How Many Dachshunds Would It Take to Travel to the Moon?

Posted on April 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Moon Wandering

The Artemis II mission recently made headlines as its crew successfully orbited the Moon and returned to Earth. This mission has sparked a variety of discussions—some lighthearted, others intriguing.

Notably, Artemis II achieved a record distance of 406,771 kilometers from Earth—an unprecedented journey. Reader Helen von den Steinen humorously noted the “quirky units of measurement” used in the U.S., sharing a comparison to dachshunds to illustrate this vast distance.

“Lining up 22-inch dachshunds nose to tail would require nearly 728 million well-behaved dogs,” she reported, clarifying that there are only about 900 million dogs globally.

Taking it a step further, the discussion turned to the length of time necessary for a dachshund to walk that distance. “At a brisk pace of 3 miles per hour, it would take over 84,000 hours—equivalent to nearly a decade of walking,” they concluded, even considering constructing “a chain of 2.37 billion Nathan’s Famous hot dogs” to span the distance.

Helen praised the transition between the ‘live dog’ and the ‘hot dog’ as an entertaining comparison. Feedback continues to explore the variability in dachshund sizes and whether that impacts such measurements. Additionally, it was suggested to start with familiar structures like San Francisco’s Golden Gate Bridge to explain monumental distances more effectively.

We also noticed discussions online questioning the authenticity of Artemis II, with some speculating that the crew may have merely been “isolated in a luxury hotel” during the whole mission, as humorously insinuated by screenwriter James Delingpole.

Shifting topics, reader Richard Simmons revisited a prior discussion on the Moon’s composition. He humorously theorized about the Moon being made of cheese, eventually settling on Ceres-sur-Cher, a French cheese that, according to Richard, mirrors the Moon’s surface in color and texture.

Lots of Marathons

In a previous exchange about the term “shed load,” reader F. Ian Lamb introduced “intrinsic relative scaling units,” or ERS units. This concept suggests that such measurements are dependent on context and perception.

Reader Andrew Winkley elaborated on the idea of marathons. While the official distance of a marathon is 42.195 kilometers (26.22 miles), as established in the 1920s, it has broader implications beyond running. Terms like “24-hour dance marathon” or “marathon study session” show that the notion of a marathon can be subjective and activity-dependent.

Declassified Insights

The limitations of AI are well recognized, and informed users are mindful about its applications. A recent study by reporter Matthew Sparks revealed an intriguing use of AI for classifying government documents. The paper, titled Search Advanced Classification for Confidential Documents, discusses the labor-intensive nature of document categorization.

The researchers tested their AI model on U.S. diplomatic cables previously released by WikiLeaks, achieving a 96% accuracy rate in categorizing them as “unclassified” or “classified.”

However, Matt raised crucial concerns: a 96% accuracy rate translates to a potential leak of 4% of top-secret information. Feedback poses important questions regarding AI’s performance compared to skilled humans and the potential biases in classification, especially regarding government documents.

In closing, the use of AI for sensitive classifications raises essential discussions around the balance of efficiency and security.

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The Great White Shark: The Largest Invertebrate Predator in History

Posted on April 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Restoration of a Giant Octopus

Yohei Utsugi / Graduate School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University

Giant octopus sketch — Restoration of a Giant Octopus

Yohei Utsugi / Graduate School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University

The Cretaceous seas were once dominated by a formidable giant octopus species, potentially reaching lengths of up to 19 meters, rivaling the era’s most intimidating predators, including sharks and marine reptiles such as plesiosaurs and mosasaurs.

According to Yasuhiro Iba from Hokkaido University, these octopuses acted as apex predators in their ecosystem. “They can be likened to the killer whales or great whites of the invertebrate realm—large, intelligent, and proficient hunters,” states Iba. These colossal beings boasted over 10 meters in length with robust arms and powerful jaws designed to crush hard prey, likely displaying complex behaviors.

Researchers, including Iba and his colleagues, analyzed 27 large octopus jaw fossils dating from 100 million to 72 million years ago, discovered in Japan and Vancouver Island, Canada. Remarkably, over a dozen of these jaw fossils, previously unseen by science, were unearthed through “digital fossil mining,” leveraging advanced scanning technology and AI to reveal the octopus remains embedded within stone.

The jaw, or beak, is often the only surviving fossil component of an octopus, made primarily of durable chitin, while the softer parts decay.

Initially thought to comprise five Cretaceous octopus species, recent research indicates that only two have been identified to date: Nanaimoteutis zeretskyi and N. hagarti.

Iba notes, “We quickly observed the jaw’s unusual size, especially that of N. hagarti. It stood out even among modern large cephalopods.” The true scale emerged from correlating the jaw’s size to the length of the mantle in contemporary long-bodied octopuses, estimating that N. hagarti may have reached overall lengths between 6.6 and 18.6 meters, marking it as one of Earth’s largest invertebrates.

John Long, a professor at Flinders University in Australia, expressed that he was unsurprised by this finding. “Many creatures during the Cretaceous period exhibited gigantism, including sharks, marine reptiles, and ammonites, filling the ocean with ample prey for large predators,” he said, while acknowledging the surprising nature of finding giant killer octopuses as apex predators of the Cretaceous seas.

Comparative Size of Ancient Octopuses and Cretaceous Marine Predators

Yohei Utsugi / Graduate School of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Hokkaido University

Notably, ancient octopuses bore a resemblance to modern giant squids (Architeuthis dux), which can grow beyond 12 meters. However, as Iba points out, they possessed distinct traits. Squids feature eight arms and two long tentacles for captures, while octopuses utilize all eight arms effectively to ensnare prey.

Nanaimoteutis likely did not pursue prey like squids but rather employed their lengthy, flexible arms for capture, complemented by their formidable jaws for processing.” The researchers also scrutinized wear patterns on ancient jaws, indicating substantial “hard material processing,” implying they preyed on robust organisms like large bivalves, ammonites, crustaceans, fish, or other cephalopods.

While the intuition might suggest they hunted massive creatures, careful consideration is warranted. “No direct evidence,” says Iba, “indicates predation on marine reptiles or sharks, such as stomach contents or bite marks on vertebrate bones.”

Fossil Jaws of *Nanaimoteutis hagarti* (top) and *N. zeretskyi* (bottom)

Hokkaido University

Another noteworthy observation was the uneven wear on the jaws, suggesting a phenomenon known as “lateralization.” This behavioral preference for one side of the body may indicate a level of intelligence, echoing characteristics seen in modern octopuses.

Overall, lateralization is linked to sophisticated brain function and efficient information processing. “The asymmetrical wear on our fossil jaws implies these octopuses had individual feeding preferences,” asserts Iba, highlighting their physical strength, behavioral complexity, and possible unique tendencies.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Does Catching a Cold Slow Lung Cancer Metastasis?

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The lungs as a common site for cancer metastasis

Cavallini James/BSIP/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

The lungs and cancer — The lungs as a common site for cancer metastasis

Cavallini James/BSIP/Universal Images Group/Getty Images

Studies indicate that respiratory infections may temporarily inhibit the spread of cancer to the lungs
from other body parts. Recent experiments involving the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)—known for causing cold-like symptoms and infecting nearly all children by age two—demonstrated its ability to hinder breast cancer cell colonization in the lungs. This suggests that the activation of infection-fighting proteins during such infections might be leveraged for therapeutic purposes.

According to research, the majority of cancer fatalities result from the metastasis of tumor cells from their original locations. Although early-stage cancer can often be treated effectively through surgery or radiation, once it metastasizes, treatment challenges increase significantly, with low success rates. As highlighted by David Withers from the University of Oxford, this presents a major clinical hurdle.

The implications of respiratory infections, including influenza and COVID-19, on cancer metastasis are captivating researchers, especially given the lungs’ susceptibility as a common site for such spread.

In mouse studies, RSV successfully triggered an immune response that inhibited the migration of breast cancer cells to the lungs. Cecilia Johansson from Imperial College London remarked, “This finding is remarkable, as it represents a novel aspect of viral impact on cancer.”

The research team infected 23 mice with RSV, while 16 healthy mice were used as controls. Following a 24-hour period, all mice received injections of breast cancer cells. After 28 days, lung tumor nodules in the RSV-infected mice were reduced by 65 to 70 percent compared to controls.

However, the size of the nodules that formed remained similar in both groups, indicating that the virus did not significantly impede cancer cell proliferation once they were established in the lungs. This aligns with previous studies showing that the viruses associated with swine flu and COVID-19 could activate dormant cancer cells after they have metastasized to the lungs.

Johansson and her team subsequently explored the role of type I interferon, a protein within lung cells that inhibits viral replication. Their findings revealed that this protein makes it considerably more challenging for cancer cells to develop new tumors.

To determine whether administering type I interferon could replicate the effects of RSV, researchers provided another group of mice with interventions, receiving doses of interferon prior to cancer cell injection. Initial results suggested that interferon was “slightly” more effective than the viral infection at limiting tumor cell ingress into the lungs.

“The study indicates that the type I interferon response, typical of acute viral infections, induces significant alterations in the lung epithelium,” explained Withers. “Although still in the preclinical phase, these results uncover exciting avenues to potentially enhance patient protection against metastasis.”

Researchers speculate that multiple mechanisms contribute to how type I interferon prevents tumor cell dissemination. Their focus remained on one particularly impactful method involving galectin-9, a protein produced in response to these interferons.

Johansson is optimistic that these findings could eventually lead to new drugs designed to thwart the spread of breast cancer and other tumors to the lungs. She stated, “Despite being early preclinical findings, we can test these strategies to develop new treatments against cancer without relying on viral infections.”
Claire Bennett from University College London did not participate in the study.

While the theoretical approach posits that the same strategy could thwart cancer spread to the lungs from various body sites, Johansson underlines the need for further investigation. She emphasizes that delivering type I interferon intranasally may create harmful airway inflammation.

The research team aims to conduct additional studies to deepen the understanding of interferons’ effects on cancer propagation. “We aspire to explore whether we can emulate this effect using IFN-inducing agents and how to effectively target the lung epithelium and stroma,” Johansson concluded. “Our goal is to eventually translate these findings into human studies and identify therapeutic targets in clinical settings, though that lies ahead.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Is Mythos, Anthropic’s AI for Hacking, a Cause for Concern?

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Revolutionizing Online Security: Anthropic’s Project Glasswing

Jonathan Raa/NurPhoto, Getty Images

Anthropic's Project Glasswing website — Revolutionizing Online Security: Anthropic’s Project Glasswing

Jonathan Raa/NurPhoto, Getty Images

Recent developments have stirred significant concern in the tech world regarding Mythos. This cutting-edge technology is designed to swiftly identify cybersecurity weaknesses, which could pose serious risks to operating systems and software.

Understanding Mythos: What Are the Concerns?

Mythos, an artificial intelligence model developed by Anthropic, was inadvertently discovered during a routine excavation last month. Confidential content available on the company’s website revealed its existence, indicating it was left unguarded.

According to Anthropic, this model was intentionally kept hidden due to its remarkable ability to exploit vulnerabilities. It is known to uncover flaws in virtually any software, thereby granting unauthorized access.

Reportedly, Mythos has identified thousands of critical vulnerabilities across various platforms, but Anthropic remained tight-lipped when approached for comments. According to an article in New Scientist, the implications for public safety, national security, and economic factors are profound.

The organization asserted that the responsible decision was to keep Mythos under wraps.

Can Anyone Access Mythos?

Not entirely. Anthropic has opted to provide access to select technology and financial titans, including Amazon Web Services, Apple, Google, JPMorgan Chase, Microsoft, and NVIDIA, through Project Glasswing. This enables them to detect vulnerabilities in their own software before they are exploited.

Additionally, members of exclusive online forums reportedly gained unauthorized access to the prototype, speculating they deduced its online location. This incident highlights potential lapses in corporate cybersecurity measures.

Although initially intended to be a well-guarded secret, Mythos has gained traction and is being scrutinized by leading cybersecurity experts. Many corporations involved are also significant clients of Anthropic, amplifying the attention surrounding Mythos.

Cybersecurity expert Davy Ottenheimer described this situation in a blog post as a “valid technological capability turned into a threat to civilization, particularly benefiting those who have reconfigured it.”

Is The Threat as Alarming as Reported?

Researcher Kevin Curran from the University of Ulster shares that the exposure of Mythos has created alarm within the security industry, although experts are divided on its genuine threat level. He raises concerns about machines performing in seconds what would typically take seasoned human hackers months to accomplish.

However, there are indicators that there’s no immediate cause for alarm. Bobby Holley from Firefox, one of the privileged organizations with access to Mythos, noted in a blog post that his team was able to identify 271 vulnerabilities in web browsers, none of which were unprecedented or highly complex.

“Even a single bug could set off alarms by 2025. With the sheer volume of vulnerabilities detected, one must question if it’s feasible to keep pace,” Hawley remarked. “Fortunately, none of the vulnerabilities we found could not have been uncovered by skilled human researchers.”

The AI Security Institute (AISI), established under the guidance of former British Prime Minister Rishi Sunak post-2023 UK AI Summit, assessed Mythos and discovered it predominantly targets smaller, poorly defended corporate systems, marking an advancement over previous models but still lacking the ability to compromise genuinely secure networks. AISI also indicated a rapid evolution in the situation, but refrained from commenting further.

Concerned expert Alan Woodward from the University of Surrey provides a pragmatic perspective on AI capabilities. He states, “AI may not uncover vulnerabilities that humans can’t, but it does so more quickly and thoroughly, identifying flaws that might elude human scrutiny. As illustrated by Mythos, AI enhances the efficiency of attackers, granting them speed and flexibility that complicates defenses, but it’s not insurmountable.”

In summary, while Mythos can pinpoint vulnerabilities rapidly, it appears to have yet to uncover any catastrophic dangers. However, this might present an opportunity to improve cybersecurity practices.

Can AI Hacking Be Beneficial?

“Vulnerabilities are finite, and we are entering a phase where we can identify them comprehensively,” Hawley notes. Essentially, if you are involved in software development or maintenance, you could utilize Mythos to dismantle and even patch your own code—potentially prior to its public release.

While it’s likely that AI will improve in detecting flaws, malicious actors will undoubtedly exploit this advancement. Yet, this could also serve to aid software developers. Companies managing dated, cumbersome legacy systems may, however, struggle to keep pace.

Even Anthropic suggests that AI-driven hacking will eventually favor defenders over attackers—though stating otherwise may complicate their justification for developing such technologies.

At its core, AI has made it easier to both attack and defend against cyber threats, but organizations that dismiss this technology will face significant disadvantages.

“Consider Mythos a wake-up call,” warns Curran. “Expect comparable capabilities in the hands of adversaries within the next 18 months. The opportunity to stay ahead is fleeting but still exists.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Age Code Review: Discover How Dieting Can Slow Aging with Our New Book!

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The biological age of an individual indicates damage over time, which can be enhanced through lifestyle adjustments such as improved diet and routine exercise.

Burt Glinn/Magnum Photography

Pom Pom Girls at Sun City West Retirement Community, Arizona, USA, 1988. — The biological age of an individual indicates damage over time, which can be enhanced through lifestyle adjustments such as improved diet and routine exercise.

Burt Glinn/Magnum Photography

Age Code
by David Cox

Published by HarperCollins

Every compelling narrative requires an inciting event that prompts the main character into action. For freelance health journalist David Cox, this pivotal moment came in the form of a health scare. He discusses this experience in his new book: Age Code: The New Science of Food and How it Can Save Us.

In his mid-30s and deeply engaged in the growing field of geriatrics, Cox opted to determine his biological age. After undergoing three tests that all yielded alarming results, he realized he was aging prematurely.

Cox’s biological age, indicating the extent of age-related damage accumulated over 34 years, was typical for a 36-year-old. While there’s no immediate cause for concern, he explains, “If no actions are taken, by your 50s, you will face a substantially increased risk of chronic diseases such as diabetes and cancer.” This marks the beginning of his captivating and often challenging journey to lower his biological age.

Let’s address the elephant in the room: the concept of biological age is based on a solid premise. Individuals age at varying rates, leading to significant mismatches between chronological age and accumulated biological damage. The biological clock offers a clear metric for this discrepancy. It’s also important to note that age-related damage can be halted or even reversed.

“
Cox chronicles his journey to understand and mitigate the factors of aging.
“

However, the concept has drawbacks, including variations in test outcomes. Nevertheless, since Cox took three different tests—all yielding similar results—and focuses on lowering his biological age rather than merely obtaining a snapshot, we can trust his findings.

A healthier alternative to excessive sugary drinks and chocolate biscuits.

Carlos Gawronski/Getty Images

Realizing that dietary changes are the simplest path to lowering biological age, Cox embarked on his journey with several kilograms gained and a subpar diet full of sugary drinks, chocolate biscuits, and sedentary fast food lunches, with minimal whole grains or legumes. His daily caloric intake reached 2700 calories—above the NHS’s recommended 2500 calories for an average adult male.

Engaging with leading geriatric experts, Cox acknowledged that his diet exposed him to numerous aging factors. A total of ten factors that accelerate aging were identified, beginning with the most recognizable: excess calorie intake. Other well-documented factors included insufficient fiber, micronutrients, and unhealthy fats.

Some factors, like dietary acid load and advanced glycation end products, are still largely unrecognized outside specialized nutritional and geriatric research. Cox’s grasp of scientific principles and his ability to present them in practical ways for self-improvement impressed me.

As Cox reduced his caloric intake, he also began to identify drivers of aging and sought to limit his exposure. This process included multiple lab visits to analyze various bodily measurements and fluids.

Notably, he aimed to increase his fiber intake to over 50 grams daily, surpassing the recommended 25 to 30 grams, a concept termed “fiber maxing,” although he refrains from using that terminology.

Having undertaken a similar challenge, I can attest that obtaining this amount of fiber is remarkably difficult, and maintaining such intake is even more challenging. However, Cox’s narrative centers on his journey, rendering the book both compelling and relatable.

Each chapter stands alone, but one critique of Age Code is its lack of cohesion. Sifting through the various, sometimes conflicting dietary health recommendations can be daunting; even with my background as a science writer, a bit more guidance would have been beneficial. Numerous ingredients are heralded for their remarkable health benefits—green tea, pomegranate juice, Iberico ham, blueberries, nuts, and more. Should I strive to incorporate all of these into my diet, or concentrate on a few that offer the most benefit? Cox doesn’t delve deeply into these considerations.

Furthermore, certain methods for mitigating dietary aging seem to conflict. For example, aiming to decrease dietary acid load encourages reduced animal product intake, while increasing omega-3 fatty acids suggests incorporating more fatty fish. Which should be prioritized?

Despite these challenges, Cox’s journey deserves admiration. New Scientist readers who appreciate our health and nutrition coverage will discover a wealth of intriguing insights and practical advice for adopting a healthier lifestyle and enhancing longevity.

In the book’s conclusion, Cox revisits the lab to reassess his biological age, offering a satisfying closure. His endeavors weren’t in vain, and he makes it clear that similar accomplishments are attainable by everyone.

3 Additional Books for Living Longer and Better

Invincible: Defy Your Genetic Destiny and Live Better and Longer
By Florence Comite

This insightful book on anti-aging delves into not just diet but also sleep and physical activity. While it leans towards self-help, it provides a wealth of practical advice.

This Book May Save Your Life: The Science of Living Better and Longer
By Graham Lawton

This title verges on self-promotion, but it’s precisely what it claims to be. I initially wished to name it This Book May Delay Your Death, though the publisher considered that a bit gloomy.

This Book May Save Your Life: Daily Health Hacks to Worry Less and Live Better
By Karan Rajan

No surprise, the titles of these books follow a distinct pattern. However, Rajan offers a humorous and insightful guide to understanding body functions and optimizing health.

Graham Lawton is a writer based in York, UK.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Groundbreaking Study Uncovers Link Between Epstein-Barr Virus and Multiple Sclerosis

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Most people get infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, but only a minority become seriously ill.

Katerina Conn/Shutterstock

Epstein-Barr Virus Illustration — Most people get infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, but only a minority become seriously ill.

Katerina Conn/Shutterstock

Recent studies present compelling evidence linking the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) to the onset of multiple sclerosis (MS). A comprehensive analysis involving over 600,000 individuals indicates that EBV effectively commandeers immune cells, disrupting their function and activating specific genes that heighten the risk of developing MS.

This widespread virus infects most individuals during their lifetime, but severe complications are rare. Notably, it impacts a specific immune cell type called B cells, which are instrumental in producing antibodies. Dr. Kate Attfield from the University of Oxford states, “It’s evident that this virus resides within B cells, manipulating them for its advantage.”

Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the immune system erroneously attacking healthy tissue. This involves another immune cell type, T cells, infiltrating the brain, generating significant damage, particularly to the fatty myelin sheaths surrounding neurons. MS currently affects approximately 2 million individuals worldwide, leading to diverse symptoms ranging from vision impairments to motor tremors.

For decades, scientists have suspected EBV’s involvement in MS; however, proving this link has been challenging, especially considering that over 90% of adults have experienced EBV infection, often causing infectious mononucleosis. A groundbreaking study conducted in 2022 with 10 million participants confirmed that individuals with a history of EBV infections face significantly higher risks of developing MS compared to those unexposed to the virus.

The pressing question remains: why do some people progress to MS? A January study illuminated potential genetic components, revealing that about 10% of individuals carry variations that predispose them to harbor greater amounts of EBV post-infection. These variants are associated with increased susceptibility to MS and other autoimmune disorders.

Research led by Yoshiaki Yasumi and his team at Yale University School of Medicine delved deeper into EBV’s effects. Analyzing data from 617,186 individuals from the UK Biobank and the US-based All of Us study, the researchers sequenced genomes from blood or saliva samples to detect EBV DNA, which often persists indefinitely in infected hosts.

In alignment with prior studies, it was found that a small percentage of individuals had substantially higher levels of EBV DNA. Alarmingly, just 1% of the participants accounted for 64% of the total EBV DNA detected.

Following this, genome-wide association studies identified 39 genomic regions linked to higher EBV DNA levels. Notably, approximately one-third of these variants were also associated with a heightened risk of developing MS and other severe conditions.

Focusing on B cells specifically, the researchers isolated approximately 471,000 B cells from 38 participants, discovering that 1,069 were infected with EBV. These infected B cells exhibited abnormal behavior, exhibiting high expression of genes linked to both EBV presence and MS risk, alongside activating immune signaling pathways that stimulate T cells, the very cells that contribute to MS’s neurodegenerative effects.

Dr. Ingrid Kockum of the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm highlighted the importance of understanding the functions of these genetic variants linked to EBV and MS. The variation in outcomes suggests that the immune response might fluctuate the risk of MS. Dr. Kockum elaborates, “A robust antibody response may suppress viral load, which could consequently lower MS risk. Therefore, variants that undermine early antibody responses might correlate with both elevated EBV levels and MS susceptibility.”

Certain genetic alterations can potentially exacerbate immune responses, propelling individuals toward MS. Professor Attfield emphasizes that some patients’ immune systems may be less effective at managing EBV, leading not only to higher viral loads but also increasing MS risks. “Distinguishing between these factors remains complex,” she concludes.

Long-term, various research teams aspire to develop treatments for MS. There’s emerging promise in targeting immune cells that combat EBV, and preventative vaccines against EBV are also in the pipeline. However, Attfield advises caution, noting that a true understanding of MS progression is essential. Interventions aimed at EBV might prevent MS but the benefits when the disease is already advanced are less clear. “At that stage, EBV may no longer be a factor or could be critical to the condition,” she adds.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Trump Administration Takes Steps to Relax Medical Marijuana Regulations for Enhanced Access

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Ministry of Justice has disclosed, via an announcement, its plans to ease restrictions on state-licensed medical cannabis. This move is anticipated to foster greater research opportunities and enhance treatment options for patients.

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Acting Attorney General Todd Blanche stated in a post,

introducing Schedule I drugs like heroin, ecstasy, and LSD. These are deemed more dangerous and tightly regulated, and advocates are optimistic about the potential rescheduling of cannabis.

Blanche indicated that FDA-approved marijuana and state-approved varieties will be classified as Schedule III drugs. This category is designated for “drugs with a moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence.”

The Ministry of Justice mentioned in a press release that a hearing on June 29 will consider “significant changes to marijuana’s classification under federal law.”

“The Department of Justice is fulfilling President Trump’s promise to broaden healthcare options for Americans,” Blanche remarked. “This reclassification will promote research into the safety and efficacy of cannabis, ultimately benefiting patient care and equipping physicians with credible information.”

On Wednesday, a White House representative conveyed to NBC News that the administration is acting “swiftly” to execute President Trump’s executive orders, aimed at relaxing cannabis regulations and enhancing medical research to bridge the gap between existing medical marijuana usage and scientific understanding.

President Trump issued an executive order in December to expedite the reclassification of marijuana. This initiative is not intended to legalize cannabis at the federal level.

Following the executive order, NBC News reported that researchers expressed high hopes that reclassifying cannabis would expand research avenues and improve understanding of its medical implications.

Advocates, including various medical professionals, argue that medical cannabis can aid in alleviating symptoms associated with severe or chronic pain, terminal illnesses, and cancer. Yet, critics warn that cannabis usage during childhood and early adulthood may negatively impact cognitive functions related to attention, memory, and learning capabilities. Concerns also exist regarding the long-term impact of cannabis on male fertility.

Cannabis was classified as a Schedule I drug during the Nixon administration.

NBC News has reached out to the White House for comments regarding the Justice Department’s recent announcement.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Explore the Latest Issue of Mirror Life in BBC Science Focus Magazine

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Ozempic: A Path to Better Health?

Discover how GLP-1 medications may offer a promising solution to the obesity epidemic. What if we made these weight loss drugs accessible to everyone in need?

The Rise of Myopia: A Global Concern

Myopia rates are escalating worldwide. Scientists are now investigating the underlying causes and how contemporary lifestyle choices contribute to our collective vision impairment.

Unraveling the Dark Galaxy Mystery

Dark matter continues to baffle physicists. A recently discovered galaxy comprised of dark matter may provide crucial insights into this scientific enigma.

Wealth and Morality: A Complex Relationship

Accumulating wealth often seems to compromise ethical standards. Neuroscience is shedding light on how significant financial gains can distort our moral compass.

Plus

Cannabis: The debate over medical cannabis use is escalating. Does cannabis truly impact mental health?
Peptides: What motivates individuals to inject peptides into their bodies?
Q&A: This month, our experts answer intriguing questions: Which animals are most likely to escape from zoos? What’s the best approach to avoid car sickness? Why are carrots orange? Is creating sunlight on demand feasible? Does Earth have a heartbeat? Can any animals play musical instruments? What happens when two narcissists meet? Why do beer bubbles persist for so long? And more…

Issue No. 432 Released on April 23, 2026

Don’t forget, BBC Science Focus is also accessible on major digital platforms. Download our app on Android, Kindle Fire, and Kindle e-readers here. Additionally, check out our iOS app for iPad and iPhone users.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Why Identical Twins Aren’t Truly Identical: Exploring Genetic Differences

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Identical twins are created when one fertilized egg divides into two embryos during the early stages of development. These embryos originate from the same set of cells, resulting in virtually identical DNA.

This genetic similarity means they share traits with a strong hereditary component, such as blood type and eye color. However, from that moment, their differences start to grow.

Even though twins share the same womb, their experiences can differ significantly. A minor twist in the umbilical cord, for instance, may lead to one twin receiving a greater share of nutrients than the other.

This nutrient disparity can lead to variations in gene expression patterns, influencing traits like growth, personality, and susceptibility to diseases.

Additionally, differences in intrauterine pressure and positioning can result in identical twins being born with distinct fingerprints. While genetic factors determine the basic fingerprint structure, the amniotic fluid environment shapes its unique characteristics.

After birth, more differences arise. Random genetic mutations can occur in either twin at any time, explaining why identical twins may develop different illnesses, including cancer.

Chance also affects their development; for instance, one twin may contract a virus leading to an autoimmune disease while the other remains unaffected.

Thus, both nature and nurture play crucial roles in their lives. As time passes, their environments will change, further differentiating them.

Even if identical twins grow up in the same household, they often have varied experiences—different teachers, friends, and role models. As adults, they may live in distinct locations, exposed to varying levels of social support, healthcare access, or environmental factors.

All these aspects interact with their DNA, amplifying their differences and ultimately shaping each twin into a unique individual. So, despite being termed identical twins, they are far from being the same.

This article addresses the question posed by Chris Montgomery via email: “How identical are identical twins?”

If you have any questions, feel free to email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a message facebook, Twitter or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Discover more with our ultimate fun facts and explore our amazing science pages.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unveiling Mars: The Most Abundant Discovery of Organic Molecules to Date

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s Curiosity rover has discovered over 20 carbon-containing compounds, including seven previously unseen on Mars, from 3.5 billion-year-old clay-rich sandstone in Gale Crater.

A close-up of three holes drilled by Curiosity into Martian rock in October 2020 at a site named after Mary Anning. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.

The drilled rock sample, named Mary Anning 3 in honor of the British fossil collector and paleontologist, comes from a region of Mount Sharp that was once abundant in lakes and streams billions of years ago.

This ancient environment underwent cycles of flooding and drying, which eventually enriched the area with clay minerals adept at preserving organic matter.

Among the newly identified compounds are nitrogen heterocycles—a type of ring structure containing carbon and nitrogen—believed to be precursors to crucial nucleic acids like RNA and DNA.

Dr. Amy Williams from the University of Florida stated, “This discovery is significant as these structures could be chemical precursors to more complex nitrogenous molecules.” She further explained that nitrogen heterocycles have never been recorded on Mars until now, nor have they been identified in Martian meteorites.

Another fascinating finding is benzothiophene, a molecule composed of carbon and sulfur, commonly found in many meteorites. Some scientists think that these meteorites, along with their organic compounds, may have contributed to prebiotic chemistry across the early solar system.

Dr. Ashwin Vasavada from NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory emphasized the teamwork involved: “It required dozens of scientists and engineers to identify this site, drill samples, and achieve these remarkable discoveries with our advanced robotic technologies.”

This collection of organic molecules ignites the possibility that Mars may have harbored life in the distant past.

The analysis of the Mary Anning 3 sample was conducted in a sophisticated mini-lab known as Sample Analysis of Mars (SAM), housed within Curiosity’s body.

A drill at the end of the rover’s robotic arm carefully grinds selected rock samples into powder, which is then deposited into the SAM. Here, the samples are heated in a high-temperature oven that liberates gases, enabling laboratory equipment to analyze the rock’s chemical composition.

Moreover, SAM is capable of performing “wet chemistry,” where samples are mixed with a solvent in small cups, allowing large complex molecules to break down for easier detection.

Among the cups, only two are filled with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH), a powerful solution earmarked for the most significant samples. The Mary Anning 3 sample was the first to undergo TMAH treatment.

To verify TMAH’s reactions with extraterrestrial materials, researchers also tested this method on Earth with a fraction of the Murchison meteorite—one of the most studied meteorites, aged over 4 billion years, containing vital organic molecules from the early solar system.

Tests revealed that Murchison samples reacted with TMAH to break down larger molecules into smaller ones, including the benzothiophene found in Mary Anning 3, reinforcing the idea that these Martian compounds may originate from more complex molecules linked to life.

The spatial distribution analysis of organic materials is currently limited within SAM, leaving unclear whether the identified compounds stem from meteorite deposits or were formed abiotically through processes like serpentinization or electrochemical reactions. Nevertheless, the verification of macromolecular organics suggests that future optimized TMAH thermochemical experiments may unlock ancient biosignatures preserved within Martian macromolecules.

The diverse structural characteristics of organic molecules observed directly from surface materials indicate that some chemical diversity has been maintained in ancient Martian sediments, even after more than 3.5 billion years of geological changes and radiation exposure.

“These findings expand the inventory of organic molecules recognized as preserved at the Martian surface over deep geological time, supporting the existence of polymeric carbon on Mars,” the scientists concluded.

For further information, refer to the findings published in the Journal on April 21, 2026, in Nature Communications.

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AJ Williams et al. 2026. The first SAM TMAH experiment reveals a diverse array of organic molecules on Mars. Nat Commune 17, 2748; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-70656-0

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals How Malaria Shaped 74,000 Years of Human Settlement Patterns

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research from the Max Planck Institute for Geoanthropology and the University of Cambridge reveals that malaria significantly impacted early humans, not just as a disease, but as a factor that influenced habitat selection, population fragmentation, and the genetic evolution of our species.

Colucci et al. investigated how Plasmodium falciparum-induced malaria influenced habitat selection among early human societies from 74,000 to 5,000 years ago.

“Malaria, a significant global health issue caused by the Plasmodium parasite, affects approximately 263 million people annually,” stated lead author Dr. Margherita Colucci and her team.

“Genetic evidence indicates that malaria posed a serious challenge during both recent prehistory and the Pleistocene epoch, with sickle cell anemia mutations linked to malaria emerging in Africa between 25,000 and 22,000 years ago.”

Archaeological findings also suggest that early humans developed tactics to minimize exposure to mosquitoes, such as using aromatic leaves with insecticidal properties in their surroundings.

The new study highlights how Plasmodium falciparum malaria played a crucial role in shaping human history in sub-Saharan Africa from 74,000 to 5,000 years ago.

Researchers discovered that malaria affected where early human populations settled, pushing them away from high-risk areas and leading to increased dispersal across various landscapes.

Over thousands of years, this demographic fragmentation influenced how groups intermingled and exchanged genetic material, ultimately shaping the genetic landscape of modern humans.

These findings suggest that malaria was more than just a health threat; it was a key factor in shaping human history.

“We utilized species distribution models for major mosquito groups alongside paleoclimate data,” explained Dr. Colucci.

“By integrating these findings with epidemiological insights, we estimated malaria transmission risks throughout sub-Saharan Africa.”

The researchers then compared these risk estimates with independent reconstructions of human ecological niches in the same regions during that time frame.

The results indicated that humans actively avoided high-risk malaria areas or could not survive in them.

Professor Andrea Manica remarked, “These decisions have significantly influenced human demographics over the past 74,000 years—and possibly beyond.”

“Malaria has played a pivotal role in shaping the structure of human societies.”

“Factors like climate and geographical barriers were not the only determinants of human habitation,” he added.

Professor Eleanor Seri noted, “This study opens new avenues in the exploration of human evolution, as disease has rarely been considered a driving force in our ancestry. Without ancient DNA from this period, verification would have been challenging.”

“Our research redefines this narrative and provides a new perspective on the role of disease in early human history.”

The findings are published in today’s edition of Scientific Advances.

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Margherita Colucci et al. 2026. Malaria’s impact on human spatial organization over 74,000 years. Scientific Advances 12(17); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aea2316

Source: www.sci.news

Curiosity Rover Reveals Chemical Signatures of Ancient Shallow Lake in Gale Crater

Posted on April 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent analyses using the ChemCam instrument aboard NASA’s Curiosity rover have revealed significant mineral deposits rich in iron, manganese, and zinc within ripple layers of rocks at Gale Crater. This discovery suggests that a prehistoric shallow lake likely existed in this area.

This image showcases the Amapari Marker Band, a significant area where NASA’s Curiosity rover unveiled evidence of an ancient lake. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

The ChemCam instrument employs laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy to analyze rocks by generating plasma and collecting light from it, facilitating understanding of the elemental composition on the Martian surface.

The primary objective is to assess the past habitability of Mars and explore whether it was ever conducive to life.

Curiosity has been investigating vast sedimentary formations believed to indicate the transition from a warm, wet Mars—characterized by phyllosilicates—to a cold, dry Mars abundant in sulfates.

The identification of redox-active metals like iron and manganese suggests that if life did exist on Mars, it may have thrived in this ancient lake.

Notably, some microorganisms on Earth can utilize these metals as energy sources.

“The presence of these metals in preserved ripple formations marks the clearest evidence of a lake at Gale Crater,” stated Dr. Patrick Gasda, a ChemCam science team member and researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory.

“What is truly astonishing is that this lake was located high on Mount Sharp, where the rover examined rocks formed during a time when Mars’ climate was shifting towards dryness.”

“Historic Mars was significantly wetter, with lakes common in craters during that era.”

“As the planet transitioned to a drier and colder state, the formation of lakes became less frequent and their durations substantially shorter.”

The detection of iron, manganese, and zinc deposits provides a valuable benchmark for future Martian research.

These findings will guide scientists in identifying new exploration sites for Curiosity and assessing locations for potential sample return missions.

“Considering the astrobiological implications of the Amapari marker band, prioritizing these materials for future chemical analyses by Curiosity is crucial, and returning samples from Jezero Crater should be a significant focus,” Dr. Gasda emphasized.

Find more on this discovery in a recent paper published in Geophysical Research Journal: Planets.

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PJ Gasda et al. 2026. Metal enrichments in the Amapari marker band: potential mechanisms and effects of surface and groundwater and weathering in Gale Crater. JGR: Planet 131 (4): e2025JE009153; doi: 10.1029/2025JE009153

Source: www.sci.news

98% of Meat and Dairy Sustainability Claims Are Exposed as Greenwashing

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scrutinizing the Dairy Industry’s Sustainability Claims

Witthaya/Getty Images

The world’s leading meat and dairy corporations are inundating the public with promises to combat climate change, yet most are engaged in greenwashing, according to recent analyses.

Livestock production significantly contributes to climate change, representing at least 16.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions. In light of increasing scrutiny, the industry has launched various sustainability initiatives.

To assess these initiatives, Jennifer Jacquet, a professor at the University of Miami, evaluated sustainability reports and consumer websites of 33 prominent meat and dairy firms from 2021 to 2024. “We aim to discern what is genuine and what is merely public relations,” she states.

The research team uncovered 1,233 environmental claims. “Almost all of these, 98 percent, qualify as greenwashing,” says Jacquet. Many of these assertions are misleading, often providing vague commitments on future climate actions without a tangible strategy. Over two-thirds of the claims lacked supporting evidence, and only three had backing from scientific literature.

Currently, 17 out of the 33 companies analyzed have established net-zero targets. However, much like the fossil fuel sector, these pledges often lean on carbon offsets rather than true emissions reductions.

The more substantial initiatives that these companies promote are eclipsed by their grandiose future claims. For instance, one regenerative agriculture pilot encompasses merely 24 farms, equating to a mere 0.0019% of the company’s global operations. Other companies have introduced minimal packaging changes, such as trimming the width of tape on sausage packs by just 3 millimeters.

“The authors convincingly argue that many claims from the industry amount to accounting fraud,” says Marco Springman from Oxford University.

Pete Smith from the University of Aberdeen, UK, mentions that a greenwashing framework was employed to scrutinize these claims, and the results “are not surprising to me.”

Experts suggest that greenwashing persists widely in this sector. “The immense influence of large corporations, coupled with their minimal capacity to adapt to existing market models, engenders incentives to overpromise, present a more progressive facade than reality, and advocate for business-as-usual,” comments Tim Benton from the University of Leeds, UK. “Similar to the tobacco and fossil fuel industries, there are inevitably market players who resort to fantasy and misinformation to safeguard their interests.”

Topics:

climate change /
sustainable eating

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Long-Term Exercise Recommendations During COVID-19 May Be Detrimental

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Resistance Training: An Emerging Therapy for Long COVID Symptoms

Bailey Cooper Photography/Alamy

With millions of individuals suffering from long-term symptoms of coronavirus, researchers are exploring effective strategies to alleviate these conditions. Resistance training presents a promising, drug-free, and affordable option that could potentially expedite recovery from long COVID infections. Despite its potential benefits, skepticism remains, with some experts claiming existing studies lack robustness, reminiscent of past debates on exercise for conditions like chronic fatigue syndrome.

Dr. Caroline Dalton from Sheffield Hallam University, UK, emphasizes the necessity for precision in defining exercise efficacy, warning against generalizing results to all long COVID patients.

One notable study led by Dr. Colin Berry at the University of Glasgow sought to investigate lifestyle interventions as long COVID emerged as a significant post-infection complication. Berry’s hypothesis was that exercise might serve as a viable alternative to lengthy drug development processes.

Berry’s team conducted a three-month resistance training program for participants with long COVID, assessing their performance improvements, including a notable increase of 83 meters on a timed walking test for those who completed the program compared to just 47 meters for the control group. The findings suggested resistance training could be a feasible treatment for persistent COVID-19 symptoms like fatigue and mobility issues.

Despite the enthusiasm surrounding the study, critical voices raised concerns about its findings. The difference in distance walked by both groups fell short of clinical significance, according to David Tuller from the University of California, Berkeley. Berry acknowledged that individual benefits need consideration beyond aggregated group data.

Another major criticism of the study relates to its diverse participant group. The inclusion of individuals with varying severity of COVID-19 infections meant the results could reflect broad averages rather than specific insights. According to Todd Davenport from the University of the Pacific, this diversity risks obscuring individual outcomes.

Understanding Post-Exercise Fatigue

Crucially, the study’s approach to assessing post-exertional fatigue—a debilitating symptom of chronic COVID-was limited. This condition causes severe fatigue after exertion, which often disproportionate to the activity level. Danny Altman at Imperial College London notes that effective evaluation of post-excretion fatigue can be challenging.

Unfortunately, fatigue assessment only occurred after the study, losing sight of early responses to exercise protocols. Alarmingly, at a three-month evaluation, 67% of participants reported inadequate recovery post-activity compared to 49% in the control group, potentially indicating greater setbacks for the intervention group, as shared by Leonard Jason from DePaul University.

Emerging research has also suggested that exercise may exacerbate certain symptoms, with a 2024 study highlighting potential muscle damage and mitochondrial dysfunction in individuals suffering from long COVID-related fatigue.

While Berry’s research sparked widespread debate, other studies support the notion that exercise can yield benefits for long COVID patients. A comprehensive review of 33 randomized controlled trials asserted that exercise significantly enhances the quality of life for affected individuals; however, it did not specifically address the prevalence of post-exercise fatigue, noted by over 80% of those surveyed.

The negative impact of post-exercise fatigue on quality of life was echoed by Margaret O’Hara, who highlighted the inadequacies of studies failing to consider this critical symptom.

Similarities to Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

This ongoing discussion echoes sentiments from chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) studies, where post-exertional fatigue plays a central role. Landmark research suggested graded exercise therapy provided some benefit but has faced scrutiny since, per critiques regarding the modified definitions of improvement throughout the trial period.

As outlined in subsequent analyses, the recovery rates reported in these trials have come under fire for failing to capture realistic improvements, reiterating the complexity and varying responses in exercise interventions for exercise-related fatigue.

As national health organizations pivot away from generally endorsing graded exercise therapy for CFS, acknowledging the necessity for tailored management strategies, experts argue a similar consideration is warranted for long COVID cases. Such insights advocate for a subtyping strategy in research, honing in on individual symptoms to gather nuanced perspectives on exercise impacts.

Assessing Risks and Benefits

Acknowledging that current guidelines do not endorse graded exercise therapy for long COVID, further inquiries into varied forms of exercise interventions remain essential. “Long COVID” encompasses a range of conditions, prompting the need to discern effective exercise practices for different patient profiles.

Factors like persistent viral presence in specific individuals or immune system overreactions post-COVID necessitate individualized investigation.

Mike Ormerod, a long COVID volunteer, stresses the importance of advocating for informed medical advice and managing the narrative surrounding exercise recommendations. “Most doctors encourage physical activity under the belief that it’s universally beneficial, yet this can lead to detrimental outcomes for those with specific fatigue profiles,” cautions Dalton.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionizing Table Tennis: The Rise of a Champion Robot

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ace’s Performance in December 2025 Match

Credit: Sony AI

Ace, an advanced autonomous robot with AI and state-of-the-art sensors, plays competitive table tennis, defeating elite human competitors—a groundbreaking achievement in robotics.

While computers have dominated the strategic game of chess, Ace’s triumph suggests a pivotal moment for physical sports is near, reminiscent of the “Deep Blue” episode in 1997 when a machine bested chess champion Garry Kasparov.

“Games have always served as benchmarks for AI, akin to Deep Blue Chess and the game-changing AlphaGo,” says Peter Duerr, the mastermind behind Ace at Sony AI, Zurich.

Duerr emphasizes that unlike previous AI milestones achieved online, Ace competes directly against real-world professional table tennis champions, marking a significant progression.

“Ace offers a unique insight: the competition between robots and humans in genuine athletic events,” observes Duerr.

Ace incorporates three key advancements in autonomous robotics, according to Duerr. First, it uses “event-based sensors” that focus on specific image areas, detecting movement and brightness changes critical for tracking the trajectory of a table tennis ball.

Moreover, Ace’s table tennis skills are enhanced through “model-free reinforcement learning,” where it learns through practical experiences rather than pre-defined models of play. This process equates to an extensive training regimen of thousands of hours in simulated environments.

Finally, the high-speed robotic hardware enables Ace to exhibit “human-like agility.” Duerr notes that Ace’s response time is around 20 milliseconds, compared to the 230 milliseconds human athletes typically require, making it exceptionally agile.

Currently, Ace maintains a robotic appearance akin to those on factory floors, utilizing a network of cameras and sensors around the table tennis arena. Yet, researchers predict that with technological advancements, Ace may eventually evolve into a humanoid form.

In a recent match conducted under the regulations of Japan’s professional table tennis league, Ace faced five elite non-professional players, all with at least 10 years of experience and extensive training hours. Two professional players also participated in the event.

Ace secured victories in three out of five matches against elite players, although encountered losses against professional opponents, with a notable win against one professional participant.

Ace’s advantage lies in its unpredictability; while human players often read body language for cues, Ace relies solely on data, creating a distinctive challenge.

“Some athletes noted they usually gauge opponents’ expressions, yet Ace doesn’t exhibit such behavior,” Duerr explains.

A few players were surprised by Ace’s ability to interpret the spin on serves, which it countered adeptly despite attempts to disguise them. Ace even surprised its creators by returning a ball that hit the net, showcasing an unanticipated skill.

Since the research concluded over a year ago, the team has been continuously refining Ace’s capabilities.

In December 2025, Ace won its first match against a professional player, followed by victories against three professional players, including Miyu Kihara, currently ranked within the top 25 in the world, and two male pros, Touto Ryuzaki and Fumiya Igarashi.

“With further improvements, we aim to surpass even world champions,” states Duerr.

Duerr adds that the evolution of skills works both ways.

“Former Olympian Kinjiro Nakamura remarked that he believed certain shots were impossible until he witnessed Ace in action, leading him to believe that human athletes could emulate those techniques,” Duerr concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Meet the Incredible Insect That Can Survive Boiling Water

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In 1977, the film Star Wars Episode IV – A New Hope debuted while marine geologists made a groundbreaking discovery of deep-sea hydrothermal vents.

The explorers were aboard a submarine known as Alvin, operating at a depth of approximately 2,500 meters (8,200 feet) in the eastern Pacific Ocean.

Scientists gazing through Alvin’s portholes were astounded to witness a towering rocky chimney emitting superheated liquid, surrounded by an astonishing array of life.

This vibrant ecosystem was as fascinating as any creation from George Lucas’s imagination.

The Pompeii Worm (Alvinella pompeziana) was one of the remarkable species uncovered during the initial exploration of hydrothermal vents in the late 1970s and early 1980s.

These pink creatures can grow up to 15 cm (almost 6 inches) and are uniquely covered in soft, gray hair. Their red gills give them a distinctive resemblance to the Demogorgon monster from the Netflix series Stranger Things.

Scientists named these peculiar worms after the ancient Roman city famously destroyed by volcanic activity, symbolizing their extreme habitat.

While the Pompeii worms don’t inhabit an active volcano, their environment is still incredibly inhospitable.

Hydrothermal vents function as the ocean’s deep-sea equivalent of hot springs, presenting much higher temperatures and toxic conditions than their land counterparts.

These vents form at the boundaries of oceanic tectonic plates, where shallow magma chambers heat seawater that intrudes through porous ocean floor rocks, causing it to rise back up at temperatures reaching hundreds of degrees Celsius.

The Pompeii worm is considered the most heat-tolerant animal species, with probes recording temperatures of 60-80°C (140-176°F) near their habitats.

Interestingly, the worms can endure temperature spikes exceeding 100°C (212°F). While scientists have yet to fully understand this phenomenon, the worms’ gray, fluffy coating may provide insulation against the intense heat.

This fur, comprised of bacteria, is a source of nourishment for the worms, suggesting a symbiotic relationship. It appears to also aid in circulating colder seawater around their bodies and may even detoxify heavy metals released from hydrothermal vents.

Pompeii worms thrive in hydrothermal vents like this, where heat from magma chambers rises from the ocean floor – Credit: Getty

A significant part of the Pompeii worm’s resilience lies in its genetics. They produce highly durable heat shock proteins that prevent critical cellular components from degrading under extreme temperatures. They also produce strong collagen to withstand drastic oceanic pressure.

Intriguingly, these extraordinary worms have shown a sci-fi-like reproductive strategy. In laboratory settings, scientists have successfully chilled their eggs to ambient temperatures of 2°C (36°F) in the deep ocean, away from hydrothermal vents.

The chilled eggs temporarily ceased dividing but remained viable. Once the temperature was increased, development resumed.

This raises the exciting possibility that the Pompeii worm may release its eggs into the deep sea in a state of suspended animation, reviving them upon encountering another hydrothermal vent, thus forming new colonies.

One day, these insights could lead to advancements in human colonization of other planets.

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Fermat’s Last Theorem: The Essential Science Book Revealing 350 Years of Mathematical Secrets

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

How does Simon Singh’s classic popular science book “Fermat’s Last Theorem” resonate today?

Did you know that the number 26 is unique? It’s the sole integer nestled between the square number 25 (⁵) and the cube number 27 (³). This intriguing detail highlights that no other examples exist between zero and infinity.

Simon Singh’s 1997 book Fermat’s Last Theorem is an insightful exploration of mathematical proof. It delves into what proof means, how it can be achieved, and what drives mathematicians in their passionate pursuits. This book narrates a captivating quest for evidence, making it a compelling read. Given that it took 350 years for the proof to surface, it also offers an impressive historical lens on mathematics. For many, the essence of mathematics feels like abstract reasoning beyond reach. Yet, Singh’s work transports readers into this captivating realm, remaining a treasure even nearly 30 years after its publication.

Singh begins with Pythagoras, renowned for his contributions to triangle theory. Most people are familiar with the Pythagorean theorem, stating that the sum of the squares of a right triangle’s two shorter sides equals the square of the longest side (² + ^y² = ^z²). While others used this methodology before, Singh highlights how Pythagoras distinguished himself by proving it true for all right triangles—not through trial and error, but via inarguable logic. “The quest for mathematical proof is a pursuit for absolute knowledge,” Singh asserts.

My favorite segment involves the tale of Pythagoras, as I learned he was the founder of the Secret Brotherhood of Proofs, and was fascinated by the story of Cyclone, a man denied admission, who conspired against Pythagoras.

Next, Pierre de Fermat enters the narrative. Living in 17th-century France, this judge revealed remarkable mathematical prowess. He famously proved the uniqueness of the number 26. Fermat became renowned for his “last theorem,” an elegant extension of the Pythagorean theorem. While an infinite number of integers can satisfy the Pythagorean equation, Fermat proposed that tweaking it to ⁿ + ^yⁿ = ^zⁿ with any integer n results in no integer solutions. In 1637, he audaciously claimed to possess “really excellent” proof, though he never documented it.

For 350 years, mathematicians chased its secrets. Singh adeptly navigates this journey, introducing a colorful cast of characters. One standout is Sophie Germain, a pioneering French mathematician who operated under a male alias. Evariste Galois, a fervent revolutionary, made significant contributions but fell in a duel. Yutaka Taniyama, a brilliant Japanese mathematician, played a key role in the eventual proof but tragically took his life.

Yet, our narrative’s hero is mathematician Andrew Wiles, who ultimately proved Fermat’s theorem true in 1994. Singh skillfully portrays Wiles, illuminating his notable achievements, even as he shunned the limelight. Through Wiles’ work—constructing a logical bridge between elliptic curves and modular forms—readers gain insight into complex mathematical realms.

However, the journey contains a tense twist: Wiles’ original proof revealed an error—a nightmare scenario. Yet, he rose from these ashes, ultimately correcting the flaws. My only critique is that this part of the narrative could have been more concise.

Although Singh’s book dates back to the 90s, its themes remain pertinent in modern mathematics. One concept tying both the book and Wiles’ proof is the Langlands program, proposed by mathematician Robert Langlands in 1967. It suggests that various mathematical areas are interconnected, and uncovering these ties could lead to breakthroughs in previously unsolvable problems. Wiles’ research provided early confirmation of the Langlands conjecture, with recent discoveries shedding further light on this vibrant area of mathematics.

Upon finishing the book, I felt as if I was wandering through a gallery of abstract art. Mathematics proofs, like art, invite quiet observation, arousing curiosity about the minds behind them, and providing glimpses beyond everyday experience. This book deserves the highest praise for evoking such profound emotions.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Monkeys Uncover Unique Natural Supplement to Combat Human Junk Food Diet

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Gibraltar monkeys have recently been observed engaging in a surprising behavior: eating dirt. This habit may be a response to the adverse effects of human junk food, as detailed in a study published in Scientific Reports.

This unusual eating behavior seems to help the monkeys manage digestive issues caused by tourist treats, particularly when lactose-intolerant individuals consume ice cream.

According to Dr. Sylvain Lemoine, a biological anthropologist at the University of Cambridge, “Food consumed by Gibraltar’s monkeys is often high in calories, sugar, salt, and dairy, which is starkly different from their natural diet of herbs, leaves, seeds, and occasional insects.”

“Eating dirt may enable them to indulge in these unhealthy yet appealing foods, similar to how humans enjoy them,” he added.

A research team studied 230 monkeys in Gibraltar, finding that each monkey consumed dirt approximately 12 times per week.

Interestingly, geophagy (the act of eating soil) decreased by 40% during winter compared to the tourist-heavy summer months.

Furthermore, researchers noted that monkeys with a higher frequency of human interaction—and consequently junk food consumption—exhibited more geophagy. In fact, three groups of eight macaque monkeys residing in tourist areas accounted for 72% of geophagy incidents.

Conversely, the only group of monkeys without access to tourist-provided snacks was also the group that did not eat soil.

The study concluded that geophagy is directly linked to junk food, suggesting that it acts as a gut health supplement, mitigating the negative effects of cookies, ice cream, and other snacks on the monkeys’ microbiomes.

“Macaques may have developed this behavior to protect their digestive systems from the high-energy, low-fiber snacks that can lead to stomach issues in primates,” explained Dr. Lemoine.

“Soil can serve as a barrier in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the absorption of harmful substances, and may even provide beneficial bacteria that assist in gut health.”

Different groups of monkeys showed distinct soil preferences; while most favored red clay, one group preferred tar-rich soils from potholes – Credit: Martin Nicourt/Gibraltar Macaques Project

Such geophagy isn’t unique to Gibraltar’s monkeys; ring-tailed lemurs consume dirt an average of 16 times a week, while East African chimpanzees do so about 14 times. This behavior is also observed in human cultures, particularly during pregnancy.

Geophagy is notably rare among Barbary macaques of North Africa, the ancestral population of Gibraltar’s monkeys.

Remarkably, a group of monkeys at Hong Kong’s Jamshan Country Park has been documented eating dirt over 33 times a week, likely due to their high consumption of human junk food.

Dr. Lemoine emphasized the study’s implications regarding human influence on animal behavior and culture.

“Gibraltar’s monkeys represent a unique case of human-primate interaction, offering valuable insights into how anthropogenic environments impact primate behavior and culture,” he noted.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Biofertilizers Transform Natural Microbes in Plants – Sciworthy Insights

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A specialized group of soil bacteria known as Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB) plays a crucial role in enhancing plant growth and overall health. PGPB typically resides in the soil zones around plant roots, commonly referred to as the rhizosphere or within the plant roots, known as the inner sphere. These beneficial bacteria stabilize nutrients, prevent diseases, and significantly improve plant vitality.

PGPB serves as a primary ingredient in live microbial mixtures applied by farmers in crop fields, often termed biofertilizers. The development of PGPB mixtures is pivotal for sustainable crop management, as biofertilizers are regarded as a more eco-friendly alternative to conventional chemical fertilizers.

A team of Italian researchers investigated how three different PGPB mixtures impacted natural microbial populations in the rhizosphere and endosphere of two sunflower varieties. Their objective was to evaluate whether the PGPB inoculant would exert a lasting influence on the microbial community of sunflowers, while also examining any significant differences between the microbial communities of natural and genetically modified sunflower strains.

Initially, researchers identified bacterial strains that promote plant growth by producing beneficial acids such as indole lactic acid, which enhances resistance to heavy metals, aids in mineral dissolution, and facilitates nutrient release. They cultured 40 distinct bacterial types sourced from bee guts, pollen, wheat rhizospheres, and fruit trees, assessing their acid production. From these trials, they formulated three PGPB mixtures containing six types of bacteria, including Bacillus stocks, 3-in-1 Lactobacillus family stocks, and 2-in-1 Paenibacillus sp. strain.

To evaluate the PGPB mixtures’ effectiveness on crops, the team conducted a two-year field experiment in northern Italy during 2023 and 2024. This study involved 24 fields, including 12 with genetically modified hybrid varieties and 12 plots of naturally grown, open-pollinated sunflowers. The researchers applied the three PGPB mixtures to three plots each, resulting in nine microbe-treated plots per sunflower variety and three control plots devoid of microbes. The PGPB mixture was administered at four different points during the growing season through the irrigation water, while the control plots received microorganism-free irrigation water.

Upon flowering, the researchers harvested the sunflowers and sterilized the roots using saline, effectively isolating the soil microbes in the rhizosphere from those in the endosphere. They then extracted DNA from the samples for analysis of specific genetic regions to identify the microorganisms present using 16S rRNA gene sequencing.

After reviewing the data, the researchers found notable differences in microbial communities between the 2023 and 2024 field experiments, likely attributable to variations in temperature and rainfall. Therefore, they conducted separate analyses for each growing season to accurately gauge the PGPB treatment’s effectiveness. Their findings indicated that the microbial community of the inoculated sunflowers differed significantly from that of the control group, with hybrid sunflowers demonstrating more pronounced alterations in both rhizosphere and endosphere microbial communities compared to open-pollinated varieties, suggesting a stronger response to inoculation.

The research team identified several microbial taxa as “therapeutic indicators,” indicating their abundance varied significantly between treated hybrid sunflowers and controls. The endosphere of treated hybrids showed decreased levels of Pseudonocardiaceae and Nocardiaceae, while levels of Blastocatellaceae and Flavobacteriaceae increased compared to controls. Similarly, the rhizosphere of treated hybrids contained fewer Pseudomonadaceae and Bacillusidae, while exhibiting higher levels of Gemmataceae and Vicinamibacteriaceae. The researchers noted that these microorganisms were part of the sunflowers’ native microbiome, existing in the soil prior to PGPB application.

Furthermore, the research team compared control plots to check for inherent microbial differences between the two sunflower varieties, finding no significant discrepancies in microbial phylum richness. In fact, both varieties’ rhizosphere microbial communities closely mirrored one another, with Bacillus, Pseudomonas, and Actinobacteria comprising approximately 31%, 23%, and 16% of the hybrid sunflowers’ rhizosphere, while accounting for 29%, 25%, and 16% of the open-pollinated variety’s rhizosphere, respectively.

Finally, the researchers assessed whether rhizosphere and endosphere microorganisms were similar across sunflower varieties, discovering that populations of specific microbial families, such as Streptomycetes and Burkholderiaceae, experienced parallel increases and decreases in both the endosphere and rhizosphere. This suggests a possible direct transfer of microorganisms between these layers or that sunflowers may actively select for distinct microbial types.

In conclusion, the research team determined that the PGPB mixture significantly altered the rhizosphere and endosphere of sunflowers by enriching specific beneficial microorganisms. They proposed that scientists could eventually design custom microbial biofertilizers to enhance crop resilience against drought and disease or to improve yield. They emphasized the need for continued exploration into biofertilizers and microorganisms’ roles in soil ecosystems.

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How the Number of Siblings Influences Your Personality Traits

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Family dynamics are evolving dramatically. The global trend shows a rise in the number of childless individuals, with families increasingly opting for just one child.

The “one-child family” is becoming more common, potentially setting the stage for it to become the new standard in the future.

Factors such as economic uncertainty, escalating childcare costs, shifting gender roles, and the growing trend of women having children later in life — combined with environmental concerns — foster the perception that raising more than one child is challenging or even unfeasible.

As of 2022, 44% of households in the UK included only one child, compared to 41% with two children. Similarly, in the EU, 49% of families have just one child.

Unlike previous generations, where larger families were the norm, this shift is globally recognized. The global birth rate has plummeted from an average of 5 children per woman in 1960 to 2.3 children in 2020, with no end in sight for this downward trend.

Should we be concerned about the well-being of only children? Contrary to popular belief, they do not suffer from social isolation or undue entitlement. In fact, having one child may ultimately provide better outcomes for families.

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The Hidden Truth About Only Children

“It’s a widely acknowledged fact that only children are thriving,” says Susan Newman, a renowned parenting expert and social psychologist. “This should prompt parents who feel pressured to have more kids, especially those from earlier generations.”

Newman emphasizes how entrenched these stereotypes are, equating them to sexism and ageism, but also expresses hope that we are breaking free from the unjust stigma.

To trace the roots of the concept of only child syndrome, we revisit 1896 when child psychologists G. Stanley Hall and E.W. Bohannon studied the traits of only children. Their findings suggested a plethora of negative characteristics, branding only children as lonely, bossy, and spoiled — a notion that has perpetuated stereotypes to this day.

Despite criticism of this early research, its influence persists, overshadowing more recent studies that highlight the advantages of being an only child.

Dr. Adrian Mancillas, author of Challenging Stereotypes About Only Children, states that “research consistently shows that only children perform comparably to those with siblings in various social and personality metrics, with no notable behavioral discrepancies.”

While some only children may exhibit traits identified in the 1896 study, these characteristics can also be present in children with siblings. Ultimately, parental influence supersedes sibling presence in determining childhood happiness and social stability.

While siblings can shape a child’s experience, parents wield the greatest influence in raising a happy, well-adjusted adult. – Credit: Getty

That said, there are unique aspects to consider. “Only children receive their parents’ full attention and resources, while avoiding sibling rivalry,” explains Mancillas. However, such intense relationships may expose children to parental stress more acutely than those with siblings may experience.

What about the experiences of only children as they transition into adulthood? Studies indicate that those who grew up as only children often reflect positively on their childhood.

Newman refers to this phenomenon as a “one-child dynasty,” noting that only children are frequently inclined to have only one child as well.

The Rising Trend of One-Child Families

Could the uptick in one-child families signal a successful debunking of detrimental stereotypes? Newman identifies several factors contributing to this one-and-done trend.

“Women are increasingly starting families later, pursuing higher education and stable careers, significantly reshaping their life priorities,” she notes.

“Family structures are diversifying, with more single parents and individuals opting for adoption or IVF, redefining what it means to be a family today.”

As traditional gender roles evolve, so too does the notion of family. The practical aspects of having one child cannot be overlooked; by 2023, the expected cost of raising a child stands at £166,000 for married couples and £220,000 for single parents.

Environmental concerns are also a prominent factor. As awareness of climate issues rises, many choose to have fewer children to minimize their family’s carbon footprint.

However, the benefits of having only one child extend to parents as well. Research indicates that parents with one child report greater happiness. But the second child can significantly reduce overall happiness, and studies suggest happiness gains diminish with subsequent children.

This trend is particularly notable in the UK, US, and Canada, where parental support systems are less robust than in places like Germany, where free public childcare is available, and Romania, which provides extended parental leave.

As we look to the future, could the one-and-done trend persist? While birth rates are on the decline, many may find that being part of a one-child family leads to greater financial security and personal freedom. Ultimately, it appears only children are thriving.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Potential mRNA Vaccine Poised for Release as Bird Flu Pandemic Threatens

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Innovative Vaccines in Development to Combat Potential Bird Flu Pandemic

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The emergence of COVID-19 highlighted the urgency of rapid vaccine development, taking approximately one year to roll out the first SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Tragically, this was after millions of deaths and economic turmoil. However, if a bird flu pandemic strikes, we can respond significantly faster, thanks to pre-approved mRNA vaccines that are ready for immediate deployment. Phase III trials are actively being conducted in the UK and US.

“An influenza pandemic is highly likely in the future. It’s crucial we are adequately prepared,” states Richard Pebody from the UK Health and Safety Executive.

The primary threat is the H5N1 avian influenza strain, notably clade 2.3.4.4b. Emerging roughly a decade ago, this strain has sprawled among wild bird populations globally, even reaching Antarctica. It has also been reported in numerous wild mammals and poultry farms. Alarmingly, the infection is widespread among dairy cows in the United States.

Since 2024, over 100 cases of human infection have been documented; however, there is no evidence of person-to-person transmission. The risk continues as long as H5N1 avian influenza remains active.

“While we cannot predict the timing or severity of the next pandemic, proactive preparedness is essential as influenza viruses continue to circulate in animal populations and may adapt,” warns Hiwot Hirui from Moderna.

Moderna’s mRNA-1018 vaccine targeting H5N1 has completed Phase I and II trials with no safety concerns reported. Current Phase III trials involve 3,000 volunteers in the UK and 1,000 in the US.

Typically, vaccine trials assess effectiveness; however, due to the limited prevalence of H5N1 in humans, the focus will be on measuring immune responses in participants. Early results indicate a robust immune response, as noted by Hirui.

The trial prioritizes individuals aged 65 and older, along with poultry workers, who face higher risks of avian influenza exposure.

Some countries are stockpiling traditional vaccines against H5N1; for instance, The UK has secured 5 million doses. However, this conventional vaccine, similar to many seasonal influenza vaccines, is produced using chicken eggs, making it challenging to scale up production or adapt quickly if the virus evolves significantly.

In contrast, mRNA vaccine production can be rapidly scaled and easily modified. This adaptability presents a considerable advantage in pandemic preparedness, as outlined by Pebody.

The trial is Funded by the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), which has the support of over 30 countries and various organizations, particularly following the reduction in mRNA vaccine funding by the US government.

Countries like England and the US are exploring the rollout of H5N1 vaccines for livestock, especially poultry. This methodology has been employed in various nations for years, with studies in France showing that vaccinating ducks significantly decreased H5N1 infections on farms.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

3 Simple Steps to Improve Your Decision-Making Skills

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Have you ever found yourself overwhelmed while trying to order a product online, such as a new electric toothbrush during a work break? What seemed like an easy task quickly turns into a situation of decision paralysis due to the multitude of options available.

Factors to consider go beyond just price and delivery time. You might also need to evaluate battery life, features like warning lights for excessive pressure, and even app integrations.

When time is limited during a break, making a decision feels almost impossible.

This scenario exemplifies decision paralysis—the inability to choose among numerous options due to the difficulty in weighing all factors.

While more choices were once thought to be beneficial for consumers, they can actually backfire and lead to overwhelm.

Beyond consumer choices, decision-making permeates other areas of life, including selecting a college, job, or even a romantic partner. While you might have only a couple of options, the fear of making the wrong choice can be paralyzing.

If you’re a “maximizer”, someone who strives to make the best possible decision, you may be more susceptible to decision paralysis. Conversely, if you’re a “satisfied person” who can settle for “good enough,” you’re likely to face this issue less often.

The anticipation of regretting a poor choice contributes to this paralysis. The more you dwell on potential regret, the more likely you are to become stuck.

This relates to the concept of opportunity cost, which refers to what you’ll miss out on by choosing one option over another.

Fortunately, there are effective ways to combat decision paralysis:

Acknowledge that achieving a perfect decision is virtually impossible without a crystal ball.

Understand that avoiding a decision is still making a choice. Don’t fool yourself into thinking that procrastination is a viable solution.

If you’re willing to invest some time, a practical method is to research and prioritize the factors that matter most to you. This will simplify the decision-making process.

For instance, when choosing a toothbrush, prioritize price and battery life. When selecting a university, consider factors like reputation, friendships, and proximity to home.

Evaluate your options against these factors, assigning higher priority to more significant ones. This will give you a numerical score indicating the most favorable choice.

And if all else fails, a simple roll of the dice might help in case of a tie!

This article addresses the question posed by Carrie Muller of Tunbridge Wells: “What is decision paralysis and how can I overcome it?”

For inquiries, please email us at: questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out via Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

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450-Million-Year-Old Fossils Uncover Unique Ancestor of Tube-Dwelling Jellyfish

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have recently discovered a new genus and species of soft-bodied tubular polypoid mesozoan, named Paleocanna tentaculum, from a remarkably preserved specimen located approximately 50 kilometers northeast of Quebec City, Canada.

Depiction of Paleocanna tentaculum. Individuals are found living in a single tube or in clusters of two or three interconnected tubes. Image credit: Ramirez-Guerrero et al., doi: 10.1017/jpa.2025.10211.

“Jellyfish and their related polyps belong to an ancient group known as cnidarians,” stated Professor Christopher Cameron from the University of Montreal and his research team.

“Due to their soft bodies, these organisms are rarely preserved as fossils, creating gaps in our understanding of their evolutionary history.”

The recently identified species thrived in the Ordovician seas around 450 million years ago.

Paleocanna tentaculum represents ancient life forms that existed either solitarily or in groups within upright tubes.

The polyp features an elongated structure with a crown of tentacles extending past the tube’s edge.

“This species is closely related to modern jellyfish,” paleontologists noted, emphasizing the rarity of this find.

“Only a handful of other species from this subphylum have been documented in the fossil record.”

Paleocanna tentaculum. Image credit: Ramirez-Guerrero et al., doi: 10.1017/jpa.2025.10211.” width=”580″ height=”768″ srcset=”https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14711_2-Paleocanna-tentaculum.jpg 580w, https://cdn.sci.news/images/2026/04/image_14711_2-Paleocanna-tentaculum-227×300.jpg 227w” sizes=”(max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px”/>

Paleocanna tentaculum. Image credit: Ramirez-Guerrero et al., doi: 10.1017/jpa.2025.10211.

The fossil remains are found on the upper surface of a shallow limestone layer, discovered in a small quarry within the Neuville Formation in Quebec, Canada.

“This area is regarded as one of the most diverse fossil locations globally for Ordovician specimens,” Professor Cameron remarked.

The team analyzed 15 slabs of sandy limestone that contained approximately 135 specimens of Paleocanna tentaculum.

“Soft-bodied organisms are less likely to be preserved compared to their hard-bodied counterparts, making these fossils particularly valuable for understanding life’s history,” noted Louis-Philippe Bateman, a graduate student at McGill University.

“This discovery underscores the significance of Quebec’s fossil records.”

“Often, the fossil record is perceived as less appealing compared to regions like British Columbia or Alberta.”

“Findings like this highlight the potential for new discoveries and insights here.”

By comparing Paleocanna tentaculum, scientists have revealed that it is more closely related to present-day jellyfish species, including box jellyfish, true jellyfish, and stalk jellyfish, than to other extinct tubular genera.

This indicates that Paleocanna tentaculum occupies a more modern position on the evolutionary tree than many other known fossil polyps.

“The extraordinary preservation of these fossils marks this discovery as one of the rare instances of delicate, soft-bodied organisms found in Ordovician sediments,” the authors concluded.

For more details, refer to their paper published in the Paleontology Journal on February 13, 2026.

_____

Greta Ramirez-Guerrero et al. Upper Ordovician Tecate stem mesozoan polyp of Quebec. Paleontology Journal published online on February 13, 2026. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2025.10211

Source: www.sci.news

How Extreme Weather Patterns Could Explain Titan’s Mysterious Plains

Posted on April 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Images of Titan captured by Cassini Spacecraft

NASA/JPL/SSI/Val Klavans

Titan, Saturn’s largest moon, features vast plains often covered with up to a meter of light, organic “snow.” Remarkably, approximately 65% of Titan’s surface consists of uniformly flat plains blanketed in a porous layer made of particles deposited from its hazy atmosphere.

Due to its dense atmosphere, studying Titan from a distance poses challenges. The Cassini spacecraft, which orbited Saturn from 2004 to 2017, employed radar technology to gather in-depth observations. Recently, Professor Alexander Hayes and his team at Cornell University refined their analysis of the radar data.

The interaction of radio waves from Cassini’s radar with Titan’s surface suggests complexities beyond those of typical rocky celestial bodies. “Existing models developed for the Moon and similar bodies do not apply directly to Titan,” Hayes explains. “Its radar scattering properties reveal it as a unique entity in our solar system.”

The researchers propose a two-layer model to better explain Titan’s surface characteristics, indicating that a hard substrate is covered by a soft, low-density material, differing from the simplistic rocky models. They suggest that this outer layer, varying in thickness from a few centimeters to a meter, comprises organic molecules descending from Titan’s dense atmosphere, resembling snowfall before compaction over time.

Furthermore, Titan’s surface experiences rain, wind, and erosion, necessitating exploration into how these processes contribute to the development of its blanket layers. “Understanding these mechanisms can provide valuable insights into Titan’s broader environmental processes,” Hayes adds.

NASA’s upcoming Dragonfly mission, set to launch in 2028 and reach Titan by 2034, aims to analyze these surface layers, enhancing our comprehension not only of Titan but also aiding the design of future missions targeting this extraordinary moon.

Exploring the History and Future of Space Exploration in the United States

Join us on an extraordinary journey through America’s significant space and astronomy sites, tailored for the curious and lifelong learners.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Unveil Insights into One of the Oldest Neanderthal Communities

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from eight fossils unearthed in Poland’s Stazynia Cave unveil a tightly-knit community of Neanderthals who inhabited the region approximately 100,000 years ago. This discovery offers one of the most definitive genetic insights into a singular prehistoric group in Europe.

Approximately 100,000 years ago, at least seven Neanderthals inhabited Stazynia Cave in modern Poland. Image credit: Tyler B. Tretsven.

Located at 359 meters altitude, Stazynia Cave lies between the villages of Milow and Boborice on the Krakow-Częstochowa Plateau in southern Poland.

This limestone cave is defined by its narrow entrance and is a site of significant archaeological interest.

From 2007 to 2010, excavations were meticulously conducted over an area of approximately 16 square meters in the cave’s rear.

Among the critical discoveries were nine human teeth, five of which have been confirmed as Neanderthal remains.

In this groundbreaking study, Professor Andrea Pisin from the University of Bologna and colleagues successfully extracted and analyzed mtDNA from the nine fossils.

The findings suggest these fossils belonged to at least seven, and potentially eight, Neanderthals.

Interestingly, three of the specimens shared identical mtDNA, indicating a close relation or possibly sharing maternal lineage.

Through detailed analysis of their genetic patterns, researchers estimate that this group thrived during a warm interglacial period between approximately 120,000 and 92,500 years ago.

This research makes them the oldest known Neanderthal group identified genetically in central Europe.

“This is a groundbreaking result; we can now observe a small community of at least seven Neanderthals in central and eastern Europe who lived around 100,000 years ago,” stated Professor Pisin.

“Typically, Neanderthal genetic data is derived from isolated fossils or various sites scattered over time; here at Stazynia, we can reconstruct a miniature population, presenting the first cohesive genetic perspective of Neanderthals in this European region.”

Dr. Violeta Nowaczewska from the University of Wrocław and Dr. Adam Nadaczewski from the Institute of Animal Systematics and Evolution at the Polish Academy of Sciences noted, “Stazynia Cave has long been recognized for its exceptional preservation, but these findings have surpassed our expectations.”

The identification of this small, ancient Neanderthal population at such a complex site marks a significant milestone in Polish research and Neanderthal studies in Europe.

Researchers discovered that Neanderthals sharing similar genetic traits also resided in regions as distant as southeastern France, the Iberian Peninsula, and northern Caucasus, suggesting a once-wide-ranging maternal lineage that was later supplanted by other genetic groups.

“Particularly intriguing is the shared mtDNA found in two juvenile teeth and one adult tooth, indicating they may be closely related,” remarked Dr. Mateja Hadjdinjak from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.

Furthermore, comparisons with a Neanderthal known as Thorin, excavated from France’s Mandolin Cave, show strikingly similar mtDNA, although Thorin is estimated to be around 50,000 years old.

“This study serves as a reminder to approach ancient timelines with caution,” advised Professor Sala Talamo from the University of Bologna. “As radiocarbon dating approaches calibration limits, it becomes crucial to not assign undue precision to the data.”

“Therefore, integrating archaeology, radiocarbon dating, and genetic data is essential.”

These results were published in this week’s edition of Current Biology.

_____

Andrea Pisin et al. For the first time, multiple Neanderthal mitogenomes have been discovered in the northern Carpathians. Current Biology published online on April 20, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2026.03.069

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Reveals Connection Between Coffee Consumption, Microbiome Changes, and Enhanced Mental Health

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at University College Cork reveals that both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee can positively reshape the gut microbiome, leading to reduced stress and enhanced psychological well-being. This study provides valuable insights into the long-acknowledged health benefits of coffee.

Boscaini et al. uncover a previously unrecognized effect of coffee on the microbiota-gut-brain axis, indicating a strong link between coffee consumption and gut microbial composition. Image credit: Sci.News.

Coffee, a popular plant-based beverage derived from processed coffee beans, offers a complex flavor and chemical profile influenced by factors such as bean variety, ripeness, processing methods, roasting techniques, and brewing styles.

This beverage is rich in bioactive compounds, including alkaloids (like caffeine), polyphenols (such as phenolic acids), diterpenes, and melanoidins formed during the roasting process.

Research indicates that moderate coffee consumption is linked to a reduced risk of several chronic illnesses, including type 2 diabetes, liver disease, cardiovascular issues, and certain types of cancer.

Moreover, increased coffee intake has been associated with a lower risk of Parkinson’s disease, emphasizing a dose-dependent relationship.

Individuals who drink coffee regularly are statistically less prone to depression, with one study noting a 27% lower incidence of Alzheimer’s disease among habitual coffee consumers.

In this recent research, Professor John Cryan and his team from University College Cork explored how coffee intake, withdrawal, and reconsumption impact cognition, mood, and behavior, specifically in relation to the microbiota-gut-brain connection.

The researchers conducted a comprehensive analysis involving psychological assessments, caffeine and food diaries, as well as stool and urine samples from 31 coffee drinkers and an equal number of non-coffee drinkers to track changes in their microbiome and reported mood and stress levels.

Coffee aficionados were identified as individuals who consume 3 to 5 cups daily, a quantity deemed safe by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

Participants initially abstained from coffee for two weeks, during which they underwent regular psychological evaluations and provided stool and urine samples.

This abstinence period correlated with significant changes in the gut microbiota among coffee drinkers compared to their non-coffee-drinking counterparts.

Upon reintroducing coffee, participants experienced a blinded trial where half consumed decaffeinated coffee while the other half drank caffeinated coffee.

Both groups reported decreased scores for stress, depression, and impulsivity, indicating that coffee consumption notably enhances mood, independent of caffeine content.

Notable increases in specific bacterial species such as egger terra sp. and Cryptobacterium cultum were observed in coffee drinkers, suggesting their roles in promoting digestive health by supporting stomach and intestinal acidity and contributing to bile acid synthesis, crucial for combatting harmful gut bacteria and stomach infections.

A rise in Firmicutes bacteria, which is linked to positive emotional states in women, was also noted.

However, cognitive improvements such as enhanced learning and memory were predominantly seen in those consuming decaffeinated coffee, hinting at the influence of non-caffeine components like polyphenols on cognitive function.

Conversely, scientists determined that only caffeinated coffee contributed to reduced anxiety levels and heightened alertness, with caffeine also linked to a lower risk of inflammation.

“The growing public interest in gut health is significant,” states Professor Cryan.

“As the connection between digestive health and mental well-being becomes clearer, we still need to unravel the mechanisms through which coffee impacts the gut-brain axis.”

“Our research illuminates the relationship between the microbiome and neurological responses to coffee, highlighting potential long-term health benefits related to a healthier microbiome.”

“Coffee modifies microbial activity and the metabolites they utilize.”

“As awareness regarding dietary adjustments to promote digestive health increases, coffee could serve as a beneficial addition to a balanced diet.”

“Coffee is more than just a caffeine source; it is a multifaceted dietary element that interacts with gut bacteria, metabolism, and mental health.”

“Our findings imply that both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee have distinct, yet complementary, health impacts.”

The team’s findings were published in today’s issue of Nature Communications.

_____

S. Boscaini et al. 2026. Habitual coffee consumption shapes the gut microbiota and alters host physiology and cognition. Nat Commun 17, 3439; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-71264-8

Source: www.sci.news

How Brushing Your Teeth in the Hospital Can Prevent Infections

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Overlooked Importance of Tooth Brushing in Hospitals

Drazen Zigic/Getty Images

Close-up of a woman brushing her teeth, highlighting oral health. — The Overlooked Importance of Tooth Brushing in Hospitals

Drazen Zigic/Getty Images

Brushing your teeth while receiving hospital treatment can drastically lower your risk of pneumonia.

For various reasons, many patients in hospitals neglect to brush their teeth. Some may forget their toothbrush, some may not consider it, and others might lack the ability or inclination to do so. Additionally, healthcare personnel often overlook routine oral hygiene practices when caring for patients.

However, a significant randomized controlled trial revealed that patients who received tooth brushing, toothpaste, and dental hygiene advice during hospitalization were 60% less likely to develop pneumonia—a common hospital-acquired infection. This finding was highlighted by Brett Mitchell at Avondale University, Australia.

“This underscores the necessity of educating patients about pneumonia risks and the vital role of oral care during hospitalization,” he states.

Pneumonia often arises from medical devices that disrupt natural respiratory functions. However, many hospitalized individuals who are not on ventilators also develop pneumonia at least 48 hours post-admission. Researchers continue to investigate the causes and preventive measures of this condition, which is linked to longer hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and higher mortality rates— research article.

“Addressing this is crucial,” notes Michael Klompas from Harvard University, who was not part of the study. “Hospital-acquired pneumonia is one of the most prevalent and dangerous healthcare-associated infections, yet there is a lack of substantial data on how to effectively prevent it.”

Mitchell suspected that bacteria in the mouth might be contributing to this issue. The oral microbiome can influence respiratory health since inhaling bacteria-laden droplets can introduce pathogens into the lungs. He points out that a hospitalized patient’s oral microbiome changes, making it important to address the problem.

To investigate, Mitchell and his colleagues launched a year-long randomized controlled trial involving 8,870 patients across three Australian hospitals to assess the effect of oral hygiene on pneumonia risk. He shared the findings from this segment of the Nosocomial Pneumonia Prevention (‘HAPPEN’) study at the international conference organized by the European Society for Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID Global) in Munich, Germany.

Each hospital divided participants into three groups. No interventions were made during the initial three months. Following this period, one group was provided with toothbrushes and toothpaste featuring messages like “Brushing your teeth helps prevent pneumonia” and “Blow away pneumonia!” The brushes were designed with special handles for individuals with limited dexterity, and patients received QR codes linking to educational resources on the HAPPEN website.

After six months, the second group also received toothbrushes, and after nine months, the third group did as well. Consequently, all participants had the opportunity to practice tooth brushing for the final three months of the study.

For medical staff, the research team provided oral care training for nurses on the wards and offered professional guidance through their website. They also encouraged nursing staff to remind patients to brush and floss, assisting those who encountered difficulties.

During the pre-intervention phase, only 15.9% of patients brushed their teeth daily. In contrast, during the intervention phase, 61.5% of patients engaged in oral hygiene at least once a day, averaging 1.5 times per day. Web analytics showed frequent engagement from both patients and nurses with the HAPPEN resource during the intervention.

Notably, the incidence of hospital-acquired pneumonia not associated with ventilators decreased significantly—from 1 case per 100 hospital days in the control group to 0.41 cases in the intervention group.

“This study is noteworthy due to its large scale and randomized design,” says Klompas, emphasizing that brushing teeth during hospitalization not only promotes oral health but could potentially save lives.

Piry Sipila from the University of Helsinki highlights the significance of substantial risk reductions resulting from straightforward actions. “The intervention was simple: patients received a toothbrush, toothpaste, and practical advice,” he notes, but results may differ based on a patient’s hospital reason and existing oral hygiene habits.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding US Policy Shifts in Iran Through Game Theory Analysis

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ship Navigating the Strait of Hormuz

Image Credit: Shady Alasar/Anadolu via Getty Images

“Mission accomplished.” This phrase has cast a long shadow over U.S. foreign policy since 2003, when George W. Bush triumphantly declared victory on the aircraft carrier Abraham Lincoln—only for the conflict to endure for another eight years. It has come to symbolize the disconnection between military objectives and reported achievements.

The conflict surrounding the Strait of Hormuz is escalating as we enter the second month of tension. Insights from game theory, which studies strategic decision-making, can help illuminate these complex dynamics.

In a traditional military confrontation, the combined might of the United States and Israel stands unmatched. Their advanced weaponry and precision strike capabilities significantly damage Iran’s military infrastructure, suggesting a traditional victory for the alliance.

However, this situation diverges from conventional warfare. It has transformed into a war of attrition, where multiple “players” engage in a costly stalemate, each hoping that the opposing side will eventually falter. Game theory posits that in such scenarios, victory is less about military might and more about which side can endure losses longer. Time is particularly on Iran’s side in this equation.

While Iran incurs significant costs, they remain manageable for the regime. Notably, the Iranian government exhibits an impressive ability to regenerate its command structures—removing one layer of leadership merely allows another to take its place. Moreover, their stockpiles of missiles and cost-effective drones keep replenishing faster than they are used.

In contrast, the United States faces a far steeper financial burden. Maintaining naval dominance in the straits demands continuous, costly deployments. Each drone interception, carrier rotation, and diplomatic effort to sustain a wavering coalition adds to the mounting expenses. In a war of attrition, the asymmetry of costs becomes more critical than raw firepower, and this factor unfavorably affects American interests.

A Blurry Objective

This structural reality explains the Trump administration’s ambiguous definition of victory—a point that has puzzled many. This lack of clarity serves a strategic purpose. Game theory suggests that when battlefield conditions are unfavorable, it is beneficial to obscure objectives.

To devise an effective strategy and foresee potential outcomes, one must first comprehend each player’s goals. Yet, the parameters seem to continuously shift.

This conflict did not initially revolve around the straits. The original aims included regime change, dismantling Iran’s nuclear capabilities, and neutralizing the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps. The narrowing of these goals to the more limited objective of controlling the straits signifies a loss of momentum for the campaign.

Interestingly, game theory identifies a dual advantage in such ambiguity. Unconsolidated objectives limit interaction; players who remain vague on their goals have the flexibility to proclaim victory and exit the situation on their terms.

Unclear objectives provide an adaptability that concrete commitments do not. This allows a player with undefined goals to escape accountability for failing to achieve them, and they may even be perceived as successful if they possess the necessary diplomatic skill. President Donald Trump has utilized this strategy throughout his two terms in office.

Moreover, time constraints play a crucial role. Research into the political economy of conflict indicates that leaders facing imminent electoral decisions experience pressure to conclude wars of attrition before voters cast their ballots. With midterm elections approaching, President Trump’s options for securing a withdrawal are rapidly diminishing.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding Why Cats Lick People: The Fascinating Reasons Behind This Quirky Behavior

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

**Licking**: Cats have an innate obsession with licking. Research indicates that adult felines can spend up to 8% of their waking hours grooming themselves using their tongues. This behavior serves not only a personal hygiene purpose but also plays a vital social role, as adult cats often lick one another before mating.

But what about their interactions with humans? Why do cats lick people? Fortunately, there’s no evidence suggesting that your cat is treating this as part of a pre-mating ritual. Unfortunately, scientists and cat behaviorists are still piecing together the reasons behind this puzzling behavior of cats licking human skin.

While a definitive explanation is still elusive, several theories attempt to explain why domestic cats engage in this licking behavior. Spoiler alert: Your feline friend might not enjoy all of them.

<h2 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-why-do-cats-lick-people">Why Do Cats Lick People?</h2>
<p>There's no singular explanation for your cat's licking behavior. However, three primary theories have emerged regarding why domestic cats exhibit this action:</p>
<ul class="wp-block-list">
    <li>It demonstrates trust.</li>
    <li>They are gathering biochemical information from your skin.</li>
    <li>They are marking you as their territory.</li>
</ul>

<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-trust-theory"><strong>Trust Theory</strong></h3>
<p>Cats may lick you to indicate that they trust you or, at the very least, that they do not see you as a serious rival. Dr. <a href="http://www.problempets.co.uk/about.asp" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">David Sands</a>, an expert in animal psychology with over 25 years of clinical experience, notes that this licking is akin to allogrooming among cats. This mutual grooming strengthens their bond, a behavior learned from their mothers during kittenhood.</p>
<p><strong>Read more:</strong></p>
<p>"Ultimately, adult cats will only lick other cats they trust and do not view as competition. This affectionate grooming behavior can also be transferred to humans. From their perspective, cats categorize beings as either competitive or non-competitive.</p>
<p>"If your cat licks you, it's not necessarily an affectionate gesture, but it’s still a positive sign of recognition, not rivalry." <em/></p>

<figure class="wp-block-image size-landscape_thumbnail">
    <img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="940" height="627" src="https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2021/04/cat-licking-1969c3a.jpg?webp=1&amp;w=1200" alt="A cat licking a person's face." class="wp-image-76541" title="Licking Cat © Getty"/>
    <figcaption class="wp-element-caption">Helpful note: Always consider where your cat last licked before allowing this - Photo credit: Getty</figcaption>
</figure>

<p>If you’re uncertain, take a cue from the cleverly titled Lincoln University study: <em>Domestic cats show no signs of attachment to their owners</em>. Researchers swapped owners with 20 cats and found the felines deepened their bonds with strangers based on behaviors like play and mirroring.</p>
<p>The researchers concluded: "These results suggest that adult cats typically maintain autonomous social relationships and do not rely on humans for security."</p>

<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-biochemical-theory"><strong>Biochemical Theory</strong></h3>
<p>This theory is straightforward: cats lick you to explore the interesting scents on your skin. According to Dr. Sands, "Cats’ taste buds are so refined that they can detect pheromones or scents from other animals on your skin." </p>
<p>"There may also be residues from food you've eaten, such as salt or moisturizer. These intriguing scents draw cats in, encouraging them to lick."</p>

<h3 class="wp-block-heading" id="h-the-possession-play-theory"><strong>Possession Play Theory</strong></h3>
<p>As Dr. Sands notes, cats are essentially "head-to-tail sniffing machines." Their favorite scent? Their own! Cats are so enamored with their unique scent that they often want to replace other smells with theirs.</p>
<p>"This explains why they lick themselves after being petted—it's a way to eliminate your scent!" says Sands.</p>
<p>"Much of a cat's behavior centers around territory and ownership. When they groom humans, they might be removing scents and marking you with their own to say, 'This is mine! You're mine!'"</p>
<p>Many people mistakenly believe that when cats rub against or lick you, it represents affection. However, in reality, cats are quite possessive, and the more they can mark you with their scent, the better!</p>

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unlock Your Productivity: Neuroscientist Tips to Trick Your Brain for Maximum Efficiency

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Browse social media, and you’ll encounter numerous claims about productivity hacks, such as waking up at 4 a.m., taking specific supplements, or keeping a jam-packed schedule.

However, many of these tips lack scientific support, and some are even misleading. So, what truly enhances productivity? Are there easily applicable life hacks, rooted in science, that we can incorporate into our daily routines?

While no hack will instantly transform you into the next Bill Gates, there are small yet effective changes you can make to boost your workplace productivity.

The Benefits of Background Music

There’s ongoing debate about productivity levels in home versus office environments, with each side claiming the other is more prone to distractions.

One often-overlooked aspect is that certain distractions can actually enhance productivity. While some individuals prefer a quiet setting, many find they are more productive with ambient noise.

This noise often manifests as background music, which can aid concentration rather than disrupt it. Research shows that we have two distinct attention systems: the conscious one we control, and the unconscious one that alerts us to stimuli, redirecting our focus.

Music enhances our unconscious alertness – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

When concentrating on tasks, our conscious attention can still be interrupted by unconscious inputs. In a silent environment, background noises become more pronounced, making distractions more likely and negatively impacting productivity.

Playing music can help mask these annoying sounds and redirect our unconscious focus, akin to giving a toy to a bored child. However, the genre matters; songs with lyrics can disrupt concentration because our brains respond more to verbal cues. Research indicates that music negatively affecting your mood can undermine motivation.

Interestingly, video game soundtracks tend to be the most effective for enhancing productivity, as they are designed to engage listeners while they focus on other tasks.

In conclusion, background noise or music can improve productivity instead of hindering it.

Prioritize Adequate Sleep Over Early Rising

If you’ve ever forced yourself to wake up before dawn in hopes of being more productive, you know it can backfire, leaving you fatigued and unable to accomplish tasks.

That said, any wake-up time can be productive if it follows a night of sufficient rest. Going to bed at 8 p.m. and rising at 4 a.m. certainly allows for adequate sleep.

There are numerous health benefits tied to quality sleep. Improved memory retention, focus, overall health, mood enhancement, and reduced irritability all contribute to greater productivity.

Sleep serves as the foundation for productivity – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

Sleep also enhances productivity by enabling memory processing and integrating daily experiences into existing neural pathways.

This is why the concept of “sleeping on a problem” often leads to better insights, as your brain processes the issue while you rest, as opposed to exhausting yourself by staying awake to understand it.

In summary, sleep is crucial for productivity, even more so than the time you wake up.

Nature’s Influence: Walks and Workplace Plants

Incorporating houseplants into the work environment is quite common, as is seeking a workspace with a view of nature. While some workplaces may prioritize uniformity over greenery, plants and natural sights are generally appreciated by employees.

Connecting with nature sharpens our focus – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

But why do we expend so much effort bringing nature indoors? It’s not merely aesthetic. Numerous studies indicate that introducing plants into the workplace can boost productivity.

This increase can be attributed to the restoration of attention, also known as “fascination.”

In modern environments, stimuli like screens, signs, and constant changes can hijack our focus. While our brains enjoy these distractions, they require significant mental resources to process them, leading to fatigue.

Conversely, looking at plants provides a cognitive relief, similar to the experience of reading a captivating book. This natural engagement replenishes mental energy, which is why nature enhances productivity. So, if you feel the urge to take a walk to clear your mind, you might be intuitively seeking a refreshment of your brain’s resources.

Diet and Exercise: Moving Beyond Fads for Enhanced Productivity

Many articles focus on how productivity can be improved through diet and exercise, often reflecting the habits of “highly successful people.” However, many of their recommendations can seem impractical for everyday individuals.

A balanced diet and regular exercise promote alertness more than the latest productivity fads – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

You’ve likely encountered stories about individuals with extravagant breakfast routines involving “superfoods” and elaborate preparations. These narratives can appear daunting or unattainable.

Yet, disregarding the eccentricities, it’s clear that both diet and exercise greatly impact productivity. Regular exercise has repeatedly shown to provide significant benefits for both body and brain. A healthier body can allocate more resources to cognitive tasks, thereby enhancing brain function.

Your diet also fundamentally affects your mental efficiency. Research suggests that junk food can negatively impact brain function, reducing your ability to concentrate and maintain motivation.

Thus, focus on improving your diet and exercise routine to elevate productivity rather than chasing after the newest trends.

Finding Your Productivity Zone

Bear in mind that everyone’s productivity pathway differs. What works for one person may not suit another, as individual factors play a crucial role in productivity.

Understanding your habits is key to maximizing productivity – Credit: Rachel Tunstall

Identifying the elements that work best for you is essential. Achieving a state of cognitive “flow,” often referred to as “being in the zone,” can significantly increase your productivity.

Flow represents the ultimate state of productive focus, allowing you to perform to the best of your abilities. However, reaching this state can be challenging due to the various distractions competing for your attention.

Ultimately, everyone has unique triggers for achieving this in-the-zone experience; thus, discover the specific conditions that enhance your productivity. While productivity advice can be helpful, no one knows your unique productivity style better than you.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Study Reveals Parrots Use Flexible Naming: Mimicking Human Communication Styles

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A comprehensive study involving nearly 900 parrots living alongside humans has unveiled groundbreaking insights. Researchers from the University of Northern Colorado, the University of Vienna, the Acoustical Institute of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the University of Pittsburgh Johnstown discovered evidence that certain parrots don’t just imitate human speech but may also create and utilize names to identify specific individuals.

Gray parrot (Psittacus erithacus) named John munching on a cucumber. Image credit: Papuga.

The question of whether animals can employ proper names for themselves and others has intrigued both scientists and the general public for years.

Significant evidence indicates that numerous animals can recognize and respond to names assigned by humans, and some can even invent and utilize unique vocal traits.

Despite this, previous research has failed to demonstrate that a variety of animal species can create and use names that conform to human language conventions.

“While many animals respond to human language cues, only a select few are capable of learning language-like sounds and using them correctly,” stated Professor Lauryn Benedict of the University of Northern Colorado and her team.

“Parrots excel in vocal learning, including human words, and can accurately apply those words as labels for individuals.”

“This capacity for vocal production learning allows researchers to delve into whether and how animals employ vocal labels, rather than merely responding to them. This enriches our understanding of the cognitive processes behind word usage and labeling.”

In this study, the authors scrutinized data from over 889 captive parrots as part of the ManyParrots project, designed to explore vocal learning and cognition in parrots through survey responses and vocal recordings.

Moreover, many survey participants shared additional details that assisted researchers in comprehending how these birds utilize their names.

Nearly half of the respondents provided examples of parrots using names creatively.

Of the 413 audio clips analyzed, 88 instances demonstrated birds using their names as labels for humans or other animals.

The findings also revealed strong evidence that some parrots refer to specific individuals rather than general categories like ‘human.’

Interestingly, many parrots employed these labels in ways typically unrecognized by humans. For example, parrots might vocalize their names to attract attention.

This study suggests that parrots possess the cognitive and vocal abilities to use names flexibly, ranging from social communication with humans to conversing about individuals who are not present.

Nonetheless, due to variations among species and individual birds, numerous questions persist regarding when, why, and how animals utilize these skills to call out the names of other beings.

“Our research indicates that parrots frequently learn names from humans and apply them in diverse contexts, aligning with their cognitive ability to associate names with specific individuals,” the researchers asserted.

“Although the parrots in our study primarily used human-given names, unanswered questions linger about their capacity for self-naming.”

“Nonetheless, our findings clearly illustrate that animals can learn and employ unique names in appropriate social contexts.”

“Future studies need to investigate this behavior in controlled settings to comprehend the cognitive foundations behind it in parrots and other animal species.”

“The capability to label individuals is expected not only in captive animals but also extends to those in the wild.”

“We anticipate that forthcoming research will unveil effective methods to identify animal names independent of human language.”

For more details, refer to the study published this month in the online journal PLoS ONE.

_____

L. Benedict et al. 2026. Name use by companion parrots. PLoS One 21 (4): e0346830; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0346830

Source: www.sci.news

New Geological Discovery Reveals Evidence of Ancient Ocean in Mars’ Northern Plains

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A continent-like shelf beneath Mars’ surface indicates that a vast ocean may have once covered up to one-third of the planet, reigniting a long-standing debate about Mars’ watery past.

Artist’s impression of Mars as it appeared around 4 billion years ago. Credit: M. Kornmesser / ESO.

While it is widely accepted that Mars had some liquid water on its surface, the existence of long-lasting oceans remains uncertain. It’s debated whether water existed solely in lakes and streams or whether significant oceans formed during Mars’ history.

Previous Mars missions have identified geological features resembling coastlines, but their subtlety and varying elevations complicate their interpretation.

Real coastlines would exhibit consistent elevation across the globe, similar to Earth’s sea level. However, observations suggest otherwise.

“If Mars had an ocean, it likely dried up billions of years ago, more than half of Mars’ age,” states Michael Lamb, a professor at the California Institute of Technology.

“Earth has very few features that are billions of years old, especially after continuous erosion and disturbances over time,” he adds.

“We sought terrain that could provide stronger evidence of such an ancient ocean.”

Illustration from orbiter data showing the coastal shelf region of Mars, a hallmark of global oceans formed over extended periods. Image credit: A. Zaki.

Professor Lamb and Dr. Abdallah Zaki from the California Institute of Technology and the University of Texas at Austin analyzed Earth’s geological features to find indicators of past oceans.

Using computer simulations, they drained ocean models to assess the remaining terrain.

The simulations revealed that a distinct flat landmass, known as the continental shelf, surrounds the region where land meets sea, akin to a ring left by a drained bathtub.

While sea levels have fluctuated on Earth, continental shelves have remained stable, which supports the hypothesis of an ancient Martian ocean.

The researchers utilized topography data from Mars orbiters, discovering similar shelf formations in the northern hemisphere, hinting at an ocean covering a significant portion of the planet.

Such landforms take considerable time to form and are rare in lake environments, supporting the theory of a stable ocean existing for millions of years.

Additionally, evidence of river deltas and coastal features known as “bathtubbling” shelves were observed.

“The discovery of the shelf is a vital observation that consolidates the evidence for a Martian coastal zone,” Dr. Zaki commented.

“This previously overlooked aspect strengthens the case for a northern ocean on Mars, leading to further studies on deposits and satellite data.”

For further details, refer to the publication in Nature.

_____

Zaki, A. & Ram, M.P. Identifying topographical features of the early Martian ocean. Nature, published online April 15, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10381-2

Source: www.sci.news

Discover the Unexpected Resilience of Small-Diameter Diamonds

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artistic Render of Nanodiamonds

Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library/Alamy

Artistic Render of Nanodiamonds

Katerina Conn/Science Photo Library/Alamy

While diamonds are renowned for their eternal qualities, when reduced to nanoscale dimensions, these crystals exhibit unexpected elasticity. Recent experiments on minuscule diamonds have illuminated what contributes to their surprising flexibility.

According to Chongxin Shan from Zhengzhou University, China, “Bulk diamonds are widely recognized for their extreme stiffness and hardness. However, the properties may differ significantly at the nanoscale.” His team investigated diamonds measuring just 4 nanometers in diameter—hundreds of times smaller than certain viruses—to analyze their behavior under pressure.

The investigation involved sandwiching nanodiamonds between cylinders featuring diamond tips designed for compression. A force sensor measured the drag on the diamonds while a specialized microscope captured their compressed state.

Shan noted the challenges of accurate nanoscale measurements, as minor disturbances can obscure data. To minimize these variables, researchers conducted experiments with approximately 100 distinct diamonds, ensuring a high vacuum environment to eliminate air interference. They discovered that reducing the diamond diameter from 12 nanometers to 4 nanometers resulted in a 30% decrease in stiffness, enhancing elasticity.

By combining experimental data with computer simulation, researchers discerned the underlying mechanics of this phenomenon. Due to their small size, nanodiamonds possess a higher surface-to-core atom ratio, with weak chemical bonds between these regions contributing to increased elasticity. This contrasts with larger diamonds, where stronger core bonds dictate behavior, as explained by Shan.

Yan Lu, a researcher at the City University of Hong Kong, highlighted that these findings reveal unexpected shifts in diamond characteristics compared to earlier investigations. Their work marks a pivotal contribution to understanding nanoscale diamonds, crucial for emerging applications in electronics and quantum technology. “With lab-created diamonds available at lower costs, now is the opportune moment to expand their use,” Lu states.

Topics:

Diamond/
Materials Science

Source: www.newscientist.com

Stunning Hubble 36th Anniversary Image Captures the Trifid Nebula

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Stunning new images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope showcase the rapid evolution of the Trifid Nebula, a dynamic stellar nursery where newborn stars are actively shaping gas and dust on human timescales.

Hubble’s detailed view of the Trifid Nebula. Image credit: NASA/ESA/STScI/J. DePasquale, STScI.

The Trifid Nebula, also known as Messier 20 or NGC 6514, was discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier on June 5, 1764. This stunning nebula resides in the constellation Sagittarius.

Distance estimates to the Trifid Nebula vary, ranging from 2,200 to 9,000 light-years away.

According to Hubble astronomers, “The vibrant colors in this region of star formation evoke an underwater tableau of fine sediments drifting through the deep ocean.”

“Massive stars beyond this image have been sculpting this spectacular area for at least 300,000 years,” they noted.

“Their intense ultraviolet winds are still reshaping the environment, creating bubbles that compress gas and dust, subsequently sparking fresh star formation.”

“This isn’t Hubble’s first look at the Trifid Nebula,” they added. “The telescope revisited this cosmic site 29 years after its first observation in 1997, effectively documenting changes within the nebula on human timescales.”

“Why return to the same view? Beyond tracking time-related changes, Hubble has been upgraded with an improved camera that offers a wider field of view and enhanced sensitivity from its fourth servicing mission.”

In this latest view, Hubble captures the Trifid Nebula’s “head” and flowing “body,” resembling a cosmic sea lemon gliding through the universe.

“The ‘horn’ of the Cosmic Sea Lemon is part of Herbig Halo 399, a periodic plasma jet ejected by a young protostar embedded within,” the astronomers explained.

“These observed changes help scientists measure outflow rates and gauge the energy injected by the protostar into its environment.”

“Such measurements provide valuable insights into how newly formed stars interact with their surroundings.”

“Evidence of a counterjet can be seen below and to the right, marked by a jagged line of orange and red running across the dust.”

“To the right of the head, at the endpoint of a dimmer triangular ‘horn,’ lies another young star.”

“A green arc hovering above a faint red point, accompanied by a small jet, suggests that a nearby massive star is eroding the circumstellar disk with its intense ultraviolet radiation.”

“As the region around this protostar clarifies, it implies that its formation might be nearing completion.”

“Just to the left of the Cosmic Sea Lemon is a faint pillar; the densest material remains at the top, while most of the gas and dust has been blown away.”

“Distinct stripes and sharp lines provide further clues about the activities of other young stars.”

“Look for wavy diagonal lines that transition from bright orange to fiery red for an illustrative example.”

“At the pinnacle of the Cosmic Sea Lemon’s head, bright yellow gas ascends, showcasing ultraviolet light illuminating the dark brown dust and breaking it down.”

“Many ridges of dark material will persist for millions of years as the star’s ultraviolet radiation gradually erodes the gas.”

“Dense regions harbor protostars, which remain hidden in visible light.”

“The far right corner appears nearly pitch black, suggesting high-density dust where stars may not belong to this star-forming region but rather be foreground objects.”

“Search for bright orange orbs; these represent fully formed stars, surrounded by empty space.”

“In the coming millions of years, the gas and dust constituting the nebula will vanish, leaving only the newly formed stars behind.”

Source: www.sci.news

Triassic Fossil Discovery: Ancient Crocodile Cousin with Powerful Jaws Unveiled at Museum

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

CT scans of specimens from the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History have unveiled a new species of short-nosed crocodilian with remarkably robust jaws, offering a glimpse into late Triassic ecological specialization.

Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa (left) is disturbed by Hesperosuchus agilis (right) near the carcass of Coelophysis at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, USA. Image credit: Julio Lacerda.

Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa thrived 210 million years ago, inhabiting areas near rivers and lakes in present-day New Mexico, USA.

This ancient reptile was known for its speed, featuring large hind legs and small, slender arms.

Characterized by a short snout, a heavily fortified skull, and powerful jaw muscles, Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa was adept at swiftly catching sizable prey.

“This discovery highlights the early diversification of primitive crocodiles at the onset of the reptilian era,” stated Dr. Bart Anjan Brar, a paleontologist at Yale University and the Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History.

“During this Late Triassic period, two dominating reptilian lineages were emerging: one lineage led to modern crocodiles, while the other gave rise to birds—and, eventually, dinosaurs.”

In contrast to dinosaurs of that time, which were slender and agile, resembling herons, ancient crocodiles were robust four-legged predators, sharing physical traits with jackals and large foxes.

The holotype specimen of Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa comprises its skull, lower jaw, spine, limbs, and sections of its armor.

Discovered in 1948 at Ghost Ranch, New Mexico, this fossil remained largely unexplored for 75 years until now.

Phylogenetic analysis positions Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa near the base of Crocodylomorpha, outside a clade that also includes the small crocodilian, Hesperosuchus agilis.

This positioning suggests that its distinct traits evolved early in crocodilian history.

The fossilized remains indicate that Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa coexisted with Hesperosuchus agilis, hinting at early ecological niche differentiation among similarly sized terrestrial predators.

“Eosphorosuchus lacrimosa is one of the few well-preserved relatives of early crocodilians, representing the ‘dawn’ of functional diversification within the lineage leading to modern crocodiles,” noted Miranda Margulis Onuma, a doctoral student at Yale University.

“Beyond its unique anatomy and preservation history, this specimen underscores the potential of existing museum collections to unveil new insights into life’s history.”

Notably, the discovery provides a rare look into an ancient ecosystem where biodiversity flourished, and species exhibited specialized feeding structures to fulfill distinct ecological roles.

The research team’s study appears this month in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

_____

Miranda Margulis Onuma et al. 2026. Short-snouted phenosuchids with unusual feeding anatomy indicate that ecological specialization occurred early in crocodilian evolution. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2069): 20260130; doi: 10.1098/rspb.2026.0130

Source: www.sci.news

Can We ‘Vaccinate’ Ourselves Against Stress? Exploring Effective Stress Management Techniques

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Explore science news and long reads from expert journalists at New Scientist, covering technology, health, and the environment.

While it might sound unusual, you can actually inoculate yourself against stress.

Just as vaccines help the immune system fend off invaders, research suggests stress inoculation can prepare individuals for future stressors.

This concept is particularly noted among military personnel. By allowing soldiers to undergo simulated stressful situations and equipping them with coping mechanisms, they can reduce the impact of stress over time. For instance, a study found that cadets with resilience training showed lower cortisol levels following intense military drills compared to those without such training. Similarly, emergency personnel also experience lower risks of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression due to their resilience training strategies.

Fortunately, you don’t need military training to reap the benefits. Regular, manageable exposure to stress can enhance resilience, as observed by Julie Vashuk from Masaryk University, Czech Republic.

Recent studies indicate that navigating stressful experiences can actually reshape the brain. This includes changes in key areas like the prefrontal cortex, involved in emotion regulation, the hippocampus, crucial for memory, and the amygdala, responsible for threat perception. Facing mild stressors can help individuals adapt to challenges in the following ways: it enhances resilience and accelerates recovery to baseline.

It’s essential to keep stress levels manageable. As Vashuk advises, mild stress should induce just enough discomfort to be tolerated without becoming overwhelming. “Once you’re overwhelmed, it becomes traumatic,” she explains. Activities like visiting unfamiliar places or engaging with new people can be beneficial. She also recommends surrounding yourself with supportive individuals.

This exposure therapy can be useful for adults, but how about children? Numerous studies, like one that highlights that early childhood adversity can elevate health risks, suggest that a small amount of controlled adversity may actually be advantageous. In rodent studies, constant separation from their mothers increases adult stress responses, while brief separations can lead to stronger adult responses. A similar phenomenon has also been observed in primates concerning short-term mother-infant separation.

Extrapolating such studies to humans poses ethical challenges, yet researchers like Carmine Pariante from King’s College London argue that we may not be as resilient as a society as we think. This doesn’t imply inflicting trauma intentionally, but rather suggesting that facing manageable challenges can benefit both adults and children.

Simulated stress exposure helps soldiers build real-life resilience.

Daniel Ceng/Anadolu via Getty Images

Vashuk also highlights a cultural phenomenon in the Czech Republic, where children are introduced to classical music early on. “Five-year-olds perform with their teachers, gradually performing solo as they mature. Although the stress remains, their early exposure equips them to effectively handle stress and rebound quickly,” she notes.

Exposure isn’t the sole method for building resilience. Techniques such as breathing exercises, mindfulness, altering your mindset regarding stress, and recognizing your strengths are proven to boost resilience and transform negative stress into positive energy.

Research is ongoing into the concept of a literal stress vaccine. Studies on rodents indicate that exposure to a heat-killed bacterium, Mycobacterium vaccae, calms stress responses via anti-inflammatory effects. Additionally, experimental drugs like “Alexigent” aim to enhance stress tolerance in individuals predisposed to PTSD and depression, although significant advancements remain limited. A notable 2017 study showed that a single ketamine dose can mitigate stress impacts on mice.

For most of us, however, the solution lies in the simplicity of understanding that stress is not inherently detrimental (see “Why the right kind of stress is crucial for health and well-being”). “Stress is beneficial for growth,” Vashuk states. “Experiencing stress is vital for our responses. What’s equally important is the ability to recover swiftly. Building resilience is crucial for regulating stress hormones effectively.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary New Method Shows Promise in Preventing Sepsis Deaths

Posted on April 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Extracting a patient’s plasma and removing certain proteins may enhance sepsis treatment outcomes.

Vital Hill/Shutterstock

Blood Plasma Treatment for Sepsis — Extracting a patient’s plasma and removing certain proteins may enhance sepsis treatment outcomes.

Vital Hill/Shutterstock

Patients suffering from severe sepsis may soon benefit from innovative treatments that filter their blood to remove critical proteins underlying life-threatening responses. Promising results in animal studies set the stage for human trials scheduled for next year.

Sepsis occurs when the immune system overreacts to an infection, causing severe damage to tissues and organs. It can escalate to septic shock, which leads to dangerously low blood pressure and further complications. In 2017, there were 49 million cases of sepsis worldwide. According to a meta-analysis involving patients in Europe, North America, and Australia, 32% of sepsis patients died within 90 days despite treatment for the initial infection and organ damage, while the mortality soared to 39% among those with septic shock.

Emerging therapies that target the root causes of this condition could halt the progression of sepsis. Isaac Elias from the Amitava Medical Clinic Healing Center in Santa Rosa, California, has dedicated decades to studying a protein called galectin-3. This protein has numerous functions in healthy individuals, including regulating cell life cycles and activating immune responses. Galectin-3 is believed to be implicated in various health conditions, with Elias stating, “Our research spans multiple areas, from autoimmunity to cancer.”

Curious about galectin-3’s potential role in sepsis, Elias noted that high levels of this protein correlate with an increased risk of death in sepsis patients. To explore this, Elias and his team developed a device that filters galectin-3 from the blood. The process involves withdrawing a sizable blood sample, separating the plasma in a centrifuge, and using a filter with antibodies to target and remove galectin-3. The purified plasma is then combined with the blood cells and reintroduced to the patient.

This innovative apheresis device is currently being tested by teams including Peng Zhiyong from Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University in China, applying a multifaceted approach.

Initially, they monitored 87 septic patients versus 27 healthy individuals, discovering elevated galectin-3 levels in the sepsis group. Subsequent assessments showed a decrease in galectin-3 levels among survivors.

The research team also utilized the hemofiltration device in two animal models of sepsis, starting with 48 rats that developed sepsis due to a large intestine puncture. Of these, 28 underwent galectin-3 hemofiltration, while the rest received a sham procedure. Remarkably, 57% of the treatment group survived, compared to just 25% in the control group.

Furthermore, the team applied galectin-3 apheresis to minipigs subjected to lipopolysaccharide, a bacterial component that induces a robust immune response and sepsis. All pigs received intensive care, with 16 undergoing galectin-3 apheresis and 15 getting sham apheresis. The treatment group demonstrated higher survival rates: 69% versus 27%.

“This is certainly innovative,” remarks Jirali Anand of Raymond Poincaré Hospital in Garches, France. “The results remain consistent across both animal models.” Nevertheless, he emphasizes the need for further research to uncover how galectin-3 contributes to sepsis before establishing a standardized treatment. Anand also anticipates replicating these results in independent studies and different animal species, including primates.

Elias’ company, Elias Therapeutics, is actively seeking funding to launch a randomized clinical trial of galectin-3 apheresis in humans, aimed for initiation in 2027.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Experience the Stunning Earthset Video Captured by Artemis II Astronauts Using Their iPhones

Posted on April 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Witness a rare spectacle: the distant Earth vanishing behind the massive moon, a moment experienced by only a few.

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NASA astronaut Reed Wiseman, commander of the lunar orbiting Artemis II mission, shared a breathtaking video of Earth fading away from the far side of the moon.

“It’s like experiencing a beach sunset from the most exotic seat in the universe,” Wiseman commented on the video, captured through the Orion spacecraft’s window. He described this moment as a “once in a lifetime opportunity.”

On April 1, Wiseman and fellow NASA astronauts Christina Koch, Victor Glover, and Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen embarked on their lunar journey. After orbiting both Earth and the moon for 10 days, they returned home on April 10, landing in the Pacific Ocean near San Diego.

During their mission, the Artemis II crew became the first humans to experience the moon’s far side—an area that remains hidden from Earth.

Wiseman couldn’t resist filming the Earthset using his cellphone while orbiting the moon on April 6, capturing intricate details of the cratered lunar surface.

“The docking hatch window barely revealed the moon,” Wiseman noted. “But an iPhone perfectly captured the view, with an uncropped, uncut 8x zoom, akin to the human eye’s perspective.”

While Wiseman recorded the Earthset, his crew members diligently photographed and documented the moon’s varied terrain and impact craters.

“Listen to the Nikon shutter as @Astro_Christina takes that stunning Earthset photo through the 400mm lens,” Wiseman shared on X about Koch’s work.

This stunning image, captured by the Artemis II crew from the Orion spacecraft on April 6, shows Earth dipping behind the moon’s edge.
NASA

The astronauts dedicated around seven hours to take photographs and collect data during this historic lunar flight. Upcoming releases will showcase more breathtaking images of the moon’s landscapes with Earth in the background.

Wiseman’s Earthset video pays tribute to the iconic Earthrise photo from the 1968 Apollo 8 mission. Whereas Apollo 8 showcased the Earth emerging, Wiseman’s video depicts it vanishing.

On December 24, 1968, Apollo 8 crew captured the moment when Earth appeared above the moon’s horizon.
William Anders / NASA

Artemis II marked NASA’s first moon mission in over 50 years. Wiseman, Koch, Glover, and Hansen were the pioneers traveling aboard the Space Launch System rocket and Orion capsule.

Looking forward, NASA’s Artemis III mission is set for mid-2027. The mission aims to remain in low-Earth orbit, executing technology tests with either a SpaceX or Blue Origin lunar lander before the upcoming lunar landing scheduled for Artemis IV in 2028. The agency intends to have one of the landers rendezvous with the Orion capsule in lunar orbit for a crewed lunar descent.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How to Calculate Your Stress Score: Assess Your Stress Levels Effectively

Posted on April 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding your stress levels can often feel subjective, but advancements in technology are making it more measurable.

Many smartwatches are now equipped to assess your heart rate, offering a basic indicator of stress. The normal resting heart rate for adults ranges from 60 to 100 beats per minute. When stress occurs, the body releases cortisol and adrenaline, which can elevate this rate. A diminished capacity to recover from stress may lead to prolonged increases in heart rate.

Additionally, various smartwatches measure heart rate variability (HRV), which captures the natural fluctuations between successive heartbeats. Under stress, both cortisol and adrenaline cause your heart rate to quicken, leading to reduced variability. Conversely, when the parasympathetic nervous system activates to regain balance, heart rate fluctuations increase. Since average HRV varies from individual to individual, it’s advisable to track deviations as markers of stress.

Over time, monitoring your heart rate and HRV can yield a stress “score,” pinpointing activities or individuals that may contribute to excessive stress (refer to Why the right kind of stress is important for your health and well-being). However, these scores can be imprecise; recent research indicates that they may fail to differentiate between positive excitement and harmful stress.

Cortisol is another critical biomarker for stress researchers. However, its rapid increase—occurring roughly 20 minutes post-stressor—makes it less practical for immediate assessment. Research conducted by Julie Vashuk at Masaryk University in the Czech Republic requires saliva, urine, or blood samples for comprehensive analysis. A biosensor designed for continuous cortisol monitoring is under development, aiming for future commercial availability. Monitor cortisol functionality will enhance our understanding of stress.

In the near future, Vashuk predicts potential biomarker innovations might stem from bone cells. Under stress, these cells produce glutamate, which can inhibit the hormone osteocalcin.

This leads to an influx of osteocalcin in the bloodstream, decreasing parasympathetic activity and triggering a fight-or-flight response.

Understanding heart rate variability is essential for assessing stress levels

Nastasic/Getty Images

“We believe that under stress, the skeleton rapidly produces molecules that serve as better biomarkers for real-time conditions,” Vashuk mentions.

“These bone-derived substances play a significant role in directing energy to necessary areas,” she continues. “In the future, one of these molecules could emerge as a valuable biomarker for stress.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Parrots Use Broken Beaks to Establish Dominance Among Males

Posted on April 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Bruce is a kea with only half a beak.

Photo by: Ximena Nelson

Caring for a Broken Beak — Bruce is a kea with only half a beak.

Photo by: Ximena Nelson

In 2013, a small, malnourished parrot faced dire circumstances in the Arthur’s Pass wilderness of New Zealand’s South Island, missing half of its beak.

Ximena Nelson, a researcher at the University of Canterbury, discovered the bird (known scientifically as nestor notabilis) suffering from a beak injury, likely due to trauma. Recognizing the kea’s endangered status, Nelson’s student opted to rescue him.

This decision would change Bruce’s life forever, setting him on a path to unexpected prominence.

Initially, zookeepers at the Willowbank Wildlife Sanctuary in Christchurch assumed the parrot was female and named her Kati due to the absence of the upper beak. Male keas possess large upper beaks for digging, and it was unclear how a bird with a half-beak could thrive. “I felt he could bite my finger off,” Nelson remarked.

However, DNA tests later confirmed that Kati was a male, and he was renamed Bruce, a title they considered humorously unfit for a parrot.

To everyone’s surprise, Bruce excelled among nine males and three females at Willowbank, swiftly establishing himself as the alpha male of the group, called a “Circus” (the collective term for a group of keas).

Bruce’s success stemmed from his unique adaptation; the absence of his upper beak allowed him to use his lower beak as a weapon, enhancing his competitive edge.

According to Nelson, Bruce’s straight and sharp lower beak proved instrumental in his jousting tactics against rival birds.

Although other males typically weigh over 1 kg and outweigh Bruce, their upper beaks obscure their lower ones, limiting their effectiveness in confrontations.

“Should they attempt to headbutt another bird, the impact would be blunted,” Nelson noted. “Conversely, Bruce charges at his competitors, often almost falling over in his enthusiasm.”

Nelson added, “His jabs are intense; the other birds despise it. When Bruce engages, they quickly take flight.”

Of the 162 aggressive interactions noted over four weeks, Bruce dominated, winning all 36 encounters he participated in.

He also maintained control over four feeders in the enclosure, sometimes enlisting lower-status birds to preen and groom their lower beaks, a behavior unseen in other captive birds.

The research team aimed to investigate how Bruce’s dominance impacted the social hierarchy, discovering that his stress hormone levels were significantly lower than those of his competitors. His alpha status enabled him to engage in aggression far less frequently than required by others.

Researchers assert that besides humans, Bruce represents the first documented case of an injured animal achieving and sustaining alpha male status solely through behavioral innovation.

His story embodies the message that differences need not be disadvantages, and notably, he did not require any beak repairs.

“I genuinely admire Bruce,” Nelson commented. “When it’s time to fight, he puts in his all, fiercely and energetically. Nevertheless, he isn’t a bully.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com