Recent analysis of NASA’s Parker Solar Probe data reveals that protons and heavy ions react differently during solar magnetic reconnection events, highlighting the complexity of space weather mechanisms.
NASA’s Parker Solar Probe approaches the Sun. Image credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio.
Magnetic reconnection transforms magnetic energy into explosive kinetic energy, fueling various solar phenomena that significantly impact space weather affecting Earth.
This process energizes protons and heavy ions, propelling them from the Sun at extraordinary speeds.
While current models assume uniform particle behavior, new insights from the Parker Solar Probe indicate significant differences in particle acceleration.
Heavy ions are projected straight, resembling a laser beam, whereas protons generate waves that scatter trailing particles in a dispersive pattern—much like the effect of a flashlight.
“These new findings redefine our understanding of magnetic reconnection,” stated Dr. Mihir Desai, a researcher at the Southwest Research Institute and the University of Texas at San Antonio.
“Protons and heavy ions show distinct spectral behaviors that challenge existing models.”
“Protons create scattered waves more efficiently, while heavy ions maintain a focused beam and preserve their accelerated spectral shape.”
“Magnetic reconnection is a common phenomenon throughout the universe, where magnetic field lines converge, separate, and rejoin.”
“Within the Sun, explosive processes energize particles, generating high-velocity streams that lead to space weather phenomena like solar flares and coronal mass ejections.”
“Such space weather can disrupt Earth’s space environment, resulting in breathtaking auroras but also affecting power grids, satellite communications, and navigation systems.”
“Understanding the mechanics of magnetic reconnection is crucial for predicting hazardous events and safeguarding both life and technological assets on Earth and in space.”
“Our findings reveal that the Sun’s ‘magnetic engine’ is far more intricate than previously thought,” Dr. Desai added.
“This is thrilling as it shows that our own star acts as an accessible laboratory for high-energy physics, similar to the processes that drive some of the universe’s most intense phenomena, like black holes and supernovae.”
For more details, refer to the study results, published on March 31st in the Astrophysics Journal Letter.
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MI Desai et al. 2026. Acceleration of protons and heavy ions by magnetic reconnection in the near-solar heliospheric current sheet. APJ 1000, 300; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae48f2
Harvard University paleontologists have identified a large predatory arthropod from the mid-Cambrian period in Utah, known as Megachelyserax custoi. Distinguished by its impressive three-pronged chelicerae, this soft-bodied creature pushes back the lineage of spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs, and sea spiders by 20 million years, making it the oldest known member of the chelicerate family.
The intricate anatomy of Megachelyserax custoi. Image credit: Masato Hattori/Harvard University.
The fossil of Megachelyserax custoi was unearthed in the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation within the House Mountains of Utah.
Measuring just over 8 cm (3.1 inches) in length, this specimen features a preserved head shield and a nine-segmented dorsal exoskeleton.
These anatomical regions exhibit distinct appendages: the head shield contains six pairs of limbs tailored for feeding and sensory functions, while the underbody boasts plate-like respiratory structures akin to modern horseshoe crab gills.
One of its most remarkable characteristics is the chelicerae—pincer-like feeding appendages that are a defining feature of the chelicerate lineage and set spiders apart from insects.
Insects possess sensory antennae as their foremost appendages, while chelicerates are equipped with grasping features, often with venomous capabilities.
Despite the extensive fossil record from the Cambrian era, no other distinct chelicerae-bearing arthropods have been discovered until now.
Harvard paleontologist Rudy LeRochy-Aubril stated, “This fossil confirms that the Cambrian origins of chelicerates were already established 500 million years ago, showcasing anatomical designs seen in modern spiders and horseshoe crabs.”
Prior to this groundbreaking discovery, the earliest known chelidae dated back to the Early Ordovician Fezuata biota in Morocco, approximately 480 million years ago.
The existence of Megachelyserax custoi places it as an early branch in the chelicerate family tree, emerging 20 million years earlier than previously thought. It serves as a crucial transitional species between primitive Cambrian arthropods, which lacked chelicerae, and the more recent horseshoe crab-like chelicerates, referred to as syndiphosphrines.
According to Dr. Javier Ortega Hernández, also from Harvard University, “Megachelyserax custoi illustrates the evolution of chelicerae and the specialization of body regions occurring before the anterior appendages simplified into structures resembling contemporary spider legs.” He added, “This reconciles several competing evolutionary hypotheses, indicating that multiple theories may contain elements of truth.”
This fossil highlights a pivotal phase in the development of the scissor-like body plan, indicating that integral features began evolving shortly after the Cambrian Explosion, a period recognized for its rapid evolutionary advancements.
Dr. Ortega-Hernández remarked, “By the mid-Cambrian era, when evolutionary rates were notably elevated, arthropods exhibiting anatomical complexity similar to modern species were already populating the oceans.” Interestingly, this early development of complex anatomy did not lead to immediate ecological advantages or diversification.
“Chelodons remained relatively obscure for millions of years, overshadowed by simpler groups like trilobites, until they adapted to terrestrial life,” he added.
Dr. Lerosy-Aubril concluded, “This discovery emphasizes that biological innovation is insufficient for evolutionary success; timing and environmental conditions play crucial roles.”
The findings regarding Megachelyserax custoi are detailed in a study published in the journal Nature.
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R. Lerosy-Aubril & J. Ortega-Hernandez. Arthropods with chelicerates reveal a Cambrian origin of chelicerates. Nature published online on April 1, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10284-2
Astronomers utilizing the Immersion Grating Infrared Spectrometer (IGRINS) at the International Gemini Observatory’s Gemini South Telescope have made groundbreaking discoveries regarding WASP-189b’s atmospheric composition. Their findings indicate that the planet’s elemental composition closely aligns with that of its host star, offering compelling evidence that the planet inherits its chemical makeup from the protoplanetary disk from which it formed.
Artist’s impression of super-hot Jupiter. Image credit: Sci.News.
WASP-189, classified as a 730-million-year-old A-type star, is located 322 light-years away in the constellation Libra.
Also known as HD 133112, this star is significantly larger than our Sun and boasts a temperature exceeding 2,000 degrees Celsius.
First discovered in 2018, WASP-189b is a gas giant that orbits its star at a distance roughly 1.6 times that of Jupiter.
This exotic planet lies about 20 times closer to its star than Earth is to the Sun, completing an orbit in a mere 2.7 days.
According to Arizona State University graduate student Jorge Antonio Sanchez and colleagues, “Superhot Jupiter has temperatures sufficient to vaporize rock-forming elements, such as magnesium, silicon, and iron. This presents a unique opportunity to observe these elements through spectroscopy, a technique that identifies chemicals by analyzing light spectra.”
The astronomers harnessed the IGRINS instrument to capture high-resolution thermal emission spectra of WASP-189b.
They successfully identified neutral iron, magnesium, silicon, water, carbon monoxide, and hydroxyl groups within the exoplanet’s atmosphere.
“The IGRINS data reveals that WASP-189b exhibits a magnesium to silicon ratio identical to that of its host star,” they noted.
This pivotal finding offers the first observational evidence supporting a commonly held hypothesis regarding planetary formation, paving the way for deeper insights into exoplanet creation and evolution.
Gas giants like WASP-189b are believed to possess outer gas layers whose chemical makeup is heavily influenced by the protoplanetary disk from which they originated.
Researchers suspect that the ratio of rock-forming elements in the protoplanetary disk mirrors that of the host star, as they formed from the same primordial matter cloud.
This inferred chemical connection between a star and its surrounding planets is frequently utilized to model the composition of rocky exoplanets.
Previously observed only within our solar system, this link has now been directly documented on distant planets.
“WASP-189b represents a critical observational milestone in understanding terrestrial planet formation, as it allows for measurable quantities to confirm the similarities in stellar composition and the proportion of rocky materials that form alongside planets,” Sanchez stated.
Dr. Michael Rhine, an astronomer at Arizona State University, added, “Our study showcases the capabilities of ground-based, high-resolution spectrometers to analyze key species like magnesium and silicon, two essential elements in rocky planet formation. This advancement opens a new frontier in exoplanet atmospheric studies.”
The findings of this research were published in a paper in the journal Nature Communications on February 18, 2026.
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JA Sanchez et al. 2026. The magnesium to silicon ratio in the exoplanet’s atmosphere. Nat Commune 17, 2902; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-69610-x
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President Trump Congratulates Astronauts on NASA Artemis II Mission
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Dr. Harrison Schmidt, Apollo 17 astronaut and the last person to walk on the moon, discusses his experiences, moon rock samples, and the significance of the Artemis II mission for future generations. April 1, 2026
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President Trump Congratulates Astronauts on NASA Artemis II Mission
When it comes to advice for the four NASA astronauts poised to embark on their lunar voyage this Wednesday, Harrison Schmidt is undoubtedly the expert you want to hear from.
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At 90 years old, Schmidt made history when he walked on the moon during Apollo 17 in 1972, the last human mission to our lunar neighbor.
NASA’s Artemis II mission is set to launch on Wednesday at 6:24 PM, marking a new chapter in lunar exploration. The mission aims to orbit the moon, paving the way for a future landing in 2028, mirroring Apollo 8’s pivotal role for Apollo 11.
According to Schmidt, the Artemis II astronauts will encounter many of the surreal vistas he experienced over fifty years ago.
“Every day, every hour, every minute is a new experience,” Schmidt remarked in an interview with NBC News.
Mr. Schmidt today. NBC News
To the Artemis II team, Schmidt advises: “Train well. Be prepared for the unexpected. But most importantly, have fun.”
Since the days of Apollo 17, much has changed. At that time, Schmidt and the crew were entrenched in a space race against the Soviet Union, whereas NASA is now in competition with China, which has its sights set on landing astronauts on the moon by 2030.
The Apollo 17 crew spent nearly 13 days in space, including three on the moon, traveling 30 kilometers on the lunar rover, the furthest any crew has gone, while collecting a record-breaking 243 pounds of geological samples.
Astronaut Harrison H. Schmidt, Lunar Module Pilot, aboard the Lunar Module LM before it lifts off from the moon in 1972. Eugene A. Cernan/NASA
Schmidt recounts the unforgettable experience of entering lunar orbit in darkness on the moon’s far side, shielded from Earth’s view.
“As we were landing on the east side of the moon with the sun barely peeking over the horizon, stepping into that incredible darkness was surreal. The moon was visibly illuminated by Earth’s light, casting a beautiful bluish hue,” Schmidt reminisced.
Schmidt stands near the U.S. flag on the moon during a spacewalk on December 13, 1972. JSC/NASA
The Artemis II astronauts will have an unprecedented view of the moon’s far side.
“We’ve discovered that roughly 60% of the far side has never been seen by human eyes due to its lighting conditions,” remarked Reed Wiseman, the Artemis II mission commander. “Apollo focused on lighting for landings on the near side, but this moonwalk offers a different perspective. It’s truly remarkable.”
Following Apollo 17’s conclusion, the U.S. shifted its focus away from sustaining a human presence on the moon. The 1970s budget cuts led to the cancellation of further Apollo missions, prompting a priority shift toward the space station.
The crew of Apollo 17 captured this view of Earth on December 7, 1972, while heading toward the moon. JSC/NASA
Unlike the Apollo missions, NASA’s Artemis program intends to establish a sustainable lunar presence, laying the groundwork for future missions to Mars.
“It wouldn’t surprise me if we see people live on the moon for months or even years within our lifetime,” Schmidt expressed. “Mars is within our reach, and we will continue pushing forward.”
What fuels his optimism? “As humans, exploration is ingrained in our nature,” Schmidt asserted.
“From our origins in Africa to the present, the drive to explore and expand is deeply embedded within us,” he concludes.
Schmidt trained in the Lunar Module Simulator at Kennedy Space Center before the Apollo 17 mission in 1972. NASA
As Apollo 17 ventured away from the moon, Commander Gene Cernan remarked: “We depart just as we came; with God’s will, we will return carrying peace and hope for all mankind.”
If everything goes according to plan, Artemis II will be a significant stride in that journey. By the mission’s sixth day, the crew expects to come within just 6,000 miles of the moon’s surface, potentially reaching farther from Earth than any human has traveled before.
“This mission is essential for our nation,” Schmidt asserts. “China is clearly vying for space control, just as it is on Earth. Thus, this national initiative must be executed effectively.”
The highly anticipated Artemis II event will mark the family’s first opportunity to witness a rocket launch in person. Aaron plans to drive to Titusville, searching for a less crowded viewing spot for optimal viewing.
The surge of tourists flocking to central Florida is a significant boost for the local economy, although heavy traffic remains a challenge.
Beachfront hotels have been fully booked for weeks, if not months. Many local businesses are participating in the launch festivities, enhancing the community spirit.
The Ace Hardware sign in Titusville showcases a photo of an astronaut, advertising essential launch viewing supplies. A Cocoa Beach shop is offering commemorative items, including Artemis II Aloha shirts.
In addition, Playalinda Brewing Company has crafted a themed pale ale named Artemis IIPA.
“In 2022, Playalinda released Artemis Pale Ale, and with this new venture, we wanted to take it a step further, launching Artemis II Double IPA,” said Ronnie Chabot, one of the brewery’s four owners and operators.
After the beer went on sale on February 3, ahead of the initial launch window targeted by NASA, Chabot reported that both cans and draft beer sold out within days. The beer features a retro label showcasing a Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, complete with an “Easter egg” for space enthusiasts—the moon depicted in its phase during the launch of Artemis II.
When NASA was forced to abandon the opening launch opportunity that same month, Playalinda decided to produce a larger batch. These cans also sold out swiftly.
“It was the fastest-selling item at the brewery,” Chabot noted.
If all goes according to plan, the Artemis II astronauts will embark on a three-day journey to the moon.
Their significant milestone is set for Monday, when they will fly around the moon. This historic maneuver will enable humans to travel farther from Earth than ever before, potentially breaking the distance record of 248,655 miles established by Apollo 13 astronauts in 1970.
During the flyby, the Artemis II crew will approach within 4,000 to 6,000 miles of the moon’s surface. According to NASA, from this vantage point, the moon will appear roughly the size of a basketball held at arm’s length.
As they orbit the moon, the astronauts will observe portions of the moon’s surface for the first time through human eyes, specifically the far side of the moon that is never visible from Earth.
Following the orbit, the astronauts will conclude their mission with a return flight to Earth, culminating in a splashdown in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego on April 10th.
The Artemis II mission is a crucial element of NASA’s plans to return astronauts to the moon and establish a sustainable human presence there, with future aspirations to construct a lunar base.
October 2025: Viewers witness a launch from Launch Facility 39B at Kennedy Space Center. Image Credit: Chip Somodevilla/Getty Images
In 2024, NASA plans to launch the Artemis III mission, which will utilize a commercially built lunar lander to demonstrate technology in low Earth orbit. Companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin are developing landers to transport NASA astronauts from lunar orbit to the moon’s surface.
Following Artemis III, NASA intends to launch the Artemis IV mission with the goal of landing on the moon sometime in 2028.
Artemis II Mission Launch from Kennedy Space Center
AFP (via Getty Images)
The highly anticipated Artemis II mission marks humanity’s first crewed journey to the moon since the Apollo program ceased in 1972. Set to launch from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on April 1, this groundbreaking mission will take four astronauts further into space than ever before.
This mission represents NASA’s second flight of its Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the Orion crew capsule, showcasing its first crewed operation following the successful unmanned Artemis I mission in 2022 that circled the moon.
Upon launch, NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen will spend the initial two days in Earth orbit, testing the spacecraft’s systems. A critical aspect of these tests is to maneuver the Orion capsule for docking with an older spacecraft, a process that will require astronaut control for safety.
“We may need to intervene if docking doesn’t go as planned,” Glover mentioned during a press conference on March 29. “Our goal is to ensure we can manage any unexpected situations.”
After completing these tests, Orion will embark on its lunar orbit, reaching a maximum distance of approximately 402,000 kilometers from Earth, surpassing the record set by Apollo 13 in 1970. This orbit will provide astronauts with an unprecedented view of the moon’s hidden regions due to favorable lighting conditions.
The entire mission is expected to span approximately 10 days before the Orion capsule returns safely to Earth. Looking ahead, the next phase—Artemis III—is slated for 2027, which will involve testing the lunar module’s docking system but will remain in Earth’s orbit, instead of landing on the moon as initially proposed. The following Artemis IV mission in 2028 aims to achieve a moon landing.
“Our team’s primary objective has always been to ensure the success of Artemis III,” Wiseman stated in a press release. These ongoing missions are essential for establishing a permanent lunar presence, with NASA officials envisioning human habitation on the moon for years to come.
“We genuinely hope that this mission opens the doors to a new era where everyone on Earth can view the moon as a reachable destination,” Koch added, emphasizing the mission’s significance.
The Shroud of Turin is engraved with an image resembling Jesus Christ.
Public Domain/Art Collection 2/Alamy
Recent DNA analysis has unveiled a significant number of contaminants—animal, plant, and human—on the Shroud of Turin, which complicates the narrative surrounding this enigmatic relic, believed to be the cloth in which Jesus Christ was wrapped following his crucifixion over 2,000 years ago.
Stretching 4.4 meters long and 1.1 meters wide, the Shroud of Turin is considered one of the most renowned and debated Christian artifacts globally. Its first documented appearance was in France during 1354, after which it resided for nearly 5,000 years in the Basilica of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy.
In 1988, researchers conducted radiocarbon dating along with accelerator mass spectrometry techniques, concluding that the Shroud was created between 1260 and 1390. This finding brought into question the identity of the figure depicted on the cloth as Jesus, although many Christian scholars continue to dispute this late medieval dating.
In a 2015 study by Gianni Barcaccia and colleagues from the University of Padova in Italy, material from the artifacts sampled in 1978 was reexamined. The researchers first proposed the possibility that the cloth may have origins in India.
Currently, Mr. Barcaccia—who opted not to be interviewed for this publication—has spearheaded a new analysis of the material from 1978, revealing that the Shroud contains a remarkable spectrum of medieval and modern DNA.
The genetic materials identified include DNA from domestic animals like cats, dogs, chickens, cows, goats, sheep, pigs, and horses, alongside wild species such as deer and rabbits.
Additionally, traces of various fish species such as mullet, Atlantic cod, and stingrays were discovered, as well as marine crustaceans, flies, aphids, and arachnids like dust and skin mites.
Common plant DNA located within the Shroud includes species like carrots, wheat, peppers, tomatoes, and potatoes, suggesting these were possibly introduced to Europe following exploratory voyages to Asia and the Americas.
However, pinpointing the timeline of these contaminating events regarding animals and plants remains elusive.
The research team also isolated human DNA from various individuals who came in contact with the Shroud, notably including those from the 1978 sampling. “The presence of multiple individuals’ DNA complicates the task of identifying the Shroud’s original DNA,” the team noted.
Nearly 40% of the human DNA identified on the Shroud appears to be of Indian origin, possibly resulting from historic interactions or from Romans importing linen from regions near the Indus Valley, report Barcaccia and colleagues.
“The DNA findings on the Shroud of Turin indicate extensive exposure in the Mediterranean area, potentially suggesting that the fabric may have been produced in India,” the researchers articulated.
Anders Goeterström from Stockholm University stated that preliminary studies place the Shroud’s date in the 13th century, a timeframe that is widely accepted in the scientific community. “Despite discussions surrounding the 1988 radiocarbon dating, most researchers find it sufficiently credible,” he explained.
Goeterström remains skeptical about the cloth’s potential Indian origins. He asserts, “There is still no compelling evidence to dismiss that the Shroud is French and dates from the 13th or 14th century,” he concluded.
“This significant relic has its own unique history, which might prove to be more intriguing than its legendary roots lacking scientific backing.”
World food prices are reaching unprecedented levels, comparable to the energy crisis of the 1970s. The ongoing conflict in the Middle East is exacerbating inflation, with rising costs for fuel, fertilizers, and pesticides. Are we on the brink of the worst food shock in history?
Many farmers are likely to decrease planting due to soaring costs, possibly leading to food shortages and increased prices later this year. How severe the situation becomes will depend on various factors, including the duration of the conflict and the impact of extreme weather events linked to climate change on crop yields.
“This could escalate into a major crisis for the impoverished and food-insecure,” warns Matin Kaim, a researcher at the University of Bonn, Germany.
“We’re facing a perfect storm. The resolution isn’t straightforward,” states Tim Benton of the University of Leeds, UK. “Even a resolution tomorrow may not yield immediate results, as seen with the post-COVID-19 recovery.”
After decades of decline since the 1970s, global food prices have climbed in real terms since the 2000s, nearing their historic peaks. Climate change intensifies this issue with increasing heatwaves, floods, and storms negatively affecting crop yields, resulting in global food shocks like those observed in 2010. The COVID-19 pandemic and Russia’s invasion of Ukraine have also led to significant price spikes.
Rising biofuel production is contributing to increased food prices, with over 5% of food calories now converted into fuel. Some governments have acknowledged the need to reduce food-based biofuels; however, a report suggests that by 2030, 92% of biofuels will still rely on food sources.
Currently, due to US and Israeli actions against Iran, there’s a significant depletion of essential raw materials for food production and distribution. Fuel, particularly diesel, is crucial as it powers agricultural equipment and transports food. Consequently, higher oil prices directly influence supermarket prices.
Fertilizers, crucial for global food supply, are also facing shortages. “If we halted the use of mineral fertilizers globally, it could lead to widespread hunger,” notes Keim.
Nitrogen fertilizers are produced using hydrogen and atmospheric nitrogen to create ammonia, relying heavily on natural gas for hydrogen and electricity. Qatar, with its abundant natural gas, is a significant fertilizer producer, supplying about 15% of the global urea market. However, due to the conflict, this urea cannot traverse the Strait of Hormuz, thus complicating supply chains.
Countries such as India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, which produce substantial amounts of their fertilizers from Persian Gulf gas, are facing factory shutdowns due to war-related damages. Additionally, Australia’s main fertilizer facilities are currently non-operational due to an incident.
Consequently, nitrogen fertilizer prices have already surged by over 33% and could escalate further. “If fertilizer costs double, food prices could easily rise by 20 to 30%,” warns Keim.
Beyond urea, Gulf states like Qatar and the UAE are also major sulfur fertilizer producers, essential for various regions and for converting mined phosphates into usable forms for plants.
Urea Fertilizer Readied for Export at Yantai Port, China
CN-STR/AFP (via Getty Images)
Pesticides, essential for safeguarding global food production, are also influenced by rising prices tied to naphtha costs, a fossil fuel derivative used in food packaging.
“In March alone, three of the world’s key naphtha export terminals were targeted in drone attacks,” notes Jide Tijani of Argus Media, UK. These include Russia’s Ustiluga port and facilities in Qatar and the UAE.
The consequences of these developments will likely lead to escalated food prices and a range of other commodities in the coming months and years. “The number of affected markets is staggering,” remarks Jason Hill at the University of Minnesota.
Farmers face increasing costs for fuel, fertilizers, and pesticides, all of which affect their planting decisions. Uncertainties regarding profitability may lead farmers to switch crops or abstain from planting altogether. Speculation and profiteering could further compound price rises, according to Jennifer Clapp at the University of Waterloo, Canada.
How severe could the situation become? The dramatic increases in food prices in the 1970s were partly due to dwindling global food reserves, warns Clapp. While reserves are currently sufficient, prolonged conflict could drastically alter this, especially if abnormal weather caused by climate change negatively affects crop yields.
“There is a substantial chance this could escalate into a crisis of equal or greater magnitude,” Clapp asserts. “Significant climate change could worsen the situation further.”
“Food prices are causing distress across the globe, disproportionately affecting lower-income populations who spend a significant portion of their income on food,” notes Keim.
Additionally, international aid is already diminishing and will likely be further curtailed. “Rising food prices often coincide with increased demand for aid, yet the available funding diminishes as costs escalate,” shares Benton.
This rising tide of food prices may lead to social unrest in the most severely impacted regions, as explained by Paul Behrens at Oxford University. “We’ve observed instability in times of rising food costs throughout history.”
Strategies Nations Can Implement to Mitigate Food Shocks
There are strategies to alleviate the situation. “In Europe, around 15 million loaves of bread are produced daily for biofuel,” points out Behrens, calling it an illogical method for energy generation.
As biofuel production primarily hinges on state incentives, governments can curtail its production to divert more food to markets. “This would make a significant difference,” remarks Keim.
He advocates for an international consensus that limits biofuel production from food sources when prices surge. Unfortunately, such actions have not materialized in past crises.
Instead, nations are likely to ramp up biofuel production to counteract rising fuel prices, which could significantly affect food pricing, according to Keim.
Initiatives are already underway; the United States recently announced an increase in the bioethanol proportion in fuels to mitigate price hikes. Australia is also contemplating similar measures.
However, ramping up food-based biofuels won’t substantially impact fuel prices but will dramatically influence food prices. For instance, a third of corn produced in the U.S. is converted into bioethanol, contributing minimally to gasoline supplies but having a disproportionate effect on food availability, asserts Hill.
“Enhancing ethanol in gasoline harkens back to the 1990s—a policy that fails to address air pollution or climate change,” critiques Simon Donner at the University of British Columbia. “Higher oil prices should instead be seen as an opportunity to transition towards cleaner, more advanced technologies like electric vehicles.”
The global community is unlikely to want a repeat of this supply shock. “This situation poses a significant challenge, raising questions on how to build a more resilient system going forward,” Hill emphasizes.
Accelerating the transition to renewable energy and electric vehicles could leave economies vulnerable to oil price shocks. Furthermore, there’s a need to transform the chemical industry to reduce fossil fuel dependence.
In terms of nitrogen fertilizers, this means generating them from electricity rather than natural gas. “It’s feasible to produce ammonia with zero greenhouse gas emissions,” states Ryan. “The technology exists; the challenge is harnessing enough renewable energy.”
Demand for electricity is surging, especially for data centers supporting AI technology. This scenario is unlikely to improve unless there’s a significant decline in AI development.
In the meantime, there are several ways to optimize fertilizer use. Excessive fertilizer application in many regions leads to runoff into water systems or the release of nitrous oxide, a potent greenhouse gas. Techniques to mitigate overuse include precision agriculture, crop rotation with legumes, and the development of crops that utilize fertilizers more effectively.
“We need to promote a more sustainable farming system,” Keim concludes, highlighting that sustainability does not automatically mean organic practices. A shift to organic farming could dramatically elevate food prices and contribute to deforestation, given the need for additional farmland.
“A fundamental change in our food system is imperative,” asserts Behrens. This includes modifying our dietary habits—favoring protein sources such as beans and legumes over grain-fed meat, which require significant fertilizer input. “This transition could yield substantial benefits,” he emphasizes.
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Olive Oil: A Key Ingredient in a Brain-Boosting Diet
Alexander Prokopenko/Shutterstock
Understanding the health benefits of olive oil is essential, as it not only lowers “bad cholesterol” but also combats inflammation and safeguards against chronic diseases, including various cancers. Recent studies indicate that its advantages may extend to brain health.
What does this mean for cognitive function? Is extra virgin olive oil really necessary, and how much should one consume for optimal benefits? The answers may be more encouraging than you think, as other oils may also support brain health.
It’s important to remember that nutrition research is complex and often unreliable. For instance, participants may struggle to accurately track their food intake, leading to unreliable data. However, some patterns emerge from observational studies, especially when experimental research reinforces these findings.
Olive oil is a fundamental component of the widely acclaimed Mediterranean diet, renowned for promoting health. This diet encourages the consumption of tomatoes, whole grains, fresh fish, and generous amounts of olive oil, occasionally paired with red wine. Numerous studies link this lifestyle to reduced rates of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and even dementia.
The Mediterranean diet is particularly high in fats, primarily from olive oil, prompting scientists to investigate its specific role. According to nutrition specialist Richard Hoffman from the University of Hertfordshire, England, “The Mediterranean diet is significantly more effective when enhanced by extra virgin olive oil.”
A landmark study in Spain involved over 7,000 participants aged 55 to 80. One group ingested 1 liter of extra virgin olive oil weekly while adhering to a Mediterranean diet. Others either supplemented their meals with nuts or were advised to reduce fat intake.
Current consensus among scientists suggests that olive oil can mitigate inflammation and enhance cardiovascular health. But how does it affect the brain?
A large-scale study published in 2024 examined over 92,000 adults, evaluating their olive oil consumption every four years for around 30 years. Findings revealed that higher olive oil intake was linked to a lower risk of dementia-related mortality.
Even after accounting for variables like BMI, physical activity, smoking, socio-economic status, and overall diet, a connection remained between olive oil consumption and reduced dementia risk.
Further analysis showed benefits from substituting other fats with olive oil. According to Marta Guasch-Ferré from Harvard University, “Replacing butter or other animal fats with olive oil resulted in an 8-14% decrease in dementia-related mortality risk.”
The Mediterranean Diet: Lowering Disease Risks with Olive Oil
Imaging Ltd./NurPhoto (via Getty Images)
Olive oil’s protective properties for the brain are attributed to polyphenols, which are abundant in this oil. These bioactive compounds shield plants from stress and pests and may do the same for humans by scavenging free radicals, reducing inflammation, and preventing harmful oxidation of fats that can lead to strokes.
Additionally, polyphenols nourish gut microbes, interacting with the immune system to minimize inflammation. Chronic inflammation is a major contributor to significant health issues, including heart disease and dementia, with growing evidence linking Alzheimer’s disease to inflammation in various organs.
According to Guash-Ferré, “Evidence is accumulating to support that olive oil may alleviate Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative conditions.”
Which Olive Oil is the Best for You?
It’s essential to differentiate among olive oils. Extra virgin olive oil is the least processed, retaining the most polyphenols. In contrast, virgin olive oil is subjected to more processing, while standard variety is processed extensively, losing many health benefits.
Is the type of olive oil significant? Guasch-Ferré indicates that any olive oil consumption correlates with a lower risk of mortality. The mix of healthy unsaturated fats and beneficial bioactive compounds positions olive oil as a premier plant-based oil.
A recent study explored how different olive oils impacted the microbiome and cognitive health of seniors. It evaluated 656 individuals, revealing that those consuming virgin olive oil showed cognitive improvements. In contrast, participants using standard olive oil experienced cognitive decline. Interestingly, this was linked to changes in the gut microbiome, with specific bacteria mediating some effects.
While this research is preliminary and involved a short follow-up period, it emphasizes the connection between diet, gut health, and brain function.
So what should you take away? While standard olive oil offers some cardiovascular benefits due to its favorable fat profile, extra virgin olive oil provides additional protective compounds. The great news is that other vegetable oils, such as canola and safflower, also contain beneficial fats and moderate polyphenol levels. In substitution models, Guasch-Ferré’s team found no cognitive health drawbacks from these oils compared to animal fats.
“Other vegetable oils can also provide health benefits, especially as they are typically more affordable than olive oil,” she notes. However, further research is warranted for conclusive guidance.
Ultimately, select the highest quality extra virgin olive oil that fits your budget. Although if that’s not feasible, replacing animal fats with other vegetable oils is a beneficial step toward brain health. If you aim for premium quality, pay attention to storage; light reduces polyphenol levels over time, so choosing a dark bottle is advisable for optimum health advantages.
I’m willing to invest a little more in high-quality extra virgin olive oil, not only for its rich flavor but also for its profound brain-health benefits.
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Exploring autoimmune responses during coronavirus infections
Science Photo Library
Emerging research indicates that prolonged COVID-19 infections may stem from the immune system attacking healthy tissue. Insights from four recent studies highlight autoimmunity as a potential contributor, especially in cases where intense pain is a prominent symptom.
This revelation could pave the way for urgently needed treatments, currently non-existent in the UK and US. “We must explore removing antibodies from patients to see if symptoms abate,” asserts Niels Eikelkamp from Utrecht University, Netherlands.
<p>While most individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 recover swiftly, a subset experiences prolonged symptoms lasting months or years. Common complaints include fatigue, chronic pain, brain fog, and excessive tiredness following minimal exertion.</p>
<p>Researchers have pinpointed various potential mechanisms behind long COVID, such as persistent SARS-CoV-2 presence and gut microbiome dysfunction. These factors may be involved in diverse combinations within individuals, complicating the search for effective universal treatments.</p>
<p>A frequently discussed mechanism is autoimmunity, in which the immune system mistakenly targets the body. Typically, antibodies are designed to eliminate pathogens; however, autoantibodies can erroneously attach to the body’s own cells.</p>
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<p>Initial indications of autoantibodies playing a role in prolonged COVID-19 cases emerged from studies conducted in 2023. Apheresis treatments on individuals with long-term coronavirus infection showed reductions in autoantibody levels and improvements in symptoms, yet the exact substances responsible remain undetermined due to the broad spectrum of removals.</p>
<p>Eikelkamp and his team now provide robust evidence that autoantibodies can prolong COVID-19 symptoms. Their 2022 study involved 34 participants experiencing long COVID, and 15 who had recovered. The focus was on immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, which were administered to mice.</p>
<p>Mice injected with IgG from long COVID patients displayed heightened sensitivity to touch and pain, removing their paws from hot surfaces more quickly than those who received antibodies from non-long COVID participants. Eikelkamp noted that this aligns with symptoms reported by long COVID patients.</p>
<p>In 2024, the team repeated the experiment with IgG from 19 long COVID patients, confirming similar results. "These autoantibodies persist in the patient’s body," comments <a href="https://www.unamur.be/en/profil/nicaisec">Charles Nicaise</a>, who participated in another study from the University of Namur, Belgium.</p>
<p>This aligns with findings from three other preliminary studies. One led by <a href="https://medicine.yale.edu/profile/akiko-iwasaki/">Akiko Iwasaki</a> at Yale University found elevated autoantibody levels in patients with both long COVID and neurological symptoms. Mice injected with these antibodies also exhibited similar pain and balance issues.</p>
<p>The two remaining studies, published in November 2025, found that mice injected with IgG from long COVID patients demonstrated decreased skin nerve fiber density, indicating nerve damage, and heightened sensitivity to cold and touch.</p>
<p>Ongoing research by Nicaise's team has found that IgG from long COVID patients leads to increased pain sensitivity in mice, with IgG accumulating around neurons involved in relaying sensory information, especially pain.</p>
<p>To transform these findings into effective treatments, it's crucial to identify which specific types of IgG are implicated in symptoms. Iwasaki's experiments have spotlighted two particular target proteins, MED20 and USP5.</p>
<p>Furthermore, it's essential to assess whether removing or inhibiting the activity of these autoantibodies alleviates symptoms. <a href="https://www.amsterdamumc.org/en/research/researchers/brent-appelman">Brent Appelman</a> from Eikelkamp’s team studies the effects of filtering these autoantibodies from patients' blood. While Eikelkamp acknowledges that apheresis isn’t a permanent solution—requiring hospital visits every few months—he views it as a promising proof of concept paving the way for more advanced medical therapies.</p>
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Genetically Modified Tobacco Plants Yield Five Psychedelic Compounds
Aharoni Laboratory, Weizmann Institute of Science
Researchers at the Weizmann Institute of Science have transformed tobacco plants to produce five powerful psychedelic compounds typically derived from other plants and fungi. This innovative approach is argued to be more sustainable and efficient, facilitating the research of therapeutic applications and future medicinal production.
Asaf Aharoni and his team utilized a technique known as agroinfiltration, where bacteria are utilized to introduce genes from various organisms into benthamiana tobacco. Although this method results in temporary production of desired proteins, as the DNA isn’t integrated into the plant’s genome, it serves as a stepping stone in biotechnology.
By introducing nine specific genes, the modified plants are capable of producing psilocin and psilocybin, compounds found in certain mushrooms, alongside DMT, bufotenine, and 5-methoxy-DMT, which are derived from plants and Colorado River toads (Incilius Alvarius).
Though permanent genetic modifications could be devised for these plants, Aharoni notes the complications due to the recreational nature of the generated compounds: “It’s challenging to inherit the traits, yet demand for seed may arise.” Similar methods had been applied to tomatoes, potatoes, and corn.
The medical landscape for psychedelic compounds is gradually evolving. Aharoni highlights that while harvesting these substances from nature poses a risk of depleting habitats, the cultivation of tobacco in controlled environments would mitigate this concern and streamline production for research.
The strategy of “pharmaceutical agriculture” isn’t a novel concept. The United States approved plant-derived protein medicines in 2012, and by 2002, corn was engineered to produce pharmaceutical proteins. Noteworthy, a 2022 study revealed that tobacco can also synthesize cocaine, yielding about 400 nanograms per milligram of dried leaves—substantially lower than coca plants.
According to researchers like Rupert Frey, approximately 25% of prescription medications are derived from plants, highlighting the potential for “green factories” where new compounds are cultivated in greenhouses. Frey asserts, “Understanding how to create these compounds is vital, demonstrating the capabilities of a tobacco-based system.”
At dusk, a massive transfer of biomass occurs in the oceans, as trillions of tiny creatures like zooplankton, krill, and lanternfish rise from the depths, drawn by phytoplankton blooms. This nocturnal feeding frenzy is crucial for marine ecosystems, as these creatures avoid predators who hunt visually, diving back down at dawn.
Solar and lunar cycles dictate marine behavior, yet recent observations show that large areas of the ocean have darkened. Tim Smith, a marine scientist at the Plymouth Marine Research Institute, has been at the forefront of this research, studying the impact of global warming and land-use changes on ocean light dynamics.
Smith told New Scientist about the causes and implications of ocean darkening, exploring ways to enhance light penetration into underwater habitats.
Thomas Luton: How did you first notice the darkening of the ocean?
Tim Smith: We approached this issue from a unique perspective. For the last decade, I’ve collaborated with Tom Davis, focusing on the effects of artificial light pollution. Analyzing two decades of global satellite data revealed a consistent darkening pattern in the ocean, suggesting an increase in surface water opacity which affects well-connected expansive regions rather than isolated patches. About one-fifth of the world’s oceans have experienced some form of darkening.
What causes ocean darkening?
In coastal areas, river changes significantly impact ocean coloration. Alterations in land use directly influence what enters rivers, thereby transforming the optical properties of ocean water. Flood events can greatly increase the influx of suspended particulates and colored dissolved organic matter, contributing to the characteristic “steeped tea” color.
An additional driver of ocean darkening is nutrient loading, where fertilizers from agricultural runoff stimulate phytoplankton growth, reducing light penetration. Although coastal waters have been recognized as darkening for some time, the phenomenon is now extending into the open ocean.
Tim Smith studies the impact of land-use change and global warming on ocean dynamics.
Krave Getsi
What factors lead to changes in the open ocean?
These changes may correlate with the abundance of phytoplankton driven by climate change, such as rising ocean temperatures and increasing frequency of marine heatwaves. Climate alterations influence vast ocean circulation patterns significantly.
The proliferation of phytoplankton relies on a mix of light, nutrients, temperature, and water column dynamics. In winter, storms typically mix the ocean, but as spring arrives, a stable surface layer forms. These layers limit vertical mixing and enhance light and nutrient concentration, fostering phytoplankton growth.
I suspect that we’re witnessing a complex interplay between shifts in global circulation patterns and localized weather phenomena, such as clearer skies that promote phytoplankton growth. This combination may contribute to the widespread darkening of the open ocean.
What impacts does ocean darkening have on marine ecosystems?
To understand this better, consider the ocean’s food chain. Phytoplankton, the primary producers, experience the first effects of darkening. The next tier includes zooplankton, like Calanus copepods, which serve as a critical link in the food web and engage in diurnal vertical migration, moving up and down daily for feeding.
Zooplankton are a key component in the food web adversely affected by ocean darkening.
Flor Lee/Getty Images
During the day, they dive to depths of 200 to 300 meters where light is scarce, eluding visual predators. By night, they ascend in search of food. This behavior represents the largest biomass transfer on Earth, as millions of zooplankton migrate invisibly through the water, significantly outnumbering the terrestrial migrations like the Serengeti wildebeest.
What occurs when light cannot penetrate deep underwater?
The existence of dark regions in the ocean restricts the vertical habitat for species, which could lead to heightened competition for food and space. Some species may expend less energy hunting, impacting predation dynamics and thus altering food webs and global fishery productivity.
Fish species that rely on sight, including both small schooling fish and large predators like tuna, will find their hunting zones confined to the shallows. Simultaneously, phytoplankton may face altered depths for photosynthesis due to decreasing light availability.
Is nighttime ocean darkness still a concern?
Absolutely. Beyond sunlight, moonlight plays a crucial role in nocturnal migrations of many marine creatures. While the ocean appears nearly black at night to humans, the moon’s dim glow has significant implications for guiding species during foraging and return to deeper waters.
Our lunar models indicate that as ocean clarity decreases, moonlight’s penetration diminishes, which may compress the nighttime habitat, dramatically shifting ecological interactions in darkness.
What is the global impact of these changes?
Ocean darkening could profoundly affect the carbon cycle as well. If zooplankton cannot dive as deeply to evade predators due to limited light, their efficiency in pulling carbon from the atmosphere diminishes. When zooplankton perish, they normally sink and trap carbon deep in the ocean; without the ability to dive, much of this carbon may remain in the upper layers, ready to be re-released into the atmosphere.
However, assessing how carbon moves from the illuminated surface to the ocean floor remains complex. Satellite data provides a global perspective, but it offers only a glimpse into dynamics at work.
Is there a way to combat ocean darkening?
In certain areas, yes. Coastal waters are especially vulnerable to terrestrial activities, particularly agricultural runoff. By managing land better, including practices such as reducing fertilizer usage, we could restore some clarity to coastal waters. Initiatives like the AgZero+ program led by the UK Center for Ecology and Hydrology encourage collaborative efforts with farmers to develop eco-friendly farming techniques, thereby minimizing runoff and enhancing water quality. Strategies like improved fertilizer management and agroforestry could substantially mitigate the darkening of coastal waters.
Nevertheless, addressing the drivers of darkening in the open ocean is far more challenging. Even if global emissions halt immediately, ecological responses would take decades, potentially centuries.
Is there hope for the seas?
Absolutely. Evidence shows that marine environments can exhibit remarkable resilience when given a chance. Protected marine ecosystems can recover swiftly. For instance, kelp forests off California rebounded rapidly in well-managed reserves after a severe marine heatwave between 2014 and 2016.
This resilience has led to a global push to expand marine protected areas, which can act as ecological refuge zones, helping to rebuild vital marine life and restore ecological equilibrium. Such measures are crucial in the face of climate stressors like heatwaves.
There is optimistic news: the ocean exhibits extraordinary self-repair capabilities. With adequate protection and time, marine ecosystems can respond swiftly, crucial for all life on Earth. The oceans, covering about 70% of the planet, play a significant role in climate regulation and carbon absorption, underscoring the need to protect this invaluable life-support system.
Quantum computers capable of breaking internet security codes are rapidly approaching reality. Discoveries from two research teams highlight the strides being made, indicating that current quantum machines are already over halfway to the necessary scale.
Both studies focus on cryptographic methods centered around the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP)—a mathematical challenge ideally suited for data encryption. ECDLP has been widely adopted for securing internet communications, including banking transactions and major cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin.
While classical computers struggle to breach elliptical curve-based codes, it has been understood since the 1990s that quantum computers possess the ability to do so. However, building a sufficiently powerful quantum computer seemed a far-off challenge due to engineering limits.
Recent advancements in both theory and engineering have drastically accelerated this timeline. Theoretical research has led to optimized quantum hacking algorithms, significantly lowering the required quantum computing power. For instance, in 2019, estimates indicated a need for 20 million qubits to crack a related encryption system called RSA-2048; by February, that figure plummeted to just 100,000 qubits.
Furthermore, while the most sophisticated quantum computers in 2019 barely exceeded 50 qubits, today’s leading machines have surpassed 1,000 qubits, with the largest unused qubit array containing 6,100 qubits.
Currently, Dorev Bruchstein and his team suggest that ECDLP could require machines with only 10,000 qubits. Though this decoding would still take years, Ryan Babush and his colleagues from Google’s Quantum Research division have shown that just 500,000 qubits could perform the task in as little as nine minutes.
“Today marks a significant moment for quantum computing and cryptography,” says Justin Drake of the Ethereum Foundation, which collaborates with researchers at Google. He shared this insight via social media.
Bruchstein’s estimates are based on qubits formed from ultracold atoms manipulated by lasers, providing increased connectivity that likely reduces the number of required qubits.
Bruchstein envisions a potential array of 10,000 ultracold qubits being realized within a year, yet controlling and operating them with precision will be a significant challenge. Proper interaction between qubits is critical, eliminating the possibility of merely linking multiple existing machines together.
Bruchstein anticipates that a fully operational quantum computer may not be available until the decade’s end. “We’re making substantial progress, but it’s beginning to feel feasible to build,” he explains.
Concerns Over Cryptocurrency Security
The Google team derived their conclusions based on a different type of quantum computer using superconducting circuits. These quantum systems are often viewed as more advanced, and Google prioritizes their development.
The researchers have refrained from commenting publicly about the study. However, the paper indicates that “resource estimations could be dramatically lowered with more aggressive hardware capabilities,” implying that the 500,000 qubit target might be conservative. Notably, they refrain from providing details about the decryption algorithm for security reasons.
They also indicate that such quantum computers could potentially intercept cryptocurrency transactions and reroute funds for a brief period before recording, effectively enabling theft.
Given the findings from both studies, it’s clear that Bitcoin may be more susceptible to quantum attacks sooner than previously understood, according to Scott Aaronson from the University of Texas at Austin.
Stefano Gozioso from the University of Oxford notes that both configurations of quantum computers encounter substantial engineering hurdles before practical application is achievable, particularly the ultracold atom method, which is still largely experimental. He emphasizes the growing urgency for security in the digital realm.
Some internet browsers already implement encryption impervious to quantum attacks, termed post-quantum cryptography (PQC). While traditional banking systems may adapt post-attack, a decentralized cryptocurrency framework might be far more vulnerable, according to Gozioso. Google suggests that organizations transition to PQC by 2029 as the need intensifies.
“This is precisely why we initiated the PQC standardization project over a decade ago,” states Dustin Moody from the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). “We anticipated that advancements in quantum hardware would coincide with algorithmic progress.”
NIST has identified several PQC algorithms with the potential to become future security standards as practical quantum computers emerge, with the U.S. federal government targeting a transition by 2035. However, Moody warns that organizations should act promptly. “These studies reinforce that the window for migration is limited, making immediate action imperative,” he concludes.
Male Octopus (Amphioctopus fangsiao) with Curled Hectocotylus (Upper Left)
Photo by Keijiro Haruki
For male octopuses, protecting a specific arm is crucial. This pivotal appendage, known as the hectocotylus, has a distinct role in reproduction, which makes its preservation vital.
Recent research led by marine biologist Keijiro Haruki from Nagasaki University sheds light on the lengths male octopuses go to safeguard this indispensable limb from damage or predation.
Haruki initiated the study by gently prodding a male octopus’s arms. He observed significant resistance from the octopus whenever he touched its hectocotylus: “This reaction indicated how much this arm matters to male octopuses, akin to how human males react when threatened.”
The hectocotylus (designated R3) of male octopuses is anatomically unique compared to the other seven arms, specifically designed for sperm transfer during mating.
Male octopuses possess a single testicle situated within the mantle (the bulbous part at the rear of the head), where sperm are produced and stored in structures called spermatophores.
During mating, the male octopus inserts the tip of his hectocotylus into the female. Before ejaculation, the hectocotylus is rolled into a tubular shape, allowing the male to force water through it and push the spermatophore into the female.
To understand how octopuses safeguard their essential third arm, Haruki’s team studied 32 male and 41 female pygmy octopuses (Octopus Parvas).
Among the sample, 13 females were missing their R3 arm, but only one male lacked this vital appendage. Various experiments compared the usage of R3 between genders.
Male Octopus Parvus Exploring During Experiment (Lower Right)
Photo by Keijiro Haruki
The first experiment involved placing a lead weight in the center of an aquarium to observe how the octopuses used their limbs to investigate. It was found that significantly more females than males employed their R3 arm to explore the novel object.
In a subsequent test, frozen shrimp were presented in a box within the tank. Males exhibited a tendency to explore with their other seven arms far longer before risking the use of their hectocotylus.
Haruki concludes that this elaborate arm usage system likely evolved because safeguarding one specialized arm is less costly than enlarging the male’s penis.
When a male loses R3, his mating activity halts until a new one regenerates, which can take several months. Nevertheless, Haruki notes that such losses are rare, indicating that males effectively protect this crucial arm from harm.
Easily Installed Plug-in Solar Panels for Your Balcony
Image Credit: imageBROKER.com / Alamy Stock Photo
The global growth of solar energy generation is remarkable. In just 15 years, the costs associated with solar power installations have plummeted by 90%, now comprising over 90% of the costs for setting up solar systems. This surge now represents around 80% of the world’s new power capacity each year. As oil and gas prices surged due to conflicts in the Middle East, solar power emerged as a logical alternative for numerous countries.
In the UK, instead of sticking to the old methods, the government plans to legalize a previously banned form of solar energy generation. “This will be available within months.” Through local shops and supermarkets.
These plug-in solar systems are user-friendly: bring the panel home, place it in a sunny location, and simply plug it in. There’s no installation cost and you can immediately start generating solar energy for your home. If you relocate, just take the panels with you, making solar energy increasingly affordable and accessible.
Many nations have already adopted plug-in solar technology with high expectations for its global impact. However, critical questions remain: Will it actually reduce energy costs? How affordable is it? Is it safe?
Plug-in solar is a more straightforward solution. With smaller kits, you can acquire an 800-watt system for roughly £400, which could supply about 20% of the average UK household’s energy needs. Installation is quick and easy—you attach the panels to a balcony railing or garage roof and plug it into an outlet to start generating energy.
While excess energy returns to the grid, without professional installation, you won’t earn from it. As noted by Mark Golding, a British solar panel installer at Spirit Energy, “essentially that energy just benefits the neighbor.”
Plug-in solar technology has already made inroads outside the UK, with over 1 million systems installed in countries like Germany , where as of July last year, it had a total capacity of 1.6 to 2.4 gigawatts—enough to boil 500,000 kettles all at once.
Germany is currently the only country effectively tracking plug-in solar systems, making statistical information scarce. However, estimates suggest up to 5 million kits are in use across Europe . Though small in the overall energy mix, these systems can lower individual energy bills and cumulatively boost renewable energy output countrywide.
Jan Rosenau , a researcher from Oxford University, believes adoption rates could increase if governments continue to allow personal installations. He asserts, “Though each system is small, their collective impact on distributed generation and public involvement in the energy transition is significant.”
Currently, many plug-in panels remain illegal in the U.S., but Utah has become the first state to legalize their use. Numerous other states are following suit. A similar bill is underway. According to Cola Stryker from BrightSaver, a U.S. solar non-profit, individuals outside Utah face excessive bureaucratic hurdles to install a few panels compared to those developing large-scale solar farms, marking a dubious situation.
Stryker anticipates that plug-in solar could alleviate financial stress, contribute to climate change mitigation, and pave the way for significantly wider adoption of renewable electricity across the U.S. “This could mark a critical turning point, allowing the benefits of renewable energy costs to be accessible to consumers,” she predicts. BrightSaver estimates that by 2035, 24 million U.S. households could utilize plug-in solar solutions.
Is Plug-in Solar Safe?
Despite its widespread use, safety experts express concerns over plug-in solar kits. Mark Coles from the Institute of Engineering and Technology (IET) suggests that consumers check their home’s wiring before purchasing a system. Moreover, several areas of concern have been noted.
One issue is the potential ineffectiveness of residual current devices (RCDs). RCDs, which help prevent electric shocks and short circuits, may not be equipped for split current flows. In the U.S., there are similar concerns. Germany’s rapid advancements were aided by the standardization of two-way RCDs in the 1980s.
Another concern raised by the IET is related to systems that operate multiple kits during a power outage. Plug-in setups should ideally shut down; however, if they continue generating energy, this may confuse devices into thinking that grid power is still available, posing risks for electrical workers during repairs due to potential electrocution.
“This places maintenance personnel at risk,” Coles comments. “This contradicts the ‘just buy and plug in’ idea, but the reality is that public safety risks are present.”
While Coles acknowledges the advantages of plug-in solar, he emphasizes the necessity for manufacturers to demonstrate the safety of their products in unusual circumstances.
New Scientist reported that the Department for Energy Security and Net Zero maintains that their testing shows plug-in solar systems can be safely used with domestic circuits within the UK. All products must align with UK product safety regulations, and an independent review is underway to determine further guidelines before sales commence.
Stryker asserts that the greatest risk lies in the decision to do nothing amid the escalating effects of climate change and rising energy costs affecting many households. She believes public adoption of this technology will occur regardless of formal approval, stressing that the priority should be ensuring public safety. “Solar energy is the most affordable energy available globally, and it’s the cheapest energy ever produced by humanity,” she concludes.
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A virus traditionally affecting marine life is causing glaucoma-like symptoms in humans.
Virginie Vaes/Getty Images
A newly identified virus typically affecting marine animals has led to alarming glaucoma-like symptoms, including irreversible vision loss, in a handful of individuals in China. This marks the first documented instance of an aquatic virus infecting humans and resulting in serious health complications. The infections are believed to have occurred through consumption of raw seafood or handling aquatic creatures, with some evidence suggesting possible human-to-human transmission.
“It’s astonishing that this virus is capable of infecting invertebrates, fish, and mammals,” says Edward Holmes, a researcher at the University of Sydney. “I cannot recall any virus exhibiting such a broad host range.”
Cases of persistent ocular hypertension viral anterior uveitis (POH-VAU), characterized by inflammation and increased eye pressure leading to optic nerve damage, are escalating in China. To delve into the triggers behind this spike, researchers from the Chinese Academy of Fisheries Sciences in Qingdao evaluated 70 patients diagnosed with the condition between January 2022 and April 2025.
The research team tested these individuals for the latent and lethal nodavirus, which commonly infects various marine species; remarkably, all 70 tests returned positive. “Up to this point, viruses from aquatic animals have not been shown to cause illness in humans directly,” the researchers stated, though they declined to provide further commentary. Despite treatment aimed at reducing inflammation, a significant portion of subjects required surgical intervention, with one case resulting in irreversible vision loss.
In an effort to better understand the virus, the research team infected mice, which exhibited marked pathological changes in the cornea, iris, and retina within a month. They also observed that the virus could spread among mice sharing water.
Of those studied, more than half owned aquatic animals, highlighting a potential source for the infection. However, approximately 16% reported consuming raw seafood or had close ties with high-risk groups.
While there is no definitive proof of human-to-human transmission, an epidemiological study revealed a distinct subgroup of urban POH-VAU patients with no direct contact with aquatic animals or other risk factors, apart from close interactions with family members. These relatives, who are at a heightened risk for the latent nodavirus, have experienced hand injuries during handling of aquatic animals, implying that the virus may transmit within households, potentially via shared utensils.
To gauge the virus’s prevalence, researchers evaluated 523 captive and wild aquatic animals across Asia, the Americas, Europe, Antarctica, and Africa, concluding the global presence of this hidden and deadly nodavirus. They identified it in 49 species, including shrimp, crabs, fish, and barnacles, resulting in symptoms like lethargy and color loss; yet the reasons behind its ocular effects in humans remain unclear.
Holmes emphasized the potential ubiquity of this pathogen: “I suspect it is much more prevalent than currently recognized. I wouldn’t discount the possibility it first passed through another species, possibly a mammal.”
The virus may also propagate among marine organisms consuming infected animals. For instance, researchers found that farmed shrimp often consume frozen brine shrimp or Antarctic krill, potentially resulting in infections. Moreover, the introduction of this virus into warmer waters has led to increased infections in marine life, suggesting that Antarctic species may serve as reservoirs for pathogens without displaying illness themselves.
Researchers warn that the transmission of this elusive and deadly nodavirus from marine life to humans presents new biosecurity threats. Nonetheless, Holmes reiterates the absence of clear evidence for human-to-human transmission, stating, “This is not regarded as a contagious disease.”
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Recent studies are sparking debate among researchers regarding whether droughts in late Roman Britain triggered conflicts. While climatologists present evidence linking droughts to civil unrest and violence, historians challenge the accuracy of this interpretation, citing misinterpretations of vital historical documents.
This ongoing debate underscores the complex challenge of integrating historical climate data into the broader historical narrative. “This is a recurring theme,” notes Dagomar DeGroot, a climate historian at Georgetown University in Washington, D.C.
In a recent study, Wolf Bungen and geographers from the University of Cambridge examined tree-ring data from oak trees across southern England and northern France, reconstructing climatic conditions from 288 AD to 2009.
They identified a sequence of intense summer droughts in southern England between 364 and 366 AD, correlating this period with the “Barbarian Conspiracy” of 367 AD—a series of military defeats inflicted on the Roman Empire by British and Irish warriors, including the abduction of high-ranking commanders. Although the Empire eventually reestablished its dominance, it gradually retreated from Britain over the subsequent fifty years. Bungen and his team argue that these droughts caused food shortages, prompting revolts against Roman rule.
Moreover, they extended these findings across the Roman Empire, analyzing 106 battles alongside tree-ring data from Europe, revealing that battles were more frequent following dry summers and extremely hot years.
However, a contrasting perspective emerged from another research team in a critical response published in the journal Climate Change. “We believe the issues within this study warrant scrutiny,” remarks Helen Foxhall Forbes, a historian at the Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy.
While acknowledging the intrigue of climate data on historical events, Forbes critiques the interpretations of historical and archaeological references in Bungen’s team’s work.
According to Forbes, the only contemporary account of these conflicts comes from the Roman historian Ammianus Marcellinus, who documented Roman history from 330 to 400 AD, and whose writings on the barbarian uprisings remain fragmented. Her examination of Ammianus’s work concludes that his references to the “barbarica conspiracy” could imply an organized rebellion or simply conflict and unrest.
Furthermore, Forbes points out Ammianus’s description of the British as being in an “Ultimum…Inopium” state—interpreted as complete helplessness—which might allude to starvation or other crises. She argues that Ammianus’s reference to this state is a result rather than a cause of the conspiracy.
Bungen’s team has defended their position in a follow-up publication in Climate Change, highlighting previous research interpretations of Ammianus’s terminology, such as Inopium and barbarica conspiracy.
Another concern raised by critics pertains to the lack of consistency in their battle database, wherein varying types of conflict—from formal battles to civil disturbances—are represented. According to Dan Lawrence, an archaeologist at Durham University, the implications of drought-induced food shortages might incite riots, but solid evidence to support such a narrative is needed.
“The research team lacked a historian on their roster,” states Foxhall-Forbes. Although Bungen’s team included archaeologists, expertise in late Roman Britain was absent.
Bungen has emphasized his commitment to interdisciplinary work, incorporating input from archaeologists specializing in the Roman Empire. He expressed a desire for constructive dialogue and collaboration with researchers who can reinterpret or expand upon their findings. He also noted that frequent research on climate change and history tends to overlook ecologists, who play a pivotal role in understanding agricultural responses to climatic shifts. “This is often where research remains ambiguous,” he remarks.
DeGroot, who did not participate in this review, acknowledges the absence of historical context in this study as a significant shortcoming but maintains that the core findings related to tree-ring data remain valuable for historical inquiries. “We know that the drought likely occurred,” he states. “We can further investigate whether droughts indeed influenced societal violence through case studies.”
DeGroot reflects on the tension between “minimalist” and “maximalist” historical interpretations. Minimalists focus primarily on specific events, often reluctant to generalize, while maximalists strive to identify overarching trends in fragmented data sets. “While they can reveal previously unconsidered forces, often their conclusions may stem from shaky foundations,” he observes.
Walking Through Hadrian’s Wall: Discover Roman Innovations in England
Embark on an immersive walking tour along Hadrian’s Wall, one of Britain’s most iconic ancient landmarks and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, tracing the footsteps of the Romans.
Is Extra Virgin Olive Oil the Best Choice for Brain Health?
Alexander Prokopenko/Shutterstock
Olive oil is renowned for its health benefits, including lowering “bad cholesterol,” combating inflammation, and protecting against chronic diseases such as cancer. New evidence also suggests olive oil positively impacts brain health.
I explored how olive oil could enhance cognitive function. Is extra virgin olive oil really essential? How much do we actually need?
Surprisingly, olive oil may not be the only oil with brain health benefits.
All nutrition research has its challenges, often relying on food diaries that participants may inaccurately report. Therefore, definitive studies can be rare.
However, observable patterns can still emerge from observational studies complemented by biological experiments, helping us understand the health impacts of various foods.
Olive oil’s popularity skyrockets largely due to its pivotal role in the Mediterranean diet, widely regarded as one of the healthiest dietary patterns. This diet encourages the consumption of fresh vegetables, fish, and olive oil, along with occasional red wine, correlating with reduced rates of heart disease, type 2 diabetes, and dementia.
While the Mediterranean diet is high in fat, most of it comes from olive oil. As nutritionist Richard Hoffman points out, “The Mediterranean diet’s effectiveness is amplified when extra virgin olive oil is included,” highlighting its significant role.
A pivotal study involving over 7,000 Spanish participants aged 55 to 80 examined the effects of olive oil on heart health. One group received 1 liter of extra virgin olive oil weekly and was encouraged to consume 4 to 5 tablespoons daily. In contrast, other groups replaced olive oil with nuts or reduced their overall fat intake.
While olive oil’s anti-inflammatory and cardiovascular benefits are clear, what does it mean for the brain?
The upcoming large-scale study set for 2024 analyzed data from over 92,000 adults regarding olive oil consumption tracked across nearly 30 years. Results indicated a lower risk of dementia-related mortality among regular olive oil consumers.
While healthier lifestyles typically correlate with higher olive oil intake, controlling for variables such as BMI, activity level, and overall diet still showed a strong association with reduced dementia risk.
Moreover, replacing other fats with olive oil provided additional benefits; researchers found an 8 to 14 percent reduction in dementia risk when substituting a teaspoon of margarine or mayonnaise with olive oil, according to Marta Guasch-Ferré from Harvard University.
Olive Oil: A Vital Component of the Mediterranean Diet
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Olive oil exhibits protective effects on the brain, primarily due to its rich content of polyphenols, the highest among edible oils. These compounds protect plants and humans from various stressors, reduce inflammation, and prevent harmful fat oxidation leading to plaque formation.
Polyphenols also nourish gut microbes, supporting a healthy immune system and mitigating inflammation. Chronic inflammation is linked to major health issues, including heart disease and dementia, suggesting that Alzheimer’s could stem from inflammation in distant organ systems.
“Growing mechanistic evidence indicates that olive oil may alleviate the underlying pathology of Alzheimer’s and similar neurodegenerative diseases,” says Guash-Ferré.
Choosing the Right Olive Oil
All olive oils are not equal. Extra virgin olive oil is the least processed variety, preserving polyphenols. Virgin olive oil is slightly more refined, while standard olive oil undergoes further processing, stripping it of many beneficial properties.
Is there a significant difference in health benefits among these types? “Consumption of any type of olive oil correlates with a lower mortality risk,” Guash-Ferré states. The blend of healthy fats and bioactive compounds makes olive oil a top choice among plant-based oils.
However, recent research from January revealed intriguing insights comparing various olive oils’ effects on the microbiome and cognitive function in older adults. The study involving 656 overweight participants with metabolic syndrome demonstrated that those consuming more virgin olive oil exhibited cognitive improvements, while standard olive oil users faced accelerated cognitive decline.
The beneficial impacts are associated with shifts in microbial diversity; those drinking virgin olive oil saw increased diversity, whereas standard olive oil led to reduced diversity, with a specific bacterial group, adlerkreuzia, mediating about 20% of virgin olive oil’s cognitive effects.
Although this preliminary study is small and short-term, it hints at a captivating relationship between diet, gut bacteria, and brain health.
What does this mean for us? While standard olive oil provides health benefits, especially for heart health, extra virgin olive oil offers an added dimension through its polyphenols that may safeguard brain function.
The good news for your wallet is that the health benefits aren’t exclusive to olive oil. Other plant-based oils like canola and corn also contain healthy fats and moderate polyphenol levels. Guash-Ferré’s team found no additional brain health benefits when replacing olive oil with these oils; instead, they emphasized that while olive oil is beneficial, other vegetable oils are also acceptable alternatives.
“Incorporating other vegetable oils can be a healthy substitute for animal fats and are generally more affordable,” she cautions, yet further studies are necessary to bolster these findings.
The simplest advice? Opt for the highest quality extra virgin olive oil you can afford. If that’s not feasible, replacing animal fats with other vegetable oils still promotes brain health. It’s also wise to consider packaging; light can diminish polyphenol levels, so choose dark bottles when possible to preserve health benefits.
I confidently invest in high-quality extra virgin olive oil, not just for its exquisite flavor but also for its potential cognitive advantages.
Meet the Artemis II Astronauts and the Space Launch System Rocket at Cape Canaveral, Florida
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The highly anticipated Artemis II mission is set to launch as early as April 1, 2024. This groundbreaking NASA mission will mark the first crewed journey to orbit the Moon since 1972, allowing astronauts to capture stunning images of the Moon’s far side, a region yet to be seen by human eyes.
Originally scheduled for 2019, Artemis II faced numerous delays stemming from the earlier uncrewed Artemis I mission, launched successfully in 2022. Artemis I tested the capabilities of the Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and Orion crew capsule.
This time, Artemis II will carry a crew of four astronauts: NASA’s Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Canadian Space Agency’s Jeremy Hansen.
After a “wet dress rehearsal” in February revealed a minor fuel leak, NASA successfully resolved the issue, returning the vehicle to the launch pad for final preparations. The astronauts are now in quarantine, eagerly awaiting their mission.
At a press conference held on March 29, Commander Wiseman stressed the significance of this mission as a crucial test for both the SLS rocket and Orion capsule. “This is the first time we’re trying this. We’re ready to go, but we won’t launch until we’re absolutely certain the vehicle is ready,” he stated.
If the launch does not take place by April 6, the next available opportunity will be April 30, with subsequent windows opening in May.
Once launched, the SLS rocket will spend two days orbiting Earth, during which the crew will test life support systems and maneuver the Orion capsule for docking with older spacecraft. Following this preparatory phase, the crew will embark on an eight-day journey around the Moon.
This journey will provide the first views of regions on the Moon’s far side, including the Mare Orientale crater, which has only been previously photographed by satellites. “We all think we’ve been to the moon, but approximately 60 percent of the far side is still unexplored,” Wiseman noted during the conference.
Artemis II represents a significant milestone in NASA’s long-term Artemis program. While initial plans included lunar landings by Artemis III, this has now been postponed to Artemis IV, focusing instead on preparing for future lunar operations. Artemis III is slated for 2027, followed by Artemis IV and potentially V in 2028.
These missions aim to establish a permanent human presence on the Moon, paving the way for future explorations. “We’re excited to play our part in this monumental journey, and upon our return, we hope to inspire the next generation,” Hansen said at the conference.
Charlotte Robinson’s ‘Thriller Mars One’ Releases This Month
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Currently, I’m diving into the science fiction classic Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson as part of the New Scientist Book Club’s April selection. The concept of traveling to red planets captivates me, and I’m eagerly awaiting Charlotte Robinson’s gripping thriller Mars One. In addition, this month features an exciting lineup of sci-fi literature, including Cosmic Horrors by S.A. Barnes, Resurrected Neanderthals by Douglas Preston and Aletheia Preston, and AI-Generated Video Ghosts by Max Lurie, offering something for every reader’s palate.
This thrilling space opera unfolds a one-way mission to Mars, entwined with the story of a programmer mysteriously vanishing in Hong Kong, leaving behind only a perplexing warning. As the Argo spacecraft journeys to Mars, the crew grapples with sabotage—will the two narratives intertwine? The publisher has likened Mars One to two of my favorite reads: Andy Weir’s The Martian and Terry Hayes’ spy thriller I Am a Pilgrim. Fingers crossed this novel meets the expectations set by these brilliant works!
Claire and the Beacon Repair crew intercept an enigmatic distress signal, leading them to investigate a luxury spacecraft lost during its inaugural journey two decades ago. Upon boarding the Aurora, they sense something amiss as whispers echo in the dark and chilling messages are scrawled across the walls. Space horror? Count me in!
This eclectic collection of thought-provoking stories traverses genres from science fiction to fantasy to literary fiction, featuring tales of first contact, a time-traveling fisherman, and an evolving consciousness set to explore the universe’s wonders. Included is Mills’ award-winning story Rabbit Inspection, which clinched the Nebula, Locus, and Sturgeon Awards.
New Release: George R.R. Martin’s Wild Card Series Arrives in April
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This collection of stories is set in the universe of Game of Thrones author George R.R. Martin’s Wild Card series. Humanity faces destruction from an alien virus with unpredictable outcomes. Some die, others gain surprising powers, and some suffer bizarre mutations. Collaborating with authors like Cherie Priest and Walter Jon Williams, these narratives follow Cloyd Crenson as he is split into six distinct personas.
Despite its silliness, I thoroughly enjoyed Preston’s last novel, Extinction, which channeled the vibe of Jurassic Park into an adventure with long-extinct creatures coming back to life in a wildlife park. This sequel, co-authored with his daughter, unravels tales of alien artifacts that UFO enthusiasts believe could change the world, a secretive fanatic society, and a revived Neanderthal with a much less enthusiastic outlook than previous characters portrayed in Homo Sapiens.
Revived Neanderthals Feature in This Month’s Sci-Fi Novel Paradox
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This installment is part of the War of the Prisoners series by the author of The Spread. It’s a thrilling space opera, showcasing humanity’s battle against the formidable Calix Empire for survival. The narrative follows Dafydd Alcohol, a captured human, and Swarm, a rogue agent striving to undermine the Empire.
A novel that piques my interest blends science fiction themes with an exploration of isolation. The protagonist, Ada, navigates her loneliness in London, forging a connection with Atticus. As her detachment from the world deepens, she questions whether her newly artificial environment was constructed specifically for her.
Mackintosh’s prior novel, Water Cure, which presented a chilling fable set on a potentially toxic island, was immensely enjoyable. It felt on the cusp of science fiction, and I’m curious if Permanence will explore similar themes. This tale follows Clara and Frances as they clandestinely continue their affair, only to wake up in an unfamiliar town filled exclusively with their unfaithful friends, free to live openly yet cut off from the outside world.
In Event Horizon, Milde faces a harrowing decision: public execution or a journey into a black hole.
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Event Horizon by Balsam Karam, Translated by Saskia Vogel
Published by Fitzcarraldo, a renowned independent literary publisher featuring multiple Nobel laureates, this novel tells the story of 17-year-old Milde, who rebels against a tyrannical government that has exiled her mother and child. After encountering imprisonment and torture, she faces a dreadful choice: public execution or participating in a groundbreaking mission that launches her into the cosmos and down a black hole called Mass.
Set in the universe of Stroud’s Fractal, the series begins in 2121 AD, three years following the first Martian conflict. As the colony strives for survival, vigilante-turned-revolutionary Magnus Scirocco finds a cause, Peter Iskander leads a religious initiative, and Brigadier Elisa Shan enters a perilous duel when her ship is commandeered.
I’m captivated by this novel’s premise. Harlow seeks her missing friend Annie, unearthing remnants of a dead body in an AI-generated video. Concurrently, Kieran, also in the pursuit of Annie, discovers a community on a mission to find a vanished ghost. The narrative promises to delve into the evolving concept of ghosts as technology advances. This isn’t just simple science fiction—it’s intriguing!
This concluding installment of the Metro trilogy inspired the acclaimed video game. Taking place twenty years post-World War III, the narrative unfolds in the Moscow subway, where the few survivors desperately cling to hope, searching for signs of life above ground.
This First Contact narrative revolves around five individuals in the small town of Marquette, Michigan, whose minds begin to intertwine as they confront a reality “bigger and stranger than they ever imagined.”
New research on two 240-million-year-old coelacanth fossils reveals an intriguing sensory adaptation: ossified lungs that transmit sound to the inner ear, shedding light on how early vertebrates interpreted their environment.
Reconstruction of a Triassic coelacanth. This schematic illustrates the connection between ossified lungs and the inner ear, enabling underwater hearing. Image credit: A. Beneteau & L. Cavin, MHNG.
“Coelacanths are lobe-finned fish with a rich fossil history exceeding 400 million years, offering crucial insights into vertebrate anatomical evolution,” said Professor Lionel Cavin, a paleontologist affiliated with the Natural History Museum of Geneva and the University of Geneva.
“Once believed extinct, the genus Latimeria remains, currently including two recognized species.”
“Fossilized coelacanths possess a series of large, puzzling ossified plates arranged in a tiled pattern within their body cavities, surrounding an internal area that likely contained gas during life.”
In a groundbreaking study, paleontologists investigated the lungs and inner ear anatomy of two Middle Triassic coelacanth species: Glauria Branchiodonta and Loreleia eusingulata from eastern France.
By utilizing a particle accelerator at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, researchers uncovered an exceptionally well-preserved ossified lung featuring wing-like bony structures at its tip.
Simultaneously, examinations of modern coelacanth embryos revealed canals linking auditory and balance organs on either side of the skull.
By synthesizing these findings, researchers propose that these structures create a comprehensive sensory system.
Sound waves captured by the ossified lungs are believed to be conveyed through this channel to the inner ear, enhancing the animal’s underwater auditory perception.
“Our hypothesis draws parallels with contemporary freshwater fish like carp and catfish,” explained Luigi Manueli, a PhD student at the Geneva Museum of Natural History and the University of Geneva.
“In these fish, a structure known as the Weber apparatus links the swim bladder to the inner ear, facilitating the detection of underwater sounds.”
“Air pockets in the swim bladder are vital for sensing these waves; otherwise, they would go unnoticed by the fish.”
“This hearing capability likely diminished as modern coelacanth ancestors adapted to deep-sea settings, leading to lung degeneration and the obsolescence of this system,” noted Professor Cavin.
“Remarkably, some structures related to the inner ear remain preserved.”
“These anatomical remnants offer valuable insights into the evolutionary trajectory of these fish and potentially our own aquatic ancestors.”
For more details, refer to the study published in the Journal on February 14, 2026, in Communication Biology.
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L. Manueli et al. 2026. The dual functions of coelacanth lungs: breathing and hearing. Commun. Biol. 9, 400; doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-09708-6
NASA is set to livestream the launch at 12:50 p.m. ET on our YouTube channel. A live feed from the Orion capsule will also be available throughout the mission.
Wiseman shared that the crew has affectionately nicknamed their spacecraft “Integrity” to honor the principles guiding their training and teamwork.
“Honesty is fundamental,” he stated in a September interview with NBC News. “While there are times when honesty can be challenging, the original Artemis crew commits daily to embodying this value.”
Glover mentioned that the crew crafted the mission insignia to foster unity. The mission patch creatively incorporates the “A II” from “Artemis II” to represent the word “All.”
“We want everyone to join us on this mission,” he expressed. “Numerous minor differences can divide us, and if we ignore them, they can become significant. I hope this mission stands as a bridge to fill those gaps and promote unity.”
Artemis astronauts display their emblem. Robert Markowitz / NASA
Approximately eight and a half minutes post-launch, astronauts Wiseman, Koch, Glover, and Hansen will ascend to space. The first day will focus on testing Orion’s life support systems, which include temperature regulation, air quality management, and other essential safety measures like drinking water, food, and waste systems.
On the second day, the spacecraft’s primary engine will ignite, initiating its trajectory toward the moon.
Over the next four days, astronauts will assess how effectively the Orion capsule shields against space radiation, while also practicing emergency protocols in preparation for future Artemis missions. The upcoming Artemis III flight aims to conduct advanced technology demonstrations in low Earth orbit, including docking with a secondary spacecraft designed to transport astronauts to the lunar surface. Following that, NASA is scheduled to send astronauts to the moon with the Artemis IV mission in 2028.
Despite their immense wealth, billionaires cannot evade the ultimate limit of mortality. No amount of money or the best medical care can change the inevitability of death. However, a groundbreaking startup named Nectome is poised to change the narrative around death and the human brain.
Nectome has pioneered a technology that preserves the brain’s physical structure within minutes post-mortem. Initially tested on pigs, the method aims to allow for the reconstruction of the ‘connectome’—a 3D map of the brain’s intricate structure—opening the door to potential revival.
It is essential to note that while the connectome can be mapped, how to recreate consciousness from it, if at all, remains a profound mystery. The complex nature of consciousness, coupled with its “hard problems,” continues to baffle scientists and researchers.
Beyond the scientific inquiries, significant ethical and legal questions arise. Can a brain be effectively digitized, or must it remain biological? Even if these hurdles are overcome, Nectome’s methodology necessitates medically-assisted death, a practice illegal in many regions. Nevertheless, those who opt for Nectome’s procedure may find solace in the hope that future advancements will lead to solutions, potentially allowing them to awaken centuries after their biological death.
A philosophical quandary remains: is a revived entity, emerging from a copy of a deceased brain, truly the same as its original owner? This question poses deep implications even as society contemplates the feasibility of Nectome’s treatments. Ultimately, anyone who undergoes this revolutionary process might be taking steps towards a form of immortality, presenting a profound challenge for us to consider in the realm of ethics and existence.
The Shroud of Turin is inscribed with an image of a man believed to resemble Jesus Christ.
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Recent DNA analysis has revealed a wide array of animal, plant, and human contaminants on the Shroud of Turin, complicating the narrative surrounding this enigmatic relic that is claimed to be the burial cloth of Jesus Christ from over 2,000 years ago.
Spanning 4.4 meters in length and 1.1 meters in width, the Shroud stands as one of the most infamous and controversial Christian artifacts globally. It was first documented in France in 1354, and has since resided at the Basilica of St. John the Baptist in Turin, Italy, for nearly 5 centuries.
In 1988, scientists utilized radiocarbon dating and accelerator mass spectrometry to conclude that the Shroud was created between 1260 and 1390, thereby raising questions about its association with Jesus. Nonetheless, this late medieval dating remains a point of contention among some Christian scholars.
In 2015, Gianni Barcaccia and a team at the University of Padova in Italy analyzed samples taken from the Shroud in 1978 and proposed that the cloth might have originated from India.
Currently, Mr. Barcaccia, who opted not to be interviewed, leads a renewed study re-examining the 1978 samples. His team has uncovered diverse DNA from both medieval and modern sources preserved within the Shroud.
The genetic material includes DNA from domesticated animals like cats, dogs, chickens, cows, goats, sheep, pigs, and horses, as well as wild species such as deer and rabbits.
The researchers also identified several fish species, including mullet and Atlantic cod, along with marine crustaceans and insects like flies and skin mites.
Common plant DNA found in the Shroud consists of carrots, various wheat types, peppers, tomatoes, and potatoes—likely introduced to Europe post-exploration of Asia and the Americas.
However, pinpointing the timeline of these contamination events remains elusive.
Human DNA samples were traced back to many individuals who handled the Shroud, including the 1978 sampling team. The researchers noted, “The Shroud’s contact with multiple individuals complicates the possibility of identifying its original DNA.”
Almost 40% of the human DNA is of Indian origin, which may stem from historical trade routes or Romans importing linen from areas near the Indus Valley, Barcaccia and his team noted.
“The DNA evidence on the Shroud of Turin indicates that it may have been significantly exposed in the Mediterranean region, and the fabric may indeed have been produced in India,” they concluded.
Anders Goeterström from Stockholm University noted that while early studies date the Shroud to the 13th century, this timeframe is widely accepted in the scientific community. “Although there’s ongoing debate regarding the 1988 radiocarbon date, most researchers consider it robust,” he stated.
Goeterström remains skeptical about the cloth’s Indian origins, asserting, “There’s currently no evidence to suggest that the Shroud is anything other than a French artifact from the 13th or 14th century.”
“As a significant relic, the Shroud has its own history, which may be more fascinating than the unsupported legendary narratives,” he concluded.
Sepsis
is an overwhelming response by the body to infection, occurring when the immune system overreacts and harms its own organs and tissues. Despite its life-threatening nature, around 1.9 million individuals in the United States survive sepsis each year. However, over half of these survivors experience long-term complications such as cognitive issues, chronic fatigue, and muscle weakness. This persistent muscle weakness is often linked to muscle mass loss during sepsis, yet symptoms may linger even after muscle recovery, complicating effective treatment and prevention.
To investigate the causes of chronic muscle weakness post-sepsis recovery, a research team at the University of Kentucky studied 16- to 18-month-old mice, akin to human ages of 55 to 60 years. They induced sepsis on day 0 by injecting a mixture of intestinal bacteria into the abdomen of the mice, monitoring their body temperatures every 12 hours to detect signs of active infection.
To prevent mortality, the mice received antibiotics twice daily for 5 days, starting 12 hours post-injection. Surviving mice beyond day 5 were categorized as sepsis survivors, with days 0 to 5 defined as the acute stage and days 14 to 70 comprising the chronic phase. The team compared muscle health across mice with no sepsis, those in the acute phase, and those in the chronic phase.
The researchers focused on skeletal muscles, responsible for voluntary movements. They placed each mouse’s foot over a sensor and stimulated the muscles to contract, measuring contraction force as an indicator of muscle strength. By the third day of sepsis, the leg muscles exhibited only about 60% of their pre-infection strength.
Additional measurements taken on days 14 and 70 confirmed that, despite normal body temperatures and resolved infections, the mice’s muscle strength was only 30% of its original capacity. This indicates that muscle weakness developed post-acute sepsis and persisted for months after the infection.
The researchers previously discovered that mice that survived severe sepsis and later experienced persistent muscle weakness exhibited defects in mitochondria, the energy-producing structures in cells. They measured key mitochondrial proteins to assess damage in mouse skeletal muscle cells.
A mouse leg muscle was dissected, thin sections were placed on slides, and a specific marker was applied to bind to the proteins. Under a microscope, researchers counted markers to measure protein levels, finding an 8% decrease by day 4 and a 20% decrease by day 14. This suggests that mitochondrial defects worsened from mild during the acute phase to more severe during the chronic phase, paralleling muscle deterioration in sepsis survivors.
Given the progressive mitochondrial damage, researchers evaluated whether protecting mitochondria could prevent long-term muscle weakness. They delivered a small protein drug called SS-31 to the mitochondria, which guards these structures against harmful molecules and enhances energy production.
One group of septic mice was treated with SS-31 twice a day until day 5 and once a day until day 10. By day 21, muscle strength was assessed in SS-31-treated mice, untreated septic mice, and healthy controls. Mice receiving SS-31 demonstrated approximately 15% greater strength compared to untreated subjects, achieving muscle levels akin to those that had never experienced sepsis. Measurement of mitochondrial proteins on day 28 showed a 40% reduction in untreated mice, while SS-31-treated mice maintained normal protein levels, similar to non-septic mice. This indicates that SS-31 can safeguard against chronic muscle weakness post-sepsis.
The authors highlighted that this is the first study to demonstrate that post-sepsis muscle weakness can worsen after muscle repair, emphasizing the need for researchers to shift their focus from the acute to the chronic phase. They also suggested that clinicians could consider protecting patients’ mitochondria with drugs like SS-31 during the acute phase to mitigate the risk of post-sepsis muscle weakness, as mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in patients following acute sepsis.
Planetary scientists concur that Mars once boasted liquid water and a water-rich atmosphere, drastically different from its current arid state. However, extensive research has revealed a significant anomaly regarding the fate of this ancient water. Despite discerning various sources of water that once flowed on Mars, we still question where it all disappeared.
The Noachian Era, occurring between approximately 4.5 to 3.7 billion years ago, is believed to be the time when Mars had significant surface water. Current estimates suggest there was enough water to envelop the entire planet in an ocean ranging from 150 to 250 meters deep at the end of this period.
However, Bruce Jakoski and his research team from the University of Colorado discovered that, based on their assessment of water removal processes, the total depth might only reach a few dozen meters. This work was presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (LPSC) in Texas on March 20.
Today, the available water near Mars’ surface is predominantly in the form of ice and hydrated minerals—roughly equivalent to Earth’s ocean, which is approximately 30 meters deep. “How can we transition from a distance of 150 meters down to merely 30 meters? This is perplexing,” remarked Jakoski, emphasizing that our current understanding of Martian water loss is far from complete.
Several theories exist regarding where the water went. It might have evaporated into space in greater quantities than previously considered, become trapped in undiscovered ice reserves, or suggested environmental interactions between ice caps and atmosphere may have been misunderstood. Jakoski believes it’s likely a combination of these mechanisms alongside others.
While the significant discrepancy surrounding Martian water is indeed surprising, it underscores that our understanding of the planet’s hydrological history remains incomplete. Other researchers at LPSC have proposed the notion of intermittent rainfall followed by droughts, suggesting that Mars’ water cycle might significantly differ from Earth’s.
Potential Discoveries on Mars
“This indicates that Mars’ water cycle might be fundamentally different from Earth’s,” stated Eric Hyatt from Washington University in St. Louis. His findings propose that Martian groundwater may not interact with the surface and atmosphere as previously thought, potentially altering our comprehension of the water influx to Mars’ surface.
Moreover, Bethany Alman from the University of Colorado posits that there may exist more water on Mars than we initially thought. This situation highlights that while considerable knowledge about Mars has been amassed, a comprehensive picture of its water history remains elusive.
Deciphering the secrets of Mars’ water and its implications for potential habitability throughout its history will pose a monumental challenge. “How do we advance from here? We can’t just introduce more models,” Jakoski stated. “We must engage in boots-on-the-ground exploration.”
NASA and SpaceX have both prioritized lunar exploration. Given that it might take decades before humans arrive on Mars, progress will be gradual, utilizing data collected from rovers and orbiting satellites.
Explore the Mysteries of the Universe
Join leading scientists for a captivating weekend exploring thecosmic mysteries, including a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.
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Understanding Non-Newtonian Liquids in Plant-Based Milk
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The intriguing physics behind plant-based milk reveals complexities that researchers are unraveling, aiming to create improved versions of these beverages.
Vivek Sharma from the University of Illinois at Chicago, alongside his team, has found that the viscosity and flow properties of most plant milks differ significantly from traditional animal milks.
The team analyzed eight milk types: cow, goat, pea, soy, oat, almond, coconut, and rice, focusing on their viscosity or flow resistance. Their findings indicated that all plant-based milks, except rice milk, demonstrate a phenomenon called shear thinning, where viscosity declines under pressure.
This indicates that these plant milks are classified as non-Newtonian liquids, similar to ketchup or shampoo, flowing more easily under pressure compared to the constant viscosity of cow or goat milk.
According to Sharma, the presence of minimal amounts of legume and bacterial gums (often less than 0.1 percent) in plant milks contributes to their unique properties, providing enhanced shelf stability and a richer mouthfeel.
The non-Newtonian characteristics of these milks influence everyday interactions as well. For instance, a droplet of shear-thinning plant milk spreads more when spilled, while dipping cookies into the milk can alter its coating thickness.
By investigating the diverse properties of milk and the physics of their ingredients, researchers aim to innovate new beverages with optimal characteristics. Sharma notes that while experienced food scientists possess deep empirical knowledge, they rarely utilize rigorous physical models or measurements.
Schadenfreude, the intriguing emotion of deriving pleasure from the misfortune of others, is surprisingly common. While it may seem unkind or even vindictive, if you’ve ever felt guilty for the satisfaction you gain when someone stumbles, remember it’s a natural human response.
This emotion stems from complex processes that have developed in our brains over millions of years.
Humans are fundamentally social beings, often described by scientists as “hypersocial.” We are perpetually attuned to other people’s opinions, our relationships, and, crucially, our social status within various hierarchies.
Understanding social status is key. We possess an innate awareness of social hierarchies and our position within them. On a subconscious level, we desire to be liked, respected, and recognized, influencing our actions and motivations significantly.
However, social status is subjective and relative. One way to elevate your status is to witness someone else’s decline. When an individual suffers a setback that causes them to lose esteem, it can create a satisfying boost to your own status without any effort on your part—hence, schadenfreude.
It’s important to note that this feeling doesn’t arise every time someone fails. Typically, it must be proportional; it’s rarely pleasurable when an innocent person faces misfortune, even if they hold a higher status.
This reaction ties back to another inherent bias in the human psyche: the “just world” hypothesis. We naturally believe that the world is fair, even in the face of contrary evidence. Our brains gravitate towards fairness and justice just as they do towards elevated social standing.
Therefore, when someone perceived as unfairly privileged faces setbacks, it creates a potent mix of satisfaction and equity for us, making the experience of schadenfreude almost irresistible.
Have you ever worried that your mental sharpness isn’t what it used to be? Perhaps you find it difficult to recall the names of actors or politicians, or you struggle with basic mental arithmetic. If so, you might be contemplating the current state of your brain and whether cognitive decline is inevitable.
It’s crucial to address these concerns early, as brain development typically concludes in your 20s, with cognitive functions gradually declining with age. Additionally, there’s an increasing risk of dementia, particularly with conditions like Alzheimer’s disease, especially in countries experiencing aging populations.
Fortunately, research indicates that both cognitive decline and dementia risk are influenced by what experts categorize as “modifiable risk factors.”
This means there is hope! By adopting certain lifestyle habits, you can keep your brain sharp and significantly reduce your risk of developing dementia.
Stay Mentally Active to Enhance Your Cognitive Reserve
Psychologists and gerontologists often speak of cognitive reserve. This refers to the brain’s ability to adapt to aging and disease.
Those with a high cognitive reserve can perform well on mental tests even if they display biological markers of Alzheimer’s disease, suggesting they can cope with brain challenges effectively.
Many activities can enhance your cognitive reserve; including reading, learning to play an instrument, solving complex puzzles, acquiring a new language, and traveling. Essentially, the adage “use it or lose it” holds true.
You may have encountered brain-training games designed to sharpen your cognitive abilities. However, the benefits of these games do not transfer to daily life and could potentially hinder real-life social engagements. Interacting with others is the most effective form of brain training.
Research indicates that social isolation is a significant risk factor for dementia. A comprehensive review by a team at the University of Groningen concluded that “individuals who are less socially engaged, have fewer interactions, and experience greater loneliness display an increased risk of developing dementia.”
Therefore, prioritize engaging conversations with friends and family. Such interactions not only stimulate your brain but also enhance your emotional well-being. If you’re unsure where to begin, consider volunteering or joining a club.
Your brain requires oxygen and nutrients to function optimally. Maintaining good cardiovascular health supports brain health. In contrast, a sedentary lifestyle and obesity have been linked to faster cognitive decline and increased dementia risk.
Consider incorporating more physical activity into your routine. Whether through running, cycling, swimming, or simply walking more often, staying active is essential. Engaging in hobbies such as gardening or even singing can promote an active lifestyle.
Nourishing your brain with a balanced diet is vital. Reducing saturated fat helps prevent arterial blockages, while consuming plenty of fruits and vegetables provides antioxidants necessary for brain health.
The World Health Organization recommends a “Mediterranean diet” rich in fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, and olive oil, while low in saturated fat and meat. If implementing this seems daunting, start with small changes, like adding an extra piece of fruit daily or limiting processed foods.
Stay Curious
Surprisingly, personality traits also correlate with brain health. Individuals high in openness to experiences—traits linked to curiosity and creativity—exhibit a lower risk of dementia. According to a study from the University of Georgia, “Higher openness is associated with superior psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility, and working memory in both depressed and non-depressed older adults.”
Fortunately, you can cultivate curiosity. Seek awe-inspiring experiences, explore unfamiliar places, or engage in culturally enriching activities like live theatre.
If you’ve established positive habits like staying socially and physically active, maintaining a healthy diet, and nurturing curiosity, there’s much to feel optimistic about regarding the future of your brain. This mindset is crucial.
Research increasingly shows that your attitude towards aging significantly impacts your brain health. Expecting cognitive decline can create a self-fulfilling prophecy.
However, recognizing your influence over brain health through lifestyle choices increases your likelihood of enjoying cognitive vitality. Embracing this knowledge benefits your brain.
Surround yourself with positive older role models and apply the strategies outlined in this article to empower yourself to train your brain effectively. By doing so, you may realize your full cognitive potential.
Paleontologists have recently uncovered a groundbreaking genus and species of fossil monkey known as Maslipithecus mograensis, which inhabited northern Egypt approximately 17 to 18 million years ago. This discovery challenges previous notions, indicating that the evolutionary ancestors of modern apes and humans may have emerged at the intersection of Africa and Eurasia, rather than in East Africa.
Reconstruction of the life of Maslipithecus mograensis. Image credit: Mauricio Anton.
The current consensus among scientists is that the earliest great apes, known as pedunculated hominids, originated in the Africa-Arabia region during the Oligocene epoch over 25 million years ago. These species diversified and migrated into Eurasia by the Miocene epoch, approximately 14 to 16 million years ago.
However, the origin of modern apes, encompassing all existing species and their last common ancestor, remains elusive due to the scarcity and wide dispersion of relevant fossils from this period.
This uncertainty is compounded by the fragmented fossil record in Africa, where significant discoveries are predominantly localized to a few areas, leaving numerous potential ancient habitats of Miocene apes unexplored.
“Historically, the early Miocene fossil record documenting the evolution of hominids was mainly derived from sites in East Africa, with only long-tailed macaque fossils identified in contemporary North African locations,” stated Showrouk al-Ashkar, a paleontologist from Mansoura University, along with collaborating researchers from Egypt and the United States.
The newly discovered fossil, which dates back to 17 to 18 million years ago, was found in the Wadi Mogra region of northern Egypt.
Named Maslipithecus mograensis, this species significantly enhances our comprehension of the diversity and evolution of early apes during a crucial period when Afro-Arabia began to connect with Eurasia, facilitating the species’ dispersal from Africa.
“Although the fossil remains consist mainly of the lower jaw, they exhibit a unique combination of features not found in other known apes from this era,” the research team reported.
“These features include notably large canines and premolars, molars characterized by rounded and finely textured chewing surfaces, and exceptionally robust jaws,” they continued.
“Collectively, these traits indicate that Maslipithecus mograensis was adapted for dietary versatility,” they added.
Researchers interpreted the masticatory anatomy of this species as indicative of a flexible diet, largely comprising fruits, but capable of processing harder food items like nuts and seeds when necessary.
To ascertain the position of Maslipithecus mograensis within the human evolutionary lineage, scientists employed a modern Bayesian “advanced dating” method, combining both anatomical features and fossil ages to estimate evolutionary relationships and divergence times.
The findings imply that this new species represents a stem hominin closely linked to the lineage that ultimately led to all modern apes.
This discovery reinforces the hypothesis that the origins of modern apes may lie within northern Afro-Arabia, the Levant, or the eastern Mediterranean.
“We dedicated five years to searching for fossils of this nature, as an in-depth examination of the early ape family tree revealed significant gaps, with North Africa serving as that missing piece,” remarked Hesham Salam, a paleontologist at Mansoura University.
Shoruk F. Al Ashkar et al. 2026. An early Miocene ape living at the biogeographic crossroads of African and Eurasian hominids. Science 391 (6792): 1383-1386; doi: 10.1126/science.adz4102
High cholesterol is often termed a “silent killer” and ranks as one of the most significant health challenges globally. As reported by the CDC, approximately 86 million adults in the United States suffer from elevated cholesterol levels, which heightens their risk of heart attack, stroke, and heart disease.
The issue isn’t cholesterol itself; this fatty, waxy substance is mainly produced in the liver and is essential for various bodily functions, such as building cells, hormone production, and aiding digestion.
The problem arises when there’s an excess of “bad” cholesterol, known as low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
Genetic predispositions combined with unhealthy lifestyle choices—like a diet high in saturated fats, lack of exercise, obesity, and smoking—can elevate LDL levels, leading to cholesterol accumulation in artery walls.
Over time, this can lead to the formation of hard fatty plaques that narrow and harden blood vessels, restricting blood flow to the heart and brain, significantly raising the risk of heart disease, which can be life-threatening.
One of the most effective treatments for high cholesterol involves medications known as statins, which decrease cholesterol production by the liver.
High doses of statins can lower LDL cholesterol by approximately 50%. For individuals with very high cholesterol, these drugs can reduce the risk of heart attacks or strokes by up to 40 to 50%.
Yet, despite their life-saving potential, statins have been surrounded by misconceptions, fear, and uncertainty regarding possible side effects, leading many to avoid them.
In this article, we will debunk five common myths about statins to clarify the facts.
Cholesterol buildup can restrict blood flow – Credit: Getty
Myth 1: Muscle pain is a common side effect
Muscle pain is frequently reported by patients using statins. However, new studies suggest this might be a manifestation of the “nocebo effect,” where individuals anticipating side effects are more likely to perceive them.
This was illustrated in a major randomized trial led by Professor Peter Thurber from Imperial College London. During the initial phase when participants were unaware if they were taking a statin or a placebo, both groups reported similar muscle pain levels.
In the second phase, those informed they were on statins reported muscle pain symptoms increase by up to 41%.
“These symptoms are genuine. However, our findings indicate the drug isn’t the cause, with actual muscle-related side effects from statins being quite rare,” Professor Thurber explains.
This conclusion was backed by comprehensive research. A meta-analysis from the Cholesterol Treatment Trial List Collaboration found similar rates of muscle symptoms in both statin (27.1%) and placebo (26.6%) groups, with over 90% of reported muscle symptoms not caused by statins.
Only about 5 percent of people taking statins experience muscle pain due to statins – Credit: Getty
Dr. Christina Reese, Associate Professor at Oxford Population Health and co-author of the study states:
“Randomized controlled trials provide more reliable data because participants randomly receive either a statin or placebo, allowing a clear comparison to ascertain if the drug is genuinely responsible for the symptoms,” she explains.
Myth 2: Statins cause diabetes
Another prevalent fear regarding statins is their potential to induce diabetes. While there’s some validity to this concern, it’s often oversimplified.
Statins do not abruptly cause diabetes in otherwise healthy individuals. They can incrementally raise blood sugar levels, hence accelerating the diabetes diagnosis for those already predisposed.
Naveed Sattar, Professor of cardiometabolic medicine at the University of Glasgow, clarifies that statins lead to slight increases in blood sugar levels.
Doctors often monitor blood sugar levels when initiating statin therapy – Credit: Getty
“A diabetes diagnosis typically occurs at blood sugar levels of 48 mmol/mol or higher,” Sattar states. “Most individuals remain well below this threshold, therefore the minor increase isn’t concerning. However, for those nearing diagnostic criteria, it might result in an earlier diagnosis.”
He further emphasizes that potential increases in blood sugar can be effectively managed with small, sustainable lifestyle modifications, such as increased physical activity, weight loss, and improved dietary habits.
The communication surrounding diabetes risk may create unnecessary alarm; for example, a 2024 large-scale analysis revealed that low-intensity statins have a 10% higher relative diabetes risk compared to placebo, while higher-intensity statins show a 36% increased relative risk.
“Though these numbers might seem concerning,” she adds, “it’s essential to consider the absolute risk change. In low-intensity trials, there was about a 0.12% annual increase in new diabetes cases, or just over 1 case per 1,000 individuals.”
“In higher-intensity trials, the absolute increase was 1.27% per year, equating to approximately 13 additional cases per 1,000 annually.”
Both Reith and Sattar underline that concerns about diabetes risk should not deter statin use, emphasizing that the substantial reduction in heart attacks and strokes associated with statin therapy far outweighs these risks.
Read more:
Myth 3: Statins cause memory loss
Memory is a crucial aspect of our identity, making the mention of memory loss as a potential statin side effect understandably worrisome.
Like all medications, statins carry a lengthy list of potential side effects, including memory loss, depression, and sleep disorders.
Memory loss can affect one’s sense of self, but it’s not generally linked to statins – Credit: Getty
However, how critical are these side effects in practice? Findings suggest they are not as severe as often portrayed.
In February 2026, Reese and colleagues conducted a comprehensive review, revealing that most listed side effects are not genuinely attributable to statins.
The study analyzed data from the Cholesterol Treatment Trialist Collaboration involving 23 large randomized trials and over 150,000 participants.
Researchers discovered similar side effect reports in both statin and placebo groups. Specifically, 2 in 1,000 individuals report cognitive or memory issues yearly, regardless of whether they are on statins or a placebo.
In summary, although some individuals may experience forgetfulness during treatment, there is insufficient evidence to establish a direct link between statins and memory loss.
“Statins save lives, and our study reassures that benefits far exceed the risks for the majority of patients,” asserts Rees.
Myth 4: Liver damage is a significant risk
Similar to diabetes concerns, worries that statins may cause liver damage are not entirely baseless.
In a small fraction of cases, blood tests may reveal mild elevations in liver enzymes such as transaminases, indicating inflammation.
Liver damage from statins is exceedingly rare – Credit: Getty
“Typically, these elevations are minor, symptom-free, and often resolve independently. In some cases, your doctor might advise lowering the dosage or temporarily discontinuing the statin,” explains Reese.
Consequently, doctors frequently assess liver function prior to starting treatment and perform follow-up tests in the initial months to monitor any complications.
However, severe issues are uncommon. A 2026 review by Reith et al. revealed that abnormal liver transaminases were present in 0.30% of statin patients compared to 0.22% in placebo groups, which translates to fewer than one additional case per 1,000 individuals annually.
“Importantly, these mild changes did not result in permanent damage, nor did they correlate with severe liver symptoms like hepatitis, liver failure, or jaundice,” Reese adds.
Myth 5: Taking statins alone is enough
Regrettably, statins are not a panacea. They are very effective for reducing cholesterol, but their maximum benefits are realized when paired with lifestyle changes aimed at enhancing overall health.
In one notable observation study, involving 265,209 high-risk adults, those who combined statin use with a healthy lifestyle—such as proper diet, regular exercise, and limited alcohol consumption—had a lifespan approximately six years longer than those with unhealthy habits who didn’t take statins.
Combining statins with a healthy diet and exercise amplifies their effects – Credit: Getty
Crucially, individuals who took statins but persisted in unhealthy lifestyle choices did not experience a significant reduction in mortality risk, compared to those who did not use statins but led unhealthy lives.
“Starting statin therapy does not grant a free pass to neglect healthy habits,” Sattar emphasizes. “In fact, it serves as motivation to cultivate healthier lifestyle choices, thereby boosting their benefits.”
“This involves enhancing your diet with more fiber, fruits, and vegetables, opting for healthy fats such as olive oil, nuts, and avocados, and reducing saturated fats and sugary beverages. Additionally, increasing physical activity, minimizing alcohol intake, avoiding smoking, and managing weight are crucial. Even slight weight loss or just 10 minutes of daily walking can yield significant benefits.”
The intense spring heat dome that has gripped the West for over a week is finally starting to shift. This extreme weather event has set over 1,500 temperature records across 11 states, according to Climate Central, a leading research organization in climate analysis.
The ongoing heatwave is causing climate scientists, irrigation managers, and local authorities to weigh the potential for a significant water crisis and to assess the unprecedented nature of this weather phenomenon. Even before the surge in temperatures, Western states were noting record low snowfall—a situation that has persisted, leaving many areas nearly devoid of snow.
Researchers have long established that climate change is likely to exacerbate heat waves. However, some scientists are exploring whether lesser-known climate factors could account for the exceptional longevity, intensity, and scope of this month’s heat events.
Fans of the Los Angeles Dodgers protect themselves from the sun during a spring training game in Phoenix on March 21. Ross D. Franklin/Associated Press
Jennifer Brady, a senior data analyst at Climate Central, noted that the heatwave’s extensive effects and duration qualify as an anomaly, “even given the climate change we’re currently experiencing, which many refer to as the new normal.”
Climate Central has developed a climate change index that assesses the influence of climate change on daily temperature averages, rating them from 1 to 5.
Around 29% of the country recorded maximum temperatures classified as a “5” by Climate Central—indicating that these temperatures are at least five times more likely to occur due to climate change. Historical data since 1970 shows that the region is experiencing unprecedented temperature anomalies.
“This is unprecedented and potentially very dangerous,” Brady stated.
Crowds flock to Baker Beach near the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco on March 16 during the ongoing heatwave. Tayfun Coskun / Anadolu via Getty Images
The World Weather Attribution Group, comprising scientists who publish statistical analyses of climate impacts, confirmed that climate change played a significant role in the early March heatwave. They stated that these temperatures were statistically practically impossible without climate change, with measurements showing some areas experienced temperatures 20 to 30 degrees Fahrenheit above the average.
In a report released on March 20, the group asserted that climate change is raising the intensity of heatwaves in the West by more than 7 degrees Fahrenheit, making them 800 times more likely to happen compared to a world without global warming.
Climate change is shifting temperature distributions globally. According to Karen McKinnon, an associate professor at UCLA’s Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, land is heating up more rapidly than oceans, with the western U.S. warming faster than other regions.
While the global average temperature last year exceeded pre-industrial levels by 1.47 degrees Celsius (2.65 degrees Fahrenheit), McKinnon noted that “depending on your location, we may have already encountered warming of 4 to 5 degrees Fahrenheit.”
Families leave Aliso Beach at sunset amidst a record heatwave on March 20 in Laguna Beach, California. Kevin Carter/Getty Images
Researchers are increasingly curious if factors beyond base-level warming are enhancing the severity of heatwaves like this one. Some are investigating whether climate changes are affecting atmospheric dynamics.
This month’s heatwave resulted from a phenomenon known as a heat dome, which occurs when high pressure and clear skies stagnate over a region, trapping heat like a lid on a stovetop and intensifying global warming.
Scientists propose that climate change is shifting large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns, contributing to the prevalence of heat domes and influencing the jet stream’s behavior. The polar jet stream generally separates cold Arctic air from warmer southern air, and changes in its pattern may lead to extreme weather events.
Researchers speculate that climate change has enlarged jet stream waves, leading to more significant shifts in temperature across the continental U.S.
McKinnon stated that while scientists are probing these trends, conclusive answers remain elusive. Competing theories are surfacing, and it may take years to establish a consensus on these critical climate questions.
“This poses a million-dollar question,” McKinnon said. “Are these atmospheric changes primarily driven by climate change?”
The Orion spacecraft, designed with a distinctive gumdrop shape, has a capacity to carry up to four astronauts. With a width of 16.5 feet and a habitable volume of approximately 330 cubic feet, crew members have been rigorously trained to function effectively in confined spaces, including sleeping, eating, exercising, using the restroom, and communicating with ground control.
Inside the Orion capsule, you’ll find an advanced space toilet equipped with a privacy door. This facility utilizes a vacuum system to expel urine into space, while all other waste is securely stored for disposal upon mission completion.
Post-launch, astronauts have the flexibility to remove and stow two seats to create additional space until landing. Each day, astronauts engage in 30 minutes of training to maintain their physical fitness, as per the Canadian Space Agency. The capsule also features a specialized flywheel device that facilitates exercises like squats and deadlifts.
Looking ahead, NASA plans to reuse Orion components on its forthcoming Artemis III mission, set to launch in mid-2027. This flight will focus on demonstrating important docking and landing techniques in low Earth orbit, followed by the Artemis IV mission, which aims to achieve a lunar landing in 2028.
The Artemis II mission will be commanded by NASA’s Wiseman, with Grover as the pilot. Mission specialists include NASA’s Koch and Canada’s Hansen. The crew has already arrived at the Kennedy Space Center in preparation for the scheduled launch.
The phrase “Money can’t buy happiness” is a popular notion, but is it true? Right? Scientifically, the relationship between wealth and happiness is complex.
A study from the University of Bath explores “The relationship between income and happiness.”
Up to a certain threshold, money can contribute to happiness. However, this correlation becomes less pronounced beyond a particular point.
What Truly Makes Us Happy?
At a fundamental level, happiness stems from fulfilling our basic biological needs.
Humans require essentials like food, water, air, sleep, and safety for survival. Our brains reward us when we obtain these necessities, recognizing their biological importance.
Our brains also understand that money facilitates access to these essentials.
A 2007 Wellcome Trust study reveals that money can boost our motivation and sense of well-being—two crucial components of happiness.
However, more money does not equate to more happiness. While it may seem vital, its rewarding capacity has limits.
Photo credit: Getty
For instance, eating provides pleasure until we feel full; overindulgence leads to discomfort. Similarly, excessive comfort can lead to isolation.
Moreover, our brains adapt to routine stimuli, as shown in a 2011 study by Dr. Ruth Krebs, demonstrating that surprising experiences boost happiness.
Unexpected financial windfalls tend to bring greater joy than regular income.
For those in financial distress, acquiring money can be incredibly rewarding. However, once financial stability is achieved, the joy from money diminishes, as pointed out in a study from San Francisco State University, which shows how rewards lessen with increased wealth.
Experiences—like travel, forging new relationships, and helping others—tend to produce more happiness.
While money often finances these experiences, it serves more as a means to happiness rather than a direct source.
Is There a Specific Income Level for Happiness?
The notion of a “happiness threshold” suggests that beyond a certain income, additional money won’t enhance happiness. This becomes increasingly relevant today.
As wages stagnate and costs rise, the question of how much income is essential for happiness is critical.
However, the ideal income varies widely among individuals, making it challenging to pinpoint a universal amount.
Photo credit: Getty
Some might find fulfillment in modest means, while others feel they’ll never reach “enough.”
The University of Bath study indicates that cultural comparisons can show how learned behaviors affect the relationship between wealth and happiness.
Interestingly, individuals with substantial wealth can sometimes experience less happiness than those with fewer financial resources, often due to anxiety.
Can Excess Wealth Lead to Unhappiness?
Interestingly, too much money might actually lead to unhappiness. Research indicates that being compensated for doing what you love can sometimes diminish overall happiness. This accounts for why some avoid turning a beloved hobby into a profession.
In today’s world, money is dynamic and rarely stagnant. Wealth translates to various assets, from investments to savings, which are often volatile.
This volatility is influenced by political and economic factors, leaving individuals with limited control over their financial situation. Such uncertainty can lead to increased stress, impacting happiness.
Instead of saying, “Money can’t buy happiness,” it might be more accurate to assert, “Money can buy safety and security,” which pave the way for happiness.
Ultimately, the connection between money and happiness is subjective, relying heavily on personal experiences and upbringing.
Residents of Colorado are facing unprecedented water restrictions due to a historic snow drought and extreme heat wave.
On Wednesday, Denver Water announced the need for a 20% reduction in water usage, urging residents to disable automatic irrigation systems until mid-May and limiting tree and shrub watering to just twice a week.
Todd Hartman, a spokesperson for Denver Water, stated, “The situation is dire. If conditions don’t improve, we might have to limit water use to only one day a week in the coming months.”
This marks the first instance in 2023 that Denver Water has imposed restrictions.
Colorado’s snowpack peaked at critically low levels on March 12, about a month earlier than usual, subsequently diminishing during the recent widespread heat wave affecting nearly all Western states.
Peter Goble, Colorado’s assistant state meteorologist, noted, “Current snowpack levels are at their lowest since at least 1981, with approximately 40% of the snowpack lost since March 12 due to heat.” He added, “The situation resembles conditions typically seen in late April or early May.”
These water restrictions signal a worrying trend for many states in the West as officials strive to combat extensive drought conditions. Nearly every snow basin in the Mountain West is experiencing unprecedented winter temperatures, resulting in severely diminished water supplies. For more information, visit the US Drought Monitor. The reduced snowpack raises the risk of severe wildfires, diminishes hydroelectric power generation, and imposes additional restrictions on farmers.
Hartman remarked that communities east of the Rocky Mountains and along Colorado’s frontier are facing similar challenges as Denver.
Members of the Aurora City Council are also contemplating similar water restrictions. Current reservoir levels are about 58%, according to the city’s website. A water shortage emergency was declared on March 20 after a significant spike in consumption was reported in Erie.
Gabi Ray, the town spokeswoman, expressed concern that Erie is at risk of exhausting its water supply due to many residents watering their lawns early due to unseasonably high temperatures.
“We were on track to run out of water within just a day, which is why this is such an emergency,” she stated.
Goble reported that the recent heatwave has broken numerous temperature records across Colorado, often by significant margins.
“I can’t recall ever witnessing so many records fall during a single heatwave,” he noted. “For instance, in Fort Collins, last Saturday reached 91 degrees, breaking the old March record of 81 degrees, and this wasn’t just a one-time occurrence.”
Skiers at Breckenridge Ski Resort this month as temperatures soar. Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images
Denver Water, serving approximately 1.5 million residents in and around Denver, sources about half of its water from the Upper Colorado River and South Platte River basins. Recent reports indicate that the snowfall for the latter is approximately 42% of normal levels, while the former stands at 55%.
Overall, Denver Water’s reservoirs are currently about 80% full, which is only slightly below the usual levels.
“That’s positive news,” Hartman commented. “However, with such low snowpack, we can’t rely on substantial runoff to refill the reservoirs.”
Essentially, the snowpack, serving as a natural reservoir, is largely depleted and won’t be replenished until late spring and summer when runoff typically peaks.
In Erie, officials plan to deploy smart meters to monitor residential water usage closely, implementing measures to enforce water conservation over the coming week. Ray stated that public works crews will actively patrol neighborhoods for active sprinklers.
“Residents may feel frustrated by our stringent measures, but they might not fully grasp the consequences of inaction,” Ray emphasized. “We’re facing a serious emergency where taps could run dry. Essential services, including hospitals, schools, and fire hydrants, will be affected.”
While restrictions on outdoor watering may be lifted soon, Ray anticipates more limitations will be enforced this spring and summer.
In the midst of the most severe snow drought in modern Western history, several ski resorts are innovating by implementing a sustainable method of artificial snow storage, ensuring its preservation until the next ski season.
This eco-friendly strategy, known as “snow farming,” entails creating snow under optimal conditions, stacking it up to three stories high, and using large insulating mats to safeguard it against sun and rain. This allows ski areas to utilize stored snow in the fall rather than depending solely on unpredictable weather.
While this technique is gaining popularity in Europe, it is now making its mark in the United States, especially as snowfall becomes increasingly erratic. Small ski resorts in states like Wisconsin, Idaho, and Utah are embracing snow farming this season, highlighting the pressing need for adaptive practices in the ski industry facing climate change.
“Warmer winters and diminishing snowfall may enhance the sustainability of skiing, particularly at certain resorts,” stated Nate Sheik, director of mountain operations at Bogus Basin Ski Resort near Boise, Idaho, where snow farming has commenced for a second consecutive season.
The Soldier Hollow Nordic Center, located near Salt Lake City and initially built for the 2002 Winter Olympics, is pioneering this approach. With Salt Lake City slated to host the Winter Olympics in 2034, maintaining consistent snow is vitally important for the area.
The preserved snow pile at Soldier Hollow Nordic Center measures around 15,000 square feet.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Soldier Hollow is set to host a cross-country skiing event again, but the success of this competition could rely heavily on snow trials, especially if this season’s conditions remain uncharacteristically poor.
“This is a contingency plan for the severe winter of 2034,” noted Soldier Hollow General Manager Luke Bodensteiner.
Bodensteiner, a participant in the 1992 and 1994 Winter Olympics, recalled this year’s unprecedented lack of snowfall as the worst in memory, arguing that hosting a major competition “would have been challenging if this coincided with an Olympic year.”
How to “Grow” Snow
Bodensteiner’s team invested approximately $300,000 in a snow management system from Finnish company Snow Secure.
This company provides white polystyrene mats that fold like an accordion, are about 2.5 inches thick, and can be deployed swiftly. These mats function as weatherproof insulation akin to that used in buildings, effectively covering snow piles the size of a football field.
Soldier Hollow utilizes foam mats to insulate snow piles from sun, rain, and wind.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Typically, customers employing this system wait for cold, dry conditions, use snow guns to generate snow, pile it high, cover it thoroughly with mats, and anchor the setup with weights.
“It’s like a battery; the greater the snow mass beneath that insulation system, the longer we can retain the cold air,” Sheik explains.
Snow Secure employs foam mats and geotextile covers for their snow protection system.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Snow Secure CEO Antti Rauslati noted that stored snow typically loses about 20% of its mass over the summer months. However, this innovative process allows ski resorts to produce snow in conditions where water droplets freeze more rapidly.
“If you create snow during colder months, you’ll see better snow quality,” he stated. “The process is faster, generates higher quality snow, and is more energy-efficient.”
While snowmaking has been a popular practice since the 1970s, it typically results in inefficient water usage during warmer periods, particularly at season’s end. Rauslati mentioned that creating snowfall under marginal conditions generally requires 70% to 80% more energy.
“Operating a snow gun at 27 or 28 degrees could yield a snow pile of about two feet under that snow gun,” Bodensteiner explained. “Conversely, if temperatures drop to the single digits, running the same snowgun could produce an eight-foot pile.”
Soldier Hollow Nordic Center’s snowmobiles are essential for constructing even larger snow mounds.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
Rauslati mentioned that some are concerned about summer temperatures in the U.S. hampering the system’s effectiveness; however, it has proven successful so far.
Last year, Bogus Basin was among just three regions in North America to pilot the Snow Secure initiative. Throughout summer, monitoring systems noted external temperatures reaching up to 119 degrees Fahrenheit, while the snow remained at an average of 37 degrees, Sheik remarked.
When workers removed the mats in October, they discovered that around 80% of the snow had survived. Despite experiencing the warmest November on record, Bogus Basin managed to open for business that month.
“We kicked off the season on snow we had saved,” Sheik highlighted, noting that without the snow protection system, a Thanksgiving opening would have been impossible.
Record Snow Drought
This winter has been particularly harsh for the western U.S.
By mid-March, all significant basins in the West had recorded their warmest or second-warmest winters ever, leading to significant snow shortages. The US Drought Monitor reported these troubling developments. A recent record heatwave eliminated much of the remaining snow, exacerbating concerns over wildfires.Water use is currently restricted in cities like Denver. States such as Colorado and Utah have reported record-low snowfall.
Due to these conditions, numerous ski resorts faced limited operations or remained closed. Many resorts ushered in early closures before April.
“The entire industry acknowledges that winters are becoming shorter and warmer,” Bodensteiner asserted.
Soldier Hollow was constructed in compliance with Olympic standards at roughly 5,600 feet above sea level—a relatively low elevation for ski areas in Utah—making it particularly vulnerable to climate fluctuations.
Soldier Hollow Nordic Center staff strategically place Snow Secure on top of the insulated snow pile.Provided by Utah Olympic Legacy Foundation
As a result of these conditions, Soldier Hollow is increasingly dependent on artificial snow production. The resort has invested in advanced snowmaking technology, including 20 mobile “fan guns” and 40 stationary robotic “sticks” for efficient snow generation.
“Roughly half of the season relies on artificial snow,” noted Bodensteiner.
He is optimistic that the snow farming trial will enable Soldier Hollow to become the first Nordic ski venue to open in the fall. Upgrades to snowmaking equipment are also planned. If the Snow Secure system succeeds, Bodensteiner envisions expanding its use.
“If we achieve the desired results, by the summer of 2033, we may have three or four of these snow piles around the venue,” he concluded.
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Andean Bear by Sebastian Di Domenico – Finalist, Sony World Photography Award 2026, Latin American Professional Award
Credit: Sebastian Di Domenico
Sony World Photography Award
This stunning Andean bear emerges from a moss-covered branch in Colombia’s Chingaza Ecopalacio Reserve. Photographer Sebastian Di Domenico captured this moment while guiding hikers through the lush forest.
“Suddenly, one of the hikers pointed to the bear above us,” said Di Domenico. His breathtaking photograph earned him a spot as a finalist this year at the Sony World Photography Award.
Believed to be a male around five years old, this bear was seen for the first time in this area. Di Domenico speculates that it may have been attracted by a potential mate since another bear was spotted nearby. “We believe they may have been mating in the tree that day,” he explained.
Unfortunately, habitat destruction caused by agriculture, road construction, and mining threatens the survival of this species (Tremarctos ornatus). Widespread issues like crop looting, livestock predation, and illegal hunting exacerbate their decline. “This bear species ranges from Venezuela to Bolivia, but much of its historical habitat has been drastically altered by human activities,” Di Domenico noted. Currently, it is classified as critically endangered. You can find more information at the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
For Di Domenico, this photograph emphasizes the urgent need to protect Andean bears. “Sightings like this are incredibly rare, and capturing this unique species in its natural habitat sends a crucial message,” he stated. “This bear is the only bear species native to South America and is a vital icon of the tropical Andes.”
Join us for the Sony World Photography Award 2026. The exhibition will take place from April 17th to May 4th at Somerset House, London.
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