’t be resolved overnight, which is why we are constructing 14,000 new prison spaces, engaging technical experts to modernize systems, and providing immediate support to staff.”
What truly drives the increase in blood fats? It seems our cholesterol levels are more influenced by our digestive processes than by our actual diets.
The Joy of Others
If you consistently agree when you’d prefer to decline, you might be a people-pleaser. Prioritizing others can sometimes detrimentally affect your well-being and relationships. Esteemed health journalist Amy Arthur delves into the psychology behind this phenomenon and offers guidance on escaping the people-pleasing cycle.
The Microbiome
Our gut is inhabited by countless bacteria, both alive and deceased. Surprisingly, it’s the dead bacteria—known as postbiotics—that have scientists intrigued. These postbiotics may significantly impact our gut health more than was previously understood. Strategies exist to leverage this knowledge for better health.
Preparing for Cold and Flu Season
Being stuck in bed during the holiday season is never enjoyable. Thankfully, there are proactive measures you can adopt to reduce the risk of getting sick. This issue debunks three prevalent myths surrounding cold and flu prevention. Discover what truly works (and what doesn’t).
Plus
Type 1.5 Diabetes: 14% of those diagnosed with type 2 diabetes may actually have a rare autoimmune condition. An in-depth analysis of its long-standing concealment and guidance on identification.
Ferrari Goes Electric: The anticipated EV version of this iconic vehicle could redefine the electric car landscape. Automotive reporter Quentin Wilson investigates this groundbreaking model.
Q&A: Your most intriguing inquiries answered. Topics include how the brain forms a sense of self, the deepest submarine dive, mechanisms behind hula hoop lifting, the number of electrons in the universe, gender-switching in animals, best air-purifying houseplants, longest-lived insects, and more.
Don’t forget that BBC Science Focus is also accessible on all major digital platforms. You’ll find it available on Android, Kindle Fire and Kindle e-readers, and the iOS app for iPad and iPhone.
As soon as you exit the school environment, physical activities like sports and exercise cease to be mandatory. If you’ve allowed your kids a long hiatus since then, you’re overlooking the numerous advantages that consistent exercise can offer.
If you’re over 40, you might have fallen into the mindset that the benefits of fitness are a lost cause. Physical wellness was dismissed long ago, and the thought of reclaiming it seems futile.
However, this belief is misguided.
Even if you’ve adopted a sedentary lifestyle, increasing your movement can lead to substantial health improvements.
In recent studies published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine, researchers discovered that adults who exercised regularly had a 30 to 40 percent reduced risk of dying from any cause later in life.
Moreover, individuals who transitioned from inactivity to activity were 22 percent less likely to die compared to those who remained sedentary.
Earlier studies featured in JAMA Cardiologyrevealed that over 300,000 participants showed that those who became active after 40 enjoyed the same health advantages as lifelong active individuals.
Science confirms: it’s never too late to embark on a transformative journey.
However, if exercise has been a lower priority for the past 10-20 years, consider starting gradually, rather than preparing for a marathon.
If you’re a heavy smoker, drinker, or significantly overweight, consulting your doctor before initiating a new regimen may be wise.
How can I get started?
Walking is often regarded as one of the finest forms of exercise, according to Stacey Clemes, a Professor of Active Living and Public Health at Loughborough University, UK.
“It has minimal impact on your body, thus lowering the risk of injury. It’s free, and you don’t require special equipment. As long as you have comfortable shoes, you’re good to go.”
Through her research, she has collaborated notably with sedentary populations, such as truck drivers, aiding them to boost their activity levels.
She discovered that fitness trackers and pedometers are invaluable tools for individuals monitoring their exercise.
“It’s quite beneficial to visualize your progress, be it through step count or daily walking hours.” [data] “Using data to establish goals is also an effective strategy,” she adds.
Instead of comparing yourself to others, Clemes encourages building your activity incrementally.
“If you averaged 4,000 steps daily last week, aim for 4,500 this week. There’s robust evidence that even slight increases can lead to health improvements. The key message is to gradually do a bit more and maintain that progression.”
Now, regarding the often-cited goal of 10,000 steps daily—sounds daunting, right?
You may find relief knowing that recent research published in The Lancet indicates that merely 4,000 steps per day correlate with notable health improvements compared to 2,000 steps.
Health benefits continued to increase until reaching 7,000 steps.
Professor Stephen Harridge, the director of the Center for Human and Applied Physiology at King’s College, London, advises starting with attainable goals.
“If you’re completely inactive, begin with something small. Walk to the next bus stop instead of waiting at the nearest one. Opt for the stairs over the elevator.”
“Simple yet effective actions that elevate your overall activity can significantly benefit your muscles, metabolism, and heart health.”
Read more:
How can I avoid injury?
Rather than leaping into an intense training program, it’s wise to gradually lift your activity level to lower your chance of injury.
Injuries not only inflict pain but also demoralize you, making it harder to stay committed to a new exercise routine.
Resuming exercise can be especially tricky for those who were once active in their 20s but paused for life’s demands, says Miho Tanaka Sensei, Director of the Women’s Sports Medicine Program at Massachusetts General Hospital and an Associate Professor of Orthopedics at Harvard Medical School.
“Many feel they can return to their previous training regimen from their 20s,” she explains.
“The challenge lies in the fact that your 40s body responds differently compared to your 20s body; it won’t adjust in the same way to the training methods that may have worked two decades ago.”
This variation occurs as muscle mass begins to decline after 30, decreasing by 3 to 8 percent every decade and accelerating after 60.
Additionally, collagen found in muscles, joints, and tendons begins changing after 30, leading to decreased elasticity.
Thus, it’s crucial to set aside your ego. Attempting to hit previous records may lead to injury—be kind to yourself.
“The margin for injury is smaller, and recovery takes longer,” Tanaka states. “It merely slows your recovery from inflammation.”
Stretching is crucial to counteract the natural flexibility loss associated with aging – Image courtesy of Getty Images
For those new to exercise, Tanaka recommends low-impact activities such as swimming and cycling. These pursuits provide cardiovascular benefits while minimizing joint strain.
From there, you can gradually progress to activities like hiking before attempting high-impact exercises that exert stress on your joints, like running or CrossFit.
Aiming for 150 minutes of moderate aerobic exercise or 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic exercise weekly maximizes benefits, enhancing cardiovascular health while reducing the risk of diabetes and certain cancers.
What types of exercises should I include?
To promote comprehensive health, incorporating resistance training several times a week is essential to combat the natural decline of muscle and bone mass that accompanies age. It’s about more than just bicep curls!
Strengthening your core and back muscles is also crucial.
The good news is that you don’t need to purchase extravagant gym memberships or trendy workout gear to perform these exercises.
Bodyweight exercises like planks, squats, and push-ups are highly effective and can be done at home. The NHS offers some excellent examples on their website.
Tanaka emphasizes that individuals over 40 shouldn’t overlook stretching. “Flexibility and range of motion can diminish,” she points out.
“To function well, whether playing tennis or running efficiently, your joints require adequate range of motion. As you age, this tends to decrease, and stretching can help.”
How can I fit exercise into my routine?
If this all feels overwhelming, considering that many people in their 40s juggle demanding careers, long commutes, childcare, and elder care, here’s a supportive note: studies have shown that consolidating exercise into weekends yields similar benefits as spreading it throughout the week.
This is based on a study involving 64,000 participants aged 40 and above tracked for 18 years.
Researchers found that “weekend warriors” who exercised once or twice weekly were able to lower their cardiovascular disease risk by 41 percent and cancer mortality risk by 18 percent compared to non-exercisers.
In comparison, regularly active people (three or more days a week) experienced a similar reduction in risks—41 percent for cardiovascular disease and 21 percent for cancer.
Still skeptical? All experts agree: the most crucial factor is finding an exercise you genuinely enjoy, ensuring sustained participation.
If running isn’t your thing, perhaps dancing piques your interest? Did you enjoy kickabouts during school? Why not consider walking soccer?
To conclude, Harridge reassures us that it’s entirely feasible to be more physically fit in your 40s than you were in your 20s or 30s.
But he emphasizes that it’s not about reversing aging; it’s about eliminating the detriment that comes from inactivity and getting back on track.
“It’s never too late,” he affirms. “If you’re 40, there’s ample time for life-changing transformations!”
A hibernating species of North American squirrel might provide vital insights for tackling one of the most persistent and lethal heart diseases globally.
California’s biotechnology firm fauna ecology has created a novel drug based on the genetic insights of hibernating mammals.
The small molecule drug, referred to as Faun 1083, targets heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF)—a form of heart failure impacting millions and lacking effective treatments.
Fauna’s strategy draws inspiration from the natural world, as noted by CEO Dr. Ashley Zehnder: “We’re investigating where biological evidence exists for disease resistance or recovery,” as mentioned in BBC Science Focus.
“Years of physiological research indicate that ground squirrels can safeguard their hearts from harm during hibernation. Additionally, heart failure ranks as one of the top causes of death worldwide.”
By examining how the adorable American line squirrel protects its organs while hibernating, Dr. Fauna discovered a gene that aids the animal in averting tissue damage and scarring—critical factors in heart failure among humans.
“What is elevated in the ground squirrel’s system, which shields the heart from harm, may be diminished in humans suffering from heart failure,” Zehnder explains. “This informs our focus on the pathways that are crucial for human health issues.”
Currently, there are limited effective treatments for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) beyond merely alleviating symptoms – Photo credit: Getty
Fauna’s AI-enhanced discovery platform analyzes these protective traits across animal genomes and human genetic data to identify potential drug targets.
According to Zehnder, the resultant compound Faun 1083 stems directly from research into the cardiac biology of ground squirrels. The new treatment has already shown potential during preclinical trials and is set to undergo animal safety assessments prior to commencing human trials next year.
Fauna Bio’s research is part of a burgeoning field known as ‘comparative genomics,’ which seeks evolutionary insights to enhance human health.
The company is part of the Zoonomia Consortium, which unveils adaptations that enable animals to resist disease and recover from tissue damage.
“Our goal is to leverage evolutionary adaptations,” Zehnder asserts. “Humans rarely cure diseases naturally, but many mammals worldwide do so regularly… Why not utilize the full spectrum of nature’s experiments?”
Astronomers utilizing the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope have captured a remarkable image of the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1511.
This Hubble image features the barred spiral galaxy NGC 1511, located approximately 50 million light-years away in the constellation Hydra. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / D. Tilker.
NGC1511 resides in the constellation Hydra, about 50 million light-years from our planet.
This spiral galaxy was discovered by British astronomer John Herschel on November 2, 1834.
NGC 1511, also known as ESO 55-4, IRAS 03594-6746, or LEDA 14236, is a principal member of a small galaxy group known as the NGC 1511 Group.
“Like many galaxies, NGC 1511 doesn’t navigate through space alone,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“Instead, it exists alongside a pair of smaller galactic companions known as NGC 1511A and NGC 1511B. Both companions lie outside the scope of this Hubble image.”
“NGC 1511B is the nearest neighbor to NGC 1511, and the two galaxies have likely collided in the past,” researchers remarked.
“A thin filament of hydrogen gas links them, and NGC 1511B is elongated and warped due to this collision.”
Astronomers have also discovered signs indicating that NGC 1511 once had another small companion galaxy that has since been completely annihilated.
“These disruptions have impacted NGC 1511 as well,” the researchers added.
“This galaxy has undergone explosive star formation, and its disk displays unusual loops and plumes that may suggest previous interactions with nearby galaxies.”
“We are utilizing Hubble’s precise observations of NGC 1511 to analyze star clusters nestled within its dusty gas, aiming to comprehend how material circulates from interstellar clouds to stars and back.”
Recent studies indicate that humans possess the capability to detect objects without physical contact, a skill seen in certain animals.
Chen and colleagues. The first study examined human fingertip sensitivity to tactile signals from buried objects, while the second utilized a robotic arm with a long short-term memory model to detect objects. Image credit: Gemini AI.
Typically, human touch is viewed as a sense limited to direct physical interaction with objects.
However, recent insights into animal sensory mechanisms challenge this perception.
Some species of sandpipers and plovers, for instance, utilize a form of remote touch to locate prey concealed beneath the sand.
Remote touch allows for the detection of objects hidden beneath particles by subtle mechanical signals transmitted through the medium when nearby pressure is applied.
In a groundbreaking study, Dr. Elisabetta Versace from Queen Mary University of London and her team explored whether humans share similar capabilities.
Participants delicately glided their fingers over the sand to locate a hidden cube before making physical contact.
Remarkably, the study outcomes revealed a sensitivity analogous to that found in shorebirds, despite humans lacking the specialized beak structure that facilitates this ability in avians.
Modeling the physical attributes of this phenomenon, researchers concluded that human hands are so sensitive they can perceive buried objects through minute sand displacements.
This sensitivity approaches the theoretical threshold for detecting mechanical “reflections” of granules when the movement of sand is reflected by a stable surface (the concealed object).
When evaluating the performance of humans against robotic tactile sensors trained using long short-term memory (LSTM) algorithms, humans achieved a remarkable accuracy of 70.7% within the anticipated detection range.
Interestingly, the robot could sense objects from slightly greater distances on average but encountered frequent false positives, resulting in an overall accuracy of only 40%.
These findings affirm that humans can genuinely detect objects prior to physical contact, showcasing an extraordinary aspect of our senses typically linked to direct interactions.
Both humans and robots demonstrated performance nearing the maximum sensitivity predicted by physical models of displacement.
This research uncovers that humans can identify objects buried in sand without direct contact, broadening our understanding of the extent of tactile perception.
Additionally, it provides quantitative evidence of tactile abilities previously undocumented in humans.
The study also presents a valuable benchmark for enhancing tactile sensing in assistive technologies and robotic systems.
Emulating human sensory perception, engineers can design robots that incorporate near-human touch sensitivity for practical uses in tasks such as surveying, excavation, and exploration where visual cues are limited.
“This is the first instance of remote contact being examined in humans, reshaping our concept of the perceptual fields of living beings, including humans,” stated Dr. Versace.
“This discovery opens avenues for creating tools and assistive technologies that amplify the human sense of touch,” remarked Dr. Student Chen Zhenchi.
“These insights could lead to the development of advanced robots capable of performing delicate tasks, such as locating untouched archaeological artifacts or navigating sandy or granular terrains like Martian soil or ocean floors.”
“More generally, this research facilitates the development of touch-based systems that enhance safety and effectiveness in exploring hidden and hazardous locations.”
“What makes this study particularly intriguing is the mutual influence between human research and robotic research,” noted Dr. Lorenzo Hamone, a researcher at University College London.
“Human experiments informed the robot’s learning strategy, while the robot’s efficacy offered new interpretations of human data.”
“This serves as a prime example of how psychology, robotics, and artificial intelligence can collaborate, illustrating how interdisciplinary teamwork can ignite both fundamental discoveries and technological advancements.”
Z. Chen and colleagues. Exploring haptics for object localization in granular media: A human-robot study. 2025 IEEE International Conference on Development and Learning; doi: 10.1109/ICDL63968.2025.11204359
Ultrasound can penetrate the skull and reach the brain
Shutterstock/peterschreiber.media
Recent research suggests that pulsed ultrasound waves directed at the brain may enhance survival rates following a specific stroke type by promoting the removal of inflammatory dead blood cells, based on findings from a study involving mice. This technique, which boosts lymphatic drainage efficiency, could also have applications for treating Alzheimer’s disease, with clinical trials anticipated to commence next year.
Hemorrhagic stroke, constitutes around 15% of all strokes and occurs when a blood vessel in the brain bursts, leading to bleeding, disrupting oxygen supply to the brain, and causing cellular damage, which can result in motor and cognitive issues.
Treatments typically involve sealing the ruptured blood vessel with small metal clips and extracting dead red blood cells via a catheter or similar device. Neglecting this procedure can exacerbate inflammation and lead to further tissue damage. However, this method is highly invasive, posing risks of brain damage and infections, as noted by Larg Airan at Stanford University, California.
After an unexpected experience with prolonged ultrasound application during drug activation in mouse brains, Aylan considered whether pulsed ultrasound could be effective in removing the “debris” from the brain. “When I observed the drug’s effects, it appeared to spread throughout the brain, almost as if it were being ‘painted’ over,” he recounted.
To probe this idea, the research team simulated a hemorrhagic stroke by injecting mice with blood from their tails. For three consecutive days, they administered pulsed ultrasound to the skulls of half the mice for 10 minutes each day, while the others received no treatment.
Subsequently, all mice underwent a three-minute test in a water tank divided into four corners, with healthy mice typically turning in either direction 50% of the time. The team discovered that mice treated with ultrasound turned left 39% of the time, compared to 27% for the control group. Additionally, treated mice exhibited stronger grips on a metal bar than their untreated counterparts, indicating they suffered less brain damage, a conclusion that was later substantiated through brain slice analyses conducted post-euthanasia.
One week following the blood injection, around half of the control group mice perished, compared to only one-fifth of the ultrasound-treated group. A rapid increase in survival rates was noted, with an approximately 30 percentage point improvement achieved through just three 10-minute ultrasound treatments, according to Airan.
Further insights revealed that the ultrasound pulses triggered pressure-sensitive proteins in microglia, the brain’s immune cells, reducing their inflammation and enhancing their ability to clear dead red blood cells. Additionally, this technique improved the flow of cerebrospinal fluid, facilitating the removal of dead cells to lymph nodes in the neck, which are part of the lymphatic system responsible for eliminating metabolic waste.
While more investigations are necessary, this method might also have the potential to address various brain disorders. “If ultrasound can efficiently remove larger red blood cells from the brain, it stands to reason it could also eliminate smaller toxic proteins, such as the misfolded tau associated with Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases,” Aylan explained.
Experts are impressed with this promising research due to its non-invasive nature. Kathleen Caron from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill noted that the lymphatic systems in mice and humans show considerable similarities, indicating this approach could be applicable in human cases as well.
The use of ultrasonic irradiation is considered safe, and while research is ongoing to confirm these findings, Aylan is optimistic about the lack of unforeseen side effects from this treatment.
Ultimately, the research team aspires to test this technique on individuals suffering from hemorrhagic strokes that necessitate urgent intervention. They aim to gather additional data on its safety and efficacy for Alzheimer’s patients, with trials projected to begin next year, according to Aylan.
Recent observations of 3I/ATLAS, the third interstellar object confirmed to traverse the solar system following 1I/Oumuamua and 2I/Borisov, reveal a sophisticated multi-jet configuration.
The image of 3I/ATLAS was captured by Lowell Observatory astronomer Qicheng Zhang on October 31, 2025. Image credit: Qicheng Zhang / Lowell Observatory.
Discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS (Asteroid Terrestrial Impact Last Alert System) survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS is also referred to as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z.
Originating from the direction of the Sagittarius constellation, this comet holds the designation of being the most dynamically extreme object recorded, characterized by its hyperbolic orbit with high eccentricity and extreme hyperbolic velocity.
3I/ATLAS came closest to the Sun, reaching perihelion, on October 30, 2025.
This interstellar visitor approached within 1.4 AU (astronomical units), or approximately 210 million km, of the Sun, which is just inside Mars’ orbit.
At perihelion, the comet traveled at a remarkable speed of about 68 km/s, and its proximity to the Sun temporarily rendered it invisible to Earth’s telescopes.
Following perihelion, it will once again be observable through telescopes until December as it gradually distances itself from both the Sun and Earth, returning to interstellar space.
The initial post-perihelion optical image of 3I/ATLAS (as shown above) was captured. This was announced on October 31 by astronomer Zhang Qicheng of Lowell Observatory using the Discovery Telescope.
This image of 3I/ATLAS was taken on November 8, 2025 by astronomers from the ICQ Comet Observation Group. Image credit: M. Jaeger / G. Lehmann / E. Prosperi.
On November 8th, three astronomers from the ICQ Comet Observation Group observed the comet situated 29 degrees from the Sun in the sky.
The images they captured depict a complex jet structure with at least seven jets, including several anti-tail planes.
“Given the multitude of jets emerging in various directions, the noted non-gravitational acceleration of 3I/ATLAS implies that more than 10 to 20 percent of its initial mass would need to be ejected near perihelion,” remarked Professor Avi Loeb of Harvard University discussing the ICQ images. He stated,
“Only a small fraction of this mass carries the necessary momentum in the favored direction.”
“Consequently, the debris cloud enveloping 3I/ATLAS likely constitutes a considerable portion of the comet’s original mass.”
This 3I/ATLAS image was taken on November 9, 2025, by astronomers from the British Astronomical Society. Image credit: Michael Buechner / Frank Niebling.
On November 9th, two astronomers from the British Astronomical Association (BAA) studied the comet using two telescopes.
Their combined image displayed a long “smoking” tail along with two anti-tail jets.
“3I/ATLAS is expected to make its closest approach to Earth on December 19, 2025, making the multijet structure an intriguing target for future observations with the Hubble and Webb telescopes,” Professor Loeb mentioned discussing the BAA images. He noted.
The minimum distance to Earth will be 269 million km, roughly 100 times the extent of the jet structure illustrated in the image.
Astronomers are particularly interested in understanding how the orbits of planets around other stars evolve. In an idealized model, orbits consist of two uniform spheres revolving around a common center of mass. However, the reality is often more intricate. These deviations from ideal models provide insights into these systems, shedding light on their geometric arrangements in the universe and the potential presence of unseen companion planets.
Recently, a team of astronomers carried out a large-scale survey of Exoplanet TrES-1 b. The researchers selected TrES-1 b to analyze its orbital changes over the last two decades, since its discovery in 2004, because it belongs to the category of exoplanets that are relatively straightforward to observe: hot Jupiters. Hot Jupiters are gas giants similar in size to our solar system’s Jupiter, but they orbit their host stars at much closer distances, sometimes completing a revolution in just a few days. TrES-1 b orbits a star with just under 90% of the mass of our Sun every three days. This brief orbital period enables astronomers to make numerous observations, facilitating the measurement of orbital changes.
The research team initially gathered data on how much light TrES-1 b blocks from Earth’s viewpoint as it transits in front of its host star, referred to as the transit light curve. Most of the optical data originated from ground-based telescopes, inclusive of contributions from citizen scientists. Additionally, they sourced relevant data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, the Hubble Space Telescope, and the Spitzer Space Telescope. This data allowed them to accurately measure the time it took for TrES-1 b to complete its orbit.
They also discovered that another group of astronomers had employed Spitzer’s infrared array camera. Furthermore, they identified four additional studies from 2004 to 2016 that thoroughly measured how the light from TrES-1 b’s host star was affected by its orbital dynamics, specifically through radial velocity. By combining transit light curves, eclipses, and radial velocity data, astronomers gained a holistic understanding of TrES-1 b, which they then compared with statistical models to interpret its long-term behavior.
The research team sought to fit five distinct models to their observations of TrES-1 b to determine which best represented the data. The first model represented a planet with a constant circular orbit, followed by one with a fixed and slightly elliptical orbit, representing an eccentric orbit. The third model employed a circular orbit that gradually decreases in size, termed decaying orbit. The fourth variant implemented a damped and slightly eccentric orbit, while the final model featured a subtly eccentric orbit that also progresses directionally in relation to the star over time, known as precession.
The researchers concluded that, irrespective of the data subsets used, the most plausible explanation for their findings is that TrES-1 b follows an eccentric precessional orbit. They also noted that the damped trajectory model offered a superior fit compared to the steady trajectory models. This implies that while the changes in the exoplanet’s orbit are evident, the data does not support any hypotheses suggesting no actual alterations in its trajectory.
The researchers further elaborated that the rate at which the exoplanet’s orbit is changing indicates the gravitational influence of another planet within the system. They estimated that this hypothetical planet could be no larger than 25% the size of Jupiter and would have an orbital period of no more than 7 days. However, they noted that there was no direct evidence for such a planet in their data, apart from its inferred impact on TrES-1 b. They did discover another exoplanet in the system, termed TrES-1 c, but its wide eccentric orbit is unlikely to account for the changes observed in TrES-1 b’s orbit.
In conclusion, the researchers asserted that a multifaceted methodology to investigate the orbital timings of exoplanets unveils dynamics that may be overlooked by singular observations and models. They advocated for further studies of the long-term behaviors of exoplanets, necessitating extensive monitoring, more precise radial velocity measurements, and complex simulations of multiple celestial bodies within the gravitational system.
We never just drift off; we abruptly enter slumber.
Dead Mitiei/Shutterstock
The brain doesn’t transition into sleep gradually. Instead, we hit a critical moment where we swiftly shift from being awake to asleep within just minutes. This finding could enhance the understanding and treatment of sleep-related issues like insomnia.
“Sleep is crucial to our existence, yet the mechanisms behind how our brain falls asleep have remained elusive,” states Nil Grossman from Imperial College London. It’s commonly thought that this change occurs gradually, with the brain smoothly moving from wakefulness to sleep; however, evidence for this phenomenon is sparse.
Grossman and his team have created a novel method to investigate how the brain functions during sleep by utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) data. This technique captures the brain’s electrical activity and provides insights into various sleep stages and wakefulness. The researchers analyzed 47 EEG signals using an abstract mathematical framework, treating each data point as if it were plotted on a map. This enabled them to visualize brain activity in its transition towards the designated sleep onset zone, correlating with the second phase of non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep.
“Now we can accurately monitor brain activity and determine how close individuals are to falling asleep each second, with a level of precision never achieved before,” explains Grossman.
The method was applied to EEG data acquired during the sleep onset phase of over 1,000 participants, measuring the proximity of brain activity to sleep onset. Generally, this proximity remained stable until about 10 minutes prior to sleep, markedly decreasing in the final moments. Researchers determined that this critical transition occurs roughly 4.5 minutes before sleep, marking the distinct switch from wakefulness to slumber, as noted by Li Junheng, also from Imperial College London. “[This is] the point of no return,” he states.
These findings indicate that the shift from wakefulness to sleep is “not a slow progression, but rather a sudden, dramatic transformation occurring in the last few minutes,” asserts Grossman. Thus, when we “fall asleep,” it closely reflects the underlying activity in our brains. “This showcases nearly the feeling of entering a different state,” he adds.
The research team subsequently gathered brainwave information from another group of 36 individuals, tracking each participant’s sleep patterns over a week. They utilized some of those nights to accurately predict when participants would fall asleep, within a minute of the actual moment.
“This indicates that while individuals differ significantly, each person seems to follow a unique sleep trajectory that recurs night after night,” remarks Laura Lewis from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. However, she notes that it remains uncertain if these patterns alter when external conditions vary, like sleeping in a new environment.
While this framework does not explicitly identify the brain mechanisms responsible for the sleep transition, Lewis believes it could pave the way for future discoveries. “Identifying the precise moment of falling asleep has been quite challenging,” she states. “Once that is established, we can delve into the brain regions and circuits that facilitate sustained sleep.” Understanding the nuances of this transition could also aid in recognizing variations among individuals with insomnia, leading to innovative treatments.
It’s a staggering $1.4 trillion (£1.1 trillion) dilemma. How can a startup like OpenAI, which is currently operating at a loss, afford such enormous expenses?
A positive answer to this question could significantly ease investor worries about potential bubble bursts in the burgeoning artificial intelligence sector, including the high valuations of tech companies and a global expenditure of $3 trillion on data centers.
The firms behind ChatGPT require extensive computing resources (or “compute”) to train their models, generate responses, and develop even more advanced systems going forward. OpenAI’s computing obligations (AI infrastructure such as chips and servers supporting its renowned chatbots) are projected to reach $1.4 trillion over the next eight years, overshadowing its annual revenue of $13 billion.
Recently, this disparity has appeared to be a significant concern, leading to market unease regarding AI expenditures and remarks from OpenAI leaders who have not sufficiently clarified these issues.
OpenAI CEO Sam Altman initially attempted to address the situation during a somewhat awkward discussion with Brad Gerstner of Altimeter Capital, the company’s leading investor, but concluded with Altman’s assertion that “enough is enough.”
On his podcast, Gerstner articulated that the company’s capacity to cover more than $1 trillion in computing expenses while yielding only $13 billion in annual revenue is an issue “plaguing the market.”
Altman countered by stating, “First of all, we’re generating more than that. Secondly, if you want to sell your stock, I can find you a buyer; I’ve had enough.”
Last week, OpenAI’s Chief Financial Officer Sarah Friar suggested that some of the chip expenses could be offset by the U.S. government.
“We’re exploring avenues where banks, private equity, and even governmental systems can help finance this,” she mentioned to the Wall Street Journal, noting that such assurances could significantly lower financing costs.
Was OpenAI, which recently declared itself a full-fledged for-profit entity valued at $500 billion, implying that AI companies should be regarded similarly to banks during the late 2000s? This led to a quick clarification from Friar, who denied on LinkedIn that OpenAI was seeking federal reassurance while Altman aimed to clarify his stance on X.
“We neither have nor want government guarantees for OpenAI data centers,” Altman wrote in an extensive post, adding that taxpayers shouldn’t be responsible for rescuing companies that make “poor business choices.” Perhaps, he suggested, the government should develop its own AI infrastructure and provide loan assurances to bolster chip manufacturing in the U.S.
Tech analyst Benedict Evans remarked that OpenAI is trying to compete with other major AI contenders supported by substantial existing profit models, including Meta, Google, and Microsoft, who are significant backers of OpenAI.
“OpenAI aims to match or surpass the infrastructure of dominant platform companies that have access to tens of billions to hundreds of billions of dollars in computing resources. However, they rely on cash flow from current operations to afford this, something OpenAI lacks, and they’re working to gain entry into that exclusive circle independently,” he noted.
Altman is confident that the projected $1.4 trillion can be offset by future demand for OpenAI products and ever-evolving models. Photo: Stephen Brashear/AP
There are also concerns surrounding the cyclical nature of some of OpenAI’s computing agreements. For instance, Oracle is set to invest $300 billion in developing new data centers for OpenAI across Texas, New Mexico, Michigan, and Wisconsin, with OpenAI expected to reimburse almost the same amount in fees for those centers. According to its agreement with Nvidia, a primary supplier of AI chips, OpenAI will purchase chips for cash, while Nvidia will invest in OpenAI as a non-controlling stakeholder.
Altman has also provided updates on revenue, stating that OpenAI anticipates exceeding $20 billion in annual revenue by the year’s end and reaching “hundreds of billions of dollars” by 2030.
He remarked: “Based on the trends we’re observing in AI utilization and the increasing demand for it, we believe that the risk of OpenAI lacking sufficient computing power is currently more pressing than the risk of having excess capacity.”
In essence, OpenAI is confident that it can recover its $1.4 trillion investment through anticipated demand for its products and continually enhancing models.
The company boasts 800 million weekly users and 1 million business customers, deriving income from consumer ChatGPT subscriptions – which accounts for 75% of its earnings – in addition to offering enterprises a specific version of ChatGPT and allowing them to leverage its AI models for their own products.
A Silicon Valley investor, who has no financial ties to OpenAI, emphasizes that while the company has the potential for growth, its success hinges on various factors like model improvements, reducing operational costs, and minimizing the expenses of the chips powering these systems.
“We believe OpenAI can capitalize on its strong branding and ChatGPT’s popularity among consumers and businesses to create a suite of high-value, high-margin products. The crucial question is: how extensively can these products and revenue models be able to scale, and how effective will the models ultimately prove to be?”
However, OpenAI currently operates in the red. The company contends that figures regarding its losses are misrepresented, such as claims of an $8 billion loss in the first half of the year and about $12 billion in the third quarter, yet it does not dispute these losses or provide alternative figures.
Altman is optimistic that revenue may stem from multiple sources, including heightened interest in paid ChatGPT versions, other organizations utilizing their data centers, and users purchasing the hardware device being crafted in collaboration with iPhone designer Sir Jony Ive. He also asserts that “substantial value” will emerge from scientific advancements in AI.
Ultimately, OpenAI is banking on needing $1.4 trillion in computing resources, a figure far from its current income, because it is convinced that demand and enhancements to its product lineup will yield returns.
Karl Benedict Frey, author of “How Progress Ends” and an associate professor of AI at the University of Oxford, casts doubt on OpenAI’s aspirations, citing new concerns and evidence of a slowdown in AI adoption in the U.S. economy. Recently, the U.S. Census Bureau reported that companies with 250 or more employees have experienced a decline in AI adoption.
“Multiple indicators reveal that AI adoption has been decreasing in the U.S. since summer. While the underlying reasons remain unclear, this trend implies a shift where some users and businesses feel they aren’t receiving the anticipated value from AI thus far,” Frey stated, adding that achieving $100 billion in revenue by 2027 (as suggested by Altman) would be impossible without groundbreaking innovations from the company.
OpenAI claims that its enterprise ChatGPT version has grown ninefold year-over-year, accelerating business acceptance, with clientele spanning sectors, including banking, life sciences, and manufacturing.
Yet, Altman acknowledges that this venture might not be a guaranteed success.
“However, we could certainly be mistaken, and if that’s the case, the market will self-regulate, not the government.”
Citroën Racing Formula E car during pre-season testing for the 2025-26 ABB FIA Formula E World Championship
Independent photo agency/Alamy
With their sleek designs, smoking tires, and throaty engines, Formula 1 cars have dominated the speed charts for the last five decades. However, the rise of electric racing has the potential to shift that paradigm, especially as advancements in technology propel Formula E vehicles forward.
Formula E recently introduced its fourth-generation vehicle, capable of generating up to 600 kilowatts, equating to about 815 horsepower, enabling speeds of over 350 kilometers per hour. 320km/h has already been achieved.
Despite Formula 1’s current edge with top speeds exceeding 370 km/h, Formula E vehicles already demonstrate a 30% faster acceleration than their F1 counterparts, with the existing third generation capable of sprinting from 0 to 60 mph in just 1.82 seconds. As power and energy retention technology evolves, Formula E CEO Geoff Dodds anticipates that races on tracks such as Silverstone and Monte Carlo will showcase even faster speeds.
“In the upcoming years, this vehicle may equal or even surpass the speed of an F1 car,” Dodds stated. “It’s more about the principles of physics than our skill.”
A significant advantage lies in the exceptional efficiency of electric motors. In consumer electric vehicles like Tesla, Kona, and Ioniq, up to 90% of the energy used is efficiently directed towards movement. In contrast, conventional combustion engines, such as those in F1, lose roughly 25 percent of energy as heat, while F1’s hybrid motors waste around 50 percent. Conversely, Formula E cars achieve energy efficiency rates of 96%, largely due to regenerative braking systems that recharge the battery.
Electric motors deliver maximum torque instantly, eliminating the lag associated with gear shifts during acceleration. The fourth-generation Formula E cars utilize permanent all-wheel drive with distinct motors for each axle, enhancing acceleration, subject to the grip of the still-developing fourth-generation tires.
A notable challenge for Formula E is its battery technology. At the outset of the series in 2014, competitors had to switch vehicles mid-race to complete the distance. Sylvain Filippi, director of Envision Racing Team, remarks that Formula E could currently construct vehicles boasting 1,000 horsepower, surpassing F1’s capabilities for a single lap, but the battery limitations hinder such performance across numerous race laps.
“We’re not yet able to fit 80 liters of fuel equivalent into a single battery. It simply doesn’t exist,” Filippi elaborated. “The advantage of conventional fuel lies in its high energy density.”
Formula E Gen 4 cars can exceed speeds of 350 kilometers per hour
Formula E
Formula E aims to transition from liquid lithium-ion batteries to solid-state alternatives in its upcoming fifth-generation vehicles, which promise reduced weight and enhanced energy storage. This advancement could potentially enable Formula E cars to outperform Formula 1 in direct competitions, according to Dodds.
Nonetheless, even solid-state batteries struggle to match the energy density of liquid fuels, suggesting that F1 may maintain an advantage in race laps, as noted by Daniel Auger, PhD from Cranfield University in the UK.
“They’re definitely in for an exciting contest,” he remarked. “Yet, it’s likely that battery limitations will still play a significant role.”
However, this debate may remain purely theoretical, as the two racing formats adhere to different regulations. For instance, Formula E does not permit tire changes during pit stops and features “Attack Mode” functionality, inspired by power-ups from the Mario Kart series.
Brands such as Porsche, Jaguar, and Nissan are now focused on refining the powertrain and energy management systems of their fourth-generation vehicles to maximize performance ahead of their race introduction scheduled for December 2026.
Many of the technological developments from Formula E might also trickle down to consumer electric vehicles. For instance, the current Porsche Cayenne Electric incorporates direct oil cooling technology that originated in Formula E.
The performance metrics of Formula E “demonstrate the capability of electric vehicles to equal or surpass the performance of traditional internal combustion engines,” insists Graham Evans from S&P Global. “Moreover, this can be achieved with a stronger commitment to environmental sustainability.”
When purchasing an electric vehicle, it’s essential to consider how you will charge it at home.The primary requirements are a charger and a smart meter.
Charger Kit
While you can charge your vehicle using a standard 3-pin plug, it is a slow process. It’s advisable to install a dedicated charger, a specialized AC station that operates at higher speeds and connects to your vehicle through a cable.
Most home chargers provide up to 7.4kW of power, enabling a typical EV to cover 25 to 30 miles for every hour it is charging.
The cost for installing a dedicated home electric car charger ranges from £800 to £1,200. Photo: Andrew Matthews/Pennsylvania
A smart meter is necessary for your energy supplier to monitor your usage throughout the day and apply the appropriate tariffs (see below).
Charging is generally easier for those with driveways or garages compared to the 9.3 million households lacking off-street parking. Some local governments have installed residential charging points on the street, like on lampposts. The government is contemplating the removal of planning permission requirements for installing a crosswalk “gutter” to run the cable from the house to the car.
Tariffs Overview
All major energy providers offer at least one EV tariff, typically allowing drivers to charge their cars at lower rates during specified times of the day.
Long-distance drivers should aim for the lowest overnight rates and the most extended charging periods. Photo: Jonah Images/Alamy
Ben Galizzi from Uswitch highlights various perks available to drivers. “Classic” EV pricing allows charging during cheaper nighttime hours. For instance, British Gas offers rates of 9p/kWh from midnight to 5am. E.ON’s Next Drive has a rate of 7.5p/kWh from 12am to 6am. Scottish Power’s EV Saver charges 7.2p/kWh from midnight to 5am.
Additionally, there are smart rate plans that automatically schedule charging during the cheapest times of day, like when demand is low or renewable energy usage is high. You can program the system to charge your car when rates are lowest. For example, Intelligent Octopus Go charges at 7p/kWh.
Galizzi also notes a new subscription plan. Mr. Octopus’ Intelligent Drive Pack offers unlimited smart charging for £30 monthly. Ovo Energy offers plans starting at £27.50 with a Smart Charge cap of 700 miles per month.
Some EV tariffs may only be available to existing customers. Therefore, to access specific rate plans, you may need to switch to that provider’s standard rate first before opting for an EV tariff.
While assessing your car’s best value, Martin Lewis’ MoneySavingExpert site advises that many “two-tier” rates can fluctuate based on the time of day, offering appealing nighttime rates alongside peak ones that may surpass price caps. For example, the Intelligent Octopus Go can cost around 29p/kWh daily, while the default rate is 26p.
Urban drivers may find smart charging options offer better value, according to experts. Photo: SouthWorks/Alamy
Potential savings could also arise from salary sacrifice schemes, where the cost of home charging is deducted from an eligible person’s gross salary before tax and national insurance. This can include options like the Electric Vehicle System Charge Card.
Selecting the Right Tariff
Choosing the best deal primarily depends on your driving mileage.
Galizzi recommends that long-distance drivers search for the lowest overnight rates and the longest charging durations. “Aim to have your vehicle fully charged every night to be ready for the road in the morning,” he notes. For example, E.ON Next Drive offers rates of 6.5p/kWh between midnight and 6am.
For city drivers, smart charging options might provide better value. “The goal is to find the most cost-effective charging time,” he indicates. Similar offerings are available from Scottish Power, with rates starting at 9p/kWh.
It was the perfect backdrop for a Nancy Meyers film. We found ourselves at a friend’s rehearsal dinner in Oregon’s wine country, nestled in a rustic-chic barn that exuded a subtle sense of luxury. “This venue is amazing,” I said to the groom-to-be. He leaned in as if to share a secret: “Found it on ChatGPT.”
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As he explained that he had incorporated generative AI into the early stages of his wedding planning, a smile crept onto my face. (They also hired a human wedding planner.) They were attentive, yet I realized that if my future partner approached me with wedding suggestions from ChatGPT, the wedding would be off.
Many have non-negotiable preferences in relationships. I don’t smoke, I love cats, and I wish to have children. With recent warnings about the impending AI crisis dominating my newsfeed and conversations, I formulated a new boundary: I won’t date anyone who uses ChatGPT. (To be fair, it could refer to any generative AI, but with 700 million weekly users, ChatGPT is my primary target.)
I’ve heard all the hypothetical scenarios. I use it in my professional life, but what lies beyond? What if it benefits others? What if you just want to utilize it as a proofing tool? Personally, I never use it to “write” anything. I believe there are people out there who can genuinely assist you, but I’m not one of them.
The phrase “feeling sick” signifies being turned off. Sometimes, we encounter behaviors that irk us—like the time I felt nauseated watching a man sip a smoothie through a straw. Initially, my distaste for ChatGPT seemed trivial, a baseless detestation.
Now, in the fall of 2025, using this program for even mundane tasks like crafting a fitness plan or selecting an outfit feels increasingly like a political statement. We’re aware that energy-consuming technologies drain water supplies and escalate electricity costs. It’s marketed as a helper for building relationships, yet isolated individuals are forging connections with algorithms instead of people—a current reality, not just a plot for sci-fi. The tech moguls spearheading this shift prioritize profit over humanity.
Sure, ChatGPT can help draft a shopping list. But does your convenience surpass the potential social repercussions?
As if that weren’t enough, ChatGPT has somehow exacerbated the dating scene. A good friend shared a recent experience where, after spending the night with a guy, she suggested breakfast. He pulled out his phone, opened ChatGPT, and asked for restaurant recommendations. Why would anyone want to date someone who offloads decision-making—especially for something as enjoyable as choosing a place to eat? If they’re too lazy to plan a first date with ChatGPT, how little effort will they expend in six months?
It’s hard to envision a deep, meaningful relationship with someone who frequently engages with technology that erodes our focus and possibly hints at our ultimate downfall. Intellectual curiosity, creativity, originality—if you equate productivity with an app summarizing a movie to save time, we likely don’t share the same values.
Ali Jackson, a New York-based dating coach, uses ChatGPT for some tasks but isn’t an advocate. Over the past six months, she notes many clients have expressed frustration with “chat phishing” and the use of AI-generated content even for dating apps. When I questioned Jackson about my critiques of ChatGPT users, she replied, “No, you can set your own boundaries, but that might limit your dating pool.” Approximately 10% of adults currently use this technology.
“Ask yourself if your preferences truly align with your long-term aspirations,” advises Jackson. “In your situation, I believe this could reflect a core value. It’s crucial to find someone who resonates with your principles.”
People’s aversion to AI extends beyond dating. Ana Pereira, 26, a sound engineer in Brooklyn, fantasizes about disabling AI features on her phone, yet platforms like Google and Spotify make opting out nearly impossible. Pereira thinks using ChatGPT “indicates profound laziness.”
“You seem unable to think independently and rely on apps for help,” she remarked. Recently, two of her friends endured harsh breakups, and she supported one who turned to ChatGPT, a notoriously ineffective therapy, instead of their partner to express feelings. “They wanted to avoid uncomfortable emotions,” she stated. “However, processing emotions isn’t that simple.”
Luciano Noisine echoes a similar sentiment. Richard Burns, a 31-year-old marine biologist and restaurant server in Hawaii, is equally fatigued. “I’m not sure how I feel about people using ChatGPT, but my response would be, ‘Here we go.’ You don’t need to rely on it for a shopping list. Your life shouldn’t be that challenging. We can create one together.”
When director Guillermo del Toro declared he’d “rather die” than use generative AI, it grabbed attention, as did SZA’s harsh words about “environmental racism” and concerns over tech firms creating a “co-dependent” user base. Figures like Simu Liu and Emily Blunt have also criticized AI’s role in various industries. It’s no wonder such statements resonate with the public.
Even within the tech industry, nuances exist. Last month, Pinterest introduced filters that enable users to eliminate AI-generated content. Meta allows users to mute similar actions on Instagram, though it doesn’t disable it entirely. Reports have surfaced of some Silicon Valley engineers becoming more “cursor-resistant,” hesitant to rely on AI for coding.
Luciano Neusine, a principal software engineer based in Greece and the Netherlands, was once eager to use AI for coding assistance. However, he grew aware of his dependencies. “Before, I was just on autopilot,” said Noisine, 27. Recently, when planning a rendezvous with a friend three hours away by train, she suggested using ChatGPT to pick a meeting spot. “There’s a city right in between us,” he pointed out. “Why not just look at a map?”
I don’t intend to date a technology-dependent Luddite, but I aspire to lead a life unencumbered by ChatGPT’s influence. Recently, I declared this sentiment on my dating app profile, replying to Hinge’s prompt about what would disqualify a potential date with “You use ChatGPT for absolutely everything.” This clearly conveys my main points.
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Data Center in Ashburn, Virginia
Jim Roe Scalzo/EPA/Shutterstock
As the artificial intelligence sector grows swiftly, concerns about the ecological effects of data centers are increasingly being discussed. New projections indicate that the industry may fall short of achieving net-zero emissions by 2030.
Fenki Yu and researchers from Cornell University in New York have evaluated the potential energy, water, and carbon consumption of current leading AI servers by 2030, under various growth scenarios and specific U.S. data center locations. Their analysis integrates anticipated chip production, server energy demands, and cooling efficiency, coupled with state power grid data. While not all AI enterprises have declared net-zero objectives, major tech firms involved in AI, like Google, Microsoft, and Meta, have set targets for 2030.
“The rapid expansion of AI computing is fundamentally altering everything,” says Yu. “We’re striving to understand the implications of this growth.”
The researchers estimate that establishing AI servers in the U.S. may require between 731 million to 1.125 billion cubic meters of additional water by 2030, along with greenhouse gas emissions ranging from 24 million to 44 million tons of carbon dioxide each year. These estimates hinge on the pace of AI demand growth, the actual number of advanced servers that can be produced, and the sites of new U.S. data centers.
To address these issues, the researchers modeled five scenarios based on varying growth rates and outlined potential measures to minimize the impact. “The top priority is location,” Yu explains. By situating data centers in Midwestern states with abundant water resources and a significant share of renewable energy in the power grid, the environmental fallout can be mitigated. The team also emphasizes that transitioning to decarbonized energy sources and enhancing efficiency in computing and cooling processes are essential strategies for minimizing environmental impact. Collectively, these three measures could potentially lower industry emissions by 73% and reduce water usage by 86%.
However, public resistance may disrupt these predictions, particularly regarding the environmental ramifications of establishing data centers. In Virginia, where 1/8 of the world’s data centers are located, residents have voiced opposition to upcoming construction plans, citing concerns over water resources and broader environmental impacts. Similar petitions against data centers have arisen in Pennsylvania, Texas, Arizona, California, and Oregon. As per Data Center Watch, a firm that monitors data center developments, local opposition is stalling approximately $64 billion worth of projects. Even where certain locations successfully deny data center projects, questions remain regarding their potential power and water consumption.
This new research is viewed cautiously by those analyzing and quantifying AI’s environmental effects. “The AI field evolves so quickly that making accurate future predictions is incredibly challenging,” says Sasha Luccioni from the AI company Hugging Face. “As mentioned by the authors, breakthroughs in the industry can radically alter computing and energy needs, reminiscent of DeepSeek’s innovative techniques that reduced reliance on brute-force calculations.”
Chris Priest from the University of Bristol in the UK concurs, highlighting the necessity for increased investment in renewable energy infrastructure and the importance of data center placement. “I believe their projections for water usage in direct cooling of AI data centers are rather pessimistic,” he remarks, suggesting that the model’s “best case” scenario aligns more closely with “business as usual” for contemporary data centers.
Luccioni believes the paper underscores a vital missing element in the AI ecosystem: “greater transparency.” She notes that this issue can be addressed by “mandating model developers to track and disclose their computing and energy consumption, share this information with users and policymakers, and commit to reducing overall environmental impacts, including emissions.”
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Aerial overview of Nabuyatom Crater, located south of Lake Turkana, Kenya
Martin Harvey/Alamy
The arid conditions of East Africa have led to a decline in the water levels of Kenya’s Lake Turkana for millennia, triggering rising earthquakes and volcanoes beneath its surface. This risk associated with climate change could potentially impact other water bodies globally as precipitation and drought patterns shift.
Lake Turkana is often referred to as the cradle of humanity. Fossils from at least six different human species, dating back 4.2 million years, have been unearthed here, with some believed to have lived alongside each other. As the size of these lakes decreased over thousands of years, our ancestors faced not just a more arid environment but also increased geological activity.
“We believe that during these eras, there would have been a rise in the frequency of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions,” states Christopher Scholz, a researcher at Syracuse University in New York. “The challenging conditions observable today in the region would have been further intensified.”
Situated in the Great Rift Valley between Kenya and Ethiopia, Lake Turkana is the world’s largest desert lake, a greenish body of saline water surrounded by sandy shrublands and breezy outcrops. However, 9,000 years ago, it was considerably larger and enveloped by rich grasslands and forests.
Between 4,000 and 6,000 years ago, the climate shifted towards drier conditions, causing the lake’s level to fall by 100 to 150 meters. Such a drop in water levels lessens the pressure on the lakebed below, potentially influencing seismic behavior. To investigate the impact of this climatic alteration, Scholz and his team pinpointed specific sediment layers that correspond to various historical periods from cores previously extracted from the lakebed.
They conducted sonar scans from a boat over 27 faults on the lake floor to analyze how the sediment layers were displaced vertically on either side of each fault. Their findings suggested that as the climate grows drier, the sides of faults slip past one another at an accelerated average rate of 0.17 millimeters per year.
“The key mechanism here involves tightening and loosening this deformation area, which causes earthquakes,” Scholz explains. “A drier climate coupled with lower lake loads will facilitate a slicker fault line.”
Computer simulations indicate that as water mass diminishes, an increase in magma movement occurs beneath the lake. One of the volcanic islands in Lake Turkana erupted in 1888.
Research previously demonstrated that declining sea levels heighten volcanic activity at ocean ridges. However, this provides the first solid evidence of a similar trend occurring around this lake, according to Ken McDonald from the University of California, Santa Barbara. “It’s akin to loosening the cork on a champagne bottle,” he remarks. “Reducing the pressure increases the likelihood of magma ascending within the Earth’s crust and erupting.”
While climate change is currently leading to higher water levels in Lake Turkana, it may take millennia for seismic and volcanic activities to stabilize significantly.
Nevertheless, the authors of the study advocate that seismic risk assessments should take into account how climate change affects water levels. Moreover, policymakers should factor in seismic vulnerabilities when planning the construction or deconstruction of dams.
“They should install [seismometers] before making any substantial alterations,” McDonald advises.
It has been an exciting year for neurotechnology, if one overlooks the interests of its investors. A small brain transplant yielded positive results in August, as researchers decoded the inner thoughts of a paralyzed patient. In October, a procedure restored vision to individuals who had lost their eyesight.
Experts believe the field could benefit from reduced involvement from its high-profile investors, such as Elon Musk and Sam Altman from OpenAI, who are preoccupied with notions of brain uploading and merging with AI.
“It significantly skews the conversation,” noted Marcello Ienca, a neuroethics professor at the Technical University of Munich. “There are ongoing worries about the narratives they propagate.”
Michael Hendricks, a professor of neurobiology at McGill University, remarked that “wealthy individuals fascinated by unrealistic transhumanist dreams” are clouding public perception of neurotechnology’s potential. “While Neuralink is genuinely developing technology for neuroscience, Musk’s comments on topics like telepathy create confusion.”
Over recent years, Silicon Valley companies have increased their investments in neurotechnology, with Altman co-founding Merge Labs, a competitor to Musk’s Neuralink, in August. Firms like Apple and Meta are both in the process of creating wearable devices that utilize neural data, such as a Meta wristband for brainwave monitoring and headphones by Apple.
Ienca asserts that most major tech companies in the U.S. have ongoing research into neurotechnology, such as Google’s Neural Mapping project and Meta’s acquisition of Ctrl Labs. “Neurotech is quickly entering the mainstream,” he observed.
While these technologies show promise for the immediate treatment of various neurological disorders, including ALS, Parkinson’s disease, and paralysis, concerns arise regarding whether investors genuinely aim to cure these ailments.
Musk has indicated that brain-computer interfaces like Neuralink might someday enable people to “upload” their consciousness. Altman remains reticent on the subject yet speaks of “memories” and the potential to “download them into a new or robotic body.” He mentioned on his blog that the anticipated “fusion” of humans and machines could occur through genetic engineering or “implanting electrodes into the brain.” Notably, in 2018, Altman invested in a “100% lethal” brain-uploading startup and paid $10,000 to join its waiting list.
To clarify, both Hendricks and Ienca state that technologies such as brain uploading are still far from being realized, if feasible at all in the foreseeable future. “Biological systems are not akin to computers,” Hendricks emphasized.
Some worry that these ambitions might impede tangible health advancements, potentially leading to regulations that stifle innovation due to fear.
Elon Musk mentioned that individuals “may upload” their memories and “download them into a new or robotic body.” Photo: Gonzalo Fuentes/Reuters
Kristen Matthews, a mental privacy attorney at the Cooley law firm in the U.S., commented on this phenomenon: “Overhyping in science fiction can lead to regulations that obstruct technology advancements capable of genuinely aiding those in need.”
Neuroscientist Hervé Schneweis criticized this as “entirely unrealistic and obscuring genuine inquiries.” He chaired an expert committee that advised UNESCO on global standards for neurotechnology, which were adopted recently.
The current landscape of neurotechnology features three distinct categories. The first encompasses medical devices, such as a brain implant that decodes speech and Neuralink’s electronic chip that allows a man with a spinal cord injury to control a computer. The second includes consumer wearables like EEG earbuds and, more broadly, devices such as Apple’s VisionPro that track eye movements.
Lastly, there are the speculative projects like Nectome, a brain-uploading startup, and Kernel, which aims to connect the brain to a computer, alongside Neuralink’s latest initiatives. trademarking their concept of telepathy.
The first category promises the most significant breakthroughs, such as restoring vision and hearing as well as treating neurodegenerative and possibly psychiatric conditions. However, these medical devices are subject to stringent regulations and are not as advanced as reported by sensationalist media. A recent study criticized “misleading advertisements” surrounding brain-computer interfaces, asserting that the technology remains in its infancy at the outer edges of human neuroscience.
The second category, consumer wearables, presents more complex regulatory challenges. There have been numerous reports of brain-measuring devices breaching privacy, including widely discussed brainwave-monitoring helmets in China purportedly observing construction site laborers. It’s unclear whether these truly enhance productivity or pose legitimate monitoring risks.
“The robustness of the evidence supporting such systems is quite limited, with few studies being reproducible,” Ienca stated.
Hendricks added that devices like the EEG earphones sold by firms such as Emotiv are unlikely to function as effective surveillance tools due to the unreliable nature of the data, akin to the signals produced by a lie detector.
Nevertheless, Schneweis contends that these tools invoke genuine concerns: “If implemented in workplaces, they could monitor mental fatigue, and such data could lead to discrimination.”
On the other hand, speculative applications often rely on the assumption that healthy individuals willingly undergo invasive brain implants to facilitate communication with computers or telekinetic abilities.
This outcome seems improbable. If such advancements occur, they might trigger surveillance concerns. However, Hendricks expressed skepticism regarding the utility of such monitoring, suggesting it would offer no more valuable information than the detailed data tech giants already collect, including web browsing history and purchase information.
“Numerous methods exist to influence individuals using straightforward language and visual mediums,” Hendricks noted. “I doubt [that brain implants] will catch up any time soon.”
Regarding brain uploading, Hendricks believes the concept is rooted in a flawed understanding of technology, wherein individuals perceive the brain as hardware and consciousness as software that can be executed on it, a computer, or a robot.
“If I could truly upload myself to a computer and achieve immortality, I’d be inclined to end my life as long as someone assured me, ‘Oh, you’ll just reside in a metal box over there,'” he commented. “But I doubt many would take that risk. We instinctively recognize it as nonsensical.”
“This year’s Leonid meteor shower coincides almost perfectly with the new moon…”
Walter Pacholka, Astronomical/Scientific Photo Library
Watching a meteor shower is a captivating experience, in part due to the unpredictability of these events. Even under ideal conditions, the sight can be overwhelming, especially when forecasts predict hundreds of meteors per hour. However, gathering with friends to witness this celestial display can make it special, even if only a few shooting stars appear.
This year’s Leonid meteor shower aligns perfectly with the new moon, offering an excellent opportunity to see numerous meteors streaking across the sky. While it may not reach hundreds each hour, I highly encourage you to take a look.
Meteor showers happen at the same time annually because they align with Earth’s orbit around the sun, bringing in debris remnants from comets and asteroids. This results in an influx of dust particles entering the atmosphere, creating brilliant flashes as they burn up.
The Leonid meteor shower originates from the remnants left by Comet Tempel-Tuttle, a 3.6-kilometer-wide comet that orbits the sun every 33 years. During peak times, the Leonid shower transforms into a meteor storm, showcasing thousands of meteors per hour. The last storm occurred in 2002, so another isn’t expected for another decade.
If you’re fortunate, you might witness a meteor like the one shown in the image. The Leonid meteor shower begins on November 6 and lasts through the end of the month, peaking from the evening of November 17 to the morning of November 18. With the new moon on November 20, the moon will be a thin waning crescent during the peak of the shower. For the best view, aim for just after midnight local time, regardless of your location. The Leonid meteor shower generally has a gradual peak, so it’s worth observing on days surrounding the 17th if the skies are clear.
Meteor showers derive their names from the constellations from which the meteors appear to originate, but you don’t need to locate the Leonid constellation to enjoy them. However, Leo is easy to spot and visible from most areas of the world, excluding extreme southern latitudes. To find it, look for its signature backward question mark or sickle shape, positioned near the Big Dipper. If you need assistance in locating it, consider using a mobile app.
For an optimal meteor shower experience, make yourself warm and comfortable. Since you might be sitting still for extended periods, a hot water bottle or a straight-backed chair can help prevent neck pain. Stay away from light pollution as much as possible. If you’re watching from home, turn off the lights and allow your eyes to adjust. Enjoy!
Aerial view of the Band of Holes in Monte Sierpe, Peru
JL Bongers
A hillside in Peru, featuring over 5,000 aligned holes, could have served as an immense Incan accounting tool or spreadsheet.
The “band of holes” that winds down the slopes of Monte Sierpe (Snake Mountain) has intrigued archaeologists since its aerial images surfaced in 1933. Various hypotheses have been presented regarding the purpose of these pits—ranging from tombs and defensive structures to water storage or horticultural uses during the Inca Empire, which flourished from 1438 to 1533.
“This 1.5-kilometer-long series of holes has stumped researchers for decades,” states Jacob Bongers from the University of Sydney.
To uncover the purpose of these holes, Bongers and colleagues examined sediment from 19 holes and utilized a drone to capture the clearest aerial visuals of sinkholes measuring 1 to 2 meters in diameter and between 50 centimeters to 1 meter deep.
The analysis unveiled pollen from consumable crops like corn, amaranth, chili peppers, and sweet potatoes, in addition to wild plants like sweet potatoes typhus rash (bush), commonly used for making baskets and rafts.
Bongers points out that the distance of the holes from fertile areas suggests pollen couldn’t have dispersed via wind. He proposes that local communities from the Chincha culture, active from about 900 to 1450 AD, may have lined the pits with vegetation and filled them with goods transported by llamas in woven baskets.
“Our data supports the theory that items were brought to this site and placed in the holes,” he says, noting that the absence of much pottery could be attributed to the use of baskets. “Initially, we believe this was a barter market, later evolving under the Inca Empire into a vast accounting device.”
Circa 1480, the Chincha fell under Incan dominance yet maintained autonomy; historical records indicate they were mandated to pay tributes, says Bongers. The concept of the accounting tool materialized from aerial photography, which enabled a more precise tally of the holes (approximately 5,200) and their arrangements.
The layout encompasses at least 60 sections or blocks. Researchers argue that it mirrors certain Incan counting methods, such as the knotted cord device known as Kipus, likened to a calculator or abacus. However, Bongers asserts that a more fitting analogy for this site’s design is a spreadsheet that documents food and goods contributions from the local populace.
Holes in Monte Sierpe, Peru
C. Stanish
“There are intriguing mathematical patterns; some sections consist of multiple rows of eight holes, with alternating counts of 8 and 7. This suggests deliberate intent behind their arrangement,” Bongers comments.
He believes the different sections may align with distinct groups from the densely populated and agriculturally productive regions surrounding Monte Sierpe, where approximately 100,000 people resided in the Pisco and Chincha valleys.
The specific Kipu structures from the Pisco Valley share layout similarities with the holes in the field, divided into roughly similar sections, consisting of a total of 80 departments.
“While the 5,200 holes are certainly large enough to accommodate items, they lack a clear decimal organization, which we would expect given the Incas’ decimal system; thus, the arrangement appears more complex than mere groups of ten,” remarks Karenlee Overmann from the University of Colorado Colorado Springs. “The hall itself is divided into approximately 60 sections, while the Kipu represents 80, indicating a notable numerical disparity.”
Bongers acknowledges this discrepancy but notes uncertainty around how long the site was in use or how the holes’ placement and function evolved in relation to the Kipu. “We are observing the end state, which might have started with just a few sections, growing in response to population increases,” he explains.
Located near a junction in the pre-Hispanic road network and between two major Incan administrative regions, Tambo Colorado and Lima la Vieja, supplies may have been collected here rather than in urban centers.
Overmann finds the study commendable for weighing various hypotheses about the holes’ purpose, but she suggests a simpler explanation could be at play. “Peru boasts a rich tradition of crafting substantial petroglyphs visible from long distances,” she mentions. “Perhaps they were simply engaging in that practice.”
Bongers concurs that this could be one of the functions. “However, both perspectives could coexist. It’s a massive, iconic form, yet it also fulfilled a practical role, serving as a type of social technology. Without the internet or cell phones, how did people know when and where to gather? Building a prominent site visible from afar may have been the solution.”
Historic Herculaneum – discover Vesuvius, Pompeii, and ancient Naples
Embark on an intriguing journey through the ruins of Mount Vesuvius, Pompeii, and Herculaneum, where history and archaeology come alive.
THe faces depression: As reported by The Cut, individuals are turning to AI to crack escape room puzzles and manipulate trivia nights. Is this not the essence of spoiling one’s enjoyment? “It’s akin to entering a corn maze with the intent of taking a straight path to the exit,” remarked a TikToker featured in the article. There are conversations with passionate readers who rely on ChatGPT to substitute book clubs and source “enlightening opinions and perspectives.” Everything was pleasant until a character’s demise disrupted the fantasy saga he was savoring (though, in truth, that seems rather grim).
Conversely, Substack appears to be filled with AI-produced essays. This New Blog platform is a vibrant hub for passionate creators to showcase their writings. Handing that off to a bot feels like peak absurdity. Will Storr, who delves into storytelling, examines this unexpected trend and its implications. In his own Substack, he discusses the phenomenon of “impersonal universalism,” wherein grand statements may sound profound but fall flat. “Insight possesses a universality akin to white noise, wrapped in an unsettling vagueness that can cloud our thoughts,” he observes.
I find it puzzling how anyone can derive pleasure from using extensive language models (LLMs) to appear vaguely “intelligent” or engage in AI-altered hobbies. Yet, I believe this isn’t an existential threat posed by AI. It is crucial that we savor our experiences. Let robots take our jobs, but they shouldn’t steal our joy. I’m not here to dictate how others should find pleasure—I’m no authority on fun. If I were to teach you, it might very well come across like an AI-generated Substack (embracing nature, chatting with strangers, enjoying moments with loved ones). Yet, I often reflect on what genuinely makes me feel alive, as I seek to engage more in those activities. It becomes a personal defense against “impersonal universality.”
First up: singing. While I wish AI could concoct melodic canons and create ethereal robot madrigals, it cannot replicate the whimsical joy of my quirky choir made up of very special individuals. We may not be the most skilled vocalists, but when we harmonize, we share a deep sense of connection (research indicates that group singing fosters bonding) quick social bonding). Occasionally, everything aligns for fleeting moments of breathtaking beauty, humbly guided by our choir director, silently matching a chef’s kiss. Regardless, it remains delightful.
Next, let’s discuss not my own but someone else’s experiences. I find endless inspiration in the unique artifacts people treasure, acquire, and eventually discard. My regular visits to York’s weekly car boot sale reveal a captivating blend of stuffed badgers, Power Rangers merchandise, fishing gear, and a ceramic mouse in Victorian attire. More noble collectibles might include the textiles featured in Renaissance paintings: garments, tapestries, and drapes. Recently, I spent an exhilarating 10 minutes at The Frick Collection in New York, immersed in an astonishingly vacant room while studying Holbein’s Portrait of Thomas More, contemplating the feel of his fur collar and red velvet sleeves, pondering his choices.
A substantial portion of my joy stems from simply being present in nature. I stroll, dig in the soil, observe wildlife (yes, that includes birds), but predominantly, as a lifelong introvert, my delight comes from people. If I had to identify my most reliable source of happiness, it would be wandering through a new city, soaking in the lives of its inhabitants. What do they wear, consume, and discuss? What triggers their anger? What kind of dogs accompany them? It’s an endless buffet of human experience, from toddler tantrums to tender moments of affection to the play of queue dynamics. Recently, I watched the documentary *I Am Martin Parr*, which showcases a photographer adept at capturing the nuances of British life, likened to a magpie, and he resonates with this sentiment. Now in his seventies, Parr is still eager to explore and document the marvelous and strange nuances of society. He declares, “I’m still thrilled to venture out and observe this chaotic world we inhabit.”
That is my secret. AI can offer a rote summary of who we are, but it mixes all our hues into a muddy shade. It cannot encapsulate the joy of something utterly unique.
The government’s initiative to leverage artificial intelligence for accelerating home planning could face an unforeseen hurdle: the agility of AI.
A new platform named Opponent is providing “policy-backed appeals in minutes” for those dissatisfied with nearby development plans.
Utilizing generative AI, the service examines planning applications, evaluates grounds for objections, and categorizes the potential impact as ‘high’, ‘medium’, or ‘low’. It also automatically generates challenge letters, AI-enhanced speeches for planning commissions, and even AI-produced videos aimed at persuading legislators.
Kent residents Hannah and Paul George developed this tool after their lengthy opposition to a proposed mosque near their residence, estimating they invested hundreds of hours in the planning process.
They’re making this service available for £45, specifically targeting people without the financial means to hire specialized lawyers to navigate the complexities of planning law. They believe this initiative will “empower everyone, level the playing field, and enhance fairness in the process.”
Though we are a small company, we aim to make a significant impact. A similar offering, Planningobjection.com, markets a £99 AI-generated objection letter with the slogan ‘Stop complaining and take action’.
A prominent planning lawyer cautioned that such AI could potentially “boost agility,” yet widespread adoption might overwhelm the planning systems and inundate planners with requests.
Sebastian Charles from Aardvark Planning Law noted that in their practice, no AI-generated objections contained references to prior litigation or appeal decisions, which were verified by human lawyers.
“The risk lies in decisions being based on flawed information,” he remarked. “Elected officials could mistakenly trust AI-generated planning speeches, even when rife with inaccuracies about case law and regulations.”
Hannah George, co-founder of Objector, refuted claims that the platform promotes nimbyism.
“It’s simply about making the planning system more equitable,” she explained. “Currently, our experience suggests that it’s far from fair. With the government’s ‘build, produce, build’ approach, we only see things heading in one direction.”
Objector acknowledged the potential for AI-generated inaccuracies, stating that using multiple AI models and comparing their outputs mitigates the risk of “hallucinations” (where AI generates falsehoods).
The current Objector platform is oriented towards small-scale planning applications, like repurposing an office building extension or modifications to a neighbor’s home. George mentioned that they are developing features to address larger projects, such as residential developments on greenbelt land.
The Labor government is advocating for AI as part of the solution to the current planning gridlock. Recently, they introduced a tool named extract, which aims to expedite the planning process and assist the government in fulfilling its goal of constructing 1.5 million new homes.
However, an impending AI “arms race” may be on the horizon, warned John Myers, director of the Inbee Alliance, a campaign advocating for more housing with community backing.
“This will intensify opposition to planning applications and lead to people unearthing vague objections they hadn’t previously discovered,” he stated.
Myers suggested a new dynamic could emerge where “one faction employs AI to expedite the process, while the opposing faction utilizes AI to impede it.” “As long as we lack a method to progress with desirable development, this stalemate will persist.”
Governments might already possess AI systems capable of managing the rising number of dissenting voices spawned by AI. Recently, they unveiled a tool named consult, which examines public consultation responses.
This initiative hopes to ensure “large-scale language models will see widespread implementation,” akin to those utilized by Objector, although it may merely increase the volume of consultation responses.
Paul Smith, managing director of Strategic Land Group, reported this month a rise in AI use among those opposing planning applications.
“AI-based opposition undermines the very rationale of public consultation,” he expressed in Building magazine. “It’s claimed that local communities are best suited to understand their areas…hence, we seek their input.”
“However, if residents opt to reject the system and discover reasons prior to submitting their applications, what’s the purpose of soliciting their opinions in the first place?”
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