Ralph Fiennes’ Role in “28 Years Later: The Bone Temple”
Sony Pictures
It’s hard to overstate the impact of 28 Days Later. This groundbreaking 2002 film features Jim the Courier (Cillian Murphy), who awakens from a coma to find Britain devastated by an “angry virus,” a precursor to the past two decades of zombie media. The film serves as a stark reflection of societal decay and chaos.
A new trilogy could have easily followed the original formula, but in 2025, 28 Years Later shatters that mold. Set decades after the initial outbreak, this film revitalizes the series by focusing on Spike (Alfie Williams), a young boy navigating life on a virus-free island amid the ruins of Britain. His journey introduces new species of the infected and intelligent ‘alphas’ like Samson (Chee-Lewis Parry), who exhibit strategic thinking.
The second installment, Bone Temple, written by Alex Garland and directed by Nia DaCosta, shifts its focus to “the Jimmys,” a gang of youth captivated by bloodsports rather than the infected. These characters are stripped of their identities, led by the enigmatic Sir Lord Jimmy Crystal (Jack O’Connell), who dubs them all “Fingers.”
As the story unfolds, the Jimmy family’s troubling regression poses a menace to Spike as well. The harrowing first scene of Bone Temple sees Spike fighting for survival against Jimmy, marking a pivotal moment where an uninfected individual is killed, initially highlighting a crucial distinction.
This film challenges our understanding of the infected. We meet Ian Kelson (Ralph Fiennes), a retired physician and Spike’s ally, who attempts to understand these new beings. He once used morphine to subdue Samson but finds the alpha craves the drug, establishing a reluctant bond between them.
Through shared experiences, Kelson—an anthropologist at heart—investigates the cultural remnants of humanity by creating monuments and reclaiming narratives from desolate towns. His quest prompts profound questions about the consciousness of the infected. “What if you could speak?” he muses. “Do you have memories? Are you evolving?”
As Bone Temple invites us to reconsider the nature of evolution, we ponder whether beings like Samson symbolize a new paradigm. Are they regaining their humanity or transitioning into something uniquely different? As the story progresses, we ask if a cure is possible for these once-infected beings, and whether the lines between human and infected remain clear after decades.
Kelson’s psychological exploration yields unexpected revelations. Upon encountering Jimmy and his gang, he discovers a potential path to healing for the remnants of humanity—infected or otherwise. The profound message of this riveting film is that our understanding of the infected must evolve. As we follow Spike’s journey through this dystopian world, it begs the question: could the infected become humanity’s saviors? With the trilogy’s finale on the horizon, anticipation builds for what lies ahead.
Octopuses in shallow waters, such as the common octopus, typically possess larger brains.
Image Credit: Shutterstock
Research suggests that the large brains of octopuses are influenced more by environmental conditions than by social interactions.
It is widely accepted that larger mammalian brains correlate with social behavior, a theory known as the social brain hypothesis. The premise is that the more social connections a species has, the larger their brains must be to handle those interactions. This trend is evident among primates, dolphins, and camelids.
In contrast, cephalopods—like octopuses, cuttlefish, and nautiluses—exhibit significant intelligence despite mostly living solitary lives, with limited parental care and minimal social learning.
To delve deeper into the reasons behind the substantial brain size of these creatures, Michael Muthukrishna and researchers from the London School of Economics analyzed data from 79 cephalopod species with available brain information. They quantified brain size based on the total volume of an animal’s central nervous system, considering that octopuses actually possess nine brains: one central brain and semi-independent brains in each of their eight arms.
“This species is a stark contrast to humans, showcasing unique appendages and behaviors,” Muthukrishna notes.
The findings revealed no direct correlation between brain size and sociability. However, they did uncover that cephalopods generally have larger brains when inhabiting shallow waters, where they encounter a wide array of objects to manipulate and use as tools, along with rich calorie availability. Conversely, species dwelling in featureless deep-sea environments tend to have smaller brains.
“The correlation is quite strong,” Muthukrishna states, “but it’s imperative to approach these findings cautiously,” as only about 10 percent of the existing 800 cephalopod species have brain data accessible.
“The absence of a social brain effect in octopuses is intriguing yet expected,” explains Robin Dunbar from Oxford University, who proposed the social brain hypothesis around three decades ago. He argues that because octopuses do not inhabit cohesive social groups, their brains lack the necessity to manage complex social dynamics.
Professor Paul Katz from the University of Massachusetts articulates the possibility that evolution may have led to smaller brain sizes each time cephalopods adapted to deep-sea environments. “It’s reminiscent of species dimensions reducing on isolated islands; the same could apply to species in the deep ocean,” he mentions.
Muthukrishna’s previous research proposed that brain size not only predicts the extent of social and cultural behaviors but also reflects ecological factors such as prey diversity. Thus, the parallel patterns between cephalopods, having diverged from vertebrates over 500 million years ago, and humans bolster the cultural brain hypothesis. According to Muthukrishna and colleagues, this hypothesis illustrates how ecological pressures and information acquisition lead to the development of larger, more complex brains.
“It’s not solely about social instincts when it comes to large brains,” Muthukrishna asserts.
“I wholeheartedly agree that exploring why humans possess large brains must be informed by our understanding of current species. However, unraveling the evolutionary history of large brains, particularly with cephalopods, is challenging, especially given the radically different predator-prey dynamics when their brains began evolving,” Katz explains.
Dunbar emphasizes that octopuses may require substantial brainpower for their independent-use of eight arms. “Understanding an octopus’s brain is complex due to its unique structure, but a significant part of its brain’s function is to manage its intricate body mechanics necessary for survival,” he states.
Furthermore, Dunbar notes that it is logical for larger brains to evolve in environments abundant in calories. “You can’t increase brain size without addressing energy consumption. Once you have a more substantial brain, its applications become vast, which is why humans can engage in writing, reading, and complex mathematics—skills not inherently present within our evolutionary contexts.”
Using the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA), astronomers have unveiled stunning high-resolution images of 24 debris disks—dusty remnants that form after planetary systems complete their formation—showcasing the intricate transitional stages between the birth of planets and fully developed exoplanetary systems.
The ARKS gallery of faint debris disks reveals intricate shapes, including belts with multiple rings and sharp edges. Amber highlights the abundance of dust, while blue indicates carbon monoxide in gas-rich disks. Image credit: Sebastian Marino / Sorcha Mac Manamon / ARKS collaboration.
Young and mature planetary systems feature faint dust belts known as debris disks.
These disks are believed to result from collisions between large planetesimals, given dust’s brief lifespan against radiation and collisions.
Debris disks serve as the extrasolar equivalents of asteroids and the Kuiper Belt in our solar system.
With ages spanning from tens of millions to thousands of years, they offer a unique view into the final assembly of planetary systems.
Furthermore, they enable us to draw connections between protoplanetary disk structures and known mature exoplanetary populations.
Debris disks are significantly darker, appearing hundreds or thousands of times fainter than the luminous, gas-rich disks where planets are born.
Meredith Hughes, an astronomer at Wesleyan University, and her team have surmounted these challenges to produce the most detailed images to date of these disks.
Utilizing ALMA, they captured high-resolution images of 24 debris disks surrounding other stars.
This observation contributes to the ALMA survey aimed at resolving the Outer Kuiper Belt Substructure (ARKS).
“While we’ve often glimpsed ‘baby pictures’ of planet formation, the ‘teenage’ phase has remained elusive,” says Hughes.
Dr. Sebastian Marino, an astronomer at the University of Exeter, noted: “We’re observing genuine diversity—not just simple rings, but multi-ring belts and pronounced asymmetries, illustrating a dynamic and tumultuous phase in planetary history.”
ARKS stands as the largest and highest resolution survey of debris disks, akin to DSHARP, setting a new gold standard in the field.
Approximately one-third of the studied disks display distinct substructures, such as multiple rings and noticeable gaps, suggesting features left over from early planetary formation or shaped by planets over extended timescales.
Some disks retain the complex structure from earlier stages, while others have deteriorated into broad, smooth bands akin to the expected development of our solar system.
Many disks exhibit zones of tranquility and chaos, with vertically raised areas resembling unique objects in our solar system, blending classical Kuiper Belt objects with those disturbed by Neptune’s past migrations.
Some disks maintain gas longer than anticipated. In certain star systems, residual gas can influence the chemistry of developing planets or encourage dust to form extensive halos.
Numerous disks feature bright arcs or eccentric configurations, indicating gravitational effects from unseen exoplanets, scars left by planetary migration, or interactions between gas and dust.
Dr. Luca Matra, an astronomer at Trinity College, Dublin, remarked: “These disks encapsulate a period when planetary orbits were disrupted, akin to the massive impacts that shaped our early solar system.”
“By examining dozens of disks around stars of varying ages and types, ARKS aims to determine if their chaotic features are inherited, influenced by planets, or derived from other cosmic forces.”
“Understanding these nuances may shed light on whether our solar system’s history is unique or part of a common pattern.”
For more on this result, see the latest issue of Astronomy and Astrophysics.
_____
S. Marino et al. 2026. ALMA surveys to resolve the ExoKuiper belt substructure (ARKS). I. Motivation, sample, data reduction, and results overview. A&A 705, A195; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202556489
A revealing new study challenges traditional beliefs by showing that mid-ocean ridges and continental rifts, rather than volcanic eruptions, significantly influence atmospheric carbon fluctuations and long-term climate change in Earth’s geological history.
Cryogenic Earth. Image credit: NASA.
Over the past 540 million years, Earth’s climate has gone through dramatic shifts, alternating between icy icehouse conditions and warm greenhouse phases.
Icehouse conditions prevailed during key geological periods, including the Late Ordovician, Late Paleozoic, and Cenozoic eras.
Notably, warmer periods were associated with increased atmospheric carbon dioxide, while declines in greenhouse gases led to global cooling and extensive glaciation.
Research conducted by Ben Mather and a team at the University of Melbourne reconstructed carbon movements between volcanoes, oceans, and the deep Earth over the past 540 million years.
“Our findings challenge the long-accepted view that volcanic chains formed by tectonic plate collisions are the primary natural source of Earth’s atmospheric carbon,” Dr. Mather stated.
“Instead, it appears that carbon emissions from deep-sea crevices and mid-ocean ridges, driven by tectonic movements, have been crucial in shaping the transitions between icehouse and greenhouse climates throughout most of Earth’s history.”
“For example, we discovered that carbon released from volcanoes in the Pacific Ring of Fire only emerged as a significant carbon source in the last 100 million years, prompting us to reevaluate current scientific understanding.”
This study presents the first robust long-term evidence indicating that Earth’s climate change is primarily driven by carbon released at divergent plate boundaries rather than convergent ones.
“This insight not only reshapes our understanding of past climates but will also enhance future climate models,” Dr. Mather noted.
By integrating global plate tectonics reconstructions with carbon cycle models, the research team traced the storage, release, and recycling of carbon as continents shift.
Professor Dietmar Müller from the University of Sydney remarked, “Our findings illustrate how variations in carbon release from plate spreading influenced long-term climate shifts, clarifying historical climate changes, such as the late Paleozoic ice ages, the warm Mesozoic greenhouse world, and the rise of present-day Cenozoic icehouses.”
This research holds vital implications for understanding the ongoing climate crisis.
“This study contributes to the growing body of evidence that atmospheric carbon levels are a significant factor driving major climate shifts,” Dr. Mather emphasized.
“Comprehending how Earth managed its climate historically underscores the extraordinary pace of current climate change.”
“Human activities are releasing carbon at a staggering rate, far surpassing any natural geological processes previously recorded.”
“The climate balance is tipping alarmingly fast.”
For more on this groundbreaking research, you can view the findings published in the journal Communication Earth and Environment.
_____
B.R. Mather et al. 2026. Carbon emissions along divergent plate boundaries influence climate shifts between icehouses and greenhouses. Communication Earth and Environment 7, 48; doi: 10.1038/s43247-025-03097-0
Geophysicists from Washington State University and Virginia Tech have uncovered a potential pathway for nutrient transport from the radioactive surface of Jupiter’s icy moon, Europa, to its subsurface ocean.
Artist’s concept of the oceans of Jupiter’s moon Europa. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.
Europa is believed to host more liquid water than all of Earth’s oceans combined, but this vast ocean lies beneath a thick, ice-covered shell that obstructs sunlight.
This ice layer means that any potential life in Europa’s oceans must seek alternative sources of nutrition and energy, raising important questions about how these aquatic environments can support life.
Moreover, Europa is under constant bombardment from intense radiation emitted by Jupiter.
This radiation interacts with salts and other surface materials on Europa, producing nutrients beneficial for marine microorganisms.
While several theories exist, planetary scientists have struggled to determine how nutrient-rich surface ice can penetrate the thick ice shell to reach the ocean below.
Europa’s icy surface is geologically active due to the gravitational forces from Jupiter; however, ice movements primarily occur horizontally rather than vertically, which limits surface-to-ocean exchange.
Dr. Austin Green from Virginia Tech and Dr. Katherine Cooper from Washington State University sought inspiration from Earth to address the surface recycling challenge.
“This innovative concept in planetary science borrows from well-established principles in Earth science,” stated Dr. Green.
“Notably, this approach tackles one of Europa’s persistent habitability questions and offers hope for the existence of extraterrestrial life within its oceans.”
The researchers focused on the phenomenon of crustal delamination, where tectonic compression and chemical densification in Earth’s crust lead to the separation and sinking of crustal layers into the mantle.
They speculated whether this process could be relevant to Europa, especially since certain regions of its ice surface contain dense salt deposits.
Previous investigations indicate that impurities can weaken ice’s crystalline structure, making it less stable than pure ice.
However, delamination requires that the ice surface be compromised, enabling it to detach and submerge within the ice shell.
The researchers proposed that dense, salty ice, surrounded by purer ice, could sink within the ice shell, thereby facilitating the recycling of Europa’s surface and nourishing the ocean beneath.
Using computer simulations, they discovered that as long as the surface ice is somewhat weakened, nutrient-rich ice laden with salts can descend to the bottom of the ice shell.
This recycling process is swift and could serve as a reliable mechanism for providing essential nutrients to Europa’s oceans.
The team’s study has been published in the Planetary Science Journal.
_____
AP Green and CM Cooper. 2026. Dripping into destruction: Exploring the convergence of viscous surfaces with salt in Europa’s icy shell. Planetary Science Journal 7, 13; doi: 10.3847/PSJ/ae2b6f
Humpback Whales Collaborate to Catch Fish Using Bubbles
Jen Dickey/North Coast Cetacean Society
Innovative foraging behaviors are rapidly spreading among humpback whales in the fjords of western Canada, showcasing how cultural knowledge contributes to the survival of marine populations.
Bubble net feeding is a coordinated hunting method where humpback whales expel bubbles to encircle fish, then all rise simultaneously to feed.
According to Ellen Garland from the University of St. Andrews, “This is a collaborative activity characterized by a high degree of coordination and division of labor.”
This remarkable behavior has been observed for decades among humpback whales (Megaptera novaengliae) in Alaskan waters, with recent observations detailing their activities in the northeastern Pacific off Canada’s coast.
However, determining whether such complex behaviors stem from social learning or independent discovery among individuals remains a challenge for researchers.
In a comprehensive study, Edyn O’Mahony and a team from the University of St. Andrews analyzed field observation data from 2004 to 2023, focusing on 526 individuals in British Columbia’s Kitimat Fjord System, part of Gitga’at First Nation Territory.
Using distinct images of each whale’s tail fin, researchers identified 254 individuals engaging in bubble net feeding, with approximately 90% of these activities occurring in a cooperative setting.
This behavior surged post-2014, aligned with a significant marine heatwave in the Northeast Pacific that diminished prey availability.
“As heatwaves decrease prey availability, the whales’ adaptability in their feeding techniques is crucial for maintaining their caloric intake,” stated O’Mahony.
Whales are more likely to adopt bubble net feeding when they interact with individuals already using this technique. While bubble net feeding likely spread to the region from migrating whales, the current prevalence indicates stable groups or influential individuals spreading this knowledge through local social networks.
“After several years post-heatwave, we observe that whales previously not participating in bubble net feeding are now present in this area,” O’Mahony added.
The ability of humpback whales to share knowledge within social groups could be vital for their survival, implying that our understanding of their culture is essential for conservation efforts.
According to Ted Cheeseman, co-founder of the citizen science platform Happywhale, who did not participate in the study, “The key question is not just about the number of whales remaining but also whether the social behaviors crucial for population cohesion are restored.”
Join Dr. Russell Arnott on an Arctic Cruise to Svalbard, Norway
Experience an unforgettable ocean expedition to the North Pole with marine biologist Russell Arnott.
Exciting new infrared images from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope showcase the intricate structure of gas and dust expelled by a white dwarf star at the heart of the Helix Nebula.
This web image captures part of the Helix Nebula with stunning detail. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/A. Pagan, STScI.
Located approximately 655 light years away in the constellation Aquarius, the Helix Nebula is a captivating planetary nebula.
First discovered in the early 1800s, it continues to enchant stargazers and professional astronomers alike, owing to its closeness to Earth and mesmerizing visual appeal.
The image captured by Webb’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) reveals a comet-like column with an extended tail tracing the edges of the expanding gas shell, as noted by Webb astronomers.
“Fierce winds from a dying star clash with a frigid shell of gas, sculpting the remarkable structure of the nebula,” they explained.
“The iconic Helix Nebula has been observed by various ground-based and space-based observatories for nearly two centuries since its discovery.”
“Webb’s near-infrared observations highlight these intricate knots, contrasting with conventional imaging techniques. Check out this fantastic image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope.”
This image offers a panoramic view of the Helix Nebula, accentuating the narrow field of view from Webb’s NIRCam instrument. Image credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/A. Pagan, STScI.
The new images additionally highlight the dramatic transition from the hottest to the coldest gas as the shell expands from the central white dwarf star, WD 2226-210.
The bright white dwarf lies at the heart of the nebula, just outside the Webb image’s frame, continuing to influence its surroundings.
“Intense radiation from this star illuminates the surrounding gas, creating vibrant rainbow-colored features: hot ionized gas closest to the white dwarf, cooler hydrogen molecules further away, and protective pockets in the dust cloud where more complex molecules can start to form,” the astronomers noted.
This interaction is vital, paving the way for new planetary systems to potentially form in the future.
“In the Webb images of the Helix Nebula, colors represent temperature and chemical reactions,” they explained.
“A slight blue tint reveals the hottest gas in the area, ignited by powerful ultraviolet light.”
“Further out, the gas transitions into a yellow region where hydrogen atoms merge to form molecules.”
The outer edge, adorned with a reddish hue, marks the coldest material where gas begins to thin and dust can emerge.
“These colors symbolize the star’s last breath transforming into the foundational material for new worlds, enriching our understanding of how planets originate,” the astronomers concluded.
This rewrite enhances keyword optimization for SEO while retaining the original content’s meaning and structure.
Many athletes enhance their performance by integrating various exercises. New research suggests this cross-training may also contribute to a longer lifespan.
A comprehensive analysis of two studies following individuals for over 30 years revealed that those who participated in a diverse range of physical activities had a 19% lower risk of mortality compared to equally active individuals with less variety in their workouts.
“Maintaining the same total amount of physical activity while incorporating different exercises can lead to additional benefits,” states Han Han from Harvard University. However, as this type of research is observational, the results are indicative rather than definitive.
Most exercise studies tend to focus on either intensity or total volume of activity, often contrasting aerobic and strength training. In this research, Han and her team examined nine primary aerobic activities, including jogging (defined as a pace slower than 6.2 minutes per kilometer), running, outdoor and stationary cycling, stair climbing, swimming, rowing, bodyweight exercises (like squats and pull-ups), tennis, squash, racquetball, and weight training.
The researchers collected data on 70,000 women and 41,000 men from the Nurses’ Health Study and the Health Professionals Follow-up Study between 1986 and 2018. Study participants completed a physical activity questionnaire every two years.
The research team analyzed the link between participants’ activity levels and their mortality risk throughout the study duration. Individuals with health conditions that could skew their performance were excluded from the findings.
Results showed that engaging in multiple forms of exercise for several hours each week revealed diminishing returns regarding death risk reduction over the study timeline.
This highlights that diversifying workouts can provide enhanced benefits. As Han suggests, when one reaches diminishing returns with a specific exercise, it may be more advantageous to try different activities instead of repeating the same routine. Different forms of exercise may offer unique physiological advantages that can work together for greater benefits.
“Future research could explore potential synergies between various exercises,” Han notes. This optimal combination can evolve as people age.
Only a few studies have investigated how different types or combinations of exercise affect mortality rates, according to Lee Dak-chul from the University of Pittsburgh. He cautions that results should be approached with caution due to inherent research limitations—such as self-reported exercise, which may be inflated, and the likelihood that healthier individuals tend to participate in more physical activities.
Nevertheless, their findings are somewhat corroborated by the World Health Organization’s guidelines, advocating for both aerobic and resistance exercises as providing comprehensive health and mortality benefits compared to either alone, as Lee mentions.
In the future, this type of research could leverage data from wearable fitness devices instead of relying on self-reported data. “For now, we have to depend on surveys,” Han concludes.
The Mediterranean diet is widely regarded as the ultimate in healthy eating. Rich in fiber, vegetables, legumes, fruits, nuts, and moderate fish consumption, this diet is low in meat and dairy, making it both delicious and beneficial for health and the environment. As Luigi Fontana from the University of Sydney highlights, “Not only is it healthy, but it’s also very tasty.”
Supported by extensive research, unlike transient diet fads, the Mediterranean diet has been celebrated for over 21 years. This longevity stems from a series of randomized controlled trials that established its status as a nutritional gold standard.
In the 1940s, physiologist Ansel Keys advocated that the Mediterranean diet significantly lowers heart disease risk, primarily due to its low levels of saturated fat from meat and dairy, which are known to contribute to cholesterol buildup.
Keys, along with his wife Margaret, a nutritionist, conducted pioneering research comparing diet and heart health across seven countries. Their findings suggest that those following the Mediterranean diet enjoyed a markedly lower risk of heart disease, although external factors like income levels weren’t accounted for.
The most compelling evidence was presented in 1999. In this study, participants with prior heart attacks were assigned to either a Mediterranean diet or a low-fat diet, demonstrating that the former significantly reduced the risk of both stroke and subsequent heart attacks.
This breakthrough set the stage for a transformative shift in our dietary understanding over the next 25 years. Since 2000, multiple randomized controlled trials have confirmed the cardiovascular benefits of the Mediterranean diet. Additionally, it has been shown to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes. Further research links this eating pattern to diminished risks of infectious diseases, breast cancer, slower cognitive decline, and enhanced IVF success rates, although further investigation remains essential. “Eating a Mediterranean diet reduces your risk of developing multiple chronic diseases,” Fontana emphasizes.
Insights into the diet’s effectiveness point to the importance of fiber and extra virgin olive oil, which are believed to foster beneficial gut bacteria and mitigate harmful inflammation. “Many chronic diseases arise from inflammation, making the Mediterranean diet particularly advantageous,” states Richard Hoffman at the University of Hertfordshire, UK.
Furthermore, adopting the Mediterranean diet benefits the environment. With meat and dairy production accounting for about 15% of global greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to a diet rich in legumes and vegetables significantly reduces this impact. As global temperatures rise, it is imperative to move away from diet trends and embrace these time-honored culinary practices.
In the 1920s, renowned physicist Albert Einstein believed he had identified a fundamental flaw within quantum physics. This led to extensive investigations revealing a pivotal aspect of quantum theory, one of its most perplexing features.
This intriguing property, known as Bell nonlocality, describes how quantum objects exhibit cooperative behavior over vast distances, challenging our intuitions. I’ve accepted this understanding for over 21 years—a remarkable insight for the 21st century.
To illustrate this phenomenon, consider two hypothetical experimenters, Alice and Bob, each possessing a pair of “entangled” particles. Entanglement enables particles to correlate, even when separated by distances that prevent any signal from transmitting between them. Yet, these correlations become apparent only through the interaction of each experimenter with their respective particles. Do these particles “know” about their correlation beforehand, or is some mysterious connection at play?
Einstein, alongside Nathan Rosen and Boris Podolsky, sought to refute this eerie connection. They proposed that certain “local hidden variables” could explain how particles understand their correlated state, making quantum physics more relatable to everyday experiences, where interactions happen at close range.
In the 1960s, physicist John Stewart Bell devised a method to empirically test these concepts. After numerous attempts, groundbreaking experiments in 2015 provided rigorous verification of Bell’s theories, earning three physicists the 2022 Nobel Prize. “This was the final nail in the coffin for these ideas,” says Marek Zhukowski from the University of Gdańsk. Researchers concluded that hidden variables could not maintain the locality of quantum physics. Jacob Valandez at Harvard University adds, “We cannot escape from non-locality.”
Embracing delocality offers substantial advantages, as noted by Ronald Hanson from Delft University of Technology, who led one of the groundbreaking experiments. For him, the focus was never on the oddities of quantum mechanics; rather, he viewed the results as a demonstration of “quantum supremacy” beyond conventional computational capabilities. This intuition proved accurate. The technology developed for the Bell Test has become a foundation for highly secure quantum cryptography.
Currently, Hanson is pioneering quantum communication networks, utilizing entangled particles to forge a near-unhackable internet of the future. Similarly, quantum computing researchers exploit entangled particles to optimize calculations. Although the implications of entanglement remain partially understood, the practical application of entangling quantum objects has transformed into a valuable technological asset, marking a significant evolution for a leading figure in discussions about the quantum nature of reality.
The Chernobyl nuclear power plant has endured multiple attacks following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine.
AFP
A recent power outage at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in Ukraine has disrupted the spent fuel cooling system, increasing the risk of overheating and the potential release of harmful radiation. Fortunately, the stored fuel is aged and expected to remain safe until power is restored.
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has confirmed that Russian military actions have targeted multiple electrical substations in Ukraine, leading to the current power outage at Chernobyl. “The IAEA is closely monitoring these developments to ensure nuclear safety,” stated IAEA Director-General Rafael Grossi in a recent update on X.
Spent nuclear fuel continues to emit radiation and generate heat for years after being removed from a reactor. Without proper cooling, the fuel can melt, resulting in dangerous radiation levels. Currently, Chernobyl’s old fuel is stored in large cooling ponds that are regularly replenished with cold water to maintain safe temperatures.
However, the IAEA reported that the site lacks a power supply, which halts cooling efforts, leading to increased water temperatures and evaporation rates.
“Once the fuel is out of the reactor, it remains hot due to the production of fission products and radiative materials. It’s essential to manage this heat effectively, or it may eventually lead to a meltdown,” explained Paul Cosgrove from Cambridge University. More information can be found on his profile here.
Fortunately, the risk associated with the stored fuel at Chernobyl is lower today compared to 2022 when similar power outages occurred, as the fuel has already cooled significantly over the years. New Scientist reported this decrease in risk.
“Power loss at nuclear facilities is concerning, but the perceived nuclear risks often far exceed the actual risks associated with comparable incidents,” noted Ian Farnan from Cambridge University. More details about his work can be found here.
The Chernobyl disaster involved a reactor explosion in 1986, with reactors 2, 1, and 3 being shut down in 1991, 1996, and 2000, respectively.
While details of the storage pool containing Chernobyl’s remaining fuel are classified, Cosgrove indicated that evaluations conducted in 2022 found minimal risk of overheating during power outages. “This fuel has been stored safely for over 20 years, leading to significant energy dissipation,” he emphasized.
Electricity delivery to Chernobyl, as well as much of Ukraine, has fluctuated since the commencement of the full-scale Russian invasion. Recently, heightened attacks on Ukraine’s infrastructure by Russian forces have exacerbated the situation.
This power outage at Chernobyl represents yet another instance of Russian actions undermining nuclear safety, including the temporary occupation of Chernobyl, preventing necessary maintenance, the seizure of the Zaporizhzhia nuclear power plant, and last February’s drone attack on the containment structures above the ruins of Chernobyl’s reactor 4.
Experiment on Oxygen Production with Deep-Sea Nodule
Nippon Foundation
Scientists are set to deploy instruments to the ocean floor to explore the intriguing process of metal nodules producing oxygen in the Pacific Ocean. This unexpected phenomenon has ignited significant debate regarding the ethics of deep-sea mining.
In a surprising revelation from 2024, researchers identified that a potato-sized formation in the depths of the Pacific and Indian Oceans—including the distinguished Clarion-Clipperton Zone—functions as a vital oxygen source. This discovery challenges the conventional belief that large-scale oxygen production derives solely from sunlight and photosynthesis.
Dubbed “dark oxygen,” this phenomenon sustains life within the abyss, including microorganisms, sea cucumbers, and predatory sea anemones thriving thousands of meters beneath the surface. This finding casts doubt on proposals from deep-sea mining companies aiming to extract cobalt, nickel, and manganese by removing nodules from the ocean floor. A controversial deep-sea mining company was involved in this discovery, prompting a call for further scientific investigation.
Now, the team responsible for discovering dark oxygen is returning to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the prime location for potential deep-sea mining, to verify its existence and comprehend the mechanisms behind its production.
“Where does the oxygen come from for these diverse animal communities to thrive?” asked Andrew Sweetman from the Scottish Marine Science Society. “This could be an essential process, and we’re focused on uncovering it.”
The researchers propose that a metallic layer in the nodule generates an electrical current which splits seawater into hydrogen and oxygen. They’ve recorded up to 0.95 volts of electricity on the surface of the nodules—just below the standard 1.23 volts necessary for electrolysis. However, the team suggests that individual nodules or clusters could produce higher voltages.
Plans are underway to deploy a lander, essentially a metal frame housing various instruments, to a depth of 10,000 meters to measure oxygen flow and pH changes, as the electrolysis process releases protons, increasing water acidity.
Research Lander Deployed Into the Ocean
Scottish Marine Science Society
Given the potential role of microorganisms in this process, the lander will also collect sediment cores and nodules for laboratory analysis. Each nodule is home to approximately 100 million microorganisms, which researchers aim to identify through DNA sequencing and fluorescence microscopy.
“The immense diversity of microorganisms is constantly evolving; we are continually discovering new species,” remarked Jeff Marlow from Boston University. “Are they active? Are they influencing their environment in crucial ways?”
Furthermore, since electrolysis is generally not observed under the intense pressures found on the ocean floor, the team intends to utilize a high-pressure reactor to replicate deep-sea conditions and conduct electrolysis experiments there.
“The pressure of 400 atmospheres is comparable to that at which the Titan submarine tragically imploded,” noted Franz Geiger from Northwestern University. “We seek to understand the efficiency of water splitting under such high pressure.”
The ultimate aim is to carry out electrochemical reactions in the presence of microorganisms and bacteria under an electron microscope without harming the microorganisms.
The United Nations’ International Seabed Authority has yet to decide on the legality of deep-sea mining in international waters, with U.S. President Donald Trump advocating for its implementation. The Canadian company, The Metals Company, has applied for authorization from the U.S. government to commence deep-sea mining operations.
A recent paper authored by Metals Company scientists contends that Sweetman and his colleagues have not produced sufficient energy to facilitate seawater electrolysis in 2024, suggesting the observed oxygen was likely transported from the ocean’s surface by the deployed landers.
Sweetman countered this claim, stating that the lander would displace any air bubbles on its descent, and asserted that oxygen measurement would not have occurred if deployed in other regions, such as the Arctic ocean floor, which is 4,000 meters deep. Out of 65 experiments conducted at the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, he noted that 10% exhibited oxygen consumption while the remainder indicated oxygen production.
Sweetman and his colleagues also discovered that the oxidation phase of the electrolysis process can occur at lower voltages than those recorded on the nodule’s surface. A rebuttal presenting this data has been submitted to Natural Earth Science and is currently under review.
“From a commercial perspective, there are definitely interests attempting to suppress research in this field,” stated Sweetman in response to the Metals Company’s opposition to his findings.
“It is imperative to address all comments, regardless of their origin,” added Marlowe. “That is our current predicament in this process.”
The world is entering an alarming “era of water bankruptcy” fueled by overconsumption and climate change. Approximately 75% of the global population lives in regions confronting severe water scarcity, pollution, and drought.
This is the finding of a United Nations report, which concludes that many regions are extracting excessive amounts from their annual rainwater and snowmelt, leading to the rapid depletion of groundwater reserves that may take thousands of years to replenish. Notably, 70% of major aquifers are now classified as depleted, and many changes are irreversible.
Key contributors to this crisis include the expansion of agriculture and urbanization into arid areas, which are becoming increasingly dry due to climate change. For instance, around 700 sinkholes have formed in Türkiye as a consequence of groundwater extraction. In addition, devastating sandstorms induced by desertification have resulted in numerous casualties in Beijing.
“Our surface water account is now empty,” asserts Kave Madani from the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health. “The inherited savings from our ancestors—groundwater and glaciers—are now exhausted. We are witnessing global signs of water bankruptcy,” he explained.
Approximately 4 billion people face water scarcity for at least one month each year, which is exacerbated by immigration, conflict, and insecurity. Madani noted that while a currency collapse triggered recent protests in Iran, underlying water shortages were also significant contributors.
Iran has experienced its driest autumn in 50 years. This situation is further aggravated by the rapid proliferation of agricultural dams and wells, contributing to the near-complete desiccation of Lake Urmia, once the largest lake in the Middle East. The Iranian government is now considering evacuating Tehran and is exploring cloud-seeding methods to induce rain.
In the United States, the Colorado River, which is crucial for the water supply in much of the western region, has experienced an estimated flow reduction of 20% in the past 20 years. This decline is mainly attributed to decreased rainfall and increased evaporation, alongside excessive water repurposing for beef and dairy production. Cities like Los Angeles rely heavily on this water for drinking, despite the diminishing flow reaching the ocean.
The river’s primary reservoirs are currently at about 30% capacity, and projections indicate they could reach “dead pool” status (10-15% capacity) by 2027, according to research conducted by Bradley Udall from Colorado State University. Negotiations over water allocation among states stalled last year.
Experts emphasize that increasing agricultural water efficiency often leads to greater water consumption. Improvements such as drip and sprinkler irrigation allow for gradual water absorption, yet more water also runs back into rivers from flooded fields. Therefore, it is essential to reduce overall water consumption alongside enhancing efficiency, Udall asserts.
“Agriculture consumes 70% of our water resources, hence effective solutions must originate from the agricultural sector,” he adds. “A reduction in agricultural use is crucial, and this issue is prevalent worldwide.”
Approximately half of the global food production occurs in areas where water storage is diminishing. Addressing agricultural water use will also necessitate economic diversification to support the livelihoods of over 1 billion individuals, predominantly in low-income nations, which often export food to high-income countries.
“Water is integral to the economy, as it significantly impacts public health,” states Madani. “If jobs are lost, it can lead to social unrest similar to what we are witnessing in Iran.”
Even regions with sufficient rainfall are experiencing increased water extraction by data centers or contamination from industries, sewage, and agricultural runoff. Wetlands equivalent to the area of the European Union are being lost primarily due to agricultural conversion, incurring an estimated global cost of $5.1 trillion in ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation, food production, and carbon storage.
In Bangladesh, approximately half of the nation experiences well water contamination due to arsenic, exacerbated by rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion. In Dhaka, tap water and the ominously dubbed “river of death” are polluted by chemicals linked to fast-fashion product manufacturing intended for export to Europe and North America.
“It is widely known that the river is tainted by the garment industry,” notes Sonia Hawke from Oxford University. “However, strict regulations could deter buyers, creating a conflict of interest.”
In many instances, vital water bodies—including rivers, lakes, wetlands, and aquifers—struggle to return to their previous conditions. Additionally, significant glacial melting has diminished water supplies for hundreds of millions.
Madani emphasizes the necessity for humanity to adapt to reduced water availability through improved water management strategies. However, this starts with accurately assessing water resources and consumption, including household meters, well usage, and waterway health.
“Efforts like [cloud-seeding] may be futile if we don’t understand our water system’s metrics. Effective management begins with measurement,” Madani concludes.
A groundbreaking study by planetary scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) reveals how the significant differences in polar vortex patterns between Jupiter and Saturn are influenced by the unique properties of their deep interiors. These findings offer valuable insights into the structure of these gas giants.
This composite image, captured by the JIRAM instrument aboard NASA’s Juno satellite, depicts a central low-pressure system at Jupiter’s north pole along with eight surrounding low-pressure systems. The colors in this image represent radiant heat, revealing temperature variations in their cloud layers. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SwRI / ASI / INAF / JIRAM.
“Our study shows that the internal properties, including the softness of the vortex base, influence the fluid patterns observed at the surface,” explained Dr. Wang-Ying Kang from MIT.
The research was inspired by stunning images of Jupiter and Saturn obtained from NASA’s Juno and Cassini missions.
Since 2016, Juno has been orbiting Jupiter and revealing astonishing details about its north pole and intricate spiral formations.
The data suggest that each vortex on Jupiter is immense, measuring around 5,000 km (3,000 miles) in diameter.
Meanwhile, Cassini documented Saturn’s iconic polar vortex, which spans a singular hexagonal shape approximately 29,000 km (18,000 miles) wide, before its controlled descent into Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017.
“Despite their similarities in size and primary composition of hydrogen and helium, deciphering the differences in polar vortices between Jupiter and Saturn has been challenging,” noted MIT graduate student Jial Shi.
Researchers aimed to uncover the physical mechanisms behind the formation of either a single vortex or multiple vortices on these distant planets.
To achieve this, they employed a two-dimensional model of surface fluid dynamics.
While polar vortices are inherently three-dimensional, the fast rotation of Jupiter and Saturn leads to uniform motion along their rotational axes, allowing the team to effectively analyze vortex evolution in two dimensions.
“In rapidly rotating systems, fluid motion tends to be uniform along the axis,” Dr. Kang added. “This insight allowed us to convert a 3D challenge into a 2D problem, significantly speeding up simulations and reducing costs.”
With this in mind, researchers created a two-dimensional model of vortex behavior in gas giants, adapting equations that describe the evolution of swirling fluids over time.
“This equation is commonly used in various situations, including modeling cyclones on Earth,” Dr. Kang stated. “We tailored it for the polar regions of Jupiter and Saturn.”
Scientists applied the two-dimensional model to simulate fluid dynamics on gas giants in various scenarios, adjusting parameters such as planetary size, rotational speed, internal heating, and the characteristics of the fluid.
They introduced random “noise” to simulate initial chaotic fluid flow on the planets’ surfaces.
By analyzing how this fluid evolved over time across different scenarios, the researchers found that some conditions led to the formation of a single large polar vortex, akin to Saturn’s structure, while others resulted in multiple smaller vortices, similar to those on Jupiter.
Through careful examination of the parameters affecting each scenario, the study identified a unifying mechanism: the softness of the vortex base constrains the size that vortices can attain.
The softer and lighter the gas at the bottom of the vortex, the smaller the resulting vortex, enabling multiple smaller vortices to exist at Jupiter’s poles. Conversely, a denser and harder base permits the growth of sizable vortices, manifesting as a singular entity like Saturn.
If this mechanism holds for both gas giants, it could suggest that Jupiter has a softer internal composition, while Saturn may contain denser materials.
“The fluid patterns we observe on the surface of Jupiter and Saturn may provide insights into their interior compositions,” Shi remarked.
“This is crucial because Saturn’s interior likely harbors richer metals and more condensable materials, leading to stronger stratification than that found in Jupiter,” Shi added. “This will enhance our understanding of gas giant planets.”
As a cognitive psychoanalyst and former NHS mental health leader, Owen O’Kane presents a fresh perspective in his books, How to Become Your Own Therapist and Addiction to Anxiety. Instead of viewing anxiety as an enemy to conquer, he emphasizes the importance of embracing it. O’Kane challenges the prevalent brain-focused solutions circulating on social media, suggesting that we should begin with our bodies. Here are three practical approaches to transform your relationship with anxiety for better mental health.
1. Understand Anxiety – It’s Your Ally!
Traditional anxiety research tends to focus on “switching off” certain brain functions or reducing hormones. O’Kane argues that we should first develop a healthier relationship with anxiety, acknowledging its presence rather than merely trying to suppress it. Recognize that when anxiety arises, it signals fears that need attention; this protective mechanism may be trying to keep you safe.
If you perceive anxiety as a prompt from a supportive friend rather than an adversary, you can leverage its insights. For instance, if you’re anxious about a presentation, it’s your mind’s way of urging you to prepare and perform well!
However, treating anxiety as an enemy only amplifies your fear and may lead to missed opportunities. By acknowledging anxiety’s intention to safeguard you, you pave the way for more constructive coping mechanisms.
Ultimately, building a rapport with your anxiety and understanding its role is critical. Accept that while it may be uncomfortable, it exists for good reason, and rejecting it leads only to temporary relief but not genuine resolution.
2. Shift Your Focus to the Body, Not the Brain.
Many mental health professionals tend to concentrate on altering thought patterns, but O’Kane places emphasis on physical sensations. Anxiety often manifests physically; when your body feels tense, it signals to your brain that something is amiss, which can lead to irrational thoughts.
When you notice your body responding to stress, engage in activities that release that pent-up energy—be it through deep breathing, exercise, or even cold exposure. The goal is not to eliminate anxiety but to send calming signals back to your brain, allowing your rational mind to re-engage.
3. Document Your Thoughts to Tackle Uncertainty.
Research indicates that the average person has thousands of thoughts daily, many of which are negative or anxiety-inducing. When we experience anxiety, we tend to treat these thoughts as facts, perpetuating an anxiety cycle.
After acknowledging anxiety’s protective role and regulating your body, start actively documenting anxious thoughts. List the worries and evaluate their likelihood of happening. This process fosters rational thinking and diminishes the grip of anxiety over time.
Understand that uncertainty is inherent in life. O’Kane suggests embracing uncertainty rather than fearing it. Each time you adapt your response to anxiety, you forge new neural pathways, ultimately increasing your comfort level with anxiety.
Utilizing magnetic fields to maneuver satellites could significantly enhance the longevity of space exploration missions and reduce the risk of collisions between spacecraft.
Currently, most space missions and artificial satellites depend on propellant for movement in space, which limits their operational lifetimes due to fuel depletion. An innovative alternative, known as electromagnetic formation flight (EMFF), employs renewable energy sources like solar panels to power onboard electromagnetic coils. These coils generate magnetic fields that can theoretically steer spacecraft through interactions with similar fields from adjacent satellites.
However, researchers have faced challenges with EMFF due to a phenomenon called electromagnetic coupling. The magnetic field from one satellite affects not just nearby satellites but all satellites in proximity, complicating coordinated movement among multiple objects.
A research team at the University of Kentucky has proposed a promising solution through a method called alternating magnetic field forcing (AMFF).
This technique enables two satellites to communicate and control each other’s trajectories without disrupting a third satellite. This is achieved by utilizing distinct interaction frequencies, allowing two satellites to coordinate on one frequency while maintaining communication with others on different frequencies.
The AMFF concept has been successfully tested on Earth instead of in space. The three satellites were positioned on specialized linear rails employing high-pressure air to create a low-friction environment. With the integrated laser ranging module, the satellites achieved precise travel distances and effective interactions as defined by the researchers.
The project team did not respond to interview requests. However, Alvar Saenz Otero, a researcher at the University of Washington, noted that this paper represents a significant advancement in a long-standing research area. “The complexity of a formation flight system increases significantly when transitioning from two to three satellites,” he explains.
Yet, Otero expresses skepticism about the immediate application of this technology for low-Earth orbit satellites, such as massive constellations like Starlink. “Our work on EMFF has primarily focused on deep space operations,” he adds.
Earth’s atmosphere can impact the frequencies utilized for EMFF or AMFF, introducing interference that complicates satellite control, he notes.
While it is currently feasible for three units to fly together and utilize magnetic fields for navigation, scaling this approach to manage thousands of satellites poses a formidable challenge. “This is not applicable at the constellation level,” remarks Ray Sedwick from the University of Maryland.
“Employing superconducting magnetic coils significantly extends the operational range of EMFF, but numerous technical challenges remain,” Sedwick explains, indicating that large-scale magnetic motion might still be on the horizon.
Mars’ geological features reveal that the planet once hosted rivers and extensive coastlines, indicating it may have had vast oceans in its history. This discovery offers the most substantial evidence yet of Mars’ once vibrant blue landscape.
According to Ezzat Heidari, a geochemist at Jackson State University in Mississippi (who was not part of the study), “The existence of liquid water on Mars encompasses a wide array of topics including rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans.” In his view, this research highlights a significant factor: the ocean.
The research team, featuring planetary geologists like Ignatius Indy and geoscientists such as Fritz Schlunegger from the University of Bern, made groundbreaking discoveries using data from numerous spacecraft. This includes NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the European Space Agency’s Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The ExoMars spacecraft, equipped with a specialized Bernese Mars camera, has been instrumental in capturing high-resolution color images, which were crucial for this research.
“These sophisticated images help us identify subtle variations in surface materials that are invisible in black and white images,” Indy explains. Combined with topographical data from other orbiters, these tools transform into a “geological time machine,” providing a clearer glimpse of Mars’ geological evolution.
To explore Mars’ potential ancient water sources, the researchers scrutinized Valles Marineris, an extensive canyon system over 4,000 kilometers long that runs along the planet’s equator. Their focus particularly emphasized the southeast area, Koprates Chasma, with its features dating back around 3.3 billion years.
By merging the new images with geomorphological analyses, the researchers identified structures indicative of river flow into oceans and the formation of alpine lakes at mountain bases—similar to Earth’s geography.
“The Nile Delta serves as a classic illustration,” Schlunegger notes. “If you were to drain the Mediterranean just past the end of the Nile, you’d observe features remarkably akin to those found on Mars,” he states.
Silty Deposits Left by Ancient Water on Mars
Algadestia et al. 2026, CaSSIS
The new data allowed scientists to trace the ancient coastline of Mars’ former ocean, estimating its size to be comparable to Earth’s Arctic Ocean. This could represent the largest ocean that ever existed on Mars.
“Our research indicates that approximately 3 billion years ago, Mars may have sustained significant bodies of surface water within Valles Marineris, the largest canyon in our solar system,” Indy remarked. “What’s even more intriguing is that these water bodies might have been linked to a much larger ocean that once spanned parts of Mars’ northern lowlands.”
While past research suggested the presence of water on Mars, much of the evidence was indirect. A notable study revealed Martian minerals that may have interacted with water long ago. Additional investigations have indicated that an ancient asteroid impact could have triggered a massive tsunami on the planet. Yet, acquiring conclusive data has remained a challenge.
The notion that Mars once harbored a vast ocean remains debated; as Michael Manga, a geoscientist from the University of California, Berkeley (who wasn’t involved in this study), points out, “Even if the ocean did exist, the geological record is far too ancient to be clear.”
This discovery raises fascinating possibilities for the search for extraterrestrial life and serves as a cautionary reminder that Earth’s crucial resources may also one day diminish.
“This paper addresses a question that is paramount to those researching Mars’ evolution,” Heidari said. “Martian oceans would have operated similarly to Earth’s oceans, playing a vital role in the planet’s health.”
World Capital of Astronomy: Chile
Discover Chile’s astronomical treasures, including the world’s most advanced observatory, and enjoy stargazing under the clearest skies on Earth.
Topics:
This rewritten content maintains the original HTML structure while optimizing for SEO with more relevant keywords and clarifications.
Recent research highlights that sunscreens enhanced with lignin, a natural polymer found in wood, can achieve an impressive sun protection factor (SPF) exceeding 180. This innovative ingredient also promises longer-lasting effects and lower skin penetration compared to conventional sunscreens, potentially offering a safer alternative.
While sunscreen is crucial for skin cancer prevention, there is growing concern about its safety. A recent survey revealed that 14% of young adults mistakenly believe daily sunscreen use poses more risks than direct sun exposure.
This confusion stems from findings by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which confirmed that some common sunscreen ingredients can enter the bloodstream. However, long-term studies have shown no significant health risks associated with regular sunscreen use, prompting the FDA to call for further investigation.
In response, researchers are actively seeking natural alternatives to traditional sunscreen chemicals that are not only safer for human health but also less harmful to coral reefs and marine ecosystems.
Among the most promising natural ingredients is lignin, known for reinforcing plant cell walls and shielding them from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.
One major challenge lies in extracting lignin from wood without altering its color. Conventional methods often use harsh chemicals, turning it from a light hue to dark brown, rendering it unsuitable for sunscreen applications.
Researchers from South China University of Science and Technology have successfully developed a milder extraction technique. Led by Jun Lee, the team extracted pale yellow lignin from poplar trees using crushing and sieving methods, followed by ultrasound treatment. Another group, led by Yong Qian, utilized a similar approach to harvest pale pink lignin from birch trees.
The extracted lignin was then transformed into nanoparticles and blended with standard white creams to formulate sunscreen products.
Tests indicated that the pale yellow lignin sunscreen achieved an SPF of 20, while the pale pink version reached an SPF of 19, providing moderate protection against harmful UV rays and blending seamlessly with various skin tones for a smooth application.
While these lignin-based sunscreens do not match the high protection levels of many commercial products (often SPF 50 or higher), the research team experimented by encapsulating popular sunscreen agents, avobenzone and octinoxate, within lignin nanoparticles. This innovative combination produced an astounding SPF of over 180. However, it’s essential to note that sunscreen labels cannot exceed SPF 50 due to regulatory guidelines.
Encapsulating these ingredients in lignin nanoparticles not only enhances their stability under sunlight but also minimizes skin penetration, thus potentially increasing safety.
Qian has reported that ongoing trials of one lignin-based sunscreen formulation indicate it is safe and effective, contributing to the search for healthier sunscreen options.
In addition to lignin, other naturally sourced ingredients like those derived from seaweed, ferns, squid, and even human hair are being investigated for sunscreen applications.
In a picturesque mountain pasture in Austria, a remarkably intelligent cow is reshaping our understanding of animal cognition.
Meet Veronica, a pet Swiss brown cow who has innovatively learned to use both ends of a stick to scratch her back. This impressive tool use is exceedingly rare in the animal kingdom and has never been documented in cattle before.
Dr. Antonio Osuna Mascaro, a professor at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, led the groundbreaking study published in Current Biology. The research highlights how Veronica creatively utilizes available tools to scratch herself.
Initially, researchers provided her with a broom brush, expecting her to only use the bristles. However, Veronica adapted her tool use based on the specific itch needing relief.
For larger or more intense itches on her back, she utilized the bristled end of the brush. Conversely, for lighter itches, such as on her sensitive lower abdomen, she opted for the smooth handle end.
“The only well-documented occurrence similar to this was when a chimpanzee cleverly manipulated the ends of a stick to forage for termites,” Osuna Mascaro stated, as reported by BBC Science Focus.
Researchers emphasize that domestic animals have often been overlooked by behavioral scientists, meaning their perceived lack of intelligence may stem more from insufficient observation than from the animals’ actual capabilities.
“Understanding that cows possess the ability to innovate and use tools flexibly sends a powerful message about our biases regarding cow intelligence and capabilities,” Osuna Mascaro added.
Osuna Mascaro (left) shared that Veronica (right) is affectionate and cherished by her human family. – Credit: Antonio J. Osuna Mascaró
Veronica: The Beloved Cow
The study emphasizes that while Veronica is unique, her intelligent behavior is not an isolated case.
As a cherished pet, Veronica enjoys access to open spaces, daily human engagement, and the freedom to explore her environment. At 13 years old, she is significantly older than the average domestic cow.
Her human companion, Witger Vigele, first observed Veronica using tools over a decade ago. Intrigued by her intelligence, researchers analyzed footage of her behavior and decided to meet this extraordinary cow.
Researchers urge everyone to appreciate intelligent cows like Veronica – Credit: AJ Osuna-Mascaró
The findings suggest that our perceptions of domestic animals’ intelligence may not relate to their actual abilities, but rather to the opportunities they are given to demonstrate their intelligence and whether we take the time to observe them.
“I would love to hear from anyone who has witnessed cows displaying similar behaviors firsthand,” Osuna Mascaro expressed.
“The key element is using an object dynamically to achieve goals that would be otherwise difficult or impossible,” he concluded.
Igor Pikovsky, a physicist at Stevens Institute of Technology, along with his team, is pioneering an innovative experiment aimed at capturing individual gravitons—particles previously believed to be nearly undetectable. This groundbreaking work signals a new era in quantum gravity research.
Expected detection of single graviton signatures from gravitational waves in future experiments. Image credit: I. Pikovski.
Modern physics faces a significant challenge. The two foundational pillars—quantum theory and Einstein’s general theory of relativity—appear contradictory at a glance.
While quantum theory depicts nature through discrete quantum particles and interactions, general relativity interprets gravity as the smooth curvature of space and time.
A true unification demands that gravity be quantum in nature, mediated by particles called gravitons.
For a long time, detecting even a single graviton was deemed nearly impossible.
Consequently, the problem of quantum gravity has mostly remained a theoretical concept, with no experimental framework for a unified theory in view.
In 2024, Dr. Pikovsky and his collaborators from Stevens Institute of Technology, Stockholm University, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, and Nordita demonstrated that *detecting gravitons* is indeed feasible.
“For ages, the idea of detecting gravitons seemed hopeless, which is why it wasn’t considered an experimental question,” Pikovsky stated.
“Our findings indicate that this conclusion is outdated, especially with today’s advanced quantum technologies.”
The breakthrough stems from a fresh perspective that combines two pivotal experimental innovations.
The first is the detection of gravitational waves—ripples in spacetime generated by collisions between black holes and neutron stars.
The second innovation is the advancement in quantum engineering. Over the last decade, physicists have mastered the cooling, control, and measurement of larger systems in true quantum states, leading to extraordinary quantum phenomena beyond the atomic scale.
In a landmark experiment in 2022, a team led by Yale University professor Jack Harris showcased the control and measurement of individual vibrational quanta of superfluid helium exceeding 1 nanogram in weight.
Dr. Pikovsky and his co-authors realized that by merging these two advancements, it becomes possible to absorb and detect a single graviton. A passing gravitational wave could, theoretically, transfer exactly one quantum of energy (or one graviton) into a sufficiently large quantum system.
The resulting energy shift may be minimal but manageable. The primary hurdle lies in the fact that gravitons seldom interact with matter.
Nevertheless, in quantum systems scaled to the kilogram level, it is feasible to absorb a single graviton in the presence of strong gravitational waves generated by black hole or neutron star mergers.
Thanks to this recent revelation, Dr. Pikovsky and Professor Harris are collaborating to construct the world’s first experiment specifically designed to detect individual gravitons.
With backing from the WM Keck Foundation, they are engineering centimeter-scale superfluid helium resonators, moving closer to the conditions needed to absorb single gravitons from astrophysical gravitational waves.
“We already possess essential tools; we can detect single quanta in macroscopic quantum systems; it’s merely a matter of scaling up,” Professor Harris elaborated.
The objective of this experiment is to immerse a gram-scale cylindrical resonator within a superfluid helium container, cool the setup to the quantum ground state, and utilize laser-based measurements to detect individual phonons (the vibrational quanta transformed from gravitons).
This detector builds upon an existing laboratory system while advancing into uncharted territory—scaling masses to the gram level while maintaining exceptional quantum sensitivity.
Successfully demonstrating this platform sets the stage for the next iteration, which will be optimized for the sensitivity required to achieve direct detection of gravitons, thus opening new experimental avenues in quantum gravity.
“Quantum physics began with controlled experiments involving light and matter,” Pikovsky noted.
“Our current aim is to bring gravity into this experimental domain and investigate gravitons much like physicists studied photons over a century ago.”
NASA’s SPHEREx mission reveals that interstellar object 3I/ATLAS dramatically transformed into an active comet following its close approach to the Sun.
SPHEREx imaging of 3I/ATLAS taken from December 8th to 15th, 2025. Image credit: NASA / arXiv: 2601.06759.
SPHEREx monitored 3I/ATLAS from December 8 to 15, 2025, shortly after its perihelion, the closest approach to the Sun.
“In December 2025, SPHEREx reobserved 3I/ATLAS post-perihelion and found it to be far more active than previously observed. August 2025 SPHEREx pre-perihelion observations show significant evidence that it has completely sublimated its ice, transforming into a comet,” explained astronomer Carrie Risse from Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.
New SPHEREx data indicates a gas- and dust-rich coma, revealing emissions of cyanide (CN), water (H2O), organic compounds (CH), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO).
“The emergence of cyanide and organic matter indicates their presence in the aqueous phase,” said Avi Loeb, a Harvard University professor not involved in this study.
Researchers noted a sharp increase in water activity, accompanied by a significant surge in carbon monoxide emissions.
“The H2O gas signature, previously nearly undetectable in August, is now 20 times stronger, indicating complete sublimation of water,” added the researchers.
“CO emission rates have increased by 20 times, as the CO/CO2 ratio has risen 15-fold as well.”
SPHEREx images further demonstrate that the object’s gaseous envelope has expanded significantly.
“The gas comas observed by SPHEREx are distinctly resolved, extending from 1 foot to 3 feet in radius; all but the CN and CH organic comas appear round relative to the Sun and orbital velocity,” scientists noted.
“In contrast, the dust and organic matter images in the SPHEREx continuum exhibit a pear-shaped morphology, with the ‘pear stalk’ directed toward the Sun.”
“These varying shapes suggest that CN and CH are sourced from dust, while H2O, CO2, and CO gases are distributed symmetrically around the atomic nucleus.”
“No visible jets or anti-solar tail structures were detected.”
SPHEREx’s observations indicate fundamental changes in the physical state of 3I/ATLAS.
“December 2025’s observations align with a comet that is fully active and sublimating water ice,” the authors concluded.
The composition now resembles that of typical Solar System comets, with ice content comparable to most comets.
Researchers attribute these changes to the object’s trajectory through the inner solar system.
“By December, 3I/ATLAS had spent 3.5 months within the solar system’s ice line, causing all comet components and volatile CO2 ice to become active,” they stated.
“Consequently, the bulk material of the cometary matrix evaporated, releasing its contents.”
“Further observations are anticipated before 3I/ATLAS passes through SPHEREx’s investigation pattern again in April 2026,” they concluded.
For more information, refer to their paper, submitted for publication in AAS Research Notes.
_____
CM Lisse et al. 2026. SPHEREx reobservations of interstellar object 3I/ATLAS in December 2025: increased post-perihelion activity, detection of coma dust, and new gaseous emissions. RNAAS submitted for publication. arXiv: 2601.06759
In a groundbreaking study published in the latest issue of Current Biology, researchers from Vienna Veterinary University present the first experimental evidence that cows (Bos taurus) can utilize a single object as a versatile tool, adapting its use according to the task at hand. The study focused on a pet Swiss brown cow named Veronica, who learned to manipulate a deck brush to effectively scratch hard-to-reach areas of her body. Through a series of controlled trials, Veronica exhibited targeted adjustments based on the sensitivity of the body parts she aimed to scratch.
Veronica’s tool technique. Image credit: Antonio Osuna-Mascaró and Alice Auersperg, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059.
Veronica, a long-lived Swiss brown cow, is not raised for meat or milk. She is a beloved pet of Vitger Vigele, an organic farmer and baker who cherishes her as part of the family.
Over a decade ago, Vigele observed Veronica occasionally picking up sticks to scratch herself, sparking interest in her behavior.
According to Dr. Alice Auersperg, a cognitive biologist at Vienna University, “These findings suggest that our preconceptions about domestic animal intelligence may stem more from observational gaps than from actual cognitive limitations.”
In structured trials, Dr. Auersperg and colleague Dr. Antonio Osuna Mascaro placed deck brushes at random angles. They recorded which ends Veronica selected and the body parts she targeted.
After multiple assessments, the researchers discovered that Veronica’s choices were consistent and matched the needs of the targeted areas.
“We have demonstrated that cows can engage in genuinely flexible tool use,” stated Dr. Osuna Mascaro.
“Veronica doesn’t just use objects haphazardly.”
“She effectively employs different segments of the same tool for distinct purposes, altering her techniques based on the tool’s role and the specific body part involved.”
The study revealed that Veronica typically favors the bristles of a deck brush for scratching large, hard areas like her back. For more sensitive regions, she switches to the smooth stick end.
Moreover, her handling of the tools varies; her upper body scratching movements are broad and vigorous, while her lower body motions are slower, more deliberate, and precisely controlled.
Tool use is defined as manipulating external objects to achieve a goal through mechanical means. The study found that Veronica’s behavior fulfills this definition while demonstrating flexible and versatile tool use, utilizing different features of the same object for various functional outcomes.
Such agility in tool use is exceedingly rare, with evidence only convincingly documented in chimpanzees to date.
“Using tools on her own body represents a self-directed form of tool use, which is typically considered less complex than applying tools to external objects,” remarked Dr. Osuna Mascaro.
“Veronica faces inherent physical limitations as she depends on her mouth to manipulate tools.”
“What’s remarkable is her ability to overcome these limitations, demonstrating foresight by adjusting her grip strength and movements accordingly.”
_____
Antonio J. Osuna-Mascalo & Alice MI Auersperg. 2026. Flexible use of multipurpose tools by cows. Current Biology 36 (2): R44-R45; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059
Revolutionizing Imaging Technology: UConn Scientists Create Lens-Free Sensor with Submicron 3D Resolution
Illustration of MASI’s working principle. Image credit: Wang et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-65661-8.
“This technological breakthrough addresses a longstanding issue in imaging,” states Professor Guoan Zheng, the lead author from the University of Connecticut.
“Synthetic aperture imaging leverages the combination of multiple isolated sensors to mimic a larger imaging aperture.”
This technique works effectively in radio astronomy due to the longer wavelengths of radio waves, which facilitate precise sensor synchronization.
However, at visible wavelengths, achieving this synchronization is physically challenging due to the significantly smaller scales involved.
The Multiscale Aperture Synthesis Imager (MASI) turns this challenge on its head.
Instead of requiring multiple sensors to operate in perfect synchronization, MASI utilizes each sensor to independently measure light, employing computational algorithms to synchronize these measurements.
“It’s akin to multiple photographers capturing the same scene as raw light measurements, which software then stitches together into a single ultra-high-resolution image,” explains Professor Zheng.
This innovative computational phase-locking method removes the dependency on strict interferometric setups that previously limited the use of optical synthetic aperture systems.
MASI diverges from conventional optical imaging through two key innovations.
Firstly, instead of using a lens to focus light onto a sensor, MASI employs an array of coded sensors positioned on a diffractive surface, capturing raw diffraction patterns—the way light waves disperse after encountering an object.
These measurements contain valuable amplitude and phase information, which are decoded using advanced computational algorithms.
After reconstructing the complex wavefront from each sensor, the system digitally adjusts the wavefront and numerically propagates it back to the object’s surface.
A novel computational phase synchronization technique iteratively fine-tunes the relative phase offsets to enhance overall coherence and energy during the joint reconstruction process.
This key innovation enables MASI to surpass diffraction limits and constraints posed by traditional optical systems by optimizing the combined wavefront in the software, negating the need for physical sensor alignment.
As a result, MASI achieves a larger virtual synthetic aperture than any individual sensor, delivering submicron resolution and a wide field of view, all without the use of lenses.
Unlike traditional lenses for microscopes, cameras, and telescopes, which require designers to make trade-offs, MASI enables higher resolution without the limitations of lens proximity.
MASI captures diffraction patterns from several centimeters away, reconstructing images with unparalleled submicron resolution. This innovation is akin to inspecting the intricate ridges of a human hair from a distance, rather than needing to hold it inches away.
“The potential applications of MASI are vast, ranging from forensics and medical diagnostics to industrial testing and remote sensing,” highlights Professor Zheng.
“Moreover, the scalability is extraordinary. Unlike traditional optical systems, which become increasingly complex, our framework scales linearly, opening doors to large arrays for applications we have yet to conceptualize.”
For more details, refer to the team’s published paper in Nature Communications.
_____
R. One et al. 2025. Multiscale aperture synthetic imager. Nat Commun 16, 10582; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-65661-8
New insights challenge the long-held belief that dark matter was “cold” in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang. A groundbreaking study from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities and the University of Paris-Saclay reveals that dark matter particles might have been extraordinarily hot and traveling at near-light speeds in the primordial universe, before cooling down during the formative epochs of galaxies and large-scale structures.
Hypothetical dark matter particles. Image credit: University of Adelaide.
For decades, physicists have categorized dark matter based on the velocity of its constituent particles. Cold dark matter is slow enough to clump under gravitational forces, contributing to the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters.
This categorization is a cornerstone of the standard cosmological model, explaining the universe’s intricate web-like structure.
However, the recent findings indicate that dark matter may have emerged from the hot plasma of the early universe in an ultrarelativistic state—essentially moving at ultra-high speeds—before cooling adequately during the formation of cosmic structures.
This refined perspective broadens the potential behaviors of dark matter particles and expands the pool of candidate particles physicists can investigate through experiments and astronomical observations.
The study concentrates on a critical phase in the early universe known as reheating, which followed an explosive inflationary expansion.
During the reheating phase, the energy fueling the universe’s expansion transformed into a dense hot mixture of particles and radiation.
This discovery suggests that under certain conditions, dark matter produced during this period could exist at speeds approaching that of light while still aligning with the vast universe we observe today.
If validated, these findings could significantly impact ongoing dark matter detection initiatives, including particle colliders, underground detectors, and astrophysical studies.
Moreover, they pose new theoretical challenges regarding the fundamental nature of dark matter and its role in the universe’s evolution.
“Dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in physics,” explains Stephen Henrik, a graduate student at the University of Minnesota.
“Historically, one consistent assumption has been that dark matter must be cold at its inception in the primordial universe.”
“Our findings reveal a different narrative. In fact, dark matter may start off as red-hot, but has ample time to cool before galaxies commence formation.”
“The simplest dark matter candidate, low-mass neutrinos, was deemed incompatible decades ago because they could annihilate galaxy-sized structures instead of facilitating them,” states Keith Olive, a professor at the University of Minnesota.
“Neutrinos serve as a prime example of hot dark matter, whose structural formation relies on cold dark matter.”
“If a similar candidate arose during the hot Big Bang, it’s remarkable that it could cool sufficiently to behave as cold dark matter.”
“This new discovery allows us to explore a period in the universe’s history that is very close to the Big Bang,” adds Professor Yann Mambrini, a physicist at the University of Paris-Saclay.
The team’s research has been published in the journal Physical Review Letters.
_____
Stephen E. Henrik et al. 2025. Ultra-relativistic freezeout: Bridge from WIMP to FIMP. Physics Review Letters 135, 221002; doi: 10.1103/zk9k-nbpj
How can space explorers be shielded from cosmic radiation without using massive lead enclosures? Some researchers propose leveraging the unique properties of a protein found in tardigrades that can protect DNA, but the solution is more complex.
Corey Nislow and his team at the University of British Columbia have identified a protein named Dsup (short for Damage Suppressor) that not only protects against radiation but also against various mutagenic substances. However, this protection comes with trade-offs, such as diminished cell viability.
“All the benefits we observe come at a cost,” Nislow states.
Tardigrades, often called water bears, are known for their incredible survival abilities, thriving under extreme conditions such as high radiation, harsh temperatures, desiccation, and even the vacuum of space. In 2016, Dsup was discovered as a critical component of this resilience. When human cells were genetically modified to express Dsup, they displayed enhanced radiation resistance without any adverse effects.
This led to the hypothesis that Dsup could serve as a protective agent against harmful radiation and mutagens. One potential method involves administering the mRNA that encodes Dsup, encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), similar to the technology utilized in mRNA coronavirus vaccines.
“A couple of years ago, I was fully convinced that delivering Dsup mRNA through LNPs to space crews would be highly effective; it wouldn’t alter their genomes but would serve as an efficient countermeasure against DNA damage,” Nislow mentions.
However, ongoing research involving genetically engineered yeast cells producing Dsup has revealed that high concentrations can be toxic, while lower levels can inhibit growth.
Dsup seems to safeguard DNA by physically enveloping it, which, in turn, complicates access for proteins necessary for RNA synthesis and DNA replication before cellular division. It also poses challenges for DNA repair proteins attempting to mend the DNA, particularly in cells with limited repair capabilities, where significant repairs may not occur.
Nislow speculates that Dsup could be beneficial for protecting astronauts, animals, and plants, but emphasizes the importance of controlling its expression levels to optimize its protective effects.
“I completely concur,” says James Byrne, from the University of Iowa, who is studying whether Dsup can shield healthy cells during cancer radiation therapy.
Byrne notes the potential risks associated with continuous Dsup production in all human cells but suggests that temporary expression during periods of need could be advantageous.
“It is undeniable that exceeding a certain threshold can render Dsup toxic,” he acknowledges. Simon Glass from the University of Montpellier also observes that low levels of Dsup can extend the lifespan of nematodes by providing oxidative stress protection, indicating that our understanding of Dsup’s mechanisms remains incomplete.
Jessica Tyler from Weill Cornell Medicine has also engineered yeast to produce Dsup, noting that lower levels than those examined by Nislow appeared beneficial without compromising growth.
“Thus, I disagree with the assertion that Dsup’s protective benefits come at a significant cost,” Tyler affirms, while agreeing on the necessity for regulated Dsup expression.
Although current technologies do not allow for the introduction of the ideal cells to produce Dsup at desired levels, Nislow expresses optimism about future advancements. “There is significant investment and interest in developing effective delivery systems,” he remarks. “This is a challenge that many in the pharmaceutical industry are eager to tackle.”
An Artist’s Rendition of the Universe’s Early Moments
Credit: Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo
The initial second of the universe’s existence was arguably the most significant moment in history. According to Big Bang cosmology, which is widely accepted by most cosmologists, the universe commenced from an infinitely small and dense state, expanding into a vast cosmos over several light-years.
This monumental journey began with a phase known as inflation. The exact cause of this exponential expansion remains a mystery; however, every 10 years, it is estimated that the distance between any two points in space doubled. This process saw the universe swell by a billion times, far exceeding the total number of grains of sand found on Earth’s beaches – and even surpassing the number of stars in the known universe.
During this inflationary period, foundational structures, which would evolve into the universe’s largest formations, were established. As the universe expanded, minuscule irregularities grew, driven by the randomness of quantum mechanics. These fluctuations contributed to differences in the density of the immensely hot plasma that filled the universe.
The duration of the Inflationary Era and the final size of the universe at its conclusion are topics of ongoing debate. While cosmologists might liken its size to that of various fruits, the consensus is that it lasted just a fleeting moment. Despite its rapid growth, the universe would have been comparable to a grain of sand up to a few meters in diameter, existing as a hot, opaque plasma interspersed with the first particles and antiparticles amidst raw energy.
As this hot sphere expanded, it gradually cooled, allowing particles to bond and form the first hadrons, including protons and neutrons, which comprise most of today’s matter. This process, known as baryogenesis, saw an unexpected surplus of matter compared to antimatter, resulting in the majority of antimatter annihilating with matter during the early universe’s development.
As particles continued to evolve, the universe underwent significant transitions referred to as “phase transitions,” simultaneously altering the state of all matter. This was a unique moment of synchronicity that has never been replicated. Initially, the four fundamental forces of nature – gravity, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force – were unified during the Big Bang, but separate distinguished behaviors emerged within the first billionth of a second.
These phase transitions facilitated further changes. The universe transitioned from opaque to transparent, allowing radiation to flow freely, lighting up the cosmos. Newly formed matter particles began gaining mass through interactions with the Higgs field, which had recently become separated from other fields. At this juncture, only a trillionth of a second post-Big Bang, particles, including the fundamental ones, began to acquire mass, significantly altering the cosmic landscape.
As the universe, still less than a light-year in diameter, started clumping together due to the quantum fluctuations, it laid the groundwork for the eventual formation of galaxies and star clusters. While it took an extensive period for these structures to materialize, this aggregation was a crucial event in cosmic evolution.
Approximately one second after the Big Bang, the rapid evolution of the cosmos began to moderate. Although the universe remained considerably smaller than the distance between our Sun and the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, the fundamental particles and forces that shaped its future were already taking familiar forms.
Nuclei formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, but it would be hundreds of thousands of years before they could hold electrons and create neutral atoms. Stars and galaxies took tens of millions of years more to emerge. Yet, the essential foundations for our universe were established within that brief second. Numerous seconds have elapsed since then, with cosmologists tirelessly investigating and piecing together the myriad events bridging that primeval moment to the present.
Ultimately, that single second of cosmic history was transformative. It propelled the universe from a point in the vast nothingness into the primordial soup from which everything else arose.
Researchers exploring solutions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have drawn surprising inspiration from barnacles.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, typically arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the intestines, leading to inflammation. Common symptoms encompass diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding.
While anti-inflammatory medications like steroids can alleviate symptoms, persistent bleeding may necessitate the use of small metallic clips inserted into the intestine to address the inflammation-induced wounds. However, this procedure carries potential infection risks and may exacerbate the injury.
In pursuit of gentler alternatives, researchers have previously engineered bacteria to generate proteins beneficial for wound healing. Unfortunately, these microorganisms are generally eliminated from the intestines within days and require manual activation with pharmaceuticals, according to Bolin Anne from the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology in China.
Recently, Ahn and colleagues have genetically modified a benign strain of Escherichia coli that produces protein fragments promoting wound healing upon detecting blood. They also engineered these bacteria to create a type of “cement protein” used by barnacles to adhere to submerged surfaces, envisioned as a “living glue” to fabricate an anti-inflammatory seal over open wounds.
To validate this novel approach, researchers induced intestinal inflammation and scarring in mice. Each subject received either a non-genetically engineered strain, the engineered Escherichia coli, or saline via an anal tube.
After ten days, mice treated with the engineered bacteria exhibited significant weight restoration, and their intestines mirrored the health of uninjured mice. No adverse side effects were recorded in any group.
Similar outcomes were noted when bacteria were administered in tablet form, suggesting potential for oral delivery in human treatment. “This presents a promising, innovative strategy,” states Shaji Sebastian at Hull University in the UK. He indicates that wound healing and inflammation in the mouse intestine is analogous to processes in humans, underscoring the necessity for human trials.
Plans are underway to test this approach in larger animals, including pigs, to assess how long the genetically modified bacteria remain viable in the gut, Ang mentioned. However, due to the necessity for extensive testing to confirm efficacy and safety compared to existing treatments, it may take up to ten years before these solutions could become available in clinics, according to Sebastian.
Veronica the cow: A groundbreaking example of non-primate mammal tool use
Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro
Recently, while riding in a taxi, the driver shared a transformative experience involving a pig. My childhood with dogs shaped my expectations of animals, but my encounter with pigs was eye-opening.
The driver explained how he constructed a bell-and-string system that allowed the animals to signal when they wanted to go outside. Interestingly, both dogs and pigs learned this cue, but the pigs took it further by ringing the bell to inform their humans about the dogs waiting outside. The driver spoke of these moments with affection and pride. Remarkably, I later learned that this had changed his dietary choices—he no longer eats pork.
This narrative reflects a broader trend in research on animal cognition. Historically, scientists focused primarily on non-human primates, often deemed the “feathered apes,” like parrots and crows. Recently, however, studies have expanded to include a variety of species, such as honey bees, octopuses, and crocodiles.
In line with this expanded focus, new research conducted by Antonio Osuna Mascaro and Alice Auersperg at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna investigates the cognitive abilities of cows, an often-overlooked species. Veronica, a pet cow (Bos taurus), displays remarkable innovation by using a broom to scratch her body. She employs the bristles for her back and flips it over for her more sensitive areas.
This observation marks the first documented instance of flexible tool use among non-primate mammals. What does Veronica’s tool use reveal about her cognition, and might it change how we view and treat cows?
Tool use, in broad terms, is defined as the manipulation of an object to achieve a specific goal. This definition excludes behaviors like nest-building or hiding, where actions serve static ends. Instead, true tool use involves active manipulation, such as using a stone to crack nuts or a stick to extract termites.
For many years, tool use was considered a trait unique to humans. This notion changed when Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee named David Greybeard creating and utilizing tools to fish for termites. Subsequent discoveries revealed tool use in unexpected corners of the animal kingdom. For instance, antlion larvae throw sand at prey, while certain digger wasp species employ pebbles in their burrows. Such specialized behaviors evolved over millions of years, contrasting with the flexible tool use demonstrated by animals like Veronica.
Veronica cleverly uses different broom sides for various scratches
Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro
Remarkably, Veronica learned to use tools independently, progressing from twigs to the intelligent use of a broom without any direct teaching.
This behavior suggests that Veronica possesses cognitive traits described by psychologists, notably those identified by Josep Cole. Three key elements define a creative tool user. Firstly, the ability to gather and learn about the physical properties of objects. Secondly, combining this knowledge to navigate challenges—understanding that a hard object can provide relief for an itch. Lastly, the willingness to manipulate objects creatively, as mere physical capability is insufficient. For example, while both squirrel monkeys and capuchin monkeys possess similar hands, only capuchins tent to exhibit object manipulation.
This insight into cow cognition may revolutionize how we treat farm animals. Research indicates a correlation between perceived intelligence and how we consider animals’ worthiness of ethical treatment. In one study, participants rated animals with lower intelligence as more edible, while higher-assigned intelligence led to lower perceptions of their edibility. Participants introduced to the Bennett’s tree kangaroo perceived those identified as food as lacking in sentience.
Our treatment of animals correlates significantly with our perception of their intellect. Veronica’s story is likely the first of many that will challenge our views of “simple” domestic animals. For this knowledge to reshape our practices, we must confront our cognitive dissonance. Denial of animal consciousness allows us to overlook the ethical implications of our treatment. It requires courage to acknowledge their sentience instead of ignoring it.
Marta Halina, Professor of Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University
Topics:
This revised content emphasizes SEO with targeted keywords, maintains HTML structure and tags, and enhances readability while conveying the original message.
Illustration of a Failed Supernova Explosion Forming a Black Hole
NASA, ESA, and P. Jeffries (STScI)
A massive star in the Andromeda galaxy has seemingly vanished instead of exploding, resulting in the formation of a black hole in a peculiar manner.
Typically, black holes originate from stars that explode as supernovas. However, they can also emerge from stars that collapse due to their own gravity, directly creating black holes without the explosive phase.
In 2024, Kisharai De from Columbia University, along with his team, investigated the case of M31-2014-DS1, an exceptionally bright star located in the Andromeda galaxy, approximately 20 times the mass of our Sun. The star exhibited an initial brightening in 2014, followed by a significant dimming from 2017 to 2020. This behavior aligned with predictions for a supernova that would fail to result in a black hole, yet no direct evidence of the black hole was observed, such as X-ray emissions.
Currently, De and his colleagues are utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Chandra X-ray Observatory to study M31-2014-DS1. They have detected a faint red object at the star’s previous location, which is only about 8% brighter than the original star and enveloped in rapidly expanding dust. This finding aligns with the expected characteristics of a supernova that fails to produce a black hole. However, De and his team have refrained from commenting further, as their research has not yet undergone peer review.
Another group studying the same JWST data, including Emma Beasor from Liverpool John Moores University, UK, suggested that the case for M31-2014-DS1 failing to explode may also indicate a stellar merger, which could result in small explosions followed by dimming and dust formation.
“Predictions for the appearance of a failed supernova significantly overlap with what we might expect from a collision of two stars creating vast amounts of dust,” Beasor explained.
However, both scenarios are rare, she noted, as it is uncommon to observe such drastic color changes in a star.
“No matter the explanation, it’s fascinating that the visible star has essentially vanished,” stated Gerald Gilmore from Cambridge University. “For years, the search for extinct massive stars has produced ambiguous outcomes, but now, advancements in multi-wavelength time-domain astronomy are paving the way for clarity.”
The definitive method for confirming black hole formation is through the identification of X-ray emissions, Gilmore noted, which are currently absent at the M31-2014-DS1 location. Nevertheless, if advanced telescopes like JWST can analyze the remnants of dimmed stars, we could soon uncover what occurred. “We are on the verge of discovering at least one of the ultimate fates of a massive star, which is intriguingly akin to the Cheshire Cat’s disappearance,” he remarked.
Pilot John Peters (front) and navigator John Nichol were captured as prisoners of war.
Trinity Mirror / Mirror Pix / Alamy
Uncertainty Toolkit Sam Conniff and Catherine Templer-Lewis, The Bluebird (UK, now US, April)
Few individuals have experienced the extreme stress that fighter pilot John Peters underwent during the Gulf War. In January 1991, after completing a critical mission, Peters’ aircraft was hit by an enemy missile in the desert vicinity of Basra, Iraq. Despite the chaos, Peters and navigator John Nichol managed a brief escape before being apprehended by Iraqi forces.
While imprisoned, Peters endured harsh interrogation and was constantly haunted by the thought of dying in isolation. Nonetheless, he persevered. After his retirement from the Air Force, he pursued a degree in business administration and now excels as a motivational speaker.
Can we draw lessons from his resilience to manage our own stress? This is the foundation of the Uncertainty Toolkit, crafted by Sam Conniff and cognitive scientist Catherine Templer-Lewis. Peters is joined by a diverse group of “uncertainty experts,” including former gang leaders, refugees, and those overcoming addiction. Their collective wisdom, combined with empirical research, is paving the way for innovative strategies to handle the anxiety arising from unpredictable situations.
Conniff and Templer-Lewis introduce an engaging acronym—FFS—to illustrate the primary impacts of uncertainty: fear, fog, and stagnation. This framework illustrates how we grapple with the fear of the unknown, confusion caused by unpredictability, and immobility when faced with necessary action. The toolkit offers systematic exercises designed to conquer each hurdle.
This concept holds broad appeal; the authors previously tested it in collaboration with researchers at University College London, engaging over 20,000 participants through an interactive online documentary. Although the specifics of the research methodology and outcomes remain unclear, it seems to have positively transformed many participants’ perceptions of uncertainty from largely negative to predominantly constructive.
Despite its promise, reading this book can sometimes be tedious. It often reiterates concepts using nearly identical language, occasionally on the same page. The insights from uncertainty experts feel somewhat diluted, as demonstrated by Peters’ story, which ultimately loses impact when he is portrayed wishing to be remembered simply as a “good man” despite facing execution.
“
It is vital to assess any emotions that might affect your judgment, including hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, or fatigue. “
Nonetheless, the book is filled with effective strategies for regulating your emotions. Alongside familiar techniques like mindfulness and yogic breathing, readers will discover reflective exercises aimed at identifying avoidance behaviors, balancing fear of failure with the potential for regret, and reframing anxiety as excitement. The authors encourage readers to cultivate gratitude, clarify their values, and reconnect with their communities, all of which contribute to breaking free from the FFS state that often characterizes our response to uncertainty.
The book’s most insightful takeaway pertains to intuition. Our emotional instincts serve as a compass for decision-making, especially when facing information overload. However, this intuition can easily be overshadowed by our mental and physiological states. Thus, the authors advise checking in with ourselves for the most common emotions that can cloud our judgment: hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, and fatigue. This acronym can be remembered as HALT.
Additionally, Conniff and Templer-Lewis challenge stereotypes, urging us to broaden our understanding by engaging with those whose views diverge from our own. This advice is valuable for anyone seeking a clearer perspective on the world.
By the conclusion, I found the authors’ approach compelling, even though they compromised their scientific authority by referencing the prophecies of mystic Baba Vanga in “Balkan Nostradamus.” They claim she forecasted that 2030 would be marked by climate change and global conflict, which I found to be exactly the type of fear, fog, and stagnation they caution against. Nonetheless, if you can overlook these missteps, this book offers an empowering and enriching read.
David Robson is a writer. His latest book is Law of Connection
As the new year begins, many individuals reassess their lives and goals. However, as one reader expressed, this journey often leads to confusion instead of clarity. “My New Year’s resolution is to feel fulfilled, but where do I begin?” he asked. “How can I find a new direction in life?”
Experiencing some frustration is entirely normal. Contrary to popular belief, there isn’t a universal shortcut to happiness. However, engaging in reflective exercises can help clarify your priorities and enhance your chances of identifying a rewarding path forward. Michaela C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler from Erasmus University Rotterdam refer to this process as “life craft.” In their review of psychological research on uncovering meaning and purpose, they outline several actionable steps:
First, reflect on your values and passions. What activities bring you joy, and what legacy do you wish to leave? Next, assess your current skills and habits—what do you excel at now, and what would you like to cultivate in the future? Thirdly, evaluate your social connections: who uplifts you, and who drains your energy? Following that, contemplate your career aspirations, your ideal future, and your overarching goals. Lastly, consider your commitments—how can you take responsibility for your actions?
This comprehensive list encompasses both personal and professional realms, emphasizing social connection, a fundamental element of mental well-being. Acknowledging your existing capabilities boosts confidence in your ability to effect change, while identifying growth areas clarifies your future aspirations.
Schippers and Ziegler advocate for utilizing “implementation intentions” when setting goals. This strategy involves crafting a series of “if-then” plans to navigate potential challenges. For example, if you’ve determined that creativity is a core value and aspire to write a novel, you might commit to: “If I arrive home by 7 PM, then I will write for an hour before dinner.”
In the final phase of commitment, seek ways to increase accountability by sharing your goals with others. Research indicates that when students posted selfies along with written statements of their goals on social media, they were more likely to follow through.
Understand that discovering your path is a gradual process. You may revisit these exercises multiple times. Like any craft, enhancing your life requires continuous learning and dedication. Let’s embark on this journey in 2026.
Discover More
Michaéla C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler’s insightful paper can be accessed for free at: doi.org/ghpv8q
The most significant advancements in depression treatment have not occurred since the 1980s. Prozac, the first SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor), marked a pivotal moment when it was introduced. This medication quickly spread globally, leading to hundreds of millions of individuals relying on SSRIs. Despite three-quarters of users reporting positive effects, not everyone experiences success with these treatments. As rates of depression continue to rise and with no substantial breakthroughs in therapies since SSRIs, an increasing number of people hope AI could revolutionize psychiatric care.
However, concerns remain. The effectiveness of chatbots hinges on the quality of data used for training. These AI tools are also susceptible to inherent biases and errors, often referred to as “hallucinations.” A recent study revealed that many well-known AI models fell short in providing reliable advice for 60% of women’s health inquiries.
Yet, AI could offer much-needed objectivity in the challenging realm of mental health diagnosis. Currently, depression diagnoses rely on ambiguous symptoms. By harnessing AI’s ability to analyze minor physical indicators, such as facial expressions and vocal patterns, psychiatry is on the path to establishing clearer biomarkers urgently needed in the field.
“
AI can finally impart the objectivity needed to tackle the challenging nature of diagnosis. “
The consequences of inadequate treatment are profound. In the absence of novel biomarkers, recent studies have highlighted the crucial influences of relationships and exposure to nature in the prevention of depression. Notably, a recent review provided compelling evidence that physical exercise can be as effective as antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy in treating depression, although the reasons and ideal candidates for this approach remain unclear.
If AI can effectively determine which treatments suit individuals best, it may transform the lives of millions. Developers can learn to mitigate the numerous pitfalls associated with AI from the outset, ensuring that no patient encounters a “hallucinating” psychiatrist in the process.
Arc-shaped volcanoes like Japan’s Sakurajima release carbon dioxide from the Earth’s interior
Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images
New research suggests that the impact of volcanoes on Earth’s climate may not be as ancient as previously believed.
The Earth’s climate has experienced shifts between “icehouse” and “greenhouse” conditions, largely dictated by greenhouse gas levels like carbon dioxide.
Volcanic arcs, including significant eruptions from mountain ranges such as Japan’s, release CO2 from deep within the Earth. Recent findings indicate that dinosaurs became a substantial source of carbon emissions only towards the end of their reign, approximately 100 million years ago, according to Ben Mather and his team from the University of Melbourne.
This correlates with the emergence of phytoplankton featuring calcium carbonate scales in the oceans approximately 150 million years ago. When these organisms perish, they deposit large amounts of calcium carbonate on the ocean floor.
As tectonic plates shift, these significant reservoirs of carbon are pushed into the mantle and recycled into the Earth’s molten core via a process known as subduction.
“Most of the carbon derived from plankton on the subducting oceanic plate mixes into the melt interior, but a portion is released through volcanic arcs,” explains Mather.
Before the emergence of scaly plankton, volcanic arc emissions contained relatively lower levels of CO2, according to Mather.
Through modeling, Mather and colleagues examined tectonics’ long-term impact on the carbon cycle over the past 500 million years. They discovered that much of the carbon stored within Earth throughout its history was released through crustal fractures in a process termed rifting, not primarily through volcanic arcs.
Rifting, a geological process where continents separate, can occur on land (as in the East African Rift) or along mid-ocean ridges.
“As tectonic plates separate, they effectively ‘roof off’ parts of the molten Earth,” Mather states. “This process generates new crust at mid-ocean ridges, releasing carbon.” The amount of carbon entering the atmosphere from continental fractures and mid-ocean ridges relies on the cracks’ length and the rate at which they separate, a process that has remained relatively stable. However, emissions from volcanic arcs have surged in the last 100 million years due to new carbon reservoirs formed by plankton.
Currently, Earth is in a temporary warm phase called an interglacial period, nested within a larger ice age that began 34 million years ago. One reason for the persistent cold phases is that phytoplankton sequester substantial amounts of carbon from the ocean, depositing it on the sea floor. Although volcanic emissions are rising, they still pale in comparison to the carbon stored by phytoplankton and that sequestered through tectonic movements.
According to Alan Collins and his team from the University of Adelaide, modeling studies like this are crucial for comprehending how volcanic and tectonic activities have influenced climate patterns over geological timescales.
“The composition of marine sediments has shifted as new organisms evolved, utilizing diverse elements, including the rise of calcium carbonate-based zooplankton,” Collins emphasizes.
Reference journal: Nature Communications Earth and Environment, DOI TK
Explore the Land of Fire and Ice: Iceland
Embark on an unforgettable journey through Iceland’s breathtaking landscapes. Experience volcanic and geological marvels by day, and chase the mesmerizing Northern Lights by night (October).
Topic:
This revision enhances SEO through keywords and improves readability while retaining the HTML structure.
NASA is set to roll out a massive 322-foot-tall rocket towards its launch pad this Saturday, a crucial milestone in the preparation for its highly anticipated Artemis II mission, which aims to send four astronauts around the moon.
The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket will transport the Orion capsule containing the astronauts, beginning its slow four-mile trek from NASA’s Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 7 a.m. ET. Viewers can catch the event, known as the “rollout,” live on NASA’s YouTube channel.
This event marks the beginning of essential tests and rehearsals that will pave the way for the first manned flight to the moon in over 50 years. Artemis II is tentatively scheduled for launch between February 6 and 11, with additional windows available in March and April.
The rollout is a critical phase for mission managers as they assess the rocket’s health and safety prior to setting a formal launch date.
“These are the kind of days we are living in,” stated John Honeycutt, chairman of the Artemis II mission management team, during a recent press conference.
Artemis II will feature a crew of four, including NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, along with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. They are scheduled to spend 10 days in space, initially orbiting Earth before heading into lunar orbit.
The deployment process is expected to take up to 12 hours. The Crawler Transporter, a giant mobile platform, will carry the 11 million-pound Artemis II rocket to NASA’s historic launch pad 39B, previously used in the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs.
NASA has indicated that the stacked rocket will move forward at a cautious pace, approximately 1 mile per hour.
Upon reaching the launch pad, preparations will begin for the essential launch day walkthrough, known as a wet dress rehearsal. This procedure includes refueling the rocket and conducting all standard protocols leading up to the T-29 second mark on the countdown, as detailed by Artemis launch director Charlie Blackwell Thompson.
“Launch day will closely mirror a wet dress rehearsal,” she explained. “The two main differences are sending our team to the pads and proceeding past the 29-second mark.”
This wet dress rehearsal serves as an opportunity for mission managers to evaluate the rocket’s systems in a real-world context while allowing engineers to identify any potential fuel leaks or technical issues.
If any problems arise, the rocket will be returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building for necessary repairs. However, if everything proceeds smoothly, NASA may soon announce a target launch date.
The Artemis II mission will serve as the most rigorous test yet for the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, marking the first time the system will carry a crew.
During their time in the Orion capsule, astronauts will test the spacecraft’s docking capabilities and life support systems while in orbit around both Earth and the Moon.
Success in this mission will establish a foundation for Artemis III, slated for 2027, aiming to land astronauts near the moon’s south pole.
Returning to the moon has emerged as a priority for the U.S. government, particularly amid a new space race with China, which aims to land its own astronauts on the Moon by 2030.
A groundbreaking treaty aimed at protecting the high seas has officially entered into force, marking a significant moment in marine conservation.
The vast expanses of the high seas, beyond a country’s 370-kilometre exclusive economic zone, are often referred to as the “Wild West” of the oceans. This region is notorious for its minimal regulations on fishing, making it a vital area that remains largely unexplored. According to recent studies, this deep-sea environment is inhabited by diverse marine organisms, with up to 95% of the habitat being vital to marine life.
In September 2025, over 60 countries ratified the UN Convention on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in the open ocean, which encompasses half of our planet’s surface. This historic agreement has initiated a 120-day countdown to its official implementation.
“This is one of the most important environmental agreements ever,” states Matt Frost from the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in the UK. “There was no established mechanism for creating protected marine areas on the high seas prior to this treaty.”
World-renowned marine biologist Sylvia Earle calls this treaty a ‘turning point’ in safeguarding ‘Earth’s blue heart’, which plays a crucial role in regulating climate and sustaining life.
A year remains before nations can establish protected areas under the treaty, as regulations and monitoring systems need to be finalized at the inaugural meeting of the parties in late 2026.
“This moment demonstrates that global cooperation is feasible,” says Earle. “Now we must act decisively.”
In the Atlantic, conservationists aim to safeguard unique ecosystems such as the “lost cities” formed by the seaweed mats of the Sargasso Sea, a crucial breeding ground for American and European eels, alongside the remarkable hydrothermal vent communities. Meanwhile, the Pacific Ocean conservation efforts target the Salas y Gomez and Nazca ridges, underwater mountains that serve as habitats for diverse marine species including whales, sharks, and turtles.
The treaty also envisions a shared repository for genetic resources discovered in the high seas, which could facilitate breakthroughs in medicinal research.
As maritime technology advances, fleets of factory ships are exploiting the high seas, leading to the overfishing of species and habitat destruction. This escalation threatens crucial biodiversity zones. Bottom trawling, in particular, causes severe damage to the ocean floor. Emerging techniques are being developed to fish in the “twilight zone” of mid-depth waters, between 200 and 1,000 meters, further complicating conservation efforts.
Local management organizations have noted that for two decades, there has been a call for a treaty to mitigate the overfishing of 56% of targeted fish stocks in international waters, as highlighted in recent studies.
Support for protective measures stems from the fact that 90% of marine protected areas in national waters are actively being preserved, positively influencing nearby fish populations by providing safe environments for spawning and growth.
Additionally, the 30 by 30 commitment aims to safeguard 30% of the Earth’s surface by 2030, making it essential to address the high seas for its successful realization.
Oceans currently absorb approximately 90% of the excess heat resulting from climate change. By shielding these critical areas from fishing and associated pollution, marine ecosystems can better adapt to rising temperatures.
“If you’re battling multiple afflictions, alleviating two can empower you to confront the remaining issues,” Frost asserts.
Moreover, marine ecosystems are responsible for absorbing a quarter of the CO2 emissions that contribute to climate change. Coastal environments like seagrass meadows and kelp forests are crucial carbon sinks, and activities such as the nocturnal feeding patterns of mesopelagic fish and plankton play a role in the carbon cycle.
“These species transport carbon from surface waters to deeper ocean layers, significantly influencing the carbon dynamics,” explains Callum Roberts from the Convex Seascape Survey, a global research initiative focusing on the ocean’s impact on climate change.
The treaty’s initial challenge involves identifying appropriate areas for protection, especially as species migrate in response to shifting ocean temperatures. Only 27% of the ocean floor has been thoroughly mapped.
Enforcement will also be a formidable challenge. Current marine protected areas in national waters include a significant number of “paper parks” that offer little actual protection for species.
Advancements in satellite imagery and AI technology have made it feasible to monitor vessels and detect unlawful activities. Nonetheless, enforcement will rely on member states to act against flagrant violations, including barring offending ships from their ports.
While 145 countries have signed the treaty, it is only enforceable for those that ratify it. Currently, 83 nations have adopted the treaty, with the UK, US, Canada, and Australia yet to follow suit.
“The more nations that ratify this treaty, the stronger it becomes,” says Sarah Bedorf from Oceana. “We all share the responsibility of protecting the high seas, which ultimately benefits everyone.”
Astronomers utilizing the WHT Extended Area Velocity Explorer (WEAVE), a cutting-edge instrument aboard the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma Island, have uncovered an intriguing elongated structure of ionized iron within the renowned Ring Nebula.
A composite image of the Ring Nebula featuring four WEAVE/LIFU emission line images. Image credit: Wesson et al., doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2139.
The Ring Nebula, also known as Messier 57, M57, or NGC 6720, is a classic planetary nebula located approximately 2,000 light-years away in the constellation Lyra.
This nebula was first discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier in January 1779 while he was on a mission to find comets.
Messier’s report about the discovery of Comet Bode reached fellow astronomer Antoine d’Alquier de Perpois shortly afterward, who subsequently rediscovered the Ring Nebula during his comet observations.
The newly identified rod-shaped cloud of iron atoms resides within the inner layer of this elliptical nebula.
Measuring about 500 times the length of Pluto’s orbit around the sun, this cloud’s atomic mass of iron is comparable to that of Mars.
This iron cloud was detected using the Large Integral Field Unit (LIFU) mode of the innovative WEAVE instrument on the 4.2-meter William Herschel Telescope, part of the Isaac Newton Group.
According to Dr. Roger Wesson, an astronomer from University College London and Cardiff University: “While the Ring Nebula has been extensively studied with various telescopes, WEAVE enables us to observe it in unprecedented detail, providing much richer information than previously available.”
“By continuously collecting spectra across the nebula, we can image it at any wavelength and analyze its chemical composition at any given location.”
“As we process the data and examine the images, we discover a never-before-seen ‘rod’ of ionized iron atoms at the heart of this iconic ring.”
The exact nature of the iron “rods” within the Ring Nebula remains uncertain.
Two potential scenarios emerge: the bar may offer new insights into the nebula’s formation and ejection by its parent star, or (more intriguingly) it could represent an arc of plasma from a rocky planet evaporating during the star’s initial expansion.
Professor Janet Drew, also from University College London, noted: “We need to investigate further, particularly to determine if the newly detected iron coexists with other elements. This could guide us toward the appropriate models to explore.”
“Currently, this crucial information is lacking.”
For more in-depth details, check out the findings published today in the Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
_____
R. Wesson et al. 2026. WEAVE Imaging Spectroscopy of NGC 6720: Iron Rods in the Ring. MNRAS 546 (1): staf2139; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2139
IBM’s Quantum System Two Unveiled at a Data Center in Germany
Quantum computing has been making headlines lately. You might have noticed quantum chips and their intriguing cooling systems dominating your news feed. From politicians to business leaders, the term “quantum” is everywhere. If you find yourself perplexed, consider setting a New Year’s resolution to grasp the fundamentals of quantum computing this year.
This goal may seem daunting, but the timing is perfect. The quantum computing sector has achieved significant breakthroughs lately, making it a hotbed of innovation and investment, with the market expected to exceed $1 billion, likely doubling in the coming years. Yet, high interest often leads to disproportionate hype.
There remain numerous questions about when quantum computers might outpace classical ones. While mathematicians and theorists ponder these queries, the practical route may be to improve quantum computers through experimentation. However, consensus on the best methodologies for building these systems is still elusive.
Compounding the complexity, quantum mechanics itself is notoriously challenging to comprehend. Physicists debate interpretations of bizarre phenomena like superposition and entanglement, which are pivotal for quantum computing’s potential.
Feeling overwhelmed? You’re not alone. But don’t be discouraged; these challenges can be overcome with curiosity.
As a former high school teacher, I often encountered curious students who would linger after class, eager to discuss intricate aspects of quantum computing. Many were novice learners in math or physics, yet they posed thought-provoking questions. One summer, a group who took an online quantum programming course approached me, surpassing my own coding knowledge in quantum applications. The following year, we delved into advanced topics typically reserved for college-level classes.
Recently, I discovered a young talent in quantum inquiry. A 9-year-old YouTuber, Kai, co-hosts a podcast named Quantum Kid, where he interviews leading quantum computing experts for over 88,000 subscribers to enjoy.
Kai’s co-host, Katya Moskvich, is not only his mother but also a physicist with extensive experience in science writing. She works at Quantum Machines, a firm developing classical devices that enhance the functionality of quantum computers. Kai brings an infectious enthusiasm to the podcast, engaging with pivotal figures who have influenced modern quantum theory.
In a recent episode, renowned quantum algorithm creator Peter Scholl discussed the intersection of quantum computing, sustainability, and climate action. Nobel laureate Stephen Chu and distinguished computer scientist Scott Aaronson also joined, exploring concepts like time travel and its theoretical connections to quantum mechanics. Additionally, physicist John Preskill collaborated with roboticist Ken Goldberg to examine the interplay of quantum computing and robotics.
Kai and Co-Host (Mother) Katya Moskvich
While The Quantum Kid may not delve deep into rigorous math, it offers a fun entry point and insight from leading experts in quantum technology. Most episodes introduce fundamental concepts like superposition and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which you can explore further in reputable publications such as New Scientist.
The true strength of The Quantum Kid lies in Kai’s ability to ask the very questions that an inquisitive mind might have regarding quantum computers—those which seek to unpack the complex yet fascinating nature of this technology. If you’ve been curious about quantum computing but have felt overwhelmed, Kai encourages you to remain inquisitive and seek clarity. (We’re here to guide you on your quantum journey.)
Could quantum computers revolutionize space exploration or even facilitate time travel? Might they help develop advanced robotics or combat climate issues? The answers are not straightforward, laden with nuances. Kai’s engaging dialogues make complex theories accessible, ensuring clarity resonates with both young listeners and adults. Hearing Peter Scholl reiterate that current quantum systems lack the clout to change the world doesn’t dampen Kai’s enthusiasm but rather fuels it.
In the pilot episode, physicist Lennart Renner expresses optimism, stating, “We’re evolving alongside new machines that can potentially revolutionize tasks, hence we must deliberate on their applications,” setting a forward-thinking tone that reverberates throughout the series.
Adopting a blend of Kai’s wonder and imagination, coupled with the seasoned expertise of guests, will enhance any quantum learning project you embark on this year. Quantum computing, while intricate and multifaceted, remains incredibly compelling. If your child is captivated, why not explore it together?
AI Tools Revolutionize Solutions for Old Math Problems
Andreser/Getty Images
Amateur mathematicians are leveraging artificial intelligence chatbots to tackle historic mathematical challenges, much to the astonishment of experts. Although the questions may not represent the pinnacle of mathematical complexity, their successful resolution suggests a significant breakthrough in AI’s capabilities in mathematics, potentially altering future methodologies, according to researchers.
The challenges addressed by AI are linked to Paul Erdős, a renowned Hungarian mathematician celebrated for posing intriguing yet complex questions throughout his prolific 60-year career. “The inquiries were often straightforward but exceedingly complex,” says Thomas Bloom from the University of Manchester, UK.
At the time of Erdős’ death in 1996, over 1,000 unsolved problems existed, spanning various mathematical disciplines, from combinatorics to number theory. Today, these challenges represent critical milestones for advancements in mathematics, Bloom explains. He maintains a website dedicated to cataloging these problems and tracking mathematicians’ progress in solving them.
Given the clarity of Erdős’ problems, mathematicians began experimenting with feeding them into AI tools like ChatGPT. Last October, Bloom noted an increase in users employing AI models to uncover pertinent references in mathematical literature to aid their solutions.
Shortly thereafter, AI tools began uncovering partial improvements in results—some were previously documented while others seemed to be novel.
“I was taken aback,” Bloom recalls. “Previously, when I tested ChatGPT, it provided mere conjectures, leading me to abandon it. However, since October, I discovered genuine papers, as ChatGPT effectively analyzed existing literature, uncovering substantial insights.”
Inspired by these advancements, Kevin Barrett, an undergraduate mathematics student at Cambridge, along with amateur mathematician Liam Price, set out to identify simpler and less-explored Erdős problems amenable to AI solutions. After discovering the number 728—a conjecture in number theory—they successfully solved it using ChatGPT-5.2 Pro.
“Upon seeing the statement, I thought, ‘Perhaps ChatGPT can solve this. Let’s give it a shot,’” Barrett remarks. “Indeed, numerous experts concur that the argument is elegant and quite sophisticated.”
After ChatGPT generated the proof, Barrett and Price employed another AI tool named Aristotle, developed by Harmonic, to validate their findings. Aristotle translates traditional proofs into the Lean mathematical programming language, which is swiftly verified for accuracy by a computer. Bloom highlights this process as vital, as it conserves researchers’ limited time when confirming their results’ validity.
As of mid-January, AI tools have completely solved six Erdős problems, but professional mathematicians later identified that five of these had existing solutions in the literature. Only problem number 205 was entirely resolved by Barrett and Price without prior solutions. Additionally, AI facilitated minor improvements and partial resolutions to seven other problems that were absent in existing literature.
This predicament has sparked debate regarding whether these AI tools unveil true innovations or simply resurrect old, overlooked solutions. Bloom notes that AI models frequently need to reconceptualize problems, discovering papers that make no mention of Erdős whatsoever. “Many papers I encountered would likely have remained undiscovered without this kind of AI documentation,” he remarks.
Another point of discussion is the potential limits of this approach. While the addressed problems aren’t the most formidable in mathematics, they could typically be resolved by first-year doctoral students; nonetheless, Bloom considers the achievement significant, noting the substantial effort required for such tasks.
Barrett further emphasizes that the problems currently being solved are relatively easier compared to more challenging Erdős problems, which contemporary AI models struggle to tackle. “Ultimately, AI will need more advanced models to address complex problems,” he forecasts. Some of these challenging issues even come with cash prizes for solutions, although Barrett believes that resolutions are unlikely in the near future, stating, “I don’t think we have a model for that yet.”
Utilizing AI to tackle Erdős’ problems offers promising potential for progress, according to Kevin Buzzard. Since most of the addressed challenges are straightforward or have received scant attention, it’s difficult to gauge whether these results signify substantial breakthroughs or if they warrant professional concern. “This is progress, but mathematicians aren’t quite ready to embrace it fully,” Buzzard observes. “It’s merely a budding advancement.”
Even with the models’ current limitations, their capability to work with moderately complex mathematics could fundamentally transform how researchers craft and analyze proofs. This advancement allows mathematicians with specialized knowledge to access insights from diverse mathematical fields.
“Few individuals possess expertise across all mathematical domains, limiting their toolkit,” Bloom explains. “Being able to obtain answers rapidly, without the hassle of consulting others or investing months in potentially irrelevant knowledge, creates numerous new connections. This is a groundbreaking shift that is likely to widen the scope of ongoing research.”
It may enable mathematicians to adopt entirely novel methodologies. Terence Tao at the University of California, Los Angeles, has been instrumental in validating AI-assisted methods for solving Erdős problems.
Given their limited schedules, mathematicians often prioritize a select few difficult problems, leaving many easier yet essential questions overlooked. If AI tools can be employed instantaneously across a multitude of problems, Tao believes it could facilitate a more empirical approach to mathematics, enabling extensive testing of various solutions.
“Currently, we neglect 99% of solvable problems due to our finite resources for expert analysis,” Tao asserts. “Therefore, we often bypass hundreds of significant issues, seeking just one or two that capture our interest. We also lack the capacity for comparative studies like, ‘Which of these two methods is superior?'”
“Such large-scale mathematics has yet to be undertaken,” he concludes. “However, AI demonstrates the feasibility of this approach.”
Longevity advocates, such as Brian Johnson, often push boundaries in their pursuit of immortality. For those of us looking to celebrate a century with less complexity, dietary changes are typically the first step. While plant-based diets are frequently recommended, recent studies in China indicate many centenarians include meat in their diets, potentially offering crucial benefits, especially for those with low body weight.
Meat is a source of essential amino acids that influence a signaling molecule named mTOR, linked to the aging process. Although numerous studies recommend reducing meat intake for longevity and disease prevention, it’s important to note that vegetarian diets have been associated with increased fractures and instances of malnutrition.
These challenges can be particularly pronounced for older adults with weaker bones, resulting in slower recovery post-surgery. According to Wang Kaiyue from Fudan University in Shanghai, understanding the link between diet and longevity is essential. Wang and colleagues analyzed data from a centralized health database focusing on individuals aged 65 and above.
Within their study, 5,203 participants aged 80 and older in 1998, who were free from cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, or cancer, were surveyed. Approximately 80% identified as meat eaters, while others followed a mainly plant-based diet but occasionally consumed animal products.
Interestingly, meat consumers demonstrated a higher probability of living to age 100 compared to those following vegetarian, pescatarian, or vegan diets. This finding held statistical significance when body weight factored into the analysis.
The likelihood of reaching 100 grew, especially among underweight meat eaters, with 30% reporting daily meat consumption, compared to 24% of underweight vegetarians in 1998. This trend was less pronounced among heavier individuals.
While heavy consumption of meat has been linked with obesity, research supports the role of animal proteins in building stronger muscles and enhancing bone health. According to Wang, such benefits are particularly significant for those lacking body mass.
Nonetheless, a diet rich in vegetables is crucial, with findings indicating participants who consumed vegetables daily tended to have extended lifespans.
“Older adults often face unique nutritional challenges,” says Wang. “Our research implies that dietary guidelines for older individuals should prioritize nutritional balance over strict avoidance of animal products, particularly for those with low body weight.”
This particular outcome may not hold true globally, as dietary habits differ significantly, but “the biological principles connecting nutrition and aging likely have universal relevance,” Wang adds.
According to James Webster from the University of Oxford, while this discovery is noteworthy, it should not drastically alter dietary practices. His team’s previous study highlighted a potential link between vegetarianism and the risk of femoral neck fractures, suggesting potential health issues with a strict vegetarian diet. However, Webster stresses that several studies illuminate the benefits of vegetarianism, especially concerning overall health.
Both vegetarian and meat-inclusive diets can be either healthy or detrimental, depending on nutritional content quality, Webster notes. “Identifying the nutrients essential for a balanced and healthful lifestyle is key,” he says, recommending a rich intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables while limiting salt, sugar, and saturated fats.
“Ultimately, more research is needed to determine the optimal diets for longevity, but a comprehensive view of dietary patterns is imperative,” concludes Webster.
New research reveals a revised definition of obesity, indicating that over 75% of U.S. adults could now be classified as obese. This stark increase is based on a recent study’s findings.
Currently, approximately 43% of Americans meet the traditional body mass index (BMI) standard of 30 or above. However, when researchers expanded the definition to include waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios, the estimated obesity prevalence soared to 75.2%.
A detailed analysis conducted by a research team from Yale School of Medicine and Harvard University emphasizes that relying solely on BMI may significantly underestimate the actual number of individuals with excess body fat.
According to the study director, Dr. Nora Al Roub, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, “BMI is a straightforward calculation based on weight and height. While it is simple to compute, it does not provide insight into fat distribution or the composition of a person’s weight pertaining to fat versus muscle.” – BBC Science Focus.
The updated criteria classify all adults with a BMI of 30 or higher as obese, as well as 38.5% of individuals with a BMI under 25, which is typically deemed healthy.
Dr. Al Roub states, “This increase underscores how many individuals possess unhealthy levels of body fat, even while having a normal or slightly elevated BMI.”
The study notes that while these newly identified obese individuals may not require immediate medical interventions, they are at an elevated risk for conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, highlighting the importance of early preventive strategies.
Innovative diagnostic strategies aim to identify more obesity cases before they lead to complications – Credit: Getty
The new guidelines, first suggested in January 2025 by the Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Committee led by Professor Francesco Rubino of King’s College London, have received endorsement from over 70 healthcare organizations.
Professor Rubino pointed out that the recent analysis may slightly misinterpret these guidelines. The additional metrics were intended to help identify individuals who may have obesity even if their BMI is just under the obesity threshold.
He further notes that the thresholds can differ based on gender and ethnicity, but generally, a BMI of 25 is considered well below the obesity classification.
Dr. Al Roub emphasized that the goal of the study was not to redefine obesity but to understand how population-level obesity estimates change when these criteria are uniformly applied to real-world datasets.
What are the Updated Guidelines for Obesity?
The new guidelines propose utilizing BMI as an initial screening tool to identify individuals at risk, followed by several additional measurements. While specific thresholds can vary by age, gender, and ethnicity, commonly accepted cutoffs include:
Waist circumference of 102cm or more for men, and 88cm or more for women
Waist-to-hip ratio of 0.9 or greater for men, and 0.85 or greater for women
Waist-to-height ratio exceeding 0.5
To be categorized as obese, individuals must meet one of the following criteria:
BMI of 40 or more
BMI between 30-39 (or ethnicity-specific threshold) along with at least one additional measurement
BMI less than but close to 30 (or ethnicity-specific threshold) plus at least two additional measurements
This website uses cookies so that we can provide you with the best user experience possible. Cookie information is stored in your browser and performs functions such as recognising you when you return to our website and helping our team to understand which sections of the website you find most interesting and useful.
Strictly Necessary Cookies
Strictly Necessary Cookie should be enabled at all times so that we can save your preferences for cookie settings.
