Researchers suggest that early human ancestors, specifically Homo erectus, date back approximately 1.79 million years, coinciding with the intentional use of fire in South Africa’s Wonderwerk Cave.
Wonderwerk Cave, South Africa. Image credit: Michael Chazan.
Wonderwerk Cave is situated 60 km south of Kulman in South Africa’s Northern Cape Province.
This significant site has revealed a fossil and archaeological record that spans nearly two million years of human habitation.
“The mastery of fire significantly impacts the evolutionary dynamics of Homo species, altering their relationship with both natural and cultural environments,” stated Dr. Liora Korska-Horwitz from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and her colleagues.
“While the pace of innovation in hominin fire technology remains debated, evidence suggests that early humans could obtain fire from seasonal wildfires and transport it back to their habitats for survival,” they noted.
“The ability to generate and control fire only emerged much later in human development.”
Current research indicates that the most compelling evidence for early fire usage stems from the Acheulean artifacts found within Wonderwerk Cave.
Previous studies have suggested that fire was utilized in the cave around one million years ago.
However, Dr. Korska-Horwitz and her co-authors conducted a thorough examination of the cave’s stratigraphic layers, discovering charred animal bones that date between 1.07 and 1.79 million years old.
It appears that Homo erectus were not merely passive bystanders to natural wildfires nor advanced fire creators, but rather engaged in a more nuanced interaction with fire.
The findings suggest early humans captured fire from wilderness wildfires, brought it into their caves, and maintained it until it extinguished.
“Detecting evidence of fire from such ancient sites poses unique challenges,” explained Dr. Korska-Horwitz.
“Our research introduces innovative methodologies for uncovering ancient fire signatures, revealing consistent fire presence deep within Wonderwerk Cave.”
Central to the study is a novel analytical technique developed to identify combustion traces in fossilized bones.
“When subjected to specific light wavelengths, bones exposed to high temperatures emit a distinctive luminescence,” the researchers clarified.
“By merging this non-invasive luminescence technique with established chemical analyses, we successfully identified charred animal remains.”
The strong correlation between burnt bones and Acheulean stone tools, coupled with the absence of sediment transport that might explain their presence, underscores the likelihood of intentional human fire usage.
“Our findings reveal that early humans were not mere bystanders to natural fires,” emphasized Dr. Korska-Horwitz.
“They actively engaged with fire and integrated it into their daily lives.”
These findings were published in a 2026 study in the online journal PLoS ONE.
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MD Marine Monfort et al. 2026. New evidence of early Pleistocene fire use at Wonderwerk Cave (South Africa). PLoS One 21 (6): e0347480; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0347480
Neuroscientist Emily Rogalski reveals the secrets of superagers
Craig Boylan
As people age, memory often declines, with the ability to recall information significantly reduced by the time one reaches their 80s. However, a unique group known as superagers—individuals over 80 with memory capacity akin to those in their 50s or 60s—remains sharp. One such pioneer in this research is Emily Rogalski.
As a neuroscientist at the University of Chicago and the director of ongoing studies in the Super Ager Research Project, Rogalski is uncovering how these remarkable individuals maintain cognitive sharpness despite exhibiting signs of Alzheimer’s disease in their brains. Her team’s findings indicate that superagers possess larger cerebral cortices and hippocampi, essential areas tied to memory. In her interview with New Scientist, Rogalski delves into what defines a superager and shares insights on enhancing one’s chances of joining their ranks.
Alexandra Thompson: What defines a SuperAger?
Emily Rogalski: A superager is someone over 80 who retains memory capabilities comparable to those in their 50s or 60s. Other cognitive areas like language skills and executive function should also be age-appropriate. Most people can recall at least one incredibly active individual in their lives who they cannot believe is 90 yet behaves like they are just 50.
Reports abound of older individuals achieving impressive physical feats, from running marathons to climbing mountains. Why focus on exceptional memory instead of other characteristics?
Forgetfulness often perplexes older adults, representing a major indicator of Alzheimer’s disease. My research investigates how those over 80 with exceptional memories defy the age-related cognitive decline. One approach to Alzheimer’s research focuses on understanding the breakdowns; another explores those who thrive and asks, “What’s the secret?”
How do you identify superagers?
We engage with communities like farmers’ markets and retirement areas to hold classes on healthy aging, and that’s where we meet these remarkable individuals. Word of mouth also plays a vital role as our current superagers often assist us in locating others. Initially focused in the Chicago area, we’ve expanded to five sites across the U.S. and Canada, ensuring diversity in regional and ethnic representation.
What assessments do candidates undergo to qualify as superagers for your research?
Potential superagers participate in cognitive tests and surveys, undergo clinical interviews, brief neurological examinations, MRI scans, and provide blood samples for genetic studies. Surprisingly, many were previously unaware of their exceptional memory, often expressing pride at having been identified as such.
Participants remain engaged with our study over their lifetimes, returning every two years for evaluations. They also participate in biannual phone assessments and agree to donate their brains posthumously, allowing close examination of cellular and molecular factors.
What insights do autopsy results typically provide?
In superagers, overall levels of tau—a protein linked to Alzheimer’s—tend to be lower. Some may show pathology associated with Alzheimer’s, yet remain unexpectedly cognitively healthy. Conversely, there are instances of patients whose cognitive function is profoundly better than anticipated for their age.
Although genetics may protect some from Alzheimer’s, superagers sometimes show pathological signs without symptoms.
When we began the SuperAger Project, it was often suggested that superagers simply have a low risk of Alzheimer’s. But our research shows no significant genetic differences compared to the general elderly population. Some high-risk individuals still belong to the superager category. This raises questions about potential protective factors that mitigate genetic risks.
Identifying unique cellular markers related to hyperaging, we’ve found the presence of an abundance of von Economo neurons in superagers. These neurons reside in areas like the anterior cingulate cortex, which exhibits thicker structure in superagers than in younger adults. This region is crucial for attention, directly influencing memory.
Socializing promotes healthy aging
Grant Rooney/Alamy
What lifestyle choices do superagers typically share?
Among the key traits of superagers is their social engagement. Maintaining connections with others, including younger generations, helps stave off loneliness. Many superagers thrive in environments with vibrant social interactions, often mentoring or volunteering alongside younger individuals.
“
You might assume everyone had life handed to them on a silver platter. That’s not what we see. “
Adaptability, perseverance, and resilience also characterize superagers. Their stories often reveal life challenges—ranging from surviving the Holocaust to personal losses—but they consistently demonstrate the ability to bounce back and find joy in their lives.
Dietary habits among superagers vary; not all adhere to strict healthy eating guidelines. Many enjoy their favorite foods, sometimes citing childhood favorites. Physical activity habits differ, ranging from gentle exercises to rigorous fitness routines.
Hearing the stories of Holocaust survivors is incredibly impactful.
One survivor I met, over 90 years old, was filled with life and running a gift shop in a retirement community, showcasing a remarkable ability to connect and share her narrative.
Why is social interaction beneficial for cognitive health?
Engaging in new and challenging activities invigorates our brains. Much like physical exercise strengthens muscles, socializing enhances cognitive resilience. Conversations stimulate brain activity, benefiting overall cognitive function.
How do interactions with younger individuals enhance cognitive engagement for the elderly?
Interactions between generations serve as mutual mentoring opportunities. For instance, an older adult living with their family can help bridge knowledge gaps spanning music and cultural references, providing enriching conversational experiences.
Is it possible for cognitively advantaged individuals to become more social rather than socialize to become cognitively proficient?
We must carefully differentiate between correlation and causation. While cognitive abilities may facilitate social interactions, sustaining those connections appears to play a crucial role in cognitive decline mitigation.
“
The daily martini is how they make connections and find a calming point. “
Do superagers indulge in unhealthy habits, or do they strictly adhere to a healthy lifestyle?
Many superagers assert that their longevity is a product of balance. Some mention enjoying daily martinis as a social ritual rather than endorsing alcohol consumption. These moments provide them with a sense of connection and relaxation.
What advice would you offer those seeking to become superagers?
Genetics, once perceived as determining fate, is now understood to be more intricate. While not entirely in our control, our environments and choices can influence outcomes significantly. Social connections are paramount; make an effort to reach out and nurture friendships rather than isolating yourself.
Satellite images reveal a significant phytoplankton bloom in the Arctic Ocean near Svalbard, contributing to a noticeable green hue.
Credit: European Union, Copernicus Sentinel 2 images
Melting sea ice in the Arctic is increasingly allowing sunlight to penetrate, which supports the growth of phytoplankton and other marine life. However, this phenomenon is causing nutrient depletion in certain areas, potentially disrupting the ecosystems that support seals, polar bears, and commercial fish populations in the North Atlantic.
Phytoplankton, essential photosynthetic organisms, serve as the foundation of the marine food web. Recent studies indicate unprecedented increases in phytoplankton blooms, as evidenced by satellite measurements of chlorophyll levels. However, since 2009, overall growth has notably slowed in many regions, particularly on the Atlantic side of the Arctic. Research from Raja Ganeshram and his team at the University of Edinburgh highlights how high phytoplankton levels in the Pacific are depleting nearby nitrate levels, critical for their development.
According to Ganeshram, “Arctic warming impacts ecosystems beyond just sea ice and temperature reductions. This affects food resources both in the Arctic and the North Atlantic, impacting the entire region in ways we are still deciphering.”
Nitrogen is a key nutrient for all forms of plant life, including terrestrial flora and phytoplankton. Recent findings show that nutrient-rich waters from the Pacific, flowing through the Bering Strait into the Chukchi Sea, are vital for sustaining phytoplankton productivity in the Arctic. These nutrients are carried by ocean currents to the Atlantic Ocean, particularly through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard.
The team led by Ganeshram analyzed nutrient data from the Fram Strait, gathered during icebreaker missions from 1998 to 2023. Their findings reveal a significant decline in nitrate levels since 2009, coinciding with a shift toward reduced sea ice extents. Most nitrate influx from the Pacific is absorbed in the Chukchi Sea, where melting ice exposes waters to more sunlight.
This increased phytoplankton growth leads to higher rates of decomposition, as aerobic bacteria break down the organic material, consuming oxygen. Once the available oxygen is exhausted, anaerobic microorganisms take over, decomposing phytoplankton and depleting nitrates. By the time these waters reach the Fram Strait, a vital nutrient has been lost.
This depletion means that diatoms, a type of algae that thrives in nitrate-rich environments, are no longer prevalent in the Fram Strait. Currently, microplankton dominate, as they can efficiently utilize nitrogen from ammonium sources. This shift may disrupt food chains, as smaller zooplankton must consume these smaller phytoplankton before they can transfer energy to larger organisms, further compounding the challenges for fisheries and human communities reliant on marine resources.
The changing dynamics of nutrient flow into the North Atlantic is expected to alter phytoplankton composition, with significant implications for commercial fisheries. These results suggest that phytoplankton growth is increasingly limited by nutrient availability rather than by sunlight, signaling a potential halt in growth across the Arctic Ocean. According to Jean-Eric Tremblay, a researcher at Laval University in Quebec City, not involved in the study, “This shows the Arctic Ocean may not become the future oasis we hope for. Increased phytoplankton production could enhance denitrification, further depleting nitrates and reducing productivity.”
The researchers conclude that the Arctic ecosystem has likely crossed a tipping point. “While year-to-year variations may occur, the recovery of sea ice to previous states is improbable,” says Marta Santos Garcia, also from the University of Edinburgh. “The ongoing loss of nitrate is unlikely to be reversible.”
New research indicates divergent brain connectivity in people with autism, showing both enhanced and diminished inter-brain region connections.
Puwadol Jaturautchai/Alamy
Recent studies show that individuals diagnosed with autism may present either strong or weak neural connectivity patterns. These variations are linked to distinct mechanisms within the brain, hinting at the existence of multiple autism subtypes.
“We have identified major autism subtypes associated with differing biological mechanisms,” notes Alessandro Gozzi from the Italian Polytechnic University in Rovereto.
Autism, often viewed through the lens of neurodiversity, affects approximately 780 individuals per 100,000. Common traits include social interaction challenges, sensitivity to sensory stimuli, and restricted interests. However, the intensity and manifestation of these traits vary widely.
For years, neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been used to identify unique autism signatures in the brain. “No definitive single signature has yet been identified,” Gozzi states. Some researchers have observed hyperconnectivity in some brain regions, while others have noted low connectivity or a combination of both patterns.
Many previous studies overlooked autism’s diversity, according to Gozzi. To address this, his team studied 20 mouse models with mutations in genes linked to human autism. fMRI results showed variations in connectivity; eleven strains demonstrated primarily hypoconnectivity while nine showed hyperconnectivity.
“These conflicting connectivity signatures are indicative of different underlying mechanisms,” Gozzi explains. They mapped protein interactions associated with the mutated genes. Mice with lower connectivity showed interactions with synapse-related proteins, while hyperconnected mice interacted with proteins linked to gene regulation and immune function.
Furthermore, the research team analyzed fMRI data from 940 autism patients compared to 1,036 age-matched controls. Among the autistic participants, 24% exhibited hypoconnectivity and 17% hyperconnectivity. “At least two biologically distinct autism subtypes are evident,” Gozzi asserts.
Nevertheless, 59% of the autistic population does not fit into these classifications, potentially due to the specific genes selected for study. “Our findings do not suggest these are the only subtypes,” Gozzi clarifies. These were merely the ones detectable through their research methods.
Natalie Sauerwald, a researcher at New York’s Flatiron Institute, concurs that there may be additional, yet unidentified, subtypes of autism. She emphasizes that this work sheds light on autism’s heterogeneity and the biological factors involved.
Challenges persist in utilizing animal models for autism research. Humans have numerous genes, each with minimal individual effects on autism risk. Consequently, studied mice may not represent the full spectrum of autism, as noted by Sauerwald.
Some of the genes examined also relate to developmental delays. Thus, studies like this may only reflect individuals with autism who experience developmental deviations, rather than those without.
Looking ahead, connecting genetics, brain connectivity, and behavioral traits will be crucial to fully understanding autism’s diversity, according to Sauerwald.
A remarkable new species of walking shark has been discovered off the coast of Papua New Guinea, capable of traversing coral reefs with most of its body out of the water.
Local fishermen have long observed this unique fish, known as Kadededewa, which translates to “dog shark” or “lazy shark.”
This newly classified shark belongs to the Hemiscyllium genus, commonly referred to as walking sharks or epaulette sharks. These fascinating sea creatures navigate by using their pectoral fins like legs and are typically found in Australia and New Guinea.
The new species has been named Hemiscyllium dudgeonae, in honor of Christine Dudgeon, a professor at the University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland, who was part of the team that formally identified this species.
Dudgeon first encountered this walking shark in March 2025, while swimming in a seagrass meadow in Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, only a meter deep.
Initially searching for another species, she unexpectedly stumbled upon the shark: “It was very slow, and after spending some time in the water, I noticed it swimming near the bottom,” she recalled.
Using a flashlight to illuminate the shark, which measured approximately three-quarters of a meter, caused it to freeze in a defensive response. Dudgeon then carefully used a technique called “flip and tuck” to secure the shark for study.
Christine Dudgeon with Hemiscyllium dudgeonae
Nesha Ichida
Once securely captured, Dudgeon passed the shark to her colleague, Jess Blakeway, who was stationed on a nearby drifting boat.
Blakeway noted the distinct color pattern immediately, which differed from previously studied species: “It was evident that this shark was unique compared to other documented species,” she stated.
While the other nine known species of walking sharks predominantly feed on invertebrates from the ocean floor, they share similarities in size and appearance. Their skin patterns are their most distinguishing feature.
The species researchers anticipated discovering displayed more leopard-like markings; however, Hemiscilium dudgeonae exhibits a unique arrangement reminiscent of Braille or Morse code, according to Blakeway.
Over the following days, researchers captured 11 additional specimens from the surrounding areas, of which three were retained for detailed study and nine released after sampling.
This species is thought to reside exclusively within the coral reefs of Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea.
Nesha Ichida
In the lab, DNA testing confirmed that this new shark species is genetically distinctive from its relatives.
However, the walking sharks of Papua New Guinea face critical threats from habitat destruction, driven by coastal development, expanding palm oil plantations, and coral bleaching.
Researchers believe that Hemiscyllium dudgeonae may only inhabit the Milne Bay area and could be the most endangered species within this group.
“This species contributes to the incredible biodiversity of Papua New Guinea, but urgent conservation measures are necessary to prevent local extinction,” Blakeway urged.
Ariel Waldman utilized a macro probe lens to capture stunning images of microbial mats in Antarctica’s desert valleys.
Image Credit: Ariel Waldman
Ariel Waldman stands amidst an alien landscape reminiscent of Mars. Below her lie fragments of rock and barren soil, while jagged mountains glisten with dusty ice. Despite being on Earth, she is in the dry valleys of Antarctica—an expansive, deep brown region nestled between frozen mountains and ancient glaciers. In her new documentary series, Unearthed Life, Waldman elegantly articulates the notion that our planet may be more extraterrestrial than we realize.
Her captivating six-episode series, available on PBS and YouTube, is an exploration of the hidden world beneath Earth’s surface. As a member of a soil science team in Antarctica, Waldman employs a macro probe lens and advanced camera technology to document microscopic landscapes and overlooked wildlife, highlighting ecosystems that are rapidly changing due to climate change.
From the seemingly barren canyons of Antarctica to the vibrant swamps of North America, Waldman introduces viewers to microscopic animals such as nematodes, rotifers, and tardigrades. These minuscule yet significant creatures play a vital role in sustaining our ecosystems. Remarkably, she documented her Antarctic expedition solo.
Sitting in her cozy San Francisco office, adorned with cabinets full of microscopes and photographic gear, Waldman’s passion lies in documenting the fragile environments of Antarctica and the prairies before they could vanish. “To create a nature documentary about the dry valleys of Antarctica,” she emphasized, “you need a microscope to reveal the hidden life. The same principle applies to the prairies, where most biomass lurks beneath the surface.”
As the official curator of the San Francisco Microscopy Society, Waldman aims to promote the importance of observing soil through a microscope, akin to how we gaze at the stars through a telescope. Her series, Unearthed Life, showcases tardigrades—resilient creatures that thrive in extreme conditions, hinting at the types of life we may find in outer space.
Connecting Science and Community
Waldman’s journey began at NASA, where she founded Space Hack, a platform connecting citizen scientists to space exploration initiatives. She pioneered CubeSat, enabling DIY satellites to enter orbit, and established Science Hack Day, fostering collaboration between scientists and enthusiasts on diverse projects.
In our pre-Antarctica meeting, Waldman’s primary concern was fitting her extensive equipment into her luggage. Her educational background in graphic design informs her mission: not just to research the planet, but to visually connect people with its wonders. She encourages everyone to acquire an affordable microscope and explore the hidden life around them, believing that this awareness will foster conservation efforts.
Inspired by Eames’ acclaimed film 10 Powers, Waldman emphasizes the significance of scale in understanding our cosmic context. This perspective drives her to employ both microscopes and aerial drones in her explorations. “Humans appear either insignificant or monumental in the universe, depending on your viewpoint,” she reflected, highlighting how technology reveals the virtually invisible aspects of life.
Waldman aspires for Unearthed Life to ignite curiosity and inspire a new generation to utilize microscopes, unveiling the hidden diversity of wildlife beneath our feet. To truly appreciate the marvels of nature, we must start observing the unseen.
For those prone to vomiting while riding in the passenger seat, it’s commonly recommended to avoid reading, limit screen time, and take frequent breaks. Additionally, medications like scopolamine or antihistamines may alleviate symptoms.
Interestingly, listening to the radio can also serve as an effective remedy. This idea is backed by recent research from China.
According to the study, participants engaged in a driving simulator for three minutes and then listened to music or practiced meditation for one minute.
Music categorized as “calm” or “happy” was found to be more effective in reducing motion sickness compared to “passionate” music, while “sad” tunes tended to exacerbate discomfort.
This article addresses the question, “What is the best way to stop getting carsick?” (asked via e-mail by Joshua Howard).
If you have any questions, please reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a messageFacebook, Twitter or Instagram (please include your name and location).
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Since child psychiatrist Leo Kanner documented the first case of autism in 1943, this neurodevelopmental condition has evoked both fascination and fear, potentially more than any other. This intense scrutiny has unfortunately perpetuated decades of misunderstandings.
In Kanner’s early work, he proposed the discredited “refrigerator mother” theory, suggesting that emotionally distant parenting causes autism. This myth has been thoroughly debunked, yet it contributed to a lasting stigma that persists today.
Fast forward to 2026, and scientific advancements such as gene sequencing, sophisticated AI, and lab-engineered “mini-brains” offer unprecedented insights into the development of autistic traits. Yet, as research progresses, misinformation continues to proliferate, aided by flawed studies and social media influencers misinforming parents seeking clarity.
Let’s debunk some of the most common misconceptions surrounding autism.
Myth 1: Autism is an epidemic
In spring 2025, the CDC released a report that many incorrectly interpret as evidence of an autism “epidemic.” This interpretation is misleading. David Mandell, a Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Pennsylvania, explains that much of the rise reflects significant changes in how autism is diagnosed and identified.
Since the 1990s, the diagnostic criteria have expanded, allowing more individuals who once exhibited “mild” characteristics, such as subtle social communication differences or strict routines, to receive formal diagnoses.
“There’s been a substantial shift in the definition of autism, leading to an increase in diagnosed cases,” says Mandel.
Myth 2: Vaccines increase the risk of autism
Despite overwhelming scientific evidence to the contrary, the unfounded belief linking childhood vaccinations to autism persists. This misconception gained renewed attention when U.S. Secretary of Health Robert F. Kennedy Jr. reiterated such claims.
Extensive research confirms no connection between vaccines and autism, despite ongoing claims circulating online and in public discourse. – Image courtesy of Getty Images
Concerns primarily focus on thimerosal, a vaccine preservative, and the cumulative effect of multiple vaccinations. However, numerous studies have found no evidence supporting these claims. “More than a dozen rigorous studies indicate no connection between thimerosal and autism,” Mandel emphasizes.
Myth 3: All autistic people are geniuses
As noted by Fred Volkmar, Professor of Child Psychiatry at Yale, the stereotype that all autistic individuals possess extraordinary abilities is both misleading and frustrating.
Films often reinforce the “autistic genius” stereotype, overshadowing the rich diversity of autistic abilities. – Image courtesy of Getty Images
Current research shows that around 30% of autistic individuals have an intellectual disability, while 40-70% experience language impairments. “Only about one in ten autistic individuals possesses isolated skills, and this doesn’t denote genius,” Volkmar remarks.
Myth 4: Taking paracetamol increases the risk of autism
In September 2025, claims emerged from President Donald Trump suggesting that paracetamol could lead to autism, a statement that alarmed researchers. This idea stemmed from recent research linking medication use to neurodevelopmental conditions.
Links between pain medication and autism risk often stem from underlying medical conditions rather than the medications themselves. – Image courtesy of Getty Images
Many pregnant women use paracetamol to manage fevers caused by infections, which are significant autism risk factors. “The reasons women take Tylenol often contribute to developmental delays in children,” explains Mandel.
Myth 5: Autism can be treated by removing heavy metals
Worries about autism as an “epidemic” have led to increased interest in environmental toxins, notably heavy metals. Some doctors now offer “chelation therapy” as a supposed remedy.
Chelation therapy aims to eliminate heavy metals from the bloodstream but can have deadly consequences. – Image credit: Getty Images
However, Lucia Peixoto, an Associate Professor at Washington State University, cautions that not only is there no evidence supporting the efficacy of chelation therapy, but it can also pose serious risks. “These treatments often profit from unproven methods,” she states.
Myth 6: Autistic people don’t feel emotions
Misunderstandings arise from the difficulty some autistic individuals have in reading social cues, which can mask their emotional depth. – Image courtesy: Getty Images
For decades, autistic individuals have been depicted as logical but devoid of emotion, even by their families. While some may struggle with emotional identification, this does not negate their emotional capacity; many actually possess intense emotional experiences.
Just because they struggle with reading social cues doesn’t mean they lack empathy. As Daniel Geschwind, a professor of neuroscience and genetics at UCLA, notes, “Autistic children can form strong emotional bonds.”
Myth 7: A gluten-free diet can reverse autism
In summer 2024, a controversial study claimed that adopting a gluten-free and dairy-free diet could “cure” autism, which quickly gained traction online.
While gluten-free diets may provide comfort-related benefits, they do not change the nature of autism, a fact often overstated. – Image credit: Getty Images
Claims of dietary changes preventing autism have been disproven multiple times. Though autistic children have a higher incidence of gastrointestinal issues and dietary adjustments can ease discomfort, it doesn’t cure autism. “They are still autistic; improved comfort should not be mistaken for neurodevelopmental change,” explains Geschwind.
Copper diacetylbis(4-methyl-3-thiosemicarbazone), commonly known as Cu (ATSM), has demonstrated significant potential in rejuvenating vital waste clearance mechanisms in the brain, reducing harmful amyloid beta accumulation, and enhancing spatial memory in a laboratory model of Alzheimer’s disease. This study was conducted by a dedicated research team at Monash University.
The study leveraged the APP/PS1 mouse model for familial Alzheimer’s disease to assess how Cu(ATSM) affects cerebral microvascular integrity and P-glycoprotein activity, influencing amyloid beta clearance, brain amyloid levels, and cognitive abilities. Image credit: Pyun et al., doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6c00252.
Alzheimer’s disease arises from the accumulation of the toxic protein amyloid beta.
Under normal circumstances, the brain eliminates these proteins through the blood-brain barrier into the bloodstream.
In Alzheimer’s patients, a critical pump known as P-glycoprotein becomes significantly impaired, leading to a buildup of toxic proteins in the brain.
“This innovative treatment effectively targets cerebral blood vessels to decrease toxic protein levels, resulting in noteworthy behavioral improvements,” explained lead researcher Dr. Jae Pyung. The findings are detailed in their published paper in ACS Chemical Neuroscience.
“This study marks the first instance demonstrating that Cu(ATSM) can enhance P-glycoprotein clearance by 24.1% in an Alzheimer’s disease context, thereby connecting the restoration of the blood-brain barrier to decreased toxic protein levels and improved cognitive capacity.”
“By bolstering this pump mechanism, the brain can effectively eradicate trapped waste materials.”
“Over a 56-day treatment period, Cu(ATSM) reduced harmful amyloid beta levels by 42% and enhanced spatial learning abilities by nearly 44%.”
“Given that this compound has already undergone safety evaluations for other medical conditions, it shows great promise for swift progression into human clinical trials,” stated Professor Joseph Nicolazzo, the senior author.
“Cu(ATSM) is a copper-based compound with notable anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective characteristics, currently undergoing clinical trials for diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.”
“These preclinical findings strongly advocate for further investigation of this drug in early symptomatic Alzheimer’s disease, as reducing amyloid levels is clinically validated to enhance functional outcomes.”
While Cu(ATSM) effectively lowers amyloid accumulation, researchers are still deciphering the precise biological pathways that facilitate protein clearance from the brain.
Apart from its role in repairing the blood-brain barrier, there is speculation that copper treatment might empower the brain’s immune cells, known as microglia, to ingest and degrade toxic plaques.
“Future investigations will concentrate on elucidating the exact clearance mechanisms that allow proteins to exit the brain and enter circulation,” the research team remarked.
“This breakthrough establishes a robust basis for exploring biometallic therapies like Cu(ATSM) to counteract vascular dysfunction and cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease.”
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Jaepyeong et al. Cu(ATSM) enhances blood-brain barrier P-glycoprotein levels and promotes cognitive function in the APP/PS1 mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. ACS Chem. Neuroscience published online on May 30, 2026. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.6c00252
Paleontologists have unearthed 13 fossilized teeth deep within a limestone cave in southern China, belonging to the species Gigantopithecus brachy, the largest known primate species in history. This groundbreaking discovery provides crucial insights into the species’ adaptability during significant climate changes between 1.2 million and 700,000 years ago, thereby filling important gaps in the fossil record.
Artist’s impression of a herd of Gigantopithecus brachy in the forests of southern China. Image credit: Garcia / Joannes-Boyau, Southern Cross University.
Gigantopithecus brachy was an extinct great ape inhabiting the jungles of Southeast Asia.
This impressive primate surpassed modern gorillas, standing up to 3 meters (10 feet) tall and weighing as much as 540 kg.
This species existed from approximately 2.3 million years ago until its extinction roughly between 295,000 and 215,000 years ago.
First described in 1935 by German-Dutch anthropologist Gustav von Königswald, the species was based on an isolated tooth discovered in a Hong Kong pharmacy.
The fossil record for Gigantopithecus brachy includes several thousand teeth and a limited number of jawbones.
“Gigantopithecus brachy is hypothesized to have been the largest primate species,” stated paleontologist Dr. Yanyang Yao from Shandong University, Nanning Normal University, and Guangxi Museum of Anthropology, alongside colleagues in China.
“Their fossil record primarily dates back to the Early Pleistocene and continues into the Middle Pleistocene, but material from the Early to Middle Pleistocene transition (1.2 million to 700,000 years ago) remains relatively rare.”
Yanli Dong, Chongzuo City, Guangxi Province, China. Image credit: Yao et al., doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2026.0010.
Paleontologists successfully uncovered 13 teeth of Gigantopithecus brachy, including both upper and lower canines, premolars, and molars, at Yanli Cave 1 in Chongzuo City, Guangxi Province, China.
This significant find dates accurately to the Early Middle Pleistocene Transition (EMPT), a period characterized by cooler, drier climates and increasing glacial influence.
Estimated ages of the fossils are derived from associated animal fossils rather than direct dating of the teeth.
Researchers identified specimens from 30 species across six orders, including relatives of orangutans, tigers, clouded leopards, tapirs, Javan rhinos, stegodons, and Asian elephants.
Notably, two species in this assemblage provided valuable information for dating. The Airuropoda oolinshanensis represents a giant panda characteristic of the late Early Pleistocene, while Airuropoda melanoluca bakoni typifies a panda subspecies of the Middle Pleistocene.
The co-occurrence of both species strongly indicates that this deposit was formed during the transition between these two epochs.
“This faunal assemblage is indicative of the biostratigraphic age of EMPT,” the researchers stated.
The fossils of Gigantopithecus brachy found in Yanli Cave 1 appear to showcase ongoing evolutionary changes.
Some specimens exhibit the relatively small tooth sizes typical of early populations, while others approach the larger dimensions found in later populations, likely reflecting dietary adaptations.
“Comparative analyses of tooth dimensions of Gigantopithecus fossils from other sites indicated that some specimens from Yanli Cave 1 retain the smaller size characteristics prevalent in early Early Pleistocene populations,” the scientists noted.
“Conversely, other specimens approach the larger tooth sizes common in late Early Pleistocene populations and the extensive size ranges recorded in Middle Pleistocene populations.”
“These findings align with our biochronological assessments.”
“Following discoveries at Queque Cave and Zhanwang Cave, both located in nearby Chongzuo, Yanli Cave 1 represents the third significant EMPT site. This regional focus is likely to provide essential evidence for understanding dental evolutionary patterns and adaptive strategies in response to climate change during the EMPT.”
Yanyang Yao et al. 2026. Discovery of Gigantopithecus brachy in Yanli Cave 1, Chongzuo City, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, during the transition period between the Early and Middle Pleistocene. Chinese Anthropology Methods 45 (02): 199-209; doi: 10.16359/j.1000-3193/AAS.2026.0010
In contrast to many of NASA’s flagship missions, the Roman Telescope was successfully delivered on budget and ahead of schedule. However, achieving this milestone was not without its challenges, according to Benford.
“Bringing this observatory to life in space has been a significant focus of my professional journey, and throughout the years, it felt like a relentless struggle,” he stated.
The Roman Telescope project has faced significant interruptions, including the COVID-19 pandemic and two long government shutdowns in U.S. history. Initially, NASA aimed for a launch by May 2027 at the latest.
The observatory is scheduled to launch atop a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket. Following its launch, the Roman Telescope will journey for over three months to reach its orbital destination. Upon arrival, mission controllers will test the observatory’s instruments before commencing scientific observations.
NASA employees and guests view the Nancy Grace Roman Telescope in the clean room. Jason Andrew, NBC News
If all goes according to plan, Benford anticipates that the telescope’s first images will be revealed by the end of this year.
“It could be around Christmas time; hopefully, it will make for a delightful present,” he remarked.
Currently, NASA has no major space telescope initiatives in the pipeline. The agency is considering a mission called the Habitable World Observatory aimed at discovering signs of life on exoplanets, but this project won’t launch until the 2040s.
The impending launch of the Roman Telescope holds special significance for Goddard Space Flight Center employees, many of whom also contributed to the Hubble and Webb missions.
“The excitement is overwhelming; I’ve dedicated a substantial part of my career to this project,” shared mission systems engineer Mark Melton. He anticipates shedding tears upon the telescope’s deployment.
“It started as a concept, and now it’s a reality,” he concluded.
Is a revolutionary, error-free quantum computer on the horizon? Researchers at the renowned quantum computing firm QuEra assert that a breakthrough could be achieved as early as 2025.
Quantum computing technology is advancing rapidly, and the industry’s growth is staggering. One major barrier hindering its application in fields like chemistry, materials science, and drug development is the high error rates of quantum computers, limiting their calculation capacities. QuEra’s Yuval Boger and his team are confident they have strategies to overcome this challenge.
QuEra’s upcoming quantum computer, named Libra, is designed to be fault-tolerant, meaning it has the ability to identify and correct its own errors. Scheduled for cloud deployment in collaboration with Amazon Web Services (AWS), Libra is projected to be operational by 2028. Currently, no fully functional, fault-tolerant quantum computers exist; Boger likens this milestone to “breaking the sound barrier.”
The qubits in Libra are crafted from electrically neutral atoms at subzero temperatures and managed using laser technology. The system is expected to operate with 10,000 to 15,000 qubits, arranged into 256 logical qubit clusters. Remarkably, even if the individual qubits are unreliable, they will only falter once in a million instances.
QuEra anticipates that Libra will facilitate “mega-quops,” or one million operations. In 2025, quantum expert John Preskill at the California Institute of Technology noted that this mega-quop machine could herald a new chapter in quantum computing. However, achieving this vision will require significant advancements: the largest neutral atom qubit array today contains just 6,100 qubits and hasn’t been applied to calculations, while the record for error-correction among logical qubits stands at 48. Major players like IBM predict the introduction of fault-tolerant quantum computers by 2029.
Jonathan King from Atom Computing, which develops its own neutral atom quantum computer, suggests that achieving a fully functional system will necessitate integrating various scientific and technological breakthroughs beyond laboratory prototypes. QuEra operates five experimental machines to refine Libra’s components, including the replacement of defective atoms due to increased temperatures, optimizing laser power management, and system integration.
“The balance is shifting from 90% science to 10% engineering, leaning more towards engineering,” Boger explains. The team is also improving the interaction between traditional computing systems used to monitor and control qubits, collaborating with AWS to incorporate Libra into the substantial cloud infrastructure.
“There’s still much work ahead,” reflects Thomas Wong from Creighton University, who adds, “We might reach this goal by 2028, but it could also take several more years.” Joe Fitzsimmons from Horizon Quantum Computing notes that although Libra’s ambitions are significant, QuEra has a strong history of making progress in error correction for quantum systems. While various techniques exist to develop qubits, the neutral atom method has an edge when it comes to converting between qubits and logical qubits.
Assuming everything unfolds smoothly, one major question remains: What capabilities will the MegaQuop machine offer? According to Boger, it is particularly suited for simulating intricate systems in physics and materials science that remain beyond the reach of conventional or existing quantum computers. He hopes researchers will leverage it to create new quantum computing algorithms for future fault-tolerant systems. “I wouldn’t be surprised if most of the truly impactful algorithms have yet to be discovered,” he asserts.
Wong envisions Libra as a potential “discovery machine” that could spur a multitude of innovative applications. “I believe QuEra aims to shape the future of research so the community can determine how to best utilize 256 logical qubits,” he concludes.
AI-Powered Laundry Folding Robot by Physical Intelligence
Credit: Physical Intelligence
In San Francisco, freshly brewed coffee is being crafted by robots in a state-of-the-art facility, showcasing the rising integration of robotic technology in our everyday lives. Although robots have been serving coffee for years, the advanced AI behind this process offers a broad skill set beyond just brewing. These robots are capable of performing various tasks, such as folding laundry, peeling vegetables, and even kitchen cleaning, which is remarkable for technologies still in their infancy.
Founded in 2024, Physical Intelligence is leading the charge towards a future where robots seamlessly integrate into daily routines. The startup focuses on creating versatile control systems that enhance productivity across multiple tasks and different machines, similar to the humanoid robots developed by Tesla and Boston Dynamics, as well as Amazon’s industrial robots.
The concept of general robotic intelligence has long been an aspiration within the robotics community. Yet just as large language models (LLMs) revolutionized AI chatbots in the early 2020s through advanced computing techniques, breakthrough innovations in physical intelligence promise to elevate robotics to new heights.
Sergei Levin from the University of California, Berkeley, a co-founder of Physical Intelligence, remarked, “In many fields, having more data complicates matters. However, in AI, it facilitates learning from a diverse array of information, making the development process smoother.”
The evolution of LLMs has given rise to the Vision-Language-Action (VLA) model, significantly influencing Physical Intelligence’s research direction. Instead of learning tasks individually, VLA capitalizes on LLMs to convert general commands into actionable steps, empowering robots to execute a multitude of tasks. According to Ingmar Posner from Oxford University, “[VLAs] represent an exciting frontier in robotic learning, as they predict necessary movements instead of simply anticipating the next word in a conversation.
One of the critical obstacles in programming robots lies in the vast array of real-world scenarios that require adaptability. Conventional methods often struggle to amass sufficient data for learning effectively. Levine notes that while automating learning seems ideal, developers commonly avoid it due to the substantial data-gathering efforts required: “In theory, automation could simplify the process, but in practice, obtaining enough application-specific data often outweighs the manual work needed.”
By leveraging VLA capabilities, Levine and his team aim to minimize the data required for robots to thrive. In a boardroom setting, staff members were instructing robots on mundane tasks like folding shirts and organizing gifts. Adjacent to their main lab are two extensive warehouses designed like a faux supermarket and living spaces, facilitating real-world training scenarios for the robots. Additionally, they have begun introducing robots to actual homes to evaluate their capabilities in unpredictable environments.
Physical Intelligence’s Headquarters in San Francisco
Credit: Alex Wilkins
This immersive training environment is crucial for progress, with robots learning generalization techniques that allow them to tackle tasks they’ve never encountered before. For instance, a recent AI model named π0.7 successfully prepared sweet potatoes using an air fryer, simply by following step-by-step verbal directions—including methods the AI had never been explicitly trained on.
Levine expressed astonishment at the rapid advancements made in just two years since launching Physical Intelligence. “The progress has exceeded our expectations,” he noted.
Interest from other companies is growing, with many well-funded startups and industry giants like Amazon and Google DeepMind working on their own general-purpose robotic solutions.
Although the field is advancing quickly, predicting the speed of future developments remains challenging. While AI entities such as OpenAI and Anthropic are notably progressing, robotics innovation typically occurs at a more gradual pace. This is exemplified by Moravec’s paradox: while robots can excel at strategizing in games or IQ tests, they often struggle to acquire fundamental perceptual and motor skills akin to those of a toddler.
Posner remains cautious, suggesting that the amount of data needed for practical robot deployment in real-world settings is still an open question. “We see early signs indicating potential breakthroughs, but whether this will yield viable applications in the near future is uncertain.”
Prominent researchers like Posner acknowledge the intrinsic challenges posed by human interaction with robots. “Humans tend to push robots to their limits, largely for entertainment,” he stated. “Is a scalable business model for such technology feasible? At this stage, it seems highly improbable.”
Innovative IVF Technology: Enhancing Success Rates by Utilizing Internal Processes
Credit: Zephyr/Science Photo Library
Recent advancements in IVF technology involve creating embryos from magnetized spermatozoa, allowing them to be guided remotely to eggs. This groundbreaking method facilitates in vivo fertilization, reducing invasiveness while potentially increasing success rates in assisted reproduction.
“Our ultimate vision is to utilize the body as a natural incubator for assisted reproduction,” states Mariana Medina Sanchez, a researcher at CIC nanoGUNE in Spain.
Low sperm count or motility can complicate natural conception, making IVF a challenging process. Traditional IVF involves invasive steps such as hormone injections and egg retrieval, which can lead to side effects and unsuccessful cycles. The artificial environment often negatively impacts embryo viability due to multiple manipulations.
To combat these issues, Medina Sanchez and her team developed a method for transporting sperm through the female reproductive tract to the fallopian tubes, enabling fertilization under natural conditions. By applying a weak magnetic field, researchers transformed sperm into magnetic entities, which can be directed into the body seamlessly. “We aimed to create a sperm preparation protocol that integrates into standard IVF workflows, so we consulted IVF specialists,” Medina Sanchez elaborates.
The research team incubated cow sperm with tiny iron oxide and polystyrene magnetic beads, with about 30 beads attaching to the sperm’s head, leaving the tail free for movement. Tests confirmed that magnetized sperm showed no adverse effects on swimming speed or overall health.
After incubating magnetic sperm with eggs, the researchers noted that embryo formation rates were comparable to those of non-magnetic sperm. The beads detached from the sperm upon entering the egg, without affecting initial embryo development.
The researchers demonstrated that external magnetic fields could accurately direct magnetic sperm toward eggs during experiments in vitro.
“This represents a significant breakthrough and validates our concept,” states Kylie Dunning from the University of Adelaide, Australia. “However, several challenges remain before this can enter clinical practice,” she warns, highlighting the need to prove that magnetic sperm can reach fallopian tubes and successfully fertilize eggs outside laboratory settings, ultimately resulting in healthy pregnancies.
The visibility of magnetic beads on ultrasound provides an advantage for tracking sperm locations within the body. Encouragingly, preliminary findings have indicated that entire embryos, incorporated with small magnetic structures, can be navigated into mouse fallopian tubes using external magnets.
Once detached, the beads are expected to be naturally expelled by the body’s waste removal system. However, if necessary, they can be extracted using a magnet attached to a catheter, according to Medina Sanchez. “This holds great promise for the future of assisted reproduction,” she concludes.
Banning Social Media for Under-16s: Transforming Childhoods
Anna Barclay/Getty Images
The UK government is set to implement a ban on social media use for children under 16 by early next year, mirroring a similar policy that took effect in Australia in 2025. This initiative aims to safeguard children’s welfare over corporate profits. However, the effectiveness of this ban is still under scrutiny. How will scientists assess its impact?
As Professor Pete Etchells of Bath Spa University highlights, “There’s no evidence either way.” His team is collaborating with the Australian government to evaluate the repercussions of their national ban while advising the UK government. “This is very new territory,” he adds.
The Wellcome Trust is spearheading research in the UK and is actively involved in the IRL trial based in Bradford. The study includes around 4,000 participants aged 12 to 15 from 10 schools who use an app to monitor their social media habits. Notably, half of these children will face restrictions on social media access. Preliminary findings are expected next year, coinciding with the implementation of the new ban, although Katherine Sebastian from the Wellcome Trust emphasizes that these insights will still inform policy decisions.
This research will enhance existing studies, which often rely on subjective self-reports from children and parents about social media usage. In contrast, this objective approach marks a significant advancement, especially considering that intervention studies are notably scarce. As Etchells notes, “If we’re discussing significant mental health shifts, changes won’t be noticeable overnight.”
Australia’s ban was enacted in December, but its long-term effects are still unfolding. Once a national ban is established, conducting controlled studies becomes increasingly challenging, complicating the assessment of broader social impacts on populations before and after the ban.
For the time being, Sebastian is gearing up for further studies, anticipating some results post-ban. The UK government is expected to introduce this bill in parliament by Christmas, aiming for implementation in early 2027.
The Wellcome Trust is inviting 14 research teams to propose studies on the impact of social media on youth well-being, with plans to fund various approaches to maximize data collection for conclusive results.
Some of these studies will follow existing cohorts, regularly interviewing participants about their mental health before and after the ban. Others may utilize real-time assessments through text messages for immediate feedback. Alternative methods might analyze already collected data, such as hospital admissions or school absenteeism rates.
Although there’s optimism for insights following the ban, Sebastian believes the outcomes may vary. While some positive effects could arise, challenges may also emerge due to the disruption of online support networks.
The long-term impact of this ban may evolve over years, especially as today’s children transition to adulthood without social media exposure. “This is not a finished conversation,” warns Sebastian. “Policies might need reevaluation, shaped continuously by our findings and others.”
Currently, some experts express concern about the UK government’s hesitance to address mental health issues among youth without adequate data. Professor Holly Bear from Oxford University argues that a blanket age ban is a “blunt weapon” and surpasses what current evidence justifies, but acknowledges that Wellcome’s research presents an opportunity to evaluate whether such measures are beneficial, harmful, or inconclusive.
A critical obstacle to effective research and policy implementation could be users circumventing bans. Preliminary reports indicate age verification technology may be fooled by screenshots of video game characters, and VPNs enable users to connect from regions without age restrictions.
A research initiative by the Molly Rose Foundation in Australia revealed that 61% of children aged 12 to 15 had accounts on restricted platforms before the ban took effect, affirming concerns that a similar move in the UK could be a “high-stakes gamble.”
If you or someone you know needs support, contact British Samaritans at 116123 (samaritans.org) or the US Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 (988lifeline.org). For assistance in other countries, visit bit.ly/SuicideHelplines.
Paleontologists have recently identified a new genus and three new species of small insect-eating marsupials from early Miocene deposits at the Riversleigh World Heritage Site in Northwest Queensland, one of Australia’s most prolific fossil sites. Comparative and evolutionary analyses suggest that these new species are part of a newly recognized branch in the marsupial family tree, termed Keenamorphia. This lineage may represent some of Australia’s earliest marsupials, potentially tracing its origins back to Gondwana.
Reconstruction of Phantasmodon traviloni in the early Miocene rainforest of Northwest Queensland. Image credit: Peter Schouten.
The three newly identified marsupial species, Phantasmodon traviloni, Phantasmodon minuferox, and Keenamorphia sp., lived around 18 million years ago, with sizes ranging from shrews to mice (25 to 200 grams).
These species exhibit unique dental characteristics that align them with older Australian species such as Kiuna woodvarney, Ankotarinja tirarensis, and Jarsia murgonensis. The oldest known marsupial from the continent was discovered in 55-million-year-old deposits in southern Queensland.
Collectively, these six species form a lineage that does not fit into any previously recognized order of Australian marsupials.
This new order, called Keenamorphia, represents one of the earliest offshoots of Australidelphia, encompassing all Australian marsupials.
“This discovery not only establishes a new order but may also reveal one of the oldest lineages of Australian marsupials,” stated lead author Dr. Tim Churchill, a paleontologist at the University of New South Wales.
Keenamorphians are thought to have Gondwanan origins, potentially linking the earliest marsupials of Australia with ancient relatives from South America when the two continents were still connected.
This lineage appears to have disappeared during the Miocene, with no known descendants currently.
“The evolutionary history of marsupials is far more intricate than a linear progression leading to all extant Australian marsupials,” Dr. Churchill explained.
“When Australia was part of Gondwana, it was home to a variety of primitive marsupial lineages, and it is probable that some of these contributed to modern species.”
“Much of this history remains obscured in the fossil record, indicating that the early chapters of marsupial evolution are still unfolding.”
For further details, refer to the recent study published in the Paleontology Journal this month.
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Timothy James Churchill, et al. A New Metatherian Order (Keenamorphia, Metatheria) from Australia and New Early Miocene Species from the Riversleigh World Heritage Area in Northwest Queensland. Paleontology Journal published online June 14, 2026. doi: 10.1017/jpa.2026.10238
Astronomers have long been captivated by a mysterious cluster of faint red objects known as “little red dots,” discovered by the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope. Recently, Vasily Kokolev, an astronomer at the University of Texas at Austin, and his team utilized the Webb’s NIRCam and NIRSpec instruments to capture the deepest spectrum of a tiny red dot, named GLIMPSE-17775, ever recorded. The findings reinforce the theory that this object is a supermassive black hole enveloped in a thick cocoon of partially ionized gas, aligning with the BH* (black hole star) model.
This web image depicts the small red dot GLIMPSE-17775 behind galaxy cluster Abel S1063. Credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Vasily Kokorev, UT Austin / Alyssa Pagan, STScI.
“There is a growing consensus in the scientific community that this little red dot can be explained by the black hole star model,” said Kokolev.
“However, none of the other little red dots have presented all the necessary evidence together until now.”
“GLIMPSE-17775 provides an exceptional opportunity to test these models due to its remarkable spectrum,” Kokolev added.
With a cosmological redshift of 3.5, GLIMPSE-17775 existed approximately 1.8 billion years after the Big Bang.
This intriguing object came into view serendipitously during Webb’s observations of the galaxy cluster Abel S1063, which aimed to identify Population III stars and faint early galaxies.
Positioned behind the star cluster, the brightness of the small red dot is enhanced through the phenomenon of gravitational lensing.
“When I first examined the spectrum, it felt like I had scattered puzzle pieces on the floor,” Dr. Kokolev remarked.
“We meticulously measured the lines, fitting the pieces together to form a cohesive picture.”
“Some initial fragments that appeared insignificant suddenly revealed a deeper connection.”
The spectroscopic data gathered by Webb contains multiple lines of evidence confirming the interpretation of GLIMPSE-17775 as a black hole star. This phenomenon occurs when a rapidly accreting black hole is shielded by a dense gas cocoon, which modifies the light emitted near the black hole, producing distinct spectral features.
“Everything aligns perfectly, and this adds depth to our understanding of the universe,” Kokolev expressed.
“In the future, I aspire to delve deeper into what powers the core of this little red dot.”
“While we believe it is a black hole, alternative theories are also intriguing and deserve consideration.”
“We anticipate that, within a year or two, we will have a definitive understanding of the energy sources that drive these phenomena.”
Details from the team’s findings will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Vasily Kokolev and colleagues. 2026. Insights into the dense gas cocoon surrounding GLIMPSE-17775. APJ 1004, 153; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae4ed7.
In a groundbreaking mouse study by scientists at the Dasman Diabetes Research Institute in Kuwait, rodents following a sucrose-free diet exhibited insulin resistance, gut bacterial imbalances, and early signs of fatty liver disease, all while maintaining similar body weights.
Rashid Ahmad and Fatema Burman have found that a sucrose-free, low-fat diet drastically alters gut microbiota diversity, decreasing beneficial short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria and increasing pro-inflammatory species like Helicobacter gammanii, Odoribacter splanchnicus, and Alistipes spp. Image credit: Lourdes Alvarez.
“The complete removal of sucrose from a low-fat diet can unexpectedly compromise gut health, triggering inflammation and metabolic issues,” stated Dr. Rashid Ahmad, the study’s lead author.
Dr. Ahmad and colleague Dr. Fatema Burman analyzed the impacts of a low-fat diet devoid of sucrose against a low-fat control diet for two groups of mice over 16 weeks.
Their assessments included glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, metabolic hormone levels, gut microbiota health, and inflammation in the colon and liver.
Mice on the sucrose-free diet experienced impaired glycemic control, increased insulin resistance, gut microbial imbalances, intestinal inflammation, and signs of fatty liver disease, despite comparable body weights to the control group.
“Our findings indicate that eliminating sucrose from a low-fat diet can negatively impact gut microbiota and overall metabolic health,” Dr. Ahmad remarked.
“This research underscores the critical nature of balanced carbohydrate intake for maintaining intestinal and immune system balance.”
The effects of restrictive diets that exclude sugar from low-fat meals have remained unclear until now.
“This study might reshape dietary guidelines to emphasize the importance of a healthy gut microbiome rather than just focusing on carbohydrate reduction,” Dr. Ahmad added.
“These insights could lead to enhanced strategies for preventing and managing metabolic disorders, fatty liver disease, and chronic inflammatory conditions.”
The authors presented their findings on June 13 at the Endo 2026 Endocrine Society Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois.
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Rashid Ahmad and Fatema Burman. Sucrose-free low-fat diet induces metabolic dysfunction through dysbiosis and colonic inflammation in mice. Endo 2026 abstract number ORF07-04
As climate change alters our planet, glaciers are rapidly retreating, revealing new barren land. Over the coming decades and centuries, this rocky terrain will gradually develop into a thriving ecosystem, marked by lichens and shrubs—a phenomenon known as “new forest.” Ecological inheritance.
Ecologists have meticulously mapped the stages of ecological succession, examining which plant species colonize these newly exposed lands and how they establish dominance. Pioneer species lay the groundwork for secondary growth. Yet, before plants can take root, the soil is already teeming with a diverse community of single-celled microorganisms, preparing the ground for further colonization. Researchers study these microbial communities to better understand the formation of healthy ecosystems.
Newly exposed land often suffers from poor nutrient levels and extreme temperature fluctuations, making it essential for initial colonizing species to overcome these obstacles. Pioneering plant species are habitat generalists, meaning they thrive in various environmental conditions. Furthermore, while all plants convert sunlight and water into carbon and energy, microorganisms can utilize diverse energy sources and often possess genes for multiple metabolic pathways. This led scientists to wonder whether pioneer microorganisms could also be characterized by their metabolic flexibility.
A research team from Monash University in Australia tested this hypothesis by studying areas exposed after the retreat of two glaciers: one on an island near Antarctica and another in the Swiss Alps. The researchers examined soil samples exposed to air for varying durations, tracing different ecological stages following the glaciers’ retreat.
The scientists extracted DNA from these soil samples and employed two sequencing methods. First, they sequenced a specific gene, 16S rRNA, serving as a unique identifier for the diverse microbial species present. This method enabled them to assess community diversity, track species overlap, and identify habitat generalists thriving in different soil conditions.
To explore the metabolic flexibility of these microorganisms, the team employed a second approach known as metagenomics, which sequences all DNA within a sample, rather than just one gene. This technique allowed them to reconstruct full genomes of the microorganisms and gather insights on their metabolic capabilities. They also analyzed soil chemicals, including ammonium and sulfide, alongside atmospheric gases like methane and carbon monoxide, to evaluate how microbes utilized these elements for growth.
Findings revealed that even the most nascent soils harbor microorganisms, illustrating the speed at which life can inhabit new environments. Microbial abundance surged approximately eight-fold in older soils, and species diversity also increased. This signifies the persistence of complex communities over time. Interestingly, the metabolic functions of microorganisms in glacial soils from Antarctica and Switzerland were remarkably similar, suggesting that common selective pressures facilitated the establishment of these new ecosystems.
Researchers were surprised to find that the most prevalent microorganisms in younger soils were actually habitat specialists, rare in older soils. These pioneering microbes, although metabolically flexible, optimally utilize trace atmospheric gases like hydrogen, methane, and carbon monoxide. Many of these organisms may also derive energy from chemicals leached from rocks, such as inorganic sulfur compounds. The researchers posited that pioneer microbes rapidly exploit newly created ecological niches, like soil exposed by retreating glaciers, due to their proficiency in using scarce resources.
Conversely, habitat generalists often dominate in older soils, indicating that in a real-world tortoise-and-hare scenario, habitat specialists are eventually outcompeted by the slower-growing habitat generalists.
The research team concluded that employing varied growth strategies enables microorganisms to adapt effectively to new environments. However, they acknowledged that ecological transitions may differ across landscapes affected by volcanic eruptions, meteorite impacts, and forest fires. They recommend that future studies focus on how microbial communities contribute to these dynamic ecosystems.
Maverick scientists often face skepticism from their more conventional peers. Science thrives on verifiable evidence and consensus, making it difficult for contrarians to gain traction.
Yet, some ideas merit critical examination. For instance, the ketogenic diet, widely known for rapid weight loss, is now being considered as a potential treatment for anorexia nervosa. This suggestion may seem paradoxical, given that anorexia is defined by an obsession with food restriction.
However, research indicates that the ketogenic diet may actually help alleviate symptoms of this condition. Our latest study highlighted that following a structured dietary regimen can significantly improve the well-being of those affected, albeit in a limited trial. It is thought that the keto diet may help restore energy balance in brain cells, leading to reduced anxiety and food-related obsessions. This possibility underscores the need for further investigation into the ketogenic diet as a potential treatment for anorexia. Currently, traditional treatments fail to help one-third of anorexia patients, a condition notorious for its high mortality rates.
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It’s a mistake to think that an idea is bad just because the people who have it support it. “
Endorsing the ketogenic diet for serious mental health issues may associate you with controversial figures, including former U.S. Secretary of Health Robert F. Kennedy Jr., known for his unsubstantiated claims regarding vaccines and autism.
Nevertheless, dismissing an idea solely based on its advocates is misguided. An expanding body of research suggests potential mental health benefits from the ketogenic diet, including alleviation of symptoms linked to severe depression and schizophrenia. While this inquiry is still in its infancy, larger-scale trials must be conducted. Caution is essential, and any keto application for anorexia should be supervised by medical professionals. Ultimately, pursuing innovative solutions for challenging mental health conditions through rigorous scientific inquiry is crucial, even if it entails the risk of being labeled as unconventional or heretical.
Clark (Chiwetel Ejiofor) uncovers a series of disturbing rooms in a furniture showroom.
A24
Back Room Kane Parsons is now screening in theaters
There’s an unsettling quality to a room that appears to serve no purpose. A hallway with no destination. A chair half-embedded in the floor. Even a misaligned sofa poses a latent threat. In Back Room, 20-year-old Kane Parsons makes his feature debut, where ordinary objects are stripped of their usual context, transforming into something alien. Shadows, carpeted hallways, and buzzing fluorescent lights serve as telltale signs that our grasp on reality is fleeting.
Originally conceptualized by Parsons, better known online as Kane Pixels, Back Room is a YouTube phenomenon inspired by a 2019 post from an anonymous 4chan user featuring a room adorned with yellow wallpaper and fluorescent lights. The post sought other “disturbing images that evoke discomfort.” In response, another user described “the stench of old damp carpets, monochromatic yellow madness…and a back room encompassing 600 million square miles of randomly segmented empty rooms.” Thus, the internet horror sensation was born.
Parsons’ film, penned by Will Sudich, is set in June 1990. It follows Clark (Chiwetel Ejiofor), a failed architect managing a large furniture store, and his therapist, Dr. Mary Klein (Renate Reinsve). Clark, an everyday man marked by a birthmark, stumbles upon a bizarre door in the store’s basement, leading him into an endless series of rooms. When he cannot escape, Mary sets out to find him.
Rather than diluting the original concept, the transition from short web horror to feature film preserves the menacing ambiance of the short film, amplifying it through haunting production design, deliberate cinematography, and a chilling soundscape. The relentless electrical hum sinks into your skull, inducing a lingering discomfort.
The early 1990s setting not only adds aesthetic value; the VHS textures, analog recordings, and institutional blandness place the film in a technological void just before digital surveillance became commonplace. This backdrop is vital as Back Room, at its core, explores horror through the lens of an unstable universe.
The “back room” represents more than a maze or an alternate dimension in need of explanation. The film hints that time spent inside affects one’s psyche, which in turn can alter the space itself. Perception becomes the construct of reality. Anxieties, memories, and attachments exert spatial influence. This concept imbues Back Room with greater depth than mere monster-under-the-bed tales.
“ Back Room possesses a richer texture than a mere monster-in-the-dark narrative. “
The film positions itself within the current wave of liminal space horror, similar to Exit 8, Genki Kawamura’s adaptation of a Japanese video game about a man trapped in a subway loop. Both films recognize that repetition and minor errors can evoke more terror than outright violence. Rooted in viral digital culture, they transform mundane spaces into psychological traps. Yet, Back Room shifts focus from identifying anomalies within a defined loop to surrendering to a reality where the rules reshape themselves around the victims, unlike Exit 8, which adheres to a precise, almost game-like structure. Back Room is expansive, chaotic, and cosmological.
The film deftly explores the horrors of practicality. Theoretically, anything in the back room could be beneficial. Infinite free space might resolve storage, housing, logistics, and urban overcrowding challenges. It’s no wonder companies and research institutions view it as a treasure. However, Parsons subverts this notion into dread: an endless warehouse morphs into a nightmare when the exit remains elusive.
Performances anchor this abstraction. Reinsve shines as Mary, exuding warmth and eerie certainty. Ejiofor imbues Clark with the weary aura of a man who has failed once and now faces entrapment in an alternative realm.
The conclusion feels abrupt and is clearly designed to pave the way for future installments. Numerous questions linger, perhaps frustratingly so. Yet this ambiguity serves a purpose. At the end, we share Clark’s desire to unravel the mystery of the back room. In few modern horror films do shadows, wallpaper, and low-cost furniture manifest such hostility. The journey began with a simple image posted in a 4chan thread, culminating in a remarkably potent cinematic exploration of fear, space, and perception.
Davide Abbatesianni is a film critic based in Rome, Italy.
Did the Supermassive Black Hole at the Center of this Galaxy Form Before the Galaxy Itself?
NASA, ESA, STScI, AURA; S. Smartt/Queen’s University Belfast
If we consider the musings of the novelist and philosopher Samuel Butler from 1878, stating that “chickens are simply the means by which eggs produce other eggs,” we might parallel this with galaxies being mere vehicles through which black holes generate further black holes. In this cosmic conundrum, it seems that black holes take precedence.
Every major galaxy observed in the universe is anchored by a supermassive black hole at its heart. This relationship is crucial, as the black hole influences the galaxy’s developmental trajectory by consuming the surrounding matter. Yet, the genesis of this crucial connection poses an enduring enigma in cosmology. Does matter assemble to create black holes, or do sizable galaxies form first and collapse into black holes?
A pivotal element of this discussion revolves around the peculiar nature of supermassive black holes themselves, which seem almost impossible given their enormity. The concept of such massive entities existing merely 500 million years following the Big Bang raises eyebrows. To illustrate, if we condense the universe’s timeline into a single calendar year, the first supermassive black hole would have emerged shortly after the new year, rapidly accumulating mass far exceeding that of our sun. Current physical laws struggle to elucidate how something could grow so swiftly.
Four primary hypotheses exist for the formation of supermassive black holes. The most straightforward involves the merging of stellar-mass black holes, born from collapsing massive stars. However, this process spans hundreds of millions to billions of years, generating a time constraint that complicates the scenario. Another theory posits the creation of significant early seeds—potentially large protostars, dark matter stars, or star clusters. Yet, this too faces timing issues, as these seeds must form swiftly within the universe’s first 500 million years.
This leaves us with two feasible explanations: direct collapse, wherein intense radiation impedes star formation in massive gas clouds, enabling them to become black holes directly, and the controversial primordial black holes theory.
Primordial black holes, although lacking concrete evidence, would create fascinating implications if proven real. Forming in the universe’s nascent moments—not from stars but due to extreme pressures—they could potentially resolve some formation predicaments. While primordial black holes can be smaller than traditional models, our focus here is on the more massive black hole candidates, as these primordial entities likely evolved into significant structures faster than others.
If primordial black holes exist and mechanisms for the early formation of supermassive black holes are validated, then the chicken-and-egg quandary could find resolution. The rapid formation of these black holes implies galaxies might not have developed at comparable speeds, though confirmatory evidence remains elusive.
Thanks to the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), we now view the cosmic timeline with unprecedented clarity. Observations reveal the presence of supermassive black holes in every era examined. A standout discovery from JWST is a distant galaxy nicknamed the Little Red Dot. While newly uncovered, this discovery also revealed hundreds of further galaxies, characterized by their small size and significant distance.
After thorough investigation, researchers confirmed these entities are indeed galaxies, with their central black holes possessing unusually large masses and impressive spin rates. This remarkable size of black holes raises significant questions, especially after a 2024 study suggested they may constitute 20 to 70 percent of the total mass of their respective galaxies—an anomaly in current understanding.
JWST also uncovered a geometric anomaly that magnified light from a diminutive galaxy known as Abell 2744-QSO1 (or QS01). This observation, made just 700 million years post-Big Bang, enabled astronomers to assess the mass of QS01 and its central black hole. This type of measurement had never been accomplished for a black hole formed within a billion years of the Big Bang. The black hole’s mass was calculated to be roughly 50 million solar masses, with the total galaxy estimated at around 75 million.
Consequently, there are two pathways to interpret these findings: direct collapse or a primordial black hole, neither suggesting that galaxies predated their central black holes. Thus, it appears that the black hole at the center of QS01 is indeed the initial cosmic egg, resolving our query.
However, the complexity persists. We now need to investigate additional tiny red dots to determine whether QS01 is a typical example and to decipher the formation of its black hole and the galaxy’s composition. The ensuing discoveries are likely to unveil more mysteries. Yet, the progress made should be acknowledged, leading us to the undeniable conclusion that “the egg indeed came before the chicken.”
The black serval (Reptile Lus Serval) is a rare melanistic variant of the African Serval, a medium-sized wild cat indigenous to Africa.
While regular servals are remarkable with their long legs resembling supermodels, cheetah-like spots, elongated necks, and large ears, black servals elevate this elegance further. Their unique coloration stems from a genetic anomaly affecting pigment-producing cells, resulting in striking jet-black fur, often accented with faint “ghost” markings.
Melanistic servals are incredibly rare in the wild, primarily observed in regions with cooler climates, like the Aberdare Highlands in Kenya, which favors their dark coat. – Photo credit: Getty
With an impressive physique, servals possess the longest legs relative to their body size among felines. Standing around 0.5 meters (1.6 ft) tall, they can sprint at speeds up to 40 mph (64 km/h) and leap as high as 3 meters (9.8 ft). This remarkable agility is beneficial when hunting small mammals, reptiles, and amphibians, and aids in evading predators, including leopards, hyenas, and African wild dogs.
Additionally, servals boast the largest ears of any cat relative to their head size. If scaled to human proportions, a serval’s ear would resemble a dinner plate, though not nearly as effective. With 22 muscles allowing each ear to rotate independently by 180 degrees, servals can pinpoint the location of prey concealed in tall grass, even underground.
These adaptations make the serval one of the most efficient hunters in the wild. Unlike lions and leopards, which have a one in three chance of a successful hunt, servals achieve over a 50% success rate.
Typically, black servals are found in densely forested regions above 2,000 meters (approximately 6,600 feet) in altitude, such as the Aberdare Mountains and the Ethiopian Plateau. This environment was once thought to provide special camouflage, allowing these cats to blend into the shadows.
Interestingly, a black serval was also spotted in the Tsavo Ecosystem, the largest nature reserve in Kenya. Research conducted by the Sheldrick Wildlife Trust and Wildlife Works from 2011 to 2016 revealed that 47 percent of servals observed in Tsavo exhibited melanism, a significant increase compared to forested areas, prompting questions about why black servals thrive in this bright, arid habitat.
The reasons remain uncertain. One hypothesis suggests that melanism might attract attention due to sampling bias, while another attributes the phenomenon to random genetic fluctuations. A third theory proposes that the unique genetics of these cats provide advantages such as enhanced thermoregulation or disease resistance, increasing their survivability and enabling them to pass on their melanistic traits.
Regardless of the reason, black servals continue to captivate and inspire awe among wildlife enthusiasts.
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In recent years, astronomers have been intrigued by a series of mysterious radio signals originating from the Milky Way. Approximately 12 of these long-period radio transients (LPT) have been detected across various regions of the galaxy.
Currently, scientists at the University of Sydney have made significant progress in understanding one of these signals. A study published in Nature Astronomy, led by Covey Rose, suggests that the signal originates from an anomalous star system they’ve dubbed the “Star Rosetta Stone.” This discovery could be pivotal in unraveling the nature of these enigmatic signals.
The newly identified system, known as ASKAP J1745-5051, consists of a white dwarf—a dense stellar remnant comparable in size to Earth, yet possessing a mass similar to that of the Sun—and a larger but lower-mass red dwarf star, roughly one-tenth the mass of the Sun. These two stars are in a close orbit, completing a full revolution in just over one hour.
Interactions between the magnetic fields of the stars generate radio bursts at specific points in their orbits, resulting in signals that occur at consistent intervals.
“This system serves as a vital tool for deciphering these signals. It may help us determine whether other long-period transients are related to pulsars or white dwarf systems acting as stellar Rosetta Stones,” Rose stated, referencing the archaeological artifact that aided in translating ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs.
The two stars engage in magnetic and gravitational interactions – Credit: Carl Knox (OzGrav/Swinburne) and Dr. Joshua Preston Pritchard (CSIRO)
In addition to radio signals, materials from the less massive star are drawn toward the white dwarf, heating it and resulting in the emission of X-rays.
This groundbreaking discovery provides a unique chance to study the magnetic interactions between stars and explore extreme plasma physics under conditions that cannot be replicated on Earth.
“These systems are natural laboratories,” Rose emphasized. “They enable us to test our understanding of how matter behaves in the presence of intense magnetic and gravitational forces.”
However, he cautioned, “While the source of these radio waves appears to be identified, many questions about the physics of cataclysmic stars still remain.”
Two previously elusive millipede groups, Siphoniurida and Siphonocryptida, have been identified as the last missing links in the evolutionary history of Earth’s oldest land animals, as revealed by a research team from Virginia Tech.
As of now, 14,232 millipede species have been identified, with countless others yet to be documented. Image credit: Vazquez Valverde et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2026.05.035.
“Millipedes helped pave the way for vertebrates to inhabit land for over 80 million years,” stated Dr. Paul Marek, the lead author from Virginia Tech.
“They truly laid the groundwork for subsequent terrestrial life, including humans and other vertebrates.”
In this groundbreaking study, Dr. Marek and his team merged genomic data from existing millipede species with fossil morphological evidence.
They analyzed hundreds of genes across 82 millipede species, including data from 29 fossils.
A significant milestone was the successful sequencing of DNA from the two elusive groups, Siphoniurida and Siphonocryptida, whose genetic information had never been accessed before.
Researchers traveled to Mexico’s Los Tuxtlas Island and Spain’s Canary Islands to gather specimens such as Sifoniurus neotropicus and Hildicryptus canariensis.
“It took 10 researchers over a week to locate a single tiny 10mm adult,” commented lead author Luisa ‘Fernanda’ Vázquez Valverde, also affiliated with Virginia Tech.
“Finding them in the wild was difficult because they resembled small white nematodes.”
“I wasn’t even sure it was a millipede until I examined it under the microscope.”
Interestingly, the study revealed that one of the “missing” groups, Siphonocryptida, is not a standalone order but part of an already recognized lineage. In contrast, Siphoniurida was successfully positioned on the evolutionary timeline.
The research traces the origins of millipedes back roughly 460 million years, during the Ordovician period, about 35 million years before the earliest known millipede fossils, suggesting these creatures arose much earlier than previously believed.
Millipedes dominated the terrestrial landscape over 80 million years ago, thriving on decaying organic matter even before the emergence of trees and flowering plants, marking them as some of the earliest terrestrial pioneers.
“The most surprising aspect was the ancient nature of some of these lineages,” noted Dr. Marek.
This study also indicates that millipedes have been producing chemical defenses for approximately 260 million years, establishing them as one of the earliest creators of biological and chemical substances on Earth.
“They were among the first to develop chemical defenses; essentially, they are tiny chemical factories,” stated Dr. Marek.
For more insights, refer to the study results published in Current Biology.
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Luisa F. Vázquez Valverde et al.. Reshaping the millipede tree of life by including the last two unsampled orders. Current Biology, published online June 12, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2026.05.035
The concept of “reversing aging” has become the ultimate goal in the health and beauty industry.
However, regulatory bodies often challenge claims that beauty products can “reverse aging,” pushing for their removal due to a lack of substantial evidence.
While wrinkle creams market themselves as having “anti-aging” benefits, it is a stretch to say they can actually rewind the biological clock.
Resembling a pea-sized, wobbling Doctor Who, Turritopsis possesses the remarkable ability to regenerate itself, even after sustaining fatal injuries. In a unique process, this jellyfish settles, contracts its tentacles, and morphs into a blob.
The immortal jellyfish thrives in tropical waters – Image credit: Alamy
This blob enters the “polyp state,” an early life stage through which Turritopsis can regenerate and create new jellyfish. These cloned jellyfish are genetically identical and split to become independent organisms.
Remarkably, this capability has only been observed in the immortal jellyfish in captivity, leaving scientists astounded since its discovery in the 1980s.
It’s worth noting that humans also perform a fascinating regenerative process when creating offspring. While Turritopsis generates new jellyfish from itself, human embryos emerge from an oocyte (egg cell) present since birth, thus also ‘regenerating’ from our cells.
Newborns start life with a biological aging clock reset to near zero – Photo credit: Getty
A key difference lies in the fact that human babies are not clones. They result from the unique combination of DNA from the egg and sperm. In contrast, immortal jellyfish can regenerate without the need for sperm in their regenerative state.
Thus, the new jellyfish can be referred to as “babies,” despite being exact copies of the original. This fascinating process allows them to revert to a stage where they can reproduce, akin to reversing menopause, enabling them to evade death.
Overall, their extraordinary abilities lend some biological credibility to the idea of reversing aging.
Ongoing research into the immortal jellyfish aims to unlock their secrets, potentially paving the way for treatments of age-related diseases like dementia.
In a 2022 study, Spanish researchers discovered that the immortal jellyfish have more active genes related to DNA repair, telomere preservation, and stem cell maintenance compared to other jellyfish species.
Future research will reveal whether these findings can indeed reverse human aging or help sidestep death altogether.
This article (by Jackie Bullock, MA) explores the question: “Can aging actually be reversed?”
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Recent research indicates that not all five-a-day meals are created equal, with only a small percentage of individuals obtaining sufficient micronutrients from their fruit and vegetable intake.
According to the study, conducted by scientists at Harvard Medical School and the University of Reading, the diets of participants in the UK and US were analyzed for their flavanol intake—compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties found in plants.
Flavanols are crucial dietary components as they “have beneficial effects on vascular function and blood vessel health” and can reduce cardiovascular mortality, explains Professor Gunter Kuhnle from the University of Reading.
Despite their importance, the study found that many individuals failed to reach the recommended levels of flavanols. Researchers monitored flavanol levels through urine biomarkers, tracking the diets of over 30,000 participants.
Optimal flavanol intake is between 400-600 mg per day, yet fewer than one in five participants achieved this level, even among those who consumed five servings of fruits and vegetables daily.
Researchers emphasize that the key factor is which types of fruits and vegetables you consume, rather than simply aiming for five servings a day.
So, which fruits and vegetables should be prioritized for their flavanol content?
Fruits high in flavanols include plums, which contain around 450mg of flavanols per 500g punnet, cranberries at approximately 300mg per 250g punnet, and blackberries, which have about 250mg per 200g of punnet.
You can also reference the Phenol Explorer and the USDA database for more information on flavanol levels in various foods. However, it’s essential to note that different apple varieties may contain varying amounts of flavanols.
It’s vital to make conscious choices and consume a diverse range of fruits and vegetables. “Pairing green tea with blackberries or having a whole apple can significantly impact your flavanol intake,” suggests Dr. Javier Ottaviani, the lead author of the study at the University of California, Davis.
As the highly anticipated match between Mexico and South Africa kicked off, an audience of football fans, players from different teams, and a dedicated group of scientists from the USA, South Korea, and Japan watched intently, holding their breath.
For fans, the outcome was everything. For players, it was a matter of competition. However, for the scientists, the focus was entirely on the ball.
The opening match featured the Trionda – a football that underwent months of research and development.
Tradition Meets Innovation
Each World Cup brings a new ball introduced by FIFA, soccer’s governing body. This not only serves as a marketing strategy but also aims to enhance the experience for players, officials, and fans alike.
For instance, the Telstar, launched for the 1970 World Cup, was the first design featuring multi-colored panels, making it easier for viewers with black-and-white TVs to track its movements.
Telstar’s iconic 32-panel design paved the way for classic football aesthetics – Photo Credit: Getty
The Azteca, utilized in the 1986 World Cup, was the first ball made from synthetic materials, enhancing its water resistance and maintaining its weight and shape even in rain.
The Azteca was inspired by the host nation’s rich murals and architecture – Photo Credit: Getty
The Trionda, crafted for this year’s tournament, is arguably the most advanced football to date.
With fewer panels, a rougher texture, and a more cohesive structure compared to its predecessors, the Trionda also includes integrated sensors that transmit real-time data to video assistant referees.
Surprisingly, advancements in technology haven’t drastically altered Trionda’s behavior, which is vital, as noted by John Eric Goff, a physicist from the University of Puget Sound involved in the study of the ball.
“While I crave the marketing buzz and excitement that comes with a new ball, we must ensure that it doesn’t behave unpredictably for players,” Goff explains.
His study corroborates this, showing that while Trionda and its predecessors exhibit different designs, their functional performance remains consistent.
Trionda is poised to transform gameplay experiences at this year’s tournament.
All except one: the Jabulani.
The Jabulani, featured in the 2010 World Cup, gained notoriety for its unpredictable behavior on the pitch. “The Jabulani was excessively smooth, affecting its flight,” Goff notes.
In minimal spin situations, most balls have a predictable trajectory. However, the Jabulani often stalled mid-air, veering off course unexpectedly.
This erratic behavior had significant implications, especially during critical shots on goal, potentially altering the outcome of games and even the tournament itself.
The Jabulani’s unpredictable flight drew complaints from players and goalkeepers alike throughout the tournament – Photo Credit: Getty
The reason behind Jabulani’s instability lay in its aerodynamic properties. With only eight panels and minimal seams, air flowed over the ball’s surface with lesser resistance.
In the absence of spin, these seams created asymmetrical airflow, diverting the ball’s path unpredictably. “It was reminiscent of a beach ball,” Goff remarks.
Despite having only four panels, one would assume the Trionda could share the same fate. However, Goff assures that the longer, deeper, and wider seams in Trionda help maintain a predictable airflow around the ball, reducing turbulence.
The team employed advanced laser scanning techniques to assess the seams, discovering that while the added grooves and microtextures increase resistance, they also enhance overall control.
“This ball’s roughness will add slight resistance on high-speed shots, possibly reducing the distance on corner kicks and free kicks compared to previous World Cup balls,” Goff comments.
Exploring New Frontiers
This leads to an intriguing question: If maintaining consistency is paramount, why design new balls every four years?
What drives the substantial investment (reportedly 3.5 years in development for Trionda) and innovative efforts (with the ball retailing at £130/$170)? Why not simply use a tested ball?
Although Adidas, the official World Cup ball supplier since 1970, did not respond for comment, Goff offers a compelling explanation.
“The aspiration is to discover the perfect sphere. It’s a quest of curiosity: Can we achieve this? Much like the Space Race of the 1960s – the goal is enticing simply because it exists,” he reflects.
“Why aim to decrease the number of panels? Because it’s uncharted territory and a challenge worth pursuing. Let’s see what happens.”
Now that Trionda has made its debut, Goff and his team are eager to monitor its performance throughout the tournament, keen to compare their predictions with real-time action on the field.
Every glass of beer deserves a frothy head, created by the carbon dioxide bubbles that rise to the surface. This essential foam not only enhances the visual appeal but also affects the overall drinking experience.
Unlike the foam seen in other carbonated drinks, beer foam is unique due to its protein coating, forming a protective film that prolongs its lifespan.
<p>These proteins originate from the malted grains utilized during the brewing process.</p>
<p>Recent <a href="https://pubs.aip.org/aip/pof/article/37/8/082139/3360405/The-hidden-subtlety-of-beer-foam-stability-A" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">research</a> indicates that proteins found in long-fermented beers, particularly Belgian ales, excel at stabilizing foam, resulting in a longer-lasting head.</p>
<p>Beers with elevated protein content, such as wheat beers, tend to exhibit thicker and more durable foam. Cheers to that!</p>
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<p><em>This article addresses the inquiry from Stan Parker of Plymouth: <strong>Why do some beer bubbles last so long?</strong></em></p>
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Located adjacent to Mao in Chad, this oasis enables farmers to cultivate date palms and various crops in the surrounding fields. However, the ongoing rise in temperatures from climate change poses significant risks to these vital oases and the communities and wildlife reliant on them.
This compelling image is part of a series captured by photographer Tommy Trenchard, whose photo essay titled “Saving an Oasis in the Sahara Desert” explores the alarming disappearance of these fragile ecosystems. As temperatures escalate, vegetation surrounding the oasis diminishes, and sand dunes encroach. To combat this, farmers in villages like Caou, also in Chad, are constructing barriers made of palm fronds, as depicted in the image below.
Farmers construct barriers against encroaching sand dunes threatening Kau’s oasis.
Photography by Tommy Trenchard/Panos
Mao and Kaou are situated in the Sahel region, a semi-arid area that stretches across Africa from Mauritania to Eritrea, just south of the Sahara Desert. In 2007, the African Union initiated the Great Wall initiative aimed at combating desertification in this vulnerable region.
Farmers erect palm leaf barriers to safeguard Kau oasis
Photography by Tommy Trenchard/Panos
In order to combat this issue, solar-powered water pumps are being installed in areas such as Barkadoursou, located near Mao, Chad, to assist farmers in irrigating their crops. However, the effectiveness of the Great Wall project remains debated, with many questioning its future success.
Borehole installed supporting farmers near Barkadoursou oasis
Photography by Tommy Trenchard/Panos
Despite initiatives such as barrier construction and borehole installations, the future of these oases remains uncertain, particularly as climate models predict further temperature increases.
While wandering around the large green sculpture, I noticed how its shadows and light shifted with my movements, causing my stress to dissolve. Henry Moore’s work, particularly Mother and Child Lying Down, exudes tranquility, inviting one to envision a mother and child basking in a serene garden.
This sculpture is among 30 of Moore’s creations displayed amidst the landscape and conservatory at London’s Kew Gardens for the exhibition, Henry Moore: Monumental Nature, which is available until January 31st. Observing the smooth curves and sharp edges of these bronzes, I realized Moore’s inspiration drawn from nature. For instance, his Large Spindle Piece evokes thoughts of seeds, while Sheep Piece symbolizes the bond between a lamb and its mother. The associated work,Three-piece Sculpture: Vertebrae, resonates with the concept of a backbone even before knowing its title.
Moore’s strategic incorporation of holes and empty spaces allows visitors to appreciate fresh perspectives on both the sculptures and the surrounding landscape. For example, Double Oval appears reminiscent of a pelvis and features significant openings in each leaf, illustrating a palm house from one angle and a tree from another.
A complementary exhibit located in the Shirley Sherwood Gallery of Botanical Art offers an intriguing look into Moore’s artistic process. His etching of an elephant skull captivates, showcasing how he masterfully uses curves, shadows, and light to create depth. I found myself entranced by the squiggly lines portraying bone growth that anchor these intricate labyrinths to their original forms. If you have the chance, make sure to see this exhibition along with his remarkable tree paintings, which provide insight into the inspiration behind some of his more abstract sculptures.
Starting June 5, four of Moore’s sculptures will also be displayed alongside contemporary works at Kew’s sister site, Wakehurst, near Haywards Heath. Check out Henry Moore Etc.. Wakehurst is a stunning landscape featuring meadows, woodlands, and wetlands, as well as the Millennium Seed Bank, which has its origins in an Elizabethan mansion. Before the new facility was established, seeds were preserved and tested in the charming chapel and billiards room, both of which display photographs and a small exhibition that narrates their history.
My favorite season is April and May, when the grounds are adorned with thousands of bluebells. Henry Moore Etc. will conclude in May 2027. Visit when the bluebells bloom to appreciate the incredible beauty created by both man and nature.
For years, unverified reports have circulated regarding AI-controlled weapons autonomously eliminating soldiers on the battlefield. Recent revelations confirm these events have occurred.
As we discuss here, the deployment of autonomous weaponry during test exercises signifies a pivotal moment in modern warfare. However, this development should come as no surprise. Such technology has been in existence for some time, and humanity has a historical tendency to wield weapons since their inception.
This does not, however, preclude the possibility of implementing a reversal. The rationale for banning autonomous weapons is straightforward: utilizing AI without human oversight risks mistakenly targeting either enemy forces or innocent civilians. Ethicists further assert that these weapons strip combatants of their dignity, simplify warfare, and blur the lines of accountability for lethal acts.
Should we decide to ban these weapons, action should have taken place before their advent—not afterward, as seen with cluster bombs and blinding lasers. The United Nations has been negotiating a ban on fully autonomous weapons for over a decade, yet nations like India, Israel, Russia, and the United States have stalled the discussions, according to Human Rights Watch.
“
Humans have never invented a weapon and then refrained from using it “
A comprehensive framework exists to ban autonomous weapons and could be incorporated into the list of excessively harmful or indiscriminate arms prohibited under the United Nations Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons. Complicating matters further is the fact that these drones can be constructed with inexpensive components sourced online, coupled with open-source software. This means that even a tech-savvy teenager could potentially create such systems.
As highlighted in this article, the conflict in Ukraine underscores the inevitability of robots dominating future battlefields. The pressing question for global leaders is whether humans should retain authority and responsibility for pulling the trigger, or allow machines to operate independently. Regardless of the choice, it is crucial to reach a decision before this technology becomes widespread.
The decline in relationships, particularly among young adults, is more significant than previously thought. Recent studies reveal that many of Generation Z report fewer stable relationships than Millennials. Past research often overlooked separated partners, indicating that the reality may be even more severe: fewer Gen Zers are engaged in relationships than anticipated.
Various factors contribute to this trend—from the pervasive influence of social media to a challenging housing market. However, researchers are still seeking to understand the implications of prolonged singleness on happiness. “We must carefully avoid pathologizing the choice of being single,” cautions Maximilian Ullich, a researcher from the University of Basel.
Researchers, including Catherine Twamley from University College London, analyzed data from two national UK surveys focusing on individuals’ relationship statuses. The first survey (2010-2012) involved Millennials born between 1981 and 1996, while the second (2022-2024) focused on Gen Z participants within the same age range.
Findings show that 57% of Millennials reported being in a stable relationship, while only 49% of Gen Zers in the same demographic indicated the same. “This trend appears quite unprecedented,” noted Ulrich.
The research highlights that fewer Gen Zers cohabit with partners compared to their Millennial counterparts, illustrating the depth of the issue, according to Twamley, who presented these findings at a lecture last month at the Love: Practical and Theoretical conference in Edinburgh, UK.
Changes in relationship dynamics are likely due to multiple factors. “Gen Z grew up as the first generation heavily immersed in social media and smartphones, dramatically influencing their interaction styles,” states Ulrich.
The COVID-19 pandemic has also played a role, significantly impacting social interactions during a critical developmental phase for Gen Z. “Social restrictions halted their ability to engage, which may have impaired their social skills and capacity to build friendships,” Ulrich explained.
Moreover, rising housing costs may force Gen Z to live with their parents longer, making establishing stable relationships more challenging, according to Twamley.
Conversely, Ulrich suggests that Gen Z may adopt a more cautious approach to relationships, influenced by witnessing their parents’ high divorce rates. “They might prioritize finding the right partner over rushing into marriage,” he remarked.
Twamley mentioned plans for further investigations into these hypotheses, including analyzing the mental health of Gen Z participants not in stable relationships. “Are they lonely because they’re not coupled, or are they not in a relationship due to existing loneliness?” she theorizes.
Astronomers have discovered the potential remnants of an ancient stellar explosion just a few dozen light-years from Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, using NASA’s Chandra X-ray Observatory and ESA’s XMM-Newton satellite.
This composite image integrates X-rays from the Chandra and XMM-Newton missions (represented in blue) along with radio data from the MeerKAT telescope in South Africa (in red). It also includes optical images from the Pan-STARRS telescope in Hawaii. Image credits: NASA / CXC / UCLA / Zhu et al. / ESA / XMM-Newton / PanSTARRS / MeerKAT / CSA / STScI / SAO / L. Frattare & P. Edmonds.
Recent X-ray data from the Chandra and XMM-Newton missions suggest a new supernova remnant candidate approximately 26,000 light-years from Earth.
The data revealed a ‘clump’ of X-ray radiation embedded within a larger cloud of expanding gas, likely remnants of a giant star that underwent a supernova explosion, according to the astronomers’ report.
This structure exists within a gas bubble (referred to as an HII region) surrounding a massive young star, where hydrogen has been stripped of its electrons.
This gas bubble is identified as Sagittarius C, which emits bright radio signals.
If confirmed as a supernova remnant, it is expanding at an estimated speed of 3.2 million kilometers per hour (2 million miles per hour) and is believed to be at least 1,700 years old.
Previous observations from NASA’s SOFIA mission indicated a shell of gas encircling Sagittarius C, suggesting a past stellar explosion in this region.
The long filaments visible in radio images are primarily generated by high-energy particles navigating along magnetic fields perpendicular to the galactic plane, according to the researchers.
A star’s fusion process creates elements from hydrogen and helium, which were plentiful at the universe’s onset.
When a star reaches the end of its life and explodes as a supernova, the newly formed elements are expelled into interstellar space, providing materials for the formation of new stars and planets.
The research team analyzed X-ray data to detect signs of increased abundance of critical elements in the debris, which could indicate they were ejected by an explosive stellar event.
No enhancement was observed, suggesting that the stellar debris may have already begun to mix with the surrounding gas.
Alternatively, the X-ray clump could originate from a gathering of massive stars in the vicinity; however, this scenario is deemed unlikely, as the X-ray emission from this blob is over ten times brighter than known clusters with bright, massive stars, according to the scientists.
Refer to their published study in the April 16th issue of the Astrophysical Journal.
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Zhu Zhenlin et al.. 2026. Diffuse emission of X-rays in the Sagittarius C complex. APJ 1001, 197; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae547c
A recent study involving over 4.5 million participants indicates that smokers who switch to vaping after quitting cigarettes are more than 50% more likely to develop lung cancer compared to those who successfully quit smoking altogether. However, it still underscores that e-cigarettes may present less risk than continuing to smoke.
“This study contributes to a growing body of evidence indicating that e-cigarettes are not as low-risk as previously believed,” says Becky Freeman from the University of Sydney, Australia, who was not involved in the research. “[It’s] crucial for those attempting to quit smoking to seek safer options first, and only use e-cigarettes after exhausting other methods.”
In the UK by 2024, over 40% of smokers who quit are expected to use e-cigarettes. Notably, 20% of ex-smokers were still vaping more than a year after quitting. Although many advocate for e-cigarettes as an effective smoking cessation tool, they have been associated with airway inflammation, reduced lung function, and even lung cancer in animal studies.
To further investigate the effects of e-cigarettes, Kim Young Wook and researchers from Seoul National University followed more than 4.5 million adult smokers as part of South Korea’s National Health Checkup Program from 2018 to 2023.
Participants were categorized as current smokers, short-term quitters (those who hadn’t smoked since at least 2018), or long-term quitters (those who hadn’t smoked since at least 2014). Over the study period, 35,887 participants developed lung cancer, with 12,807 related deaths recorded.
Analysis of this data revealed that ex-smokers who vape are at a significantly greater risk of lung cancer death compared to their counterparts who stopped smoking completely. “Ex-smokers who continued vaping faced a 56% higher risk of lung cancer,” Kim stated.
While long-term studies are essential, some chemicals found in e-cigarettes have been associated with DNA damage. Vaping has also been linked to oxidative stress, meaning an imbalance between free radicals and antioxidants in the body, as well as epigenetic changes affecting genes and inflammation of respiratory and oral tissues.
Nonetheless, Kim and his team emphasize that they cannot definitively conclude that e-cigarettes cause lung cancer, and that further research is warranted, especially in populations outside of South Korea.
Remarkably, ex-smokers who vape experienced a significantly lower risk of death from all causes in comparison to active smokers, reinforcing the broader health benefits of quitting smoking altogether.
Nicole Lee from Curtin University in Perth, Australia, pointed out that the study’s findings suggest that completely quitting both smoking and vaping is more effective for preventing lung cancer than continuing to vape while attempting to quit smoking. “The results of this study are vital for individuals who have quit smoking,” she emphasized.
“Our recommendation to smokers remains that the safest choice is to quit entirely, but if quitting is challenging, [without the use of e-cigarettes] or if they prefer not to use them, transitioning to e-cigarettes is a safer alternative,” Lee stated. “As a harm reduction strategy, it certainly is preferable to continuing to smoke.”
Professor Bernard Stewart from the University of New South Wales in Sydney added that further research is necessary before implementing public health policies that may impose additional restrictions on e-cigarettes.
Extreme Weather from El Niño Can Cause Major Flooding
Antonio Masiello/Getty Images
El Niño has officially commenced and is projected to evolve into a “super” El Niño, resulting in amplified global temperatures and extreme weather events.
El Niño represents a natural climatic phenomenon in the tropical Pacific Ocean, occurring when east-to-west winds weaken, redirecting warm water pools from the western Pacific back eastward. This influx of warm water significantly heats the atmosphere, contributing to a rise in global temperatures.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) has confirmed an El Niño occurrence, as sea surface temperatures in the Middle East and the Pacific Ocean have surged over 0.5 degrees Celsius above the norm in the last month, with predictions indicating this trend will persist for at least the next six months. Concurrently, the Japan Meteorological Agency has also marked the onset of El Niño.
Matthew Rosencrans from NOAA’s National Weather Service stated, “Westerly wind anomalies are observed from the International Date Line to approximately 130 degrees west longitude, signifying reduced trade winds in the area south of Hawaii, which enables warmer water to move eastward.”
Furthermore, NOAA has indicated a 63% probability that this El Niño will intensify into a “super” El Niño if sea surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacific exceed 2 degrees Celsius above average. This may lead to the hottest El Niño on record.
Adam Scaife from the Met Office emphasized, “This El Niño is anticipated to be a significant event, likely among the most intense ever recorded.”
Out of 200 model simulations, none predict a return of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean and Middle East below 1°C this year, indicated Rosencrans. Some models forecast a rise to 2.6 degrees Celsius, with one Canadian model even suggesting a peak of 3 degrees Celsius, surpassing the previous record of 2.5 degrees Celsius set during the 1982-1983 Super El Niño, which resulted in significant flooding and an estimated death toll of 1,300 to 2,000 in Peru.
Global temperatures are expected to peak this winter and worsen into 2027. This impending heat wave, layered on top of a current global warming trend of 1.36°C, is likely to make the upcoming year the hottest on record. The increase in temperatures exacerbates extreme weather, as a warmer atmosphere can hold more energy and moisture, often leading to unforeseen tropical weather patterns.
Rosencrans explained, “El Niño alters the probability of precipitation, potentially leading to heat waves or cold fronts in specific areas. It’s like rolling a set of dice, enhancing the likelihood of rain in Southern California, drought in the Maritime Continent, and possibly extremes in India and northern Australia.”
The southern United States may experience decreased summer rainfall, transitioning to cooler, wetter, and stormier conditions in winter, potentially extending as far south as Mexico. Meanwhile, regions like Southeast Asia and southeastern Africa are likely to face increased heat and drought, raising wildfire risks.
Independent climate scientists suggest that El Niño may lead to colder UK winters, though it could also usher in warmer and wetter conditions. Ella Gilbert noted that the impacts of El Niño on the UK are less predictable due to various influencing climate factors. “Storm paths often shift, bringing warmer and wetter conditions, but historically, the UK has seen more storm events than any other region, though the direct correlation is less clear compared to the US or Australia.”
Heat and drought conditions can jeopardize global food supplies, adversely affecting essential products such as rice, coffee, and chocolate. Weston Anderson of the University of Maryland warned that a decline in rice yields could prompt India, a leading producer, to impose export restrictions, leading to rice shortages and rising prices internationally.
“The ripple effect across the food system is concerning,” Anderson stated. “We particularly focus on rice due to its crucial role in food security, and a deficit during the monsoon season poses a serious threat to production levels.”
Experts anticipate that El Niño events may become increasingly frequent, with escalating global warming exacerbating the adverse effects, resulting in dire issues such as forced migration. Chloe Brimicombe of Oxford University asserted, “Long-term strategies and preparedness are essential as climate change intensifies alongside the ongoing impacts of El Niño.”
A groundbreaking development in quantum computing has emerged, as researchers announce the first successful experiment of a quantum computer mining cryptocurrencies, achieving remarkable energy efficiency.
The intersection of cryptocurrency and quantum computing presents significant implications. On one hand, a sufficiently advanced quantum computer poses a threat to encryption algorithms safeguarding cryptocurrencies. Conversely, research indicates that quantum computing could potentially mitigate the immense energy demands associated with cryptocurrency mining.
To explore these possibilities, Colton Dillion from Postquant Labs and his team have created an experimental blockchain network called Quip, operational since April. This blockchain operates like a public ledger where participants add records by competing to solve complex calculations known as “proof of work.” Traditionally, successful participants earn coins while ensuring transactions are permanently logged.
In Quip, the proof-of-work tasks involve optimization problems, such as determining the ideal schedule for food delivery or constructing an investment portfolio. The network predominantly employs standard computers, but it also integrates D-Wave’s Advantage2 quantum computers, which demonstrate superior performance compared to conventional systems.
“This challenge presents real difficulty for classical devices, yet remains solvable for both classical and quantum technologies—indicating the substantial potential of quantum advancements,” stated Carlos Perez Delgado from the University of Kent, UK, who is not affiliated with Quip.
The computational capabilities of D-Wave quantum computers have historically sparked debate. Noteworthy is the 2024 claim by the company that its quantum system addressed a problem surpassing the capabilities of traditional supercomputers, only for another research team a year later to replicate similar results on a regular laptop.
Dillion posits that Quip is structured to circumvent such disputes due to its decentralized framework. “Blockchain facilitates transparency: anyone skeptical of our findings can join and verify for themselves,” he remarks.
D-Wave’s CEO, Alan Baratz, noted in a June 1 presentation that the Advantage2 is accessible on Quip for a mere 5 minutes daily, competing on roughly a third of the blocks added and winning 92% of them. This statistic suggests a significant edge for quantum machines within Quip’s proof-of-work environment.
Moreover, Baratz highlighted that the Advantage2 operates with much reduced energy consumption compared to competitors, although detailed benchmarks remain unpublished. “For me, quantum computing signifies energy-efficient solutions for complex computational challenges,” Baratz asserts.
Preliminary findings from Quip lend support to this claim. Dillion asserts that, on average, the Advantage2 consumes approximately 100 times less energy (12.5 watts) to secure a block compared to 1334 watts for traditional systems. He estimates that standard computers would require 300 times more power to compete effectively against the Advantage2. Additionally, Quip’s architecture is fortifying against potential attacks from malevolent quantum machines, a feature lacking in many existing blockchains requiring updates to achieve quantum security.
Can networks like Quip pave the way for a more secure and sustainable blockchain future? The answer is nuanced, according to Olivier Ezraty of the Quantum Energy Initiative. While quantum computers may lower energy costs per transaction, the substantial investment required for developing and maintaining quantum hardware complicates the economic feasibility for large-scale operations. He comments, “They show promise for reducing total energy expenses, yet entail significant capital costs, including the energy input for manufacturing D-Wave quantum computers.”
On the other hand, Perez Delgado expresses optimism. “Given the economic drive for faster, eco-friendlier crypto mining, I firmly believe this technology will gain traction in the future,” he anticipates. Other enterprises, such as BTQ Technologies and Quandela, are also developing quantum proof-of-work projects, utilizing light-based computing instead of D-Wave’s superconducting circuit design.
Ultimately, Quip aims for an even greater vision. Dillion envisions a global network interconnecting various quantum computers, enabling widespread access to these innovative systems that currently remain scarce and expensive. This could democratize access to quantum technology, he asserts. The team is preparing to introduce additional proof-of-work problems and connect quantum systems from manufacturers beyond D-Wave.
Researchers have achieved a breakthrough by creating the first functional nuclear clock, utilizing the vibrations of atomic nuclei for precise time measurement. This innovative technology, pursued for over two decades, has the potential to revolutionize timekeeping accuracy and enable explorations into new physics.
Current advanced atomic clocks primarily rely on electrons to track time. Electrons inhabit specific energy levels around an atom’s nucleus and transition between these levels when exposed to certain light frequencies. The frequency of light determines how time is measured, similar to the ticking of a traditional clock.
Nuclear clocks, however, can harness the higher energy levels of atomic nuclei themselves. Theoretically, they promise greater precision than current electron-based systems. Such high-energy transitions could allow for timekeeping over billions of years, providing physicists tools to investigate exceptional new phenomena.
Yet, a significant hurdle remains: most atomic nuclei require energy levels beyond what current lasers can offer for excitation. However, thorium has emerged as a promising candidate, as it can be stimulated with relatively low energy levels. This focus shifted to thorium became evident following the discovery of targeted laser frequencies for nuclear excitation in 2023.
Researchers, including Torsten Schumm from the Vienna University of Technology, have successfully developed a nuclear clock using thorium, which holds potential in the quest for dark matter particles. Schumm states, “This represents the culmination of 15 to 20 years of intense research. It’s astounding to see a dream realized.”
Previous attempts confirmed thorium’s nuclear frequencies could be excited effectively, but they lacked an efficient frequency adjustment mechanism. “If there’s ever been a defining moment, this must be it,” asserts Harry Morgan from the University of Manchester.
The nuclear clock was engineered by embedding thorium in a calcium fluoride crystal and exposing it to an ultraviolet laser. Acting as the clock’s hands, the laser toggles between two frequencies surrounding thorium’s nuclear energy frequency. Equal absorption at both frequencies indicates proper tuning. If the frequencies differ, feedback is employed to adjust the laser frequency for optimal accuracy.
While this nuclear clock does not yet exhibit the stability of leading atomic clocks—losing several seconds every billion years—Schumm and his team view it as a proof of concept, with refinements pending. “For such a basic prototype, we were pleased with its surprising stability,” comments team member Ekkehard Peik from the PTB, German National Metrology Institute.
Even in its current state, nuclear clocks can perform functions unattainable by atomic clocks, as atomic nuclei are generally shielded from the chaotic electromagnetic influences of surrounding electrons. This allows for more accurate measurements of fundamental physical properties since nucleons can transition with minimal external noise. Additionally, nuclear clocks operate at room temperature, eliminating the need for extreme cooling techniques or vacuum conditions.
Moreover, the simplicity of the design could facilitate miniaturization, broadening the range of potential applications, including satellite tests of relativity. “Though we have not reached the leading-edge performance, significant improvements are anticipated shortly,” indicates Eric Hudson from UCLA.
By leveraging high-energy transitions in thorium nuclei, researchers aim to exclude dark matter particle influences. If dark matter interacts with ordinary matter like electromagnetic forces, it would subtly alter the nuclear energy transitions observed in thorium. This alteration could potentially uncover measurable changes in the clock’s frequency, paving the way for deeper insights into the universe.
Talking to strangers can be daunting, but research shows it has real benefits
Paul Carter / Alamy
Are chatbots providing the comfort we seek during insecure moments? Many users gravitate towards these virtual companions, creating a surge in AI conversations. However, do these AI interactions truly replace the benefits of genuine human interactions? A recent study suggests otherwise, highlighting that chatting with a real human, even a stranger, offers unique emotional advantages.
While this is encouraging for those lamenting the impact of AI on social interaction, it’s crucial to acknowledge that social anxiety drives many towards chatbots. Fortunately, psychological studies offer effective strategies to boost real-life conversational confidence.
The fascination with AI companionship isn’t new. Back in the 1960s, computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum developed ELIZA, a simple program that generated human-like conversations by turning user statements into questions.
User: All men are similar. Eliza: In what way? User: They are always bothering us about something. Eliza: Can you think of a specific example? User: Well, my boyfriend brought me here. Eliza: Your boyfriend brought you here.
Despite ELIZA’s rudimentary dialogues, users often felt an unexpected emotional connection (even prompting Weizenbaum’s secretary to request privacy during her session).
Today’s advanced AI chatbots provide far more nuanced conversations. Consequently, the use of AI for friendship is increasing, with about 16% of U.S. adults turning to chatbots. Recent research by the UK Loneliness Charity indicates a similar trend among younger generations experiencing loneliness.
For those wary of AI, the silver lining is that interactions with chatbots can bring fleeting joy. However, whether they alleviate long-term loneliness remains contested. A recent study by Li Ruoning and colleagues at the University of British Columbia aims to address this.
The research team introduced a chatbot named Sam, designed with a ChatGPT-4o mini framework, embodying empathy and a supportive nature. Participants interacted with either Sam or other students over two weeks, tracking their feelings of loneliness.
Talking to a chatbot doesn’t seem to improve loneliness, but talking to a stranger does.
People images/Shutterstock
Throughout the study, participants took a standardized loneliness assessment. Those speaking to fellow students reported significantly reduced feelings of isolation after two weeks, whereas chatbot users exhibited no change compared to diary keepers, reinforcing the conclusion that “reducing loneliness requires more than simulating human emotions.”
How to Spark Meaningful Conversations
While critics may bemoan the rise of AI companionship among young people, I personally empathize with the comfort a non-threatening algorithm can provide. To enhance real-life interactions, consider two insightful books: Once Upon a Stranger: The Science of How Small Talk Can Lead to Big Things in Life by Jillian Sundstrom and Hello: The Unexpected Power of Choosing to Connect by Nicholas Epley.
Both authors present research that unravels the power of social connections and how to effectively foster them. A key insight is that the fears surrounding small talk are largely unfounded; engaging with strangers tends to be more enjoyable than anticipated. Surprisingly, warmth and authenticity often outweigh eloquence in these interactions.
Regular practice can recalibrate expectations. In one study, Sandstrom’s team found that participants who started conversations with new people daily for a week became less anxious about rejection and gained confidence in their conversational abilities.
Consistent effort matters. Isolated conversations can feel like flukes, while sustained engagement helps redefine our expectations. Epley encourages actively seeking opportunities to connect: “If you look for it, you may find that happiness can be easily obtained by being a little more sociable.” Identifying cues that prompt interaction can facilitate these opportunities.
The unpredictability of human interactions can often be what makes them so rewarding. Finding connection in another person’s perspective and sharing theirs in return is ultimately the cure for loneliness, which only comes from the intersection of two human souls.
David Robson’s latest book is The Law of Connection: 13 Social Strategies That Will Change Your Life. For questions, reach out at: davidrobson.me/Contact
Paleontologists have discovered a new species of ceratozoa, commonly known as beardogs, from two well-preserved specimens found at a fossil-rich site in the Valles Penedes Basin near Barcelona, Spain.
Pardoshion Moyasolai. Image credit: Jesus Gamarra.
The species has been named Pardoshion Moyasolai. It thrived during the mid-Miocene epoch, approximately 15.9 million years ago, in a warm, forested environment with shallow lakes.
This carnivorous mammal belongs to the extinct family Amphicyonidae, often referred to as bear dogs due to their unique blend of traits from modern bears and dogs.
“The Lycoptidae family played a significant role in the carnivore population across North America and Eurasia throughout much of the Cenozoic Era,” explained Dr. Jorge Morales from the CSIC National Science Museum and his colleagues.
“In Africa, the earliest evidence of horned phycyonids dates back to the early Miocene, persisting until the late Miocene, marking the last known occurrence of this group.”
Dr. Morales added, “Recent studies suggest that North America may have been the origin of this family, supported by a more complete and diverse Paleogene record of horned phycyonids in North America compared to Western Europe or Asia.”
The two specimens of Pardoshion Moyasolai were excavated from the Els Casots site in the Valles Penedes Basin, Spain.
The fossils include a well-preserved skull with most teeth intact and an isolated lower molar discovered separately.
Currently, both specimens are housed at the Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Palaeontology in Sabadell, Spain.
Researchers noted that Pardoshion Moyasolai can be identified by the distinct proportions of its molars. Notably, the upper second molars were wider than the upper first molars, and the upper third molars were exceptionally large and developed.
These features are unique, as they have not been observed in any other known members of this genus, including Pardochyon.
To pinpoint the classification of Pardoshion Moyasolai, Dr. Morales and his team compared its teeth to those of related species from Europe and North America.
The results indicate that this new species represents one of the earliest divergences within the genus Pardochyon, making it one of the most primitive known members of the group.
The findings also suggest that the classification of Cyneros does not reflect a natural grouping, as it is paraphyletic, meaning its members do not share a single common ancestor specific to that group.
Three species currently classified under North America’s Cyneros present a distinctive challenge. Analysis reveals that Pardochyon species are more diverse than their European Cyneros counterparts, but their classifications are still unresolved.
Scientists propose that these North American species may have evolved independently from their European relatives, likely descending from Asian ancestors or unique North American lineages.
“Phylogenetic analysis indicates that while Cyneros is paraphyletic, it does support the monophyly of Pardochyon, with the new species identified as its most basal member,” the authors noted.
“This underscores the long-distance evolutionary ties between species, with European Cyneros (e.g., Kineros rugocidens and Kineros remanensis) and Pardochyon supporting their classification as distinct genera.”
This significant discovery is detailed in a recent article published in the Mammal Evolution Journal.
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J. Morales et al.. 2026. Discovery of a new species Pardochyon (Carnivora: Amphicyonidae) from the early Miocene of Els Casots, Valles Penedes Basin, Barcelona, Spain. J. Mammal. Evol 33, 29; doi: 10.1007/s10914-026-09814-6
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