Unlocking Creativity: The Importance of ‘Aha!’ Moments for Brain Function

Posted on May 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding the “Aha!” Moment: How Insights Impact Our Brain

Harold M. Lambert/Lambert/Getty Images

Recently, my editor Chelsea expressed a compelling concern regarding the rise of AI. Unlike typical journalistic worries about job loss, copyright infringement, or dull writing, she highlighted a unique issue: the potential loss of joy from experiencing those delightful “aha!” moments. “For me, it’s almost a physical sensation, like a wave of euphoria washing over my brain,” she noted.

Her thought-provoking question was: If we increasingly delegate idea generation to AI, will our dopamine rush from solving problems diminish? What else might our brains be missing if we experience fewer of these revelatory moments?

As it turns out, these “aha!” moments provide much more than momentary joy. Research shows that they can fundamentally alter our brains, enhance our learning, and contribute to long-term health. Thankfully, even in an AI-centric world, there are steps we can take to mitigate losses, aside from forgoing tools like ChatGPT altogether.

Chelsea’s vivid description aligns well with scientific findings. As Carola Salvi, a researcher at John Cabot University in Italy, explains, while not every insight triggers a dopamine release, numerous studies indicate that dopamine plays a crucial role in these eureka moments.

For instance, research by Martin Tick and his team at the Medical University of Vienna in 2018 demonstrated that individuals solving problems designed to spark “Eureka” moments displayed noticeable changes in dopamine-related brain activity during fMRI scans. Activity peaks in the midbrain coincided with the sensation of saying, “Ah!” In contrast, when participants reached conclusions without any prior hunch, brain activity significantly dropped.

These “aha!” moments are not just pleasurable; they also offer considerable cognitive advantages related to learning and memory. Salvi suggests that they serve as an internal “selection signal,” allowing accurate and satisfying solutions to stand out. Thus, the brain, possibly aided by dopamine, marks these insights as significant.

This theory makes sense, given that ideas perceived as “aha!” are generally deemed more accurate than others. However, it’s essential to note that while “eureka!” moments offer useful signals, not all ideas that feel right are valid. Empirical evidence supports the role of sudden insights, or even “What the heck!” moments, in enhancing memory retention. Essentially, the emotional thrill Chelsea spoke of activates areas in the brain that help solidify memories of those moments. Brain scans during these insights indicate transformative changes in the neural pathways involved in memory and vision, linked to how effectively individuals recall learned information later.

“From an evolutionary standpoint, this makes perfect sense,” argues Salvi. “When your brain uncovers a beneficial new pattern, it’s crucial for that information to become ingrained.” Hence, the “aha!” moment acts as a tagging mechanism for valuable insights.

This brings us back to AI. By excessively relying on large-scale language models (LLMs) for generating ideas and solutions—even for minor dilemmas—are we depriving ourselves of essential learning and memory opportunities?

For insight, I reached out to Hannah Critchlow, a neuroscientist from the University of Cambridge and the author of The 21st Century Brain: How to Future-Proof Your Mind in the Age of AI.

She cited a fascinating study comparing neural activity in a group of 18 participants tasked with essay writing using only their cognitive abilities, with assistance from a search engine, or through ChatGPT. Those utilizing AI exhibited consistently lower brain activity compared to those relying solely on Google or their own intellect. Over four sessions conducted across four months, participants using ChatGPT faced challenges in accurately citing their work and displayed decreased performance across neurological, linguistic, and behavioral metrics.

Although the small sample size warrants caution, these findings highlight a potential paradox: while LLMs may seem to facilitate swift insights, they might inadvertently hinder long-term learning and memory retention.

So, how can we counter this trend without completely dismissing ChatGPT and similar tools? Critchlow emphasizes research indicating that collaborative idea discussions—held in non-competitive settings—can lead to greater flexibility of thought. Brain waves often synchronize during such exchanges.

The Power of Collaborative Discussions in Enhancing Brain Health

Richard Gray/Alamy

This observation sheds light on the unique cognitive value human interactions provide, which cannot be duplicated by AI. Facilitating opportunities for brain synchronization proves advantageous. Critchlow asserts that a brain’s synchronization with others can be predictive of future cognitive health. “This synchronization may help guard against dementia and significantly influences adolescents’ ability to learn and bond with peers,” she concludes.

In essence, the solution is not merely to diminish our engagement with LLMs but to bolster human connections. Critchlow argues that educational institutions should foster a learning environment that prioritizes small, interactive group settings. “Perhaps paradoxically, these advanced tools are illustrating that our species’ success hinges on our capacity to connect and communicate. By sharing ideas and collaborating, we can unlock those gratifying ‘aha!’ moments, allowing us to solve problems collectively for the betterment of humanity.”

For those resonating with Chelsea’s sentiments, a simple takeaway emerges: while it might be tempting to lean on LLMs for quick insights, actively engaging your mind to discover answers autonomously not only boosts your immediate dopamine levels but also enhances your long-term learning and cognitive health.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Astronauts on Mars Could Use Plasma Beams for Efficient Laundry Solutions

Posted on May 25, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Cleaning White Shirt Material with Cold Plasma

Credit: University of Alabama Huntsville, Propulsion Research Center

Astronauts currently face the challenge of washing laundry in space, but that scenario may soon change. This innovation could lead to enhanced comfort for individuals on extended missions to the Moon or Mars.

On the International Space Station (ISS), astronauts typically wear the same clothing for multiple days before returning them to Earth, where they incinerate upon re-entry. While this approach suffices for shorter missions, it becomes impractical for extended missions without frequent supplies from Earth.

Recently, researchers Gabe Schuh and Chelsea Cassilly at NASA’s Marshall Space Flight Center have introduced a novel “washing gun” that projects cold plasma onto fabrics, effectively eliminating odor-causing microorganisms. This breakthrough was highlighted at the recent Astrobiology Science Conference held in Wisconsin on May 21st.

The mechanism involves igniting a mixture of helium, air, and water vapor with a strong electric burst, resulting in oxygen ions that permeate the fabric, attacking and destroying harmful microorganisms through oxidative stress.

One significant advantage of this plasma method over others, such as ultraviolet light exposure, is its effectiveness against resistant microorganisms. “Certain microorganisms can withstand UV light, but based on our tests, there’s no known microorganism resilient to oxidative stress. If they absorb it, they perish,” Xu explained. Laboratory tests demonstrated that the purple plasma beam decreased spore colonies on cotton cloth samples from 250,000 to approximately 60,000 colonies per milliliter.

This cleaning technique operates without damaging the fabric or presenting safety hazards. “When we think about plasma jets, we often visualize extremely hot phenomena like lightning or welding. However, with a jet designed for this application, it becomes safe for home use,” Xu states.

Despite its current limitation to disinfect only small fabric patches at a time, effectively scaling it for household use remains a challenge. Xu and Cassilly are advancing two alternative versions: a “plasma washer” that channels plasma into a chamber containing the fabric and a dual plasma jet vacuum suitable for surface applications.

As Schuh remarked, “For long-term habitats on the Moon or Mars, astronauts will undoubtedly desire a clean and comfortable environment, but achieving that necessitates effective cleaning solutions. Plasma jets could make this vision a reality.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Warn of Unprecedented Changes in Earth’s Rotation: What You Need to Know

Posted on May 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Every day, often unnoticed, the Earth takes a fraction longer to complete its rotation. While this change may only be milliseconds, the force driving it is astonishingly immense.

Recent research indicates that the current rate at which our days are lengthening is ‘unprecedented in 3.6 million years of geological history.

As polar ice sheets and glaciers melt due to climate change, the water previously confined in higher latitudes is now flowing into the oceans, advancing towards the equator.

This mass redistribution moves away from the Earth’s poles, slowing its rotation—similar to how a figure skater slows down by extending their arms during a spin.

A previous study indicated climate change has already made unexpected changes to the Earth’s rotation. A team from the University of Vienna and ETH Zurich explored geological timeframes to determine if current changes have ever been observed before.

The consensus is undeniably no.

Insights from Ancient Seashells

The precise length of a day is fluid. The Earth’s rotation is influenced by the moon’s gravitational pull, geological processes, and atmospheric changes.

These factors exert forces in varying directions, resulting in fluctuations in day length over geological timescales. Scientists are now establishing that climate change poses a significant force, potentially surpassing these traditional influences.

To trace changes back millions of years, researchers examined fossilized remnants of single-celled marine creatures known as benthic foraminifera.

The chemical composition of their shells tracks ancient sea level variations. By analyzing these data, scientists can infer how Earth’s rotation has fluctuated.

Specially designed machine learning algorithms, adept at navigating uncertainties in ancient data, enabled robust conclusions from samples dating back to the late Pliocene epoch, approximately 3.6 million years ago.

As ice melts, the planet bulges at the equator, resulting in a slower rotation – Photo credit: Getty

One clear standout throughout this timeframe is today.

The current rate at which climate change is increasing day length (1.33 milliseconds per century) may seem minimal. However, the mass redistribution involved is tremendous when considering the forces at play.

“Such alterations in day length require an immense redistribution of mass, moving around 1,000 gigatons from polar regions to the oceans,” explains Professor Benedict Soja from ETH Zurich and co-author of the study. “To visualize this, imagine a solid ice cube towering over New York City, 10 km high—higher than Mount Everest.”

In terms of the energy needed to facilitate such changes, Dr. Mostafa Kiani Shahvandi, lead author and a Ph.D. from the University of Vienna, states, “The change in Earth’s rotational energy is equivalent to a magnitude 9.0 earthquake,” highlighting not destruction, but sheer planetary force.

Potential Impacts by 2100

Research uncovered a geological moment around 2 million years ago where the rates of change mirrored today’s. However, this was an anomaly.

A “perfect storm” of fragile ice sheets coupled with a natural spike in carbon dioxide led to extensive ice sheet melting,” said Soja. “While this rare phenomenon hasn’t naturally recurred since, human activity has mimicked its planetary effects within just over a century.”

Looking ahead, if fossil fuel dependence continues, climate change is projected to become the foremost driver of day length variation by the century’s end, surpassing even the moon’s gravitational influence.

While milliseconds may appear insignificant, this alteration is critical for ultra-high precision timing necessary for GPS navigation on Earth and spacecraft operations throughout the solar system, Soja points out.

In a “business-as-usual” scenario with strong fossil fuel reliance and a 3-5 degrees Celsius increase in global temperatures, climate change’s impact on Earth’s rotation would surpass the moon’s gravitational effects – Photo credit: Getty

Furthermore, the changes we’re imposing on Earth’s rotation illustrate the extensive effects on our ecosystems. Severe mass redistribution will correlate with further extreme weather events and rising sea levels, fundamentally affecting safe living conditions for future generations.

“The critical takeaway is that humans are significantly altering the Earth system, resulting in changes to the way the Earth rotates,” Soja noted.

As for future research directions, the team is exploring other human-induced mass movements, particularly focusing on groundwater depletion and climate change impacts.

Initial calculations indicate these effects are smaller compared to ice melting, said Soja, but gaining complete understanding will provide clarity on the extent and speed at which we are altering Earth’s rotation.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Unexpected Cholesterol-Lowering Supplements You Might Already Be Taking

Posted on May 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Garlic is renowned for its culinary prowess, turning bland dishes into mouthwatering delights. But its acclaim goes beyond flavor; for centuries, garlic has been utilized for its myriad health benefits, aiding in the treatment of everything from infections to digestive issues.

In contemporary health discussions, garlic is celebrated for its anti-cancer properties, anti-inflammatory effects, and its potential to enhance cardiovascular health by lowering cholesterol levels.

This small yet potent ingredient serves not only as a kitchen staple but also as a health booster, available as concentrated supplements in powder form for health enthusiasts.

But does garlic really lower cholesterol?

While numerous studies suggest garlic’s health benefits, the science behind its cholesterol-lowering abilities remains complex.

The Power of Allicin in Garlic

Cholesterol, particularly LDL or “bad” cholesterol, can lead to fatty plaque accumulation in arteries and increase the risk of heart disease. According to the World Heart Federation, high cholesterol is responsible for 3 to 4 million fatalities annually.

Lowering cholesterol is one of the most effective ways to significantly reduce heart disease risk.

Garlic aids in cholesterol reduction through its sulfur-containing compounds, primarily allicin.

Crushed garlic releases allicin as a natural defense mechanism – Credit: Getty

Interestingly, raw garlic does not contain allicin. It must be crushed or chopped to break down the cell walls, releasing various compounds and enzymes.

“When crushed, garlic reacts with air to produce allicin, imparting its distinctive aroma, flavor, and health benefits,” explains Dell Stanford, senior nutritionist at the British Heart Foundation.

Once ground, allicin forms within about 10-15 minutes.

Professor Stanford notes that garlic contains numerous bioactive compounds, including allicin, which have been linked to heart health due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

Most cholesterol in our bloodstream isn’t acquired through food; it’s produced in the liver. Allicin can inhibit cholesterol synthesis in the liver by targeting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase (HMGCR), which is the same enzyme that statin drugs aim to affect.

Additionally, allicin may enhance cholesterol absorption in the intestines and encourage cholesterol breakdown and excretion from the body .

Complex Compounds: The Science Behind Garlic

Exploring how to maximize garlic’s cholesterol-lowering potential presents some scientific challenges.

Navigating nutrition research often complicates the ability to isolate the effects of single foods confidently.

Research on garlic and cholesterol reveals mixed outcomes. Some studies indicate measurable reductions in total cholesterol and LDL after consuming specific garlic types, while others conclude minimal impact.

These varying results stem from the diverse forms of garlic and the different testing methods applied in studies, according to Stanford.

“Translating laboratory cellular mechanisms to demonstrate meaningful human benefits is a considerable challenge,” she states.

“Human studies using various garlic forms—raw, powder, extracts, oils, supplements, and aged or black garlic—at differing doses, durations, and populations make comparisons complex.”

Allicin is also notably unstable. For it to exert its effects, immediate consumption after preparation is essential.

Thus, merely eating whole cloves of garlic isn’t sufficient; proper preparation is key.

Maximizing Garlic’s Benefits

To harness garlic’s cholesterol-lowering capabilities, start with fresh white garlic.

Research reveals that cooking garlic significantly diminishes its effectiveness. Crushing fresh garlic for salads is a better approach than adding whole cloves to dishes like Bolognese.

Aged black garlic has garnered interest from researchers and foodies alike.

Aged black garlic is created through fermentation, altering its biochemical properties – Credit: Getty

As Stanford explains, “Biochemically, aged black garlic differs greatly from raw garlic. Post-fermentation, it contains less allicin but more stable polysulfides like S-alicysteine (SAC).

“This compound’s stability makes it ideal for standardized garlic preparations utilized in research.”

Some studies have indicated early signs that black garlic may improve lipid management and lower blood pressure.

Another avenue is garlic-based supplements. Garlic’s superfood status has led to capsules, powders, and oils enriched with allicin, SAC, and more.

Among these, “Kyorik” garlic is touted as especially potent, according to Professor Karin Reid, Director of Research at the Australian National Institute for Integrative Medicine.

“Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract is the most effective, offering a stable cardiovascular benefit dosage,” she states. “Dietary intake alone isn’t sufficient for vascular impacts.”

Lead research on Kyorik aged garlic has suggested it may not only lower blood pressure in hypertensive patients but also positively influence arteriosclerosis, inflammation, and gut microbiota.

Be cautious with supplements; they often don’t explicitly claim to lower cholesterol but instead say they “support normal heart function.” This is due to early-stage, inconsistent research findings, according to Stanford.

“While some studies suggest garlic supplements may lower cholesterol, the evidence is insufficient to recommend them for health benefits,” she adds.

Current UK Dietary Guidelines advise against garlic supplements; incorporating fresh garlic into a balanced diet is far more beneficial.

The Final Verdict on Garlic

It’s essential to note that lowering cholesterol is particularly crucial for individuals with elevated levels or specific cardiometabolic conditions.

“While cholesterol is vital for producing vitamin D and steroid hormones,” Reid elaborates, “the brain consists largely of cholesterol, so maintaining a balance between HDL and LDL is key.”

Garlic is a valuable addition to a healthy diet, but research surrounding its cholesterol-lowering abilities is mixed, especially regarding the forms most commonly consumed.

Researchers highlight the necessity for long-term studies using standardized intake methods.

Increasing garlic consumption presents few drawbacks aside from potential breath issues. However, it shouldn’t be viewed as a medicine.

A holistic, healthy diet profoundly influences cholesterol levels – Credit: Getty

“Embrace fresh white or aged black garlic for invigorating flavor and health benefits,” advises Stanford. “A balanced diet—including oatmeal, legumes, whole grains, fruits, vegetables, unsaturated fats, nuts, seeds, and oily fish—is the most evidence-based strategy for cholesterol management.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Aliens Make First Contact with Humans: The Truth Revealed

Posted on May 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

In 2063, visionary scientist Zefram Cochrane masterfully conducts the inaugural test flight of a “warp engine”, thereby unlocking the extraordinary potential of faster-than-light travel.

Signs of the warp were detected by a nearby Vulcan ship, whose crew concluded that humanity is finally ready for first contact. This pivotal moment unfolds in the universe of Star Trek, marking our awakening to the existence of extraterrestrial life.

“I don’t think you can rule out such a scenario,” asserts Professor Michael Garrett, Director of the Jodrell Bank Astrophysics Center and current Chairman of the Standing Committee of the International Astronautical Association for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Exploration (IAA SETI).

“Alien civilizations could be significantly more advanced than our own. They may well be hidden from view.”

Professor Garrett believes that our first encounters with extraterrestrial intelligence will more likely come from observatories receiving signals, rather than from the sudden arrival of alien spacecraft.

In such an event, organizations that engage in SETI research have established first contact protocols.

“The initial step involves verification of the signal by an independent observatory,” explains Garrett, underscoring the importance of confidentiality until thorough verification is achieved.

Following this, the discoverer’s government and ultimately the United Nations would be notified, with public announcements made shortly thereafter. Or at least, that’s the intended plan.

“However, there is skepticism regarding the adoption of this protocol,” notes Garrett.

“If the signal conveys rich information, its impact will far exceed a mere indication of intelligent life existing somewhere in the cosmos.”

“The implications would be quickly understood by governments. Scientists may need to protect their interests as well.

“What is outlined in the protocol could diverge from the reality of the situation.”

Depending on the nature of the alien signal and our ability to understand or translate it, the question of whether we should respond also arises.

“It’s incredibly challenging to regulate who sends signals into space,” Garrett remarks. “If a highly advanced civilization exists, they could respond quickly to any signals we emit.”

“While there are small groups of hobbyists sending transmissions, what authority could represent all of humanity in these communications?”

“This is where the UN’s role is crucial, yet as of now, the UN lacks a formal position on this matter.”

Signals from intelligent extraterrestrial life are more likely to be received by an observatory rather than a spacecraft – Photo credit: Getty

In Star Trek, the discovery that we are not alone transforms humanity’s self-perception.

This revelation fosters enlightenment, unity, and a drive for exploration, supplanting the tendencies toward war and greed. Yet, whether we will react similarly in real life remains to be seen.

“I believe much depends on proximity,” Garrett suggests. “If aliens were located within our solar system, people might feel anxious. However, if they were on the opposite side of the galaxy, excitement would likely prevail.”

“Some religious institutions may need to reassess their doctrines, but most are adept at addressing challenges as they arise.”

“I’d like to think that discovering another civilization would expedite our political evolution, ethics, and moral frameworks.”

“But that’s the allure of Star Trek – it offers us aspirations for a better future.”

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Surprising Foods That Cause Weight Gain: What You Didn’t Expect

Posted on May 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Cellophane-wrapped bread, strawberry-flavored yogurt, whole-grain breakfast cereals, steak paste, protein snack bars, gummy bears, hot dog sausages, supermarket cupcakes, and microwave lasagna…the list of ultra-processed foods (UPF) is virtually endless.

These foods are industrially produced using ingredients and methods not typically found in home kitchens, with more than half of the average person’s diet in England and the US consisting of UPF.

The implications of this are concerning. The more ultra-processed food you consume, the greater the risk of developing health issues like obesity, type 2 diabetes, heart disease, and various cancers.

If you’re scanning a long list of unfamiliar additives while enjoying a prepared meal, you may be right to worry.

Research suggests that certain chemicals in UPF are linked to negative health outcomes. For instance, some food dyes have been associated with hyperactivity in children, and preservatives in processed meats have been linked to an increased risk of cancer. Specific emulsifiers can also harm gut microbiomes.

While these factors are indeed problematic, they’re not the entire issue. Scientists have increasingly focused on another, less obvious contributor: texture.

“These additives and emulsifiers aren’t the sole reason ultra-processed foods are detrimental,” states Professor Sarah Berry, a nutritionist at King’s College London. “Ultra-processed foods typically have altered textures, making them much softer, which enables faster consumption and greater overall intake.”

It may seem trivial, but ease of consumption is shifting how scientists understand the health consequences of UPF.

Overconsumption of UPF

To understand how UPF impacts daily calorie intake, groundbreaking research led by American nutritionist Kevin Hall sheds light on the issue.

In the study, 20 participants alternated between a minimal diet and an ultra-processed diet over two weeks each, with meals calibrated for calories, carbohydrates, protein, fat, sugar, salt, and fiber, allowing for unrestricted consumption.

Regardless of flavor, UPF meals tend to be softer and easier to consume than homemade or minimally processed options – Credit: Getty

Participants consuming ultra-processed foods consumed an average of 500 extra calories daily—primarily from fats and carbohydrates—and gained nearly 1 kg in weight.

But why is this the case? Analysis revealed that participants consumed ultra-processed foods at a quicker pace.

The softer the food, the faster it’s typically eaten. Furthermore, manufacturers often alter the natural structure of ingredients to create a soft, melt-in-your-mouth texture that requires minimal chewing.

The UPF diet in Hall’s study was notably softer than that of its minimally processed counterpart, enabling quicker consumption.

“Our research has consistently demonstrated that faster eating rates correlate with higher energy expenditure,” claims Professor Ciaran Forde from Wageningen University in the Netherlands.

Research indicates that eating 20% faster can significantly increase calorie intake per sitting, with effects documented in several studies.

“Faster eating, regardless of food type, leads to greater intake,” adds Forde. “No matter how healthy the food, quicker consumption results in larger quantities consumed.”

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Individuals who eat quickly are significantly more likely to experience issues like overweight, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes risks.

“The initial stage of digestion occurs in the mouth, not the stomach,” explains Forde. “The way you chew influences digestion and how full you feel afterward, priming your body to absorb nutrients.”

As you eat, stretch receptors in your stomach signal fullness, although this process is not instantaneous.

“A time lag exists between eating and the resulting hormonal changes in the brain,” Forde notes. “We found that chewing the same calorie count for a longer period results in a stronger sense of satisfaction.”

Thus, when consuming soft foods that require little chewing, particularly in many UPFs, you can consume large quantities before feeling full.

“Soft texture and energy density are common traits in junk foods,” says Forde. “Consequently, you’re likely to ingest excess calories without realizing it.”

Certain snacks may be crunchy initially but quickly dissolve into a mushy texture, making them seem like soft food – Credit: Getty

Not All UPFs Are Created Equal

You might wonder if all UPFs are soft. Some, like protein bars or granola with nuts, are crunchy or chewy. Do these textures not slow consumption?

This led Forde to conduct another experiment. His team designed a study similar to Hall’s, featuring two diets that prioritized nutrition and flavor, each for two weeks.

This time, both diets were 95% ultra-processed, with the main difference being texture: one meal consisted of chewy, crunchy, and harder foods designed for slower eating, while the other was soft, spongy, and moist.

“The results were astonishing,” states Forde. “Without any specific instructions, participants averaged a consumption reduction of about 370 calories.” They also gained nearly 500g of body fat on the faster diet.

“All foods in our trials were ultra-processed. However, while many UPFs are energy-dense and soft, we identified some that can be consumed more slowly,” adds Forde.

This aligns with insights from a large-scale observational study, revealing that not all UPF categories carry equal health risks.

Certainly, not all UPFs are detrimental. Some (like nut or whole grain cereal bars) may be chewier – Credit: Getty

Interestingly, studies noting a correlation between UPF and conditions like type 2 diabetes highlighted exceptions including whole grain bread, flavored yogurt, plant-based meat alternatives, and breakfast cereals.

Considering Forde’s texture findings, a variety of healthy elements exist within the ultra-processed category.

“Our findings are sometimes misinterpreted as proof that all UPFs promote excessive calorie consumption,” Forde notes. “Such simplifications do not reflect our complex results.”

Forde stresses the importance of discerning “red flags” associated with calorie-rich, easily consumed foods (many, though not all, of which are ultra-processed) and swapping them for equally satisfying options that require more time to eat.

“This could be part of future solutions,” Forde asserts. “By adding texture to your meals, you can make mindful choices within the foods you already enjoy.

“It’s possible to find joy in eating and feel satiated without guilt.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Why 90% of Humans Are Right-Handed: The Impact of Upright Walking and Brain Size

Posted on May 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research from the University of Oxford and the University of Reading reveals that bipedalism and increased brain size are key factors contributing to the notable predominance of right-handedness in humans.

Reconstruction of Homo erectus.

According to Thomas Püschel, a researcher at the University of Oxford, “Approximately 90% of individuals globally show a preference for using their right hand.”

“Some researchers propose that this trend has existed since the Neolithic period, while others suggest it has been constant throughout human history,” he adds.

The research highlights that the pronounced lateralization of hand use in humans results in rare occurrences of ambiguous hand preferences or forms of ambidexterity, a stark contrast to findings in other primate species.

Despite some level of hand lateralization in certain primate groups, the consistent handedness seen in humans stands out as a remarkable evolutionary phenomenon that remains largely unexplained.

The study analyzed data from 2,025 individuals representing 41 different monkey and ape species.

Employing Bayesian modeling, the researchers explored evolutionary relationships across species to examine existing hypotheses regarding handedness evolution, including aspects like tool use, diet, habitat, body weight, social structures, brain size, and locomotion.

Interestingly, humans deviated from typical primate patterns, a difference that disappeared when brain size and the relative limb lengths—key indicators of bipedalism—were involved in the model.

Essentially, the upright walking and larger brains of humans clarify our evolution and no longer categorize us as anomalies.

The researchers also estimated the likely handedness of our extinct ancestors, indicating a gradual shift: Ardipithecus and Australopithecus likely exhibited a mild right-handed preference akin to modern great apes.

However, the emergence of the Homo genus, including species such as Homo ergaster, Homo erectus, and Neanderthals, marked a significant increase in right-handedness, peaking in modern Homo sapiens.

A notable exception is Homo floresiensis, a small-brained species from Indonesia, which exhibited a much weaker handedness tendency, aligning with their unique adaptations for a mix of bipedalism and climbing.

The research team posits a two-step evolutionary narrative.

Initially, upright walking liberated human hands from locomotion tasks, introducing new selective pressures for fine manual movements.

As larger brains developed and reorganized, the inclination toward right-handedness strengthened, resulting in the nearly universal pattern observed today.

“This groundbreaking study is the first to assess several major hypotheses concerning human handedness within a unified framework,” remarked Dr. Püschel.

“Our findings indicate that our distinct handedness is likely connected to the evolution of crucial human traits, particularly bipedalism and larger brain size.”

“By examining multiple primate species, we can distinguish which aspects of handedness have remained consistent over time versus those that are unique to humans.”

For the full study, refer to the article published in PLoS Biology here.

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Püschel, T. et al. 2026. Bipedalism and brain enlargement explain human handedness. PLoS Biol 24 (4): e3003771; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003771

Source: www.sci.news

83 Million-Year-Old Crocodile Lizard Fossil Discovered in France

Posted on May 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have discovered a new genus and species of pancinisaur lizard, named Acutodon villeveyracensis, from an upper jaw fossil found in southern France. This discovery extends the presence of this lineage in Europe back by at least 30 million years.

Paleo-artistic restoration of Acutodon villeveyracensis, the oldest known member of the pansinisaurid family found in Europe. Image credit: Olivier Jansen.

Pansinisaurus Anguimorphs represent an evolutionary group of lizards that originated in the Early Cretaceous period.

Currently, this lineage exists in only one surviving species: the endangered Chinese Crocodile Lizard (Sinisaurus crocodilius), found in small forest streams of southeastern China and northern Vietnam.

Scientists estimate that only a few hundred individuals of this species remain, facing threats from habitat destruction, poaching, and climate change.

“The Chinese Crocodile Lizard represents the only extant member of the pan-sinisaurus clade (comparable to sinisaurids),” stated Dr. Olivier Jansen, paleontologist at the Institute of Paleontology, Evolutionary Paleoecological Systems, and Paleoprimates of the University of Poitiers and CNRS, alongside his colleagues.

“This species is concentrated in small subpopulations within the lowland forests of southeastern China and northern Vietnam.”

“They face severe risks from habitat loss and rampant poaching, exacerbated by demand for food, pharmaceuticals, and the illegal pet trade.”

“Chinese Alligator Lizards are also impacted by climate change. Adapted to clean streams in dense vegetation of remote evergreen forests, they depend on consistently moderate temperatures each year.”

“Despite being on the edge of extinction, the evolutionary history of this group remains inadequately understood, and the species may vanish before we unravel the mystery of its origins.”

The newly identified species, Acutodon villeveyracensis, thrived during the Campanian period of the Late Cretaceous, approximately 83 million years ago in what is now France.

“This Cretaceous record marks the oldest occurrence of a pan-sinisaurian lizard in Europe,” the paleontologists emphasized.

“It predates the presence of this clade in Europe by about 30 million years, raising intriguing questions about the paleontological history of pancinisaur lizards.” The holotype specimen of Acutodon villeveyracensis was excavated near Villeverac in the Hérault region of France.

The fossilized specimen consists of an upper jaw bone measuring approximately 2.8 cm (1.1 inches) long, featuring a row of narrow, arched teeth.

This lizard exhibited several unique anatomical traits shared with both modern and extinct alligator lizards, notably the unique tooth replacement structures known as resorption pits.

The researchers concluded that the distinct combination of features warranted the classification of a new genus and species.

“Acutodon villeveyracensis is categorized as a pansinisaur angimorph based on its toothed upper jaw, which shares numerous features with both extant fossils of the Chinese Alligator Lizard and its relatives,” the researchers explained. These features include tall, tapered, and recurved teeth with constricted bases and resorption pits.

By analyzing the skull proportions of existing alligator lizards, scientists estimate that Acutodon villeveyracensis could have exceeded 1 meter (3.3 ft) in length.

“This species was indeed a predator, competing in size and habitat with other large squamates in its ecosystem, such as the terrestrial monsterosaurids and the aquatic mosasaurs,” the researchers added.

The unique alignment of teeth in Acutodon villeveyracensis—characterized by thin, tapered, and recurved teeth—supports a diet that likely included fish. Analogously to the Chinese Crocodile Lizard, it may have also preyed on other small vertebrates like frogs, salamanders, and Albanerpetonidae in the freshwater wetlands of Villevérac (Hérault, France).

The discovery of Acutodon villeveyracensis is detailed in a recent paper published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.

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Olivier Jansen and colleagues. A new pancinisaur lizard (Anguimorpha) discovered in the lower Campanian region of Villeverac (Hérault, France). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, published online on May 20, 2026. doi: 10.1080/02724634.2026.2636649

Source: www.sci.news

How Mercury Might Have Gained Its Surprising Water Supply in Just One Day

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discovering Mercury’s Ice Deposits

Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

Mercury Ice Deposits — Discovering Mercury’s Ice Deposits

Credit: NASA’s Scientific Visualization Studio

Approximately 100 million years ago, dramatic changes transformed Mercury’s surface. Previously dry and ice-free, the planet’s conditions shifted significantly within a single day, coinciding with daytime temperatures soaring above 430°C (806°F).

At Mercury’s poles lie craters known as permanent shadow regions, where sunlight never reaches. NASA’s Messenger spacecraft, which orbited Mercury from 2011 to 2015, confirmed these craters host ice deposits several meters deep. However, their origin remains a mystery.

Prior studies have proposed that a comet-like object, roughly 17 kilometers in diameter, may have impacted Mercury at a speed of approximately 30 kilometers per second. Recent simulations by Parvathy Prem and her team at the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory suggest that a larger, slower impactor might be responsible.

“We’ve known for a while that Mercury has ice at its poles, and the idea that these deposits stemmed from impactors isn’t new. However, this is the first time we’ve modeled the entire process and visualized it comprehensively,” Prem stated. “This is my first in-depth look into it.” What happens in this simulation?

The simulation begins with a massive ice and rock chunk colliding with Mercury, creating the expansive Hokusai crater visible on its surface today. Upon impact, the object would have evaporated nearly completely, resulting in a thin but water-rich atmosphere around Mercury.

“To the naked eye, Mercury might seem faint, but at the right wavelength, the planet may emit a brief but noticeable shine,” Prem explained.

While much of the atmosphere would have dispersed due to intense solar radiation, the researchers discovered that slightly more than one-fifth of the water vapor generated by the impactor traveled to the poles, potentially taking refuge in the permanently shadowed regions. This finding aligns more closely with Messenger’s measurements and suggests a larger, slower impactor trapped more water on the surface than previously thought.

If Prem and her team are correct, all these events would have unfolded in just one Mercuryian day, the equivalent of 176 Earth days. “This day may well be the most significant in Mercury’s billion-year history,” remarked Emily Costello from the University of Hawaii.

This research could answer the long-standing question of why Mercury’s polar craters contain ice whereas Earth’s moon has none, despite their striking similarities. “Mercury experienced a massive influx of water recently; the Moon did not,” Costello remarked.

Understanding Mercury’s polar ice deposits may also shed light on the broader narrative of when and how water became present throughout our solar system, including Earth. “Mercury’s polar ice deposits serve as a fascinating geological record of when and how water emerged in the solar system’s interior, and we are now deciphering this record,” Prem noted. The ongoing mission will be supported by the BepiColombo spacecraft, launched in 2018 and set to enter Mercury’s orbit later this year.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Gemini North Telescope Explores the Mysteries of the Crystal Ball Nebula

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Stunning new images captured by the 8.1-meter Gemini North telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii, showcase the Crystal Ball Nebula in remarkable detail. This glowing, lumpy mass of gas is intricately shaped by a pair of stars.

This captivating image of the Crystal Ball Nebula was taken by the International Gemini Observatory’s 8.1 m Gemini North Telescope. Image credit: J. Miller & M. Rodriguez, International Gemini Observatory & NSF’s NOIRLab / TA Rector, University of Alaska Anchorage & NSF’s NOIRLab / D. de Martin & M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab.

The Crystal Ball Nebula, located approximately 1,500 light-years away in the constellation Taurus—near the border of Perseus—is officially designated as NGC 1514.

Discovered on November 13, 1790, by the renowned German-British astronomer William Herschel, this nebula is a breathtaking example of celestial beauty.

Utilizing the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS), the latest images of the Crystal Ball Nebula were captured by the Gemini North Telescope, part of the International Gemini Observatory funded by the NSF and operated by NSF’s NOIRLab.

NOIRLab astronomers classify the Crystal Ball Nebula as a planetary nebula, a term first introduced by Herschel himself. He recognized the spherical shape of these objects in the 1700s, coining the term due to their resemblance to planets—despite the fact that they are entirely unrelated.

Planetary nebulae are formed when a low- or intermediate-mass star expels its outer layers towards the end of its life, creating a spherical gas cloud.

Unlike many planetary nebulae, which typically have smoother shapes, the Crystal Ball Nebula is characterized by its uniquely bumpy gas shells.

As the central star releases this gas, its inner core becomes exposed, with radiation from the core energizing the gas to scorching temperatures, resulting in a colorful glow. For instance, the Crystal Ball Nebula’s temperature is estimated to be around 15,000 K.

Herschel was captivated by the nebula’s dimly lit shell; before his discovery, he believed nebulae to be merely distant collections of stars.

The bright spot at the center of the gaseous shell contradicted this theory. Herschel noted, in 1791: ‘Our judgment, we may venture to say, and it will be, is that the nebula around this star is not of a stellar nature.’

He theorized that the light emanating from the Crystal Ball Nebula originated from a single star, rather than a group of distant stars.

Although the new images may depict a singular bright source at the center—similar to Herschel’s observations—the Crystal Ball Nebula actually harbors two stars.

These two stars form a binary pair that orbits each other with a period of approximately nine years, marking it as the longest known binary star pair within a planetary nebula, according to the astronomers.

Source: www.sci.news

Breakthrough mRNA Vaccine Shows Promise in Protecting Against Multiple Ebola Viruses

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Health officials combating the Bundibugyo virus in the DRC on May 21

Michelle Runanga/Getty Images

Health officials combating the Bundibugyo virus in the DRC on May 21

Michelle Runanga/Getty Images

A groundbreaking mRNA vaccine has been developed that promises long-term protection against lethal viruses in the Ebola family, including the Bundibugyo strain currently present in two African nations.

Over 600 individuals are suspected to be infected with the Bundibugyo virus in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), with two confirmed cases in Uganda. The World Health Organization has classified this outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern.

Bundibugyo virus is part of the ortho-Ebolavirus family, which includes the notorious Zaire and Sudan viruses, all known for causing severe health issues in humans.

While Bundibugyo outbreaks are less common than those of the Zaire strain, which infected over 28,000 people from 2014 to 2016, vaccines for Bundibugyo and Sudanese viruses have yet to be developed, despite the Zaire vaccine being approved.

Recently, Yao Yanfeng and his team at the Wuhan Institute of Virology in China reported the successful development of a vaccine that provides protection against all three viruses in animal models.

“The creation of a broad-spectrum vaccine could significantly mitigate outbreaks from multiple ortho-Ebola viruses,” they stated in their recent publication.

The challenge lies in the fact that each Ebola virus has distinct glycoproteins important for infection; however, they all share a common nucleoprotein that encapsulates the virus’s genetic material.

To formulate the new vaccine, Yao and his colleagues combined mRNA coding for each virus’s glycoprotein along with the shared nucleoprotein into a single lipid nanoparticle. These lipid nanoparticles protect the mRNA vaccines until they reach the targeted cells in the body.

After inoculating the mice with the vaccine, the researchers monitored their immune responses and subsequently exposed them to all three viruses. All immunized mice were fully protected against the Zaire and Sudan viruses and showed robust protection against Bundibugyo. Even hamsters infected with the Sudan virus were completely shielded by the vaccine.

The findings indicate the development of a broad-spectrum mRNA vaccine that effectively protects against the Zaire, Sudan, and Bundibugyo viruses. However, researchers emphasize that further trials are essential to confirm its safety and efficacy in humans.

Robert Cross, a professor at the University of Texas Medical Branch, expressed enthusiasm for the innovative direction of medicine, stating, “Ebola vaccines are under research.”

He cautioned that trials in non-human primates are the gold standard for predicting human efficacy, and gaining regulatory approval for vaccines targeting multiple pathogens is a challenging endeavor.

“Securing approval for a vaccine targeting a single virus is notoriously difficult, and the pathway for a multivalent vaccine is even more complex,” Cross noted.

Adrian Esterman, from the University of Adelaide, remarked that while this preclinical study is promising, its applicability is limited to rodents.

“It’s too early to set a firm timeline for clinical application. Progressing from this stage to human trials typically requires several years, as additional animal studies, including trials with primates, are necessary. Manufacturing processes and safety testing also need to be established,” he commented.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Political Anger Impacts the Body Differently Than Other Types of Anger

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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The Influence of Politically-Induced Emotions on Public Action

Ian Francis/Alamy

Feeling overwhelmed by the emotional landscape of world politics? A recent study reveals how political issues evoke distinct bodily sensations compared to everyday emotional experiences. Understanding these differences can help you maintain composure while staying engaged in current events.

“Feeling more is probably beneficial for democracy,” states Manos Tsalis from Royal Holloway, University of London. “To manage your feelings effectively, it’s crucial first to recognize what you’re experiencing. Then, the aim is to respond thoughtfully instead of reacting impulsively.”

In the study, Tsalis and his team surveyed around 1,000 participants, asking them to complete body contour maps to identify locations and intensities of emotions like anger, disgust, and hope. They subsequently analyzed how these sensations manifested when participants confronted emotionally charged political terms like “terrorism” and “crime.”

The results formed a digital heat map illustrating how each emotion correlated with physical sensations, intensity levels, and connections prompting either action or feelings of detachment.

Previous studies have shown that emotions are universally experienced in similar ways across different cultures. For instance, depression typically denotes widespread physical deactivation, while anger is associated with heightened energy levels, particularly in the chest, head, and arms.

This new research largely aligns with earlier findings, though it emphasizes emotions linked to political experiences. “During episodes of political-related depression, individuals report heightened sensations throughout their torso and extremities,” notes Tsalis.

Interestingly, political disgust is perceived as a more energetic sensation throughout the upper body, contrasting with non-political disgust that predominantly resonates in the gut. “Political disgust bears similarities to anger,” adds Tsalis.

While the reasons behind these phenomena remain unclear, Tsalis hypothesizes that people may feel overwhelmed by significant political challenges, compelling them to seek collective efforts for change. “Our perception of agency in politics is uniquely different,” he explains. “Individual action often feels insufficient; effective change necessitates a collaborative approach.”

By gaining a deeper understanding of your emotions, you can potentially escape the cycle of destructive doom scrolling. According to Lisa Quad at Brighton and Sussex Medical School in the UK, “We tend to view ourselves as rational beings, but this overlooks the profound impact of our body’s sensations on our decisions and actions.”

Quad and her colleagues have demonstrated that training individuals to better recognize their heartbeats and related physical sensations can significantly alleviate emotional overwhelm, particularly in autistic individuals with anxiety. Being more attuned to your feelings, she suggests, allows you to navigate negative emotions effectively and encourages proactive rather than avoidant behaviors.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA’s Stunning New Image Reveals the Incredible Power of a Supermassive Black Hole

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent images captured by the James Webb Space Telescope have illuminated one of the brightest cosmic scenes in the universe.

Messier 77 (M77), commonly referred to as the Squid Galaxy, features swirling tentacles of dust and gas extending into the depths of intergalactic space.

What sets this galaxy apart, located an astounding 47 million light-years from Earth, is the brilliant rays of light emanating from its core.

The new images highlight the remarkable activity of this galactic nucleus. According to Dr. Darren Baskill, an astronomy lecturer at the University of Sussex, “Look how bright the center of this galaxy is compared to the trillions of stars surrounding it,” as reported by BBC Science Focus.

“For many years, the reason behind the incredible brightness of these galactic centers puzzled astronomers, but calculations and observations have shown that the only plausible explanation for such luminous entities is that substantial amounts of gas are spiraling into the supermassive black hole at the galaxy’s center.”

The term “super-sized” inadequately describes M77. With a staggering 8 million solar masses, it boasts a mass double that of Sagittarius A*, the supermassive black hole at the Milky Way’s center.

Furthermore, Baskill notes a significant distinction: “A massive amount of gas is descending in a disk towards the supermassive black hole at the core of M77. In contrast, our Milky Way galaxy is relatively quiet, with only rare stars drifting into its central black hole.”

“This stark difference in gas activity accounts for the dramatic luminosity contrast between M77 and our galaxy.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Floating Tanks: A Comprehensive Solution for PTSD Recovery Post-Bushfires

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Flotation tanks, often found in luxury spas, show potential for PTSD relief.

Dave Stamboulis / Alamy

Flotation tanks promising treatment for PTSD — Flotation tanks, often found in luxury spas, show potential for PTSD relief.

Dave Stamboulis / Alamy

A shipping container equipped with three mobile flotation tanks is headed to Maui, Hawaii, aiming to alleviate the mental health crisis following the devastating wildfires—the deadliest in U.S. history. While flotation tanks are typically associated with high-end spas, they offer significant promise in treating anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). If the initial deployment proves beneficial, additional units could be dispatched to disaster areas worldwide.

In August 2023, a series of wildfires erupted in Maui, resulting in the tragic loss of 102 lives and the destruction of countless homes and businesses. Since then, there has been an alarming rise in the risk of depression and anxiety, with increased concerns regarding PTSD in the hardest-hit areas.

“Maui lacks the necessary infrastructure to tackle a mental health crisis of this scale,” says Justin Feinstein, a clinical neuropsychologist and founder of a nonprofit dedicated to mental health solutions. “Many individuals are resorting to self-medication. We are witnessing a sharp increase in alcohol consumption, suicidal tendencies, and PTSD cases.”

On May 2nd, Feinstein revealed at the Embodied Mind Summit in Los Angeles that the float unit would provide complimentary sessions for first responders and wildfire survivors, while also gathering long-term data on the efficacy of floatation therapy as a mental health intervention.

Float therapy, or Float-REST (Environmental Stimulus Reduction Therapy), involves lying in a serene pool infused with Epsom salts that allow for effortless floating. The water and air are maintained at body temperature, earplugs minimize noise, and lights are turned off to create an environment free from sensory distractions.

This innovative tank was conceived by neuroscientists in the 1950s to investigate whether the brain requires sensory input to maintain consciousness. The findings indicated that individuals remained aware but reported a profound sense of relaxation.

Feinstein has dedicated over a decade to researching the mental and physical impacts of flotation therapy. His studies suggest that it can significantly reduce anxiety in both volunteers without prior mental health conditions and those suffering from anxiety disorders, depression, and PTSD. Feinstein notes that its calming effects are comparable to those of benzodiazepines, a common class of sedative.

While the precise mechanisms are still being explored, buoyancy is believed to aid in diminishing sensory input and limiting movement, promoting a tranquil state for both body and mind. Studies indicate that within moments of floating, breathing patterns and heart rates decrease, blood pressure drops, and brain activity transitions away from self-referential thinking toward restorative, sleep-like states.

Having resided in Maui since 2020, Feinstein collaborated with Floataway, a UK-based company, to develop a cost-effective, modular float pod that can be easily assembled in a matter of days. The Maui Calm Project aims to deploy these tanks in the region this summer, with the hope of establishing a network of portable floatation units to combat PTSD in disaster-stricken areas.

Sarah Garfinkel, a professor at University College London who examines the physiological basis of PTSD, emphasizes the importance of a relaxing approach in treating this condition. “Hyperarousal is a fundamental aspect of PTSD, often leading to heightened physical responses,” she states. “Floating seems to cultivate a sense of internal safety, which could radically shift our understanding and treatment methods for PTSD. I am truly excited about this research.”

If you or someone you know needs support, please reach out to the British Samaritans at 116123 (samaritans.org) or the US Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at 988 (988lifeline.org). For services in other countries, visit bit.ly/SuicideHelplines.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Experiencing the Timeless Wonder of Stonehenge: A Journey Through History

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Majestic Aerial View of Stonehenge

Russell Brown/Alamy

For those eager to experience the wonder of Stonehenge, the most convenient route is along Britain’s A303 road. This ancient Neolithic monument, standing for over 5,000 years, offers one of the most breathtaking vistas for travelers.

Your first sighting of the remarkable stone circles is truly awe-inspiring. But merely driving past it presents a missed opportunity to connect deeply with the site.

While it’s tempting to view Stonehenge as just a magnificent ruin shrouded in mystery, experiencing it from a distance neglects the intimate connection one could have up close. Imagine ascending a hill and witnessing the giant stones slowly rising before you, surrounded by an expansive landscape.

Explore the Origins of Humanity: A Walking Tour in Southwest England

Embark on a journey through the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age with this fascinating walking tour that unveils early human history.

Despite extensive research into Stonehenge’s temples, burial sites, and ancient calendars, the site continues to evoke a sense of mystery.

During my visit from Australia, I opted for the Inner Circle Tour led by English Heritage experts, which provided a deeper understanding of the site. As dusk approached, we entered a designated area not open to the public, transforming Stonehenge from a distant silhouette into a magnificent monument rising before us.

James captures a memorable moment at Stonehenge.

James Woodford

We had about 30 minutes to explore, examining the iconic stones from various angles. As our time drew to a close, the sun broke through the clouds, bathing the monument in a warm golden glow. Stonehenge is a powerful reminder of deep time and should be experienced meaningfully, rather than just casually observed from afar.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Australia Faces Historic Diphtheria Outbreak: The Largest in Recent Memory

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Preparation for Diphtheria and Tetanus Vaccination

Simanjuntaku/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

Medical workers preparing diphtheria and tetanus vaccines — Preparation for Diphtheria and Tetanus Vaccination

Simanjuntaku/EPA-EFE/Shutterstock

Diphtheria cases are rising in Australia, marking a concerning trend for the first time since the advent of widespread vaccination in the 1930s.

The nation has reported 230 cases
of this dangerous bacterial infection along with 1 related adult death this year. The surge is attributed to increasing case numbers, primarily affecting remote Indigenous communities in the Northern Territory and Western Australia, and smaller incidences in Queensland and South Australia. Historically, the annual infection rate hovered around zero.

According to Paul Burgess, the Chief Health Officer of the Northern Territory, the latest outbreak stems from an incident dating back to 2022 in Queensland, originally contracted overseas. This highly contagious disease has since spread to Indigenous communities across the Northern Territory and neighboring states, driven by vaccination gaps, high mobility between communities, and crowded living conditions.

Vaccination coverage for diphtheria among five-year-olds in the Northern Territory stands at approximately 92%, but only around 67% of 13-year-olds receive necessary booster shots available through school-based programs. Raina McIntyre from the University of New South Wales noted, “The effectiveness of the vaccine is waning, and booster immunizations are urgently needed.”

This trend partly explains why adolescents and young adults are increasingly falling ill with diphtheria.

Challenges in achieving optimal vaccination rates stem from “increased vaccine misinformation and backlash following the COVID-19 pandemic,” as McIntyre observed. The shortage of healthcare professionals in remote areas further complicates matters.

The diphtheria infection is caused by the Diphtheria bacterium, which affects the skin and respiratory system, producing a toxin that leads to severe complications. Symptoms include painful throat ulcers or a thick gray film in the throat that can obstruct breathing. When toxins enter the bloodstream, severe outcomes, including heart failure and paralysis, may occur.

This bacterium can be transmitted through contact with sores of an infected person or through respiratory droplets.

While treatment can include antibiotics and antitoxins that neutralize the diphtheria toxin, mortality can still occur despite medical intervention.

Before the diphtheria vaccine was introduced, the disease was a leading cause of child mortality worldwide. In Australia, over 4,000 deaths were attributed to diphtheria between the late 1920s and early 1930s.

The Australian government recently announced a funding package of A$7.2 million (£3.8 million) to combat the outbreak, deploying additional healthcare professionals to affected regions for increased vaccination efforts and treatment administration.

Burgess emphasized to the ABC: “We are encouraged by the strong community demand for vaccination in response to this outbreak.”

Globally, the largest diphtheria outbreak since routine immunization began occurred in countries of the former Soviet Union post-1991, with an alarming rate of 140,000 infections and 5,000 deaths resulting from a collapse in vaccination coverage, underscoring that “vaccine program disruptions can lead to outbreaks,” stated McIntyre.

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infectious disease

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Earth’s Aging Process Mirrors the Effects of Space Travel

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

NASA astronaut Scott Kelly spent 340 days in space on one mission.

NASA

NASA astronaut Scott Kelly spent 340 days in space on one mission.

NASA

The twin paradox is a classic thought experiment in physics first proposed by Albert Einstein in 1905. This fascinating scenario imagines astronauts journeying through space at nearly the speed of light while their twin remains on Earth. Upon their return, the space traveler discovers their twin has aged significantly more. This discrepancy in aging relates to the relative passage of time experienced by travelers moving at such extreme speeds compared to those stationary on Earth. This concept serves as a reflection on aging in our universe.

While traveling at light-speed remains theoretical, surprising evidence indicates that space travelers actually age more rapidly. Research shows that astronauts spending six months aboard the International Space Station (ISS) age 40 times faster than their Earthbound siblings, according to certain measurements.

As we continue our journey into understanding aging, it’s critical to recognize that many factors exacerbating accelerated aging are becoming increasingly prevalent here on Earth. The encouraging news is that insights gained from protecting astronauts can lead to solutions beneficial for everyone.

To date, about 781 individuals have ventured into space, with varying lengths of stay. While many were briefly aboard, nearly 300 astronauts have completed missions on the ISS, where they typically remain for over six months.

NASA has been vigilant regarding the health impacts of prolonged space missions and is actively researching these effects as we prepare for future Mars expeditions and beyond.

One notable study is the NASA Twin Study. Initiated in 1996, this groundbreaking research involved twin astronauts Scott and Mark Kelly. Both have taken part in shuttle missions, with Scott spending time on the ISS. Following his selection for a year-long ISS mission in 2015, NASA seized the chance to conduct a twin study—a method that assesses the interplay of genetic and environmental factors on health. Although the sample size was limited, significant findings emerged.

Researchers documented changes, particularly in inflammatory markers. Following a year in space, Scott exhibited heightened levels of inflammation and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory cells. These changes are aligned with the characteristics of aging, pinpointing that long-duration space living correlates with accelerated aging markers. Subsequent investigations into other astronauts have confirmed that extended stays in space evoke at least four aging characteristics, including chronic inflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction.

Astronauts also face rapid physiological aging symptoms, including declines in cardiovascular health, muscle and bone loss, cognitive impairments, and immune dysfunction. Notably, one cardiovascular measure indicates that astronauts may experience internal aging equivalent to two decades in just six months.

According to research from Daniel Weiner at the Buck Institute on Aging, four space-related factors play significant roles in accelerating aging: the absence of gravity induces muscle and bone atrophy; compressed light-dark cycles disrupt circadian rhythms; exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation; and social isolation, all of which are aging factors.

The negative effects of living in space are comparable to stressors on Earth.

Carly Photography/Getty Images

You may wonder about the relevance of this research to Earthbound individuals. Interestingly, many conditions faced by astronauts share similarities with challenges encountered daily by people. While we may not experience microgravity, a sedentary lifestyle impacts muscles and bones similarly. Moreover, disrupted circadian rhythms and social isolation affect countless individuals, while high levels of ionizing radiation can stem from naturally-occurring radon gas.

Although the mechanisms of aging remain complex, studies involving long-duration astronauts may illuminate these processes. According to Weiner, astronauts serve as exceptional model organisms for aging research; their experiences in space mimic an intense, acute version of chronic stressors contributing to age-related declines in terrestrial populations.

Research efforts focus on discovering anti-aging interventions, benefiting not only astronauts but the broader public as well. NASA remains committed to the health of its personnel and is collaborating with Weiner’s team to uncover molecules that could offset the aging effects of spaceflight. Over the last 70 years, NASA has contributed to various medical advancements, emphasizing the potential societal benefits of their ongoing research endeavors.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Over 1 Billion Birds Die Annually in the U.S. Due to Building Collisions: Here’s Why

Posted on May 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Birds often struggle to distinguish between the outdoors and reflective glass surfaces, leading to collisions with buildings when they mistake reflections of the sky and surrounding vegetation for the natural environment.

Moreover, urban lighting attracts migratory birds at night, increasing the risk of these dangerous encounters.

According to a 2024 study, over 1 billion birds are estimated to perish each year in the United States due to collisions with buildings.

This alarming number exceeds previous estimates, as it includes not only those found deceased at the crash site but also birds that succumbed to injuries while receiving care post-collision.

Researchers are advocating for the construction of bird-friendly buildings, suggesting the addition of visual markers on windows to help reduce these incidents.

This article addresses the question: “How many birds fly into buildings?” (asked by Barry Megan via email).

For any inquiries, feel free to reach out via email at: questions@sciencefocus.com or contact us through Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram (please include your name and location).

Explore our ultimate fun facts for more amazing science insights.

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80 Million Years Ago: How T. rex and Mosasaurs Dominated the Oceans

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have unveiled a colossal new species of Mosasaurus, measuring an impressive 13.2 meters (43 feet) in length, and equipped with serrated teeth, leading to its intriguing name: Tylosaurus rex.

Reconstruction of Tylosaurus rex in the Cretaceous Western North American Interior Seaway. Image credit: Alderon Games / Path of Titans.

Mosasaurs, ancient giant marine reptiles, thrived during the Late Cretaceous Period, approximately 100 to 66 million years ago.

Often likened to dinosaurs, these creatures are actually more closely related to contemporary monitor lizards and snakes.

The family Mosasaurs is categorized into four main subfamilies: Mosasauridae, Plioplatecarpinidae, Tylosauridae, and Halisauridae, each showcasing unique adaptations like flippers, streamlined bodies, and significant size variations.

Among them, Tylosaurid mosasaurs are characterized by a toothless snout, elongated tail, and minimally ossified limbs, adaptations that facilitated their life in open waters.

These ancient reptiles were among the first to achieve true gigantic sizes, surpassing 8 meters (26 feet) in length.

Tylosaurid fossils have been discovered across Europe, Asia, New Zealand, Africa, and Antarctica, with a remarkable abundance along the Western Interior Seaway of North America.

“Everything seems to be bigger in Texas, including mosasaurs,” stated study lead author Dr. Amelia Zietlow, a paleontologist from the American Museum of Natural History.

Dr. Zietlow’s research journey began as a doctoral student, when she identified what seemed to be a misclassified mosasaur fossil from the museum’s collection, previously labeled as Tylosaurus proliger.

Upon comparing her specimen with the holotype Tylosaurus proliger, she and her team concluded that their find, along with over a dozen similar fossils from various institutions, belonged to an entirely different mosasaur family.

This distinction was significant; the fossils of Tylosaurus proliger displayed finely serrated teeth, a rarity among mosasaurs.

While the typical Tylosaurus proliger specimen was found in present-day Kansas and dated to around 84 million years ago, the newly discovered fossils, primarily from Texas, are roughly 4 million years younger.

“The holotype for the newly categorized Tylosaurus rex is an impressive specimen displayed at the Perot Museum, first located in 1979 near Dallas,” remarked paleontologists.

Beyond its massive size, the newly identified Tylosaurus rex showcased a range of adaptations that contributed to its formidable jaw and neck muscles, indicating it was a powerful predator.

“Being approximately twice the length of the largest great white shark, Tylosaurus rex appears to have been a much more aggressive creature compared to other mosasaurs,” explained co-author Dr. Ron Tycosky, curator of vertebrate paleontology at the Perot Museum.

“Studies of well-preserved fossils gathered from across North Texas revealed unprecedented levels of internal conflict within this species, unlike any other Tylosaurus fossils previously documented.”

“Evidence of this aggressive behavior includes the “Black Knight,” a specimen housed in the Perot Museum that is missing the tip of its nose and has a fractured jaw, injuries likely caused by its own kind.”

“Other notable mosasaurus specimens previously known as Tylosaurus proliger, now reclassified as Tylosaurus rex, include the remarkable specimen ‘Bunker’ discovered in 1911 and exhibited at the University of Kansas, as well as ‘Sophie’ at Yale University’s Peabody Museum.”

The research team’s published paper appears in today’s Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History.

_____

Amelia R. Zietlow et al.. 2026. A new giant species of Tylosaurus from Texas (Mosasauridae), and an updated character list for phylogenetic analysis of Mosasauridae. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 482; doi: 10.1206/0003-0090.482.1.1

Source: www.sci.news

Why Big Dreams Can Lead to Exhaustion and Suffering: Understanding the Hidden Costs

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Imagine waking up drained instead of refreshed, not because of a lack of sleep, but due to being trapped in relentless, vivid dreams. For many experiencing these “grand dreams,” the repercussions can greatly disrupt daily life.

“These intense experiences linger in my mind, exhausting me and causing constant fatigue,” shares Madame R, a 38-year-old grand dreamer.

Madame R is one of four grand dreamers studied across two centers in France. Despite the scientific explanations for her condition, the phenomenon has been observed for over 20 years. Researchers advocate for recognizing these sleep disturbances as distinct disorders, as supported by detailed case studies from Pierre Geoffroy from the University of Paris.

In her analysis, Madame R noted she has always had extraordinary dreams, a condition that intensified after the birth of her second child. Other subjects included Monsieur W, a 74-year-old whose dreams blur the line between reality and imagination.

Another participant, Monsieur D, 58, reported experiencing excessive dreaming twice weekly for four years. Madame W, 40, stated she cannot recall a moment without dreams, expressing, “It feels like my brain never shuts down at night.”

Dreams can manifest during any sleep stage; however, Geoffroy asserts that due to the narrative-driven nature of these dreams, they likely occur predominantly during the rapid eye movement (REM) stage.

Excessive dreaming could signify extended REM sleep. Polysomnography tests conducted on three of the four dreamers revealed typical REM stages, or slightly reduced sleep duration.

Geoffroy remarked that the polysomnography findings were “not particularly remarkable.” Yet, results indicated increased REM density and microarousals—frequent disruptions that fragment REM sleep. These micro-awakenings could enhance dream recall, leading individuals to feel as if they’ve been dreaming all night.

If a person’s brain consistently remembers their dreams as vivid experiences, they may awaken feeling unrefreshed, despite seemingly adequate sleep data. Ivana Rosenzweig at King’s College London stated, “This doesn’t imply dreaming occurs every second; rather, it questions why the sleep brain fails to let dreams fade, blending them into waking life.”

Researchers also explored if grand dreams correlate with poor mental health, which could contribute to sleep issues. While all participants completed psychiatric assessments, three exhibited signs of depression or anxiety, yet managing these conditions did not alleviate excessive dreaming. Jeffrey pointed out that grand dreams may represent a separate disorder.

Dr. Rosenzweig emphasized that the study “highlights a clinically significant phenomenon that many sleep specialists recognize but is inadequately represented in current diagnostic frameworks.” However, she noted that more extensive research is essential before classifying grand dreams as a unique sleep disorder.

Francesca Siclari from the Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience also advocates for further investigation, highlighting, “One major challenge is to determine if excessive dreaming stems from a singular mechanism or represents symptomatic elements across various sleep and psychiatric disorders.”

Rosenzweig and her team anticipate that upcoming research may clarify why some grand dreamers struggle to differentiate between real-life occurrences and dream scenarios. Their ongoing investigations suggest that grand dreams extend beyond atypical sleep disorders, posing fundamental questions regarding the brain’s perception of reality.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How AI Has Transformed Mathematics: The Biggest Breakthrough in Math History

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Plane Unit Distance Problem explores the maximum number of equally sized lines connecting points on an infinite paper.

Noga Alon et al. 2026, OpenAI

An 80-year-old mathematical conjecture, known as the plane unit distance problem, has been solved by OpenAI’s advanced artificial intelligence model. This breakthrough is igniting discussion around the immense mathematical capabilities of AI.

“This is a problem I never expected to see solved in my lifetime,” states Mischa Rudnev from the University of Bristol, UK. “It’s a groundbreaking achievement.”

Tim Gowers commented that the solution represents a “significant milestone in AI mathematics.” He noted in a paper that had it been submitted by a human, it would be accepted without hesitation, highlighting that such groundbreaking evidence of AI-generated solutions is rare.

The plane unit distance problem was deemed by the 20th-century mathematician Paul Erdős as his “most important contribution” to geometry. The challenge lies in determining the maximum number of lines of equal length that can connect numerous dots placed on an infinite paper.

Erdős believed that the optimal arrangement for maximum connections would be a grid layout, suggesting that the number of lines would surpass the number of points only marginally. Persistent efforts to prove his assertion or to discover alternative patterns yielded minimal advances, with the most recent improvements occurring over 40 years ago.

OpenAI’s model revealed that Erdős’s hypothesis was significantly underestimated, demonstrating that a more irregular arrangement of points can yield far more connections.

“Initially, I could hardly believe the results,” remarks Will Sawin from Princeton University. “It convinced me that this achievement is the most remarkable in the realm of AI mathematics so far.”

Details on how the OpenAI model diverges from publicly available AI technology and its training methods remain undisclosed. However, researchers have mentioned that the model is “general purpose” and was not specifically trained for mathematical applications.

AI employed strategies from algebraic number theory to establish extensive lattices in dimensions far exceeding two-dimensional configurations. By creating these more sophisticated shapes, AI translates them into two dimensions to generate representations of the higher dimensions.

“The counterexamples produced by AI are intricate, and while the foundational ideas exist in existing literature, the synthesis to achieve them required ingenuity,” explains Kevin Buzzard from Imperial College London.

While the magnitude of this result is undeniable, it underscores a gap in mathematicians’ consideration of Erdős’s original predictions. Samuel Mansfield from the University of Manchester, England, notes that the complexity of executing an experiment to challenge the conjecture would have eluded many geometry experts lacking advanced number theory knowledge. “This highlights a necessity for interdisciplinary expertise,” he adds. “In hindsight, AI’s adaptability in this area may not be surprising.”

Rudnev emphasized that the problem’s allure lies in its “pure intellectual challenge,” and although it may not directly influence other unresolved questions, it has inspired further research. Sawin, after examining the proof, utilized the techniques unearthed by AI to advance the number of connectable points.

“Similar to many other AI milestones, it didn’t take long for human researchers to internalize, comprehend, and extend upon the AI-derived arguments,” commented Buzzard. “This contrasts sharply with human discoveries that often require extensive validation periods.

Topics:

Artificial Intelligence/
Mathematics

Source: www.newscientist.com

Man Arrested for Rape and Murder of 40-Year-Old: Breakthrough from Forensic Genealogy Investigation

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A man was arrested in Connecticut this week following new evidence provided by Virginia authorities, linking him to the 1986 murder and rape of a woman in Virginia Beach.

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Roberta Walls, aged 22, was tragically raped and murdered in Virginia Beach on May 15, 1986, as confirmed by local police. Initial investigations indicated that she was sexually assaulted and stabbed multiple times.

For years, police have diligently pursued clues to apprehend Walls’ killer but faced numerous dead ends.

This changed on Wednesday when authorities announced the arrest of Charles Randell Berry in connection with this cold case.

The break in the case emerged from forensic genealogy research enabled by a grant from the Virginia Sexual Assault Kit Initiative. The investigation utilized a DNA profile established in 2001 by the Virginia Department of Forensic Sciences.

Detectives obtained Berry’s DNA through a search warrant.

“The cold case team continued to investigate Berry’s involvement and submitted the case to the U.S. Attorney’s Office for potential charges,” reported Lt. Michelle Wyatt.

Prior to identifying Berry, police eliminated more than 30 suspects through DNA testing.

Virginia Beach Police held a press conference regarding the arrest.
Virginia Beach Police Department

At the time of Walls’ murder, Berry was serving in the Navy and stationed in Virginia Beach, though he had no known connection to her. His military personnel records are not available, as the U.S. Navy stated they do not maintain records prior to 1990.

Berry faces charges of rape and capital murder in Virginia related to the May 1986 incident. He was arrested in Connecticut and is awaiting extradition.

Berry’s attorney, Robert Racobel, stated he has not yet received a warrant or affidavit detailing the allegations. He met Berry during a request for an interview by Virginia investigators approximately two years ago but could not disclose further information.

“At this point, we have no knowledge regarding these events,” Racobel remarked.

If Connecticut grants the extradition, Berry will be transported to Virginia to commence trial for murder and rape charges, where he will enter a plea of guilty or not guilty.

According to Virginia Beach Police Chief Paul Neudigate, Berry currently does not appear to be linked to additional crimes.

“This is a concern for the community, and we all want to know how a person capable of such brutality is not linked to multiple incidents. However, there is no evidence suggesting he was involved in other crimes,” Neudigate stated.

Deputy Police Chief Jeffrey Wilkerson remarked that the arrest symbolizes the department’s commitment to honoring Walls’ memory.

“Roberta ‘Bobbie’ Walls was a cherished daughter, sister, and friend to many. We are thankful to the professionals who have tirelessly worked on this case over the years,” Wilkerson added.

Wyatt informed reporters that Walls’ family has requested privacy as they navigate these deeply emotional and traumatic events.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Clay Minerals Reveal Evidence of Mars’ Warm and Wet History – Sciworthy

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

While many envision Mars as a desolate red dust ball, recent research indicates the presence of mineral deposits suggesting a warm and wet history for the planet. A dedicated team utilized the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer aboard NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to analyze specific wavelengths of visible and near-infrared light from Martian minerals, allowing for detailed assessments of the planet’s chemical composition from afar.

Previous studies have revealed layered silicate minerals, notably clay, scattered across Mars’ surface. This clay formation occurs when water interacts with rock, documenting the amount and chemical composition of the water involved. Water’s interaction with Martian rocks led to the mobilization of elements like magnesium and iron, transporting them to deeper soil layers, while more stable elements like aluminum remained in place. This natural process, known as leaching, resulted in the creation of two distinct clay layers within Martian geology.

Scientists have proposed two primary hypotheses regarding the formation of these layered clays on Mars. The first suggests that clay was formed through underwater seepage in ancient lakes. The second hypothesis posits that a humid surface environment facilitated the leaching process across the Martian landscape.

To investigate these hypotheses, a team from Purdue University estimated the “true” thickness of Mars’ clay layers using terrestrial methods. Since clay-containing rock layers can appear distorted, they can misrepresent thickness. The team conducted a high-resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) to generate detailed elevation maps of the Martian surface, utilizing tools from the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter. These elevation maps were combined with surface composition data from the Compact Reconnaissance Imaging Spectrometer to create intricate 3D composition maps.

Using these 3D compositional maps, the researchers tracked the exposure of each clay layer and monitored it underground to estimate slope angles. They applied trigonometry to calculate the actual thickness of each clay layer, studying 46 locations on Mars. Astonishingly, they found that the total thickness of the combined clay layers ranges from approximately 20 to 680 feet (6 to 200 meters), averaging about 190 feet (60 meters), equivalent to the height of a 60-story building.

The researchers then explored the extent of clay deposits in a significant ancient Martian valley known as the Great Valley of Mars, specifically the Mawrth Vallis region. This region was chosen for its significant elevation variations and previously collected high-resolution chemical composition and elevation data.

The study determined that if the clay layers were confined to the valley’s bottom where water existed, along with varying thicknesses and boundaries, this would strongly support the “aquatic seepage” hypothesis. Conversely, consistent thickness and widespread layer boundaries would lean towards the “surface seepage” hypothesis, indicating a moist surface environment.

The findings revealed that the clay layer extended beyond the valley’s lowest points, maintaining consistent boundaries over an elevation difference of more than half a mile (approximately 1 kilometer). Consequently, the researchers concluded that the clay layers most likely formed through surface leaching in a moist environment.

These groundbreaking discoveries challenge earlier Martian climate models, which suggested that surface conditions rarely exceeded freezing temperatures. The research team hypothesized that these deposits may have formed gradually over extended periods, despite a generally frigid climate. If Mars’ surface remained frozen most of the time with occasional warmth, this could reconcile their findings with existing climate models.

The researchers noted limitations within their study, especially regarding sparsely sampled locations. Despite their strong evidence for widespread wet environments on early Mars, further detailed research in areas like Mawrth Vallis could refine our understanding of the specific surface conditions under which these clays developed, potentially aligning more closely with Martian climate models.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Carbon Sequestration: Transforming CO2 into Rocks and Harnessing Hydrogen for a Sustainable Future

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Carbfix Facility in Iceland

Oksana Valiukevicien/Alamy

The demand for clean hydrogen is escalating as it is crucial for processes that cannot solely rely on renewable electricity. Innovative methods are emerging to generate substantial amounts of hydrogen from underground rocks while effectively sequestering carbon dioxide.

Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin have validated this hydrogen production process using common rock types in laboratory settings. They are actively seeking partnerships with industry players to launch demonstration experiments.

“Our goal is to prove that hydrogen can be produced economically while simultaneously capturing CO2,” states Orsolya Gerensel. She also mentions the potential for concurrent geothermal energy generation.

Hydrogen combustion results in only water vapor, making it a clean energy source that can significantly contribute to achieving net-zero emissions. It is particularly valuable for decarbonizing industrial processes like fertilizer and steel production.

However, the current majorities of hydrogen production stem from fossil fuels, which release considerable CO2. Transitioning to renewable methods, like using wind or solar power to split water, can mitigate these emissions.

Although the use of renewable energy for hydrogen production is gaining traction, current costs remain high, and large-scale production requires massive amounts of green energy, limiting its availability for other critical areas like phasing out coal plants.

This has sparked renewed interest in natural hydrogen from geological sources. Various processes can generate hydrogen in sedimentary rocks, and under optimal conditions, it can be extracted similarly to natural gas. While some researchers are optimistic about abundant natural hydrogen reserves, others, including Gerensel, express caution about its potential limitations.

Presently, the village of Bourakebugou in Mali is the only known location extracting nearly pure natural hydrogen, albeit on a small scale.

“This is a unique situation,” Gerensel explains. Due to typically low hydrogen production rates and the challenge of accumulating it beneath impermeable rocks, large-scale natural deposits are rare.

To overcome this, many teams worldwide are researching ways to artificially stimulate hydrogen production from rocks. This method is termed stimulated hydrogen generation, and various trial techniques are already in progress.

One approach involves pumping groundwater. When water interacts with specific rock types, it produces hydrogen through a process known as serpentinization, offering a substantial hydrogen source. Increasing water flow can further accelerate this process.

Gerensel and her research team found that adding CO2 to the water could enhance the reaction with rocks, sequestering the carbon in the form of carbonates. A firm named Carbfix is already mineralizing CO2 in Iceland by injecting it into water at geothermal plants.

In their lab tests using iron-rich volcanic rock, the team replicated deep subsurface conditions by heating rock samples to 90 degrees Celsius under pressure, supplementing with water containing CO2 or an inert gas. The results indicated that CO2-rich water released more hydrogen, likely due to the formation of carbonic acid that promotes rock dissolution, thus enhancing the hydrogen production reaction. Furthermore, the addition of nickel chloride as a catalyst significantly boosted production, Gerensel shared at a recent European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna.

Theoretically, they could release about 0.5 percent hydrogen from the water-rock reaction, though achieving 1% efficiency is necessary for economic viability. One strategy to improve this is by drilling deeper into high-temperature areas to foster serpentinization, even if it raises costs. The potential exists to utilize higher temperatures for geothermal power generation.

Vast deposits of iron-rich rocks exist globally, and even achieving just 1% efficiency could yield significantly more hydrogen than the current annual global production of 100 million tons.

“Good work” praises Barbara Sherwood Lollar from the University of Toronto.

“Interest is clearly rising in strategies that link stimulated geological hydrogen production with CO2 mineralization,” comments Aliaksey Patnia from the University of Oxford, UK. “Numerous groups and startups are probing various adaptations of this concept.”

If firms can sequester CO2 effectively, as Carbfix does, they can enhance project viability and attract investors through potential revenue streams. Nonetheless, the practical feasibility of either method remains to be evaluated.

Sherwood Lollar argues for a deeper exploration of stimulated hydrogen production techniques beyond relying solely on known natural reserves. Her team discovered that a mine in Timmins, Ontario, emits about 140 tons of hydrogen annually, presenting local exploitation opportunities.

“There isn’t a single answer,” she asserts. “Multiple potential strategies must be explored and expedited.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Boosting Memory in Women: A Key to Delaying Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis by Years

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms

Mascot/Alamy

Research on Alzheimer's disease in men and women — Exploring Gender Differences in Alzheimer’s Disease Symptoms

Mascot/Alamy

New research highlights that women often exhibit stronger verbal memory compared to men, which can obscure early indications of Alzheimer’s disease. A recent study raises concerns that existing memory assessments may fail to identify symptoms in women, potentially hindering timely diagnosis and treatment.

“Recognizing gender discrepancies in Alzheimer’s disease is critical,” says Ralph Martins, director at Edith Cowan University in Perth, Australia, who was not directly involved in the study.

Researchers, including Sasha Novozilova from McGill University in Montreal, examined data from extensive, long-term studies of older adults in the U.S. and Canada. Participants, some diagnosed with Alzheimer’s, underwent regular cognitive evaluations and brain imaging.

Their cognitive skills were tested by having participants learn a list of 15 words, recalling them immediately after distractions and later on. This form of verbal memory testing is a staple in Alzheimer’s research and clinical settings.

Findings revealed that many female participants continued to achieve “normal” test scores even after severe Alzheimer’s-related brain changes occurred. On average, women maintained their cognitive function for an additional 2.7 years compared to similarly affected men.

This disparity may be linked to women having a higher baseline of verbal memory throughout their lives, providing them with a “cognitive reserve” to tap into as the disease progresses. “Women generally exhibit superior brain connectivity,” Novozilova explains. “Therefore, if one brain region deteriorates, other areas can sometimes compensate.”

However, once this cognitive reserve diminishes, mental decline can accelerate, often too late to intervene effectively, researchers warn. Lewis Collins, also at McGill University, notes that new medications like lecanemab and donanemab can moderately slow Alzheimer’s progression, but require early intervention for maximum efficacy. This timing discrepancy might explain why women’s responses to these drugs are less optimal, as they are frequently diagnosed at later stages in clinical trials.

Another recommendation includes annual blood tests for women of a certain age to detect early Alzheimer’s signs before cognitive issues arise, suggests Martins. Non-pharmaceutical interventions, such as cognitive training, physical exercise, and adherence to a mind diet, may also help mitigate disease progression.

Interestingly, while men typically excel in spatial memory, women, on average, are more proficient in verbal tasks – possibly rooted in evolutionary behaviors. Historically, while men hunted, women may have developed language skills essential for community communication and child-rearing. Today, careers in writing, nursing, teaching, and administration further enhance women’s verbal memory, Novozilova remarks.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

SpaceX Unveils Larger Starship Prototype: A New Era in Space Exploration

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

SpaceX is gearing up for the launch of a groundbreaking prototype of its Starship mega-rocket, which has the potential to support NASA’s lunar landing missions. The significant test flight is scheduled for Thursday.

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This upcoming test marks Starship’s 12th flight and introduces the third-generation Starship, V3, which is larger, more powerful, and closer to complete reusability.

The rocket is scheduled to launch from a new pad at SpaceX’s Starbase in southern Texas, within a window opening at 6:30 p.m. ET. Currently, weather conditions are deemed 55% favorable for the flight.

SpaceX plans to broadcast this event live, starting around 5:45 p.m. ET.

Thursday’s flight will be closely monitored, as NASA intends to utilize Starship for its lunar missions. Under the Artemis program, both SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin are developing lunar landers for NASA’s 2028 moon landing mission, with plans for tests with the Artemis III mission next year.

Furthermore, SpaceX CEO Elon Musk announced intentions to take the company public, potentially leading to the largest IPO in history. Post-IPO, Musk is projected to retain 85% of the company’s voting rights while continuing as CEO, chairman, and chief technology officer, which could make him a trillionaire.

The last test flight of Starship occurred seven months ago; in that time, both the Super Heavy booster and the upper stage, known as the ship, have undergone significant redesigns.

Standing at 408 feet tall when stacked, Starship V3 is taller than its predecessor. The redesign includes new engines for both the Super Heavy and the Ship, collectively generating approximately 18 million pounds of thrust.

Upgrades also include a reduction in booster grid fins, crucial for first-stage return, and an increase in Starship’s propellant tank capacity.

“Together, these enhancements aim to significantly elevate Starship’s capabilities, facilitating full and rapid reuse, propellant transfer in space, deployment of Starlink satellites, orbital data centers, and transport of personnel and cargo to the Moon and Mars,” stated SpaceX on its website.

During Thursday’s suborbital test, Starship will attempt to deploy 22 mock Starlink satellites and reignite one of the upper stage’s six Raptor engines—essential for the deorbit burn upon its eventual return to Earth.

This test flight will last about 65 minutes, with the upper stage expected to splash down in the Indian Ocean at mission’s end. SpaceX is focused on making the ship reusable, employing a mechanical arm to “catch” the spacecraft on a launch tower at the South Texas facility.

SpaceX previously demonstrated a catch maneuver with the Starship’s Super Heavy booster; this time, the booster is set to land offshore in the Gulf of Mexico rather than returning to the Texas launch site. According to SpaceX.

Facing a challenging development timeline, Starship made its debut flight in 2023 but experienced multiple failures last year, including an uncontrolled atmospheric re-entry and two mid-flight explosions. SpaceX aims to have Starship ready for the Artemis III mission next year, coordinating with NASA’s Orion capsule for lunar orbit entry.

If successful, SpaceX aims to position NASA’s Starship for potential astronaut missions to the moon by 2028.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Shiver Me Timbers: Are Space Pirates Really a Threat?

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Feedback is New Scientist. A well-respected platform delivering the latest in science and technology updates. If you have insights to share, please send your feedback to feedback@newscientist.com.

Exploring the Lunar Economy

The moon captivates our imagination and stimulates forward-thinking discussions. Enthusiasts are optimistic about the prospects of our natural satellite, yet it raises questions about potential distractions.

In a recent letter dated March 21, we highlighted the ambitions of accounting giant PwC to assess the future of the lunar economy. Their projections suggest a market worth billions, despite current lunar operations totaling nearly $0.00.

Further insights from SpaceNews reveal significant developments involving the U.S. Space Force—a new military branch focusing on the cislunar space. Their Coordination Bureau aims to evaluate the strategic importance of the lunar region for national security and military operations.

Consider a hypothetical situation where the U.S. establishes a lunar base. How will such an asset be protected to ensure safe resupply missions? This may require the Space Force to exercise operational control over lunar environments.

As discussions about potential lunar conflicts emerge, we discovered a book released in 2025: Space Piracy: Preparing for a Criminal Crisis in Orbit by Mark Feldman and Hugh Taylor. The authors propose that space piracy could be executed by criminal enterprises or rogue nations seeking profit in outer space, raising concerns about cybersecurity and resource blockades.

Feldman and Taylor have established the Center for the Study of Space Crime, Piracy, and Governance to explore these possibilities further.

In light of our feedback, we’ve questioned whether we are overly critical of technological advancements. Historically, skeptics doubted the feasibility of powered flight and the significance of computers. While the Moon isn’t a current epicenter for profit or conflict, this could change in the future.

For a counterpoint, we referenced an academic review by retired U.S. Air Force officer Mark T. Peters II. Peters expresses skepticism about the practicality of space piracy scenarios, aside from known cyber threats, suggesting the book lacks a feasible approach.

From our engagement, it remains unclear whether this policy is an innovative approach or merely an excuse for workshops that detract from core objectives. While the theory may not be valid, the discourse is enticing, and participation would be exciting.

The Math Doesn’t Add Up

Feedback aims to provide clarity, not obfuscation. This segment underwent revisions when we misrepresented certain statistics.

The matter in question involves comments from U.S. Secretary of Health Robert F. Kennedy Jr. He claimed that raising a drug price from $100 to $600 represents a 600% increase, while a drop to $100 suggests a similar savings.

It has been highlighted that the reduction from $600 to $100 does not translate to a 600% decrease—a drop of 100% leads to $0.00. However, we also miscalculated the original increase.

Our sincere thanks to Chris Smart, who pointed out, “An increase from $100 to $600 is $500, equating to a 500% increase.” Therefore, both the premise and conclusion are inaccurate, rendering them insignificant.

Tom Brock clarifies the confusion surrounding percentage increases and base values, highlighting that an increase from $100 to $600 is indeed a 500% rise, not 600% as claimed.

Journalists are often advised to avoid discussing percentages due to the potential for misunderstanding, sticking instead to whole numbers for better clarity—although our audience seemed completely aware of the inaccuracies in this instance.

This is humbling, but thankfully, both Feedback and RFK Jr. occupy low-stakes roles.

The Book Lover’s Dilemma

Recommendation algorithms are evolving to better align with user preferences. Discovering content that resonates with our interests is one thing, but receiving curated stories on a platter is another. Our podcast app has recently identified our interest in the off the shelf podcast, which delves into books and publishing.

The host’s name, Morgan Book, aptly reflects the podcast’s focus, leading to humorous yet genuine brand recognition in her promotional materials.

Do you have a story to share with Feedback?

Feel free to send your article to Feedback via email at feedback@newscientist.com, ensuring to include your home address. Check our website for this week’s and previous editions of Feedback.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Bitter Honey Review: New Scientist’s Eye-Opening Report on the Impact of Bee Farming

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Bees transport pollen balls in corbicula on their hind legs.

Jenny Durant

Bitter Honey
Jenny Durant

Princeton University Press (US, May 26; UK, July 28)

Industrial farming often invokes grim scenarios of livestock crammed in warehouse-like settings, recipient of antibiotics, and suffering neglect. However, the plight of bees has now risen to similar levels of concern.

In Bitter Honey: Big Ag’s Threat to Honeybees and the Fight to Save Them, environmental writer and social scientist Jenny Durant uncovers the industrialization of honeybee colonies in the U.S., revealing their harsh realities—such as being stored in cold storage and fed sugar syrup and protein bars. Each year, around 3 million bee colonies travel the country on rented trucks for crop pollination, many teetering on the brink of collapse and necessitating frequent replacements. This alarming trend poses significant risks to our food systems, but Durant emphasizes that there is still hope.

Humans have managed honeybees for over 8,000 years. Ancient Spanish cave paintings depict the act of honey collection, while Indigenous peoples noted that honeybees often preceded settlers, referring to them as “white man’s flies.”

Presently, honeybees in the U.S. are emerging as competitors to native bee species, potentially increasing their populations fiftyfold without the competition for nectar and pollen.

Beekeepers prepare honeybees to be transported across the U.S. as key pollinators.

Jenny Durant

With the advent of artificial hives in the 19th century, bees have been transformed into domesticated creatures. Yet, a combination of excessive pesticide use, monocrop farming, and various pathogens has led to the loss of over a third of U.S. honeybee colonies since the mid-2000s. Instead of addressing these core issues, beekeepers became “pesticide springboards,” as Durant describes, further exacerbating the plight of these colonies.

Durant contends that beekeepers should not shoulder all the blame. The influx of cheap and adulterated honey from abroad during the 1990s forced many beekeepers to pivot toward offering pollination services for survival. Drawing from her extensive fieldwork with commercial beekeepers, Durant provides a unique insight into their lives and the challenges they face.

Many of these families have operated in this field for generations, demonstrating a deep care for the bees. For instance, one beekeeper would traverse miles searching for lost hives and could discern the health of a hive just by the sounds its inhabitants make. It was heartbreaking to learn of one individual who lost half his hive to a toxic pesticide application conducted by his farm’s pest management advisor.

The principal challenge facing the honeybee population, according to Durant, originates from the almond farming sector. With honey prices becoming unviable, beekeepers shifted their focus to California’s lucrative almond industry, which boasts a staggering annual export value of $4 billion. Each February, approximately 99% of U.S. honeybees are transported to California to pollinate almond trees. Yet, like previous industrialized crops, this monoculture system prioritizes yield and profit over biodiversity and ecological health.

Moreover, the fossil fuels powering the global food system further strain bee populations. Strategies like storing bees in massive refrigeration units are merely temporary fixes to counter unpredictable weather patterns and seasonal variations.

While Durant presents a rather grim outlook, she also provides potential solutions in the latter portion of her book. These include innovative tree planting initiatives, regenerative agricultural practices, and rewilding efforts. There exists space for wildflower growth beneath long stretches of almond trees or solar panels, and employing managed burns grounded in Native American land management traditions can help restore grasslands. Such measures could significantly bolster the chances for bees and their native counterparts.

Nevertheless, the successful implementation of these strategies relies heavily on government investment and overcoming the economic constraints faced by farmers. At times, Durant delves into intricate state-level environmental policies, providing insight into the complex and frustrating nature of reforming harmful practices.

Numerous environmental issues, such as climate change and water scarcity, possess straightforward remedies. Yet, these solutions often struggle to gain traction due to outdated economic systems. Many share in this predicament, much like how I currently have a pack of cheap almonds—grown in the U.S., processed in Germany, and sold in the UK—on my desk. Durant advocates for a reconnection with nature among gardeners and farmers, yet does not appear intent on vehemently challenging the status quo.

One “rebel gardener,” introduced by Durant, transformed a barren lawn into a thriving ecosystem. This anecdote illustrates that individual efforts can contribute to biodiversity, even in the face of opposition from neighbors adhering strictly to monoculture. Such personal spaces foster new relationships with living organisms, revealing their shared existence with humans.

Observing how bees choose which flowers to visit and pass on crucial knowledge to fellow hive members accentuates their intrinsic value—not merely as pollinators, but as living beings. This kinship fosters a stronger motivation for action than the distressing statistics of bee die-offs that often go unheeded. When combined with Durant’s inquiries about the ideal future of our landscapes and food systems, the need for change becomes undeniable.

She states, “Let’s plant flowers. Let’s minimize pesticides. Let’s share the land.” “Let’s nurture relationships with living beings,” she adds.

3 More Must-Read Books on Nature and Conservation

The Mind of a Bee
By Lars Chitka

Are bees intelligent and capable of basic emotions and consciousness? Whether you agree or disagree with Chitka’s findings, he prompts readers to reconsider how bees perceive their reality and the remarkable complexity of hive life.

Staying with the Trouble
Written by Donna J. Haraway

Donna Haraway presents a balanced view of our environmental challenges, urging readers not to succumb to despair or blind optimism. Instead, she advocates for nurturing complex relationships with all life forms.

The Book of Wilding
Written by Isabella Tree and Charlie Burrell

The inspiring narrative of how the Knepp Estate in southern England transformed from barren land to a vibrant ecosystem provides valuable insights. While not everyone has vast land holdings, this book is rich in practical advice.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding the Mystery of Rising Women’s Body Temperature from Ages 18 to 42

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Although hot flashes are linked to menopause, studies indicate women experience a gradual increase in body temperature from early adulthood through midlife.

Dmitry Marchenko/Alamy

Understanding Women's Body Temperature Changes — Although hot flashes are linked to menopause, studies indicate women experience a gradual increase in body temperature from early adulthood through midlife.

Dmitry Marchenko/Alamy

A woman’s resting body temperature gradually increases year-by-year from age 18 to 42, though the exact reasons remain uncertain. This finding suggests potential applications for temperature-sensing wearables to monitor aging, peri-menopause, and related health conditions.

“Temperature signals may hold critical insights about health,” says Marie Gombert-Labedens from SRI International, a California-based research institute. “Our aim is to stimulate further studies to uncover new health markers that could provide unexplored health insights.”

In their 1990s study, researchers investigated over 750 women aged 18 to 42 who recorded their oral or rectal temperature daily upon waking.

The results revealed that participants typically had lower body temperatures during the first half of their menstrual cycle and higher temperatures in the second half around ovulation. Many fertility tracking apps capitalize on this temperature spike to help identify a user’s fertile window.

The research team further analyzed the data to assess the impact of age on body temperature across different menstrual phases. They discovered an average yearly temperature rise from ages 18 to 42. Consequently, women over 35 recorded temperatures approximately 0.05°C higher than their younger peers throughout both halves of their cycles.

This suggests that the skin temperature monitored by smart rings indicates women aged 42 to 55 are generally warmer than those between 18 and 35.

Although more studies are necessary to clarify the reasons behind this temperature increase, Gombert-Labedens suggests it may be linked to hormonal shifts as women approach their reproductive twilight years. As perimenopause starts, body temperature may surge, causing hot flashes and night sweats, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear.

The initial study only included women not on hormonal contraception and without hormonal disorders like PMOS (previously termed PCOS), leaving unknown factors that could influence body temperature changes over time.

Previous research indicates that post-menopause, women’s body temperatures often rise, although they tend to return to more stable levels similar to men’s. Enduring lower temperature levels and alignment with male averages.

Gombert-Labedens noted that the midlife increase in temperature may account for why some women report feeling warmer than their younger selves. “We hypothesize that higher body temperatures in middle-aged women could alter their thermal perception and reactions to the environment,” she adds.

With the rise of smart rings and temperature-sensing devices, identifying individual temperature variations could help predict approaching menopause, assess biological aging rates, and uncover early signs of ovarian cancer among other conditions, says Gombert-Labedens.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Understanding Why Women’s Body Temperature Increases from Ages 18 to 42

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Although hot flashes are associated with menopause, women actually become progressively hotter from early adulthood through middle age.

Dmitry Marchenko/Alamy

Women's Body Temperature Changes — Although hot flashes are associated with menopause, women actually become progressively hotter from early adulthood through middle age.

Dmitry Marchenko/Alamy

A woman’s resting body temperature gradually increases from age 18 to 42, though the cause remains unclear. This significant finding suggests that temperature-sensing wearables might be utilized for tracking aging, identifying perimenopause, and detecting possible health issues.

“We believe that temperature signals hold valuable health information,” states Marie Gombert-Labedens from SRI International, a California-based research institute. “We aspire to inspire research that identifies new health markers, using this data as a previously untapped resource.”

In 1990s research, Gombert-Labedens and her team studied over 750 women aged 18 to 42 who measured their oral or rectal temperature daily upon waking.

The analysis revealed that participants had lower body temperatures during the initial half of their menstrual cycle and higher temperatures during the latter half when ovulation occurred. This temperature increase is commonly used by many fertility tracking apps to predict the fertile window.

Upon further examination of age-related body temperature fluctuations during various menstrual stages, the researchers discovered that on average, participants’ temperatures increased slightly each year from ages 18 to 42. Notably, women over 35 recorded temperatures approximately 0.05°C higher than younger counterparts across both phases of the menstrual cycle.

Subsequently, the finger skin temperature continuously recorded by smart rings indicates that women aged 42 to 55 exhibit higher temperatures compared to those aged 18 to 35.

Further research is essential to clarify the reasons behind this increase in body temperature, with Gombert-Labedens suggesting it could be linked to hormonal changes, particularly as reproductive years close. During perimenopause, rapid body temperature rises can lead to hot flashes and night sweats; however, the exact mechanisms remain uncertain.

The study only included women not using hormonal contraception and those without hormonal disorders like PMOS (previously known as PCOS), leaving the impact of these variables on long-term body temperature yet to be determined.

Additional studies suggest that post-menopause, women’s body temperatures tend to normalize to levels similar to men.

Gombert-Labedens mentions that this midlife temperature increase may explain why many women in this age group report feeling less cold than they did earlier in life. “We hypothesize that the elevated body temperatures of middle-aged women may affect their environmental temperature perception,” she elaborates.

As smart rings and other temperature-sensing wearables gain popularity, it’s possible to pinpoint patterns and deviations in temperature trends that signal impending menopause, assess biological aging rates, and identify early signs of ovarian cancer and other conditions, according to Gombert-Labedens.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Your Handwriting Can Indicate Your Risk of Dementia

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The speed and complexity of handwriting may serve as indicators of brain health, according to findings from recent research by a leading research institute.

This revelation emerged when scientists observed a group of older adults completing a variety of writing tasks with differing levels of difficulty.

In the most intricate task—writing from dictation—scientists found a significant correlation between handwriting speed and style and the presence of cognitive impairment.

“Writing transcends mere motor skill; it acts as a window into cognitive processes,” states Dr. Ana Rita Mathias, an Assistant Professor at the University of Évora, Portugal.

“Our research revealed that older adults with cognitive impairments exhibited distinct patterns in the timing and organization of their handwriting movements.”

Handwriting encompasses various cognitive functions, such as motor control, sensory interpretation—whether auditory or visual—and spatial organization on paper.

Given its cognitive demands, experts like Mathias propose that handwriting may serve as a valuable marker for age-related cognitive decline.

Handwriting may act as a crucial window into brain health, potentially enabling early detection of cognitive decline – Credit: Getty

“The timing and structure of handwriting strokes are closely tied to brain functions like action planning and execution, which depend on working memory and executive control,” added Mathias.

“As these cognitive abilities decline, handwriting tends to become slower, more fragmented, and less coordinated.”

The study included 58 care home residents aged between 62 and 92, with 38 participants diagnosed with some degree of cognitive impairment.

Participants performed two distinct tasks using a digital pen and tablet: a simple pen control task involving 20 seconds to draw ten horizontal lines or dots, which revealed minimal correlation with cognitive impairment due to their simplistic nature.

However, a noticeable difference emerged during tasks that required copying sentences and writing more complex sentences dictated to them.

In the analysis, three key factors stood out: the vertical size of the letters, the initiation of writing, and the time taken to complete the tasks.

“Dictation tasks are particularly intricate as they require simultaneous cognitive functions like listening, language processing, converting speech into text, and coordinating movements,” explained Mathias.

Additionally, the complexity of what participants were writing mattered. Mathias noted, “Long, unpredictable, or linguistically demanding sentences impose greater strain on cognitive resources.”

The research team aspires for these writing tasks to become a practical, economical, and non-invasive approach for detecting cognitive decline.

Nonetheless, further studies are necessary, especially long-term investigations involving larger, diverse populations, before implementation in clinical practice.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How a Violent Collision May Have Annihilated the Milky Way’s First Stellar Disk

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking simulation reveals that a cataclysmic collision 11 billion years ago transformed our galaxy and sparked an explosion of star formation.

The Gemini North telescope captured this stunning image of interacting spiral galaxies, NGC 4568 (bottom) and NGC 4567 (top). Image credits: International Gemini Observatory / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA / TA Chancellor, University of Alaska Anchorage and NSF’s NOIRLab / J. Miller, Gemini Observatory and NSF’s NOIRLab / M. Zamani, NSF’s NOIRLab / D. de Martin, NSF’s NOIRLab.

The Milky Way’s disk is an extensive, rotating structure shaped like a cosmic pancake, featuring luminous spiral arms extending outward from its core.

Most stars in our galaxy, including our Sun, reside within this disk, which rotates at speeds exceeding 220 kilometers per second.

For decades, astronomers have sought to pinpoint the origins of this immense rotating structure.

“Key insights lie in the motion and age of the stars. At some stage in the galaxy’s early history, stars began moving in a consistent rotational pattern, which scientists term the galaxy’s ‘spin-up’ time,” explained Dr. Matthew Orkney from the University of Barcelona and Catalunya Space Institute, along with Dr. Chervin Laporte from CNRS.

“However, the Milky Way did not form in isolation.”

“For years, researchers have theorized that violent collisions with smaller galaxies significantly contributed to the formation of our present-day Milky Way.”

This hypothesis gained traction in 2018, when data from ESA’s Gaia mission unveiled a substantial population of stars whose unusual motions could only be attributed to a gigantic merger approximately 10 billion years ago.”

“This event is now referred to as the Gaia Sausage Enceladus (GSE) merger.”

To better understand how rotating galactic disks develop and evolve, Orkney and Laporte conducted simulations of galaxies akin to the Milky Way under various cosmic scenarios.

Their model allowed them to examine how galaxies like ours would react to ancient collisions with smaller companion galaxies.

They discovered that the rotating stellar disk may have formed much earlier in the galaxy’s timeline than previously believed.

However, the simulations also indicated that large-scale galactic collisions could significantly disrupt, or completely annihilate, these disks.

This suggests that the transition of the Milky Way’s disk into a stable rotation may not mark the moment of its birth but rather a phase of rebuilding following a catastrophic merger.

From their simulations, the researchers posited that the collision between the Milky Way and the GSE galaxy likely occurred around 11 billion years ago, earlier than many earlier estimates.

This proposed timeframe aligns with a remarkable surge in star cluster formation within the Milky Way.

These bursts of star birth are a natural aftermath of galactic collisions, compressing vast clouds of gas and igniting monumental waves of star formation.

“GSE merger models indicate that galactic fireworks were expected post-collision, enhancing star formation, and promoting the emergence of globular clusters. This is the first instance of this connection being demonstrated,” said Dr. Laporte.

“This research underscores critical relationships between galactic structure and ancient collisions, which must be considered holistically to grasp the history of galaxies,” added Dr. Orkney.

For more details on these findings, refer to the Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.

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Matthew DA Orkney & Chervin FP Laporte. 2026. Disk formation and survival: From numerical models of galaxy formation to the Milky Way. MNRAS 548 (4): staf2154; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2154

Source: www.sci.news

Fermi Uncovers Hidden Engine Driving Superluminous Supernovae

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent gamma-ray observations from NASA’s Fermi Space Telescope indicate that supermagnetic neutron stars, known as magnetars, could be responsible for superluminous supernovae—rare stellar explosions that shine with a peak luminosity 10 to 100 times greater than conventional nuclear collapse supernovae.

The superluminous supernova SN 2017egm was identified by ESA’s Gaia mission on May 23, 2017. It erupted within the giant barred spiral galaxy NGC 3191. The image on the right, captured on July 1, 2017, shows the supernova illuminating the entire galaxy. Image credit: SDSS / PS1 / NOT+ALFSOC / Bose et al.

A nuclear collapse supernova occurs when the energy-producing core of a massive star runs out of fuel, collapses under its own gravity, and subsequently explodes.

During this collapse, city-sized neutron stars and potentially smaller black holes may form.

The resulting blast wave ejects the remaining star material, expanding rapidly as a cloud of hot, ionized gas.

Over the past few decades, nearly 400 remarkable nuclear collapse supernovae have been cataloged.

These events, termed hyperluminous supernovae, emit over ten times the visible light typically observed from standard supernovae.

A 2026 research paper suggests that Fermi’s large-area telescope has detected gamma rays from the superluminous supernova SN 2017egm.

This phenomenon occurred in the barred spiral galaxy NGC 3191, located approximately 440 million light-years away in the constellation Ursa Major.

Dr. Guillem Martí Debesa, a researcher at the Institute of Space Sciences in Barcelona, Spain, commented, “We searched for gamma rays from the six nearest superluminous supernovae observed during the first 16 years of Fermi’s mission.” He added, “Only SN 2017egm exhibits gamma-ray evidence, reinforcing earlier indications that certain supernovae can be as luminous in gamma rays as they are in visible light.”

This discovery unlocks new avenues for studying these fascinating astrophysical events.

The explosive energy sources driving these powerful explosions have been a matter of theoretical debate.

The formation of magnetars—neutron stars with unparalleled magnetic fields, 1,000 times stronger than typical neutron stars—is a leading candidate.

Astronomers conducted an in-depth analysis of the optical and gamma-ray characteristics of SN 2017egm, comparing different theoretical models to evaluate their accuracy.

Their model tracked how light and particles produced by the nascent magnetar interacted with the expanding supernova debris.

They anticipate that the newly formed magnetar will rotate hundreds of times per second, producing a powerful outflow of antimatter equivalents of electrons and positrons, thereby creating a substantial cloud of energetic particles.

This cloud, referred to as the magnetar wind nebula, drives various interactions responsible for both gamma-ray production and absorption.

For instance, an electron and a positron may annihilate, producing a pair of gamma-ray photons, or two gamma rays may collide, resulting in particle formation.

Through these mechanisms, gamma rays interact with the remnants of the supernova, becoming reprocessed into lower-energy visible light, thereby enhancing the supernova’s brightness.

Dr. Fabio Acero from the University of Paris-Saclay and CNRS stated, “Around three months after the collapse, as the supernova debris expands and cools, gamma rays may start to escape.” He went on to say, “This magnetar model most accurately models the supernova’s brightness and gamma-ray arrival timings during the initial months, but we believe there is potential for refinement in the later phases when visible light fades erratically.”

“Additional mechanisms may have had an impact during the prolonged decay phase of SN 2017egm,” he added.

Factors such as debris interaction with the magnetar and blast waves emitted over centuries could contribute to these observations.

The study team’s research paper is published in the latest issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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F. Acero et al. 2026. Gamma-ray signatures of ultraluminous supernovae: Fermi-LAT GeV detection of SN 2017egm and evidence for a central engine. A&A 709, A229; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202558547

Source: www.sci.news

How Ancient Crater Lakes Fostered Ideal Conditions for Earth’s Earliest Oxygen-Breathing Life

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking research has unveiled the presence of stromatolites—layered structures created by microbial communities—within a 42,000-year-old asteroid crater in South Korea. This significant finding suggests that an ancient post-impact lake acted as an “oxygen oasis,” providing a vital habitat for early life.

A detailed analysis of stromatolites and lake sediments at the Hapcheon impact crater indicates that these formations may represent the oldest fossilized evidence of oxygen-producing microbial life on early Earth. Image credit: Lim et al., doi: 10.1038/s43247-026-03206-7.

“Stromatolites, which are layered organic sedimentary structures, have been identified as some of the earliest evidence of life on Earth, dating back approximately 3.5 billion years to the early Archean era,” stated lead author Dr. Jaesoo Lim and colleagues from the Korea Institute of Earth Science and Mineral Resources.

These layered structures form through the trapping and binding of sediment particles by microbial activity or through mineral precipitation triggered by microbial metabolic processes.

In the northwestern section of Hapcheon Crater, the research team discovered numerous stromatolites, each measuring between 10 to 20 centimeters in diameter.

“Geochemical analysis of the stromatolites unveiled crucial features, including traces of extraterrestrial materials and surrounding rock, as well as indications of alteration due to hydrothermal activity,” the researchers explained.

The inner layer exhibits a stronger hydrothermal signal, suggesting formation during an earlier, hotter phase.

“These findings collectively support the idea that stromatolites evolved in hydrothermal lakes that gradually decreased in temperature after the impact event,” they added.

Analysis indicates that the Hapcheon collision occurred roughly 42,300 years ago.

This discovery sheds light on the Great Oxidation Event, a significant period around 2.4 billion years ago when Earth’s atmospheric oxygen levels surged,” the scientists noted.

The impact-induced hydrothermal lake likely provided a unique habitat for oxygen-producing microorganisms to flourish.

Such environments have been referred to by the research team as “oxygen oases.”

The study also raises the prospect of similar habitats existing on early Mars.

Since Mars is believed to have had water-filled impact craters in its early history, these cratered environments could serve as promising sites in the search for signs of past life.

“This research presents the first comprehensive evidence that stromatolites can form in hydrothermal lakes generated by asteroid impacts,” Lim remarked.

“Such conditions may have favored the development of early microbial ecosystems.”

For more details, refer to the study published in the Journal, Communication Earth and Environment, on April 16, 2026.

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J. Lim et al. 2026. Discovery of stromatolite formation in post-impact hydrothermal lake environments and its significance for early Earth. Communication Earth and Environment 7, 334; doi: 10.1038/s43247-026-03206-7

Source: www.sci.news

Impact of Wildfires on Lead Contamination in Los Angeles Soil: Current Debates and Findings

Posted on May 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) assures residents that most properties cleared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers show no dangerous levels of lead. This conclusion comes after soil testing was conducted on approximately 1% of homes affected by the Eaton Fire. However, skepticism remains from an independent scientist.

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The Eaton Fire of January 2025 resulted in significant destruction, impacting approximately 9,400 homes in the Altadena area and releasing harmful substances like lead, arsenic, and asbestos into the air. Lead exposure is particularly concerning due to its neurotoxic effects and potential developmental risks for children.

Post-inspection of 100 randomly selected residences by the EPA revealed that only five homes exceeded established lead safety standards. However, 17 parcels reported levels above California’s stricter regulations. The EPA report indicated that the median lead concentrations across all assessed sites remained well below both state and federal safety thresholds. The EPA news release was issued Tuesday.

This data should instill confidence in residents regarding the remediation efforts by the Corps to manage fire-related contaminants, especially lead, noted Michael Montgomery, director of EPA’s Region 9 Superfund and Emergency Management Division. “The Corps effectively removed ash, debris, and the contaminated soil beneath these materials,” he added.

Montgomery expressed belief that the findings are representative of the entire affected burn zone.

“I am 95% confident that the areas addressed in Altadena and Pasadena are below both California and federal lead inspection thresholds,” he affirmed.

The trauma of contamination fears loomed large over Altadena, where many lots were blanketed in soot and ash from the Eaton Fire, particularly concerning given the older homes — many constructed before lead was eliminated from building materials. While the Army Corps removed about two-thirds of the debris from affected sites, soil testing was not conducted as part of the cleanup effort, raising concerns among residents about lingering contamination risks.

Since soil testing was not mandated during cleanup efforts, academic scientists from the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health have initiated their own testing in the area, resulting in concerns due to mixed results.

Andrew Welton, a professor specializing in civil, environmental, and ecological engineering at Purdue University, has critiqued the EPA’s assessment as inconclusive. He noted that the methodology employed was aimed at measuring average risks, not pinpointing higher-risk areas.

Welton emphasized, “The results they obtained are not representative of the Eaton fire area,” adding that the sample collection methods were not aligned with existing data that Californians and businesses expect regarding property safety.

Critics have raised alarms about the debris removal process, where the Army Corps was reported to have inconsistently and hastily removed debris, with whistleblowers suggesting the quantity of leftover debris was higher compared to past wildfire responses. Concerns remain regarding the ongoing risk of contamination for residents.

“It’s so incomplete,” one whistleblower remarked.

Montgomery shared that the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) requested the EPA to perform testing in light of the concerns voiced by residents and officials, a protocol not typically followed in past wildfire incidents.

The EPA’s study aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of contamination levels throughout the Eaton burn area. Properties were selected randomly, and inspections were conducted at accessible locations with resident consent.

For each site, soil samples were collected from two distinct depths at 30 specified locations within the “ash footprint” designated for debris removal.

These samples were then pooled to form two composite samples—one at ground level and another six inches below.

The findings revealed that median lead concentrations in surface soils measured at 31 milligrams per kilogram, significantly below the California threshold of 80 mg/kg and the EPA’s level of 200 mg/kg. The below-surface concentration averaged 43 mg/kg.

EPA findings indicated that five surface samples surpassed the federal testing standards, with one sample showing a lead concentration of 705 mg/kg.

Welton expressed concerns that the EPA’s approach of pooling samples could obscure contamination hotspots at specific locations within the impacted area.

Based on prior evidence in California, “hotspots” often occur post-debris removal, where contractors may have left ash and debris intact. Even properties that pass this average test might still harbor lead levels that exceed state guidelines.

Welton also noted that the EPA’s testing was limited to the volcanic ash footprint and did not account for unassessed areas of the property.

He pointed out that the most contaminated sites, averaging 705 mg/kg of lead, raise significant concerns, as levels above 1,000 mg/kg are classified as hazardous and necessitate disposal in specialized landfills.

“That means the entire property is warmer,” Welton concluded. “There could be areas with even higher contamination levels.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Generating Hydrogen from Rocks: A Sustainable Solution for CO2 Storage

Posted on May 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Carbfix Facility in Iceland

Oksana Valiukevicien/Alamy

To tackle climate change, the demand for clean hydrogen is rising, especially for sectors that renewable electricity cannot power. Innovative methods may enable us to extract substantial hydrogen from deep underground rocks while simultaneously capturing carbon dioxide.

Researchers from the University of Texas at Austin have demonstrated the viability of this process with common rock types in controlled lab settings and are seeking partnerships for practical demonstration projects.

“Our goal is to provide evidence that hydrogen can be produced economically alongside CO2 sequestration,” explains Orsolya Gerensel. Additionally, this approach could generate geothermal energy.

Burning hydrogen solely emits water vapor, eliminating contributions to global warming. Thus, hydrogen has the potential to significantly help achieve net-zero targets by decarbonizing critical industrial processes, such as fertilizer manufacturing and steel production.

Currently, hydrogen is predominantly derived from fossil fuels, which release substantial CO2 emissions during production. A sustainable method involves using renewable energy sources, like wind and solar, to electrolyze water, yielding hydrogen and oxygen.

While this practice is emerging, hydrogen produced via these methods remains costlier and requires significant renewable energy resources—often limiting alternatives for shifting away from coal power.

This increasing need for natural or geological hydrogen has led to renewed interest. Several processes allow for hydrogen production within rocks, and under optimal conditions, the gas can be harnessed similarly to natural gas. This could be a cleaner and cheaper source, although the extent of accessible natural hydrogen remains uncertain. While some experts predict vast reserves, others, including Gerensel, caution that natural hydrogen resources may be finite.

Currently, nearly pure natural hydrogen is extracted in the small village of Bourakebugou in Mali. However, it is produced on a minimal scale.

“This is a unique scenario,” Gerensel states. Due to the typically low hydrogen production rates and the small size of its molecules, suitable overlying rock formations rarely hold hydrogen effectively, she adds.

Hence, numerous teams worldwide are investigating ways to facilitate hydrogen production from rocks directly, a method known as stimulated hydrogen generation, with various trials already in progress.

One approach involves pumping groundwater to react with certain rock types, initiating serpentinization to produce hydrogen—potentially a substantial natural hydrogen source. More water can accelerate this reaction.

Gerensel and her team posited that introducing carbon dioxide into the water will react with rocks, mineralizing into carbonates. The company Carbfix is pioneering this concept in Iceland, where they mineralize CO2 by injecting it into water pumped underground near geothermal energy plants.

Through laboratory tests using iron-rich volcanic rock, Gerensel’s team simulated deep conditions, heating samples and assessing reactions with either CO2-enriched water or inert argon. Results indicated that CO2-laden water produced significantly more hydrogen, likely due to carbonic acid formation which aids rock dissolution and enhances water interaction. The presence of nickel chloride as a catalyst may further boost hydrogen production, as shared at a recent European Geosciences Union meeting in Vienna.

Theoretically, the reaction between water and rock could release approximately 0.5% of the hydrogen. Achieving a 1% efficiency threshold is crucial for practicality, and exploring deeper areas with higher temperatures may facilitate this, albeit at increased costs. However, these higher temperatures could also benefit geothermal energy generation.

There are vast amounts of iron-rich rock globally, and even at a 1% efficiency, the potential hydrogen yield could far surpass the current global production of 100 million tons.

Barbara Sherwood Lollar from the University of Toronto remarks on the growing interest in these innovative methods. “A collaborative approach that combines stimulated geological hydrogen production with CO2 mineralization shows great promise,” notes Aliaksey Patnia from the University of Oxford. “Numerous startups and research groups are exploring variations of this concept.”

If projects can successfully trap CO2, like Carbfix does, additional revenue could decrease risks, enhancing attractiveness to investors, Patonia explains. However, the viability of these strategies remains to be determined.

Sherwood Lollar urges an exploration of stimulated hydrogen production beyond the limited known natural hydrogen sources. Her team’s findings indicate that a mine in Timmins, Ontario, emits around 140 tons of hydrogen annually, presenting opportunities for local exploitation.

“There isn’t a single solution,” she emphasizes. “All these promising approaches can and should play a role, and we must address them promptly.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Surprising Reasons Women Experience Increased Attraction from Ages 18 to 42

Posted on May 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Although hot flashes are linked to menopause, research indicates that women gradually experience a rise in body temperature from early adulthood through middle age.

Dmitry Marchenko/Alamy

A fascinating study reveals that a woman’s resting body temperature incrementally increases each year from age 18 to 42. The underlying reasons for this phenomenon remain largely unexplored, paving the way for innovative solutions like temperature-sensing wearables to monitor aging and detect perimenopause alongside other health issues.

According to Marie Gombert-Labedens from SRI International, a renowned research institute in California, “We believe temperature signals provide substantial insights into health.” She hopes this research will uncover new health markers that could serve as invaluable tools for maintaining our well-being.

In studies from the 1990s, over 750 women aged 18 to 42 tracked their oral or rectal temperatures daily upon waking. Findings indicated that women generally recorded lower body temperatures during the first half of their menstrual cycle, rising during ovulation. This temperature shift is frequently utilized by fertility tracking applications to determine fertile phases.

Upon further analyzing this data, Gombert-Labedens and her team discovered a slight annual increase in body temperature correlated with age, noting that women over 35 had temperatures about 0.05°C higher than their younger counterparts during both phases of the menstrual cycle.

This data suggests that continuous finger skin temperature monitoring via smart rings shows women aged 42 to 55 are, on average, warmer than those aged 18 to 35.

While more research is needed to elucidate this temperature increase, it may be linked to hormonal changes, particularly leading into the later reproductive years. The onset of perimenopause accompanies a rapid rise in body temperature, commonly resulting in hot flashes and night sweats, although the exact mechanisms still require clarification.

The study focused on women who were not utilizing hormonal contraception and did not have hormonal disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), leaving questions about how these elements might influence long-term body temperature changes.

Further investigation has shown that after menopause, women’s body temperatures generally return to lower levels, similar to men’s. This shift can normalize temperature dynamics among genders.

Gombert-Labedens posits that the increase in body temperature around midlife may offer insights into why some women report feeling warmer as they age. “We speculate that the elevated body temperatures in middle-aged women could alter their sensitivity and reactions to environmental temperatures,” she states.

As advanced temperature-sensing devices and smart rings become integral in health monitoring, they could potentially reveal crucial patterns and anomalies in individual temperature trends, signaling the approach of menopause, estimating biological aging rates, and even detecting early signs of conditions like ovarian cancer, according to Gombert-Labedens.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Rodent-Like Mammals Thrived in the Ancient Arctic Before Dinosaur Extinction

Posted on May 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists have identified three new species of multituberculate mammals: Camurodon, Kayaku Gluk Peregrinus, and Crab Cosmodon Polaris. These fascinating creatures thrived in the polar forests around 73 million years ago. Notably, Kayaku Gluk Peregrinus shows a strong connection to Mongolian species, providing the earliest direct evidence of polytuberculates migrating from Asia to North America. This discovery challenges the long-held belief that the Arctic was evolutionarily isolated.

Reconstruction of the Late Cretaceous paleoenvironment of Alaska. Image credit: James Havens.

These species ranged in size between a mouse and a rat. Multituberculates are notable for being the longest-surviving group of mammals in Earth’s history, existing for over 100 million years from the Jurassic period until the end of the Eocene epoch, about 35 million years ago.

Remarkably, they survived the Chicxulub impact that led to the extinction of non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

Scientists have been intrigued by the longevity of multituberculates, and the discovery of these three new Arctic species may hold vital clues.

Dr. Sarah Shelley, a paleontologist at the University of Lincoln, stated, “Although polar regions lack the biodiversity of tropical areas, they have been vibrant habitats where life has thrived for eons.”

Fossil teeth from Camurodon, Kayaku Gluk Peregrinus, and Crab Cosmodon Polaris were found in a deposit dating back 73 million years in the Prince Creek Formation, located in the Arctic Circle.

These ancient creatures thrived even in a harsh environment marked by long winters, freezing temperatures, and potential food shortages.

“These three new mammal species bolster evidence that this ancient Arctic region was a habitat for unique polar-adapted species,” noted Dr. Patrick Druckenmiller, a paleontologist at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

The research revealed significant variations in tooth shape among the three species, implying that they likely had diverse diets.

Camurodon exhibited herbivorous teeth, while Kayaku Gluk Peregrinus displayed characteristics of an omnivore, likely consuming both insects and plants.

Crab Cosmodon Polaris also seems to have been omnivorous, with a possible diet primarily consisting of plants.

In environments with limited food sources, the ability to adapt and diversify diets may have been key to the coexistence of various multituberculate species.

“Such adaptability may have also enabled them to survive the asteroid impact,” Dr. Shelley observed.

Researchers found that Kayaku Gluk Peregrinus is closely related to species native to modern-day Mongolia, indicating that these ancestors migrated from Asia to North America.

This migration is estimated to have occurred around 92 million years ago, marking one of the earliest known instances of mammals crossing continents.

“This finding implies that there was a land route between Asia and North America that facilitated movement for these small mammals,” said Professor Jerin Eberle, curator at the University of Colorado Museum of Natural History.

“This land bridge was already active around 90 million years ago.”

This discovery adds to the understanding of how species have migrated across continents, reshaping ecosystems throughout history.

“This challenges our perspective on native species,” Dr. Shelley remarked.

“Deep moments like these remind us that a place isn’t merely a dot on a map, but a tapestry of overlapping histories related to its landscape and inhabitants.”

The findings are detailed in a recent study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Sarah L. Sherry et al. 2026. Arctic ecosystems influenced the dispersal and diversification of mammals prior to the Cretaceous-Paleogene mass extinction. PNAS 123 (22): e2601794123; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2601794123

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring Oliver Sacks’s ‘The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat’: Insights After Recent Revelations

Posted on May 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring the Revelations Surrounding Oliver Sacks’ The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat

Often, popular science books become dated as new research debunks their key theories or presents outdated concepts. Sometimes, however, explosive revelations transform the narrative entirely.

In the case of Oliver Sacks, it’s the latter with The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat. This groundbreaking work has influenced countless psychology students and researchers, including myself. Yet, its reputation has been shaken by startling disclosures about Sacks’ commitment to factual accuracy. Is there anything redeemable amidst the wreckage?

I first read The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat—referred to as hat here—around 25 years ago as an undergraduate psychology student. It’s a collection of case studies featuring individuals with neuropsychiatric conditions, primarily drawn from Sacks’ own patients. He immerses readers into the lives of those battling memory loss, neurosyphilis, Tourette syndrome, and more, examining not just their challenges in daily life but the neurological foundations of their conditions and their implications for understanding the human mind.

On a recent reread, I noticed some elements that raise concerns. Originally published in 1985, the book includes language that is no longer acceptable, particularly concerning individuals with developmental delays. Moreover, Sacks occasionally reflects on the profound meanings his patients derive from their cognitive challenges.

Yet overall, revisiting it reminded me of the compelling storytelling that captivated me initially. Sacks is often viewed as the empathetic “grandpa” of psychology, which explains why this book resonates with so many.

In Chapter 3, “The Disembodied Woman,” Sacks recounts the story of “Christina,” a woman who suffered severe neurological damage and lost her sense of proprioception—the awareness of one’s body in space. For Christina, even actions as simple as riding the bus became Herculean tasks, as her awkward movements led others to mistakenly assume she was intoxicated.

By sharing these narratives, Sacks advocates for greater societal acceptance of individuals who have experienced brain injuries or who possess atypical neurological wiring. Although he never employs the contemporary term “neurodiversity,” the idea is very much present in hat.

The central issue with this book lies in its veracity; one cannot ascertain the authenticity of many accounts. Investigative journalist Rachel Aviv gained access to Sacks’ correspondence and personal diary through the Oliver Sacks Foundation, revealing Sacks’ “guilt” over “my lies” and “falsifications.” hat.

Aviv has uncovered that several stories within the book may be at least partially fabricated. For instance, Sacks narrates a patient named Rebecca, depicted as unable to “confidently open a door with a key,” yet flourishing in a theater company, a transformation unsupported by evidence in Sacks’ records. Similarly, he describes identical twins with severe disabilities allegedly capable of identifying six-digit prime numbers, an extraordinary claim unverified by any other source.

In conclusion, it remains ambiguous how much of hat can be trusted. Most case studies go unpublished in scientific journals, leaving no room for independent validation. What we have are the words of Oliver Sacks; however, his diary confesses to deception. While I hesitate to endorse remarkable claims like the twins’ prime number identification, many narratives—such as that of Christina—align better with verified accounts.

Aviv’s investigation highlights that Sacks grappled with his internal struggles. He didn’t publicly embrace his identity as a gay man until later in life and lived with feelings of guilt and self-loathing due to societal homophobia, a struggle that deeply impacted both his personal life and professional work. This narrative is profoundly tragic and underscores the intersections of identity and mental health.

The most significant concern is that hat Sacks presented this work as nonfiction, yet its most remarkable achievement lies within the realm of fiction: transporting readers into the minds of those whose experiences and perceptions diverge dramatically from the norm. While it may not serve as a reliable source of neuropsychiatric facts, approaching it with this understanding reveals enduring truths.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Mystery Behind Tyrannosaurus Rex’s Tiny Arms: New Insights Revealed

Posted on May 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Paleontologists from University College London and the University of Cambridge have unveiled that the small arms of large predatory dinosaurs evolved in tandem with their massive heads and powerful bone-crushing jaws. This evolutionary shift indicates that ancient predators increasingly relied on biting rather than grasping their prey.

Reconstruction of Tyrannosaurus macraiensis. Image credit: Sergey Krasovskiy.

“While everyone recognizes Tyrannosaurus rex, other giant theropod dinosaurs also featured small arms, indicating a trend towards reduced forelimb size,” stated Charlie Roger Scherer, a PhD student at University College London.

“For instance, Carnotaurus showcases surprisingly small arms, even in comparison to Tyrannosaurus rex.”

“We aimed to understand the driving factors behind this evolution and discovered a strong correlation between shorter arms and the development of larger, more robust heads.”

In their comprehensive study, Scherer and colleagues analyzed data from 82 species of carnivorous theropod dinosaurs.

They determined that reductions in forelimb size occurred across five key lineages: abelisaurids, carcharodontosaurids, ceratosaurids, megalosaurids, and tyrannosaurids.

The evidence suggests that smaller arms are directly linked to the evolution of a larger, more powerful skull and jaw, rather than simply being a consequence of overall body size increases.

The researchers propose that the increased size of prey, including giant sauropods and other large herbivores, may have driven theropods to rely more on their jaws and heads instead of their claws for hunting.

This shift in attack strategy highlights the evolutionary principle of “use it or lose it,” as the arms gradually became less useful and diminished in size.

“While our study illustrates a correlation, we cannot definitively establish causation; however, it strongly suggests that theropods developed more solidly built skulls in conjunction with shorter forelimbs,” Scherer explained.

“It is unlikely that these predators would have abandoned their effective methods of attack without developing alternatives.”

Ecosystem reconstruction of the Late Jurassic Dry Mesa dinosaur quarry, roughly 150 million years ago in Colorado, USA. Image credit: Sergey Krasovskiy / Pedro Salas.

For their research, the paleontologists developed a novel method to quantify skull robustness, evaluating factors such as bone connectivity, skull dimensions (with compact shapes being superior in strength), and bite force.

Among the species studied, Tyrannosaurus rex achieved the highest score for skull robustness, followed closely by Tyrannotitan, another significant theropod that existed in present-day Argentina over 30 million years ago during the Early Cretaceous period.

“The enormous size of prey may have instigated an evolutionary arms race, prompting theropods to evolve more powerful skulls and jaws to subdue increasingly gigantic prey,” the researchers concluded.

Read their full paper, published today in Proceedings of the Royal Society B.

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Charlie Roger Scherer et al. 2026. Driving forces and mechanisms of convergent forelimb reduction in non-avian theropod dinosaurs. Proc Biol Sci 293 (2071): 20260528;doi: 10.1098/rspb.2026.0528

Source: www.sci.news