A global consortium of researchers has successfully sequenced the complete genome of adult male Egyptians from over four millennia ago, predating the unification of Egypt and enriching our understanding of the early dynastic period and prior kingdoms.
The Nevamun hunt in the swamp with his wife and daughter is part of a mural from Chapelle, the tomb of Nevamun in the New Kingdom, in 1350 BC. Image credit: Werner Forman Archive/Bridgeman Images.
Dr. Pontus Skoglund from the Francis Crick Institute stated:
“While Ancient Egypt offers a rich tapestry of history and archaeology, the challenges of DNA preservation have rendered the genomic records of early Egyptian ancestors largely unparalleled.”
“Recent advances in genetic technology have enabled us to transcend these barriers and mitigate DNA contamination, giving us the first genetic insights into potential migrations of Egyptian populations during this era.”
In this research, scientists obtained and sequenced DNA from individual teeth belonging to Nuway rats from a village located 265 km south of Cairo.
Through analysis of the genetic code, they discovered that a significant portion of the individual’s ancestry traced back to ancient populations in North Africa.
The remaining 20% of ancestry linked to ancient peoples from the fertile crescent, particularly from a region known as Mesopotamia (roughly corresponding to modern Iraq).
These findings provide genetic proof that populations migrated to Egypt, intermingling with the local populace—previously revealed only through archaeological artifacts.
However, researchers caution that additional genomic sequences are required to fully comprehend the variations among Egyptian ancestors during this period.
By examining the chemical markers found in teeth related to diet and environmental factors, they concluded that these individuals likely grew up in Egypt.
They also analyzed skeletal remains to estimate age, gender, height, and gather insights into their ancestry and way of life.
These markers indicated that the skeleton exhibited muscle markings suggestive of prolonged occupations, such as pottery or other trades requiring similar movements.
“By piecing together the evidence from this individual’s DNA, bones, and teeth, we were able to construct a detailed portrait,” remarked Dr. Adeline Mores Jacobs from Liverpool John Moores University.
“We anticipate that future DNA samples from ancient Egypt will enhance our understanding of this migration from West Asia.”
“This individual’s life story is remarkable,” noted Dr. Linus Girdland Flink, co-author from Liverpool John Moores University.
“He lived and died during a pivotal moment in ancient Egypt, with his skeleton excavated in 1902 and subsequently donated to the World Museum in Liverpool.”
“We are beginning to uncover this individual’s story, revealing ancestral connections to the fertile crescent and illustrating the intermingling of diverse groups during this time.”
“The skeletal markings provide significant clues about his personal life and lifestyle. His pelvic bones are enlarged, showing extensive activity, and his arms exhibit signs of repetitive motion, while his right foot displays notable arthritis.”
“These findings suggest a connection to ceramics, possibly involving the use of ceramic wheels in ancient Egypt.”
“Nonetheless, the elevated burial status associated with his remains is not typically expected for potters, indicating he may have achieved a higher social standing.”
The Hot-Jupiter exoplanet HIP 67522b revolves around its star, HIP 67522, frequently triggering flares from the star’s surface, which seem to heat and penetrate the planet’s atmosphere.
Artistic impression of the HIP 67522 young planetary system. Image credit: J. Fohlmeister, AIP.
HIP 67522 is a G0 star located approximately 417 light-years away in the constellation Centaurus.
This star is part of the Scorpius-Centaurus Stellar Association and is also known as HD 120411, 2Mass J13500627-4050090, and TYC 7794-2268-1.
At about 17 million years old, HIP 67522 is home to two young exoplanets.
The inner planet, HIP 67522b, completes an orbit around the star every seven days and has a diameter roughly ten times that of Earth, making it similar in size to Jupiter.
Using five years of data from NASA’s TESS and ESA’s CHEOPS telescopes, astronomer Ekaterina Ilin and her team studied the HIP 67522 system in detail.
They uncovered that the planet and its host star share a powerful yet destructive connection.
Although not completely understood, the planet becomes ensnared in the star’s magnetic field, resulting in eruptions on the star’s surface that transfer energy back to the planet.
When combined with other high-energy radiation from the star, these flares appear to significantly enhance the rapid inflation of the planet’s atmosphere.
This indicates that the planet might not remain within the size range of Jupiter for much longer.
Continuous exposure to intense radiation can lead to atmospheric loss over time.
In about 100 million years, this could change the planet into a hot Neptune state or even result in more severe atmospheric reductions, with sub-Neptunes commonly observed in our galaxies, but lacking smaller planetary types than Neptune in our solar system.
“We found the first definitive evidence of the interaction between the flare star and the planet, demonstrating that the planet induces energy eruptions in the host star,” remarked Dr. Ilin, lead author of a paper published in the journal Nature.
“What is particularly thrilling is that this interaction persists for at least three years, allowing for in-depth study.”
“Such planetary interactions have long been anticipated, but these observations were made possible with this extensive spatial telescope dataset,” stated Dr. Katja Poppenhäger, an astronomer at Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam and Potsdam University.
“The planets are essentially subjected to intense bursts of radiation and particles from these induced flares,” explained Astron astronomer Dr. Harish Vedantum.
“The conditions in this self-inflicted environment are likely to expand the planet’s atmosphere and can significantly accelerate the rate at which the planet is losing its atmosphere.”
In a separate paper published in Astronomy and Astrophysics, astronomers confirmed that HIP 67522 is a magnetically active star emitting strong radio radiation along with a magnetic field.
They monitored the star at low radio frequencies for approximately 135 hours using the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA), revealing it as a bright and explosive source of radio waves.
However, there were no indications of radio wave flares resulting from star-planet interactions.
“The lack of detection aligns with the notion that planet-driven flares may be too faint for ATCA to observe, corroborating the conclusions on magnetic star-planet interactions presented in our Nature paper,” they noted.
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Ekaterina Ilin et al. Nearby planets induce flares in their host star. Nature, published online July 2, 2025. doi:10.1038/s41586-025-09236-z
Ekaterina Ilin et al. 2025. Search for planetary-induced radio signals from the young exoplanet-host star HIP 67522. A&A, in press; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202554684
Topeka, Kansas – The US government is gearing up to breed billions of flies, which will be released from planes in Mexico and southern Texas to combat meat-eating maggots.
This may sound like a horror movie plot, part of the government’s strategy to safeguard the US from pests that threaten the beef industry, wildlife, and even household pets. This innovative method has proven effective in the past.
“It’s an excellent technique,” remarks Edwin Burgess, an assistant professor at the University of Florida, who studies animal parasites, particularly in livestock. “It’s the best method we have for translating science into solving significant problems.”
The targeted pests are the meat-consuming larvae of the New World Screwworm Fly. The USDA is set to ramp up the breeding and distribution of adult male flies that will mate with wild females, resulting in eggs that will not hatch. Consequently, the larval population will decline over time.
Workers drop New World screwworm fly larvae into trays at a facility that breeds sterile flies in Pacola, Panama last year. Copeg via AP file
This method is more effective and environmentally friendly than conventional pest control, which was used by the US and other countries north of Panama to eradicate these pests decades ago. Sterilized flies from Panama were effective for years, yet infestations resurfaced in southern Mexico late last year.
The USDA anticipates that a new Screwworm Fly Factory will begin operations in southern Mexico by July 2026. Additionally, a fly distribution center will be established in southern Texas by the end of this year, facilitating the import and distribution of flies from Panama as required.
Fried Live Meat
Most fly larvae consume dead flesh, feeding on decomposing matter from the New World screwworm as well as its counterparts from Asia and Africa, posing a significant threat to the American beef industry. Females lay eggs in wounds, which can sometimes expose the underlying tissue.
“A 1,000-pound cow could perish within two weeks,” stated Michael Bailey, the elected president of the American Veterinary Association.
Veterinarians have effective treatments for infested animals; however, an invasion can still cause significant discomfort and pain for affected animals.
Don Hineman, a retired rancher from Western Kansas, recalls an infected cow from his youth on the family farm.
“It had a terrible smell,” he recounted. “Like rotten meat.”
Utilizing Fly Biology Against Them
The New World Screwworm Fly is a tropical species that historically could not survive winters in the Midwest and Great Plains. However, from 1962 to 1975, the US and Mexico raised and released over 94 billion sterile flies, according to the USDA.
Workers hold two small containers of New World screwworm flies. Copeg via AP file
The numbers must be large enough so that wild females have no option but to mate with sterile males.
A unique biological characteristic gives fly fighters an edge: females mate only once during their adult life over a short period.
Reasons for Increased Fly Breeding
Concerns have been raised about the potential northward movement of flies. The southern border has been closed to imports of live cattle, horses, and bison, which won’t fully reopen until at least mid-September.
However, female flies can inflict wounds on warm-blooded animals, including humans.
Decades ago, the US operated fly factories in Florida and Texas, which were shut down after the pests were eradicated.
Panama’s fly factory can produce up to 117 million flies per week, but the USDA aims to boost production to at least 400 million per week. It plans to invest $8.5 million in a Texas facility and $21 million to transform it into a breeding site for screwworm flies and fruit flies in southern Mexico.
Methods for Cultivating Millions of Flies
Growing large populations of flies is relatively simple, according to Cassandra Olds, an assistant professor of entomology at Kansas State University.
She notes, however, that “you need to provide females with the necessary cues to lay their eggs, and the larvae must have sufficient nutrients.”
Previous USDA studies indicate that larvae were once fed horse meat and honey before transitioning to a blend of dried eggs and honey or molasses. The Panama facility eventually utilized a mixture of egg powder, red blood cells, and cow plasma.
Workers use machines to mix food for the sterile fly breeding program in Pacola. Copeg via AP file
In nature, larvae, akin to the pupal stage of butterflies, fall from their hosts to the ground, burrowing just below the surface to grow inside a protective casing resembling a dark brown tic-tac mint. In the Panama factory, workers place them into sawdust trays.
Security measures are crucial. According to Sonja Swiger, an entomologist at Texas A&M University’s Extension Services, breeding facilities need to prevent fertile adults from the breeding stock.
Aerial Fly Release
Dropping flies from aircraft presents certain risks. Recently, a plane releasing sterile flies crashed near the Mexican border, resulting in three fatalities.
Historically, during test runs in the 1950s, scientists placed flies in paper cups, which were then dropped from the planes using a specialized chute. These cups were loaded into boxes on a machine called the “whiz packer.”
The current method closely resembles this. Small aircraft equipped with wooden trays release the flies.
Burgess is recognized for developing the breeding and distribution of sterile flies in the 1950s and 60s, labeling it one of the USDA’s “greatest accomplishments.”
Some farmers now contend that new factories shouldn’t be closed after another successful eradication.
“What we perceive as full control — and declare victory — can always reemerge,” cautioned Burgess.
Fibroblast cells that play a role in forming connective tissue and are also involved in scarring
Dr. Torsten Wittmann/Science Photography Library
Recent discoveries about how mouth injuries heal without bruising could lead to treatment methods that prevent permanent scars and improve skin appearance.
“Millions of individuals experience injuries, surgeries, burns, and various other traumas,” states Ophir Klein from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California. “This represents a significant issue not only in cosmetic terms but also functional terms,” he adds. For instance, he mentions that a major wound can restrict leg movement due to skin tightening.
To explore this, Klein and his team took advantage of the fact that mouth wounds heal without scarring. “Injuries inside the mouth heal more quickly and with fewer scars compared to skin injuries,” he explains.
Upon investigation, the researchers created 2.5mm wide wounds both in the mouth and on the face of mice. They collected tissue samples as these wounds healed over the course of a week.
The team analyzed cells known as fibroblasts that are associated with scarring and discovered that fibroblasts in the mouth exhibited higher activity levels for genes encoding proteins such as Gas6 and Axl than those in the skin. These proteins are known to promote cell growth, migration, and survival.
The Gas6-Axl pathway seemed to inhibit the levels of a protein called FAK, which is involved in depositing proteins on wounds, leading to scar formation. “We were aware of this pathway’s existence, but its role in non-scarring wound healing was unknown,” Klein notes.
The next step for the researchers was to assess whether enhancing the Gas6-Axl pathway could minimize skin scarring. They administered a solution containing Gas6 to freshly created facial scars on mice. After two weeks, these treated wounds exhibited reduced FAK levels and fewer scars compared to those in untreated mice. “They have successfully shown that stimulating this pathway can diminish scarring,” says Jason Wong at the University of Manchester, UK.
“This is certainly a significant step towards what could be a scar-free future,” states Ines Sequeira from Queen Mary University in London. However, he cautions that further research is needed with larger animals like pigs, which have skin more similar to humans, before moving towards human trials.
Neanderthal cooking abilities were more advanced than previously believed.
Gregoire Cirade/Science Photo Library
Almost 100,000 years ago, Neanderthals processed animal bones to extract fat, a practice that was also seen in modern humans around 125,000 years ago.
This discovery stems from a remarkable lakeside site in Neumark Nod, eastern East Germany, where over 100,000 bone fragments from at least 172 individual animals were uncovered, including horses, dogs, deer, foxes, large cats, and extinct twin rhinoceroses.
The bones exhibited clear signs of having been crushed into small pieces and heated to release the fat contained within the spongy tissues. This fat could have served as a rich source of high-calorie nutrition for hunter-gatherer groups.
Will Roebroeks and his team at Leiden University in the Netherlands described the site as a “fat factory” suggesting it was intensively used for a short period. “The fragmentation of the bones is distinctly artificial and not a result of natural predation or geological forces,” he states.
While there is no direct evidence of butchery by Neanderthals, they were the primary known human species in Europe at that time, Roebroeks points out.
Previously, the earliest evidence for grease rendering was located in Portugal, dating back only 28,000 years.
The labor-intensive process of breaking down large mammal bones into such tiny fragments only makes sense if it serves a purpose, Roebroeks notes.
The team lacks direct evidence of boiling; however, it is evident that the bones were heated. “Given the clearly heated bones, heated flint tools, and the presence of stones, it indicates that fire was utilized at the site,” he explains.
Since the earliest known pottery dates back around 20,000 years, the Neanderthals likely used other types of containers to boil the bones. Recent experiments indicate that containers made from materials like deer hides and birch bark can be placed directly over the fire, allowing sufficient water to heat up for cooking, according to Roebroeks.
“This adds yet another layer to the complex cultural practices of our distant relatives, suggesting that these hunter-gatherers may have engaged in forms of food preservation,” he concludes.
Individuals who incorporate emojis in their messages to friends demonstrate greater attentiveness and responsiveness, independent of the specific emoji used.
Globally, emojis are utilized over 10 billion times daily, infusing emotional depth into digital exchanges. Nevertheless, the true impact these symbols have on conversational interpretation remains uncertain. While they are often seen in a positive light, emojis can sometimes lead to miscommunication. Recently, Eun Huh from the University of Texas at Austin sought to evaluate how emojis shape the perceptions of their senders.
In her research involving 260 U.S. participants, subjects viewed 15 text-based interactions and were prompted to envision them as dialogues with their closest friends. These conversations either featured emoji-enhanced responses or were solely text-based. After reviewing these exchanges, participants were surveyed on their sentiments toward the message sender.
Participants tended to perceive messages containing emojis as being more engaging compared to text-only responses. This perception of heightened responsiveness contributed to a more favorable view of the sender and suggested a stronger relational bond. Interestingly, this effect was consistent regardless of the emoji type, with no significant distinction between those representing emotions, like facial expressions, and neutral emojis.
“Emojis wield considerable power in either bridging or widening the psychological gap between the sender and the receiver,” stated Shubinyu from HEC Paris. However, his findings reveal that while emojis enhance casual exchanges among friends, their use in serious contexts can misfire, making the sender appear less competent.
Nonetheless, Yu suggests that this issue is minimal in China, where “even during significant crises, sending emojis is acceptable.” He argues that emojis hold more significance in East Asian cultures, where nonverbal cues are essential for gauging tone in face-to-face conversations, contrary to more literal Western communication styles. Thus, in China, utilizing emojis during emergencies can convey warmth and make individuals feel more at ease.
Greetings and welcome to TechScape! After this newsletter goes live, you might find yourself captivated by the wedding snapshots of Jeff Bezos and Lauren Sanchez, the most glamorous pairing in the tech news sphere this year. I found the event to be both sticky and monumental. Although everyone attended, Charlize Theron wasn’t on the guest list; as I mentioned earlier: “We might be the only ones not invited to Bezos’ wedding, but that’s okay.”
AI Companies Begin to Prevail in Copyright Disputes
Recently, the tech sector achieved multiple victories regarding the usage of copyrighted materials for developing artificial intelligence products.
A noteworthy judgment from a U.S. judge concluded that the creator of human-like chatbots, which trained on books without securing author consent, did not breach copyright regulations. Judge William Allsup equated the act of using human writings to “readers aiming to become writers.”
The following day, a ruling favoring Meta emerged: U.S. District Judge Vince Chhabriain San Francisco concluded that the plaintiff did not provide adequate proof that AI technology from these firms would lead to “market dilution” by inundating it with similar works.
On that same day, while Meta gained a favorable ruling, a group of authors sued Microsoft, accusing the company of copyright infringement linked to its Megatron text generator. Given the rulings favoring Meta and the chatbot sector, authors are facing a challenging uphill battle.
These cases are minor skirmishes in a larger legal struggle surrounding copyrighted media. Just three weeks ago, Disney and NBCUniversal filed a lawsuit against Midi Joanie, claiming its AI image generator and upcoming video tools unlawfully utilized iconic characters like Darth Vader and the Simpsons. Meanwhile, major record labels—Sony, Universal, and Warner—sued AI music generator companies Suno and Udio. Additionally, ongoing cases from The New York Times target OpenAI and Microsoft.
This lawsuit marks the first over AI-generated text. As these rulings unfold, a pressing question arises: will determinations for one form of media extend to another?
John Strand, an IP and copyright attorney at Wolf Greenfield, stated, “The impact of copyrighted works on the market is increasingly vital in fair use analysis, and the book market has unique considerations compared to film.”
For Strand, the scenario concerning images seems to favor copyright holders since AI models are said to generate identical images based on their training data.
Even more startling revelations emerged from the AI verdicts. Companies have allegedly utilized 7 million pirated books to establish their AI training databases. To rectify this, they purchased physical copies, scanned them, and digitized the content. Unfortunately, the original owners of these 7 million physical books, which no longer have practical use, were left with destroyed copies. This operation involved buying the books, chopping them up, scanning their text, and then discarding them. According to ARS Technica, there are very few efficient methods for digitizing books, and they tend to be slow. The AI sector seems geared towards swift and disruptive approaches.
The destruction of millions of books illustrates the intense demand for content that AI companies require for their products.
Two stories I reported last week have seen significant developments shortly thereafter.
The Trump-branded mobile phone, known as “T1,” has replaced its “America” pledge with “proudly America” and “vibrantly in America.” According to Barge.
Trump seems to be mirroring Apple’s strategy. While Apple navigates the manufacturing origin issues, it spotlights the American aspect of the iPhone by branding it as “designed in California.” What’s left unsaid is its assembly in China or India, along with components sourced from various countries. Trump and his family appear to have adopted a similarly ambiguous tagline, although their original commitments seem far more glaring.
The descriptor “American Proud Design” now featured prominently on Trump’s site appears to be an obvious nod to Apple’s branding.
Adhering to the “Made in the USA” label carries real legal implications. Companies face litigation over how many products are genuinely produced within the country, and major U.S. trade regulators have set standards for what constitutes that slogan. However, tracing a smartphone’s manufacturing history to meet these criteria proves to be quite complex, according to many experts.
While Trump aims to bring manufacturing back to America with his steep tariffs, it seems he has learned the lessons that other mobile companies have grappled with. Manufacturing smartphones solely in the U.S. is fraught with complications and limitations, creating significant challenges for the final product.
Catch up on last week’s Gold Trump Phone newsletter.
…and Online Age Verification
Photo: Matt Cardy/Getty Images
Last week, I discussed Smatty, a porn platform, returning to France. This week, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of the age verification checks mandated in Texas. Pornhub has blocked access for Texas residents for much of the past two years, protesting much like they did in France for three weeks.
Justice Clarence Thomas summarized the court’s rationale:
“HB 1181 simply requires adults to verify their age before accessing adult explicit materials,” Thomas stated in the majority opinion, which passed with a 6-3 ruling. “This law furthers the state’s significant interest in protecting children from sexually explicit content and appropriately allows users to verify their age using established forms of government-issued identification and shared transaction information.”
Justice Elena Kagan, along with two other liberal justices, voiced their dissent.
The ruling validates Texas laws and laws from nearly 20 other states implementing online age checks. The global climate seems to be shifting away from granting broader access to pornographic content under the guise of free speech rights.
Experts suggest that the flexible definition of obscenity under Texas law necessitates age checks on platforms containing adult-oriented materials.
“Today is disheartening for advocates of an open internet,” remarked GS Hans, a professor at Cornell Law School. “While the courts may not categorize this decision as a landmark ruling in this case, it fundamentally alters free speech jurisprudence and could establish encroachments on adult access by endorsing limitations on minor indecency.
We’ll monitor the situation closely in July when Pornhub intends to implement age checks in line with the Online Services Act.
Read more: A UK survey indicates that 8% of children aged 8 to 14 have encountered online pornography.
Explore More AI News
This Week in AI: WhatsApp Introduces Summary Feature and Nobel-Winning Genome Model
Meta’s WhatsApp now showcases AI-generated summaries of unread messages. Photo: Martin Meissner/AP
This new feature may seem minor, but even slight modifications to the globe’s most used messaging app can create a significant impact. Meta’s WhatsApp now provides AI-generated summaries of unread messages. According to Barge.
Apple previously experimented with message summaries—but that venture didn’t succeed, leading them to retract the feature. For companies known for strategically controlled launches, dropping the summary was quite an embarrassment. The difference here lies in Meta’s consistent track record of releasing AI products over the years.
In more AI-related news, I seldom find new technology captivating, but Google’s DeepMind AI Lab’s recent announcement appears promising for the healthcare sector. The new Alphagenome AI aims to offer comprehensive predictions regarding how a single mutation in human DNA can impact multiple biological processes governing genes. The developers of the Alphagenome previously won the Chemistry Prize for Alphafold, a program known for predicting protein structures.
This innovation raises compelling questions, potentially overtaking CRISPR, the groundbreaking technique regarding changes in humans when their genetic sequences are adjusted. The Alphagenome holds promise in shedding light on this enigmatic issue.
Bioplastic vessels in chambers mimicking Martian conditions
Wordsworth et al., Sci. Adv. 11, EADP4985
Future habitats on Mars could support operations utilizing algae grown locally. Initial experiments have demonstrated a functional circulation system simulating Martian conditions in the lab, aiding future explorers in establishing habitats on the Red Planet.
What materials will you take to Mars for this initiative? Robin Wordsworth from Harvard University has created flask-like bioclastic vessels using various algae, small bioreactors, 3D printers, and plant materials. According to Wordsworth, they cultivate algae within these vessels, employ bioreactors to convert the algae into further bioplastic material, and use 3D printing to produce more algae containers.
“The objective is to utilize materials to create habitats sourced from biology. We can develop self-sustaining systems,” he states. Wordsworth and his team have successfully demonstrated the initial phase of this cycle.
They cultivated green algae, Dunaliella tertiolecta, in a vessel made from 1 millimeter thick PLA bioplastic. Each container was placed in a simulated Martian environment, where conditions replicated approximately 0.6% of Earth’s atmospheric pressure, with over 98% carbon dioxide in the air. Over a span of 10 days, researchers observed algae growth and photosynthesis rates comparable to those found in more Earth-like settings.
The concept of 3D-printed bioplastic habitats originated about a decade ago, but new experiments indicate their potential to sustain life, according to Amor Menezes at the University of Florida. “This is thrilling. Our journey to Mars and the duration of stay will last several years, meaning we cannot transport everything,” he explains. “This suggests that bioplastics may feasibly support living under Martian-like conditions, and many essential items during their stay could be bioplastic-based.”
The team’s achievements were the result of several years of testing various container designs and bacterial strains, as explained by team member Rafid Quayum from Harvard University. “Physicists, engineers, and planetary scientists collaborated to bring our minds together and enhance our external environment’s habitability,” he shares.
Looking ahead, the team aims to incorporate more extraterrestrial elements into their experiments, testing materials in a vacuum to simulate atmosphere-free environments found on other planets and moons, as well as launching them into low-Earth orbit spacecraft.
“This presents a genuinely compelling and fundamental research question, essential for enabling human habitation beyond Earth in the future.”
A lifeline has been extended to the residents of Tuvalu, a low-lying Pacific nation grappling with the impacts of rising sea levels. Each year, Australia permits 280 Tuvaluan individuals to reside there. This agreement anticipates a relocation of the entire population within the next few decades.
The Australian Tuvalu Farapili Union, regarded as the world’s first climate migration agreement, also allocates funds for adaptation to aid those who are lagging behind.
Could this serve as a prototype for managing climate migration gracefully before calamities ensue? However, the situation is far from ideal. In order to secure this deal, Tuvalu had to concede to Australia having a voice in future security and defense matters. Few nations may find such terms acceptable.
Moreover, Tuvalu’s population is minuscule. In a country like Australia, which has 28 million residents, accepting around 10,000 climate migrants is relatively insignificant. It’s estimated that between 25 million and 1 billion people could face forced displacement by 2050 due to climate change and other environmental pressures. Where will they go?
Environmental factors could force 1 billion people to move by 2050
Many assert that wealthy nations, historically the largest emitters of carbon dioxide contributing to global warming, have a moral duty to assist those affected by climate change. However, discussions on these matters have yet to translate into the legal recognition or acceptance of forced climate migration. In fact, many high-income nations seem increasingly resistant to various forms of immigration.
There have been some progressions in creating funds for “loss and damage” to aid affected countries dealing with the aftermath of global warming. This could potentially curtail the necessity for future climate migration, yet the promised financial support to date is only a fraction of what is essential.
The foremost action that any nation should undertake is to limit future warming through emission reductions, but global emissions continue to rise. Regrettably, the Farapili Union symbolizes a decline into the ocean, not a turnaround.
Researchers contend that with the rapid development of machine learning, new materials can be engineered for various applications, from electric motors to carbon capture technologies. AI-generated paints could help mitigate the effects of urban heat islands and lower air conditioning costs.
Experts in materials science are harnessing artificial intelligence to create innovative coatings that can maintain building temperatures 5°C to 20°C cooler than conventional paint after exposure to direct sunlight. This technology is also applicable to vehicles, trains, electrical devices, and other entities that need enhanced cooling in a warming world.
Through machine learning, interdisciplinary teams from institutions in the US, China, Singapore, and Sweden have developed a new paint formulation optimized for reflecting sunlight and radiating heat, as evidenced by peer-reviewed research. Published in Science Journal Nature.
This represents the latest instance of AI circumventing traditional trial-and-error methods in the pursuit of scientific innovation. Last year, UK-based Matnex employed AI to design a new type of permanent magnet for electric vehicle motors, aiming to reduce reliance on carbon-heavy rare earth elements.
Microsoft has also released AI tools tailored for researchers to swiftly create novel inorganic materials—such as crystal structures commonly utilized in solar panels and medical implants. There’s optimism surrounding the potential for new materials to enhance carbon capture capabilities and improve battery efficiency.
Investigations into paint were conducted by scholars at the University of Texas at Austin, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, National University of Singapore, and Umeå University in Sweden. In scorching locations like Rio de Janeiro and Bangkok, researchers determined that applying one of the newly developed AI-enhanced paints to the roof of a four-story apartment building could conserve 15,800 kilowatt-hours of electricity annually. When this paint is used on 1,000 buildings, it saves enough energy to power over 10,000 air conditioning units each year.
“As a scientist at the University of Texas and a co-leader of this research,” said Yuebbing Zeng, “our machine learning framework signifies a significant advancement in thermal meta-emitter design. By automating processes and broadening the design landscape, we can generate materials with exceptional properties that were previously unfeasible.”
He mentioned that what previously took a month can now be achieved in days using AI to innovate new materials, including those that might not have been uncovered through traditional exploration methods.
“Now we follow the machine learning outputs; its directives can be executed without numerous design and manufacturing test cycles,” he added.
Dr. Alex Ganoce, a lecturer at Imperial College London, emphasized: “We are also leveraging machine learning to innovate new materials. Developments in this field are occurring rapidly. Over the last year, numerous startups have emerged aiming to utilize generative AI for materials creation.”
He noted that the journey to design new materials can involve assessing millions of potential combinations. AI empowers material scientists to overcome limitations associated with computing resources and allows them to specify desired characteristics to the AI upfront, thereby reversing the conventional method of material creation and trait testing.
Devi Sridhar argues that we have misaligned health priorities. Many of us obsess over personal choices like diet and exercise while ignoring the crucial role of government in health outcomes. This crucial factor: effective governance.
Public health initiatives—including universal healthcare, access to clean drinking water, breathable air, and safe transportation—actually have a far greater effect on longevity than individual commodities like gym memberships or health food. As a professor of global public health at the University of Edinburgh, Devi has authored a new book titled How Can I Not Die (Too Early), which builds a compelling case that emphasizes both personal endeavors and public health as keys to a long, healthy life.
In her interview with New Scientist, she tackles the illusion of personal responsibility for health, discusses how to elevate public health appeal, and shares her vision if she were in a position of authority.
Graham Lawton: Are you suggesting that focusing on our own health is futile?
Devi Sridhar: Not at all! Personal health initiatives can be highly effective if resources, time, and education are available. However, placing sole responsibility for health on individuals ignores the broader societal factors at play. The environment and circumstances you reside in profoundly impact your lifespan. Society often forgets the systemic issues tied to health, where individuals’ agency is critical. Yet, large-scale health improvements typically originate from governmental initiatives.
How did we come to believe that health is solely our responsibility?
This belief is empowering. People think, “What can I do today?” and “If I’m disciplined enough, I can succeed!” However, broader structural barriers often limit their ability to make changes. We’re inundated with self-help narratives while less attention is paid to systemic factors, which many perceive as not directly relevant to their own lives. Additionally, there’s significant skepticism about politicians, with a prevailing notion that nothing will change.
What’s the right balance between personal and public health measures?
The answer varies by the specific issue. Individual efforts can influence areas like diet and exercise, but for critical areas such as air quality and water safety, individuals are often at the mercy of governmental decisions.
Are celebrity diets and social media influencers further skewing this balance?
Absolutely. It’s all about marketing. We tend to believe that products with the right branding are more effective. Public health struggles with marketing challenges. Recent years have not helped, as public health messaging often comes across as oppressive rather than liberating.
How can we reshape perceptions of public health?
We need to shift the narrative around public health. It shouldn’t just be about societal benefits, but also about simplifying life. People want to understand, “How does this benefit me?” This may sound cynical, but it’s the reality we operate within.
Vaccinating children for measles is a lifesaver, but social media influencers may spread doubts
Morwan Ali/EPA/Shutterstock
Given the misinformation surrounding vaccinations, why do many people fall prey to such fallacies?
A lot of this is rooted in social media culture, where popularity seems to supersede accuracy. For example, when Joe Rogan discusses his experiences with measles on his podcast—where he asserts it was commonplace during his childhood—this message carries more weight than that of actual health experts. Despite being neither a medical professional nor a public health authority, his influence is substantial. If I claimed that the secret to longevity was gin and tonics, it would go viral, posing a significant challenge for credible health messaging.
Implementing effective public health policies seems complicated, isn’t it?
Change often meets resistance. Consider the initial pushback against smoking bans in pubs or seat belt laws. Though there’s resistance early on, over time, people adapt, and these measures become normalized.
Your book presents various instances of successful government interventions. Which one stands out to you?
As someone in Scotland, I have to mention the Dunblane gun laws enacted following a tragic school shooting in 1996. The resistance to these laws was fierce, yet they have effectively prevented mass shootings in British schools, saving countless lives and establishing a model for other nations.
In high-income countries, 20% of deaths are preventable. What insights can we draw from nations with lower preventable mortality rates?
Countries like Japan, which have high cancer survival rates and low chronic disease prevalence, serve as models for what can be achieved. In Japan, preventable mortality rates are estimated at about 10%, showcasing the potential for better outcomes.
Our objective should be to extend life expectancy, ideally reaching ages of 80, 90, or even 100. If one can age successfully and die of natural causes, that signifies a healthy approach to living.
However, longer lifespans mean an older population. How should we respond to this shift?
Aging should be perceived as a strength, not a detriment. The focus should be on encouraging healthy aging, allowing individuals to maintain independence without overwhelming healthcare systems.
How realistic is it to align preventable mortality rates with those of Japan?
It will likely take a decade or two, as changing urban design and reversing childhood obesity cannot be done overnight. Nevertheless, the return on investment can be considerable over time. A significant challenge is the current governmental tendency to prioritize short-term headlines over long-term planning.
Typically, there is initial resistance to new public health regulations, such as the essential use of seat belts, but people will adapt over time.
CrackerClips Stock Media/Alamy
If you were in charge of the UK National Health Service (NHS), what reforms would you prioritize?
I believe there’s a strong need for focus on preventive care. Currently, the UK invests significantly in acute care while neglecting prevention. The emphasis right now is on addressing hospital and ambulance waiting times, which will worsen as the population ages. My approach would be to prioritize preventive measures. Identify and invest in cost-efficient strategies to detect health issues early. What are the prevalent reasons behind hospital admissions, and how can we tackle them?
For instance, hypertension is known as a silent killer. Regular annual blood pressure checks could lead to early detection. Though the initial costs may be higher, savings can accumulate over the years. Regular assessments of waist circumference, abdominal fat, blood sugar, cholesterol levels, and grip strength should also be incorporated.
I interviewed you during the COVID pandemic, when you mentioned that it was an opportunity to address long-standing public health challenges. Did we capitalize on that?
No, quite the opposite. If anything, there has been a backlash against public health and government intervention. Strict lockdowns and mask mandates led to significant pushback. Rather than seizing the opportunity for systemic change, the focus has shifted back to individual responsibility.
Do you feel we’ve learned valuable lessons from the pandemic, and is the world better prepared for the future?
It depends on the perspective. In terms of public health, I would say no; we’ve regressed. The UK’s testing infrastructure has been dismantled. However, in terms of scientific advancement, yes, we’re now better equipped for vaccine development and more efficient research processes. If a bird flu strain spreads among humans, the UK government already has a vaccine ready for distribution.
A quote from your book resonates: “We don’t need to conduct any more studies.” Is that your position?
Yes. We have a wealth of knowledge already. Perhaps 90% of what we need to know to improve population health is already available. While there’s always room for further research, repeating studies that confirm what we already know can become a distraction and delay necessary actions.
Are we evolving positively on a global level regarding public health?
Overall, yes. Life expectancy is increasing, and quality of life is better than it was a century ago. Progress may not be rapid or uniform, and in some regions, there are setbacks, but the overall trend shows significant advancement.
What message do you want readers to take from your book?
Politicians have the power to effect change. Take the NHS, for example; its establishment was a deliberate decision, not a coincidence. Everything we have today is the result of policy choices made decades ago, and we are currently reaping the benefits. While the improvements from today’s decisions may not be immediate, future generations will benefit from them. My aim is to inspire hope for what is possible.
Tesla has experienced a notable decline in quarterly deliveries, marking its second consecutive year of falling sales as demand wanes, influenced by CEO Elon Musk’s political views and the aging vehicle lineup.
In the second quarter, Tesla reported delivering 384,122 vehicles, a decrease of 13.5% from the 443,956 units delivered the same period last year. Analysts had anticipated deliveries of approximately 394,378 vehicles, based on an average estimate from 23 units by financial research firm Visible Alpha. However, forecasts from 10 analysts over the last month have been revised down to around 360,080 units. Analysts view delivery numbers as crucial indicators for evaluating vehicle sales and production success.
Seth Goldstein, senior equity analyst at Morningstar, commented, “The market is reacting less negatively than previously anticipated as several analysts have lowered their forecasts over the past week.”
This year, Tesla’s stock has fallen by 25%, driven by concerns over brand erosion in Europe, where sales are experiencing the most significant downturn, attributed to Musk’s alignment with right-wing politics and his role in the Trump administration’s cost-cutting measures. Following the public fallout between Trump and Musk in early June, Tesla saw a dramatic loss of about $150 billion in market value. Although there was a partial recovery in stock value the next month, tensions between Trump and Musk intensified amidst discussions of Trump’s expansive tax reforms.
Despite Musk asserting that sales increased in April, Tesla’s delivery dip comes in the context of a steadily expanding global EV market.
Earlier this year, the company revamped its top-selling Model Y crossover to stimulate demand, but the redesign resulted in production delays, leading some customers to postpone purchases while awaiting the updated model.
A significant portion of Tesla’s revenue and profit stem from its core electric vehicle business, while much of its trillion-dollar valuation hinges on Musk’s ambitious projections regarding the conversion of its vehicles to Robotaxis.
Last month, Tesla launched its Robotaxi service in a limited area of Austin, Texas, adhering to several restrictions, including selective invitations and the presence of safety monitors in the passenger seats. Nonetheless, only a handful of pilots were initiated, with around 12 Robotaxis operational. The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration has begun investigating the rollout of Tesla’s autonomous driving services.
The automaker anticipates beginning production of more affordable vehicles and enhancing the Model Y by the end of June.
While the introduction of less expensive models may provide a sales boost, Wall Street projects a second consecutive annual decline in sales. To achieve Musk’s objective of returning to growth for the year, Tesla will need to deliver 1 million units in the latter half of the year, a monumental challenge despite the historically strong sales numbers during this period.
Fresco from the Theban Necropolis showcasing an ancient Egyptian potter
DeAgostini/Getty Images
In a groundbreaking discovery, researchers sequenced the complete genome of an ancient Egyptian individual for the first time. The DNA was sourced from the remains of an elderly man, possibly a potter, who lived over 4,500 years ago.
The analysis revealed that this ancient Egyptian had inherited roughly 20% of his DNA from ancestors residing in the fertile crescent, situated more than 1,000 kilometers east of Egypt. This indicates a connection between Egyptian and Mesopotamian cultures, despite the considerable distance.
The remains were unearthed in the early 1900s from Nuweyrat, a necropolis located near Beni Hasan, Egypt. They were discovered within a ceramic vessel placed in the tomb of Iwage. Currently, these remains are housed at the World Museum in Liverpool, England.
“We successfully dated this individual’s remains using radiocarbon analysis,” states Adeline Morez Jacobs from Liverpool John Moore University. He lived between 2855 and 2570 BC, making him one of the earliest individuals from ancient Egypt, whose history spans from 3150 to 30 BC.
Both the skeleton and DNA confirm that the individual was male. Signs of arthritis and other physical indicators suggest he was between 44 and 64 years old. “He was likely in his 60s at the time of death, which is quite advanced for that period,” says Joel Eilish at Liverpool John Moore University.
The man’s social status remains uncertain. “He might have been buried in a manner associated with the upper class,” observes Ireland. However, his skeletal structure indicates a struggle with physical activity. Evidence suggests he frequently looked down or leaned forward, and that he sat on hard surfaces for extended periods. Researchers speculate that his probable profession was as a potter, based on preserved representations of various ancient Egyptian occupations.
Using samples collected from his tooth roots, the team was able to sequence the entire male genome. Previously, only partial genomes from three ancient Egyptians who lived in the region over 1,000 years ago had been achieved.
“There are few genetic sequences available from ancient Egypt,” remarks Shirly Ben-Dor Evian from Haifa University, Israel.
This scarcity is largely attributed to the warm climate, which accelerates DNA degradation. “The conditions are simply too hot,” avers team member Pontus Skoglund from the Francis Crick Institute in London, referring to the sequence as a ‘long shot.’
“We speculated that pot burials would create a stable environment, complementing the rock-cut tombs where these burials occurred,” explains Linus Girdland-Flink from the University of Aberdeen, UK.
As expected, around 80% of the genetic lineage of this male individual corresponds to North African ancestry. However, the remaining 20% aligns with populations from the fertile crescent covering parts of modern-day Iraq, western Iran, Syria, and Turkey.
There are multiple theories regarding this finding, according to Ben-Dor Evian. “Explorers often speculate about these connections,” she comments. Even after agriculture became prevalent, “there always existed a segment of the population that remained nomadic or semi-nomadic,” which may account for DNA migration between the fertile crescent and Egypt.
Archaeological evidence has previously indicated a link between ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. “A significant cultural connection existed between the two, sharing artistic motifs,” states Ireland, noting that items like Lapis Lazuli were traded between the regions.
This connection might also have influenced the inception of writing systems. “Initial writing appeared almost simultaneously in both areas,” he explains, “with the development of Mesopotamian and Egyptian hieroglyphics taking place just 300 years apart.”
“Was it a local invention originating in both regions? [or] Did they influence each other in some manner?” queries Ben-Dor Evian. “This theory could suggest interaction through the movement of individuals.”
The decision by Elon Musk’s X social media platform to register artificial intelligence chatbots for creating FactChecks might inadvertently promote “lies and conspiracy theories,” warns a former UK technology minister.
Damian Collins criticized X for “leaving it to the bot to edit the news,” following the announcement that it would permit a large-scale language model to clarify or alter community notes before user approval. Previously, notes were written solely by humans.
X revealed that it plans to utilize AI for drafting FactChecking notes, asserting in a statement, “We are at the forefront of enhancing information quality on the Internet.”
Keith Coleman, Product Vice Chairman of X, mentioned that the notes would only be shown after human reviewers assess AI-generated content, ensuring usefulness from varied perspectives.
“We designed the pilot to operate as human-assisted AI. We believe it can offer both quality and reliability. We also released a paper alongside the pilot’s launch, co-authored by professors and researchers from MIT, Washington University, Harvard University, and Stanford, detailing why this blend of AI and human involvement is promising.”
However, Collins pointed out that the system is prone to abuse, with AI agents handling community notes potentially enabling “industrial manipulation that users may trust” on a platform boasting around 600 million users.
This move represents the latest challenge to human fact checkers by US tech firms. Last month, Google stated that user-created FactChecks would degrade search results, including those from professional fact-checking organizations, asserting that such checks “no longer provide significant additional value to users.” In January, Meta announced its intention to phase out American human fact checkers and replace them with its own community notes system across Instagram, Facebook, and Threads.
An X research paper describing the new fact-checking system claims that specialized fact checks are often limited in scale and lack the trust of the general public.
An AI-generated community note asserts that “rapid production requires minimal effort while maintaining high-quality potential.” Both human and AI-created notes will enter the same pool, ensuring that the most useful content appears on the platform.
According to the research paper, AI will generate a “summary of neutral evidence.” Trust in community notes, the paper states, “stems from those who evaluate them, not those who draft them.”
Andy Dudfield, leading AI at the UK fact-checking organization Full Fact, commented: “These plans will add to the existing significant workload for human reviewers, raising valid concerns about the adequacy of AI-generated content that lacks thorough drafting, review, and consideration.”
Samuel Stockwell, a researcher at the Alan Turing Institute’s Emerging Technology Security Center, noted: “AI can assist fact checkers in managing the vast array of claims that circulate daily on social media, but it hinges on the quality of X, which risks the chance that these AI ‘note writers’ will mislead users with false or dubious narratives. Even when inaccuracies arise, the confident delivery can deceive viewers.”
An analysis of hundreds of misleading posts on X leading up to last year’s presidential election reveals that in three-quarters of cases, accurate community notes were not displayed, nor were they supported by users. These misleading claims, including accusations of Democrats importing illegal voters and the assertion that the 2020 presidential election was stolen, have amassed over 20 billion views, according to a center combating digital hatred.
Vegan cheese faces challenges against dairy products
Aamulya/Getty Images
If you’re passionate about cheese but concerned about its significant environmental effects, there’s promising news. The key milk proteins used in cheese and yogurt production can be synthesized directly from non-animal sources, beginning with bacteria and utilizing plant-based materials.
“This will considerably lower the carbon footprint,” says Suvasini Balasbramanian from the Institute of Technology Denmark.
While dairy products consist of intricate chemical combinations, the primary component in cheese is casein, a protein that forms micelles, enclosed in calcium structures.
Initially produced in mammary cells, casein undergoes phosphorylation, adding phosphate to its base, which interacts with calcium and is crucial for micelle formation.
Creating casein proteins without genetic alteration in bacteria is straightforward; however, achieving effective phosphorylation has been a challenge. “We have not yet succeeded in adapting cow enzymes for bacteria,” Balasbramanian indicates. “It has been a longstanding challenge among startups and businesses.”
Her team has now successfully produced a specific type of phosphorylated casein using E. coli bacteria and bacterial enzymes. Although this variant has additional phosphates, Balasbramanian believes the phosphorylation process might differ by cow species. “I don’t think it will hinder protein function,” she assures.
Researchers are extending their work to develop cheese and other dairy alternatives from protein sources. As Balasbramanian points out, there’s potential for success; however, other types of casein may also be required. Notably, kappacasein can be modified through sugar addition rather than phosphate.
Currently, they are in the process of producing several kilograms of cheese. Approximately 24 kilograms of carbon dioxide emissions are associated with traditional production, a stark contrast to under 2 kilograms from most plant-based foods. The vision is to significantly diminish emissions and environmental effects through techniques like precision fermentation or cellular agriculture, addressing both ecological and animal welfare concerns.
The carbon footprint of cellular agriculture varies based on the feedstock for the microorganisms and the energy consumed in production. Balasbramanian mentions that her team is experimenting with ingredients derived from alfalfa grass.
Illustration of NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft navigating the outer solar system.
Joe Olmsted/STScI
After departing from our solar system, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft finds itself considerably distant from Earth, causing the stars of the Milky Way to appear in notably different positions compared to our terrestrial views. Astronomers are harnessing this altered perspective to determine the location of galaxy probes, marking the first instance of intergalactic navigation.
Launched in 2006, New Horizons initially observed Pluto before continuing beyond, traversing the Kuiper Belt—an immensely expansive region of rocky debris and dust billions of miles from the Sun. Currently, the spacecraft is hurtling through space at tens of thousands of kilometers per hour.
When gazing at the night sky from Earth, stars seem widely spread apart, so unless equipped with a strong telescope, their positions appear constant from various locations. In contrast, the New Horizons perspective reveals a significant shift in star positions due to the parallax effect. This phenomenon was demonstrated in 2020 when the probe captured images of two nearby stars, Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359.
Now, Todd Lauer from the U.S. National Institute of Light Change Astronomy in Arizona and his team have utilized this effect to gain a new perspective. They accomplished this by comparing images of Proxima Centauri and Wolf 359 taken by the probe with measurements from the Gaia Space Telescope.
“There’s a three-dimensional map of the galaxies around us, allowing you to see your position,” says Lauer. “Using your own camera on a spacecraft offers incredible accuracy.”
To determine the spacecraft’s location, Lauer and his team analyzed the star positions detected by the New Horizons camera, tracing their lines back to the closest intersection point. They then referenced the precise locations of both stars from the Gaia star map to ascertain this point’s relation to the solar system.
This two-frame animation illustrates the changing position of Proxima Centauri as observed from Earth and New Horizons.
Nearly every spacecraft utilizes NASA’s Deep Space Network (DSN) to determine its position within a margin of tens of meters through a network of radio transmitters on Earth. In contrast, the parallax method provides a less precise estimation, determining New Horizons’ location within a 6,000-kilometer sphere, roughly half the distance from Earth to the Sun.
“We don’t aim to replace the Deep Space Network; this is merely a proof-of-concept demonstration,” Lauer notes. Yet, advancements in cameras and equipment could enhance accuracy by up to 100 times.
Employing this technique for interstellar navigation could yield superior location accuracy compared to the DSN. This not only facilitates the spacecraft’s journey further from Earth but also provides more reliable location tracking, enabling autonomous operations without relying on radio signals from the solar system. Massimiliano Vasile from Strathclyde University in the UK emphasizes this potential.
“When we venture to real stars, we’re talking about light-years,” Vasile explains. “The signal from the Deep Space Network must traverse all the way there, moving at light speed, taking years to reach its destination.”
However, Vasile points out that no agency currently has a mission aimed at deeper exploration of interstellar space, limiting the immediate utility of this technique.
Three former executives from the video game company Ubisoft received suspended sentences during the first significant trial linked to the gaming industry’s #MeToo movement, which aimed to address a culture of sexual and psychological harassment in the workplace.
A court in Bobigny, located north of Paris, heard testimonies on how these executives exploited their authority to intimidate and sexually harass employees, creating an atmosphere that left women feeling objectified.
A former employee recounted how, between 2012 and 2020, the Montreuil office, situated east of Paris, was rife with a toxic environment marked by bullying and sexism, which some employees compared to “legal juvenile clubs.”
Ubisoft, a family-owned French enterprise, has grown into one of the largest video game developers worldwide. The company is known for hit franchises such as Assassin’s Creed, Far Cry, and Just Dance.
State prosecutor Antoine Haushalter stated in court that the gaming world and its subculture are characterized by “systematic” sexism and potential abuse, framing it as a “turning point” for the industry.
Thomas François, a former editorial vice president at Ubisoft, 52, was found guilty of sexual harassment, psychological harassment, and attempted sexual assault. He received a suspended prison sentence of three years and was fined 30,000 euros (£26,000).
The court heard allegations that he once restrained a female colleague with tape, pushed her in a chair into an elevator, and selected a random floor. He was also accused of compelling a woman to wear a skirt and perform a handstand.
She testified, “He was my boss, and I was scared of him. He forced me to do a headstand. I complied out of fear.”
Thomas François has been convicted of sexual harassment, psychological harassment, and attempted sexual assault. Photo: Xavier Galiana/AFP/Getty
At a 2015 office Christmas party themed after Back to the Future, François allegedly approached a female staff member, expressing his admiration for 1950s attire, before attempting to kiss her while her coworkers held her back. She managed to scream and break free.
François defended himself in court by describing the workplace as one filled with a “culture of jokes,” insisting, “I never intended to hurt anyone.”
Serge Hascoët, 59, a former Chief Creative Officer and Deputy Commander at Ubisoft, was convicted of psychological harassment and complicity, although he was acquitted of charges related to sexual harassment. He received an 18-month suspended sentence and a fine of 45,000 euros.
During the trial, it was disclosed that Hascoët had handed young female employees a tissue used for blowing his nose, remarking, “You can sell it; it’s worth a fortune at Ubisoft.” Witnesses also recounted instances of him bullying his assistant, demanding personal tasks like waiting at his house for package deliveries.
Hascoët asserted in court that he was unaware of any harassment occurring.
Hascoët’s attorney, Jean Guillaume Le Mintier, announced that his client is contemplating an appeal.
Guillaume Patrux, 41, a former game director at Ubisoft, was found guilty of psychological harassment, receiving a 12-month suspension and a fine of 10,000 euros.
The court was informed that he had physically assaulted walls, struck staff, cracked a whip close to a colleague’s face, threatened to fire an employee, and played with a lighter near another worker’s face while offering a man’s beard. He denied the allegations.
The predicted trajectory of A11PL3Z marks it as the third interstellar object observed in the solar system
CSS, D. Rankin
Potential interstellar bodies are now observed zipping through our solar system, and both amateur and professional astronomers globally are racing to direct telescopes towards these phenomena, refine their trajectory models, and ultimately validate their status as visitors from another star.
The object provisionally named A11PL3Z represents the third interstellar entity detected to date. The asteroid ‘Oumuamua was first seen in October 2017, just three days after it passed closest to Earth, and its unusual acceleration sparked a variety of hypotheses, including the possibility of it being an alien spacecraft. The second identified object, Comet Borisov, was observed in 2019, allowing for closer examination given its early passage through the solar system.
A11PL3Z was first identified by the Deep Random Survey in Chile, a group of amateur astronomers. However, a review of earlier observations by other teams revealed that it was initially spotted on June 14 by NASA’s Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS). It is estimated to measure approximately 20 km in width and is currently traveling at around 66 km/s, accelerating as it gets pulled in by solar gravity. In October, it will reach its closest point to the Sun, passing within two astronomical units (the Earth is twice the distance from the Sun) before swinging away and exiting the solar system.
This provides a limited window for studying A11PL3Z, though it’s more than that available for previous interstellar objects, which were seen hurtling towards the solar system. “These objects move through the solar system at incredible speeds,” remarks Mark Norris from the University of Central Lancashire. “They are quite transient, which restricts our ability to learn about them.”
Sadly, the prospect of sending missions to intercept and study A11PL3Z is beyond the reach of current technology, notes Norris. “If we were to launch a mission today, it would be too late,” he states. However, the European Space Agency (ESA) is planning a comet interceptor mission set for launch in 2029, which would remain in space to await the arrival of newly discovered comets and possibly interstellar objects.
For the time being, astronomers are relying on existing telescopes to observe A11PL3Z from a distance. “We anticipate we will be observing it by the end of the year, giving us ample time to prepare our spectrometers once we finalize the trajectory,” shares Richard Moisle. When will our observers discern its visibility? There’s a palpable excitement as everyone is prepared and looking forward to this opportunity.
At the time of this writing, over 100 observations of A11PL3Z have already been logged, and the Minor Planet Center—the official body responsible for monitoring and reporting such celestial entities—is expected to confirm its interstellar classification later today.
Wimbledon is currently underway, and I’m seizing the moment to present a bold assertion: tennis holds a pivotal role as the most significant sport in the evolution of video games.
Although modern gaming giants like EA Sports FC, Madden, and NBA 2K dominate the charts, tennis lays the groundwork for the industry. Originally conceived as a straightforward bat-and-ball game by scientists in 1958, William Higginbotham introduced what is recognized by the Brookhaven National Laboratory in Upton, New York, as the first video game created solely for entertainment. This tennis game was exhibited on an oscilloscope during the lab’s annual open house, and the growing queue of players hinted at a burgeoning interest in video gaming.
Ralph Baer, the creator of the first mass-produced gaming console, Magnavox Odyssey, incorporated tennis into his innovations. While working for defense contractor Sanders Associates in the late 1960s, Baer’s prototype could only display vertical lines and square dots. Upon Magnavox’s release of the console in 1972, the standout games included table tennis and tennis, with players using a plastic overlay on the TV screen. This allowed two players to hit the ball back and forth, introducing a degree of “spin” via a dial on the controller. The simplistic controls of these tennis games limited player skill but laid the foundation for future development.
This progression inevitably led to Pong, widely regarded as the first major success in arcade gaming. Nolan Bushnell, Atari’s founder, was inspired by the tennis game on the Odyssey and sought to improve upon it. Collaborating with programmer Al Alcone, they divided the bat on-screen into eight sections, each capable of deflecting the ball at varied angles. This marked the dawn of precise player input, a critical aspect for future video games that allowed players to showcase skill and timing. The success of Pong prompted Bushnell to create a single-player variation, Breakout, wherein players aimed to hit a ball against a disappearing brick wall—effectively a one-player tennis game. Its brilliance significantly influenced the Japanese gaming landscape, leading to NAMCO’s entry into the arcade scene. Additionally, it inspired Tomohiro Nishikado in developing Space Invaders in 1978, laying the groundwork for the entire Shoot ’em up genre.
Before his passing in 2009, Ralph Baer showcased a prototype of the “brown box,” the first console. Photo: Jens Wolf/AP
Tennis simulations also played a crucial role in the rise of home computer gaming in the 1980s. Games like ZX Spectrum’s Match Points and International Tennis on the Commodore 64 delivered an engaging, easy two-player experience, contrasting with the more complex football simulations. This accessibility drew in gamers, and Nintendo capitalized on this with titles like Mario Tennis and Wii Sports, which became some of the most beloved sports games.
As consoles evolved, tennis games became staple titles across generations, often drawing in those new to gaming. While not boasting the flashy allure of soccer or basketball simulations, they maintained appeal for casual players. Titles such as Namco’s smash court, Codemasters’ Pete Sampras Tennis, 2K’s Top Spin, and Sega’s Virtua Tennis enriched the fundamental concept of rallying the ball over the net. Tennis uniquely features a confined play area that provides extensive enjoyment, intricate skill mechanics, and an easily understood ruleset within a concentrated, single-screen environment.
Have you ever found yourself waiting in line outside scientific research establishments in Upton, New York, in the fall of 1958, playing Space Blaster or Kung Fu games? I doubt it—it would have seemed uncomfortable and enigmatic to many attendees. Take a look at Computer Space, the first commercial space shooter arcade game released in 1971, designed by Nolan Bushnell and Ted Dabney. It performed modestly, but Pong’s success transformed the gaming landscape. Its controls were overly complex, and the abstract concepts were off-putting. Tennis subtly became the gateway for video games, adeptly infiltrating homes and entertainment venues, creating a new cultural phenomenon.
What to Play
Retro Treat… Armageddon of the Worm: Anniversary Edition. Photo: Team 17
I’m inclined to recommend a tennis game—classics like Virtua Tennis or Top Spin 4 come to mind—but for a twist, consider Worms Armageddon: Anniversary Edition. This modern take on the beloved 1999 title is a chaotic, multiplayer turn-based game where players eliminate opponents using an arsenal that includes sheep launchers, banana bombs, and concrete donkeys.
It’s an absurdly entertaining experience, demanding profound tactical thought and mastery over angles and trajectories. The game also unlocks access to previous titles from the Mega Drive and Game Boy series—an excellent deal.
Available on: PS5, Switch, Xbox Estimated playtime: 10 hours to 25 years
What to Read
£80 Pop…Mario Kart World. Photo: Nintendo
A pressing issue: Video Game Prices on the Rise. Continuing The BBC has reported on consumer grievances regarding video game costs, with major titles reaching up to £80. Increased production and development expenses contribute to this surge, yet attention should also be directed towards the hefty salaries of CEOs in certain industries.
Curious about how Metacritic operates? GamesIndustry.biz interviewed the founder to uncover the science behind score aggregation. Several intriguing discussions arose, including the practice of linking game publisher bonuses to the latest project metascore.
Certain sites, such as IGN, have covered recent comments from former Xbox executive Laura Fryer on the end of Xbox hardware. The announcement about Microsoft’s future strategies, including the ROG Xbox Ally X Handheld PC, sheds light on potential changes ahead.
I love your console… Sega Mega Drive. Photo: Keith Stuart/Guardian
This inquiry is from Johnny Biscuits:
“Five years ago, numerous media commentators claimed that the PS5/Xbox Series X would be the final generation of consoles. What is the current opinion?”
As mentioned, early Xbox employee Laura Fryer has suggested winding down hardware development in favor of Microsoft’s focus on Xbox applications across various platforms. This shift is becoming increasingly evident, particularly with announcements like the ROG Xbox Ally and the Meta Quest 3S Xbox Edition, as well as Samsung integrating Xbox titles into their smart TVs. However, Microsoft recently announced a multi-year partnership with AMD that includes plans for “future Xbox consoles.” Conversely, Sony, lacking the extensive ecosystem available to Microsoft through Windows, recently reiterated its commitment to dedicated consoles, especially given the PS5’s sales of around 78 million units. Additionally, rumors about a Switch 2 have emerged, with the latest model surpassing 3.5 million units sold within its first four days.
In conclusion, I don’t anticipate devoted gaming consoles disappearing anytime soon. They remain more cost-effective than assembling and maintaining a gaming PC while providing a more stable gaming experience than streaming alternatives. After a five-year stretch that prioritized digital access and streaming ownership, game consoles continue to be cherished objects, evoking nostalgia along with being functional. It might seem unreasonable to cling to a bundle of plastic and circuitry, yet when that apparatus resembles the Mega Drive, Neo Geo, or PlayStation 5, it transforms into more than a mere device—it becomes a part of our entertainment culture.
If you have inquiries, feedback regarding the newsletter, or other comments, please reach out to pushbuttons@theguardian.com.
Two concentric rings surrounding the supernova remnant SNR 0509-67.5 indicate it underwent two explosions.
ESO/p. Das et al. Background stars (Hubble): K. Noll et al.
A white dwarf star located approximately 160,000 light years away has been observed to have exploded not once, but twice. Astronomers have discovered the first proof of a supernova being linked to dual explosions.
The White Dwarf Star represents a dead stellar body, much like our Sun, which has exhausted its nuclear fuel, leaving an Earth-sized core. When a white dwarf siphons material from a companion star, it can accumulate enough mass to trigger an explosion as a Type IA supernova.
The process by which a white dwarf becomes a supernova remains largely unclear. Some astronomers have theorized that two separate explosions might occur, but until now, there has been no concrete evidence supporting this.
Priyam Das, from the University of New South Wales in Canberra, along with colleagues, examined spectra acquired by a large telescope at the European Southern Observatory in Chile. Their studies of the supernova remnant in the Large Magellanic Cloud reveal two distinct concentric shells resulting from the explosions.
Das theorizes that the white dwarf must have amassed helium on its surface, potentially from a nearby helium-rich white dwarf or a giant helium-rich star, leading to its eventual explosion.
“We witness the initial helium explosion occurring very quickly, within a mere few dozen seconds; it all happens in an instant,” states Das.
The material ejected during the first explosion was recorded to be traveling at 25,000 kilometers per second. Hence, despite the second explosion taking place only seconds later, the two events are still separated by a significant distance.
The light from this cosmic explosion is believed to have reached Earth somewhere between 310 and 350 years ago. It would have shone brightly in the southern hemisphere’s night sky, but human records indicate there was no sighting, likely due to it being obscured by the Sun.
In 2021, Google established an ambitious target to achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2030. Nevertheless, since that time, the company has taken a contrary path by investing in energy-demanding artificial intelligence. According to its latest sustainability report, Google’s carbon emissions surged by 51% between 2019 and 2024.
The intent behind the new research is to challenge even the vast statistics, contextualizing Google’s sustainability report and presenting a more somber outlook. A report from nonprofit advocacy group Kairos Fellowship revealed that, between 2019 and 2024, Google’s carbon emissions increased by 65%. Additionally, from the first year public data on Google’s emissions became available in 2010 to 2024, the total greenhouse gas emissions soared by 1,515%, according to Kairos. The report noted that when Google upped its emissions by 26% from 2023 to 2024, this was the largest increase within that timeframe.
“Google’s own data supports this assertion. Companies are accelerating climate crises, and key metrics—including emissions and water usage—are trending in a concerning direction for both us and our planet.”
The authors of the report found that they discerned Google’s energy consumption and the bulk of the figures used to calculate rising carbon emissions within the appendix of Google’s Sustainability Report. Many of these figures were not prominently featured in the main body of Google’s report, they claim.
Google did not respond promptly to inquiries regarding these figures.
The authors of the report, titled Eco Fail, attribute the discrepancies between the calculated figures and Google’s sustainability report to several factors. Google employs market-based emissions metrics, while researchers use location-based emissions. Location-based emissions represent the average energy consumed from the local electricity grid, while market-based emissions include the energy procured to offset total emissions.
“[Location-based emissions] Franz Ressel, lead researcher and co-author of the report, stated. Businesses may pollute in one area while trying to ‘settle’ those emissions by purchasing energy contracts from elsewhere.”
According to a Kairos survey, the energy demand from Google’s data centers has surged by 820% since 2010. Emissions from electricity purchases for data centers increased by 121% between 2019 and 2024, according to the report’s authors.
“This increase is equivalent to adding 6.8 TWh of energy consumption, comparable to the total energy used by the state of Alaska over a year,” Sugerman explained.
Based on the current trajectory, the Kairos Report authors assert that it appears unlikely Google will meet the 2030 deadline without considerable public pressure. Since 2019, Google has tracked three categories of greenhouse gas emissions, referred to as Scopes 1, 2, and 3, and has made significant reductions in Scope 1 emissions. According to the report, Scope 1 emissions, which include emissions from Google’s own facilities and vehicles, represent merely 0.31% of its total emissions. Scope 2 emissions primarily consist of indirect emissions associated with the electricity purchased to power its facilities, while Scope 3 encompasses indirect emissions from various other sources, including suppliers, the usage of Google’s consumer devices, and employee business travel.
“Continuing to expand at current rates is unsustainable,” Sugerman added.
Thirsty, power-hungry data centers
Amid the construction of resource-intensive data centers across the country, experts are scrutinizing Google’s water usage as well. Google’s sustainability report reveals a 27% increase in water withdrawal to 1.1 billion gallons between 2023 and 2024.
Kairos indicates that this volume is “sufficient to meet the drinking water needs of 2.5 million residents and 5,500 industrial users in Boston and its surrounding areas.”
Tech companies are facing both internal and external pressures to enhance the sustainability of their data centers with clean energy. Recently, Amazon employees proposed a series of shareholder proposals which compelled the company to disclose its overall carbon emissions and assess the impact of its data centers on the climate. This proposal was ultimately voted on. Multiple organizations, including Amazon’s Employees for Climate Justice, the Conservation Voters Federation, Public Citizens, and the Sierra Club, published an Open Letter in the San Francisco Chronicle and the Seattle Times, urging the CEOs of Google, Amazon, and Microsoft to “refrain from committing to new gas and delaying coal plants to power their data centers.”
“In just the last two years, your corporation has constructed data centers across the United States that could consume as much electricity as 4 million American households,” states the letter. “Within five years, these data centers alone will use enough electricity for more than 22 million households, comparable to the consumption of several medium-sized states.”
In its sustainability report, Google cautions that the company’s “future trajectory” may be influenced by the “evolving landscape” of the tech industry.
“We are at a significant inflection point due to the rapid growth of AI, which affects not just our company but the entire tech sector,” the report explains. “The unprecedented pace of development and potential nonlinear growth driven by the uncertain availability of clean energy and infrastructure needed to support this growth may affect our capacity to project future emissions and reduce them.”
The Kairos report criticized Google for its “heavy reliance on speculative technologies, especially nuclear power,” in pursuit of its 2030 zero carbon emissions goal.
“Google has concentrated on nuclear energy as a ‘clean energy solution’, despite the prevailing consensus among scientists and industry experts that achieving successful large-scale deployments will not happen in the near or medium term,” the report states.
Furthermore, the Kairos report contends that Google’s presentation of certain data can be misleading. For instance, in discussing data center emissions, Google claims a 50% improvement in energy efficiency over 13 years. The report’s authors argue that focusing on energy efficiency figures rather than sharing absolute emissions numbers obscures Google’s total emissions.
“Since 2010, the company’s overall energy consumption has increased by 1,282%,” the report concludes.
While searching for gold in the murky depths of Ingot Isle’s mines, a fierce storm whisks Donkey Kong, the guardian of Dungaree, into a sprawling underground realm. You might presume he’s upset, but deep in the earth, where banana-shaped treasures are plentiful, DK is energetically using his furry fists to carve out a path toward wealth. This marks the first Donkey Kong platformer since 2014, taking players on a gritty adventure to the center of the Earth.
Echoing the classic battlefield games, Bananza thrives on demolishing its destructible surroundings. What seems like a typical exit area? You can pass right through the ground. Tired of leaping across chasms? Simply smash through the walls. The exhilarating joy of grinding down every bit of terrain beneath you pushes the limits of physics technology, as you discover hidden collectibles and pathways along the way.
To bring a touch of humanity to the mayhem, a young girl named Pauline (familiar to fans of the classic DK title) accompanies Donkey Kong, perched on his shoulder, singing melodiously like a parrot trained at a prestigious school.
Just like a parrot trained in a prestigious school… Pauline joins DK in Donkey Kong Bananza. Photo: Nintendo
With a delightful nod to the jazzy tunes of Super Mario Odyssey, Pauline triggers an exciting frenzy in DK, as she belts out notes reminiscent of Mariah Carey. Donkey Kong sways to the beat, and as Pauline grabs the microphone, she elevates him to new heights — quite literally reshaping his Bananza form. As DK’s adventure unfolds, players can unlock various animal-themed transformations. Throughout subsequent levels, DK gets to soar like an ostrich, albeit with a quirky appearance.
In this 2025 installment, a skill tree allows players to upgrade DK’s abilities, enhance his health, and learn new attacks and tricks. Continuing the RPG-lite approach, collectible fossils are cleverly scattered in each level; these serve as currency to acquire stylish outfits that boost stats. Most importantly, these outfits bring a wave of fun, transforming DK’s signature crimson fur into a striking Gothic black coat.
The 3D hub world, coupled with innovative projectiles and quirky transformations, embodies the whimsical charm reminiscent of Rare’s N64 Donkey Kong platformer. Think of a blend of Banjo Kazooie, some incredible Hulk-like simulations, and chaos driven by destruction, standing in stark contrast to the pristine environments of Super Mario Odyssey. When feeling the need to unleash chaos, Donkey Kong can throw nearby objects at foes or even hurl special glowing materials to demolish enemies, walls, and other obstacles — a true force of destruction and creativity. Some NPCs are crafted from gemstones, allowing players to engage in delightful grinding and slowly piecing together the magical lore, making the experience visually captivating.
Experience the evolution of eye-catching interactions… Donkey Kong Bananza. Photo: Nintendo
The development team clearly relished the opportunity to create unique, formidable adversaries for DK. From facing off against swarms of small furious creatures to dodging golden skeleton foes and escaping from the heads of hopping stone warriors, the gameplay diverges from typical Mario fare, matching Bananza’s eccentric tone.
Boss battles promise significant challenges in Bananza. DK confronts the sinister Boydko, a menacing crew of malicious apes who purloin his coveted Banandium gems. For instance, Grumpy Kong pilots a gigantic concrete mecha, requiring players to topple it to bring it down to ground level, all while DK does his utmost to reclaim his treasures.
The Mining Cart segment is a welcomed addition. Here, you can leap between rails to evade obstacles and toss glowing rocks to explode and eliminate foes and barriers. The visuals may occasionally be a bit underwhelming; however, maintaining a solid frame rate makes the overall experience smooth as you dynamically alter the surroundings. Character models shine, while many areas move quickly enough that their slightly bland aesthetics become a minor concern. Starting in a dreary mine, players will traverse lush lagoons and battle through a treacherous river filled with toxins in a swamp of poison.
Similar to Odyssey, Bananza features a half-hearted cooperative mode. With Pauline’s grumpy boots, a second player can interact with the environment using the Joy-Con controller. Each click allows you to manipulate or destroy portions of the environment, causing both players to engage in an eye-filling, chaotic adventure. This engaging twist promises endless fun for younger audiences, though warning bells might ring for sustained chaos.
Donkey Kong Bananza is quirky, slightly chaotic, and likely more perplexing than traditional Nintendo platformers. It feels akin to the musical stylings of Limp Bizkit — big, bold, and destructively fun. Although some may criticize the Switch 2 for being somewhat repetitive instead of innovative, this debut of the iconic ape seems to carve out a unique path toward a thrilling new experience.
gMy experience in Columbia and online rowing has shaped my artistic expression. My identity blossomed within a country rife with superficial, conservative values—where happiness coexists with violence, and where men pray to virgins while sometimes resorting to lethal actions against others.
The internet offered me a sanctuary, a place where I could explore who I wanted to be. As a sensitive young girl, it helped me discover my personality and interests, even as it distanced me from the tangible world, leaving me to ponder my existence and perspectives.
In 2023, after leaving home and embarking on my journey of self-discovery, I became enthralled by online self-help culture, particularly the pseudo-psychic phenomenon known as Hashtag Lucky Girl Syndrome. TikTok promised a new life of dreams through specific audio tracks, like “layer frequency,” gentle synths, and mystical elements such as Reverse Wispel’s Ayyams. Users claimed, “If you hear this, step into a new chapter. Expect your blessing within 24 hours.”
I longed to embody this lucky girl who could attain all her desires by meticulously following these rituals. While part of me engaged with it ironically, another segment of my being genuinely resonated with it.
This image embodies Lucky Girl Syndrome, a facet of my project born from deep online exploration. I aimed to engage with this obsession to distance myself. In my bedroom, I craft mood boards, adorning the walls with printed affirmations sourced online. Some resonate deeply, while others satirize the culture with humor: “I’m in my safe zone.” “I’m not clenching my chin right now.” “The angel is observing 333.” “I shine”; “Click to save.”
I noticed that these positive visuals often featured luminous orbs, symbolizing the feelings we aspire to embody. I aimed to construct a theatrical environment that could personify various interpretations of lucky girls. This includes Yogi’s version of a lucky girl who embraces retrospection for fortune.
The Lucky Girl Syndrome Project represents a hopeful critique of how girls like me find solace in our devices and personal spaces as gateways to health and self-improvement. Yet, it extends beyond that; I’m keenly interested in questioning the constructs surrounding female identity. Cosmetic surgery has become commonplace in a culture where beauty equates to worth, while Catholic morals continue to influence gender roles, family dynamics, and perceptions of sexuality.
Astronomers utilized the mid-infrared instrument (Miri) on the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to capture breathtaking infrared images of the heart of Messier 82, an edge-on starburst galaxy located approximately 12 million light-years away.
This Webb/Miri image highlights the central region of the Starburst Galaxy Messier 82. Image credits: NASA/ESA/CSA/Webb/A. Bolatto.
Messier 82 is positioned higher in the Northern Spring Sky, situated within the Ursa Major constellation’s direction.
The galaxy was first identified by German astronomer Johann Erard Bord in 1774 and is estimated to be around 40,000 light-years old.
Messier 82 is also referred to as the Cigar Galaxy due to its elongated oval shape, a result of the tilt of its stellar disk relative to our perspective.
Known for its exceptional rate of star formation, galaxies like Messier 82 generate stars ten times faster than our Milky Way.
“Though smaller than the Milky Way, Messier 82 is five times as luminous and creates stars at a rate 10 times greater,” the Webb astronomers noted.
“Classified as a Starburst Galaxy, Messier 82 is particularly active in its center, producing new stars at an accelerated pace compared to other galaxies of its size.”
In visible light images, the central region’s intense activity is concealed by a thick veil of dust clouds, but Webb’s infrared capabilities allow it to penetrate this obscuring layer and unveil the hidden dynamism.
“The reason for the star formation surge in Messier 82 likely lies with its gravitational interactions with the neighboring Spiral Galaxy Messier 81,” the astronomers remarked.
“These interactions directed gas towards the center of Messier 82 millions of years ago.”
“This influx of gas supplied essential materials for new star formation, resulting in Messier 82’s distinct structure! The galaxy boasts over 100 superstar clusters.”
“Superstar clusters are larger and more luminous than normal star clusters, each containing approximately 100,000 stars.”
Earlier Webb images of Messier 82, utilizing data from the telescope’s near-infrared camera (Nircam), were made public in 2024.
These images concentrated on the galaxy’s core, where individual clusters of young stars contrasted with gas clumps and tendrils.
The latest images from Webb’s Miri instruments provide an astonishing, almost starless view of Messier 82.
“Instead, these images highlight warm dust and a complex cloud of sooted organic molecules known as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs),” the researchers explained.
“Emissions from PAH molecules trace the expansive runoff of the galaxy, propelled by intense radiation and winds from the hot young stars within the central superstar cluster.”
“Superstar clusters are responsible for Messier 82’s powerful galactic winds, which may signal the conclusion of the galaxy’s Starburst period. These winds, transforming into massive waves in intergalactic space, carry the cool gas necessary for further star formation.”
A recent study involving 1,082 students at Macewan University explored sleep quality, dietary habits, and the perceived connection between the two, revealing a notable relationship between nightmares and lactose intolerance.
Nielsen et al. The research indicates a link between lactose intolerance, dairy consumption, nightmares, and sleep deprivation. Image credit: Micya HNBS.
“The intensity of nightmares shows a strong correlation with lactose intolerance and various food allergies,” noted Dr. Torre Nielsen, a researcher at the University of Monttoriol.
“These findings suggest that modifying dietary habits for individuals with food sensitivities may help alleviate nightmare occurrences.”
“This also explains why many attribute dairy consumption to their unpleasant dreams!”
In this study, 1,082 students from Macewan University were surveyed regarding the perceived connections among sleep duration and quality, dreams, nightmares, and various food items.
Participants’ relationships between their mental and physical well-being and their diet were also examined.
About a third of the respondents reported experiencing regular nightmares. Women were noted to reminisce about their dreams more and were nearly twice as likely to report sleep deprivation and nightmares compared to men.
Roughly 40% of those surveyed admitted to eating late at night or believing certain foods might disrupt their sleep. Around 25% felt that specific foods had a negative impact on their sleep quality.
Interestingly, those who adhered to healthier eating habits tended to report more negative dreams and were less likely to remember them.
“Journalists frequently inquire, especially around food-centric holidays, about the effects of food on our dreams. Now we have some insights,” Dr. Nielsen explained.
The majority of participants who criticized certain foods for causing sleep disturbances pointed to sweets, spicy foods, or dairy products.
A relatively small segment—5.5% of participants—believed their eating habits influenced the nature of their dreams, with many citing sweets and dairy as making their dreams more vivid or bizarre.
Researchers discovered a link between lactose intolerance, gastrointestinal issues, nightmares, and poor sleep quality, comparing reports of food intolerances with reports of nightmares and sleep deprivation.
Consuming dairy products can trigger gastrointestinal problems, leading to discomfort that affects one’s dreams and quality of sleep.
“Nightmares are particularly troubling for those with lactose intolerance, especially those experiencing severe gastrointestinal symptoms that disrupt their sleep,” stated Dr. Nielsen.
“This aligns with the understanding that various physical sensations can significantly impact our dream experiences.”
“Frequent nightmares can be highly disruptive, often waking individuals in uncomfortable states.”
“This may also lead to behaviors aimed at avoiding sleep.”
“Both issues contribute to a lack of restful sleep.”
Survey results will be published in the journal Frontiers of Psychology.
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Torre Nielsen et al. 2025. More Dreams of the Rarebit Devil: Correlation between Food Sensitivity and Food in Sleep and Dreams. Frontiers in Psychology 16; doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1544475
By manipulating fundamental physics, researchers can enhance energy-harvesting devices like solar cells
M2020/Shutterstock
Researchers have challenged long-standing principles of physics, paving the way for more efficient energy harvesting technologies, such as solar cells.
Linxiao Zhu from Penn State University has aimed to break Kirchov’s law of thermal radiation for nearly ten years. Established in the 1800s, this law states that the amount of thermal radiation emitted by an object is proportional to the heat it absorbs, linking to the fundamental principles of thermodynamics. Historically, it was believed that these constraints were absolute.
“In standard physics literature, it’s indicated that Kirchov’s law is a fundamental requirement of the second law of thermodynamics. However, this is not entirely accurate,” explains Zhu.
Previous breaches of this law were seen, but only concerning specific wavelengths of radiation. Zhu and his team have achieved a more significant departure from the norm.
This breakthrough required two significant elements: precisely structured materials and magnetic fields. Both the arrangement of the material and the magnetic environment play crucial roles in the behavior of the particles making up the radiation, like photons, and the energy they carry.
The researchers developed thin-layered semiconductors from indium, gallium, and arsenides, meticulously organizing the atoms. They positioned this setup near a strong electromagnet, illuminating it with lights of various colors at distinct temperatures, angles, and magnetic field strengths.
This combination of material structure and ongoing magnetic influence led to a significant disparity between the radiation absorbed and emitted—up to 43% more radiation was released than was originally absorbed. Zhu attributes this phenomenon to the presence of multiple colors of light. This characteristic is particularly beneficial since sunlight comprises a mixture of colors when hitting solar cell devices.
Aaswath Raman from UCLA indicates that this trial is a major advancement toward turning previously theoretical concepts into reality. He remarks that the stark difference between absorbed and emitted radiation is “a significant breakthrough.”
While novel materials can enhance the efficiency of light and heat-absorbing devices, the requirement for magnetic fields presents challenges. However, Raman remains optimistic about the emergence of new materials that display magnetic properties without requiring proximity to magnets, which could resolve these issues through innovative electromagnetic techniques.
Modern rendition of garum, a fermented fish sauce dating back to Roman times
Alexander Mychko / Alamy
Garum, a type of fermented fish sauce, was a favored condiment throughout the Roman Empire. Recent analyses of ancient DNA extracted from the production vats have uncovered the specific fish species used in this staple seasoning.
This Roman fish sauce was widely appreciated for its intense salty and umami flavors. However, philosopher Seneca famously remarked that one variant had a price “as audacious as that of rotten fish.” There were various types, including a liquid known as Garum or Liquamen, and a thicker paste called Allec. The preparation involved fermenting fish and plant materials, complicating the identification of the fish species used.
According to Paula Campos from the University of Porto, Portugal, “The small, fractured bones and the acidic conditions contribute significantly to the degradation of DNA.”
Campos and her team conducted DNA sequencing on bone samples dating back to the 3rd century AD, sourced from a Roman fish sauce production facility in northwestern Spain. They compared numerous overlapping DNA sequences against the complete fish genome, allowing them to confidently identify the species involved.
This analysis revealed that the remaining fish was predominantly European sardines, aligning with previous visual identifications at other Roman fish processing sites. Additional fish species such as herring, whiting, mackerel, and anchovy have also been identified in various garum production locales.
This finding indicates that “even degraded fish remains” can yield identifiable DNA, suggesting that “it could enhance our understanding of regional variations in the main ingredients of historical fish sauces and pastes,” noted Analisa Marzano, a colleague from the University of Bologna, Italy, who was not involved in the study.
The research shows a comparison of ancient and modern sardines, indicating less genetic mixing among sardine populations across different marine regions in ancient times. This knowledge “may help us gauge the impact of human-environment interactions over the centuries,” Marzano explained.
For future studies, Campos and her colleagues intend to analyze additional fish species from other Roman garum production sites. “We’re broadening our sampling to verify if the results are consistent throughout the Roman Empire,” she added.
A recent study conducted by the University of California reveals that plants utilize a variety of thermosensory systems, with sunlight-generated sugar playing a critical and previously overlooked role in their responses to daytime temperatures.
Arabidopsis plants showing growth in greenhouses. Image credit: Elena Zhukova/UCR.
“Textbooks traditionally assert that proteins like phytochrome B and early flowering 3 (ELF3) are primarily responsible for thermoregulation in plants,” noted Professor Chen.
“However, these theories are derived from data collected at night.”
“We aimed to explore the dynamics during the day when both light and temperature are elevated, reflecting the typical conditions most plants encounter.”
Professor Chen and his team conducted their research using Arabidopsis, a favored small flowering plant within the Institute of Genetics.
The researchers subjected the seedlings to temperatures from 12-27 degrees Celsius under varying light settings and monitored the elongation of hypocotyls, a classic indicator of growth response to warmth.
They discovered that phytochrome B, the photosensitive protein, could only sense temperature in low light. In bright conditions that mimicked midday sunlight, its ability to detect warmth was significantly inhibited.
Interestingly, plants continued to respond to heat, and their growth metrics remained elevated even when the thermosensory function of phytochrome B was curtailed.
“This highlights the existence of other sensory mechanisms,” Professor Chen remarked.
One significant observation stemmed from examining phytochrome B mutants that lacked thermosensory capabilities.
These mutants were only able to react to warmth when grown under light conditions.
In darkness, devoid of photosynthesis, they lost chloroplasts and did not exhibit increased growth in response to warmth.
However, their temperature response was restored upon reintroducing sugar to the growth medium.
“That was the point I realized that sugar does more than just promote growth; it serves as a signal indicating warmth,” Professor Chen explained.
Additional experiments demonstrated that elevated temperatures lead to the breakdown of stored starch in leaves, releasing sucrose.
This sugar stabilized a protein called PIF4, a crucial growth regulator. In the absence of sucrose, PIF4 would decompose rapidly, but its accumulation only occurred when another sensor, ELF3, became inactive and responded to heat.
“PIF4 requires two conditions: access to sugars and relief from suppression. Temperature facilitates both,” Professor Chen added.
This research unveils a complex network of systems. During daylight, when light serves as an energy source for carbon fixation, sugar-based mechanisms have evolved that enable plants to sense environmental changes.
As temperatures rise, stored starch transforms into sugar, permitting essential growth proteins to function.
The implications of these findings are noteworthy. As climate change brings about extreme temperatures, understanding the mechanisms plants use to sense heat may assist scientists in developing crops that thrive under increasingly unpredictable stress.
“This will transform our understanding of how plants perceive temperature,” Professor Chen remarked.
“It’s not merely about proteins activating or deactivating; it’s about energy, light, sugar, and more.”
“The results also emphasize the intricate sophistication found in the plant kingdom.”
“There’s a hidden intelligence in photosynthesis and the management of starch reserves.”
“When the moment arrives for them to reach for the sky, they do so with sweetness and precision.”
study published in the journal Natural Communication.
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D. Fan et al. 2025. Multi-sensor high temperature signaling framework for triggering daytime thermochemistry. Arabidopsis. Nat Commun 16, 5197; doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60498-7
Where does time truly originate? This is a common inquiry I encounter when people discover my background as a physicist. While there isn’t a concise answer, exploring the arrows of time can shed light on the topic.
This concept, emerging in the 1920s, is grounded in the principles of physics governing energy, heat, and entropy. Entropy tends to increase over time, signifying a shift from a low entropy state to a high entropy state—this represents the direction of the “arrow of time.” Often misunderstood as merely obstacles, entropy is better understood as the count of larger configurations, or macrostates, that can arise from smaller ones, known as microstates.
For example, a macrostate with mixed cutlery signifies higher entropy than one where forks are on one side and spoons on the other. Opening a drawer only to find mixed cutlery implies the arrow of time has transitioned from the past to the future.
Yet, a significant issue arises when applying cutlery analogies to the universe. Why did a pristine, low-entropy state ever exist?
This is referred to as the “past hypothesis,” and physicists are generally skeptical of it. When theorizing backward through time, they envision a universe in a state of very low entropy. Given the rarity of such conditions, the existence of such a state raises questions. Moreover, it prompts speculation on whether this state aligns with the Big Bang, the universe’s genesis.
Compounding the mystery is the fact that the laws of physics at scales far smaller than the entire universe—like subatomic particles—are entirely reversible. As Pablo Arrighi from Paris Clair University puts it, this presents a major paradox within physics.
“The laws of physics are reversible, yet our daily experiences contradict this,” he notes. Arrighi and his team set out to create a simplified “toy universe” to better understand this phenomenon.
They discovered that the arrow of time is an inevitability if this toy universe mirrors our own and exhibits constant expansion. In this model, they also discard the need for past hypotheses. The Big Bang can occur without special conditions, while the arrow of time consistently moves forward.
Interestingly, Arrighi highlights that his findings challenge previous notions, such as the potential “big crunch,” where the universe might cease expansion and collapse into a singular point.
Surprisingly, in this constructed universe bound by reversible laws, the Big Bang need not represent a singularity; rather, it opens the door to entropy-driven extensions—conceptually, an alternate universe. “Our existence stems from their emergence. Our challenges are tied to their past,” Arrighi explains regarding the imagined universe beyond the Big Bang.
Though radical, the idea of two universes expanding in opposite directions, each with its own time flow, has fascinated scientists. For instance, in 2014, independent physicist Julian Barbour and his colleagues supported this theory, using gravity studies as a foundation. Unlike Arrighi’s approach, which easily lends itself to simulation, Barbour’s model focuses more on computational arguments. Others, like Sean Carroll from Johns Hopkins University, have previously proposed moving beyond past hypotheses.
Returning to our initial question, can the answer emerge from anywhere, or perhaps from a non-specific place? Philosopher David Albert from Columbia University emphasizes careful consideration of the term “special.” He casts doubt on the assumption that the low-entropic state of the past is inherently special.
“Many believe all physical states should be equally probable. However, when viewed this way, low-entropy states appear quite improbable,” he argues. “My stance is that it’s unreasonable to determine odds a priori.” He advocates for deriving probabilities through observation instead.
Albert favors omitting past hypotheses from fundamental physics concepts, believing that adhering to superior laws is essential. However, he stresses that these insights should rest on observational evidence. The gap between systems studied meticulously, such as gas particles within boxes, and the entire universe is vast. He cautions scientists to be vigilant about the assumptions made when extrapolating from small-scale observations to universal principles.
“Nonetheless, I find it intriguing to explore whether we can derive outcomes without relying on past hypotheses. If that’s feasible, it would be a remarkable discovery,” remarks Albert.
After concluding my conversation with Albert, I plan to reconnect in a year to assess how our understanding of time evolves. Even if I can’t precisely articulate the origins of time, the arrow undoubtedly propels me towards a future rich with exploration and dialogue.
The MethaneSAT satellite, which was anticipated to revolutionize tracking methane emissions, has experienced a loss of contact less than a year and a half after its launch.
MethaneSAT stated that it “probably cannot recover.” A statement from the Environmental Defense Fund (EDF), the non-profit managing the satellite, confirmed this loss as a significant setback in efforts to monitor and mitigate methane emissions, which are responsible for a third of the anthropogenic increase in global temperatures.
Upon its launch in March 2024, MethaneSAT contributed to a growing constellation of satellites aimed at detecting invisible methane emissions from principal sources like oil and gas facilities, livestock operations, landfills, and wetlands. While several satellites focus on specific emissions, MethaneSAT is uniquely equipped to assess methane concentrations on a broader scale, making it particularly effective in identifying emissions from fossil fuel extraction.
This capability was designed for estimating methane emissions in well-known fossil fuel production areas, such as the Permian Basin in the southwestern United States, as well as aiding efforts to identify and contain significant sources of potent greenhouse gases.
“That’s a considerable loss,” commented Jason McKeever from Ghgsat, a Canadian company that intended to utilize MethaneSAT data for strategic guidance on satellite deployment. “MethaneSAT was uniquely positioned in its designated mid-orbit.”
The satellite, which cost nearly $100 million to develop and launch, began its data collection in June 2024 and produced its first detection of methane in the oil and gas basin by November 2024. Researchers were exploring automation for data processing; the satellite, which orbits the Earth 15 times a day, promised near real-time emissions data.
“We had just begun a routine of releasing data every two weeks,” stated John Coifman of the Environmental Defense Fund. “The data produced by the satellites was incredibly valuable.”
According to an EDF announcement, mission operations lost communication with the satellite on June 20th. “After exploring all avenues to reestablish contact, we regret to inform that the satellite has lost power,” the statement read.
The MethaneSAT team is currently investigating the circumstances surrounding the incident. Meanwhile, they continue to disseminate the data collected prior to the loss of power, alongside the algorithms developed for analysis.
“We are considering various options,” Coifman remarked, indicating that reactivating another satellite remains a possibility.
Paleontologists have adopted a cutting-edge digital fossil mining technique to examine over 250 fossil beaks from 40 ancient squid species. The findings indicate that there is no prolonged slow-moving change associated with the slower parietal layer, previously linked to the mass extinction event of late white matter around 66 million years ago. Early squid species had already established large populations, surpassing the biomass of both ammonites and fish. They evolved into intelligent and agile swimmers, contributing to modern marine ecosystems.
This lithograph features Loligo Forbesii, a squid species from the order Myopsida. Image credit: Comingio Mercuriano.
Squid are recognized as the most diverse and widely distributed group of marine cephalopods in today’s oceans, serving a crucial role in marine ecosystems as both predators and prey.
Their evolutionary success is generally attributed to the loss of a rigid external shell, a significant characteristic of their parietal ancestors.
Yet, their evolutionary beginnings remain unclear due to the scarcity of fossils from soft-bodied organisms.
The fossil record for squid dates back around 45 million years, with most specimens discovered consisting of fossilized statoris, or small calcium carbonites that assist in balance.
The early absence of such fossils has led to hypotheses that squid diversified following the mass extinctions during the Cretaceous period, approximately 66 million years ago.
Molecular studies of living squid species provide estimates regarding their divergence times; however, these estimates have become increasingly uncertain because of the dearth of prior fossil evidence.
In this recent study, Shin Ikegami, a paleontologist from Hokkaido University, and colleagues addressed these deficiencies using high-resolution grinding tomography and advanced image processing to digitally scan rocks as layered cross-sectional images, effectively revealing hidden 3D models.
This method was applied to Cretaceous carbonate rocks in Japan, resulting in the discovery of 263 fossilized squid beaks from 40 species across 23 genera and five families.
Results indicate that squid emerged around the boundaries of the early and late Cretaceous, roughly 100 million years ago, followed by a rapid diversification.
The authors assert that this newly uncovered fossil record significantly extends the documented origins of the two main squid groups: oegopsida extending back about 15 million years and myopsida extending as far back as 55 million years.
Early oegopsids showcased unique anatomical features that later species lacked, hinting at rapid morphological evolution, whereas Myopsids already displayed modern characteristics.
This study further indicates that late Cretaceous squids were more populous and often larger than their contemporaneous ammonite and bony fish counterparts. This ecological dominance might have triggered the radiation of bony fish and marine mammals roughly 30 million years ago, establishing squid as the first intelligent and agile swimmers that shaped modern marine ecosystems.
“In terms of population and size, these ancient squids were evidently proliferating across the oceans,” stated Dr. Ikenakamoto.
“Their body size rivaled that of fish, often even surpassing the ammonites found alongside them.”
“This demonstrates that squid thrived as the most abundant swimmers in the ancient seas.”
“These discoveries revolutionize our understanding of marine ecosystems in the past,” remarked Dr. Yasuhiro Iba from Hokkaido University.
“Squids were likely the pioneers of fast, intelligent swimmers that dominated the modern ocean.”
Shin Ikegami et al. 2025. The origin and radiation of squid revealed by digital fossil mining. Science E 388 (6754): 1406-1409; doi: 10.1126/science.adu6248
Emotions can manifest as physical sensations—be it a surge of anger, a flutter of excitement, or waves of joy, our feelings often have a tangible presence in our bodies.
This phenomenon arises from the interplay between our mental and physical states.
For instance, experiencing anxiety on a first date may trigger a fight-or-flight response, leading to the release of hormones like adrenaline, which elevate heart rate and tense muscles, allowing you to perceive sensations in your chest and throughout your body.
Both positive and negative emotions can influence various bodily functions, including digestion, breathing, perspiration, skin sensitivity, salivation, blood circulation, body temperature, facial tension, and more.
That’s why we often refer to “gut feelings” and “nervous energy.” These physiological shifts can significantly impact our emotions, creating a continual feedback loop connecting our body and mind.
In 2013, a Finnish researcher conducted a study in which individuals mapped out how different emotions corresponded to specific body areas.
While each person’s emotional experience is unique, common sensations can often be found in specific regions. For example, anger typically resonates in the chest and hands, while happiness is prominently felt in the chest and face.
Over time, our perceptions of where we feel emotions in our bodies may have evolved.
A follow-up study in 2024 examined the emotional mappings of people in ancient Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq) by analyzing a million words from historical texts to discover connections between emotions and body parts.
Researchers noted some parallels with present-day emotional responses. For instance, pride was linked to the heart by Mesopotamians, while happiness was most closely associated with the liver, and anger was related to the feet.
These distinctions may stem from Mesopotamian cultural beliefs surrounding the body, wherein the liver was viewed as the central organ of the soul’s essence.
This article addresses the inquiry from Elisevarn of Sheffield: “Why do we feel emotions in different parts of our body?”
For any questions, please email us atQuestion @sciencefocus.com or reach out viaFacebook,Twitter, orInstagramPage (please include your name and location).
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In an extensive community-based investigation, researchers from the Fatty Acid Institute identified a weak yet statistically significant inverse relationship between various inflammatory biomarkers and omega-6 fatty acids.
This image features Oenothera biennis, plants that produce oils with a high linolenic acid content. Image credit: Georg Slickers/CC by-sa 4.0.
“Chronic inflammation is acknowledged as a significant risk factor for various health disorders,” stated President William Harris of the Fatty Acid Institute and his colleagues.
“Omega-6 fatty acids, especially linoleic acid (LA) and arachidonic acid (AA), have been identified as either anti-inflammatory or pro-inflammatory agents. Researchers have considered both positions regarding dietary intake.”
The researchers utilized data from the Framingham Offspring study, a prominent cohort study in the Boston region.
This groundbreaking longitudinal research initiative began in 1971 and follows children from the original Framingham Heart Study, examining genetic and lifestyle factors influencing cardiovascular and metabolic health.
It has yielded valuable insights into chronic disease risks and prevention for decades, establishing itself as one of the most dependable sources for understanding long-term health trends.
This investigation is cross-sectional, meaning LA and AA levels were evaluated alongside 2,700 inflammation-related biomarkers in the same blood samples.
We statistically analyzed the association between the levels of these two omega-6 fatty acids and the levels of 10 blood and urine biomarkers related to inflammation and oxidative stress.
After statistically controlling for several potential confounding variables (such as age, race, gender, smoking status, blood pressure, and weight), researchers discovered that elevated LA levels were significantly linked to lower levels of five out of the 10 biomarkers.
For AA, higher levels were associated with reduced concentrations of four markers; however, there was no statistically significant relationship with higher inflammation/oxidation levels, unlike LA.
“These new findings clearly indicate that individuals with the highest LA (and AA) levels in their blood exhibit less inflammation than those with lower levels,” Dr. Harris remarked.
“This result contradicts the expectation if omega-6 fatty acids were deemed ‘pro-inflammatory.’ In fact, they seem to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties.”
“Amidst discussions in the media about the dangers of seed oils—the primary source of LA in diets—numerous voices advocate for reducing LA consumption.”
“This recommendation lacks a scientific basis, and this study, along with others, suggests the opposite: rather than decreasing LA intake, increasing it may be the healthier choice.”
“These findings diverge from the prevailing narrative but are consistent with earlier studies.”
“Numerous studies within medical literature support the findings presented here.”
The study was published in the journal Nutrients on June 22nd.
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Heidi T.M. Lai et al. 2025. Erythrocyte omega-6 fatty acids and biomarkers of inflammation in the Framingham offspring study. Nutrients 17 (13): 2076; doi: 10.3390/nu17132076
Recent Summers Show Antarctic Sea Ice Cover at Unprecedented Lows
Nature Picture Library / Alamy
The decline of sea ice around Antarctica has led to a doubling of icebergs calved from the ice sheet and increased spikes in seawater temperatures, exacerbating the effects of heat accumulation in the Southern Ocean.
In recent years, sea ice extent at both poles has sharply decreased. In 2023, the Antarctic winter sea ice area fell 1.55 million square kilometers short of the expected average.
This loss is equivalent to disappearing an ice area nearly 6.5 times larger than the UK. Projections for 2024 suggest similarly low figures, with 2025 also anticipated to experience harsh conditions.
Edward Dodridge from the University of Tasmania and his team are investigating the implications of the long-term reduction of protective buffers provided by Antarctic sea ice.
The researchers discovered that the average temperature in the South Seas has increased by 0.3°C between latitudes 65° and 80° since 2016. Additionally, summer sea ice losses have similarly raised temperatures by 0.3°C.
Alarmingly, the heat from a year with particularly low sea ice does not dissipate by the next year. Instead, it continues to warm the ocean for at least the following three years, resulting in even greater temperature increases than expected, according to Dodridge.
“For some time, we’ve known that summer sea ice loss contributes to ocean warming because ice and its reflective snow cover keep heat at bay,” explains Doddridge.
“The fact that the ocean retains warming effects for three years complicates the consequences of warming in the Southern Ocean.”
Moreover, the dramatic reduction in sea ice may accelerate the loss of inland ice sheets. When sea ice freezes, it dampens the expansion of the South Seas, preventing contact with the ice sheets sitting above Antarctica. Once the protective sea ice barrier disappears, the coastal ice sheets become more susceptible to breaking apart.
The research found that for every additional 100,000 square kilometers of sea ice lost, six more icebergs larger than one square kilometer were formed. “We witnessed double the amount of icebergs at periods of low sea ice,” said Doddridge.
Additionally, the reduction in sea ice significantly impacts species that rely on transferring from the ocean to solid ground for survival. The study indicates that species like the Emperor Penguin (Aptenodytes forsteri) and Crabeater Seal (Lobodon carcinophagus) may face severe challenges.
The scientific investigation in Antarctica is becoming increasingly difficult as the presence of sea ice is crucial for safely resupplying research stations.
Nellie Abram from The Australian National University remarks that “this analysis shows very few positives surrounding the loss of sea ice and its impact on the environment.”
“In years with extremely low sea ice, the Antarctic ecosystem continues to experience effects for years afterward. This isn’t just a one-time event,” Abram asserts. “There are numerous ways this loss of ocean ice influences Antarctic ecosystems.”
3D Models of Skulls from Modern Humans and Neanderthals
Courtesy of Kimberly Anne Plomp
Abnormalities in the skull that compress the lower brain can lead to headaches and various neurological issues, potentially passed down from Neanderthals.
Individuals with Chiari malformations possess a smaller, flatter skull base near the spine junction, causing the cerebellum to be pressed into the neck’s spinal canal.
Type 1 Chiari malformations, which are the least severe, may impact about 1 in 100 individuals. Symptoms can include headaches, neck pain, sleep apnea, and numbness, although some may remain asymptomatic.
Approximately 15 years ago, Yvens Barbosa Fernandes, a neurosurgeon at Campinas State University in Brazil, observed that the skull base of his Chiari patients bore resemblance to Neanderthal specimens from the European Museum, particularly the gentle slopes of the occipital bone where the cerebellum rests. Neanderthals had larger brains than modern humans, yet their skulls were more oblique at the foreheads and bases, resulting in a flatter shape compared to the rounder modern human skulls.
In 2013, Barbosa Fernandes published his hypothesis, suggesting that the shape of Chiari skulls could have a genetic link to an extinct human species, Homo sapiens. “In Chiari’s case, I began to consider a lost connection between anthropology and medicine,” he stated.
Motivated by this theory, Kimberly Plomp from the University of the Philippines in Quezon City and her team created digital 3D models of 46 Chiari 1 skulls and 57 unaffected skulls using CT scans. Their comprehensive mathematical analysis confirmed that the Chiari-affected skulls exhibited more cerebral compression at a flat angle at the base where the cerebellum is located.
Subsequently, the group compared these recent skulls with digital models of eight fossilized heads from Homo Neanderthalensis, Homo Erectus, Homo Heidelbergensis, and ancient Homo sapiens.
They discovered that the skull base measurements of Neanderthal heads closely matched those of modern humans with Chiari, while the skull bases of all other ancient species resembled typical modern humans without Chiari. “This underscores the notion that these modern humans may share Neanderthal characteristics,” suggesting another way Neanderthal genes could influence our health.
For Barbosa Fernandes, this research offers solid backing for his hypothesis. “It makes sense; a less pronounced angle results in less space for the modern human brain,” he noted. “Until now, I lacked scientific evidence to support my theory. This research brings me significantly closer to that proof.”
Looking ahead, the team intends to analyze the DNA of individuals with Chiari malformations in search of Neanderthal genetic markers, according to Plomp.
Other Chiari malformations (types 2-4) are believed to stem from various causes. Type 2 is associated with severe forms of spina bifida, while types 3 and 4 are exceedingly rare and can pose life-threatening risks.
Aging often impacts sleep, leading to challenges as we grow older. Factors such as changes in circadian rhythms, increased nighttime bathroom visits, anxiety, and chronic health conditions can all compromise sleep quality.
Yet, let’s examine the flip side: the influence of sleep on the aging process.
Despite bold assertions from various hyperbaric oxygen therapy centers, nothing can halt our body’s natural aging. However, a closer look at the physiological changes that occur during sleep reveals that cultivating healthy sleep habits can help mitigate the effects of time on our bodies.
What occurs when we sleep?
Our bodies engage in powerful recovery processes during sleep to restore, reset, and rejuvenate organs and cells. Each night serves as a mini-reboot: muscles undergo repair, hormone levels stabilize, and the brain executes a version of waste removal.
Key changes that happen in the body during sleep include:
• Integration of emotional and procedural (long-term, implicit) memory during REM sleep. • The brain experiences a neurochemical reset, with significant reductions in dopamine and serotonin levels during slumber. • Muscle repair promotes the release of growth hormone, restoration of glycogen levels, and the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines to assist muscle recovery. • Hormones like melatonin are produced, while others are regulated; for instance, cortisol (the “stress” hormone) decreases, and leptin (which controls hunger) is maintained.
Dive into the physiological changes that occur during sleep.
Why is sleep increasingly crucial as we age?
Waste removal The Glymphatic System operates while we sleep to clear neurotoxic waste, such as beta-amyloid. This process becomes increasingly critical with age. The National Library of Medicine states, “The aging process involves a range of neurobiological changes in the brain, including the accumulation of toxic proteins like beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles.”*
Immune support As the immune system naturally declines, deep sleep becomes vital for enhancing immune cell activity, thereby supporting our immunity.
Cardiovascular health Those with a Fitbit will attest that heart rates drop during sleep, allowing blood pressure to lower, which in turn gives the cardiovascular system a chance to rest.
Insulin sensitivity Sleep quality, duration, and timing all influence insulin sensitivity; inadequate sleep can increase insulin resistance and elevate the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.**
Maximizing quality sleep
Hestens, a Swedish bed manufacturer, recognizes the significance of a good night’s sleep. Since 1852, luxury brands have been crafting handmade beds, with each taking up to 600 hours to create using only natural materials.
“Miracles happen while we sleep,” Hestens states. “It’s the sleep that makes a difference. This is a natural process that cannot be replicated or bought over the counter. You can’t cheat your way to perfect sleep, but understanding its importance and implementing good practices can improve your chances of a restful night.”
For more on the advantages of sleep and to explore the full collection of beds and accessories, visit Hestens’ website.
Book local sleep spa bed tests online at www.hastens.com or visit your nearest certified retailer.
Orcas have been observed seemingly presenting deceased prey to humans.
Marine research organization Bay Cetology, led by Jared Tower, was documenting orca pods (Orcinus orca) as they dined on seabirds in Alert Bay, Canada, when a remarkable discovery occurred. Two whales, named Akela and Quiver, approached a tower while clutching birds. The younger orca, Akela, dropped a dead bird in front of the tower and lingered, seemingly watching for a reaction. Following suit, her brother Quiver also dropped a bird and waited.
In a surprising turn, both whales retrieved their prey once more and swam closer to the tower. “I remember thinking, did that really just happen?” Tower recalls. This occurrence aligns with similar ones documented in 2015 and 2018, where a young female orca presented a researcher with a harbor seal pup, prompting further observations of this intriguing behavior.
Further interviews revealed an additional 32 instances between 2004 and 2024 where orcas exhibited similar behaviors. This includes a young male orca from New Zealand, nicknamed Funky Monkey, who repeatedly approached researchers with a long-tailed stingray. Altogether, 18 different prey species have been offered, ranging from gray whales and seals to jellyfish and turtles.
Such behaviors have been regularly observed within the orca pod. “They exist in a highly intricate social structure and share food throughout their lives,” Tower notes.
Yet, the behaviors extend beyond mere interactions. “They engage in actions that reflect goodwill towards another species,” states Lori Marino from New York University, who was not involved in the study.
Tower indicates that this behavior suggests killer whales may possess a capacity for generalized altruism or kindness. Additionally, orcas demonstrate curiosity and boldness, understanding other beings’ perceptions, and actively experimenting with them, he explains.
This form of generalized altruism is beneficial in a social community where collective cooperation brings rewards. Killer whales are also among the few marine predators that sometimes find themselves with surplus prey. “They may leave it uneaten, play with it, or utilize it to explore their surroundings,” notes Tower.
For many killer whales, their generalist predation is characterized by curiosity and exploratory behavior. “Curiosity is a key factor in reducing uncertainty,” Tower adds. “They are actively learning about us by testing the waters.”
Moreover, this behavior might indicate that orcas have a theory of mind, a capability previously recognized in certain birds, primates, and marine mammals such as dolphins.
Hal Lacroix’s adventure unfolds on a spacecraft that has been exploring new planets for centuries
Dotted Zebra/Alamy
Exciting science fiction awaits fans this July, with two highly anticipated books making their debut. Are you intrigued by the beautifully articulated vision of rapid transformation as its effects evolve in a subtle yet increasingly unsettling manner? Don’t miss Alex Foster’s Circular Motion. Or maybe you’re captivated by the excellent “generation ship” narrative? If so, keep an eye on Hal Lacroix’s Here and Beyond. In addition, there are tales of climate fiction, zombies, space romance, and more. Enjoy yourself – I certainly will!
Set in a near future, this striking debut novel envisions an Earth with a colossal aircraft in orbit. Meanwhile, the Earth’s rotation gradually accelerates, initially shortening by mere seconds. However, it ominously contracts to just two hours as the story unfolds, leading to dire consequences. I’ve just completed this novel, and it may very well be my top read of the year so far—smartly written and truly engaging.
I have a special fondness for compelling “generation ship” stories. This one stands out, as 600 people embark on a 360-year voyage to a new planet following Earth’s downfall. Yet, generations must survive aboard their vessel, Shipworld, facing challenges from illness to rebellion, raising tensions among the crew. But don’t take my word for it; our sci-fi reviewer, Emily H. Wilson, gave it a hearty thumbs up, and her taste is impeccable (or at least aligns with mine!).
While I pen these words, London is engulfed in flames, making Susanna Kwan’s dystopian depiction of a rain-soaked future San Francisco even more captivating. We follow Bo, who has fled a city ravaged by catastrophic floods. Living alone on a street transformed into a river, Bo is tempted to leave her boat until her elderly neighbor Mia requests assistance, prompting her to remain. This novel draws comparisons to Emily St. John Mandel’s literary dystopia Station Eleven and Eleanor Catton’s climatological thriller Bilnum Wood, both of which I cherished; thus, I’m eager to delve into Kwan’s rainy world.
Susanna Kwan’s awakening unfolds in a flooded future San Francisco
Bulgac/Getty Images
This month’s science fiction takes us from Earth in disarray to the rain-soaked where the sun is waning. A unique story features two sisters in a small village amid arid lands who struggle for survival as temperatures plummet, leading villagers to confront death—”an ordinary man replaced by a blinding light that sears his head like a miniature sands.” Fascinating!
Another tale revolves around Quetza, an acrobat in a Martian circus who stumbles upon “ominous secrets.” Millions of years later, Azad inhabits a desert planet, teaming up with a space travel historian to discover why their ancestors abandoned Mars.
This climate fiction narrative (I refuse to adopt the “CLI-FI” label as I find it unappealing) unfolds in a self-sustaining community established on a remote Welsh island in 2056, aimed at escaping a tyrannical government. But 13-year-old Gresni suspects her family harbors secrets, especially when an event from the mainland washes ashore.
Penned by the acclaimed publisher recognized for Gabrielle Zevin’s Tomorrow, Tomorrow and Tomorrow, the narrative follows Zoe and Jack, who meet as chemistry students at Harvard University. Two years later, they drop out to join a venture promising longevity, yet their love faces challenges that test its limits.
I confess that this may not fit traditional science fiction norms, but I’m finding it hard to resist: it’s a 2022 road trip story set in Ukraine, featuring “The Maverick Scientist” Yeva and Lefty, “The Only Snail” navigated to ensure the survival of his species. Yeva funds her passion for breeding rare snails by dating men who come to Ukraine for a “guidance romance tour” in search of obedient brides. “Glorious…funny and clever, filled with science, longing, and adventure,” Anne Puckett states. Therefore, I believe a blend of science and snails would surely captivate sci-fi enthusiasts.
As a passionate fan, I feel there’s a distinct lack of zombie novels like The Walking Dead. Fortunately, Lee Radford addresses this gap with a tale about a scientist whose spouse was the last person bitten by the zombie epidemic. While the government quarantines infected individuals, scientist Kesta harbors perilous secrets. Her zombie husband, Tim, is restrained to prevent his rampage. Rick Grimes, I’m just suggesting he could have handled Tim with a heartbeat…
I’ve earmarked this next book for my reading list and am eagerly anticipating it. Elric only awakens once he’s healed, envisioning an experimental treatment center where heartache can be anesthetized. Naturally, there are some “shadow side effects,” and it follows four strangers (and a dog). The Wizard of Oz certainly seems to embody the journey toward healing from heartache.
The publisher describes it as “Suffic’s action-adventure sci-fi novel.” Volatile Memory features Willa as she uncovers cutting-edge technology on nearby planets. This tech, however, turns out to be the remains of a woman donning an AI mask that resurrected her. Together, they seek to unravel its mysteries…
Emily Buchanan’s Send Flowers depicts a woman’s deceased boyfriend reborn as a houseplant
Ozgurcankaya/Getty Images
In a world nearing climate collapse, eco-influencer Fiona has stayed secluded in her apartment since her boyfriend Ed’s passing. One day, his favorite plant is left at her door, prompting her to sprinkle his ashes on the soil. The next morning, she discovers that the plant not only blooms but can also speak. Ed has returned—albeit as a house plant.
Protocells are membrane-bound spheres formed from fatty molecules, thought to be similar to early living cell precursors.
Henning Dalhof/Science Photography Library
Structures similar to those enveloping living cells have demonstrated the ability to self-assemble in micrometeorites, hinting that dust across planets might contribute to life’s origins.
“If we can establish that protocells arise from micrometeorites here on Earth, it’s evident this could occur on other habitable planets,” states Irepgözen from Gomod, a Swedish research and education organization. “This brings me immense excitement.”
Various lipid molecules can spontaneously create membrane-bound spheres, referred to as protocells, as they resemble potential precursors to living cells. While this process can happen in solutions, Gözen is investigating methods to facilitate protocell formation on surfaces that typically do not foster such reactions.
Surfaces possess intrinsic energy, with exposed atoms lacking complete bonds, making them suitable for this transformation. “Creating a surface generates excess energy that seeks to be released,” she observes.
After recently analyzing Martian metstones, Gözen noted that their rough, grainy textures may enhance protocell formation. Consequently, she and her team introduced three types of micrometeorites into lipid suspensions. Post an overnight incubation, microscopic examination revealed the formation of protocells, especially in samples with lipids similar to those found in Archaea membranes.
Hundreds of micrometeorites exist, according to Gözen, and this study serves as an initial proof of concept. While the findings do not confirm the origin of the first living cells, Gözen finds the results intriguing, considering that simple organic compounds frequently appear in meteorites, and micrometeorites are probably widespread on planetary surfaces. “There’s a tiny nuclear reactor carrying intriguing prebiotic organic matter,” she remarks. “They’re falling on nearly every planet, all contained within one particle.”
“I find it exhilarating that micrometeorites possess sufficient surface energy to facilitate their [protocell] formation,” says Anna Wang from the University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. “I wasn’t trained in physics.”
Gözen emphasizes that protocells formed on surfaces exhibit remarkable characteristics. “There’s a significant difference between reactions occurring on surfaces and in solutions,” she explains. “They establish a network of intriguing protocells interconnected by minute nanotubes, enabling content transfer. This allows for a very basic form of signaling.”
Devices for tracking individuals implanted beneath the skin, robots designated to manage inmates, and unmanned vehicles for their transport are among the solutions proposed by technology firms to ministers seeking approaches to address the crisis in the UK’s judicial system.
This proposal arose during last month’s gathering of over 20 high-tech companies in London, chaired by Attorney General Shabana Mahmood, as highlighted by meeting notes reviewed by The Guardian. In light of a critical shortage of prisons and probation officers, struggling under immense pressure, the minister solicited ideas for utilizing wearable technology, behavioral surveillance, and geographical data to establish “prisons beyond the walls.”
Participants included representatives from Google, Amazon, Microsoft, and Palantir, who collaborate closely with the US military as well as the NHS. IBM and Serco, a private prison operator, were also present, along with firms specializing in tagging and biometrics, in response to their freedom of information request.
Mahmood stated to the technology firms, “We seek to deepen cooperation between government and industry to confront the prison capacity crisis, reduce recidivism, and enhance community safety.” She expressed the need to “scale and improve” the current application of tagging technologies “to encourage rehabilitation, mitigate crime, and enhance surveillance.” Prison minister James Timpson advocated for a “technology-driven approach to justice.”
This initiative represents the latest move by the Labour government to integrate the tech industry into efforts to achieve cost efficiency across public services, from schools to healthcare. In January, Keir Starmer asserted that AI could significantly “transform public services” and spoke about an “entire overhaul of government.”
The Ministry of Justice’s advocacy continues after last month’s Judgment review where former Attorney General David Goke emphasized the need for shorter sentences and a greater utilization of AI in public spaces to alleviate the overcrowded prison population by almost 10,000.
During a recent meeting convened by industry lobby group Tech UK, the minister questioned tech companies about the vision for a “digital, data, and technology-enabled judicial system” by 2050. Proposals included “real-time behavioral monitoring and subcutaneous tracking” to facilitate “behavioral management” for individuals within the criminal justice system, as well as AI support for criminal rehabilitation. Robotics were suggested for the movement and management of inmates, including self-driving vehicles for transporting them.
Human rights advocates described the concept as “a troubling dystopia,” cautioning at the conference that the government appeared “too aligned with tech giants.” A follow-up meeting with tech firms is scheduled for Tuesday, where Lord Timpson is expected to hear a 20-minute presentation of an innovative proposal during the “Innovation Den.”
Government officials emphasized that the ideas discussed thus far are hypothetical considerations aimed at enhancing public safety and stimulating dialogue about the future of criminal management.
The Attorney General previously indicated that he does not shy away from employing technologies like “gait recognition,” a biometric method capable of analyzing unique human movement patterns.
A spokesperson for the Ministry of Justice commented, “We are continually exploring technologies that aim to reduce crime, monitor offenders effectively, and ensure the safety of our citizens, as the public rightly expects.”
Donald Campbell, advocacy director at the nonprofit organization FOXGLOVE, which campaigns for equitable technology usage, labeled the ideas as “surprisingly dystopian.” He remarked, “It’s concerning that the Minister of Justice is considering using robots to manage inmates and embedding devices in people’s skin to monitor their behavior or ‘predict’ future actions.”
Other recommendations from tech firms included deploying powerful quantum computers to “analyze historical data to foresee future behavior” and automate decision-making processes for overburdened probation services.
Nevertheless, there are worries about the implications of over-reliance on technology. Meeting notes recorded the sentiment that “if misapplied, these methods could yield dystopian results that are challenging to rectify.”
Campbell further stated, “The notion that tech companies can create tools to ‘predict’ crime has been met with skepticism on several occasions. It’s unfortunate to see this push being made.”
Tech UK, the organization that hosted the conference, mentioned that its initiatives aim to cultivate a more equitable, improved, and efficient justice system. “It’s crucial that the future of justice is developed with transparency, accountability, and public trust at its foundation,” a representative noted.
Google, Amazon, Microsoft, IBM, and Palantir did not respond to inquiries for comments. Serco stated, “We will not provide commentary on this initiative.”
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