Recently, a friend shared over coffee some disheartening feedback she received: “They said it was good, but it looked like it was written by Artificial Intelligence (AI).” Knowing her, I quickly understood the situation. Her credibility was not in question due to poor quality work, but rather because her writing was exceptionally clear, fluent, and sophisticated.
The rapid evolution of AI tools is transforming our perceptions of effective writing. In today’s digital landscape, demonstrating that authentic individuals stand behind the words is increasingly crucial, rather than relying on ambiguous language models. Ironically, one of the ways to appear more human is to compromise the quality of your writing.
As Alan Turing suggested in the 1950s, intentionally introducing typos might enhance perceptions of authenticity. This advice was ironically directed at machines, yet it presents a paradox in human writing.
My friend’s experience is not unique; clear writing, once a hallmark of skill, is now met with skepticism by readers, reviewers, and recruiters alike. Skills that previously showcased intelligence—clarity, precision, and organization—are losing their value as indicators of competence.
One significant challenge is that AI-generated content is difficult to detect, leading to a rise in false positives, where human writers are incorrectly accused of using AI tools. A study found it difficult to distinguish between human-generated and machine-generated text, especially when they are mixed. Consequently, many universities have halted the use of traditional plagiarism detection tools for identifying AI content due to reliability issues.
In this environment of uncertainty, some writers have resorted to the only remaining signal: the cleverly named human error. Repeated words, minor grammatical mistakes, and awkward phrasing are no longer seen as carelessness but rather as signs of genuine human touch. Errors are strategically introduced as qualifications.
Intentional errors are emerging as a strategy in competitive scenarios, including university submissions and job applications, where recruiters now advise candidates to include one deliberate typo in cover letters to indicate a personal touch.
However, this practice is precarious; the value of imperfections as signals of authenticity may soon erode. As these characteristics become recognized, imitation will follow. Users may demand AI systems that mimic a less refined, more human touch, prompting a future where machines exhibit a coordinated fallibility.
The road ahead for restoring trust in authorship remains ambiguous. Some situations may require more direct evidence of authorship, including in-person assessments and handwritten submissions without AI intervention. Alternatively, in an AI-saturated world, the key skill may become the effective use of AI tools. Some universities now allow AI usage during exams as long as prompt submissions accompany the work.
Ultimately, the markers of authenticity and authorship are becoming increasingly elusive. Even when they are present, they arrive under a cloud of doubt.
A compound in turmeric known as curcumin is sold in supplement form—what are its benefits?
Soldat Off/Shutterstock
As temperatures in Australia drop, ‘golden milk’, a blend of warm milk, turmeric, spices, and honey, is gaining popularity on social media. This comforting beverage not only tastes great but also boasts medicinal properties, primarily due to curcumin—the yellow pigment in turmeric. Curcumin is touted for its anti-inflammatory properties, which may aid in fighting diseases such as cancer, arthritis, allergies, Alzheimer’s, and menopause. But is the evidence behind these claims robust?
Turmeric has a storied history in South Asian cooking and medicine spanning thousands of years, but it has recently emerged as a “superfood” in Western cultures. This shift can be attributed to extensive research conducted by Bharat Agarwal, a former biochemist at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center. Since the early 2000s, Agarwal and his team have published over 100 studies demonstrating that curcumin reduces inflammation and promotes cell death across nearly all types of cancer.This research has fueled the surge in popularity of turmeric lattes and curcumin supplements, prompting further investigations. To date, U.S. health agencies have allocated approximately $275 million to curcumin research since 1990, especially in light of Agarwal’s contributions.
The notion that a colorful, flavorful spice rooted in Ayurvedic traditions could transform modern medicine is captivating. However, questions regarding the integrity of Agarwal’s findings have emerged. In 2012, the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services’ Office of Research Integrity informed MD Anderson of allegations regarding potential research misconduct. At least 65 of Agarwal’s papers have faced scrutiny, although this does not confirm any fraudulent activity. Following an internal investigation, Agarwal left the cancer center, and 30 of his studies have since been retracted or denied publication due to concerns over data reliability. Despite this, Agarwal has authored many articles still frequently cited in the literature. New Scientist was unable to obtain a comment from him.
It is quite remarkable that curcumin has attracted such a volume of research. However, an examination of its chemical properties suggests it may not serve as an effective drug. During my PhD focused on cancer drug development, a lab colleague found curcumin challenging to work with due to its low solubility and instability. A 2017 review published in the Medicinal Chemistry Journal, led by Kathryn Nelson from the University of Minnesota, concluded that “curcumin is an unstable, reactive, and non-bioavailable compound, thereby having very limited therapeutic potential.”
Curcumin’s poor solubility in water limits its absorption into the bloodstream after consumption, often leading to most of it remaining in the intestines and being excreted. In a recent Dutch study, curcumin was hardly detectable in participants’ blood. This finding applied even to those taking higher doses of “fortified” supplements designed to enhance absorption with black pepper and piperine. The blood concentration levels recorded were over 100 times lower than those needed to exhibit activity against cancer cells in laboratory settings.
This ineffectiveness may explain why curcumin has fallen short in demonstrating notable results in clinical trials for conditions like cancer, arthritis, and more. According to Nelson and her research team, curcumin is “like a missile that keeps detonating on the launch pad, never reaching its target.”
Too Many Claims
A scanning electron micrograph of hepatic stellate cells forming scar tissue in response to liver damage.
Steve Gschmeisner/Science Photo Library
Additionally, there are growing concerns regarding the safety of turmeric and curcumin supplements. While turmeric is safe when consumed in culinary quantities, concentrated curcumin supplements pose risks. Since curcumin constitutes only about 5% of turmeric’s dry weight, concentrated versions can cause liver complications in susceptible individuals. According to the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, “Turmeric is the most common cause of herb-related liver damage,” particularly due to highly bioavailable curcumin formulations.
Symptoms of liver damage include jaundice, dark urine, and gastrointestinal discomfort. Although these issues often resolve after discontinuing the supplement, some cases have resulted in liver failure and fatalities.
Contamination is another risk associated with turmeric products. In the U.S., various brands of powdered turmeric spice were recalled between 2011 and 2016 due to lead chromate contamination, which was added to enhance color intensity. Certain children consuming these tainted products exhibited dangerously elevated lead levels in their blood. Additionally, turmeric supplements in Norway and Sweden were linked to hepatic damage, with some containing a painkiller, Nimesulide.
While I hope the turmeric in my kitchen is safe, brewing “golden milk” soothes my spirit. I plan to make it a winter staple, knowing that its true magic lies in its unique flavor rather than miraculous health benefits. Agarwal and his colleagues once noted in a paper published in The Journal of the American Society of Pharmaceutical Scientists that curcumin’s effectiveness may seem “too good to be true.” Indeed, they were right.
Topics:
This revised version contains SEO-optimized keywords and retains all original HTML tags for enhanced functionality while enhancing readability and conciseness.
In a small randomized trial in the United Kingdom, adults who incorporated one serving of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie into their healthier diet experienced notable reductions in depression scores after just four weeks.
Daily consumption of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie can enhance mental health, supporting the UK’s Five Healthy Eating Five Days guidelines. Image credit: Joseph Musila.
“While many recognize the benefits of consuming five servings of fruits and vegetables daily, implementing this can be challenging,” stated lead author Dr. Courtney Neale, who conducted the study at Newcastle University and is currently at the University of Liverpool.
“Our trial demonstrated that targeted financial and educational support to overcome common obstacles in achieving five servings can lead to significant dietary improvements for individuals with low fruit and vegetable consumption.”
“We discovered that straightforward, cost-effective strategies, like drinking a modest glass of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie each day, can assist individuals in meeting their five-a-day target while also offering potential mental health benefits.”
In this study, Dr. Neale and colleagues focused on participants who consumed one glass of 100% fruit juice or a smoothie daily as part of a five-a-day healthy eating strategy.
Adults with insufficient fruit and vegetable intake received support to enhance their daily consumption, either with or without a glass of juice or a smoothie to comply with the five-a-day guideline.
The 42 participants were divided into three groups: a control group that maintained their usual diet, a group that increased their intake of whole fruits and vegetables, and a group that did the same while also consuming a daily glass of juice or a smoothie.
After four weeks, both groups showed a rise in fruit and vegetable consumption, but the group that added fruit juice reported lower depression scores.
Specifically, depression questionnaire scores were 2.52 points lower (out of 27) compared to the control group, indicating a modest yet statistically significant difference, with no adverse effects on metabolic health indicators observed.
Lead author Dr. Oliver Shannon, a Lecturer in Nutrition and Aging at Newcastle University, noted: “With the UK facing rising living costs, the price of fresh produce can be a significant barrier for individuals aiming to increase their fruit and vegetable intake.”
“This research indicates that incorporating a glass of fruit juice or a smoothie daily could be part of the solution to achieving the five-a-day goal.”
“The finding that juice consumers had lower depression scores is promising and warrants further investigation, particularly among those experiencing mental health issues.”
“This aligns with existing research suggesting improved blood flow to the brain and enhanced cognitive function following the consumption of citrus juices.”
“Simple dietary modifications, including increasing fruit intake and adding a daily glass of juice, may be pivotal in supporting mental well-being.”
For more information, refer to the study published in the May 22 issue of the British Journal of Nutrition.
_____
Courtney Neale et al. Including fruit juices and smoothies in the recommended five-daily intake of fruits and vegetables: a randomized controlled trial investigating effects on intake, mood, and health markers. British Journal of Nutrition published online on May 22, 2026. doi: 10.1017/S0007114526107569
A newly released Hubble Space Telescope image showcases Messier 88, a stunning spiral galaxy driven by a black hole, gradually moving towards the densely populated center of the Virgo cluster.
This breathtaking image, captured with the Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) onboard the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, displays the spiral galaxy Messier 88. Image credit: NASA / ESA / Hubble / D. Thilker / MAUVE-HST Team.
Messier 88 is located approximately 63 million light-years away in the constellation Coma.
Also known as M88, NGC 4501, or LEDA 41517, this galaxy was discovered by French astronomer Charles Messier on March 18, 1781.
Messier 88 features an active galactic nucleus, signifying that its central region is exceptionally bright compared to the surrounding star fields.
At its heart lies a supermassive black hole, with a mass estimated to be 100 million times that of our Sun.
“The aged, reddish stars surrounding the black hole give Messier 88 a warm, glowing core,” stated Hubble astronomers.
“A series of tightly coiled, symmetrical spiral arms extend from the center of the galaxy, intricately outlined by glowing pink and blue star clusters amidst tangled dust clouds.”
Viewed from our perspective, Messier 88 appears elongated, with its graceful spiral arms fanning out elegantly.
As a member of the Virgo star cluster, Messier 88 is one of over a thousand galaxies bound together by gravitational forces.
Researchers noted that “as this massive galaxy group traverses space, its galaxies remain in perpetual motion, orbiting around the cluster’s center of mass.”
“Messier 88 is on an extended and somewhat hazardous journey towards the depths of the cluster.”
“Like any epic quest, Messier 88 will undergo significant transformations as it approaches the center of the Virgo galaxy cluster, situated approximately 2 million light-years from its current position.”
“In 200 to 300 million years, Messier 88 will come closest to Messier 87, a giant elliptical galaxy serving as the cluster’s anchor.”
“As it nears this massive gravitational force, Messier 88 will face severe ram pressure stripping.”
“This phenomenon occurs when gas within galaxies is swept away as it moves against the omnipresent gas located in galaxy clusters.”
Scientists have already witnessed this process unfolding in Messier 88.
“The swirling disk of gas in Messier 88 appears truncated and compressed at its tip, accumulating gas and dust much like snow before a plow,” researchers explained.
“Remarkably, Messier 88 seems to possess significantly less cold gas—the essential ingredient for star formation—than would typically be expected for a galaxy of its size, particularly in its outer regions.”
“This clearly indicates that Messier 88’s journey is altering its ability to form stars and affects its evolutionary trajectory.”
The latest large-scale genetic study of Alzheimer’s disease has pinpointed 127 gene locations associated with the condition, with 48 of these being newly identified. This research also highlights specific genes that may serve as promising drug targets and identifies cell types at a higher genetic risk for developing Alzheimer’s.
Alzheimer’s disease accounts for the majority of cases of dementia and has a significant hereditary component; research suggests that genetics may contribute approximately 60 to 80 percent of an individual’s risk. Key genes implicated in this condition include Apoe. Individuals who inherit one copy of the APOE4 variant face a two to three times greater risk of developing the disease. Additionally, parental genetic factors may elevate risk by up to 12 times.
However, health and lifestyle choices are also crucial, and even those with genetic predispositions may not necessarily develop Alzheimer’s. “Some individuals can carry these high-risk variants yet remain unaffected,” remarks Daniel Posthuma from Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.
To further investigate genetic influences, Posthuma’s team analyzed genomic data from around 110,000 diagnosed individuals alongside 74,000 individuals with at least one parent affected by Alzheimer’s but who had not yet shown symptoms. This data was compared to approximately 2.6 million people without Alzheimer’s disease, revealing significant gene activity linked to the disease.
This analysis uncovered 127 genes associated with Alzheimer’s, 48 of which had not been previously linked to the disease.
These newly discovered genes offer insights into the underlying mechanisms of Alzheimer’s, a condition marked by abnormal protein accumulations, such as amyloid beta and tau, in the brain. Immune cells, including a specific type known as microglia, initially migrate to these problem areas to help clear protein excess but contribute to inflammation as the disease progresses.
Posthuma’s research suggests that mutations linked to Alzheimer’s increase the expression of microglial genes while reducing neuronal gene expression, aligning with earlier findings related to neuroinflammation and cell degradation. A significant study discusses the deterioration of neurological function in Alzheimer’s.
“While the first four genes linked to Alzheimer’s suggested amyloid-beta deposition, the majority of these newly identified genes emphasize the role of immunity and neuroinflammation,” Tanzi adds.
The research team flagged three specific types of neurons exhibiting diminished gene expression in Alzheimer’s patients. “These neurons are among the first to degenerate in Alzheimer’s-affected brains,” Posthuma explains, cautioning that the exact relationship between neuronal loss and disease remains to be clarified.
Furthermore, Posthuma and her colleagues have highlighted five potential drug targets from the newly identified genes. Notably, three of these are involved in immune responses.
“There is a need to reconsider our approach, focusing more on targeting the immune system rather than solely developing anti-amyloid drugs, where most funding has been concentrated,” states Shea Andrews from the University of California, San Francisco.
The other two genes of interest include UBE2V1 and SPATA2, which appear to be linked to various neurodegenerative diseases.
Andrews asserts that an effective treatment strategy for Alzheimer’s will necessitate a multifaceted approach—combining drugs targeting amyloid, tau, and the immune system along with healthy lifestyle practices to mitigate cognitive decline.
“This study underscores that Alzheimer’s risk factors are multifaceted, indicating that no single biological pathway or cell type is solely responsible,” claims Rebecca Sims from Cardiff University, UK. “It also suggests the need for more advanced models, such as co-culture systems [growing various cell types together in the lab] and organoids to examine cellular interactions in disease.”
Though approximately 90 percent of participants in this research were of European descent, Sims noted that this study represents progress toward achieving a more diverse ancestry representation through its multi-ethnic design.
Currently, genetic assessments have limited predictive power concerning Alzheimer’s risk. However, studies like this one could enhance their relevance. Improved testing might pinpoint individuals at slightly elevated risk, prompting regular monitoring or encouraging lifestyle modifications to offset potential risks. “I’m cautious to draw definitive conclusions, as increased risk isn’t yet conclusive,” she adds.
Earth is a distinctive planet with remarkable features such as a magnetic field, a large moon, and dynamic plate tectonics. It is the only planet currently known to support life. These characteristics lead to the rare Earth hypothesis, which suggests that extraterrestrial life has not been discovered because other planets may lack the essential conditions necessary for supporting life.
Approximately 30% of Earth’s surface is land, while around 70% is covered by oceans. Recent research by David Kipping, an assistant professor at Columbia University, explored the ratio of land to ocean on Earth’s surface and how this percentage of land contributes to Earth’s habitability for complex life forms, including intelligent beings like humans.
Kipping developed four statistical models to analyze how varying land distributions could influence the evolution of intelligent alien life. He first established an equation to determine the likelihood of a planet existing within its habitable zone, focusing on specific parcels of land known as probability distributions. His models weighted the distribution, suggesting a higher likelihood of planets being either covered by a large landmass or a vast ocean, rather than a mix like Earth.
Kipping used this land proportion distribution to calculate the chances that a random planet with similar proportions could support intelligent life. He examined four scenarios: 1) intelligent life is more likely to emerge on land-dominant planets, 2) it is more common on ocean-dominant planets, 3) balanced land and ocean planets are more conducive, and 4) the emergence of intelligent life is independent of land proportion.
To establish the likelihood of intelligent aliens existing on planets with land distributions like Earth’s, Kipping compared probabilities by calculating the ratios of outcomes. Since Earth is the only planet confirmed to have intelligent life, models indicating a higher probability of human presence provide crucial insights.
Kipping considered a ratio exceeding 10 between model predictions as strong evidence favoring one model over another. He found no such threshold was met in his comparisons. However, models favoring ocean-dominated or balanced land-ocean planets showed a 2.5 to 3-fold greater likelihood of predicting human existence compared to land-dominant models, with balanced models claiming the highest probability of human emergence, albeit slightly.
Kipping also contemplated whether the discovery of more planets with intelligent life would affect which model is deemed most realistic, especially if evidence of ancient life on Mars surfaces. He identified two complications: the uncertainty about the extent of Mars’ ancient water coverage, estimated between 25% to 81% land, and the notion that evidence of life does not equate to confirmation of intelligent life.
Despite these uncertainties, Kipping recalibrated his model under the assumption that ancient Mars had an Earth-like land area. This approach yielded ratios similar to previous Earth-exclusive calculations, indicating no single model could firmly predict intelligent presence on both Earth and Mars by a margin of 10.
To determine conditions exceeding the 10x threshold, Kipping calculated the necessary findings: astronomers would need to discover 14 additional planets with intelligent life and known land proportions to conclusively establish whether intelligent life emerges more frequently on desert, ocean, or balanced planets.
Kipping concluded that we cannot yet definitively state whether the land distribution on Earth plays a unique role in the emergence of intelligent species. However, Earth’s existence suggests that intelligent life is less likely to develop on extreme desert planets, casting doubt on the prospect of finding Tatooine or Jackass within our galaxy. While this research does not disprove the rare Earth hypothesis, it does challenge the notion that the vastness of Earth’s oceans is the primary factor behind Earth’s uniqueness.
LONDON — Long dismissed as a natural anomaly, the red stripes on Welsh rocks have been revealed as the oldest known prehistoric art in Britain and northwestern Europe. Recent research indicates these markings were made by human fingers approximately 17,100 years ago.
Subscribe to enjoy this story ad-free
Gain unlimited access to exclusive ad-free articles.
An international research team has re-evaluated Bacon Hole, a cave located near Mumbles in South Wales, focusing on a series of red pigment stripes first discovered in 1912.
Initially identified as prehistoric art by Professors William Sollas and Henri Breuil in 1912, these markings were later dismissed as natural occurrences resulting from mineral deposits, according to the study.
“This invaluable panel became a footnote in history, forgotten by the academic community,” said George Harold Nash, an archaeologist and prehistoric art specialist leading the research, in correspondence with NBC News.
Entrance to Bacon Hall in Wales. Provided by George Harold Nash
More than a century later, the original interpretation has been vindicated.
A study published in the journal Quaternary on Monday by Nash and the First-Art team concluded that “the pigmented lines were intentionally created by humans, not formed through natural processes.”
This previously ignored red stripe art represents the oldest known cave art in Britain and northwestern Europe.
Nash expressed his exhilaration upon discovering this, noting it was “deeply moving” to stand before the painted panel that had been rediscovered after more than a century.
“It was a remarkable experience to see a panel that was forgotten yet rediscovered in its original context,” he stated.
A collaborative team of scientists and researchers from China, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Spain, and Wales employed advanced dating methods to analyze pigment samples and compare them with cave observations.
The evenly spaced horizontal lines of red pigment indicate a “deliberate, structured pattern,” according to the research findings.
First-Art team members collect samples for laboratory analysis at Bacon Hall. Provided by George Harold Nash
Evidence suggests the pigment was applied using fingers, aligning with the original findings of Breuil and Sollas.
To grasp the significance of this artwork, Nash emphasized that “throughout Europe, cave paintings are often linked to ritualistic practices, symbolic expressions, and belief systems.”
The paper notes that the full significance of these marks was overlooked for many years, partly due to graffiti from a local fisherman in 1894 complicating interpretations.
When this imprint was first made around 17,100 years ago, the landscape was recovering from an ice age that rendered the area largely uninhabitable. At that time, Bacon Hole and other nearby caves “offered suitable habitats for hunter-gatherer groups,” according to the study’s authors.
“These caves were not merely shelters; they held cultural significance,” Nash stated, adding that while the motivation behind Ice Age art remains elusive, “the positioning of these artworks deep within cave environments indicates a meaning that transcended daily life.”
Today, Bacon Hole, situated in a limestone cliff with a view of the Bristol Channel, is managed by National Trust Wales, collaborating with the Bradshaw Foundation to fund ongoing scientific research at the site.
The National Trust for Wales is expected to formally announce its findings on Tuesday, though Bacon Hall has not yet been officially recognized as a site of significance.
Mr. Nash has called for the highest level of legal protection for the site, asserting that “prehistoric art is a rare and fragile element of our archaeological heritage.”
“Once it is damaged or destroyed, it cannot be replaced,” he cautioned.
The expression “survival of the fittest” is so closely linked to Darwinism that many mistakenly attribute it to Charles Darwin himself. However, this phrase was popularized by his contemporary Herbert Spencer. Nonetheless, it holds an element of truth. In On the Origin of Species, Darwin stressed competition as a key driver of evolution, shaped by the environments in which organisms develop.
Darwin characterized nature as a fierce battle for survival, not merely because he believed this to be true, but to resonate with an audience influenced by the era’s imperialistic and industrial narratives. During this time, thinkers like Thomas Malthus and Thomas Hobbes painted humanity as innately competitive and ruthless. Darwin’s critique of this viewpoint was valid. Over time, Darwinism has been misused to rationalize humanity’s darker actions.
Yet, viewing Darwin’s theories through alternative lenses can be enlightening. Even before the term “ecology” was introduced, Darwin recognized the importance of interconnectedness in natural systems. This perspective might hold keys to unraveling one of science’s biggest enigmas: the origin of life itself.
“
Darwinism cited as scientific justification for humanity’s worst sins “
A promising pathway to elucidating how life emerged from non-life draws on concepts from microbiologist Carl Woese. He proposed that life likely evolved within a co-culture, consisting of loosely interconnected molecules.
Intriguingly, contemporary research indicates that essential elements and processes of life—including metabolism and genetic coding for proteins—can arise spontaneously through chemical reactions. Rather than perceiving life as a solitary victor emerging from “some warm little pond” (a phrase coined by Darwin), it may be more accurate to say that cooperation has been foundational to life’s development from its inception.
The Real Ice trial in Canada involved pumping seawater from beneath the ice sheet to the surface.
Image credit: Real Ice
Every winter, Canadian researchers construct approximately 7,000 kilometers of ice roads. This innovative method involves pumping water onto the surface, where it freezes, thereby thickening the ice layer for large vehicles, analogous to what’s shown in the Ice Road Truckers television series.
Could we apply this technique to Arctic sea ice to prevent its rapid disappearance? This crucial question is being explored through geoengineering experiments conducted in Canada and Norway during 2024 and 2025. The implications are significant, as Arctic sea ice is projected to completely vanish during summer months by the 2030s. The loss of ice diminishes its capability to reflect sunlight, exposing the ocean’s surface, which absorbs more heat.
Both trials demonstrated that sea ice thickness increased, with Canadian scientists reporting a slower melting rate during summer, while Norwegian researchers asserted otherwise. Ongoing tests are crucial for confirming these findings.
“Yes, the ice is getting thicker, but how that affects its eventual disappearance remains an unresolved issue,” observes Christian Haas, who analyzed results from the Norwegian study at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Bremerhaven, Germany.
In April 2024, researchers from Dutch company Arctic Reflections drilled a hole through about a meter of ice in a lagoon in Svalbard, subsequently injecting seawater to create a significant puddle of slush that froze solid within three days, increasing the sea ice thickness from 90 centimeters to 1.16 meters. However, by June, cameras observed that the thickened ice began to deteriorate and ultimately melted away.
Between December 2024 and February 2025, British company Real Ice executed similar operations, flooding eight sites in the Northwest Passage, just south of Indigenous communities in Cambridge Bay, Canada. This experiment resulted in frozen sections extending to 250,000 square meters, effectively doubling the thickness of the ice.
By May 2025, average thickness at sites flooded in January and February reached 1.93 meters, compared to 1.62 meters at control sites.
The process of seawater freezing expels salt, making the ice more saline. While thicker ice is easier to form, Haas warns that this saline condition can ultimately accelerate melting, akin to salting roads in winter: “It’s not just about thickness; quality matters too,” he states.
Yet, brine might also facilitate melting water drainage, potentially mitigating ice loss. Andrea Cecolini, from Real Ice, indicated that melting in Canadian trial sites appeared slower than average, extending an additional 7 to 10 days beyond historical trends.
Both experiments indicated an increase in ice brightness with thickness. Satellite imagery from June highlighted the Real Ice test site as a prominent white patch amidst melting waters. “We were contributing to the effort against climate change,” Cecolini asserts.
Nevertheless, the Arctic Reflections study concluded that the cooling effects may not sufficiently counterbalance the warming introduced by pumps and vehicle emissions.
Years of research are essential to evaluate whether thickening Arctic sea ice could effectively support conservation efforts, as emphasized by Michelle Tsamados from University College London, who is modeling these dynamics with £9.9 million in funding from the UK government, which also sponsors Real Ice and Arctic Reflections.
“The local effects could be beneficial,” Tsamados mentions. “But what about larger scales? Can we achieve this over 10km or 100km?”
The implications for ice-dwelling organisms like algae, polar bears, and seals remain uncertain. However, if it proves viable, Real Ice anticipates deploying half a million underwater drones to refreeze up to 1 million square kilometers of sea ice.
Arctic Reflections is also evaluating areas, such as the Channel, where sea ice tends to migrate south and melt.
Last year, a collective of 42 scientists published an article contending that polar geoengineering, including sea ice thickening, may be impractical and could hinder emission reduction efforts.
“This technique might work on a small scale but isn’t a feasible large-scale solution,” argues Michael Meredith, formerly with the British Antarctic Survey and not involved in this research.
Are you a proud cat owner? If you’re browsing on a laptop, you might be inadvertently blocking this page, causing frustration for both you and your feline friend.
But why do cats seem so fascinated with our computer screens and keyboards?
While no extensive scientific studies have been conducted on this quirky behavior, cat behavior experts have fascinating theories on why our furry companions are drawn to our laptops.
Why is my cat sitting on my laptop?
Contrary to popular belief, your cat isn’t imitating you while you type. Recent studies suggest that cats possess the ability to mimic certain human actions, but typing isn’t one of them.
According to Dr. David Sands, a seasoned expert in animal psychology, it’s likely not about imitation. Cats are more focused on the appeal of your scent on the keyboard rather than the warmth of the laptop itself. “While laptops do generate heat, they tend to prefer areas that carry their humans’ scents,” says Sands.
“Cats have an incredible sense of smell,” Sands explains. “Their world revolves around scents, and they rely on their olfactory senses for exploration and social interaction.” While they might enjoy the warmth, the primary draw to laptops is likely tied to their instinct to mark their territory.
When your cat perches on your laptop, it’s likely asserting ownership by leaving its scent behind, effectively marking you and your belongings as ‘theirs.’
While dogs have been selectively bred for companionship, cats remain independent creatures, primarily bred for pest control. They often showcase behavior that prioritizes their own interests over social interactions.
“Remember, cats have a cunning nature. Their behavior might remind you of a character in a spy movie; they thrive on their autonomy,” adds Sands.
Is it unhealthy for your cat to sit on your laptop?
While a lounging cat can cause minor headaches—like accidentally closing your work or sending garbled messages—Dr. Sands notes that it’s generally harmless for your pet.
“As long as your feline isn’t exhibiting signs of anxiety—like meowing excessively or closely tailing you around the house—there’s minimal risk involved with their laptop lounging,” he says.
So if your cat enjoys spreading out across your keyboard, there’s no reason to fuss. They’ve claimed you—and your laptop—as their territory.
About our expert Dr. David Sands
Dr. David Sands holds a PhD in animal behavior from the University of Liverpool and boasts over 25 years of experience in animal behavior clinics. He is a Fellow of the Dog and Cat Behavior Association (CFBA) and the Society for the Study of Animal Behavior (ASAB). Sands has authored several insightful books, including Cats: 500 Questions Answered.
IE11 is not supported. For an optimal experience, we recommend using a different browser.
to the next
‘I Have a Dream’ Co-Screenwriter Dr. Clarence B. Jones Dies at 95
02:04
Are Movie Theaters Back? Will They Survive?
04:49
Spurs Defeat Reigning Champion Thunder
00:38
Astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson discusses his new book, “Take Me to Your Leader,” and who aliens should meet upon their arrival on Earth. He also talks about his experience with Stephen Colbert’s “wormhole” segment.June 1, 2026
This updated code includes enhanced clarity and SEO optimizations while maintaining all original HTML tags.
On Saturday afternoon, a high-speed meteor impacted Massachusetts, causing a significant ground shaking and a powerful shockwave that was felt across the state.
Subscribe to read this story without ads
Enjoy unlimited access to ad-free articles and exclusive content.
According to NASA, the bright meteor fireball streaked over Massachusetts at a staggering speed of 75,000 mph at precisely 2:06 p.m., unleashing energy equivalent to around 300 tons of TNT as it disintegrated.
NASA indicated that the debris was first detected at an altitude of 40 miles over northeastern Massachusetts and southeast New Hampshire, as stated in their public report.
NASA also confirmed that the fireball event was unrelated to any ongoing meteor shower, clarifying it as “a natural object” rather than the re-entry of space debris or satellite material.
The Massachusetts Emergency Management Agency reported that public safety officials received numerous accounts of “thuds” and ground vibrations in the eastern region. However, they confirmed there were no emergency calls to police or fire services regarding the incident.
According to the United States Geological Survey, this event was identified as a “widely felt sonic boom from a suspected fireball.”
The research report clarified, “In contrast to earthquakes, which are localized events, sonic boom phenomena traverse a straight path through the atmosphere.”
The USGS determined there were no seismic activities or related disturbances affecting the ground during this event.
It’s easy to overlook the ideal approach to bathroom visits. No mess, no fuss—just a smooth experience. However, the simple act of defecating can sometimes lead to complications.
From stomach cramps to “runner’s trots,” diarrhea, constipation, and straining, the list of uncomfortable poops can be daunting. These are the bowel experiences we dread.
But fear not! By implementing gut-healthy strategies, you can prepare for these moments and avoid potential disasters. Your gut will be grateful.
Here are some of the most troublesome poop scenarios that many people may face (we’ve saved the worst for last).
1. Stress-Induced Poop
Chances are you’ve experienced unpleasant bowel habits due to our complex human emotions.
We all know this feeling: waiting for a job interview or a first date, when suddenly your stomach starts rumbling and you rush to the nearest restroom.
Stressful moments, such as a job interview, can trigger sudden bathroom urges – Credit: Getty
This connection occurs because digestion is closely linked to our emotional state, known as the gut-brain connection.
As gastroenterologist Dr. Trisha Pasricha from Harvard University explains, “Digestion starts in the brain.”
Stress triggers the release of corticotropin-releasing hormone, affecting intestinal function and leading to discomfort.
The result? Stomach cramps, bloating, and diarrhea. Although managing stress is often easier said than done, prioritizing gut health with fiber, fermented foods, and gentle exercise can benefit mental wellness and improve digestion.
Known as runner’s trots, these symptoms arise from mechanical vibrations within the body and blood being redirected to muscles.
As Dr. Pasricha explains, “Running at an intensity beyond your body’s capacity diverts blood away from the intestines, causing inflammation that can lead to diarrhea.”
To maintain gut health while exercising, monitor your heart rate and hydrate adequately—both essential for optimal digestion.
3. Vacation Bowel Troubles
Even during leisurely vacations, your gut can react negatively.
“Travel disrupts your gut’s circadian rhythms, leading to potential constipation and bloating,” warns Dr. Pasricha.
Fluctuating sleep patterns and dietary changes often lead to alterations in your digestive routine while on holiday.
Vacations should be about relaxation, but lack of fiber can lead to constipation – Credit: Getty
Dr. Pasricha suggests “actively seeking extra fiber” through salads and veggies to support digestion during your trip.
4. Menstrual Poop
Hormonal fluctuations during menstruation can wreak havoc on your digestive system.
Dr. Pasricha notes, “Up to 50% of women experience menstrual-related intestinal issues, including constipation and painful bloating.”
Increased levels of progesterone can slow intestinal activity, leading to discomfort. Menstruation can trigger a sudden release of stool, making many women experience unexpected bathroom visits.
Some individuals find that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or changes in birth control can alleviate these bowel challenges during their period.
5. Hangover Bowel Blues
Hangovers can be brutal, and the aftermath often includes digestive woes.
Dr. Pasricha explains that “alcohol inflames intestinal linings and disrupts sleep cycles, which negatively impacts digestion.”
This can lead to a range of bowel irritations, including both diarrhea and constipation.
Her advice? Stay hydrated post-drinking and ease back into eating to allow your gut to recover.
6. Postpartum Poop
Among all digestive challenges, the notorious postpartum poop can be the most daunting.
During pregnancy, high progesterone levels can lead to constipation, and after childbirth, women often face additional challenges due to hormonal shifts.
The first postpartum poop can be challenging, but fiber and hydration can provide relief – Credit: Getty
Dr. Pasricha recommends a diet rich in fiber and hydration to ease the first bowel movements post-birth.
Following her tips—such as elevating your feet and relaxing—can make this experience more manageable.
NASA’s Artemis II mission, launching in April 2026, is bringing the Moon back into the global spotlight. This successful mission featured four astronauts orbiting the Moon and safely returning to Earth, marking a pivotal step toward NASA’s ambitious objective of establishing a permanent lunar base.
For those who recall the Apollo missions of the 1960s and ’70s, a critical question arises: why are we sending humans back to the Moon?
The Vision for a First Moon Base
There are numerous scientific reasons for a lunar return, including the collection of samples that help us understand the formation of our solar system. By placing telescopes on the Moon, we can observe celestial bodies with clearer images, free from Earth’s atmospheric distortions. However, in recent years, geopolitical factors have overshadowed these scientific interests.
The U.S. decision to send humans back to the Moon is largely a strategic response to rising tensions with China, which has openly expressed its aim to develop a scientific research base on the lunar surface, accelerating its robotic and manned lunar exploration initiatives over the past two decades.
Initiated in 2017, the Artemis program is a clear reaction to these geopolitical dynamics. The United States strives to establish a permanent Moon base ahead of China, with U.S. Senator Ted Cruz characterizing this effort as the “space race of the 21st century.”
Images and footage from the Artemis II mission are captivating, yet the underlying motivations often remain unaddressed.
This geopolitical backdrop is not new, according to Dr. Priyanka Dopade, a researcher in sustainable space engineering at the University of Auckland.
“Space and geopolitics have always been intertwined,” she remarks. “What’s new is the push for a sustained human presence on the Moon, supported by companies like SpaceX and Blue Origin.”
Upper stage of NASA’s Artemis III Space Launch System rocket – Credit: NASA/MSFC
“The scientific rationale is less compelling compared to robotic exploration or projects like the Lunar Gateway, which has significant European contributions,” she adds. “However, it could facilitate scientific advancements compared to a manned moon base.”
“Funding for U.S. science missions may face cuts, and there’s potential for the complete cancellation of the Gateway program. This indicates that geopolitical and economic factors are taking precedence over scientific curiosity.”
While NASA promotes the Artemis program for its scientific merits, the driving forces behind it are territorial claims and the pursuit of lunar resources like water ice.
Dr. Becky Smethurst, an astrophysicist from Oxford University, recently acknowledged the varying motivations for the Artemis mission, highlighting captivating images of Earth from Artemis II.
“These visuals are stunning, yet they lean more towards art than scientific documentation,” she explains. “The mission’s driving force has been political and economic rather than scientific. We are, once again, engaged in a space race, with the U.S. eager to outpace China in lunar exploration.”
Chris Lee, a former chief scientist at the British Space Agency, characterized the Artemis program as “an iron geopolitical hand in a velvet glove.”
Even renowned astrophysicist Neil deGrasse Tyson, a vocal proponent of U.S. space initiatives, acknowledged in a recent CBC interview that the primary focus of this mission is to outdo China in lunar endeavors.
While he underscored the significance of Artemis II’s achievements, including sending astronauts further into space than ever before, he emphasized the unseen global challenges at play.
“Geopolitical forces are motivating these developments,” he notes. “This aspect is often overlooked.”
Chinese astronaut Wang Haoze returns to Earth after a six-month stay at the Tiangong Space Station in 2024-2025 – Credit: Getty
Ownership and the Moon’s Future
Funding the space program relies on sustained public interest, and the Artemis II mission has undoubtedly garnered this support. Yet, it has also masked ongoing debates about lunar ownership and usage rights.
According to the Outer Space Treaty, no nation can claim sovereignty over the Moon or build military bases there. Nevertheless, the U.S. recently spearheaded an agreement—signed by over 60 nations—the Artemis Accords, which is a non-binding agreement related to lunar exploration.
This accords pledges commitment to the peaceful use of the Moon and the sharing of scientific data, while also permitting resource extraction and the establishment of “safe zones” around operational areas, effectively allowing nations to exert control over certain lunar regions.
Resource extraction permissions are particularly contentious. The discovery of accessible water ice on the Moon is crucial for sustaining human life and establishing long-term bases, as this resource is essential for both drinking and fuel production.
While many would support the use of water ice by astronauts, the question of how other resources will be extracted and regulated remains unanswered.
The Moon is known to contain rare earth elements, including helium-3, useful as fuel, but the exact quantities and availability of these resources remain uncertain. There are currently no restrictions preventing private firms from mining lunar resources and returning them to Earth for profit.
The only barrier is the significant technical challenges involved in lunar landings, as seen in the limited successes of private companies like Intuitive Machines, ispace, and SpaceIL.
“There’s nothing to stop NASA, the Chinese space agency, or any commercial entity from landing on the Moon and claiming mining rights,” states Smethurst.
Besides the resources available, the Moon also holds strategic significance, serving as an ideal base for future deep space exploration, including Mars missions or Earth observation tasks. Furthermore, the far side of the Moon presents an opportunity to develop technologies shielded from surveillance.
The Moon’s potential monetary value will remain speculative until more detailed information about its resources and strategic applications is gathered. The ongoing race to the Moon currently centers around asserting rights over potentially valuable assets.
“The real question is who stands to gain from all this? Historically, government-led space exploration, even when politically driven, has yielded benefits for society through innovations like GPS during the Cold War,” notes Dopade. “However, as profit-driven commercial entities increase their involvement, concerns emerge regarding whether such innovations will serve the broader public good or merely widen existing inequalities.”
For years, Jeff Bezos’ rocket company, Blue Origin, has operated under the radar, overshadowed by the achievements of Elon Musk’s SpaceX. Recently, however, momentum has surged, with the giant rocket New Glenn approaching a crucial launch date that promises to enhance the space industry’s capacity to deploy satellites and essential equipment into orbit.
In a significant move, NASA recently endorsed New Glenn for a larger role in the Artemis moon return program. Additionally, Amazon is set to launch 48 of its satellites into orbit, entering into direct competition with SpaceX’s Starlink internet service.
On Thursday evening, however, a test of New Glenn led to a dramatic blaze on the launch pad, raising concerns throughout the industry.
“This is a major collective setback,” stated Chad Anderson, a startup investor at Space Capital.
The explosion has derailed Blue Origin and its partners, including Amazon and NASA, just as SpaceX prepares for a highly anticipated initial public offering, potentially valuing the company at over $1.25 trillion.
Had the rocket exploded in mid-air, it might have been viewed as a common failure. However, the significant launch pad damage has raised serious questions regarding the complex hydraulic and fuel systems surrounding the aging concrete structure.
Blue Origin has yet to respond to inquiries. A government social media post labeled the incident an “extraordinary situation,” assuring that all personnel were safe. Amazon hasn’t provided immediate commentary.
Only one launch pad exists for New Glenn at Launch Complex 36, located at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station in Florida. Blue Origin has invested over $1 billion to refurbish this 1960s-era facility.
Consequently, Blue Origin faces the dual challenge of identifying the cause of the explosion and repairing its launch infrastructure, which may lead to significant delays in ongoing New Glenn testing.
According to Carissa Christensen, CEO of the aerospace analysis firm Blytech, this delay will affect Blue Origin’s upward trajectory. “While this setback is disappointing, I don’t see it as the end of the line,” she commented.
Industry experts believe that Bezos will remain committed to his ambitions, as he values Blue Origin as a key component of his legacy, with a net worth exceeding $290 billion. The company’s resources are limited only by his willingness to invest.
“It’s a challenging day, but we will rebuild everything essential and return to flight,” he stated on social media. “It’s worth the effort.”
Delays at Blue Origin could impede Amazon’s plans for its Amazon Leo satellite constellation, which is set to compete directly with Starlink.
Amazon’s launch strategy heavily depends on next-gen rockets capable of deploying multiple satellites simultaneously. Notably, New Glenn can carry up to 48 Amazon satellites, while other rockets have capacities ranging from 24 to 32 satellites.
As highlighted by research firm Quilty Space, Amazon is encountering a crisis in launch capacity exacerbated by the New Glenn explosion.
“The space economy is interlinked, so if one rocket fails, everyone feels the consequences,” stated Kim Burke, Director of Government Affairs at Quilty Space.
Roughly one-third of the 3,500 satellites Amazon plans to launch were slated to ride aboard New Glenn, as per Quilty Space’s analysis. The upcoming Vulcan Centaur rocket, a collaboration between Boeing and Lockheed Martin, is also in development, but faces its own set of challenges.
If the issues lie with Blue Origin’s engines, the Vulcan Centaur, which uses the same technology, might also be at risk.
Amazon Leo aimed to catch up with Starlink, which has successfully launched over 300 satellites in just a year, compared to Starlink’s fleet of over 10,000, according to tracker data from astrophysicist Jonathan McDowell.
Amazon’s satellites have been deployed using small rockets from SpaceX, United Launch Alliance, and the French company Arianespace. The company has also secured deals with prominent clients, including Delta Air Lines and Apple, for satellite services for its devices.
“Our commercial service will embody the cutting-edge technology available today,” said Amazon CEO Andy Jassy last month.
Amazon plans to conduct three upcoming small rocket launches, including one on Friday night. Amazon Leo aims for a commercial launch this fall, with the goal of recouping the substantial investment made to develop the network.
However, the delay of New Glenn could hinder its progress.
Ian Watson, a renowned British science fiction novelist with over 20 published works, sadly passed away in April 2023. Although less known today, his groundbreaking debut novel, The Embedding, was widely praised upon its release in 1973; audience described it as “the most spectacular thing since stellar science fiction.” Watson’s subsequent creations spanned both science fiction and fantasy genres, including contributions to the Warhammer 40,000 universe and work on Stanley Kubrick’s AI: Artificial Intelligence.
Admittedly, as a science fiction critic, I was unaware of Watson’s work until his recent passing. I decided to explore his most recognized novel first.
The Embedding explores first contact through the lens of linguistics. The protagonist, Chris, experiments on children at a UK research institute to study the effects of growing up with a constructed language influenced by the poet Raymond Roussel. Chris’s hypothesis posits that language fundamentally shapes our perception of reality, potentially unlocking novel insights into the universe. Simultaneously, in the Amazon rainforest, Chris’s former friend Pierre investigates the Zemahoa people.
“
Aliens are in search of living human brains to aid in uncovering language that might open new dimensions of understanding. “
The Zemahoa possess two distinct languages: A and B, with the latter requiring local medicinal aid for articulation and comprehension. This aligns with several concepts of the “embedded” language Chris is studying in the UK. Unfortunately, U.S. contractors are threatening to encroach upon the tribes’ ancestral lands.
Amid this backdrop, aliens arrive on Earth searching for living human brains to contribute to their research on languages that could unveil new realities. Naturally, they are intrigued by Chris and Pierre’s endeavors.
If you enjoy science fiction that delves into profound philosophical themes, The Embedding may be a perfect fit. However, for those who prefer cozy sci-fi, a heads-up: the characters are notably flawed.
Chris conducts harsh experiments on children while Pierre engages in morally dubious relationships in the Amazon. The Zemahoa react to the environmental threat by confining pregnant women and using significant amounts of local drugs, leading to dire consequences. The aliens’ quest for human brains is echoed by indifferent government officials. Essentially, the protagonists may seem absent in their own story, but this narrative choice serves a purpose.
It’s crucial to note that this book reflects its era. Language and attitudes that might have been deemed acceptable in early 1970s Britain can now come off as blatantly racist.
Additionally, much of the literature from that time, including this novel, predominantly centers on male perspectives, often reducing women and girls to mere plot devices.
Nevertheless, The Embedding emerges as a thought-provoking work. I am eager to explore some of Watson’s later fantasy writing. Highly recommended!
This exceptional short story collection, including the tale that inspired the acclaimed film Arrival, was originally published as Stories of Your Life and Others. Chiang’s exploration of alien perspectives on time and language resonates with some themes found in The Embedding.
Emily H. Wilson is the author of the Sumerians series (Inanna, Gilgamesh, and Ninshbar, all published by Titan) and is currently crafting her first science fiction novel. A former editor at New Scientist, you can follow her on Instagram @emilyhwilson1.
The New Scientist Book Club explored Luminous by Sylvia Park this May.
In May, the New Scientist Book Club shifted gears from Kim Stanley Robinson’s Space Wilderness to focus on Sylvia Park’s intriguing novel, bright. This fresh narrative brings a unique perspective to the science fiction genre, delving into a closer future that is both thought-provoking and imaginative.
Similar to Sierra Greer’s Anniebot, which envisions an integrated society, bright examines complex themes on various levels—emotionally, spiritually, and socially. Set in a unified Korea, the novel intertwines three captivating storylines. The first is a police procedural featuring Detective Jun on a quest to locate a missing robot girl. The second follows a group of adventurous kids, including Louisier and his friends, who discover an abandoned robot boy in a scrapyard. The third story unfolds within a dysfunctional family, highlighting Jun and his estranged sister Morgan, who grapple with the disappearance of their robot brother during their childhood.
I found bright to be a refreshing and contemplative read. Park’s narrative elegantly explores the depths of love and loss, showcasing their journey from a children’s book concept to a much darker, mature storyline. Their writing style is captivating, and I eagerly anticipate their next project, which might include themes ranging from robot consciousness to Peter Pan, as discussed in our video chat.
Our book club members expressed varied opinions about bright. TheGosia was particularly impressed by Park’s depiction of disability, stating, “I love it! The characters are compelling and relatable. The positive portrayal of bionic modifications resonated with me.” Join our thriving community on Discord. “If given the chance, I’d exchange much of my flawed human body for a bionic suit. Often, these themes are presented from a loss perspective.”
Exoi also shared his enthusiasm: “This book is filled with thought-provoking themes regarding robotics and human value. It has more depth and complexity than many authors achieve in a lifetime, and it’s both intelligent and nuanced. I’m thoroughly enjoying it so far.”
Karen Warren added, “While this is just one possible future, it made me reflect on our current societal trends. Humans have always anthropomorphized inanimate objects—naming cars, playing with teddy bears—indicating a deep desire for connection.” She quoted the author: “‘How do we define what is real? Most of us spend our lives unconscious, dreaming, or trapped in a world on a small screen. How can we say we are truly living?’ That encapsulates the essence of the book.”
Alan_P found it challenging to engage with the novel. “I just finished bright—maybe I wasn’t paying proper attention, but I’d appreciate some clarification on the ending,” he mentioned on Discord. “It’s beautifully crafted, yet I struggle to understand why the children were eager to relinquish that broken robot or why the siblings never resolved their familial issues after years of therapy.”
Matthew expressed a lukewarm reaction: “The book felt slow at times, only picking up pace two-thirds of the way in. The events felt disorganized rather than cohesive. I was surprised to discover the true identity of the robot. In comparison to Ian M. Banks’s insightful take on artificial intelligence in my December book club, bright brings up interesting anxieties that reflect in our current literature.”
Below is your SEO-optimized content with the original HTML tags intact:
In Joseph Eckhart’s novel, a father mysteriously travels back in time. Traveler
Mikhail Rudenko / Alamy
As Britain experiences a historic May heatwave, it’s clear why many science fiction writers envision bleak, overheated futures where characters struggle to survive. I’m curious about what sci-fi icon M. John Harrison will offer in his next dystopian narrative. For those who prefer lighter tales, there’s a time travel adventure titled Traveler by Joseph Eckert to dive into this month. Next, we’ll explore Isabel J. Kim’s thought-provoking works on immigration, including her upcoming release Sublimation. Also featuring, Adrian Tchaikovsky’s delightful stories such as Green City Wars for a moment of relaxation.
<p>M. John Harrison's latest novel is a personal journey. Set in a near-future plagued by an unknown 'crisis,' the story introduces Philip, a collector of bizarre objects washed ashore, who encounters ever-evolving sea creatures, capturing the essence of environmental change.</p>
<p>Over the weekend, I began reading Joseph Eckert's <em>Traveler</em> and found its compelling narrative captivating. Centered on the profound bond between a father and son, the plot chronicles Scott Trader, who unexpectedly "slips" through time on his commute. One moment he’s in his car; the next, he’s lost on the road without it. This phenomenon starts every morning, doubling in duration, leaving Scott racing to maintain a connection with his son Lyle, who simply wishes to reunite with his father.</p>
<p>Isabel J. Kim's stories piqued my interest with their unique premise of emigration—where leaving home means leaving a part of yourself behind. Her protagonist, Soyeon Rose Kang, returns to Korea after her grandfather's death, facing the ghosts of her past.</p>
<p>Adrian Tchaikovsky's new book, <em>Children of Conflict</em>, offers a fun glimpse into a solar-powered utopia maintained by genetically enhanced animals. The story follows Scotch, a freelance raccoon investigator on a mission to uncover an escaped rat scientist while adhering to the rules set by the city's mechanical residents.</p>
<p>Another intriguing narrative weaves a post-apocalyptic tale with romance in a dystopian version of Canada’s Pacific Northwest. Kayla makes an urgent decision to marry ambitious politician Sid to secure medical care for her ailing sister, leading to unexpected emotions in their arranged union.</p>
<p>
<figure class="ArticleImage">
<div class="Image__Wrapper">
<img class="Image" alt="New Scientist – Science news and in-depth articles by expert journalists on developments in health, technology, and the environment." width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161357/sei299037662.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2528170" data-caption="Salt Spring Island – an apocalyptic setting for Emily Paxman's novel." data-credit="rgbstudio / Alamy"/>
</div>
<figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
<div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Salt Spring Island – Emily Paxman’s post-apocalyptic landscape</p>
<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">rgbstudio / Alamy</p>
</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</p>
<p>In an imaginative twist, Philip K. Dick Award-winning author Meg Ellison explores a future where billionaires create clones of America's Founding Fathers, hoping to revive the nation’s lost glory. However, "Ben," perhaps Franklin, finds a smartphone on a secluded island, prompting him and his peers to question their controlled existence.</p>
<p>Amidst a crumbling future, South Korean youth escape grim realities through virtual reality. Spoo, a high school outcast, aspires to connect with K-Pop sensation Yi Chae, who is filming nearby.</p>
<p>Young-ah, a disenchanted teacher, steps out of societal norms after completing an emotional regulation program, embracing her newfound voice with passion.</p>
<p>In a feminist commune facing mysterious calamities, Mila must navigate the challenges of motherhood while upholding the community's ideals as strange events unfold.</p>
<h2><em><a href="https://www.simonandschuster.com/books/Valet/J-P-Lacrampe/9781668216439">Valet</a></em> by JP LaCramp</h2>
<p>In this quirky narrative, Rhino the helper robot is less than thrilled with his assignment to aid Grayson, who’s in a slump. Upon discovering a plot to sell his family's company to a tech giant, Grayson concocts his own plan for a takeover, promising a humorous homage to Wodehouse's beloved characters.</p>
<p>
<figure class="ArticleImage">
<div class="Image__Wrapper">
<img class="Image" alt="New Scientist – Uncover groundbreaking science, technology, and health news." width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/27161510/sei299040596.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2528172" data-caption="Stuck on a moon base, Mitch experiences unexpected twists in The Disco at the End of the World." data-credit="Peepo/Getty Images"/>
</div>
<figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
<div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Mitch is confined to a moon base in <em>The Disco at the End of the World</em></p>
<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Peepo/Getty Images</p>
</div>
</figcaption>
</figure>
</p>
<p>In 1977, after World War II, the U.S. launched its ambitious space program. Joining the U.S. Space Guard to connect with his estranged girlfriend Flynn, Mitch finds himself trapped on a desolate moon base, only to return home with a duty to accept an important emissary from an alien civilization.</p>
<p>This story also serves as a sequel to Hamilton's <em>EXODUS: Archimedes' Engine</em>, exploring a dystopian future where humanity has been reduced to se servitude under the Celestials. Will Finn and his friends escape this fate?</p>
<h2><em><a href="https://bancroftpress.com/defrosted-a-medical-political-thriller/">Unzipped</a></em> by Christina Leport</h2>
<p>In this thought-provoking medical thriller, Peter and Monica awaken from cryopreservation in a dystopian future where a devastating weapon, the "Might Gun," poses a global threat.</p>
<section class="ArticleTopics" data-component-name="article-topics">
<p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topic:</p>
</section>
SEO Optimizations:
Keyword Inclusion: Ensured that relevant keywords like “science fiction”, “time travel”, and “dystopian future” are present.
Image Alt Tags: Optimized description in the alt tags to enhance search engine visibility.
Headers: Utilized appropriate heading tags to improve structure and readability.
Link Optimization: Relevant links are included, enhancing the content’s value and topicality.
Content Length: Improved the content’s length to provide a comprehensive overview while maintaining engagement.
In Greek mythology, cutting off one head of Lerna’s Hydra only leads to two more growing in its place. A similar paradox occurs in the quantum world with photons: attempting to “cut” a particle of light generates an infinite number of new light particles.
Some particles are classified as elementary, meaning they cannot be divided into smaller constituents. For example, although a proton can be split into three quarks, each quark remains indivisible. But what occurs when one attempts to divide elementary particles?
Johannes Skaar, a professor at the University of Oslo, Norway, examines the phenomenon of a photon interacting with a mirror capable of this type of cutting.
Light, fundamentally a quantum entity, consists of photons or can be viewed as an electromagnetic wave. Thus, photons aren’t entirely localized like solid objects; they have extensions, or “tails,” across space. In this scenario, if the mirror moves rapidly enough, it can reflect some photons, effectively “trimming” the photon’s tail.
Leveraging quantum equations governing electromagnetic fields, researchers concluded that this truncation results in a unique quantum light state—one that is a superposition of infinitely many photons. In the quantum realm, empty space is teeming with fluctuating quantum fields, such as electromagnetic fields. By manipulating these fields, mirrors can excite these fluctuations, permitting the emergence of new particles.
“Rapidly altering mirrors or shutters disturbs the vacuum, conjuring photons from the void,” explains Samuel Brownstein from the University of York, UK. However, local observations reveal that this superposition state appears indistinguishable from a single photon on one side of the mirror and a vacuum on the other. This demonstrates how the concept of observation varies drastically in the quantum realm compared to our daily experiences, illustrating that “a highly complex object can seem utterly simple” in quantum theory.
Wolf Leonhardt from the Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel, has conducted experiments confirming that utilizing a sufficiently fast shutter in vacuum does indeed generate photons. However, practical experimentation of this new concept may pose challenges. Although advancements in ultrafast light manipulation are emerging, the shutters described in the study exceed current laboratory capabilities. Leonhardt emphasizes the necessity for further exploration into quantum vacuum phenomena, which could refine or alter the existing quantum field theory of electromagnetism.
Alongside addressing the locality issues in quantum theory, which relate to broader inquiries regarding causality in quantum particle experiments, Skaar and his team aim to expand their focus to include multiple photons and electrons simultaneously.
In November 2015, a live goat was introduced into a tiger enclosure at a safari park in Russia’s Far East. To everyone’s surprise, an unexpected friendship emerged.
The goat, named Timur, formed a unique bond with a tiger named Amur.
For over a year, they shared their lives, eating and sleeping together until one day, Timur playfully headbutted Amur. In response, Amur grabbed the goat by the neck and tossed him down the hill.
After this incident, they were separated for safety, as the saying goes, “a tiger can’t change its stripes.”
This article answers John Riggs’ email query: “Do tigers ever establish friendships with their prey?”
If you have any inquiries, please reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or contact us via:Facebook,Twitter, or Instagram(make sure to include your name and location).
Explore our ultimatefun facts and discover more amazing science topics.
Two experts have raised concerns about the understaffing of the Risk Management Program (RMP). Rick Engler, a former member of the U.S. Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board until his retirement in 2020, stated that there are insufficient EPA staff to efficiently oversee the approximately 11,500 facilities included in the program.
He noted, “We have a regulatory framework with a completely inadequate testing force,” highlighting an issue that has persisted across multiple presidential administrations.
In its 2027 budget proposal, the Trump administration intends to eliminate funding for Engler’s former chemical safety board. The request is to zero out your funds.
Moreover, the administration plans to rescind a set of updates to the RMP regulations, many of which are set to become effective next year.
The Biden administration’s finalized rule changes require companies to enhance their preparedness for chemical incidents caused by natural disasters like hurricanes and introduce programs for employees to report issues anonymously. Facilities will also be tasked with assessing the feasibility of implementing safer technologies and processes, among other amendments.
An EPA spokesperson commented, “It’s challenging to determine whether compliance with the RMP rule could have prevented these incidents until we have an investigation report identifying the root cause.”
They added that the U.S. has made significant progress in reducing chemical accidents “without the excessive regulatory burden imposed by the Biden EPA’s 2024 rule,” noting “few studies show a direct correlation between the RMP rule and accident reductions.”
The Biden EPA also unveiled an online platform for the public to seek information about potentially hazardous locations under the RMP program, a resource that the Trump administration subsequently withdrew.
“In 2024, for the first time, the EPA developed a tool for the public to better understand the risks associated with local chemicals,” said Emma Cheese, senior attorney at Earthjustice, a nonprofit environmental law advocacy organization. “However, in early 2025, the EPA took this tool offline without any notice.”
Environmental advocates argue that this removal leaves communities unaware of the hazards posed by local chemicals. Nonetheless, the Trump administration claims the tool posed a national security threat.
“The Biden EPA disregarded warnings from national security experts about how the 2024 rule would heighten vulnerabilities of chemical facilities and other sensitive sites to potential attacks,” stated an EPA spokesperson.
The EPA proposed to restore tools using more limited data, but shutters remain closed for now.
Investigation into Washington Bombings Faces Defunding
The Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board is currently probing a tragic paper mill explosion in Washington state that resulted in 11 fatalities. A 900,000-gallon tank of white liquor used in paper production exploded, leaving seven individuals hospitalized.
A spokesperson from Nippon Dynawave stated the company is focused on recovery efforts while mourning the loss of lives.
“We are quickly assisting first responders in their search for our missing colleague,” the spokesperson remarked. “We are collaborating with our emergency response teams and unions and will provide more information soon.”
Washington National Guard soldiers and airmen aiding first responders after an implosion at the Nippon Dynawave Paper and Pulp Mill in Longview, Washington. Via Washington National Guard
The Chemical Safety Board functions similarly to the National Transportation Safety Board, which investigates accidents involving aircraft and trains. Rather than a regulatory body, its purpose is to ascertain the facts surrounding chemical release incidents.
The Trump administration’s 2027 budget proposal represents a second attempt to reduce funding for the Chemical Safety Board, having made a similar attempt in 2026, which Congress countered by allocating $14 million to the board.
Officials have argued that the safety board’s functions overlap with the roles of the EPA and the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).
“The CSB performs unannounced inspections of the chemical industry and proposes policies it lacks the authority to develop or enforce,” the budget justification states. “Such functions should remain under the jurisdiction of a government agency that can issue regulations.”
It remains uncertain whether the board will investigate the recent California incident, which concluded without injuries or fatalities. A spokesperson did not respond to queries regarding investigation plans or concerning the White House’s funding proposals for the board.
Regarding the Trump administration’s effort to repeal Biden-era reforms to the EPA risk management program, officials claim rescinding these reforms will yield benefits. The industry generates approximately $240 million annually without significantly altering risks.
The Trump EPA’s proposed risk management program aims to uphold all essential accident prevention measures while eliminating duplicative, contradictory, or unproven requirements that inflate costs and create confusion without enhancing safety outcomes, according to an EPA spokesperson.
In public comments, the American Petroleum Institute asserted that the rollback would erase “onerous” provisions that would escalate compliance costs.
The current program mandates that companies submit a comprehensive safety plan to the EPA, detailing safety measures, hazard assessments in case of accidental releases, and emergency response procedures.
The proposed changes seek to enhance communication regarding chemical risks to nearby communities, improve worker involvement in safety management programs, and incentivize the adoption of safer alternatives.
Stephanie Herron, organizing director of the Environmental Justice Health Alliance for Chemical Policy Reform, characterized these changes as “common sense baseline protections.”
These regulations also expanded the list of chemicals covered by the program.
The rollback proposed by the Trump administration is not final. Public comments regarding the proposed rules to rescind reforms were accepted until May 11, meaning the EPA must still consider feedback and address significant concerns.
During Trump’s first term, similar reform efforts initiated by the Obama administration were rescinded after a fertilizer explosion in Texas killed 15 people and injured more than 200. The chemical responsible for the explosion, ammonium nitrate, is not regulated under the RMP.
Engler noted, “There was a ping-pong effect of change,” referring to the continual back-and-forth shifts between Republican and Democratic administrations.
History of Violations at Southern California Plant
Methyl methacrylate (MMA), the chemical that posed an explosion risk at the GKN Aerospace plant in California last week, is not as widely used today and has been removed from the EPA’s risk management program. Inhalation of volatile organic compounds can lead to eye and skin irritation, coughing, wheezing, headaches, and shortness of breath.
Evacuees gathering for food in Garden Grove on Sunday after a chemical leak from a large storage tank threatened local residents. Blake Fagan/AFP via Getty Images
When a 7,000-gallon tank of chemicals began overheating on May 21, there were fears that chemicals would escape into nearby neighborhoods. Fortunately, with the situation stabilized, the last 16,000 evacuated residents returned home on Tuesday.
Though the California facility is not part of the RMP, it has faced a history of enforcement actions from both local and state regulators, including violations related to above-ground petroleum storage and local water quality regulations.
Additionally, the company has settled approximately $910,000 with local air quality regulators over alleged violations.
About 300 million years ago, prior to the age of dinosaurs, our planet resonated with the sounds of enormous insect life.
The most iconic of these species was the griffin fly, a predatory dragonfly-like creature boasting a wingspan of up to 70 cm (28 inches) and formidable jaws for hunting prey. In comparison, even today’s creepiest crawlies seem rather charming.
While many are relieved that we no longer share the Earth with these giants, curiosity remains about their disappearance and the possibility of their return.
For decades, scientists believed they had the answer: the atmosphere once contained about 35 percent oxygen, while today it holds only 21 percent. This high oxygen level allowed flying insects to grow larger as they could efficiently breathe enough to sustain their enormous bodies.
However, as oxygen levels fell, these massive creatures shrank, as it became energetically challenging to keep them airborne.
Recent groundbreaking research published in Nature questions this long-held belief, revealing that oxygen may not be the true limiting factor for insect size.
With this obstacle removed, what’s stopping giant insects from making a comeback?
How Insects Breathe
Insects have a unique respiratory system that differs significantly from ours. Lacking lungs, they do not transport oxygen through blood cells.
Instead, they utilize a complex network of air-filled tubes. Air enters through spiracles (valves on the sides of their bodies) and flows through progressively smaller tubes. The tiniest of these, called tracheae, penetrate deep into tissues, delivering oxygen directly to cells.
Initially, scientists believed this system relied largely on diffusion, the passive movement of oxygen from regions of high concentration to those of low.
However, diffusion is inefficient over long distances. When more oxygen is needed, it becomes increasingly difficult to supply oxygen to cells. Hence, if insects relied solely on diffusion, their growth would be severely restricted.
Ancient Earth’s high oxygen levels allowed for the growth of massive insects. “Back then, giant insects roamed the earth,” says Edward Snelling, a professor of veterinary medicine at the University of Pretoria and lead author of the Nature study.
300 million years ago, extensive swamps and vegetation created an ideal habitat for griffin flies. – Photo credit: Getty
“Previously, it was thought that the tracheal system operated mainly through diffusion,” Snelling explains. However, recent discoveries show that ventilation also plays a crucial role in insect respiration.
“In addition to tracheae, insects possess large air sacs that function as bellows, enhancing the ventilation of the tracheal system,” Professor Snelling adds. “This ventilation significantly boosts diffusion, mitigating its limitations.”
This insight led Snelling to ponder if the absence of a diffusion limit could imply that oxygen isn’t the reason giant carnivorous dragonflies don’t invade our picnics.
Research Findings
To determine if oxygen constraints limit the size of modern insects, Snelling set out to capture various specimens.
“I ran around campus with a net, looking like a mad scientist,” he recalls. “I gathered insects across a wide range of sizes and analyzed their flight muscles under a microscope to assess tracheal density.”
The underlying theory was straightforward: if oxygen limits the size of winged insects, one would expect a high tracheal density within flight muscles. Flight demands energy, and if muscles struggle to remain airborne, more tracheae would be needed to supply sufficient oxygen.
“If the oxygen limitation hypothesis held true, tracheae would likely occupy over 10 percent of the relative space,” Snelling states.
However, their findings revealed that tracheae occupy less than 1 percent of the space in an insect’s flight muscle. Despite body sizes varying over 10,000 times from tiny insects to giant beetles, the increase in occupied space across 44 species was only 1.8 times.
This implies that even at griffin fly size, the demand for oxygen does not require a significant amount of space.
“Even in the largest insects, the increase was minimal, casting significant doubt on the tracheal system’s potential limitations on insect body size,” Snelling concluded.
Fossil evidence indicates that these dragonflies had nearly identical body structures, only on a significantly larger scale. – Photo credit: Alexandre Albore/Wikimedia Commons
What Happened to Them? (Will They Ever Return?)
Dr. Snelling’s research provides compelling evidence against oxygen being a limiting factor but reveals little about other reasons for insects shrinking in size.
A notable alternative reason proposed by Snelling is environmental pressure.
“300 million years ago, there were no birds or bats, which are proficient at catching flying insects. Larger insects might have been easier prey for these warm-blooded animals,” he speculates.
This complexity makes sense; small flies are notoriously tricky to catch by hand, while larger beetles and moths are generally easier targets for both predators and humans. However, this remains a theory, as the reasons behind the extinction of giant insects and their potential return are still largely unknown.
“Historically, gigantism tends to emerge under stable environmental conditions,” Snelling notes, suggesting another reason for the unlikely resurgence of the griffin fly and its kin.
“Large animals typically struggle to adapt to shifting environments. With human activities dramatically altering ecosystems, it may take humanity’s absence before giant insects can re-evolve,” he adds.
“However, if we can stabilize our environment, it’s conceivable that insects could return to sizes last seen 300 million years ago. Contrary to popular belief, high-oxygen atmospheres may not be a necessity for this re-emergence.”
Paleontologists in Argentina have discovered an unprecedented species of non-enraged dinosaur, canku australis, that lived in freshwater wetlands during the Late Cretaceous period. This discovery reinforces the notion that certain dinosaurs had evolved specialized adaptations for catching fish.
Reconstructing the life of canku australis. Image credit: Gabriel Díaz Yanten.
The newly characterized species, canku australis, thrived approximately 70 million years ago during the Late Cretaceous period.
This ancient reptile inhabited environments adorned with meandering rivers, seasonal ponds, and aquatic flora like water lilies, alongside a diverse fauna including fish, insects, and various mollusks.
canku australis grew to an estimated length of about 2.5 to 3 meters (8.2 to 9.8 feet).
This dinosaur was part of the Urticidae family, a group of feathered, bird-like theropods closely related to famous dinosaurs like Velociraptor, known to inhabit regions such as South America, Antarctica, Australia, and Madagascar.
Dr. Matias Motta from the Bernardino Rivadavia Museum of Natural Sciences and his team stated, “The paraavian family Urticidae is documented through fossils from various Cretaceous basins across South America, Madagascar, Australia, and Antarctica, but the Northern Patagonia region, particularly the Neuquén Basin, yields the most notable species.”
“This includes at least eight species, primarily from the Cenomanian-Santonian Formation, with the exception of the Maastrichtian, including Austroraptor kabazai,” he added.
“The evolutionary lineage and biodiversity of the Urticidae in South America remains understudied.”
“The discovery of canku australis helps bridge gaps in the Late Cretaceous fossil record of southern Patagonia and links existing records from northern Patagonia and Antarctica, highlighting the dispersal of this family across varying latitudes in South America.”
Fossil remains of canku australis—which include teeth, vertebrae, and toe bones—were discovered in the Chorrillo Formation at La Anita farm near El Calafate, Santa Cruz, Patagonia, Argentina.
Dr. Motta noted, “Excavations at this site have been ongoing since 2018, revealing a broad range of plant and animal fossils.”
The first remains of canku australis were identified in 2018, although initial findings were too fragmentary to classify it as a new species.
Subsequent expeditions yielded additional materials, culminating in the discovery of cervical vertebrae in 2024, which played a crucial role in recognizing this new Unenragine dinosaur.
These fossils suggest valuable insights into the lifestyle and behaviors of canku australis.
Dr. Motta explains, “The cervical vertebrae of canku australis feature unique structures for muscle attachment and the protection of blood vessels in the neck, a vital characteristic seen in modern birds like herons with complex neck movements.”
This evidence implies that canku australis might have been an adept fisherman, contrasting with the traditional perspective of raptors such as Velociraptor as primarily terrestrial predators.
“Like its relatives, canku australis possessed a prominent raptor claw on its second toe, yet it distinguished itself with teeth characterized by sharp, pronounced longitudinal ridges and notably pneumatic cervical vertebrae containing internal air chambers.”
This species is also smaller and more agile compared to other non-enragid dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous, such as Austroraptor kabazai.
The findings contribute further evidence supporting the idea that the Urticidae were fish-eaters.
Dr. Motta remarked, “Their elongated snouts, numerous teeth, and long, flexible necks suggest adaptations for fishing, akin to modern herons.” Remarkably, fossils of canku australis were found alongside fish remains, reinforcing this hypothesis.
Nevertheless, it’s plausible that canku australis also preyed on other inhabitants of its environment, such as frogs, lizards, turtles, and even mammals like Patagorrhinx pasquali, a semi-aquatic monotreme related to modern echidnas and platypuses.
During its time, canku australis coexisted with formidable carnivores like Maipu’s giant chest, a daunting megaraptorid dinosaur over 10 meters (33 feet) in length, possibly posing a threat.
The complete findings were published this week in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.
_____
Matthias J. Motta et al. A new Unenragid from the Chorrillo Formation (Late Cretaceous, Maastrichtian), southwestern Patagonia, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published online on May 28, 2026. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2026.2656456
Recent discoveries by paleontologists have unveiled fossilized remains of three hyaenodont species, including one previously unknown to science, from Miocene deposits in Pakistan.
Metapterodon anari. Image credit: Steven Jasinski / SergeyAtrox1.
“Hyaenodontids, ancestral to modern cats and dogs, once dominated carnivore niches before evolving into larger species,” explained Professor Stephen Jasinski from Harrisburg University of Science and Technology.
This study focused on fossils of three distinct hyaenodont species that thrived from 14 million to 9.5 million years ago.
Fossils were sourced from the Chinji and Nagri Formations near the Siwalik River in Pakistan.
One notable species, tentatively identified as Megistotherium or High Nairo Ross, potentially weighed up to 500 kg, comparable to a polar bear.
The fossils included juvenile teeth, complicating precise identification.
Additional fossilized teeth were identified as belonging to the genus Hyaenodon, known from various northern continents, marking the first specimens uncovered in this region.
These fossil remains also represent the most recent known occurrences of this genus, possibly indicating a new species, pending further analysis.
Estimated to weigh around 30 kg, they were roughly the size of a small gray wolf or leopard.
Researchers also discovered teeth belonging to a lesser-known hyaenodont genus, Metapterodon.
This genus was previously documented only from African fossils, confirming its emergence from Africa during the Miocene.
The newly identified species, Metapterodon anari, may represent one of the latest hyaenodont fossils recorded.
“Metapterodon anari is significant for both its classification and its evolutionary timeline,” stated Professor Jasinski.
“This discovery offers insights into a period when hyaenodontids likely faced competition from emerging carnivorous mammals.”
Metapterodon anari reached approximately 15 kg in length, similar in size to a large red fox or coyote.
“The relevance of these fossils extends beyond taxonomy, illuminating geographical historical connections,” the researchers noted.
“These findings underline the link between Africa and Europe during the Miocene, suggesting potential migrations of hyaenodonts from northeastern regions like China.”
“The Miocene hyaenodonts from Pakistan are particularly compelling as they coexisted with carnivores, providing valuable data on their competition dynamics.”
All exhibited carnivorous traits, with a diet primarily consisting of meat, which may have led to their eventual displacement by other predators.
This research will enhance our understanding of Miocene-era ecosystems in South Asia, a period marked by global cooling and significant shifts in animal communities that laid the groundwork for current ecosystems.
“Fossils are more than tales of ancient species; they reveal important changes and adaptations over time,” emphasized Professor Jasinski.
“Studying these specimens also offers clues to future ecological shifts and strategies for adaptation.”
The team’s findings are detailed in the journal Pals.
_____
K. Mahmoud et al. A brief description of Hyenodonta from mid to late Miocene deposits in Pakistan and the Indian subcontinent. Pals published online on April 16, 2026. doi: 10.1007/s12542-025-00766-5
The significant explosion of the Blue Origin rocket on Thursday night signifies a major setback for Jeff Bezos’s space venture and NASA, potentially delaying astronaut landings on the moon and hindering lunar base construction efforts.
Subscribe to read this story without ads
Enjoy unlimited access to ad-free articles and exclusive content.
Blue Origin now faces the repercussions of losing one of its few operational New Glenn rockets, alongside the destruction of its sole functional launch pad. Prolonged investigations and repairs could delay its return to flight for months or even years.
NASA too is confronted with significant uncertainties. Blue Origin was slated to play a crucial role in NASA’s lunar return initiative, competing with SpaceX to develop a lunar lander designed to ferry astronauts from Earth orbit to the moon. Testing for these commercially developed landers was anticipated during the upcoming Artemis III mission.
Just three days prior, Blue Origin secured a substantial contract with NASA to deliver two robotic landers to the moon in a mission scheduled for later this year.
“This is a significant setback for Blue Origin,” stated Kathleen Curley, a research analyst at Georgetown University’s Center for Security and Emerging Technologies.
NASA Administrator Jared Isaacman expressed this sentiment in a post on X on Thursday, commenting that “Spaceflight is unforgiving, and developing new heavy-lift launch capabilities is extremely difficult.”
In response to media inquiries, the station directed NBC News to Isaacman’s statement.
The catastrophic event transpired around 9 p.m. ET during an engine test at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida. In a static fire test, the rocket is fueled and its engines ignited to verify onboard systems, with the booster remaining attached to the launch pad, preventing any lift-off. Officials confirmed that all personnel were accounted for, with no reported injuries.
The explosion generated a considerable fireball, engulfing Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket and devastating much of the launch pad.
The extensive damage caused to the pad was particularly shocking, stated Casey Dreier, director of space policy at the Planetary Society, a nonprofit advancing space exploration through research and advocacy.
“While rocket companies often experience explosions, incidents involving launch pads are rare,” he remarked. “Such occurrences are detrimental as they result in the destruction of both the rocket and the associated infrastructure essential for launching.” This situation poses considerable challenges.
The affected launch pad serves as the sole launch facility for Blue Origin’s New Glenn rocket. Consequently, even if technical issues are promptly resolved, the absence of a functional launch pad poses further complications.
“Reconstructing the infrastructure is complex and will require substantial time,” Dreier added. “There are limitations to how quickly operations can be resumed.”
Blue Origin is currently preparing for a second launch pad at Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, though this project remains in preliminary stages.
Dreier anticipates that the New Glenn rocket may not see a launch for “between six months to two years” as Blue Origin conducts a comprehensive investigation. NASA announced intentions to collaborate with Blue Origin to examine the anomaly and evaluate the impact on forthcoming missions.
A newly discovered species of Corcoranidae arthropod, identified as Magnicornaspis garwoodi, lived during the Furonian period, approximately 497 to 487 million years ago. This well-preserved specimen was unearthed near Quebec, Canada, and provides significant evidence that the Frondian gap—the evolutionary interval between the Cambrian explosion and the Ordovician Great Biodiversity Event—may reflect sampling bias rather than a genuine decline in biodiversity.
Reconstruction of Magnicornaspis garwoodi. Image credit: Thomas Turner.
Dr. Russell Bicknell from Flinders University noted, “Paleontologists suggest this notable biodiversity decline might be tied to changes in ocean chemistry, a cooling climate, or environmental instability.” He emphasized that “perhaps we’ve overlooked the right sedimentary rocks or fossil-bearing deposits to fully understand the types of mollusks and early forms of life that existed during this period.”
The newly identified Magnicornaspis garwoodi arthropod is distinguished by its broad head shield, segmented body, and defensive spines, and is classified within the Corcoraceae group.
This remarkable specimen was found in the Rivière du Loup Formation near Quebec, Canada, making it one of the few known fossils from the Cambrian and Ordovician periods.
Magnicornaspis garwoodi. Image credit: Bicknell et al., doi: 10.1186/s12915-026-02617-4.
“Fossils play a crucial role in bridging gaps in our understanding of evolutionary history,” Bicknell and his colleagues stated.
“An increasing number of Furonian sites challenge the notion of a barren Late Cambrian world.” They highlighted that “with each new Furonian fossil find, the estimated gap narrows, revealing a more sophisticated ecosystem that thrived during the Late Cambrian.”
“These discoveries hint that Furonian ecosystems were both diverse and ecologically complex,” they added.
Importantly, these specimens come from a geological environment previously unrecognized for its exceptional preservation quality.
The discovery of Magnicornaspis garwoodi fits into a broader pattern of findings over the last two decades.
Dr. Julian Kimmig from Karlsruhe University of Technology and the Karlsruhe National Museum of Nature remarked, “The Frondian gap may not indicate a true biodiversity collapse, but rather a result of where scientific focus has been and the types of rocks studied.”
The discovery of Magnicornaspis garwoodi is detailed in a research paper published in BMC Biology.
_____
RDC Bicknell et al. 2026. A new, well-preserved arthropod discovered in the Furonian of Canada. BMC Biology 24, 119; doi: 10.1186/s12915-026-02617-4
A scene from “Mirror” by Alexander Whitley Dance Company
Credit: Oskein
While traditional ballet featuring tutus and pointe shoes remains my favorite theater experience, I recently attended an engaging contemporary production at Sadler’s Wells East in London.
The performance, Mirror,
presented by the acclaimed Alexander Whitley Dance Company, is scheduled for another showing at the Royal Opera House on June 4. This innovative work draws inspiration from the thought-provoking book AI Mirror by Professor Shannon Valler, who explores the complex ethics surrounding data and artificial intelligence. Valler emphasizes the importance of finding a balance between viewing AI as a replacement for human agency and recognizing its potential existential threats.
As a science journalist, I appreciate the nuanced approach Valler takes in her writing; however, I found the same balance lacking in the choreography. The production’s captivating and slightly unsettling choreography and direction powerfully illustrate how our increasing interactions with AI and technology are shaping and distorting human relationships. I encourage you to experience it for yourself and form your own opinion.
Microbes Engineered in the Lab Utilize Mirror Images of Natural Molecules
THOM LEACH/Science Photo Library/Alamy
Modeling studies indicate that microorganisms based on mirror images of natural molecules face significant survival challenges outside controlled laboratory environments. This raises questions about developed methods for “mirror feeding” or other innovative sustenance solutions.
However, the study has drawn criticism from experts in the field, who caution that it may overlook substantial risks associated with these so-called mirror organisms.
Many crucial biomolecules, like DNA and proteins, exhibit chirality, allowing them to exist as either left-handed or right-handed forms. Similar to the left and right hands, they are mirror images and cannot be superimposed. Presently, all known life on Earth utilizes right-handed DNA and left-handed proteins, enabling compatible interaction within cellular mechanisms.
While not technically feasible at this time, producing organisms with reversed chirality may one day become possible. In 2024, a collaboration of 38 scientists published research, calling for a halt on studies aimed at creating mirror life due to potential threats these organisms could pose—such as immune systems failing to recognize mirror bacteria.
Research led by Ricard Sole and his team at the Santa Fe Institute explored the implications of introducing a small population of mirror organisms into Earth’s biosphere. They employed computer models to analyze the constraints mirror life forms would encounter in diverse ecological scenarios.
According to Sole, for mirror life to pose a threat, it must first be capable of existing autonomously. The primary obstacle for mirror organisms is their exclusive ability to digest food comprised of molecules matching their chirality.
“Envisioning the engineering of dedicated ‘mirror food’ to nourish mirror organisms complicates rather than resolves the issue,” states Sole. “The development of a distinct ‘mirror biosphere’ would necessitate a continuous industrial system to produce vast quantities of mirror chiral biomolecules, including mirror sugars, mirror amino acids, and mirror lipids, alongside isolated nutrients.”
The research model emphasized whether mirror organisms could autonomously colonize actual ecological settings rather than survive temporarily in laboratory conditions equipped with artificial feeding systems.
“We believe that mirror life will encounter formidable barriers across a range of ecological conditions, presenting challenges to successful establishment,” Sole elaborates. “Nonetheless, critical unanswered questions remain that warrant further exploration, including long-term evolutionary dynamics and more realistic models detailing immune interactions with mirror organisms.”
This study is currently available on a preprint server pending peer review. A group of scientists focused on mirror life has issued a statement urging revisions of the paper.
Bone Cooper, a co-author of the statement from the University of Pittsburgh, noted to New Scientist that although mirror microorganisms initially grow more slowly than their native counterparts due to nutrient mismatches, they can thrive on numerous achiral nutrients. “Moreover, the mirror cell population may quickly adapt, essentially generating a second tree of life,” Cooper asserts.
The study suggests that Earth’s existing biodiversity could function as a “firewall” against mirror organisms, as natural life forms are optimized for their environments, thus outcompeting mirror forms. In the case of mirror bacteria, Sole and his colleagues contend that the immune system may still identify them as foreign invaders.
Yet, Cooper remains skeptical. “Numerous examples from invasion biology highlight the susceptibility of biodiverse ecosystems to invaders that lack natural predators,” he remarks.
Kate Adamala, one of the 2024 authors from the University of Minnesota, supports Solé’s hypothesis regarding the scarcity of food rich in identical chiral molecules as a critical limitation for mirror organisms. “This intrinsic disadvantage is a universal hurdle for mirror life forms in any natural ecosystem,” she notes.
However, she adds that these organisms might utilize photosynthesis for self-sustenance or leverage naturally occurring chiral molecules. “Although creating such an organism would be incredibly challenging, it’s not entirely implausible,” Adamala explains. “At the time, it wasn’t clear why the broader scientific community stood firmly against labeling this possibility as ‘very unlikely.’”
Solé affirms that his team has contemplated the potential for mirror organisms to exploit non-chiral nutrients or photosynthesis but maintains that they would still confront significant ecological hurdles.
“The crucial inquiry is not merely whether some nutrients are available, but whether there is enough access to facilitate sustainable growth while contending with the established biosphere,” he emphasizes. “Even if mirror organisms could subsist on a limited selection of achiral compounds, they would still face severe ecological constraints, including resource quality, dilution, competition, and the inability to efficiently metabolize the majority of naturally available chiral biomolecules.”
Philippa Lentzos, a Professor at King’s College London, posits that while mirror life is a legitimate future concern, it should not detract from pressing immediate biological risks. “The appropriate response is not to panic or dismiss these findings but to advocate for prudent governance, clear protocols regarding hazardous work, and a comprehensive research agenda that does not neglect pressing biosafety and biosecurity priorities,” she states.
“The evidence presented in this study regarding ecological constraints does not negate the necessity for governance; instead, it underscores the importance of an evidence-based adaptive approach. We must discern the assumptions influencing risks, identify the uncertainties, and ascertain which types of work will significantly alter the situation,” Lentzos concludes.
Falling head over heels in love may be a thing of the past, according to science
imageBROKER.com/Alamy
Recent findings suggest that individualism, which emphasizes personal goals over communal ones, is increasingly shaping our views on romantic relationships. One of the largest studies of love indicates that this trend may not necessarily be detrimental.
“Being entirely in love and dependent” can hinder your productivity and focus on important tasks, according to Yaroslava Valira Valentova, a professor at the University of São Paulo in Brazil, who was not a participant in the study. Interestingly, she notes, shifting attention from a romantic partner could enable more time and energy for other relationships and personal interests.
Prior research highlights that individualism is rising globally. “In my observation, the newest generation is becoming increasingly self-centered and individualistic compared to earlier generations,” states Julie Aitken Shermer from Western University in Ontario, Canada, who also did not engage in the study.
This shift towards individualism may be influenced by modern phenomena such as globalization and the proliferation of social media. However, research on its impact on romantic love yields mixed results; studies show this is possibly due to past research focusing on limited geographical areas. Marta Kowal presented this new research at a recent conference at the University of Wrocław in Poland on the subject of love in its various facets.
Her team surveyed over 61,000 adults, aged between 18 to 90, from 81 countries who had been in romantic relationships varying from weeks to years.
Participants completed an online survey evaluating the intensity of their love for their partner by ranking statements such as “I feel a deep emotional bond with this person” on a scale of 1 to 5, alongside additional queries about the importance of group versus individual success on a scale from 1 to 7.
Collectively, these findings revealed a connection: participants exhibiting a more individualistic mindset reported experiencing less romantic love, even when controlling for variables like gender, age, and socio-economic status. The researchers duplicated this outcome with over 6,000 additional adult partners from 50 countries.
The researchers found that as individualism impacted our ability to connect, our romantic feelings often diminished. Thomas Curran from the London School of Economics and Political Science observes, “If you concentrate solely on your individuality, you become more competitive, perceiving everyone as rivals for limited resources. Consequently, when interacting with others, the focus becomes, ‘How can I portray my best self?'”
This attitude may hinder emotional vulnerability, which Curran notes is essential for deep love. “Revealing your true self to others can be challenging,” he mentions.
If you believe that individualism is undermining your romantic relationships, solutions exist. Shermer suggests that promoting a communal mindset—possibly through therapy—can be beneficial.
Kowal’s team plans to track around 2,000 couples in Poland over a year to explore how the depth of romantic love influences overall happiness.
There’s a popular saying: “If you shoot for the moon, even if you miss, you’ll land among the stars.” However, mathematicians suggest that aiming directly at the stars may yield even better results.
In life, individuals often exhibit a balance of ambition while pursuing their goals, be it a better job, finding a compatible partner, or reaching political aspirations.
Although the dynamics of this balance have not been extensively examined, many studies show that people often display a tendency to stop pursuing their goals prematurely. Researcher Thomas Hills from the University of Warwick elaborates on this phenomenon.
By utilizing a mathematical model, Matt Burgess and his colleagues at the University of Wyoming discovered that optimal outcomes in uncertain situations typically involve setting high yet realistic goals. “We can demonstrate that optimal ambition is both above average and finite: aiming high, but not to the extent of unrealistic hopes,” states Burgess.
Initially, Burgess and his team developed a statistical model to examine how individuals evaluate various outcomes based on their willingness to compromise on ambition. This led to a formula that predicts overall compensation based on individual satisfaction criteria.
The model was tested with random potential outcomes, altering factors such as the number of choices available, the ratio of bad to good outcomes, and the time and effort required to select a specific outcome. Through thousands of simulations, the researchers compared their results against real-world data sets, including college admissions and U.S. election polls.
Findings revealed that optimal results are achieved when people aim for compensation that exceeds average compensation yet falls short of maximum compensation.
While this aligned with traditional wisdom, Burgess expressed surprise at how the results shifted when scenarios were skewed towards extreme outcomes, either good or bad.
Generally, most outcomes are mediocre; however, during a significant downturn, such as a rare recession, it’s prudent to exercise caution. Surprisingly, Burgess’s team found that during such times, it’s better to be slightly more ambitious. “In scenarios like these, being a bit more ambitious than average is advisable,” he notes, as you want to avoid being discouraged by a rare bad outcome skewing your average negatively.
In similar reasoning, if a startup has one particularly lucrative outcome, such as earning $1 billion compared to zero, the approach should also be slightly more ambitious than average. Burgess shared, “Initially, the findings were so unexpected that when my colleagues first presented them, I assumed there had been a mistake.”
Hills, who was not part of the research, remarked that individuals may possess varying perspectives regarding risk versus reward. “For instance, some may prefer a stable income over a potentially ‘optimal’ but risky one,” he explains. “Additionally, certain sectors operate in a winner-take-all framework where social comparisons significantly influence the appropriateness of risk-seeking ambition.”
Experience the terror of being ensnared in a quantum computer with Quantum Backrooms
Credit: Moth
Quantum computers are being harnessed for innovative horror video games like Quantum Backrooms, available online.
The oddities of quantum objects have captivated philosophers, artists, and now game developers. James Wootton from Moth Quantum, along with his team, is creating a horror game, Quantum Backrooms, featuring labyrinthine levels generated by real quantum technology.
This game draws inspiration from the “Backroom” horror legend, originally conceived on an internet forum, where players navigate endless rooms. In Wootton’s creation, each room reflects a quantum state linked to a qubit in a quantum computer, and the pathways between qubits mirror the connections among rooms.
Wootton explains that Quantum Backrooms evokes the sensation of being confined within a quantum computer. As players focus their gaze, what remains out of sight continuously shifts, illustrating the principle that the state of a quantum object alters upon observation.
Screenshot from the video game “Quantum Backrooms”
Credit: Moth
No access to quantum computers is needed by players, as they are solely utilized in the game’s development. Wootton hopes that Quantum Backrooms will resonate with horror enthusiasts seeking a unique blend of spookiness driven by qubits. “A player could engage with this link without realizing it’s powered by a quantum computer,” he explains. You can play it here.
Laura Pispanen from Aalto University in Finland states there are hundreds of quantum games available, including titles like Quantum Backrooms that feature content generated on quantum hardware, as well as those simulating quantum states on classical systems. Despite the current limited availability of quantum hardware, interest in quantum gaming continues to rise.
While Quantum Backrooms may not revolutionize quantum computing, it could represent the most advanced and accessible iteration of a quantum game thus far, according to Michael Cook of King’s College London. Game developers often lead the charge in leveraging new computing technologies, making access to quantum hardware transformative even if impractical for the general public. “Their unique requests and ideas can drive genuine advancements in research,” remarks Cook.
Moth Quantum aims for Quantum Backrooms to pave the way for integrating quantum technology into everyday consumer products. “Just as AI recently transitioned from niche research to a mainstream consumer product, I believe quantum computing will follow a similar trajectory,” states Wootton.
In the stunning arid landscape of Kenya’s Tsavo East National Park, the intricate patterns of animal footprints resemble the roots of the legendary “Tree of Life.” This remarkable sight emphasizes the fragile yet vital connection between life and water.
A diverse array of creatures seeks refuge under this majestic solitary tree. The significance of water is profound; life reacts dynamically to it. Trees take root, canopies expand, animals converge, and the landscape transforms.
This breathtaking image was captured by Yann Arthus Bertrand, acclaimed author of the best-selling photo book Earth Seen from Above (1999). It features prominently in his latest book, Freshwater, co-authored with biologist Bill Francois, which explores the world through the lens of freshwater ecosystems. The book is set for release on June 11th.
Francois describes this photo of the tree as “an iconic representation of Yann’s work.” He notes that “a tree can transpire 400 liters of fresh water a day into its environment,” creating a crucial microclimate. “Under its canopy, temperatures can drop by 5 degrees Celsius, acting as a living well of water that sustains life.”
In Freshwater, examine the precious nature of water, a resource that may appear limitless yet is fundamentally scarce. The authors illustrate that while we inhabit a water-rich planet, freshwater constitutes merely a fragile layer on an arid world.
“Imagine if all the water on Earth was gathered in a single droplet,” the authors suggest. This unique droplet would measure 1,385 kilometers in diameter, encompassing more than 1 million cubic kilometers of water. Though this seems vast, it’s smaller than the distance between major cities like Paris and Rome.
This astonishing perspective of a single water droplet is showcased in Freshwater, demonstrating a humbling global scale. Even more striking is that the fresh surface water on Earth, represented in another context, fits within a wine glass if the planet were the size of a hot air balloon.
“From tropical forests to vast civilizations, numerous species depend on these water droplets, which collectively constitute less than one-thousandth of Earth’s total water,” the authors affirm.
Below is another stunning capture from Freshwater, featuring a white pelican in the Jouji National Bird Reserve, Senegal.
This vital mangrove ecosystem serves as an essential habitat for various species, particularly juvenile saltwater fish. “Two-thirds of global marine fish catch comes from estuaries,” says Francois.
“Unfortunately, this estuary suffers from threats due to human activities,” he adds. “Dams and agricultural drainage have allowed invasive aquatic plants to proliferate, disrupting the ecosystem and introducing nuisances like mosquitoes and snails.”
Shown above is another breathtaking river captured by Arthus Bertrand, located at Auyan Tepui in Venezuela, followed by a photo of a stunning waterfall on Blasfellbreen Glacier, Nordausstrande in Norway.
Waterfall on Blasfellbreen Glacier, Svalbard, Norway
The enchanting beauty of freshwater results from its intricate molecular interactions with its environment. It dissolves minerals and gases, enabling diverse lifeforms to thrive amid its flow. Rivers, stunning lakes, glaciers, polar ice, and atmospheric phenomena have inspired poets and artists through the ages.
However, the essence of freshwater is fleeting, continually shaping landscapes in moments and over eons. “A water droplet lingers in the atmosphere for approximately 10 days, while it can remain in the ocean for centuries,” the authors note. “Rarely does a water droplet ascend to the sky, with occurrences averaging every 2,737 years.”
Intelligent life on Earth achieves maturity by uncovering the reasons for its existence. If advanced extraterrestrial beings were to visit our planet, they might ask, “Have they discovered evolution?” Life has thrived on Earth for over 300 million years, yet the understanding of its purpose remained elusive until the insights of Charles Darwin. While others had glimpses of the truth, Darwin offered the first coherent explanation of our existence. Thanks to his pioneering work, we can answer profound questions about life’s meaning without relying on superstitions. As eminent zoologist GG Simpson stated: “Attempts to answer these questions before 1859 are largely worthless.”
Today, the theory of evolution parallels our understanding of the heliocentric model of the solar system; however, its full implications are still not widely acknowledged. Zoology, despite its significance, remains underrepresented in academic institutions. Even students pursuing zoology often lack awareness of its profound philosophical implications. While this book does not serve as a wholesale defense of Darwinism, it aims to explore the far-reaching impact of evolutionary theory on our understanding of egoism and altruism.
This subject holds substantial importance for humanity, influencing aspects of social behavior, love, conflict, cooperation, theft, and generosity. The cases presented by Lorenz and Eibl Eibesfeldt often misinterpret evolution by focusing on species survival instead of individual genetic benefit. Ashley Montague critiques Lorenz for his alignment with the 19th-century notion of “nature red in tooth and claw.” I acknowledge Lorenz’s perspective but argue that “Nature red in tooth and claw” accurately reflects our modern understanding of natural selection.
Before diving into my argument, it’s essential to clarify its nature. If one considers a man thriving in Chicago’s gangster world, we would expect traits like toughness and loyalty based on the environment in which he succeeded. This book posits that all animals, including humans, are genetically designed machines. Throughout evolutionary competition, genes that have succeeded over millions of years tend to exhibit ruthless selfishness. This genetic inclination often translates to selfish behaviors in individuals. However, under specific circumstances, genes can foster limited forms of altruism at the individual level. “Special” and “limited” are crucial terms here, as concepts like universal love lack evolutionary justification.
Importantly, this book does not advocate a morality grounded in evolution; it emphasizes evolution as a biological reality rather than a moral directive. I believe that a society based merely on genetic selfishness would be undesirable. While observing our innate selfishness can be unsettling, it is a crucial recognition for societal improvement. The goal is to foster an environment where teaching generosity and altruism can thrive, understanding our genetic predispositions.
It is a common misconception that genetically inherited traits are immutable. Although genetics may guide us toward selfishness, individuals are not bound to follow these inclinations. Altruistic behaviors might simply be more challenging to cultivate than selfish ones. Humans uniquely navigate cultural influences, making it critical to understand both nature and nurture in shaping our behaviors. This book does not take a definitive stance on the nature versus nurture debate but instead seeks to investigate the rules that govern both genetic and cultural developments.
A distinguishing feature of this book is its focus on the behavior of humans and specific animal species, using factual details merely as illustrative examples. I argue that if both humans and baboons have evolved through natural selection, we should expect selfish behaviors across the board. If we observe altruism in human behavior, it poses intriguing questions that require explanation.
My initial encounter with Bitcoin was quite modest. Back in the early 2010s, I heard about Bitcoin from student discussions in university math lectures and occasional news about its use on black markets like the notorious Silk Road. While some peers were enchanted by Bitcoin’s allure, my focus was solely on theoretical physics—Slater determinants, Raman scattering, and Cooper pairs were my true passions. Concepts like “cryptocurrency mining” felt alien to my ambitions. However, as Bitcoin and its security implications started intersecting with my role as a physics journalist, I began to realize how naive my previous attitude had been.
This change in my understanding emerged months ago when a collaboration involving researchers from Google, the Ethereum Foundation, and several universities published a pivotal 57-page paper discussing quantum computers’ threats to cryptocurrency security. I stumbled upon this paper while enjoying breakfast in Queens, NYC. Only an hour and a half after arriving at my office, I comprehended that my life was about to pivot dramatically.
Following that, a second study by Oratomic, a quantum computing startup, sparked a media storm. This document not only highlighted the imminent risks that quantum computers pose but also provided a more aggressive timeline for their potential to disrupt current systems. A critical point in both papers was the estimated number of qubits required to compromise a common encryption standard. Google’s team suggested it could be around 500,000 qubits, while Oratomic estimated a startlingly lower figure of 10,000—close to today’s largest qubit array of 6,100.
Although these qubits are not being used for computation yet, it is beginning to feel like a cryptographic crisis, referred to as “Q-day,” is on the horizon. This crisis would render most existing encryptions that secure our digital transactions and communications obsolete. Consequently, Google urges all stakeholders to transition to post-quantum cryptography (PQC) to avert Q-Day by 2029.
Are quantum computers likely to disrupt cryptocurrency security soon? I reached out to numerous experts to gauge this threat level—focusing not only on Bitcoin but on broader cryptographic concerns. Researchers frequently highlighted Bitcoin as a primary example.
Bitcoin’s encryption relies on the Elliptic Curve Discrete Logarithm Problem (ECDLP), a mathematical challenge that functions as a robust defense against traditional computing attacks. This makes ECDLP widely popular for securing numerous internet transactions, including banking communications and leading cryptocurrencies.
However, researchers have known for almost three decades that sufficiently advanced quantum computers could obliterate this security. They even possess a mathematical formula, Shor’s Algorithm, outlining how to achieve this.
Yet, converting Shor into a functional program for a real quantum machine has proven tricky. Large-scale, error-free quantum computers were non-existent in the ’90s, 2000s, and remain elusive today. Nevertheless, the size estimates for quantum computers necessary to crack ECDLP encryption have been consistently declining. Researchers previously estimated tens of millions of qubits, but as per Oratomic, now it’s just 10,000 qubits.
Google researchers indicate that quantum computers are on the verge of demonstrating their capabilities as potent decryption tools, with implications for blockchain technology—the backbone of cryptocurrencies. They have pinpointed a method for executing an “on-spend” attack, stealing assets transferred during a Bitcoin transaction, which generally takes around 10 minutes.
The underlying message in these studies seemed designed to incite urgency among Bitcoin users, advocating for more serious consideration of PQC. Given Bitcoin’s decentralized structure, protocol modifications require wide-ranging agreement among users.
“I am very concerned but wholeheartedly agree with Google’s findings,” stated crypto pioneer Eli Ben Sasson from StarkWare. A few weeks later, he expressed frustration at the inflexibility of Bitcoin’s development. Similarly, cryptographer JP Ohmason, who contributed to key PQC algorithms, voiced skepticism about the Bitcoin community’s readiness for a post-quantum transition, despite recognizing the potential urgency.
The realms of technology, finance, and information security are all contemplating a shift toward quantum-resistant algorithms and protocols by the end of the 2010s. While Ormason anticipates this transition may extend to 2036 instead of 2029, he stresses that Bitcoin users must act swiftly. “Examining the decision-making speed of the Bitcoin community,” he notes, “it’s clear that urgency is warranted.”
A particularly alarming aspect of the threats against Bitcoin is that its security, like any currency, is as much about perception as it is about technology. “Simply raising awareness that Bitcoin is vulnerable could provoke a market panic,” Ormason cautioned, predicting enormous economic repercussions.
While several proposals exist for enhancing Bitcoin’s security via software updates, implementing them necessitates consensus within the fragmented Bitcoin community. Nearly five years have passed since Bitcoin last attempted such a restructure, and Ben Sasson remarks that discussions around altering Bitcoin’s infrastructure have become contentious. “We find ourselves in a troubling situation where everyone understands what’s needed and acknowledges it isn’t overly complex, yet there’s a pervasive fear in discussing it due to the unpredictable reactions from the sometimes hostile crypto community,” he explained.
Abif Levi, a colleague of Ben-Sasson at StarkWare, has recently developed a method to make Bitcoin quantum-secure without necessitating software updates. However, the computational power needed for each secure transaction would skyrocket business costs by over 200 times.
It’s Everybody’s Concern
Could Bitcoin’s Threat Affect Broader Financial Markets?
Michael Nagle/Bloomberg via Getty Images
The current predicament is a complex web of emerging technologies, advanced mathematics, and human folly. After nearly a decade of filtering out Bitcoin’s commotion, I started questioning whether I should be concerned about these developments. More alarmingly, I found that choosing to avoid blockchain technology won’t shield me from the repercussions of a collision between Bitcoin’s security and quantum computing.
This realization stemmed from my retirement savings. In June 2025, New York Times financial columnist Jeff Sommer reported the unexpected appearance of Bitcoin in his retirement account. It surfaced because his account linked to an index fund that included shares of a company known for holding significant Bitcoin assets. By May 2026, a website called Bitcoin Treasuries ranked this company as the top publicly traded entity owning Bitcoin. Sommer’s findings revealed that major investment firms like Fidelity, Vanguard, BlackRock, and Morgan Stanley included this stock in their funds.
Given that my retirement accounts are managed by Fidelity, any drastic Bitcoin price shifts, driven by quantum fears, could reverberate through the stock of this company, to Fidelity, ultimately affecting my retirement security. In several U.S. states such as California, North Carolina, Texas, and Louisiana, public retirement funds hold stakes in this Bitcoin-related company, emphasizing the wider impact. Additionally, discussions around integrating cryptocurrencies directly into retirement accounts have gained traction, with regulatory changes lurking in the future.
The path forward seems unclear, but fostering collaboration among participants invested in Bitcoin’s future appears crucial. Our society’s progress hinges on such cooperation, and we must acknowledge that future technologies like quantum computing and blockchain need not cloud the importance of consensus. Ben Sasson, a co-author on cryptocurrency literature, advocates for educating users about the implications. Government action—through regulation, penalties, and public awareness—could also facilitate progress.
The current U.S. administration’s stance on cryptocurrency regulation is rather passive, but electoral changes might shift this landscape. Although it’s notoriously tricky for journalists to speculate on future developments, I remain apprehensive about my retirement prospects.
Scanning Electron Micrograph of Pancreatic Cancer Cells
Anne Weston, EM STP, Francis Crick Institute/Science Photo Library
In a groundbreaking clinical trial in the United States, researchers have found that a novel viral treatment halted the progression of pancreatic cancer in three patients. While further assessments in larger trials are necessary, these early results are promising, particularly given that only minimal quantities of the virus were administered during initial safety tests.
According to Masato Yamamoto, who spearheaded the research at the University of Minnesota, “The efficacy exceeded our expectations, particularly considering we injected merely one-tenth of the targeted dose for pancreatic cancer.”
Pancreatic cancer is notoriously known as one of the deadliest cancers. This is due in part to the fact that symptoms often emerge late, when the cancer has typically advanced beyond the point of surgical removal. For patients diagnosed with this illness, the prognosis is grim: they usually survive for only about 3 to 6 months.
The stiffness of pancreatic tumors presents another significant challenge, inhibiting chemotherapy drugs from penetrating effectively. As Dr. Yamamoto aptly notes, “Pancreatic tumors are as hard as a hockey puck.” Additionally, these tumors can evade detection by the immune system, rendering immunotherapy treatments that boost immune activity against cancer cells largely ineffective.
One of the trial participants had a pancreatic tumor measuring 7 centimeters in diameter and underwent treatment about a year ago, with the other two patients treated subsequently. Fortunately, their tumors have not grown since treatment began. “They are all alive and exhibit clinically stable disease,” Dr. Yamamoto shared at the Annual Meeting of the American Society for Gene and Cell Therapy held earlier this month in Boston, Massachusetts. An additional 15 patients are now set to receive higher doses to determine the optimal treatment level.
Dr. Kai Brown, a pancreatic surgeon at the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney, cautioned, “While this shows intriguing early promise, we must maintain a cautious optimism. The history of oncology is riddled with initially encouraging signals that have vanished by the time rigorous phase III [late-stage] testing was completed. Thus, these initial results ought to be viewed as hypothesis-generating.” Notably, the trial currently lacks a control group, making it difficult to ascertain if the cancer-killing virus is more effective than existing treatments.
The virus being tested is a genetically modified adenovirus designed to proliferate specifically within tumors while avoiding healthy tissues. Its replication is activated by cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), an enzyme found in much higher levels in cancer cells than in normal cells. Upon infecting cancer cells, the virus can rupture and lead to their death, thereby releasing more virus to infect adjacent cancer cells.
During this trial, the virus was injected directly into the tumor via a thin tube guided down the patient’s throat, reaching the pancreas. An ultrasound probe at the tube’s end assisted in visualizing the tumor’s location.
Dr. Yamamoto speculated that the tumor’s growth has halted without regression likely due to the low treatment dosage. He believes that as the virus replicates, the number of infected tumor cells may diminish over time.
As tumor cells begin to break apart, the immune system may identify the cancer and initiate its attack. “The patient’s immune system may recognize that something is wrong and start targeting the tumor,” he explained. If successful, this treatment could potentially combat metastatic pancreatic cancer as well.
To enhance this innate immune response, Yamamoto and his team plan to combine viral therapies with immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors—drugs that block proteins preventing the immune system from attacking cancer cells—in future clinical studies.
Historically, adenoviruses have caused cold and flu-like symptoms in their unmodified form, but they have shown promise as cancer treatments. In the 1950s, for example, women with cervical cancer were treated with unmodified adenovirus, witnessing some success in clinical trials. However, safety and efficacy issues highlighted the need for genetic engineering to tailor adenoviruses to specifically target cancer cells.
The only FDA-approved cancer-killing virus, T-VEC, is a genetically modified herpes simplex virus injected directly into melanoma tumors, inducing cell rupture and death.
Kongur Shan Mountains: A Part of the Pamir Plateau, China
Mark Andrews/Alamy
Recent research has unveiled alarming ice loss in Asia’s Pamir Mountains, raising concerns about the stability of one of the world’s last remaining glacier regions amid global warming.
Historically, glaciers worldwide have experienced retreat due to rising temperatures. However, the “roof of the world” in Central Asia has shown resilience. From the 1970s to the early 21st century, glaciers in the Western Kunlun, Karakoram, and Eastern Pamir Mountains remained stable or slightly expanded.
Fan Yu and researchers from the Chinese Academy of Sciences have closely monitored the three-kilometre-long Kangxiyan Glacier in China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, located at an altitude of 5,350 meters within the eastern Pamir Plateau.
Prior to 2022, the glacier exhibited minor fluctuations but maintained a stable pattern of moderate ice mass loss, sometimes even slightly increasing in volume.
However, a notable shift occurred post-2022, with researchers recording an unprecedented ice loss of 1.5 meters in 2025 alone, representing over four times the average loss from 2011 to 2024.
This record melt at Kangxiyan has been mirrored across other glaciers in the Pamir Plateau, primarily driven by extreme heat. Unlike previous years where high temperatures were limited to short periods, 2025 saw prolonged heat enduring throughout the entire snowmelt season.
The findings suggest that the glaciers in the Pamir-Karakorum region are no longer exceptions to global melting trends. Researchers predict that extreme weather events will likely exacerbate glacier melt in this crucial region.
Sean Eaves and researchers from Victoria University in Wellington, New Zealand, assert that these results correlate with predictions indicating that human-induced climate change heightens the likelihood of severe warming events that contribute to glacier melting. However, they caution against definitive conclusions about future trends at this early stage.
Since the ice mass of the Kangxihe Glacier was only first measured in 2011, the events of 2025 are not extreme when viewed within a broader historical context.
Astronomers utilizing NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope have made a groundbreaking discovery of a massive black hole in the early universe, which intriguingly appears to be older than its host galaxy. This revelation raises significant questions about the formation of the universe’s first supermassive black holes.
This Webb/NIRCam image captures the small red dot Abell2744-QSO1, magnified and triple-imaged by the galaxy cluster Abell 2744. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / Lukas Furtak, Ben-Gurion University / Alyssa Pagan, STScI.
Abel 2744-QSO1 (commonly referred to as QSO1) is a typical “little red dot” existing just 700 million years post-Big Bang.
Though QSO1 spans only 1,300 light-years and its light has traveled over 13 billion years, it offers a more accessible study compared to other small red dots due to its gravitational lensing by the galaxy cluster Abel 2744.
QSO1 is uniquely magnified and appears in three locations in the sky, thanks to this lensing effect.
Dr. Roberto Maiorino from the University of Cambridge stated, “This is a remarkable discovery that represents a paradigm shift in understanding black hole formation and growth.”
Initial studies suggest QSO1 may consist of a cloud of glowing hydrogen and helium gas orbiting a supermassive black hole approximately 40 million times the mass of our Sun.
However, uncertainty lingered regarding the true scale of this black hole, similar to other early black holes discovered by Webb.
Dr. Francesco Deugenio of the University of Cambridge remarked, “Until now, measurements of black hole masses in the early universe have been indirect, based on established knowledge of local black holes.”
Researchers have employed the Integral Field Unit (IFU) of Webb’s NIRSpec instrument to effectively map the movement of hydrogen gas around this black hole.
They observed that gas exhibited Keplerian motion, indicating it orbits a central point much like planets orbit the Sun in our solar system.
Ignas Giouojuvaris, a graduate student at the University of Cambridge, added, “This finding indicates that most of QSO1’s mass is concentrated in the central black hole.” If the mass were dispersed like many stars, the gas wouldn’t exhibit such precise Keplerian rotation.
Using these gravity-driven Keplerian motions, researchers could directly calculate the black hole’s mass through gas velocity measurements, a feat previously unattainable.
The black hole was found to be around 50 million solar masses, astonishingly accounting for two-thirds of QSO1’s total mass—thousands of times larger than proportions found in nearby galaxies, where supermassive black holes typically comprise only a small fraction of their host galaxies.
The IFU configuration map supported these observations, revealing that QSO1’s gas is primarily hydrogen and helium, with minimal heavy elements like oxygen, expected in a star-rich galaxy.
With less than 0.5% of the Sun’s metallicity, QSO1 stands as one of the most pristine galactic environments ever analyzed.
Dr. Cosimo Marconcini, an astronomer at the University of Florence, proclaimed, “This is an extraordinary result—marking the first direct measurement of a black hole’s mass within the first billion years post-Big Bang, aligning with prior indirect measurements.”
The extraordinary mass of QSO1 relative to its host galaxy implies it could not have formed gradually through the merging and feeding of smaller stellar-mass black holes.
Giouojuvaris noted, “We might be witnessing a black hole that lacks a substantial host galaxy and predates stellar processes.” This offers compelling evidence for the existence of primordial black holes and direct collapse black holes, concepts previously theorized but not substantiated.
Whether the black hole in QSO1 originated as a massive seed shortly after the Big Bang or emerged later from the collapse of a giant gas cloud, it likely formed large and may be in the initial stages of cultivating a galaxy around it.
I. Juojubaris et al. 2026. Direct measurements of black hole masses in small red dots at high redshifts. Nature 653, 1017-1021; doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10579-4
Roberto Maiorino et al. 2026. A black hole in a nearly primordial galaxy 700 million years post-Big Bang. MNRAS 548 (1): staf2109;doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2109
Hoarding is a fascinating and common behavior observed in many animal species. Various creatures store food in preparation for potential food shortages.
While you might already know that squirrels hide nuts and wall mice stash seeds, fire ants exhibit a unique hoarding strategy by storing excess food in the warmest areas of their nests to create what is sometimes referred to as “insect jerky.” This behavior is present in many animals, including humans.
Several other animals hoard materials for their homes. For example, decorator crabs gather seaweed, sea anemones, and sponges to adorn and camouflage their shells. Meanwhile, bonehouse hornets accumulate dead ants to fortify the entrances of their nests.
However, these examples pale in comparison to the impressive hoarding abilities of the bearded vulture (Gyphaetus barbatus).
With a wingspan reaching up to 3 meters (10 feet), bearded vultures rank among the largest birds of prey in Europe. These majestic raptors typically form lifelong pair bonds and return to the same cliffside nesting site annually.
During each breeding season, bearded vultures add new materials to their nests, creating layered structures. Often, these sites are reused across generations, transforming them into natural time capsules.
In 2025, a remarkable study revealed what scientists discovered when they examined 12 ancient, abandoned bearded vulture nests in southern Spain.
Alongside traditional nesting materials like sticks and feathers, researchers uncovered a staggering 2,483 “rich and well-preserved” artifacts. Most of these items were undigested remnants of prey, including hooves and eggshells, but about 10% were human-made objects.
Image credit: Ann-Sophie De Steur
Among the artifacts were 72 pieces of leather, 129 pieces of cloth, an unusual basket, a crossbow bolt, and parts of a slingshot.
Notably, one completed sandal and two unfinished examples known as Agovias were found. These sandals were traditionally woven from fibrous esparto grass and required regular maintenance.
Many of these artifacts, including sandals, date back to the Middle Ages, a period that spanned from the 5th to the late 15th century.
The precise reason for the bearded vultures’ collection of objects remains uncertain. One theory suggests they might be selecting materials to enhance their nests, while another posits an interest in preserving local history, potentially for their chicks.
Historically, the bearded vulture was prevalent in southern Spain; however, its population drastically declined in the 19th and 20th centuries due to severe persecution. Fortunately, conservation efforts have led to some recovery, and the species is now classified as near-threatened.
Thanks to the strategic locations of these ancient nests, the artifacts have been remarkably preserved over time.
A study detailing these findings noted: “The structural integrity of western Mediterranean bearded vulture nests, located in protected areas like caves and rock shelters, has allowed them to function as natural museums.”
Therefore, the bearded vulture not only stands out as one of nature’s most intriguing animals but also serves as a custodian of an extraordinary array of historical artifacts.
This article addresses the question (by Jackie Bryce from Chichester): “Are there any animals that hoard treasures?”
If you have any questions, feel free to contact us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (don’t forget to include your name and location).
Explore our ultimate fun facts! Discover more amazing science pages.
In an astonishing development, just a week after an AI system disproved a long-standing mathematical conjecture, another enduring conjecture—one that is over fifty years old—has also fallen, this time due to entirely human effort.
Recently, OpenAI’s advanced model refuted the significant unit distance problem, originally posed by Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős. This problem, regarded by Erdős as his “most important contribution to geometry,” explores the maximum number of equal-distance connections that can be drawn between points in a plane.
Erdős proposed a maximum limit for this value, which many scholars believed to be accurate. However, AI’s findings suggested that this figure could be significantly higher. By employing intricate methods from algebraic number theory, mathematicians could devise high-dimensional structures that differ from previous human designs, resulting in unprecedented surprises within the mathematical community.
Less than a week later, Professor Thomas Bloom and his team at the University of Manchester leveraged a similar approach to invalidate the well-known sum-product conjecture, first introduced by Erdős in 1976.
“I was amazed because I had been pondering this issue for a while,” Bloom stated. His team recognized the algebraic techniques employed by OpenAI’s AI and applied them to the sum-product conjecture. “Once you see a possibility, it drives you to make it happen,” he explained.
Erdős’s Wasumi conjecture posits that when summing or multiplying a set of numbers, at least one of the resulting sets must vastly exceed the original in size, while simultaneously, both cannot be minimized equally. For example, the multiplication of numbers from 1 to 5 yields a larger set than their sum due to overlaps like 2 + 3 and 1 + 4. If we analyze a set like 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, etc., the summed set is larger since the product simply yields different powers of 2.
Erdős established a standard for the minimal size of the larger set generated from summation and multiplication, which he believed would hold true for all numerical sets. However, Bloom and his team adapted the high-dimensional method to find instances where both the summation and multiplication were smaller than Erdős anticipated. Rather than using a geometric progression, such as powers of 2, they discovered that various dimensional progressions could yield startling results with fewer unique totals than previously thought.
“What astonished me was how straightforward it was,” Bloom remarked. “The underlying structure is simple, yet now I better grasp the underlying reasons.” He believes [Erdős’s conjecture] has indeed failed, but also sees potential implications for multiple related mathematical issues.
“Mathematics is competitive,” said Mischa Rudnev from the University of Bristol. “As soon as a fresh idea materializes, many rush to find further applications, and these enthusiasts are typically brilliant and swift.”
Rudnev noted that Erdős’ initial belief was that this conjecture mainly applies to integers, a notion that still holds as the new sets Bloom’s team created utilized increasingly complex number systems. Bloom concurs that while it remains valid for integers, “significant work is yet to come, and the intricacies are not fully understood.”
Bloom highlights the key takeaway from this proof: problems traditionally viewed as geometric, such as powers of two, can be approached with number theory tools. “This opens these problems to a new audience. The algebraic number theorists hadn’t shown much interest in these issues previously.”
Microbiologists at Johns Hopkins University have determined that the asteroid impact that led to the extinction of the dinosaurs triggered a significant global fungal takeover. This conclusion stems from the analysis of 66-million-year-old rock samples from Colorado’s Denver Basin, revealing a second, previously unrecognized ecological crisis.
The end-Cretaceous mass extinction was characterized by both the Chicxulub asteroid impact and the ongoing eruption of the Deccan Traps volcanoes.
“The surge in fungal growth observed in geological samples indicates significant disruptions to ecosystems,” said Johns Hopkins researchers Rosanna Baker and Arturo Casadevall.
“While global spikes in fungal proliferation have been documented during the Permian-Triassic extinction, previous findings for the end-Cretaceous extinction were limited to New Zealand,” they added.
“Our study reevaluated whether fungi proliferated globally post the end-Cretaceous mass extinction event, using samples from North America,” the researchers explained.
Focusing on rock samples collected from various paleontological sites in Colorado’s Denver Basin and North Dakota’s Williston Basin, the team processed and analyzed the material to quantify fungal microfossils, differentiating them from pollen and other plant-derived microfossils.
The results from Colorado indicated a noticeable increase in fungal microfossils compared to plant-based ones in geological layers associated with asteroid impacts.
This marks the first direct confirmation of findings from New Zealand, reinforcing the idea that the Cretaceous period concluded not just with a catastrophic explosion, but also with a global surge in fungi.
Interestingly, the samples revealed signs of fungal uplift spanning roughly 30,000 to 10,000 years before the asteroid impact.
This fluctuation coincided with a notable period of relatively low temperatures at this site, following intense volcanic activity in what is now western India.
“Fossil records indicate that some species became extinct during this timeframe,” Baker noted.
She continued, “The volcanic activity in Asia may have stressed ecosystems worldwide, effectively setting the stage for the impending asteroid impact.”
According to the analysis, early Paleocene samples (about 10,000 years post-asteroid impact) demonstrated that fungi of unknown origins thrived for approximately 2,000 years.
“Fungi are organisms that often exploit environmental hazards to flourish,” Professor Casadevall stated.
Although the North Dakota sample did not exhibit fungal overgrowth at the time of the asteroid impact, researchers suggest that this may result from differences in geological composition compared to the Colorado sample.
Their examination of North Dakota samples reaffirmed previous findings concerning late Cretaceous epochs and early Paleocene epochs, tens of thousands of years before, and roughly 10,000 years after the asteroid event.
“Our results align with the hypothesis that the growth of fungi since the Cretaceous period provided mammals with a significant advantage over reptiles, ultimately enabling them to dominate the planet,” concluded the scientists.
The detailed findings will be published in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
_____
Rosanna P. Baker and Arturo Casadevall. 2026. Fungal proliferation before and after the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction event in North America. PNAS 123 (20): e2536899123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2536899123
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
