Discover the Importance of Alone Time During the Christmas Season for Mental Well-Being

Posted on December 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The holiday season is often envisioned as a time of joy, filled with family gatherings, festive lights, and cherished traditions. However, experiences during this period can vastly differ, and stepping away from the hustle and bustle may offer its own unique advantages.

In a recent survey conducted by our Solitude Lab involving over 300 UK adults, a significant number reported spending Christmas with family, whether at large gatherings or in intimate settings with immediate loved ones. Despite the positives, many found that socializing—while enjoyable—can bring its own challenges. The stress of gift shopping, traveling, and altered routines can be overwhelming. When asked about their feelings during the holiday season, participants frequently mentioned emotions like love and togetherness, but a notable amount also identified calmness and relaxation. This indicates a desire for both connection and restoration, suggesting that short moments of solitude can help create balance.

Research from our lab highlights that spending around 15 minutes in solitude can effectively reduce heightened emotions. Multiple experiments indicate that feelings of excitement and irritability tend to decrease after just 15 to 30 minutes alone. Participants commonly engaged in activities such as browsing their phones, reading, or simply reflecting. Physiological studies also provide evidence that solitude aids in quicker stress recovery, helping to balance out periods of high stimulation.

These moments need not be extravagant; simple activities like enjoying a quiet cup of tea or running errands alone during early mornings can provide essential space for relaxation and mental reset before rejoining social interactions. Here, solitude isn’t a sign of avoidance, but a valuable means of recalibrating oneself.

Notably, not everyone experiences a crowded holiday season. About 9 percent of adults surveyed anticipated spending Christmas alone. Participants who embraced a solitary Christmas often reported feelings of calm and contentment, with positivity evident in their responses. Loneliness and boredom were less frequently mentioned, particularly among older adults who faced circumstances leading to solo celebrations.

Having a choice greatly influences experiences of loneliness, especially in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Social norms have shifted, leading many to view solitude not as something to fear, but as an opportunity for introspection. Our perspectives play a crucial role in shaping our emotions during these moments.

Moreover, choosing how to spend alone time can enhance the experience. Engaging in reflective activities—such as contemplating positive memories from the past year—or enjoying leisurely walks can be fulfilling. Stepping outside alone also opens the door for brief interactions with strangers, which can uplift your spirits and foster a sense of belonging. This beneficial aspect of human interaction is often underestimated. Despite being physically alone, one can still nurture connections by reaching out to others, sending a card, or reminiscing about loved ones, which can enhance feelings of richness in our lives. Learn more.

Whether you choose to celebrate the Christmas season with others or in solitude, embracing brief moments of quiet brings its own rewards. These pauses allow for reflection, emotional calming, and overall ease in navigating the holiday season—a time that often demands much from us. It’s not about isolating oneself from connection; it’s about recognizing the value of both interactions and solitude.

Tui Vi Nguyen is a principal investigator at Solitude Lab and co-author of the book: Loneliness: The Science and Power of Solitude

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary Fully 3D Printed Microscope Set to Launch in 2025

Posted on December 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

3D Printed Microscope

Dr. Liam M. Rooney/University of Strathclyde

In early 2025, a groundbreaking paper revealed the world’s first fully 3D printed microscope, sparking significant enthusiasm among researchers. This innovative microscope can be constructed in just a few hours and costs significantly less than traditional models.

Dr. Liam Rooney, a professor at the University of Glasgow involved in this project, stated to New Scientist that coverage of the microscope has prompted outreach from biomedical researchers, community organizations, and filmmakers worldwide. “The community response has been amazing,” he noted. The research has been subsequently published in Microscope Journal.

His team utilized the OpenFlexure design, a publicly available resource for creating scientific instruments via 3D printing. Additionally, they incorporated a commercially available camera and light source, all controlled by a Raspberry Pi computer.

A major breakthrough was the 3D printing of microscope lenses using clear plastic, significantly reducing costs and making microscopy more accessible. While traditional microscopes can cost thousands, this new version is available for under £50.

Since January, the team has produced approximately 1,000 lenses in various shapes, according to Gail McConnell from the University of Strathclyde, UK.

Several companies manufacturing products requiring lenses have shown interest in the team’s research, as inexpensive, lightweight 3D-printed lenses are rare in large-scale production. They tested the microscope on blood samples and thin sections of mouse kidneys, confirming its potential utility in medical and biological research.

The team’s mission is to democratize access to microscopy. They are collaborating with the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology in Ghana, aiming to enhance microscope accessibility for researchers and students in West Africa. They have also secured funding from the UK Institute for Technology Strategy and participate in initiatives that empower students facing educational barriers.

In addition, they have developed a new microscope course at the Strathclyde Light Microscopy Course, tailored for researchers of all experience levels. Mr. Rooney emphasized, “This is truly changing how we educate.”

Furthermore, researchers believe there’s ample opportunity for improvement. They are focused on enhancing resolution without adding costs, having already improved contrast by up to 67%.

McConnell remarked that because the microscope is designed for low-cost consumer electronics and accessible 3D printers, its future scalability is tied to advancements in 3D printing technology. “As these printers improve, so will we. The bottleneck isn’t imagination,” she explained. “We are continually receiving inquiries to develop new innovations.”

Topics:

3D Printing/
2025 News Review

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Scientists Originally Believed the Platypus Was a Hoax: Unraveling the Mystery

Posted on December 25, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

European scientists first discovered the platypus due to its unique fur and anatomy. A sketch sent from Australia in 1798 left them in disbelief.

This specimen was so extraordinary that British zoologist George Shaw initially deemed it impossible, stating there was no reason to doubt its authenticity.

Could a prankster have stitched a duck’s beak onto a beaver’s body? To verify, Shaw meticulously examined the specimen for seams, but none were found. Thus, he became the first person to officially describe the animal, naming it platypus anatinus, originally referred to as “duck-like flat feet.” Over time, the classification evolved to Ornithorhynchus anatinus, meaning “duck-billed platypus.”

The platypus resembles a whimsical creation from a children’s book, combining features from various animals. It has a duck’s beak, an otter’s body, and a beaver’s tail. Notably, it lays eggs like birds while nursing its young with milk, a trait shared with mammals.

After extensive research and debate, scientists classified the platypus as a primitive type of mammal known as monotremes.

The term “monotreme” comes from the Greek word for “single opening,” referring to a multifunctional orifice, or “cloaca,” utilized for excretion, reproduction, and laying eggs.

The platypus is among five living monotreme species, along with four echidna species, all of which lay eggs instead of giving live birth.

Image of a platypus swimming – Males possess hollow spurs on their hind legs to inject venom. Image courtesy of Getty Images

The female platypus lays two small, leathery eggs in a breeding burrow, typically surrounded by grass. After around ten days, the platypus hatchlings, known as “

About the size of a butterbean, these hatchlings are born blind and hairless, making them entirely dependent on their mother.

For the next four months, she nourishes them with rich, nutritious milk that she secretes through special pores on her hairless abdomen, which they lap up from her fur.

Furthermore, the platypus’ beak is equipped with special receptor cells that detect electric signals generated by prey movements, including crustaceans and insect larvae.

Untypically for mammals, the platypus is also venomous. Males utilize their hollow spurs to inject venom into rivals to attract female attention.

In terms of swimming style, platypuses differ from river otters, which use all four legs for propulsion or beavers that use their hind legs and tail. Instead, platypuses swim by paddling solely with their front feet, using their tails and webbed hind legs primarily for steering.

If that wasn’t strange enough, consider the platypus genome.

Unlike most mammals that have two sex chromosomes, the platypus has ten, along with genes typical of mammals, genes from reptiles, and some entirely unique genes.

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to us at: questions@sciencefocus.com, or send us a message on Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. (Remember to include your name and location.)

Explore our ultimate fun facts and discover more amazing science content!

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

2025 Breakthrough: Physicists Discover Dark Photons, Transforming Our Understanding of Physics

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Dark Photons: A New Explanation for the Double-Slit Experiment

Russell Kightley/Science Photo Library

Dark photons in quantum physics — Dark Photons: A New Explanation for the Double-Slit Experiment

Russell Kightley/Science Photo Library

This year, a fundamental aspect of quantum theory faced scrutiny when researchers introduced a groundbreaking interpretation of an experiment exploring the nature of light.

Central to this research was the historic double-slit experiment, first conducted by physicist Thomas Young in 1801, which confirmed the wave-like behavior of light. Conventionally, particles and waves are considered distinct; however, in the quantum realm, they coexist, showcasing wave-particle duality.

For years, light stood as the quintessential example of this duality. Experimentation demonstrated that light can exhibit particle-like behavior as photons and wave-like characteristics, culminating in interference patterns reminiscent of Young’s findings. However, earlier in 2023, Celso Villas Boas and his team at Brazil’s Federal University of São Carlos proposed a novel interpretation of the double-slit experiment, exclusively utilizing photons and negating the wave aspect of optical duality.

After New Scientist covered their study, the team received significant interest from peers, with citations soaring. Villas-Boas shared, “I’ve received numerous invitations to present, including events in Japan, Spain, and Brazil,” emphasizing the widespread intrigue.

In the traditional double-slit experiment, an opaque barrier containing two narrow slits is positioned between a screen and a light source. Light travels through the slits to create a pattern of alternating bright and dark vertical stripes, known as classical interference, usually attributed to colliding light waves.

The researchers shifted away from this conventional explanation, examining the so-called dark state of photons—a unique quantum state that prevents interaction with other particles, hence not illuminating the screen. This perspective eliminates the necessity for light waves to clarify the observed dark stripes.

This reevaluation challenges a deeply ingrained view of light within quantum physics. Many educators expressed concern, with some remarking, “Your findings challenge the foundational concepts I’ve taught for years.” However, while some colleagues embraced the new perspective, others remained skeptically intrigued, following New Scientist‘s initial report.

Villas-Boas has been actively exploring implications surrounding the dark state of photons. His investigations revealed that thermal radiation, such as sunlight, can reside in a dark state, concealing a substantial portion of its energy due to a lack of interaction with other objects. Experimental validation could involve placing atoms in cavities where their interactions with light are meticulously examined, according to Villas-Boas.

His team’s reinterpretation of interference phenomena facilitates comprehension of previously perplexing occurrences, such as non-overlapping wave interactions. Moving beyond the wave model to incorporate distinct bright and dark photon states opens avenues for innovative applications. Villas-Boas envisions potential developments such as light-controlled switches and devices that selectively permit specific light types to pass.

In his view, all these explorations connect back to the essential principles of quantum physics, highlighting that engaging with quantum objects necessitates understanding their interactions with measurement devices—encompassing darkness itself. “This concept is intrinsic to quantum mechanics,” Villas-Boas asserts.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unbelievable Archaeological Discoveries and Photos from 2025

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Denisovan Skull

Hebei GEO University

The groundbreaking discovery in 2010 of a 40,000-year-old finger bone led to the identification of the Denisovans, an archaic human species, named after the Siberian cave where it was found. Recently, DNA analysis from a 146,000-year-old skull unearthed in China has shed light on their appearance. Findings indicate that Denisovans had facial structures akin to modern humans, yet featured unique traits such as pronounced eyebrow ridges.

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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            <img class="Image" alt="Anglo-Saxon Burial Site" width="1350" height="826" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134223/SEI_274338500.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134223/SEI_274338500.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134223/SEI_274338500.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2506940" data-caption="A woman and baby buried at an Anglo-Saxon cemetery in Scremby, UK" data-credit="Dr. Hugh Willmott, University of Sheffield"/>
        </div>
        <figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
            <div class="ArticleImageCaption__CaptionWrapper">
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Anglo-Saxon Burial in Scremby</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Dr. Hugh Willmott, University of Sheffield</p>
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<p>This poignant image reveals a tragic story: the woman buried in this Anglo-Saxon cemetery was likely in childbirth when she passed away. Dating back to the 5th or 6th century, she was interred in elaborate attire. Discovered by metal detectors in 2018, the excavation of the Screnby cemetery is now providing essential insights into ancient burial practices. Current research at the University of Sheffield aims to analyze the skeletal remains, seeking hormonal evidence of pregnancy at the time of death.</p>

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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            <img class="Image" alt="Ancient Hunter's Toolkit" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134522/SEI_266340196.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134522/SEI_266340196.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134522/SEI_266340196.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2506941" data-caption="An ancient hunter's toolkit" data-credit="Martin Novák"/>
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                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Ancient Hunter's Toolkit</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Martin Novák</p>
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<p>This intriguing pile of sand and stones represents an ancient toolkit once stored in a leather bag, left behind at a hunting campsite in the Pavlovske Vrchy Hills of the Czech Republic around 30,000 years ago. It comprises an array of tools, from spear and arrow tips to utensils for processing meat and wood. Some tools were refurbished from older artifacts, suggesting they were intended for extended expeditions in resource-scarce environments.</p>

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</section>
<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
    <figure class="ArticleImage">
        <div class="Image__Wrapper">
            <img class="Image" alt="Ancient Human Remains" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134545/SEI_265721265.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134545/SEI_265721265.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134545/SEI_265721265.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2506943" data-caption="The remains of a man excavated from Huiyaotian in Guangxi, China, dated to more than 9,000 years ago" data-credit="Yousuke Kaifu and Hirofumi Matsumura"/>
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        <figcaption class="ArticleImageCaption">
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                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">9000-Year-Old Human Remains</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Yousuke Kaifu, Hirofumi Matsumura</p>
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    </figure>
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<p>Wouldn’t you want to support your family even after passing? This thought may inspire practices reminiscent of contemporary Indonesian customs, where mummified bodies are preserved in a crouched posture. Archaeological findings in southern China suggest that such practices might have been prevalent as far back as 9,000 years ago. Recent studies indicate that the slow smoking and mummification of bodies could have been common in Southeast Asia up until around 4,000 years ago.</p>

<p xmlns:default="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
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            <img class="Image" alt="Organic glass in skull" width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05101506/SEI_241673209.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05101506/SEI_241673209.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/05101506/SEI_241673209.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2507245" data-caption="A fragment of organic glass found inside the skull of a man in Herculaneum" data-credit="Pier Paolo Petrone"/>
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                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Organic Glass in Skull</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Pier Paolo Petrone</p>
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<p>This seemingly abstract artifact is actually the brain of a man from Herculaneum, who lived during the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius roughly 2,000 years ago. The brain was heated to 500 degrees Celsius and then rapidly cooled into a glass-like state. Despite the explosive incident, some parts remain remarkably preserved, revealing a network of brain cells.</p>

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            <img class="Image" alt="Ancient mummified hand" width="1350" height="901" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134549/SEI_274338457.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134549/SEI_274338457.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/03134549/SEI_274338457.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2506944" data-caption="A 1200-year-old mummified hand featuring tattoos" data-credit="Michael Pittman and Thomas G Kaye"/>
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                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">1200-Year-Old Mummified Hand</p>
                <p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Michael Pittman and Thomas G. Kaye</p>
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<p>The striking mummified hand belonged to the Chancay civilization of Peru, dating back approximately 1,200 years. Discovered in 1981 in Peru's Huaura Valley, the hand showcases intricate tattoo designs, which are characteristic of Chancay mummies. Recent studies using laser-stimulated fluorescence have brought new insights into these tattoo details, though some researchers have raised concerns about the accuracy of these findings.</p>

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            <img class="Image SpecialArticleUnit__Image" alt="New Scientist logo" width="2541" height="2560" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/26111852/shutterstock_1188286003-scaled.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/26111852/shutterstock_1188286003-scaled.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/26111852/shutterstock_1188286003-scaled.jpg?width=375 375w" sizes="(min-width: 1277px) 375px, (min-width: 1040px) 26.36vw, 99.44vw" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Special Article Unit" data-caption="" data-credit="Shutterstock"/>
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            <h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Discover Archaeology and Paleontology</h3>
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                <p>New Scientist regularly reports on remarkable archaeological sites worldwide that have reshaped our understanding of species and the origins of civilization. Come and explore these treasures too!</p>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

Over 100 New Satellites Discovered in Our Solar System in 2025

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Uranus’ New Moon S/2025 U1 Discovered by James Webb Space Telescope

Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/M. El Moutamid (SwRI)/M. Hedman (University of Idaho)

Uranus's new moon S/2025 U1 discovered by James Webb Space Telescope — Uranus’ New Moon S/2025 U1 Discovered by James Webb Space Telescope

Credit: NASA/ESA/CSA/STScI/M. El Moutamid (SwRI)/M. Hedman (University of Idaho)

This year, astronomers have discovered over 100 previously unknown moons in our solar system. With many more potentially awaiting discovery, cataloging these moons could enhance our understanding of planet formation.

In March, Edward Ashton and his team at Taiwan’s Academia Sinica discovered 128 new moons around Saturn, raising the planet’s total to 274. The researchers utilized hours of images taken by the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope, stacking them to reveal dark objects previously undetectable.

Ashton’s team now holds the rights to name the newly discovered moons; however, due to the sheer number, many of Saturn’s moons lack unofficial names.

In August, a small, faint moon was identified in orbit around Uranus, increasing its total to 29. Mariam El Moutamid and researchers from the Southwest Research Institute in Colorado made this discovery using 10 long-exposure infrared images captured by NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope.

The team has not disclosed potential names for the new moon, which is currently known by its tentative designation, S/2025 U1. Eventually, it will be named after characters from Shakespeare’s plays, following the tradition established in 1787 when Earth’s first two moons, Titania and Oberon, were discovered.

Nigel Mason from the University of Kent indicates that more moons are likely to be discovered in the solar system, particularly around Neptune and Uranus, but he believes that the largest have already been mapped.

“Everyone enjoys finding a new moon and contemplating what to name it,” says Mason. “It’s an exhilarating moment—it’s a legacy.”

The ongoing cataloging and measurement of nearby satellites will help scientists learn more about their formation, allowing us to update existing models of planet formation.

“Why are there so many? What caused it? How do you create 40, 50, or 60 moons of varying shapes and sizes?” Mason notes. “That’s what makes them fascinating. It’s truly astounding, revealing that our understanding of the entire planet formation process is not as solid as we once believed.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Challenge Your Mind: Solve These 7 Christmas Puzzles in 10 Minutes – Only for Geniuses!

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

1. Snow Problem

Raymond gazed out his window and admired the snow-covered garden, where a perfect layer of 5 centimeters blanketed everything except the path. The snow was already beginning to melt.

The rectangular garden measures 16 meters on its longest side and 10.5 meters on the shorter side. The path is a narrow rectangle, 0.5 meters wide, leading from the street to the entrance.

Raymond started some rough calculations. We built a snowman made of three spheres, where the volume ratio of base, thorax, and head is 3:2:1.

His calculations use a simplified method which takes 4 times the cube of the radius for the sphere’s volume and overlooks snow compaction.

Based on this method, can you determine the radius of the snowman’s base sphere?

Scroll down for the answer!

2. Insulation Calculation

Sven Svendsen is almost ready for his North Pole expedition. An essential part of his preparation involves gaining weight for warmth.

Beginning today, he will start with his normal daily intake of 2,540 calories and will increase his calorie consumption by 100 calories each day over the next 20 days.

Sven plans to gain weight solely by consuming Wazoo multi-nutrient bars, each containing 140 calories.

How many days can he stick to this plan, only eating Wazoo bars?

Scroll down for the answer!

I dance without legs, ripple without wind, light up the polar night – what am I? Answer: Northern Lights – Photo Credit: Getty

3. Advent Attempt

In December, a daily contest challenges players to guess a number between 1 and 10,000. A single lucky number will win a prize, remaining unchanged throughout the month. Incorrect guesses allow players to try again the next day.

In one household, Steve guesses daily, while his daughter Lottie has an advent calendar with 24 doors but doesn’t understand numbers yet. She can only open one door each day.

After Steve guesses three numbers and Lottie opens her three doors on December 3rd, who is more likely to have chosen correctly: Lottie with her doors or Steve with his numbers?

Scroll down for the answer!

4. PIN Puzzle

Janice, in a rush for Christmas shopping, was asked for her four-digit credit card PIN but struggles with memory.

Fortunately, she excels at solving mathematical problems and remembers the correct method to determine her PIN. She decisively calculates all unique three-digit numbers that sum to eight and contain no zeros.

These three digits together equal her four-digit PIN. Can you figure it out too?

Scroll down for the answer!

5. Word Play

Rearrange the letters to form three scientific instruments: TER TEL ABE OMEAST OPE BAR ESC ROL
Decode the names of three scientists: Zulksus, Chumnyeol, Ichimunichi
Rearrange the letters to create three geometric shapes: GLE TRA REC IUM OID PEZ TAN IPS ELL

Scroll down for the answer!

Until the moment I’m torn apart, I’ll be guessed and never seen – what am I? Answer: Present – Photo Credit: Getty

6. Mysterious Gift

Zack forgot to label his Christmas presents. He recalls that silver gifts are not for his mother, and his father’s gifts are either gold or red.

The blue present is for his sister or brother. If his mother’s gift is red, then his sister receives the gold, and if his mother’s gift is gold, then his sister receives the blue gift. Who gets which present?

Scroll down for the answer!

7. Test the Metal

A chemist, physicist, and biologist were asked to complete a survey on their favorite metals. It turns out neither Ben nor the chemist likes tin, and biologists aren’t Kim, nor do they prefer iron. Gold is the favorite metal for both Mary and Kim. Can you uncover each scientist’s favorite metal?

Scroll down for the answer!

Answers

Snow Problem

Solved: 1 meter

Explanation: The garden’s area measures 168m² (10.5m x 16m). The path, being 0.5m wide and 16m long, occupies 8m². Thus, the snow-covered garden area is 160m². At a depth of 5 cm, the snow volume equals 160 x 0.05 = 8m³.

To find the snowman’s base volume, half of the snow (4m³) is used. The formula for a sphere’s volume leads to the equation 4r³ = 4m³, resulting in a base radius of 1 meter with a diameter of 2 meters.

Insulation Calculation

Solved: 3 days

Explanation: Begin by determining a target calorie value that divides evenly by 140. 2,940 is one such number (140 x 21). You can increase this by adding or decreasing 100 calories weekly. Thus, 2,240, 2,940, 3,640, and 4,340 are attainable calorie goals. By starting at 2,540 calories and incrementing daily over 20 days, you can reach 4,540 calories. The viable calorie values therefore yield three days of consuming only Wazoo bars.

Advent Attempt

Solved: It is more likely that Lottie opened the correct three doors in any order.

Explanation: Lottie opened three out of 24 doors on day one, two out of 23 on day two, and one out of 22 on day three. The probability of her correctly opening the doors multiplies, giving 6/12,144. Conversely, the chances of Steve guessing the lucky number are only 3/10,000. Therefore, Lottie has better odds of success.

PIN Puzzle

Solved: Janice’s PIN is 3552.

Explanation: To find a three-digit number, valid combinations must not include digits greater than 5. Acceptable pairs like (5,2,1) and (4,3,1) yield 6 permutations each. The sum of all configurations is calculated to determine her PIN as 3552.

Word Play

Telescope, Barometer, Astrolabe
Faraday, Pasteur, Einstein (using letter shifting techniques)
Ellipsoid, Rectangle, Trapezoid

Mysterious Gift

Solved: His mother receives the gold gift, his father gets the red, his sister has the blue, and his brother receives the silver.

Test the Metal

Solved: Ben—Physicist—Iron; Mary—Biologist—Tin; Kim—Chemist—Gold.

Top 10 Coldest Places on Earth

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Doctors Warn of Rising Tetanus Cases Due to Declining Vaccination Rates

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Health professionals are sounding the alarm over potential rises in tetanus, commonly known as bone-lock. Symptoms may take anywhere from 3 to 21 days to manifest and can include severe muscle spasms leading to breathing difficulties. Once the infection establishes itself, sufferers often experience jaw clenching, resembling a fixed grin, coupled with painful back muscle contractions.

“The effects are alarming,” stated Dr. Mobeen Rathore, Chief of Pediatric Infectious Diseases at the University of Florida Jacksonville School of Medicine.

The bacterium Clostridium tetani is commonly found in soil and fertilizers. Infections can arise from puncture wounds, and the illness can persist for several weeks, complicating treatment.

Treatment is not only challenging but also expensive. A case reported by the CDC highlighted an unvaccinated 6-year-old in Oregon who incurred nearly $1 million in medical expenses due to tetanus in 2019.

Dr. Rasool emphasized the stark difference in costs, likening vaccination expenses to intensive care costs.

“It’s a fraction of a cent compared to hundreds of thousands of dollars,” Rasool remarked. “It’s a hefty price to pay.”

This year, he diagnosed an unvaccinated 9-year-old in Laseau, Florida, who exhibited signs of muscle spasms reminiscent of warnings from his medical school tetanus wards—dark, quiet spaces meant to minimize sensory overload.

“Even minimal noise can provoke seizures in many cases,” Rasool explained.

Light sensitivity, or photophobia, can also lead to painful spasms and airway muscle contractions.

In the bustling ICU, bright lights and alarms limited Rasool’s ability to reduce patient stimulation. The 9-year-old was sedated, intubated, and treated with tetanus immune globulin antibodies alongside vaccination to mitigate future risks.

The child spent a challenging 37 days in the hospital.

“Before widespread immunization, we witnessed increased tetanus cases and a higher mortality rate,” noted Dr. Matthew Davis, Chief Scientific Officer at Nemours Children’s Health.

John Johnson, a vaccination and epidemic prevention expert with Médecins Sans Frontières, operates in regions like the Democratic Republic of Congo, where tetanus remains a pressing concern. In 2022 alone, 540 cases were reported in the DRC according to the World Health Organization.

“This disease is trivially preventable,” Johnson lamented. “One case of tetanus in the U.S. would be a regrettable anomaly; there’s no reason for this illness to reappear.”

“My jaw has completely locked.”

Post childhood vaccination, booster doses are advised every decade for adults, yet many remain unaware of this necessity.

Nikki Arellano, aged 42, hadn’t received a tetanus shot since 2010. After a minor injury while assisting a friend, she began experiencing jaw pain during lunch. Soon, she found herself unable to open her mouth.

“My jaw completely locked shut,” said Arellano from Reno, Nevada. “Despite heavy sedation and pain relief in the emergency room, nothing worked.”

Arellano was diagnosed with tetanus and admitted for IV antibiotics.

“With each episode, I heard a loud beeping response. The muscle contractions felt explosive,” she recounted.

Initially, spasms began in one arm, spreading rapidly. “My back curved painfully,” she shared.

Arellano then struggled to swallow and feared her airway was at risk.

“It was terrifying,” she added.

After nearly a week in the hospital, Arellano continues her recovery process.

Climate Change Heightens Tetanus Risks

Natural disasters like hurricanes, tornadoes, and floods heighten the risks of tetanus outbreaks. Injuries from debris can facilitate bacterial infection.

“As global temperatures rise, the frequency and severity of extreme weather events are increasing,” stated Christy Ebi, an epidemiologist at the University of Washington. “More flooding translates to fewer vaccinations for diseases like tetanus, heightening public vulnerability.”

States severely affected by natural disasters, such as Florida, Texas, and Kansas, have reported significant drops in tetanus vaccination rates, according to NBC News data.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Ultimate Luxury Christmas Gift Guide for the Discerning Shopper

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Wondering who actually uses gift guides these days? You know your loved ones better than anyone else. Are you aiming to give a meaningful gift? Take a moment to reflect.

Instead of stressing over pointless suggestions, I decided to create a curated list just for you.

This season, let’s explore innovative tech that fulfills real wants and perhaps some whimsical desires, making you feel like a kid on Christmas morning.

Nike Alphafly 3 Eliud Kipchoge Edition

A fresh year brings fresh resolutions to stay fit. If I’m asking Santa for the ultimate running shoes, I want them to feel like a secret edge.

These “super trainers” are so advanced that they might even be disqualified at official races. When their namesake ran a sub-two-hour marathon wearing them, they didn’t qualify for record status!

They work like Go Go Gadget’s spring shoes, absorbing impact from your foot and adding a delightful rebound to your stride.

Nike, £289

Sportsshoes.com, £289

Bermuda, The Kettle

“How much should I spend on a kettle?” is not a question I thought I’d ponder in middle age. I’d rather be deciding between a Lambo or a Ferrari!

Sadly, that’s not the case. I find myself defending a nearly £120 investment on a kettle to my partner.

Bermuda focuses on everyday gadgets that strive for perfection. They describe their kettle as quiet, precise, and delivering a “refined experience from the first boil to the last pour.” That might sound like marketing jargon, but it seems essential for a pleasant morning routine.

Bermuda, $154 (£117)

Huckleberry, $154 (£117)

Ninja CREAMi Ice Cream Maker

Each time I leave the doctor’s office without diabetes or high cholesterol, I feel like I’ve won a prize. But eating ice cream at home, whenever I want? That’s a risky treat!

Yet, if my jolly benefactor were to deliver it, I’d be eager to whip up some delicious bread-and-butter pudding-flavored ice cream.

The CREAMi transforms any liquid you pour into it into ice cream within 24 hours. It also makes milkshakes, sorbets, and Slurpees. How about a daiquiri?

Ninja Kitchen, £289.99

Currys, £289.99

Super73 R Series

The Super73 bike is visually striking; my only worry is looking silly riding it—like a gorilla on a tricycle!

This electric bike boasts suspension, durable tires, a top speed of 45 km/h (28 mph), and a range of 64 to 120 km (approximately 40 to 75 miles). Plus, it even has a cup holder!

Super73, from €4,799

Ride + Glide, from £4,099

NEO Home Robot

After adopting a fluffy dog, my home is a constant battle against her shedding!

Now, a $200 down payment and $500 monthly subscription don’t seem so unreasonable to keep it furry-free. This eerie humanoid robot will vacuum your home, making life easier.

However, having read my Asimov, I do worry about what happens next.

1x.tech, $20,000 (£15,258)

Gozney Tread

I thought camping was straightforward, just immersing in nature. Instead, in the UK, it seems like a test of how much gear you can carry.

A portable pizza oven shouldn’t be frowned upon, especially one that looks like this!

Equipped with a telescoping tripod, it resembles something from a sci-fi movie.

Gozney, £499.99

Appliance Center, £499.99

Spyra Three

If I unwrap this at home, I need a solid excuse for having a water blaster as an adult!

“The pinnacle of water blaster technology,” claims the manufacturer, which might resonate with parents engaged in a backyard battle.

Spyra, £144

B&Q, £149.99

Dyson Supersonic R

“Why do we need a hair dryer?” my partner asks. While my hair may be thinning, beauty remains essential.

Recently, I learned that drying hair improperly can cause damage. My hair needs all the help it can get!

Experts recommend drying hair on low heat from a distance, ideally with a diffuser attachment.

While many dryers can accomplish this, the Dyson stands out with its airflow sensors, temperature monitors, and RFID chip for attachment performance adjustment. Perfect for achieving various styles!

Dyson, from £449.99

Boots, from £399.00

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

SPHEREx: Mapping the Entire Sky in Infrared for Unprecedented Cosmic Insights

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

NASA’s SPHEREx (Spectrophotometer for the Exploration of the History of the Universe, Era of Reionization, and Ice) space telescope has successfully created the first comprehensive 102-color infrared map of the entire sky, utilizing observations collected from May to December 2025. While these 102 infrared wavelengths are invisible to the human eye, their widespread presence in the universe enables scientists to tackle significant questions, such as understanding monumental events on Earth. The milliseconds following the Big Bang profoundly influenced the 3D distribution of billions of galaxies. Furthermore, this invaluable data will aid in studying the evolution of galaxies over the universe’s 13.8 billion-year history and analyzing the distribution of essential life ingredients within our Milky Way galaxy.

This infrared image from SPHEREx features color emissions from stars (blue, green, and white), hot hydrogen gas (blue), and cosmic dust (red). Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.

The Earth completes approximately 14.5 rotations in a single day. Spherex travels from north to south, crossing over both poles.

Each day, SPHEREx captures around 3,600 images along a defined circular path in the sky. As time progresses and the planets orbit the sun, SPHEREx’s observational field shifts accordingly.

After six months, the observatory managed to explore the cosmos, capturing a full 360 degrees of the sky.

NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Southern California oversees this mission, which commenced sky mapping in May and achieved its inaugural all-sky mosaic in December.

Over its two-year primary mission, SPHEREx plans to conduct three additional all-sky scans, merging these maps to enhance measurement sensitivity.

Dr. Sean Domagal Goldman, director of the Astrophysics Division at NASA Headquarters, remarked, “It’s astounding that SPHEREx has gathered such a wealth of data in just six months. This information, combined with data from other missions, provides deeper insights into the universe.”

“We essentially have 102 new maps of the entire sky, each featuring distinct wavelengths and delivering unique information about celestial objects.”

“Astronomers will find valuable insights here, as NASA’s mission will facilitate answers to fundamental questions regarding the universe’s beginnings and its evolution, ultimately shedding light on our position within it.”

“SPHEREx is a medium-sized astrophysics mission delivering groundbreaking science,” stated Dave Gallagher, director of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“This remarkable project exemplifies how bold ideas can transform into reality, unlocking immense potential for groundbreaking discoveries.”

Every one of the 102 colors detected by SPHEREx corresponds to a wavelength of infrared light, each of which conveys unique information about galaxies, stars, planet-forming regions, and other cosmic phenomena.

For instance, dense dust clouds in our galaxy, where stars and planets are born, shine brightly at specific wavelengths but remain completely invisible at others.

This separation of light into its component wavelengths is known as spectroscopy.

While prior missions, including NASA’s Wide-Field Infrared Surveyor, have mapped the entire sky, none have achieved the same diversity of colors as SPHEREx.

In contrast, the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope can perform spectroscopy at significantly longer wavelengths than SPHEREx, but its field of view is thousands of times smaller.

The diversity of colors combined with a wide observational field is what renders SPHEREx exceptionally powerful.

“The true superpower of SPHEREx lies in its ability to capture the entire sky in 102 colors approximately every six months,” declared SPHEREx Project Manager Beth Fabinski, Ph.D., of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

“It’s incredible how much information we can collect in a short timeframe.”

“This makes us akin to telescopic mantis shrimps, equipped with an extraordinary polychromatic visual detection system capable of observing a vast area around us.”

Source: www.sci.news

Study Reveals How Dinosaurs’ Free-Range Parenting Transformed the Mesozoic Era

Posted on December 24, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

University of Maryland paleontologist Thomas R. Holtz Jr. has explored how dinosaurs adapted to their ancient environments and the differences between those worlds and our own for decades. His recent research suggests that crucial factors may have been overlooked in comparing ancient dinosaurs with modern mammals.

Some sauropod dinosaurs, Alamosaurus sanjuanensis, formed herds divided by age. Image credit: DiBgd.

“Many people view dinosaurs as the Mesozoic equivalent of mammals since both groups were the dominant land animals of their respective eras,” says Holtz.

“However, a crucial difference relates to their reproductive and child-rearing strategies, which scientists haven’t fully considered when comparing these worlds.”

“The methods by which animals raise their young significantly influence their ecosystems. Understanding these differences can help scientists reevaluate ecological diversity,” he explains.

“Young mammals often receive extensive care from their mothers until they are nearly fully grown.”

“In essence, mammal offspring fulfill similar ecological roles as their parents; they consume similar food and interact within the same environment because adults handle most of the responsibilities.”

“You could say mammals have ‘helicopter’ parents—particularly helicopter mothers,” he continues.

“For example, mother tigers continue to hunt for cubs that are nearly their size.”

“Even young elephants, among the largest animals in the Serengeti at birth, rely on their mothers for years.”

“Humans exhibit similar behavior, caring for our children until they reach adulthood.”

“Conversely, dinosaurs exhibited different parenting behaviors. They offered some parental care, but their young were relatively independent.”

“After a short period, from a few months to a year, young dinosaurs left their parents to roam independently, often cautious of one another.”

Dr. Holtz notes that adult crocodiles, closely related to dinosaurs, demonstrate a similar trend.

Crocodiles guard their nests and protect their young for a limited duration; however, within a few months, the young disperse and lead independent lives, taking years to reach adulthood.

“Dinosaurs could be likened to ‘latchkey kids,'” Holtz states.

“Fossil evidence shows that juvenile skeletons were often found together, with no adults nearby.”

“These juveniles congregated in groups of similar ages, learning to feed themselves and fend for their safety.”

This parenting style suited the fact that dinosaurs laid eggs and produced relatively large chicks at once.

By producing multiple offspring at a time and reproducing more frequently than mammals, dinosaurs increased the chances of their lineage’s survival without significant resource investment.

“The key takeaway is that this early separation between parents and offspring, alongside size differences, likely had significant ecological implications,” Holtz noted.

“The dietary needs of dinosaurs shifted as they matured, as did their vulnerabilities to predators and their mobility.”

“Even though adult and juvenile dinosaurs belong to the same biological species, they occupy distinctly different ecological niches.”

“Therefore, they can be regarded as different ‘functional species.’

For instance, a juvenile Brachiosaurus, comparable in size to a sheep, couldn’t access food 10 meters above ground like its adult counterparts.

Juveniles faced different predators, feeding in different locations and avoiding fully grown adults.

As young Brachiosaurus grow from dog-sized to horse-sized to giraffe-sized, their ecological roles evolve significantly.

“This understanding has transformed how scientists perceive ecological diversity,” Holtz emphasized.

Typically, scientists argue that modern mammals inhabit more diverse ecosystems because of the coexistence of varied species.

However, if young dinosaurs are counted as separate functional species and their numbers recalculated, the total functional species in dinosaur fossil assemblages likely exceeds that of mammalian fossil assemblages.

How did ancient ecosystems accommodate all these functional roles? Dr. Holtz proposes two potential explanations.

First, the Mesozoic era featured unique environmental conditions, such as warmer temperatures and elevated carbon dioxide levels.

These factors likely enhanced plant productivity, generating more food energy to sustain larger populations.

Secondly, dinosaurs may have had lower metabolic rates than similarly sized mammals, demanding less food for survival.

“Our world might actually be less productive in terms of plant resources than the age of dinosaurs,” claims Holtz.

“A more robust food chain could support greater functional diversity.”

“If dinosaurs’ physiological demands were lower, their ecosystems might have accommodated far more functional species than found in mammalian systems.”

Dr. Holtz emphasizes that his theory doesn’t necessarily imply that dinosaur ecosystems were vastly more diverse than those of mammals, but rather that diversity may have existed in forms that have yet to be identified by scientists.

He intends to further explore similar patterns within the context of dinosaur functional diversity across different life stages to gain deeper insights into their world and its evolution into our contemporary ecosystem.

“We shouldn’t merely consider dinosaurs as scaled and feathered versions of mammals,” Holtz concludes.

“They are remarkable creatures in their own right, and the full scope of their existence is still being uncovered.”

This research will be detailed in Holtz’s paper, set to appear in the Italian Journal of Geosciences.

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Thomas R. Holtz Jr. et al. 2026. Raising Babies: A Preliminary Investigation into Ontogenetic Niche Partitioning in Dinosaurs and Long-term Maternal Care in Mammals within Their Ecosystems. Italian Journal of Geosciences 145; doi: 10.3301/IJG.2026.09

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Uncover Largest Protoplanetary Disk Ever Detected Around Young Star

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

IRAS 23077+6707: A Turbulent Protoplanetary Disk – Located approximately 1,000 light-years away, this young star exhibits an unexpectedly chaotic and turbulent surrounding protoplanetary disk, with material fragments extending farther than what astronomers have previously observed in similar systems. For more details, check the study here.

This Hubble image showcases the protoplanetary disk surrounding IRAS 23077+6707. Image credit: NASA / ESA / STScI / K. Monsch, CfA / J. DePasquale, STScI.

Protoplanetary disks, rich in dust and gas, form around young stars and serve as primary locations for planet formation.

The disk surrounding IRAS 23077+6707 spans approximately 644 billion km (400 billion miles), making it about 40 times the diameter of our solar system, reaching to the outer Kuiper belt.

This vast disk obscures the star, which scientists suggest could be a massive star or potentially a binary star system.

Not only is this disk the largest known for planet formation, but its unique characteristics also make it exceptionally rare.

“It’s uncommon to capture such fine detail in protoplanetary disks. The new Hubble images suggest that planetary nurseries might be much more dynamic and chaotic than we previously thought,” explained Dr. Christina Monsch, an astronomer at Harvard University and the Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

“Observing this disk nearly head-on reveals its delicate upper layers and asymmetrical features,” she added.

Both the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have glimpsed similar structures, but IRAS 23077+6707 allows for unmatched visibility of its substructure in visible light.

This unique perspective makes it an exceptional laboratory for studying planet formation and the environments in which it occurs.

Edge-on, these disks resemble hamburgers, with bright upper and lower layers of glowing dust and gas, separated by a dark central lane.

In addition to its significant height, the new images reveal that vertical filament-like structures only appear on one side of the disk, indicating an uneven distribution of material.

“We were astonished by how asymmetric this disk appeared,” noted Dr. Joshua Bennett Lovell from the Harvard University & Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.

“Hubble provides us with an exceptional view of the chaotic processes involved in the formation of disks and new planets. This process remains poorly understood, but these insights allow for fresh study opportunities.”

All planetary systems originate from a disk of gas and dust surrounding young stars. Over time, gas is absorbed by the star while planets form from the remaining material.

IRAS 23077+6707 might act as an extended analog to the early Solar System, with an estimated disk mass between 10 to 30 times that of Jupiter, providing sufficient material for multiple gas giant planets.

This and other discoveries make IRAS 23077+6707 an extraordinary case for examining planetary system formation.

“Theoretically, IRAS 23077+6707 could support a vast planetary system,” Dr. Monch stated.

“While planet formation may differ in such expansive conditions, the fundamental processes are likely akin to those in smaller systems.”

“At this point, we have more questions than answers, but these new images serve as a valuable foundation for understanding how planets evolve in diverse environments.”

Findings are set to be published in the Astrophysical Journal and can be accessed here.

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Christina Monche et al. 2025. Hubble reveals the complex multiscale structure of the edge-on protoplanetary disk IRAS 23077+6707. APJ in press. arXiv: 2510.11819

Source: www.sci.news

Ancient DNA Study Uncovers ‘Beach-Headed Woman’ from Southern England: New Insights into Early History

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The skeletal remains of the individual known as ‘Beachy Head Woman’ were rediscovered in 2012 within the collection of Eastbourne Town Hall. Since then, her story has garnered significant public interest. Radiocarbon dating reveals that she lived between 129 and 311 AD during the Roman occupation of Britain. Over the last decade, researchers have sought to uncover her geographic origins and ancestry. Initially believed to originate from sub-Saharan Africa or the Mediterranean, groundbreaking DNA research now indicates she shares strong genetic connections with the local population of Roman-occupied Britain and modern-day Britons.

A depiction of Beachy Head Woman’s face. Image credit: Face Lab, Liverpool John Moores University.

The journey of Beachy Head Woman began with her rediscovery in 2012, although uncertainty still surrounds her life. Radiocarbon dating placed her death between 129 and 311 AD, during the Roman occupation of Britain.

Analysis of her remains suggests she was aged between 18 and 25 at the time of death and stood just over 1.5 meters tall. A healed leg wound implies she endured a serious but non-fatal injury during her life.

Dietary analysis of her bones indicates a high seafood diet, revealing insights into her lifestyle.

“Using advanced DNA technology, we have made significant strides in uncovering the origins of this individual,” stated researcher Dr. William Marsh from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Our findings show that her genetic ancestry is most closely aligned with other individuals from the local population of Roman Britain,” he added.

The Beachy Head Woman’s remains were unearthed from a collection at Eastbourne Town Hall. Initial findings indicated that her skeleton was discovered at Beachy Head, a nearby geographic landmark, during the 1950s, though details of the excavation remain elusive.

Interest in Beachy Head Woman intensified when initial morphometric analyses suggested potential sub-Saharan African origins. This captivating narrative was exhibited at Eastbourne Museum, capturing widespread media attention.

In 2017, unpublished DNA findings implied a Mediterranean origin, possibly from Cyprus, rather than Africa. However, these conclusions are drawn from limited data, leaving many questions about Beachy Head Woman’s life unanswered.

“As our scientific knowledge continues to expand, it is our mission as researchers to seek further answers,” commented Dr. Selina Brace, also from the Natural History Museum in London.

“Thanks to technological advancements over the past decade since Beachy Head Woman’s reemergence, we are thrilled to share new comprehensive data and insights into her life,” she concluded.

For more details, you can refer to the team’s paper published this month in the Archaeology Journal.

_____

Andy Walton et al. Beachy Head Woman: Uncovering her origins using multi-proxy anthropological and biomolecular approaches. Archaeology Journal, published online on December 17, 2025. doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2025.106445

Source: www.sci.news

Unlock Your Creativity: Tips to Enhance Your Life and Well-Being

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Fotografia Inc./Getty Images

To lead longer, healthier, and happier lives, we often hear advice like reducing sugar, exercising, quitting smoking, eating vegetables, taking supplements, managing stress, and getting quality sleep. However, one fun health tip remains overlooked: engaging in the arts.

Recent decades have highlighted the positive impact of creativity on overall health. Global initiatives are integrating arts into healthcare, showing remarkable outcomes: from music reducing the need for sedatives during surgeries to dance programs aiding Parkinson’s patients in walking.

Art isn’t just for illness recovery. Crafting, singing, acting, dancing, reading, writing, and painting promote well-being in our daily lives, regardless of our health concerns. In my upcoming book, Art Cure, I assert these activities qualify as “health behaviors,” akin to exercise, nutrition, and sleep. Discover how to incorporate more art into your life starting in 2026.

As an epidemiologist, analyzing cohort studies is part of my routine. These extensive datasets reveal the long-term benefits of art engagement on various health outcomes, collected from diverse populations worldwide.

The findings are compelling. Regular art participants report greater happiness and life satisfaction. Children engaged in the arts are less likely to face depression as they enter adolescence. Additionally, older adults attending cultural events significantly reduce their risk of developing depression over the next few years, as highlighted in this research: The risk of depression is nearly halved.

You may question whether art engagement impacts health independently from wealth or overall lifestyle. Advanced statistical methods account for such variables, including genetics and early life experiences, ensuring valid results still support the link between art and health.

These benefits extend beyond psychological health; children involved in musical activities develop better social skills as they transition to schooling. Conversely, fewer youths participate in artistic endeavors, increasing the risk of anti-social behavior. Furthermore, seniors attending cultural events have been shown to be 32% less likely to feel lonely after a decade.

Live Events: A Path to Enhanced Creativity

Sean Gardner/Getty Images

The positive outcomes intensify with age. My research team at University College London analyzed data from around 100,000 individuals across 16 countries, finding that hobbies like gardening, baking, sewing, and journaling promote: Self-reported health improvements as we age. Engaging in these activities yields benefits such as enhanced balance, lower pain levels, improved sleep quality, better cognitive function, reduced frailty, and a lower risk of chronic diseases like diabetes. In fact, many studies reveal those involved in the arts could live longer compared to their less-engaged counterparts.

How do these surprising health benefits manifest? Psychological, social, and behavioral factors contribute, but intriguing biological mechanisms are emerging. Studies indicate regular art participants show lower blood pressure, heart rates, cholesterol levels, reduced inflammation, improved immune function, and lower body mass index.

Recent advancements in measuring biological age allow scientists to explore how healthy habits influence our aging process. Research combining data on cardiovascular, respiratory, circulatory health, and gene expression patterns suggests that creatively engaging might keep us biologically younger. Individuals participating in dance, music, or visual arts often demonstrate more youthful brain characteristics.

It’s essential to clarify that engaging with art isn’t a cure-all. Factors like accessibility and misconceptions about its health benefits can limit participation. Nonetheless, evidence consistently indicates that dedicating time to enjoyable, creative activities is a valuable health investment for this year. Furthermore, promoting art is also altruistic; economists suggest that arts activities deliver over £18.6 billion in societal value annually.

“
Artistic activities involving screens often serve as the ultra-processed foods of the art domain.
“

So, how can we all enhance our artistic consumption in 2026? This question is explored throughout my upcoming book, Art Cure, which offers daily strategies for leveraging art to meet your health objectives. Think about art as you do food: don’t binge on it, as quick fixes yield short-lived benefits. Instead, find your equivalent to “5 servings a day” of fruits and vegetables. Dedicate just 10 minutes daily to creative writing or 15 minutes each evening to a craft. Effortlessly swap out activities; trade your dinner date for a live performance, replace gym workouts with dance classes, and read poetry on your commute instead of news articles.

Diversity in your artistic experiences is crucial; explore various creative forms to maximize health benefits. Each unique encounter offers different sensory joys and health advantages. Aim for a moderate level of novelty—something outside your norm but likely enjoyable. Make your artistic engagement genuine rather than virtual; screen-based activities can dilute the essence of art.

Lastly, be a mindful creator. In our fast-paced lives, it’s tempting to think of art as a quick solution. However, art’s beauty lies in its complexity and individuality. These rich and dynamic experiences should be afforded the time they deserve in our lives. Ultimately, art not only enhances our well-being but also evokes feelings of elation and upliftment, proving it is undeniably good for us.

This article is part of a series on simple changes you can implement to enhance your health in the coming year.
Read the full series here

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Alpine Communities Confront Uncertain Future Following 2025 Glacier Collapse

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Bratten, Switzerland: Landslide Devastation in May 2025

Alexandre Agrusti/AFP via Getty Images

Landslide in Bratten, Switzerland — Bratten, Switzerland: Landslide Devastation in May 2025

Alexandre Agrusti/AFP via Getty Images

In May 2025, the picturesque village of Bratten in the Swiss Alps was tragically destroyed by a massive glacier collapse. Thanks to meticulous monitoring, nearly all residents were safely evacuated.

The initial warning signs emerged on May 14, when the Swiss avalanche warning service reported a minor rockfall in the area. Trained observers, who typically have other full-time roles, were on alert for signs of potential danger.

Detailed investigations followed, utilizing images from cameras installed on the glacier after a previous avalanche in the 1990s. “The angles provided crucial insights into shifts in the mountain,” explained Mylène Jacquemart from ETH Zurich, Switzerland.

On May 18 and 19, 300 residents were evacuated, but one individual, a 64-year-old man, resisted leaving his home.

On May 28, the situation escalated as the glacier suffered a catastrophic collapse. “This was an enormous rock avalanche,” Jacquemart stated.

The glacier had accumulated debris from previous years, and when a rockfall occurred, it triggered the collapse of 3 million cubic meters of ice, along with 6 million cubic meters of rock, ravaging a significant portion of the village. Regrettably, the man who opted to remain was killed.

Contrary to some media reports suggesting advanced surveillance technology monitored the glacier, Jacquemart clarified, “The observer’s office didn’t have an elaborate alarm system; a simple red light indicated a problem.”

However, Jacquemart emphasized that Switzerland’s monitoring system ensures effective communication and distinct accountability regarding evacuation decisions.

Satellite Image of the Landslide Area on May 30

European Union, Copernicus Sentinel 2 imagery

What contributed to this disaster? The likelihood of rockfalls exacerbated by climate change is a pressing concern. As global warming causes Alpine glaciers to retreat, the incidence of rockfalls is on the rise. Switzerland’s average temperature has increased by nearly 3 degrees since the pre-industrial era, resulting in melting permafrost that allows water to infiltrate cracks in the rocks.

“There’s a clear connection between climate change and the increase in rockfalls,” Jacquemart remarks. “Dramatic transformations are occurring in high-altitude regions, and the consequences are alarming.”

Yet, Jacquemart advises against attributing the Bratten tragedy solely to recent warming phenomena. The slow geological adjustment to post-Ice Age conditions could also be a factor, she notes.

The immediate future remains unclear for Bratten’s residents. Local authorities declared that the village cannot be reconstructed on unstable ground. Plans are underway for rebuilding, but the area remains susceptible to further landslides, and establishing protective measures demands significant financial resources.

“Communities in mountainous regions worldwide, from the Alps to the Andes and the Himalayas, face increasing threats from the intensity and frequency of mountain-related disasters,” stated Kamal Kishore, United Nations Secretary-General for Disaster Risk Reduction, in a recent statement. “Their livelihoods, cultural heritage, and way of life are under severe threat.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Long He Abstains: The Impact of Male Ejaculation Timing on IVF Success

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

How Simple Interventions Boost IVF Success Rates

Christoph Burgstedt/Science Photo Library

Men are encouraged to ejaculate within 48 hours prior to IVF egg retrieval to enhance their chances of achieving a viable pregnancy. This recommendation comes from the first clinical trial exploring the effects of varying ejaculation intervals on fertility treatment outcomes.

During the final stages of an IVF cycle, a woman receives a “trigger” injection that matures the developing egg. This crucial injection occurs 36 hours before the eggs are harvested and fertilized.

For optimal sperm health during fertilization, men are often advised to ejaculate between two to seven days before providing their sperm sample for IVF. According to Dr. David Miller from the University of Leeds, who was not involved in the study, “There is an ideal timeframe for ejaculation when sperm quality peaks.”

This two-to-seven-day range is quite broad. Prolonged storage of sperm in the testes exposes them to various environmental toxins, particularly free oxygen radicals from metabolic processes and pollution. This exposure can lead to DNA damage and deterioration of sperm quality, warns Dr. Richard Paulson, also not involved in the trial. Conversely, too short a period between ejaculations may decrease sperm count.

Until now, solid clinical evidence supporting the idea that shorter intervals between ejaculations improve pregnancy outcomes has been lacking, though some studies hint at this. For instance, a 2024 meta-analysis observed that ejaculating less than four days apart correlated with improved semen quality in infertile men. Moreover, another study indicated that intervals under four hours resulted in lesser DNA-damaged sperm and enhanced sperm motility.

To investigate this concept further, Professor Yang Yu from the First Hospital of Jilin University in Changchun, China, conducted a study with 453 men undergoing conventional IVF. One group ejaculated roughly 36 hours prior to the final sperm sample, while another group ejaculated between 48 hours and seven days before.

Results revealed that the ongoing pregnancy rate was significantly higher in the short abstinence group: 46% versus 36% in the longer abstinence group. “While these findings are encouraging, it’s essential to note that they don’t completely represent ultimate treatment outcomes such as live birth rates,” Miller states. Nonetheless, the shorter abstinence group exhibited lower miscarriage rates, suggesting a potential for more live births.

Professor Paulson highlighted that the study provided intriguing insights but also noted its weaknesses, including the inclusion of both fresh and frozen embryos. IVF success rates can vary significantly between these two types. He also pointed out that the data showed a fertility decline in the short abstinence group while simultaneously seeing an increase in ongoing pregnancies. This suggests that fewer couples conceived, but those who did were more likely to continue past 12 weeks, warranting more detailed analysis. “Extraordinary claims necessitate extraordinary evidence that meticulously accounts for all potential variables,” he commented.

Future studies may also disclose whether more frequent ejaculation improves pregnancy outcomes for couples not undergoing IVF. “This trial offers strong evidence that shorter periods of abstinence contribute to better sperm quality,” asserts Dr. Jackson Kirkman-Brown from the University of Birmingham, UK.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Lab-Grown Lichens Could Revolutionize Habitat Construction on Mars

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Synthesized lichen that shines bright blue under ultraviolet light.

As I explore the fascinating world of lichens, I often find myself captivated by their unique growths on tree branches, rocky outcrops, and gravestones. Although I have encountered numerous lichens during my research on symbiosis, discovering them in a laboratory flask swirling in an incubator was a novel experience. Recently, I’ve begun to contemplate the insights lichens can provide, not just about our past but about the potential for our future.

The green liquid in the incubator may not resemble typical lichen, as this is actually a synthetic alternative. According to Rodrigo Ledesma Amaro, director at the Bezos Center for Sustainable Protein, this co-culture comprises fungi (yeast) and cyanobacteria. Much like natural lichens, the fungal component acts as a structural host while cyanobacteria leverage sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create sugars during photosynthesis.

What drives the creation of such “potion”? As Ledesma-Amaro explains, genetically edited yeast can produce useful products—food, fuels, and medications—which can be created sustainably through photosynthesis. Today’s synthetic lichens present exciting opportunities within the biotechnology sector. They hold potential for repairing infrastructures, mitigating climate change, and even crafting habitats on Mars.

“Synthetic lichens replicate the symbiotic nature of natural lichens but grow significantly faster,” says Ledesma-Amaro. Their use of yeast facilitates large-scale production of valuable compounds, like caryophyllene—a vital ingredient in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and fuel. Notably, alternative synthetic lichens could be engineered for carbon capture and storage, while ongoing research pursues their use in revitalizing aging concrete structures worldwide. The future application of lichens could even extend beyond Earth, with NASA exploring ways to cultivate engineered lichens on the Moon and Mars for building purposes.

The Science of Symbiosis

Though unassuming, lichens exemplify the essence of symbiosis, where diverse species coexist harmoniously. Typically, lichens consist of fungal partners that host photobionts—algae or bacteria—that produce food through photosynthesis while the fungus shelters them. This arrangement enables lichens to thrive in extreme conditions, fostering scientific interest in creating synthetic counterparts.

Lichens demonstrate two key benefits: their interdependent nature allows them to accomplish more together than individually, and their resilience enables survival in harsh environments. In some regions like Svalbard, where around 700 lichen species exist, they tolerate frigid temperatures, salinity, and other extreme conditions. Curious scientists continue to explore how these organisms endure aridity and temperature fluctuations.

Lichens represent a fascinating life form sustained through a symbiotic relationship.

Jose B. Luis/naturepl.com

Researchers propose that lichen resilience stems from biomolecules formed by filamentous fungi, which provide protection to the entire community. Moreover, their slow growth allows them to persist with minimal resources. Together, these qualities offer lichens unique advantages over single-species organisms.

Space Lichens: The Future of Exploration

These attributes have sparked interest from NASA due to lichens’ ability to withstand simulated and real space conditions. For instance, lichens like Cirquinaria girosa survived outside the International Space Station for over 18 months. Their capacity for growth within rocks and survival in space conditions has intrigued scientists and advocates alike.

Kongrui Jin, a biomaterials engineer at Texas A&M University, recognizes the potential of lichens in future space habitats. Proposals for extraterrestrial homes often use inflatable structures, reducing the need to transport materials from Earth. However, opportunities exist to produce building materials directly from Martian regolith using lichen-based solutions.

Lichens have survived in space, proving their resilience and adaptability.

ESA

“We aim to merge these fungi with photosynthetic species like cyanobacteria,” Jin elaborates. “This combination can convert sunlight into organic nutrients while binding Martian soil particles into cohesive structures.” The biomaterials produced could be utilized with 3D printing technology for constructing habitats.

Jin’s research illustrates the potential of lichens in transforming Martian regolith into conducive building materials. They also offer routes toward producing biominerals and biopolymers, leading some futurists to envision them as key players in terraforming Mars. Yet even without strict planetary protection measures, lichens will need shielding from the harsh Martian surface conditions to flourish.

The Future of Architecture with Lichens

While colonizing other planets remains a distant goal, the application of lichens offers immediate benefits on Earth. They can aid in bundling rubble for construction, notably in rebuilding after natural or human-made disasters. Furthermore, incorporating methods that sequester carbon in concrete production could significantly lessen its environmental impact.

Jin and her colleagues successfully demonstrated that integrating lichen-based combinations of fungi and cyanobacteria can grow in concrete, precipitating calcium carbonate to repair structural cracks efficiently. “This method shows much higher survival rates compared to other microbes in challenging conditions,” she states. These synthetic lichens can extract nitrogen from the air, negating the need for external nutrient supplementation.

Meanwhile, Khakhar is exploring ways to enhance lichen growth by selecting and modifying fast-growing microorganisms. His lab is developing synthetic lichens similar to Jin’s, paving the way for sustainable production of building materials through biomanufacturing, termed “mycomaterials.”

My journey into the world of symbiosis reveals that lichens embody complex ecosystems—a vivid lesson in interdependence and their futuristic potential in shaping our materials. The next time you encounter a lichen adorning a tree or tombstone, take a moment to reflect on the incredible possibilities these organisms hold for our future.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Stunning Space Photos of 2025: From Supernovae to Moon Landings

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Exploring Supernova Remnant SNR 0509-67.5 with the VLT

Credit: ESO/P. Das et al. Background stars (Hubble): K. Noll et al.

Supernova remnant SNR 0509-67.5 — Exploring Supernova Remnant SNR 0509-67.5 with the VLT

Credit: ESO/P. Das et al. Background stars (Hubble): K. Noll et al.

Researchers captured a stunning two-tone sphere, evidence of a rare double-massive explosion, using the European Southern Observatory’s Very Large Telescope in Chile.

Astronomers from the University of New South Wales in Australia theorize that this magnificent gas and dust formation emerged when a white dwarf star, once akin to our sun, absorbed helium from a companion star and detonated. The initial explosion transpired approximately 300 years ago, potentially dazzling the Southern Hemisphere night sky, if not for the Sun’s obstruction from Earth.

Dramatic Explosion of SpaceX’s Starship

Photo by: James Temple

This year has been pivotal for SpaceX as CEO Elon Musk aims to send astronauts to Mars with the company’s Starship, the world’s largest and most powerful rocket. After a successful orbital test flight in August, three previous launches ended in catastrophic explosions, referred to by SpaceX as “unplanned rapid disintegration.” James Temple captured the spectacular display of flames during Starship’s seventh unsuccessful attempt in January.

SpaceX’s Dragon Spacecraft After Splashdown

Credit: NASA/Keegan Barber

Aside from its Starship endeavors, SpaceX made strides this year by successfully ferrying astronauts to and from the International Space Station (ISS), stepping in for NASA’s unready rockets. The stunning photograph captures the moment when SpaceX’s Dragon capsule splashed down near a pod of dolphins, carrying two astronauts who had spent nine months aboard the ISS after the Boeing Starliner spacecraft was rendered unsafe for return.

Historic Lunar Photos by Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost Lander

Credit: Firefly Aerospace

In March, Firefly Aerospace’s Blue Ghost lander made history as the second commercial spacecraft to successfully land on the moon and the first to do so in an upright position, after previously tipping over. After a 45-day journey, it settled in the smooth volcanic terrain of Mare Crisium, capturing a selfie of its shadow against the sunlight, with Earth appearing as a distant dot.

Spectacular View of the Trifid and Lagoon Nebulae

Credit: NSF-DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory

The newly operational Vera C. Rubin Observatory, one of the most advanced telescopes in the world, will conduct daily scans of the night sky for the next decade. One of its early images depicts the Trifid Nebula, a stellar nursery located about 5,000 light-years away, visible as a pink and blue cloud in the upper right corner, contrasted by the Lagoon Nebula—another stellar formation situated 4,000 light-years from Earth. This breathtaking image was compiled from 678 individual snapshots taken during a seven-hour session.

Stunning Composite of September’s Lunar Eclipse Over Tokyo

Credit: Kyodo News (via Getty Images)

The astronomical community eagerly anticipated September’s lunar eclipse, where the moon traverses through the Earth’s shadow, adopting a distinctive red hue similar to sunsets. This striking composite visual captures the moon’s transition as it soared across the Tokyo skyline.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Europa’s Thick Ice May Obstruct the Hunt for Ocean Life

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Europa’s Ice: A Thick Shell Over a Salty Ocean

Claudio Caridi / Alamy

Europa, one of Jupiter’s intriguing moons, features a liquid ocean possibly encased beneath a thick layer of ice, estimated to be six times the depth of Antarctica’s icy crust, complicating our efforts to detect any potential lifeforms.

This moon is a leading candidate in the search for extraterrestrial life, primarily due to its significant volume of liquid water.

Previously, estimates regarding the thickness of Europa’s ice have varied dramatically—ranging from under 10 kilometers to nearly 50 kilometers. Researchers initially believed certain defects in the ice might permit nutrient exchange between the surface and the ocean below.

Now, a research team, led by Stephen Levin from the California Institute of Technology, has analyzed data collected by the Juno spacecraft, which has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016.

On September 29, 2022, Juno came within 360 kilometers of Europa, utilizing its microwave radiometer to scan the surface and perform the first direct measurements of the ice layer. Levin noted that this instrument assessed the heat emitted by Europa’s icy exterior, enabling the measurement of ice temperatures at various depths and detecting temperature fluctuations resulting from imperfections in the ice sheet.

The researchers estimate that the most accurate thickness of the ice sheet is approximately 29 kilometers, aligning with the higher range of previous estimates while presenting a possible thickness that could range from 19 kilometers to 39 kilometers.

Crucially, their findings indicate that the fissures, pores, and other imperfections likely extend only a few hundred meters beneath the surface, with pore diameters measuring only a few centimeters.

“This indicates that the observed defects in the microwave radiometers are insufficiently deep or expansive to facilitate significant nutrient transport between the ocean and the surface,” asserts Levin.

Nonetheless, this does not diminish the potential for life on Europa. Levin further explains, “Though the observed pores and cracks are too minute and shallow to transport nutrients, alternative transportation mechanisms may exist.”

There may also be unexplored regions of the moon where conditions differ, he adds.

Researchers including Ben Montet from the University of New South Wales in Sydney, express concerns that the ice thickness could hinder life’s search. “While this protection may sustain life for extended durations, it complicates our ability to penetrate the ice and study the ocean beneath,” he notes.

He argues that life could exist without a direct link between Europa’s surface and its subterranean ocean, though such a connection would enhance the chances of discovering life. Helen Maynard-Casley of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Agency emphasizes that without that transport link, “you’re essentially confined to whatever was in the ocean initially.”

NASA has plans to launch the Europa Clipper spacecraft in 2024, aiming to embark on its mission to Jupiter’s moons in 2030. This spacecraft is expected to provide clearer insights into Europa’s icy layer, according to Maynard-Casley.

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England

Join leading scientists for an engaging weekend as you unravel the mysteries of the universe alongside a tour of the legendary Lovell Telescope.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Breakthrough Gene Therapy for Huntington’s Disease Demonstrates Promising Results in 2025

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Huntington’s Disease: A Gradual Destruction of Brain Cells.

Science Photo Library/Alamy

This year marks a watershed moment in addressing Huntington’s disease, a rare yet impactful form of dementia. Researchers have achieved a groundbreaking milestone with an experimental gene therapy that effectively slows the advancement of this debilitating condition for the first time ever. This represents a significant breakthrough in the search for viable treatments.

According to Sarah Tabrizi from University College London, “This is a monumental step forward,” referencing the successes observed in late-stage trials earlier this year. “We now understand that Huntington’s disease is potentially treatable, presenting us with a tremendous opportunity.”

Huntington’s disease stems from a genetic mutation that causes the normally benign huntingtin protein to cluster into harmful aggregates within the brain. This accumulation leads to gradual deterioration of brain cells, hindering movement, cognitive function, and emotional well-being. Currently, no approved treatments halt the progression of symptoms, and care primarily focuses on supporting affected individuals.

The novel treatment, dubbed AMT-130, directly targets these abnormal proteins by delivering genetic instructions to brain cells, instructing them to produce molecules that inhibit protein formation.

In a recent investigation, Tabrizi and her team administered high doses of AMT-130 to 17 patients with Huntington’s disease. They evaluated changes in cognitive, motor, and daily functioning over a three-year period compared to a control group. Preliminary results released by the drug’s manufacturer, biotechnology firm uniQure, indicate a remarkable 75% average slowdown in symptom progression.

“Huntington’s disease treatment has faced numerous challenges in recent years,” stated Sarah O’Shea at Mount Sinai in New York, who was not involved in the study. “This accomplishment is significant, not just in delaying the disease’s progression but also because it arrives at a crucial time when hope is desperately needed.”

Nevertheless, this innovative treatment does come with its own set of challenges. Tabrizi explained that the 12- to 18-hour surgical procedure required to deliver the treatment deep within the brain is only accessible in a limited number of facilities in select countries, including the U.S. and U.K. Additionally, if approved, the treatment is likely to be prohibitively expensive. “Will it be accessible to all? Achieving that will be a challenge,” she remarked.

To navigate these hurdles, Tabrizi and her team are developing an alternative therapy that involves injecting the fluid around the spinal cord. “We’re currently conducting a Phase I study, and the first patient was treated in November 2024,” Tabrizi noted, with safety results expected by July 2026.

Meanwhile, uniQure’s executives revealed in September plans to submit AMT-130 for FDA approval in early 2026. However, the submission timeline is now uncertain, as the FDA has expressed concerns regarding the study plan and the control group, which consists of *non-treatment* patients drawn from a database.

The absence of a proper control group complicates the ability to discern the placebo effect on results. Still, given the surgical nature of the treatment, establishing such a group poses significant challenges.

“We firmly believe that AMT-130 holds substantial potential to benefit patients and are dedicated to collaborating with the FDA to expedite access to this treatment for families in need across the U.S.,” stated Matt Kapusta, CEO of uniQure.

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2025 News Review

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Warn: Cannabis Reclassification Could Unlock Vast Research Opportunities

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A long-awaited change in drug policy could pave the way for scientists to explore the benefits and risks of marijuana, the most widely used federally prohibited substance.

On Thursday, President Donald Trump signed an executive order aimed at reclassifying marijuana from a Schedule I substance to a Schedule III substance, a move initiated during the Biden administration.

“Decades of federal drug control policy have overlooked the medical applications of marijuana,” states the order. “This oversight hampers scientists and manufacturers in conducting essential safety and efficacy studies to inform healthcare providers and patients.”

This reclassification is expected to enhance research into medical marijuana, without federally legalizing the substance. However, marijuana use in the U.S. is rising significantly. Gallup data suggests that 15% of adults may smoke marijuana in 2023 and 2024, an increase from 7% in 2013.

The poll did not differentiate between medical and recreational use, revealing the highest usage (19%) among 18- to 34-year-olds—an age group that has exhibited concerning psychological side effects from cannabis use. A recent study published in the journal Pediatrics indicated that even infrequent use was linked to increased psychological distress and lower academic performance in teens.

Medical marijuana is often prescribed for chronic pain relief, to manage nausea and vomiting in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and to stimulate appetite in individuals with specific medical conditions. It remains uncertain how rescheduling cannabis will impact funding for recreational cannabis research.

Scientists like Ziva Cooper are hopeful that reclassification will transform public health through in-depth marijuana research.

“Studying cannabis, also known as marijuana, for both its therapeutic and side effects has been very challenging,” said Cooper, director of the Center for Cannabis and Cannabinoids at UCLA. “The rapid evolution of this industry often outpaces consumer behavior and research developments.”

“It’s challenging to study, and as a scientist committed to public health, it’s tough to keep up with the shifting landscape.”

Schedule I is the most restrictive category within U.S. drug scheduling recognized by the Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA), applying to substances with “no currently accepted medical use and high abuse potential,” such as ecstasy and heroin. Schedule III substances, which include ketamine and anabolic steroids, are classified as having a “moderate to low potential for physical and psychological dependence.”

Even in cannabis-friendly regions, Cooper acknowledges that he faces similar research obstacles as those in states like Idaho, where cannabis use is prohibited.

“Researchers are unable to test readily available products; they can only inquire about basic characteristics of the cannabis available at compounding pharmacies visible from their lab,” Cooper said. “This creates limitations on sourcing the cannabis for research.”

Need for Thorough Research on Marijuana’s Benefits and Risks

Last year, the National Institutes of Health allocated $75 million for cannabinoid research, a slight increase from $70 million in 2023. Moreover, $217 million was directed towards cannabinoid studies, with $53 million specifically for cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive cannabinoid.

Dr. Brooke Wurster, medical director of the master’s in medical cannabis science and business program at Thomas Jefferson University, pointed out that bureaucratic challenges often confine cannabis research to observational studies rather than the rigorous clinical trials required for pharmaceuticals, resulting in mixed findings.

For instance, a study published in 2024 in the journal Current Alzheimer’s Research found a 96% reduced risk of subjective cognitive decline among recreational cannabis users aged 45 and older compared to non-users. In contrast, 2025 research in the JAMA Network Open indicated that heavy cannabis users aged 22-36 exhibited memory impairments.

A recent study in Biomedicine suggested cannabinoids as a “promising” alternative for opioid use in chronic pain management, emphasizing an urgent need for large-scale randomized controlled trials. Meanwhile, a study last year found that JAMA Network Open reported increased medical visits for cannabis-related disorders among older Medicare beneficiaries from 2017 to 2022.

The reclassification will enable researchers to examine and prepare specific marijuana formulations, Wurster noted. Even in states with medical cannabis programs, cannabis quality and potency can vary significantly across dispensaries.

“We can comprehensively monitor immediate symptoms, blood levels, and long-term effects,” she explained. “All the essential elements required for drug research mandated by the federal government.”

While cannabis has medical benefits for some individuals, Jonathan Caulkins, H. Guyford Steever Professor of Operations Research and Public Policy at Carnegie Mellon University, cautioned that administrative barriers alone do not account for cannabis not being a “miracle cure” for conditions like cancer and Alzheimer’s.

“Studies conducted in countries like Canada, France, and Israel are not under the same restrictions,” Caulkins stated. “We should not assume U.S. law is the sole reason cannabis hasn’t emerged as a definitive treatment option.”

Wurster emphasized that these changes bring new responsibilities for the medical community, as smoked and inhaled products may not be safe for all individuals.

“We still need to comprehend the best methods for delivering appropriate medications and guidance to the right patients,” she cautioned. “Available products are frequently unregulated and present significant mental health risks, particularly among young users, as well as cardiovascular concerns, necessitating greater caution.”

A Major Shift in Cannabis Policy After 55 Years

The regulatory barriers that researchers face have roots extending back over fifty years. Under the Nixon administration, the Controlled Substances Act of 1970 categorized marijuana as a Schedule I drug.

Almost six decades later, much regarding marijuana’s medicinal potential remains undiscovered. Currently, from a legal standpoint, it is viewed merely as a substance of abuse, Wurster noted.

Susan Ferguson, director of the Institute on Addiction, Drugs and Alcohol at the University of Washington School of Medicine, anticipates that obtaining cannabis research licenses will soon become easier for scientists. Presently, researchers can broadly license drugs classified from Schedule II to V, while those exploring Schedule I substances must secure individual licenses for each.

“This necessitates a detailed written protocol,” she explained. “It involves DEA personnel visiting to review research and experimental strategies, which complicates the process considerably.”

Ferguson believes that reclassifying marijuana would “open the floodgates” for clinical research. Participants may be more willing to engage in Schedule III studies than in those involving Schedule I drugs.

Ferguson compared cannabis to alcohol and tobacco, which, although common, are not benign. Due to medical research, their risks are well documented.

“We have yet to conduct that level of research on cannabis,” Ferguson concluded. “Ultimately, we aim to inform people more comprehensively about the risks and benefits associated with its use.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Massive Jellyfish Larger Than a Bus Discovered in Shallow Waters: What You Need to Know

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Imagine a colossal deep-sea predator in the ocean’s depths. It’s likely there’s a giant squid nearby, perhaps being pursued by an even larger sperm whale.

Yet, numerous enigmatic giant hunters roam the dark abyss, many still shrouded in mystery from science. Meet the Stydiomedusa gigantea, a name derived from Greek that means “giant jellyfish of the underworld.”

This impressive jellyfish is typically a deep crimson shade, showcasing smooth, rounded bells (or “caps”) that exceed 1 meter (3 ft) in diameter, adorned with a wavy margin.

Four ribbon-like arms extend back up to 10 meters (33 feet). To visualize, if one of these jellies were resting in a London double-decker bus, it could easily tap the driver on the shoulder.

The giant phantom jellyfish belongs to the Urumidae family, which also includes more common species like the moon jellyfish.

A giant phantom jellyfish was captured in the Bellingshausen Sea off Antarctica in February 2025 – Photo credit: ROV SuBastian / Schmidt Ocean Institute

Unlike its relatives, the phantom jellyfish is devoid of stinging cells needed to paralyze prey. Instead, it relies on its long arms to capture small fish and zooplankton, guiding them into its mouth.

Specimens of the giant phantom jellyfish were first collected in the late 19th century, and the species received its official name in 1910.

Despite its size, only about 100 encounters with the phantom jellyfish have been documented over the years.

Rare sightings have occurred globally, spanning the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, and Southern Oceans, primarily at extreme depths where they might roam over 6 km (4 miles) below the surface.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9bzQYKm3xTA" title="Giant Phantom Jellyfish Video

In 2025, researchers from the Schmidt Ocean Institute aboard the R/V Falcor were exploring the Southern Ocean following the recent calving of a giant iceberg, unveiling vast ocean regions previously inaccessible to scientists.

Using remotely operated vehicles like the Subastian, they uncovered a thriving ecosystem beneath the ice, teeming with animals such as octopuses and giant sea spiders.

They also captured stunning footage of giant phantom jellyfish gracefully floating in the water.

Interestingly, many of these elusive jellyfish are spotted by tourists rather than researchers. Luxury Antarctic cruise ships often come equipped with personal deep submersibles, allowing vacationers to venture beneath the waves.

Fortunate passengers have encountered giant phantom jellyfish, leaving behind ghostly footage on their smartphones as they resurface.

Scientific studies published in 2023 documented sightings primarily occurring near the West Antarctic Peninsula at depths ranging from 80 to 280 meters (262 to 918 ft).

For context, that’s roughly the height between Big Ben and the Empire State Building.

The reason these giant phantom jellies venture so close to the surface of Antarctica’s frigid waters remains an unsolved puzzle.

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Stunning Close-Up of Arp 4 Captured by Hubble Space Telescope

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Discover the latest stunning image captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, showcasing Arp 4, an intriguing visual pair of galaxies located in the constellation Cetus.

The Hubble image captures the galaxy pair Arp 4. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / J. Dalcanton, Dark Energy Survey / DOE / FNAL / DECam / CTIO / NOIRLab / NSF / AURA.

For more details, explore Arp 4, which features the bright spiral galaxy MCG-02-05-050a alongside the larger spiral galaxy MCG-02-05-050.

Located within the constellation Cetus, this galaxy pair was first discovered by Dutch-Canadian astronomer Sidney van den Bergh in 1959.

Arp 4 stands as the fourth entry in Halton Arp’s Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies and belongs to the section focusing on “Galaxies with Low Surface Brightness.”

“The term ‘Arp 4’ derives from the Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies compiled by astronomer Halton Arp during the 1960s,” Hubble astronomers explained.

“These ‘unusual galaxies’ were chosen for photography to illustrate their distinct and non-standard shapes, providing insights into galaxy evolution.”

Hubble’s mission has transformed our understanding of galaxies, revealing captivating examples from Arp’s Atlas, including Arp 4.

The initial galaxies in this catalog, including Arp 4, exhibit low surface brightness, rendering them faint and challenging to observe.

“The larger galaxy, cataloged as MCG-02-05-050, features fragmented arms and a dim disk, perfectly fitting this description,” the astronomers noted.

“In contrast, its smaller counterpart, MCG-02-05-050a, is considerably brighter and more dynamic as a spiral galaxy.”

“Crucially, these galaxies are not in close proximity,” the researchers emphasized.

“The prominent blue galaxy, MCG-02-05-050, lies 65 million light-years from Earth.”

“Meanwhile, the brighter, smaller galaxy MCG-02-05-050a is positioned at an impressive 675 million light-years, over ten times farther away.”

This positioning likely suggests that MCG-02-05-050a is the more substantial of the two, while MCG-02-05-050 is relatively smaller.

“This visual pairing is simply an unlikely coincidence,” the astronomers added.

“Despite the absence of a physical connection, we can enjoy the unique sight of Arp 4 as an enthralling duo adorning our night sky.”

Source: www.sci.news

New Bird Species Discovered in Papua New Guinea: A Breakthrough in Avian Research

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Ornithologists have utilized camera traps to document a newly identified species of jewel bubbler in the lush karst forests of Papua New Guinea’s Southern Fold Mountains.

Camera trap images showcasing the holotype and two paratypes of Ptilorrhoa urrissia taken during a detailed 3-month sampling in a high-density array over 0.5 ha. The holotype (ac, marked ‘h’ in image a) and a paratype (a and d, marked ‘p’ in image a), an adult female and juvenile with female-type plumage, were photographed together on January 1, 2020. The shown image is from a sequence of 20 photos captured within 87 seconds. A putative adult male paratype (e) was photographed on March 8, 2020, from under 40 meters. Image credit: Woxvold et al., doi: 10.1111/ibi.70016.

The newly identified species falls under the genus Ptilorrhoa, known for small birds in the family Cinclosomatidae.

Commonly referred to as jewel bubblers, these unique birds are endemic to New Guinea.

According to Ian Wachsvold, an ornithologist with the Australian Museum Research Institute, “Jewel bubblers are a group of ground-dwelling, insectivorous passerines found exclusively in New Guinea and nearby land-bridge islands.”

“These birds are characterized by their plump bodies, short wings, black masks, and white throat or cheek patches, with many species having soft feathers adorned with blue or maroon markings.”

“Typically vocal but shy, they dwell deep within the forests, making them more often heard than seen.”

“Currently, there are four recognized species, with three found across much of New Guinea, differentiated mainly by their altitude – Ptilorrhoa caerulescens lives in lowland areas, while Ptilorrhoa castanonota resides in hills and low mountains; Ptilorrhoa leucosticta prefers dense forests.”

“The fourth species, the brown-headed jewel bubbler (Ptilorrhoa geislerorum), has been recorded in two geographically separated regions: the hills and lowlands of northeastern Papua New Guinea, and a recently discovered population presumed to be this species located far west of Yapen Island.”

In 2017, Dr. Wachsvold and Leo Regula from Lihir Gold Ltd. initiated a biennial camera trap monitoring program for ground-dwelling birds and mammals on the Igif Ridge (Uri [mount] Uricia in the local Fasu language), a limestone forested anticline situated on the southeastern fringe of the Agogo Mountains in the Southern Highlands Province of Papua New Guinea.

Throughout this research, distinctive, undescribed jewel bubblers were captured on camera.

“During over 1,800 camera days, we recorded 10 images of the bird across three sequences (trigger events) using two cameras set approximately 600 meters apart,” the researchers noted.

“In November 2018, we attempted to set up mist nets to capture these birds but were unsuccessful.”

“Camera trap surveillance was repeated in 2019, 2021, and 2024, accumulating a total of 94 photographs (22 sequences) and seven 30-second videos (4 sequences) featuring at least three to six birds, with 11 cameras monitoring an area of 16 hectares.”

Analysis of museum specimens alongside field photographic evidence confirms that the bird in question distinctly differs from other known Ptilorrhoa species.

Pyroroa urrissia),” they stated.

Pyroroa urrissia appears to be a resident species in the Yagif Ridge area, with birds photographed consistently over a span of ten consecutive months (June through March) across seven years.

The total number of newly detected species during the sampling period probably comprises fewer than ten birds.

“This species tends to be observed alone, in pairs, or in small family groups of three to four,” the researchers highlighted.

“Data indicates a similar social organization to other jewel bubblers worldwide. The Pyroroa urrissia duo is frequently photographed together, with most records (all but 3 sequences of one male) gathered from a 7 ha area; most likely indicating two breeding events involving a resident pair and their offspring.”

“We hypothesize that the Igif Ridge supports a fragmented population occupying an isolated low mountain lacking higher altitude support for Ptilorrhoa leucosticta,” they add.

“Potentially suitable habitats may be restricted to regions between Mt Bosabi and Mt Karimui in southern Papua New Guinea.”

To date, no songs have been distinctly attributed to any Ptilorrhoa species aside from Ptilorrhoa castanonota, although the team did encounter vocalizations on the Igif Ridge.

The new species appears to produce softer calls compared to other species such as Ptilorrhoa caerulescens and Ptilorrhoa castanonota, while showing behavioral similarities to Ptilorrhoa leucosticta.

“Jewel bubblers on the Igif Ridge are threatened by multiple factors,” scientists warn.

“Known native predators include at least three marsupials, such as the New Guinea quoll (Dasyrus albopuntatus), the woolly three-striped dasher (Myoichthys leucula), and certain Murexia species. Furthermore, the Papuan eagle (Harpyopsis novaeguineae), goshawk (Accipiter poliocephalus), and the great owl (Tito tenebricosa) prey on the ground, possibly targeting adult birds or their young.”

“Invasive predators represent an additional significant risk, especially for ground-nesting species like the jewel bubbler.”

“Domestic cats (Felis catus) have been photographed on Igif Ridge thrice in 2021 and 2024.”

“Dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are frequently spotted in the area, often accompanying hunters or loitering opportunistically.”

“Lastly, climate change poses a severe threat to tropical montane birds, particularly those like Pyroroa urrissia that have limited dispersal capabilities and no access to high-altitude environments on Igif Ridge.”

The findings of this significant discovery were published in a study in the journal Toki on November 26, 2025.

_____

Ian A. Wachsvold et al. A newly identified species of jewel bubbler (Cinclosomatidae: Ptilorrhoa) from Papua New Guinea’s Southern Fold Mountains. Toki, published online November 26, 2025. doi: 10.1111/ibi.70016

Source: www.sci.news

Scientists Uncover 1.4 Billion-Year-Old Salt Crystals with Ancient Bubbles

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

In a groundbreaking study, researchers uncovered ancient gases and fluids trapped within 1.4 billion-year-old rock salt crystals in northern Ontario, Canada. Their analysis reveals that oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations during the Mesoproterozoic Era (1.8 billion to 800 million years ago) were suppressed to just 3.7% of current levels, while carbon dioxide was found to be ten times pre-industrial levels. These findings indicate a period of climatic stability, suggesting atmospheric oxygen levels temporarily exceeded the needs of early animals long before their emergence.

Examples of primary halite, mixed halite, and secondary halite rock inclusion aggregates. Image credit: Park et al., doi: 10.1073/pnas.2513030122.

Scientists have long recognized that liquid inclusions within rock salt crystals preserve samples of Earth’s primordial atmosphere.

However, accurately measuring these inclusions has presented significant challenges. These inclusions encompass both air bubbles and saline water, with gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide interacting differently in liquids compared to air.

“It’s astonishing to crack open a sample of air that is over a billion years older than the dinosaurs,” said Justin Park, a graduate student at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

“Our carbon dioxide measurements are unprecedented,” stated Morgan Schaller, a professor at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.

“For the first time, we can trace this era of Earth’s history with remarkable precision. These are authentic samples of ancient air.”

Measurements indicate that Mesoproterozoic atmospheric oxygen levels sat at 3.7%, mirroring today’s levels. This high oxygen concentration was sufficient to support the existence of complex multicellular life, which would not arise for hundreds of millions of years.

Conversely, carbon dioxide was found to be ten times more abundant than present levels, effectively counterbalancing the “weak young sun” and fostering the climate conditions seen today.

One pivotal question arises: if oxygen levels were adequate for animal life, why did evolution take so long?

“This sample represents a snapshot in geological time,” Park explained.

“It may reflect a brief oxygenation event during this lengthy period, humorously dubbed the ‘billion boring years.'”

“This era in Earth’s history was marked by low oxygen levels, geological stability, and minimal evolutionary change.”

“Despite its moniker, direct observational data from this time is crucial for understanding the emergence of complex life and the evolution of our atmosphere.”

Prior indirect estimates suggested low carbon dioxide levels for this epoch, contradicting evidence of a lack of significant glaciation during the Mesoproterozoic.

The team’s direct measurements of elevated carbon dioxide, alongside temperature estimates from the salt, imply that Mesoproterozoic climate conditions were milder and more akin to today’s climate than previously assumed.

“Algae began to flourish during this period, continuing to play a vital role in global oxygen production today,” Professor Schaller remarked.

“The relatively elevated oxygen levels may directly result from the increasing prevalence and complexity of algae.”

“The insights we gained could represent an exciting moment in what is otherwise regarded as a billion years of monotony.”

The team’s research paper has been published today in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

_____

Justin G. Park et al.. 2025. Bringing the Boring Billion to Life: Direct constraints from 1.4 Ga fluid inclusions reveal a favorable climate and oxygen-rich atmosphere. PNAS 122 (52): e2513030122; doi: 10.1073/pnas.2513030122

Source: www.sci.news

NASA’s Parker Solar Probe Discovers 3I/ATLAS Comet: Key Findings and Insights

Posted on December 23, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Scientists utilized the WISPR (Wide Field Imager for Solar Exploration) instrument on NASA’s Parker Solar Probe to capture stunning images of the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS between October 18 and November 5, 2025.

WISPR captures the interstellar comet 3I/ATLAS. Image credit: NRL / NASA / JHUAPL / Guillermo Stenborg, JHUAPL.

Discovered on July 1, 2025, by the NASA-funded ATLAS survey telescope in Rio Hurtado, Chile, 3I/ATLAS, also known as C/2025 N1 (ATLAS) and A11pl3Z, originated from the constellation Sagittarius.

This remarkable interstellar comet approached Mars on October 3 at a distance of just 0.194 AU and reached its perihelion, the closest point to the Sun, on October 30.

On December 19, 3I/ATLAS made its nearest pass to Earth, coming within 270 million kilometers (168 million miles) of our planet.

The spectacular images of 3I/ATLAS were obtained by the WISPR instrument aboard NASA’s Parker Solar Probe during a critical observation window from October 18 to November 5.

“The Parker Solar Probe captured around 10 images of the comet daily,” stated WISPR team members.

“During this observation period, the spacecraft accelerated away from the Sun following its 25th solar flyby on September 15.”

“These initial images are currently undergoing calibration and processing, revealing the comet’s movement behind the Sun from Parker’s vantage point.”

“At that time, the comet was located about 209 million kilometers (130 million miles) from the Sun, just beyond Mars’ orbit.”

“These images offer a rare opportunity to study the comet when it was too close to the Sun for ground-based observations.”

The WISPR team is diligently working to finalize the data by eliminating stray light and adjusting for varying exposure times between images, enhancing the comet’s visibility.

“The final images will significantly advance our understanding of this intriguing interstellar visitor,” researchers concluded.

Source: www.sci.news

New Study Examines Paleolithic Shift: Transition from Neanderthals to Anatomically Modern Humans

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

The transition from the Middle to Upper Paleolithic, occurring approximately 50,000 to 38,000 years ago, was a pivotal period characterized by the decline and extinction of Neanderthals alongside the emergence and expansion of anatomically modern humans, known as Homo sapiens. Paleoanthropologists at the University of Cologne have created a high-resolution model of population dynamics to reconstruct this significant transition on the Iberian Peninsula. Their ensemble simulations investigated Neanderthal survival, the arrival of modern humans, and the potential for interbreeding.

This image shows a Neanderthal and a human child. Image credit: Neanderthal Museum.

During this critical transition from the Middle Paleolithic to the Upper Paleolithic, Neanderthal populations experienced a steady decline across Europe, particularly in the Iberian Peninsula, leading to their eventual extinction.

Simultaneously, anatomically modern humans spread throughout Europe, marking a significant shift in human history.

This era was further defined by dramatic climate fluctuations, featuring alternating cold and warm periods. Rapid warming events occurred within centuries, contrasting with gradual cooling phases, known as the Dansgaard-Eschger phenomenon, which were punctuated by severe cooling caused by iceberg releases into the North Atlantic (Heinrich phenomenon).

The precise timing of Neanderthal extinction and the arrival of modern humans remains uncertain, leaving open the possibility of interactions between the two species.

Genetic analyses of archaeological bones compared to modern populations indicate admixture events in eastern Europe during the early phases of modern human migration.

Given the uncertainty of these dates, it remains possible that the two populations on the Iberian Peninsula may have intermixed at a later time, though this has yet to be substantiated.

In this innovative study, Professor Yaping Hsiao and his colleagues from the University of Cologne utilized numerical models to exploratory simulate potential encounters between Neanderthals and modern humans on the Iberian Peninsula.

These models considered ongoing climate changes while simulating the populations of both groups, along with their interactions and connectivity.

“By running the model multiple times with varying parameters, we can assess the plausibility of different scenarios, such as the early extinction of Neanderthals, small at-risk populations, or prolonged survival leading to admixture,” explained Professor Hsiao.

“However, for the majority of the simulations, the two groups did not converge.”

Across all scenarios, the populations exhibited high sensitivity to climate change.

Mixing between the two species was plausible if both populations could maintain stability over an extended period.

At a low probability (1%), a small fraction of the total population—approximately 2-6%—could possess genes from both groups by the end of the simulation.

This admixture likely occurred in the northwestern region of the Iberian Peninsula, where modern humans may have arrived early enough to interact with still-surviving Neanderthal populations.

“By integrating climate, demography, and cultural factors, our dynamic model provides a comprehensive framework that enhances our interpretation of the archaeological and genomic records,” stated Professor Gerd Christian Weniger from the University of Cologne.

For further details, refer to a paper that will be published in the online journal PLoS ONE.

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Y. Xiao et al. 2025. Pathways at the Crossroads of Iberia: Dynamic Modeling of the Middle to Upper Paleolithic Transition. PLoS ONE 20 (12): e0339184; doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0339184

Source: www.sci.news

New Scientist Reveals Changes to UK Freedom of Information Laws in 2025

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Peter Kyle’s Landmark Request for ChatGPT Logs Stuns Observers

In early 2025, I sent an email that I never expected would set a legal precedent for the UK government’s approach to AI chatbot interactions. However, that’s precisely what unfolded.

It all began in January when I came across an interview with Peter Kyle, then UK Technology Secretary. In the interview with Politics Home, Kyle disclosed that he frequently converses with ChatGPT, hinting that he actively engages with the technology his department is responsible for regulating.

This revelation piqued my curiosity. Could I obtain his chat history? Freedom of Information (FOI) laws are typically used to request emails and documents from public authorities, yet past court rulings suggest that certain personal data, like search queries, are not released under these laws. I was particularly interested in how chatbot conversations are classified.

Ultimately, the answer leaned towards the former. Most of Kyle’s interactions with ChatGPT were deemed private and exempt from FOI regulations. However, interactions that occurred in an official capacity were subject to disclosure.

In March, the Department of Science, Industry, and Technology (DSIT) provided several conversations between Kyle and the chatbot. This revelation formed the basis of an exclusive article detailing his exchanges.

The publication of these chat logs took data protection and FOI experts by surprise. “I’m astonished you obtained them,” remarked Tim Turner, a Manchester-based data protection expert. Others were simply left speechless.

When this article was released, we emphasized that this represented a world first, capturing global attention around the accessibility of AI chatbot conversations.

International researchers from countries like Canada and Australia reached out to me for advice on how to file similar requests with their government ministers. For example, subsequent FOI requests in April revealed that Ferrill Clarke, the then UK Artificial Intelligence Secretary, had never used ChatGPT in an official capacity, despite promoting its advantages. However, many inquiries were met with denials as governments increasingly cited legal exceptions to FOI.

I observed a noticeable shift in the UK government’s approach to FOI, especially regarding AI utilization. In a subsequent request for DSIT’s internal responses to this article—comprising emails and Microsoft Teams messages—my FOI application was denied, citing the process as laborious and time-consuming.

Despite considering asking the government to utilize ChatGPT for summarizing the relevant information, I ultimately chose not to pursue it.

This release was pivotal as governments swiftly adapt to AI technologies. The UK government has acknowledged that civil servants use tools such as ChatGPT in their daily operations, claiming that this adoption can save up to two weeks annually due to enhanced efficiency. However, it’s critical to note that AI does not always deliver impartial summaries and can produce inaccuracies or “hallucinations.” Thus, transparency in how these technologies are employed is essential for accountability, whether the implications are positive or negative.

Topic: Politics / 2025 News Review

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA Astronomers Classify Near-Earth Asteroids: Latest Findings – Sciworthy

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers exploring the solar system’s history focus on a diverse range of comets and asteroids, particularly those classified as Near-Earth Objects (NEOs). These celestial bodies not only offer insights into the origins of water and organic materials but also continue to impact planets across the solar system, including Mars, Earth, Venus, and Mercury. Their close proximity to Earth facilitates detection and observation with smaller telescopes, increasing the potential for successful interceptions, potentially involving rovers and landers.

An international research team has recently classified and identified 39 new NEOs between February 2021 and September 2024, utilizing two advanced telescopes: Itaparica Observatory (OASI) in Brazil, along with the 2.15-meter Jorge Sahade telescope at Complejo Astronomico El Leoncito (CASLEO) in Argentina.

The research team used these telescopes to study variations in the brightness of NEOs over time. Since NEOs are essentially blocks of ice or rock that reflect sunlight rather than emit light, their visibility from Earth is influenced by the angle between Earth and the Sun along with their size, shape, and structure. By measuring the periodic changes in brightness, scientists calculated the rotation rates of these objects.

The diameters of the 39 NEOs varied from 0.1 to 10 kilometers (0.06 to 6 miles), with most ranging between 0.5 to 3 kilometers (0.3 to 2 miles). Their shapes ranged from nearly spherical to elongated, cigar-like forms. The team successfully determined the rotation periods for 26 of these NEOs, noting that the shortest rotation cycle was just over two hours while the longest approached 20 hours. Notably, 16 of these NEOs rotated in under 5 hours, suggesting that many are fast-rotating bodies.

The study established that a rotation period exceeding 2.2 hours is the upper limit for small NEOs known as rubble pile asteroids, which are loose formations held together by self-gravity. Beyond this threshold, centrifugal forces could destabilize them. Conversely, those NEOs under 250 meters (820 feet) tend to be more solid, dubbed monoliths. The findings indicated that smaller and medium-sized NEOs exhibit varied structures and formation histories.

Using advanced imaging techniques through telescope lenses that filter specific light wavelengths, the researchers analyzed the chemical composition of 34 NEOs. They employed 2 additional filters alongside 4 filters designed for green and red wavelengths, including near-infrared wavelengths. Their results revealed that 50% of the NEOs are silica-based, resembling many terrestrial rocks, with 23.5% comprising carbon-rich materials, approximately 9% metals, and around 6% basaltic elements. The remaining composition was a mixture of carbon and silicates as well as calcium and aluminum.

While the chemical analysis largely aligned with previous findings, the researchers found a lack of olivine—a mineral typically prevalent in smaller asteroids. This absence can be attributed to the fact that most sampled NEOs exceeded 200 meters (660 feet), surpassing the typical size for olivine-rich asteroids.

This research enriches our understanding of NEOs and their physical and chemical properties. The team advocates for an integrated research approach that leverages technology and multi-telescope observations to effectively characterize small celestial objects. Future studies should prioritize close monitoring of NEOs, especially those approaching their rotation threshold, and employ radar observations to confirm the existence of potential binary pairs. By analyzing reflected visible and near-infrared light, researchers can further unveil the chemical makeup of the asteroid surfaces.

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Source: sciworthy.com

2025’s Most Captivating Animal Photography Showcase

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Please wait a moment

Wenjian Sun et al. 2025

Remarkably, the rat is observed attempting to resuscitate its unconscious cage mate by pulling its tongue and clearing the airway. In studies, researchers found that certain rodents, when interacting with anesthetized mice, exhibited caring behaviors such as pawing, grooming, and biting unresponsive individuals. This discovery indicates that empathetic behavior may be more prevalent in the animal kingdom than previously thought.

How high can you shoot?

Claryana Araújo-Wang/Botos do Cerrado Research Project/CetAsia Research Group

The male Amazon river dolphin (Inia geofrensis) was caught on camera urinating while rolling onto its back. This behavior is thought to communicate with other dolphins, similar to how land mammals employ scent marking. Other males might be drawn to the urine that falls into the water, interpreting it as a message.

This beautiful wren can be seen perched cautiously on a branch (Marlus cyaneus), evading the cuckoo—a notorious brood parasite. Scientists have discovered that over 20 bird species utilize similar “call” calls to alert nearby birds, as cuckoos secretly lay their eggs in other birds’ nests to shirk their parenting responsibilities.

Ali tries origami

Dr Chris Reid, Macquarie University

The weaving ant (Oecophila smaragdina) is depicted rolling up a piece of lined paper, using teamwork to lock it together in a long chain. Each ant grasps the abdomen of the ant in front, enabling the construction of nests from rolled leaves. Studies show that individual ants can pull nearly 60 times their body weight, while teams of 15 can generate forces exceeding 100 times their combined weight.

Never seen before

ROV Subastian/Schmidt Ocean Institute

For the first time, a living giant squid (Mesonihoteutis hamiltonii) was captured on film. While these mollusks are believed to grow up to 7 meters, the squid filmed was just a baby measuring 30 centimeters. This rare footage was obtained by a vessel from the Schmidt Ocean Institute while streaming live from the depths of the Southern Ocean near the South Sandwich Islands.

That’s my arm!

Sumire Kawashima, Yuzuru Ikeda/Ryukyu University

This octopus appears fooled into believing that a fake arm made of white gel is its own. While it’s well-known that humans can be tricked in a similar manner, scientists have discovered that octopuses share this intriguing behavior as well.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Did Black Holes Exist in the Early Universe? Exploring the Evidence

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

A New Discovery: Gas Balls with Black Holes at Their Centers

Shutterstock / Nazarii_Neshcherenskyi

Gas ball with a black hole — A New Discovery: Gas Balls with Black Holes at Their Centers

Shutterstock / Nazarii_Neshcherenskyi

The early universe is rich with enigmatic star-like gas balls powered by central black holes, a discovery that has astounded astronomers and may clarify some of the most significant mysteries unveiled by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

Upon initiating its observations of the universe’s first billion years, JWST uncovered compact, red galaxies that exhibited extraordinary brightness—galaxies unlike those found in our local universe. Previous interpretations suggested that these “small red dots” (LRDs) were either supermassive black holes engulfed in dust or densely packed star galaxies; however, these theories inadequately explained the light signals detected by JWST.

Recently, astronomers suggested that LRDs might actually be dense gas clusters with a black hole at their core, termed “black hole stars.” According to Anna de Graaf from Harvard University, as matter falls into a black hole, it emits immense gravitational energy, causing the surrounding gas to radiate light like stars. While this energy is distinct from nuclear fusion typical in stars, it results in a luminous mass of dense gas potentially billions of times brighter than our sun, according to de Graaf.

Despite some early evidence supporting this idea, a consensus remained elusive. Now, de Graaf and colleagues have reviewed the most extensive sample of LRDs since JWST’s launch, encompassing over 100 galaxies, and propose that these entities are best classified as black hole stars. “Although the term black hole star is still debated, there’s growing agreement within the scientific community that we’re observing accreting black holes enveloped by dense gas,” de Graaf noted.

When examining the spectrum of light emitted by an LRD, the observed patterns more closely resemble those from a uniform surface (blackbody) characteristic of stars, contrasting with the intricate and varied spectra from galaxies emitting light produced by a combination of stars, dust, gas, and central black holes.

“The black hole star concept has intrigued scientists for a while and, despite initial skepticism, is proving to be a viable explanation,” states Gillian Bellovary of the American Museum of Natural History. “Using a star-like model simplifies the framework for interpreting observations without necessitating extraordinary physics.”

In September, de Graaf’s team also identified another single LRD displaying a striking peak in the light frequency spectrum, which they dubbed “the cliff.” “We discovered spectral characteristics unexplainable by existing models,” de Graaf explained. “This pushes us to reevaluate our understanding and explore alternative theories.”

Presently, many astronomers agree that LRDs likely operate like vast star formations; however, de Graaf cautions that substantiating the black hole hypothesis presents challenges. “The core is hidden within a dense, optically thick envelope, obscuring what’s inside,” de Graaf explains. “Their brightness leads us to suspect they harbor black holes.”

A potential method to affirm their nature as black holes involves studying the temporal changes in emitted light, observing whether they fluctuate akin to known black holes in our universe, as noted by Western Hanki from Cambridge University. “We note brightness variances over brief intervals, yet there’s scant evidence of such variations in most LRD cases.”

While JWST’s observational timeframe is limited, scrutinizing long-lived light fluctuations from LRDs may yield insights. A new study by Sun Fengwu and his team at Harvard recently uncovered a gravitational lens, an LRD that bends light around a massive galaxy between us and the object. This lens generated four distinct images of the original LRD, mimicking observations over 130 years and suggesting brightness variations similar to known pulsating stars, aligning with the hypothesis of black hole stars. Sun and his team opted not to comment for this article.

Although utilizing gravitational lenses to observe LRDs at different times is clever, Bellovary notes that other factors might account for brightness changes. “The data may not suffice to validate their conclusion. While I’m not dismissing their claims, I think there may be alternative explanations for the observed variations.”

If it turns out these galaxies are indeed black hole stars, de Graaf warns we’ll need to devise a new model addressing their origin and what they evolve into, given the absence of equivalent systems in our local universe. “This could represent a new growth phase for supermassive black holes,” she concludes. “The nature of these events and their significance to the final mass of black holes remains an open question.”

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe in Cheshire, England

Join leading scientists for an exciting weekend dedicated to uncovering the universe’s mysteries, including a tour of the iconic Lovell Telescope.

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Rising Hopes for Alien Discovery in 2025: What Happened to the Excitement?

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of Exoplanet K2-18b

A. Smith/N. Mandusudhan

Artist's impression of K2-18b exoplanet — Artist’s Impression of Exoplanet K2-18b

A. Smith/N. Mandusudhan

The quest for extraterrestrial life intensified this year when scientists detected intriguing signals from exoplanets containing molecules associated with life on Earth. Although subsequent attempts to confirm these findings were unsuccessful, exoplanet researchers believe the resulting discussions provided valuable insights for future alien detection efforts.

In April, Nick Madhusudan and his team at the University of Cambridge announced they observed “the first hints of another world, possibly inhabited.” These signals originated from K2-18b, an exoplanet approximately eight times the mass of Earth and located 124 light-years away within its star’s habitable zone, as observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).

The infrared radiation emitted by K2-18b suggests its atmosphere may contain dimethyl sulfide (DMS), a molecule known to be produced solely by living organisms, particularly marine phytoplankton, here on Earth.

As expected, this discovery generated significant buzz within both media and the scientific community. However, many researchers advised caution, emphasizing that the DMS signal was weak and required additional observations and rigorous analysis for confirmation.

Now, several months later, most astronomers concur that there is currently no evidence of DMS or any biomolecules in K2-18b’s atmosphere. Should they exist, they remain undetectable. “We only know for certain that methane and carbon dioxide are present in the atmosphere of this planet,” explains Lewis Wellbanks from Arizona State University.

Claims of discovering extraterrestrial life were premature, according to Wellbanks. “It’s been shown repeatedly that this information is inaccurate. New observations indicate that those gases are not present,” he asserted.

Yet, the data spike initially attributed to DMS still requires clarification, says Jake Taylor at Oxford University. “We observed a spike—a physical phenomenon. At this point, we still don’t know what it signifies.”

Identifying the molecules responsible for these spikes requires further exploration planned for the JWST next year. Scientists can only ascertain what’s present in a planet’s atmosphere by analyzing the starlight filtering through it during the planet’s transit across its host star. This occurs four times each Earth year.

Despite the controversy surrounding this discovery, Taylor notes it also fostered positive outcomes. “This has been a significant learning experience for the entire exoplanet community. We are reassessing our definitions and statistical methods, which has been tremendously beneficial,” he states.

“This experience teaches us to calibrate our expectations,” says Wellbanks. “It’s a reminder that relying on data manipulation to validate a claim is challenging. As one wise person noted, there are lies, damned lies, and statistics. This whole DMS saga falls into that category.”

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe in Cheshire, England

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Enhance Your Brain Detox: Effective Tips for Strengthening the Glymphatic System

Posted on December 22, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

When neurons in the brain are active, they generate waste products.

Credit: Nick Veasey/Science Photo Library/Alamy

X-ray image of a skull showing a colored brain and neurons — When neurons in the brain are active, they generate waste products.

Credit: Nick Veasey/Science Photo Library/Alamy

As we embrace the joy of the Christmas season, many are already thinking about detox plans for the new year, such as reducing movie watching or cutting back on alcohol. This leads to an interesting query: can we apply similar detox methods to our brains? After the festivities, how can we clear away any cognitive clutter?

The brain is naturally equipped to detoxify itself daily, flushing out accumulated metabolic waste that could be harmful. But can we assist in this vital process, potentially shielding ourselves from age-related cognitive decline and dementia?

Let’s delve into the glymphatic system, a newly uncovered pathway responsible for detoxification. This system effectively “sucks” away undesirable proteins and waste from the spaces between neurons, channeling them into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

“CSF circulates much like water in a dishwasher,” explains Maha Alattar from Virginia Commonwealth University.

This fluid systematically drains waste into lymph nodes, eventually allowing it to exit the body through the veins.

While the connection between the glymphatic and lymphatic systems is still not fully understood, researchers are increasingly focused on ways to optimize the glymphatic process. Enhancing this system could prove pivotal in combating cognitive decline and promoting healthy aging. Accumulation of metabolic waste in the brain is linked to symptoms such as declining cognitive function, increasing the risk of dementia and expediting Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease symptoms.

“The glymphatic system is fascinating,” says Nandakumar Narayanan from the University of Iowa Health Care. “Numerous innovative research efforts aim to better understand and quantify glymphatic functions, shedding light on human health and disease.”

Enhancing the Brain’s Waste Removal System

Are there ways we can enhance this waste disposal mechanism? Recent studies indicate that lifestyle changes may significantly impact its efficiency.

“The most proven method to boost glymphatic clearance is sleep,” notes Dr. Lila Landovsky from the University of Tasmania.

The glymphatic system is predominantly inactive during waking hours but reaches peak activity during sleep. For instance, in mice, CSF flow surges by about 60% while they sleep, enabling the removal of beta-amyloid, a protein linked to Alzheimer’s disease.

Though studies have yet to definitively establish that glymphatic activation directly prevents dementia, “the hypothesis is strengthened by evident links between factors that impair glymphatic clearance—such as sleep disturbances and sedentary behavior—and an increased risk for neurodegenerative conditions,” states Landowski.

The position in which we sleep could also affect glymphatic function. In 2015, Helen Benveniste and her team found that sleeping on one’s side improved glymphatic clearance in mice more effectively than sleeping on the back or stomach. While this has not yet been tested in humans, many types of dementia show strong associations with sleep disorders, suggesting sleep positions may be important in our fight against dementia.

Additional Strategies to Enhance Brain Detox

Emerging evidence suggests that other lifestyle choices, such as regular exercise, may also bolster glymphatic function. In April, a study involving 37 adults highlighted that only participants who completed a 12-week stationary cycling program experienced noticeable increases in glymphatic drainage, as observed through brain imaging.

“Research in mice indicates that glymphatic clearance can roughly double after five weeks of regular exercise in comparison to sedentary mice,” says Landowski. “However, short-term studies in mice have yet to be performed.”

Further examination of the glymphatic system may uncover additional methods to enhance its function. Lymphatic vessels connected to CSF are located deep in the neck, making direct manipulation challenging, but researchers led by Ko Young Gu at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology have identified another lymphatic network directly beneath the skin of monkeys and mice’s facial and neck areas.

In experiments, gentle downward stroking of the face and neck in mice tripled CSF flow, effectively rejuvenating older animals’ flow to a more youthful state.

Similar vessels have been detected in human cadavers, suggesting that facial and neck massages could potentially enhance CSF flow, aiding in glymphatic clearance. Nonetheless, more research is needed to substantiate these claims and verify whether this enhanced flow can shield against neurodegenerative disorders.

Promising Evidence Supporting Yoga and Breathing Techniques

One exercise that should not be overlooked is yoga breathing. Hamid Jalillian from the University of California, Irvine, notes that diaphragmatic breathing has robust evidence supporting its ability to increase CSF velocity, effectively activating a glymphatic “rinse cycle.”

Diaphragmatic breathing is characterized by keeping the chest relatively still while moving the abdomen outward and lowering the diaphragm as you inhale through your nose. Conclude the cycle by exhaling through pursed lips while retracting your belly.

Unexplored Potential

Despite the enthusiasm surrounding the glymphatic system, our comprehension of its intricate workings is still developing. Not everyone is convinced we possess enough knowledge to prescribe specific interventions at this time. “We are far from being able to accurately predict how a specific intervention, like exercise, will influence the glymphatic system. There are limited studies in both mice and small human populations, but nothing large-scale and conclusive,” cautions Narayanan.

Nevertheless, there is a sense of optimism. “The potential is immense, but these studies require meticulous and thorough execution,” he concludes.

For now, I’ll concentrate on essential routines—prioritizing quality sleep and regular exercise. These habits are crucial for overall health, but should glymphatic research hold true, they may soon play an even more critical role in keeping my brain clear, not just in the new year, but for years to come.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

What is the likelihood of an asteroid impacting Earth?

Posted on December 21, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Asteroids are an intrinsic aspect of our solar system. Millions of rocky bodies orbit the sun, including those categorized as near-Earth asteroids, which occasionally come close to our planet. While cinematic portrayals often depict asteroid strikes as abrupt, inevitable catastrophes, experts contend that in reality, the risk is significantly more manageable and frequently preventable.

But what are the actual probabilities of an asteroid colliding with Earth? Recent studies shed light on this issue and offer some unexpected insights.

What are the chances that an asteroid will hit Earth?

A major asteroid impact would have effects that could be felt globally. Depending on its landing site, it might either harmlessly drop into the ocean or inflict severe damage on populated regions.

“Most people on Earth are likely aware of moderate to large asteroid impacts,” explains Carrie Nugent, a planetary scientist at the Olin Institute of Technology in Massachusetts.

However, Nugent emphasizes that catastrophic outcomes are exceedingly rare. While our planet has faced significant asteroid impacts throughout its history, including a notable one that contributed to the extinction of the dinosaurs 66 million years ago, current scientific understanding suggests there is no immediate cause for alarm.

New research on asteroid impact probability

Nugent, along with a team from Aalborg University in Denmark, employed computer simulations to analyze the risks associated with asteroid impacts. Their research concentrated on asteroids akin to recognized Near Earth Objects (NEOs).

Utilizing the publicly available NASA JPL Horizons system, they simulated the orbits of these asteroids to determine the frequency with which they intersect Earth’s orbit, allowing researchers to estimate the likelihood of large asteroids striking our planet.

According to their findings published on August 12th in the Planetary Science Journal:

Asteroids over 140 meters (460 feet) – Roughly equivalent to the length of a small cruise ship
Collisions with Earth approximately once every 11,000 years

Keeping asteroid risks in perspective

Understanding probabilities like “once every 11,000 years” can be complex. To provide clarity, Nugent compared asteroid impacts to other more familiar real-world events.

Her analysis revealed that:

You are more likely to survive an asteroid impact than to be struck by lightning.
Conversely, your chances of dying in a car accident are significantly higher than from an asteroid collision.

There are also other low-probability but high-risk events, such as the collapse of a deep hole in dry sand, that can result in fatalities but remain largely unknown to the general public.

“This is an extremely rare cause of death that many are unaware of,” Nugent noted, underscoring how human perception often miscalculates risk.

Can asteroid collisions be prevented?

In contrast to popular narratives in films and literature, asteroid strikes are not fate-driven events. In fact, scientists have demonstrated that altering an asteroid’s trajectory is possible.

In 2022, NASA’s DART mission successfully changed the path of a small asteroid that posed no threat to Earth. This experiment showcased that, with sufficient warning, we could potentially deflect a hazardous asteroid and avert a collision entirely.

“This is the only natural disaster we can completely prevent,” Nugent asserts.

Why asteroid tracking is important

Continuous research and sky survey initiatives are crucial for planetary defense. Early detection and tracking of near-Earth asteroids provide scientists ample time to evaluate risks and take necessary actions if needed.

Modern asteroid detection systems are continually improving, diminishing uncertainty and enhancing Earth’s preparedness against cosmic threats.

Conclusion

Though asteroid strikes captivate public imagination, scientific evidence indicates that they are infrequent, quantifiable, and preventable. Advances in tracking technology and the success of missions like NASA’s DART test reassure us that Earth is better shielded than ever.

Experts suggest that asteroid research should foster confidence and continued investment in planetary defense rather than fear.

Source: hitechub.com

Trio Awarded Nobel Prize in Economics for Research on Growth Fueled by Technology

Posted on October 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

This year’s Nobel Prize in Economics has been awarded to three experts who explore the influence of technology on economic growth.

Joel Mokyr from Northwestern University receives half of the prize, amounting to 11 million Swedish kronor (£867,000), while the remaining portion is shared between Philippe Aghion from the Collège de France, INSEAD Business School, and the London School of Economics, alongside Peter Howitt from Brown University.

The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences announced this award during a period marked by rapid advancements in artificial intelligence and ongoing discussions about its societal implications, stating that the trio laid the groundwork for understanding “economic growth through innovation.”

This accolade comes at a time when nations worldwide are striving to rejuvenate economic growth, which has faced stagnation since the 2008 financial crisis, with rising concerns about sluggish productivity, slow improvements in living standards, and heightened political tensions.

Aghion has cautioned that “dark clouds” are forming amid President Donald Trump’s trade war, which heightens trade barriers. He emphasized that fostering innovation in green industries and curbing the rise of major tech monopolies are crucial for sustaining growth in the future.

“We cannot support the wave of protectionism in the United States, as it hinders global growth and innovation,” he noted.

While accepting the award, he pointed out that AI holds “tremendous growth potential” but urged governments to implement stringent competition policies to handle the growth of emerging tech firms. “A few leading companies may end up monopolizing the field, stifling new entrants and innovation. How can we ensure that today’s innovators do not hinder future advancements?”

The awards committee indicated that technological advancements have fueled continuous economic growth for the last two centuries, yet cautioned that further progress cannot be assumed.

Mokyr, a Dutch-born Israeli-American economic historian, was recognized for his research on the prerequisites for sustained growth driven by technological progress. Aghion and Howitt were honored for their examination of how “creative destruction” is pivotal for fostering growth.

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“We must safeguard the core mechanisms of creative destruction to prevent sliding back into stagnation,” remarked John Hassler, chairman of the Economics Prize.

Established in the 1960s, the professional National Bank of Sweden awarded the Economics Prize in memory of Alfred Nobel.

Source: www.theguardian.com

From Lab to Reality: Is the Graphene Revolution Finally Within Reach?

Posted on October 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

ASince graphene was first synthesized at the University of Manchester in 2004, it has been recognized as a remarkable material—stronger than steel yet lighter than paper. Fast forward 20 years, and not all UK graphene enterprises have been able to harness its full capabilities. Some view the future with optimism, while others face significant challenges.

Derived from graphite, the same substance used in pencils, graphene consists of a lattice-like sheet of carbon just one atom thick, boasting impressive conductivity for both heat and electricity. Presently, China is the leading global producer, leveraging this to secure an edge in the race for microchip production and construction applications.

In the UK, graphene-enhanced low-carbon concrete, developed by the Graphene Engineering Innovation Center (GEIC) at the University of Manchester in collaboration with Cemex UK, was recently installed at Northumbrian Waters in July.

“The material had an overwhelming amount of hype as it came out of academia… the real challenge lies in transitioning it from the lab to actual production,” explains Ben Jensen, CEO of 2D Photonics, a startup that originated from the University of Cambridge, specializing in graphene-based photonics technology for data centers.

Jensen was also behind the invention of Vantablack, a coating made from carbon nanotubes (rolled graphene sheets) renowned as the “blackest black” due to its ability to absorb 99.96% of light. He founded Surrey Nanosystems in 2007, where he sold exclusive artistic rights to sculptor Anish Kapoor, who featured the material on the X6 Coupe to achieve the “blackest black” effect six years ago.

Anish Kapoor’s untitled Vantablack piece was displayed in Venice in 2022. Photo: David Levin/The Guardian

“Shifting to new materials to replace existing technologies presents a significant challenge,” Jensen states. “The value proposition must be compelling, while also ensuring that the material can be manufactured efficiently at scale and priced competitively, otherwise, there’s little point in offering something ten times more costly than existing products.”

German company Bayer attempted to produce large quantities of carbon nanotube items but shuttered its pilot plant over a decade ago when a surge in demand failed to materialize. Currently, this material finds its primary use as a filler to enhance the strength of plastic products. Bayer has referred to the potential applications for nanotubes as “fragmentary.”

More promising is a graphene-based optical microchip created by CamGraPhIC, a branch of 2D Photonics, stemming from research at the University of Cambridge and CNIT in Italy.

Silicon photonics microchips currently translate electrical data into optical signals for transmission through fiber optic cables. The company claims its graphene-based chips can transmit more data in less time and at significantly lower costs.

Graphene single crystal. Photo: 2D Photonics

These chips consume 80% less energy and are capable of functioning across a broader temperature range, minimizing the requirement for costly water and energy-intensive cooling systems in AI data centers.

Transmitting data through silicon often leads to delays. Jensen compares this issue to a 16-lane highway unexpectedly narrowing down to one lane due to construction, slowing down traffic significantly. He argues that graphene photonics functions like an expansive highway with hundreds of lanes.

“Our breakthrough lies in the capability to cultivate stable, ultra-high performance graphene and effectively integrate it into devices,” he asserts. “Keep in mind, this material is only one atom thick, which makes the process particularly challenging.”

Ben Jensen, CEO of 2D Photonics. Photo: Ermanno Fissole

CamGraPhIC was established in 2018 by Professor Andrea Ferrari, a Cambridge Nanotechnology professor, who also heads the Cambridge Graphene Center, alongside Marco Romagnoli, head of advanced photonics at CNIT in Pisa and the startup’s chief scientific officer.

The parent company, 2D Photonics, recently acquired £25m in funding from a diverse group of investors, including Italy’s sovereign wealth fund, NATO, the Sony Innovation Fund, Bosch Ventures, and the UK’s Frontier IP Group. The firm will be based in the former Pirelli photonics research facility in Pisa and aims to launch a pilot manufacturing site in the Milan region designed for large-scale production of 200mm wafers, confident in receiving an additional €317m (£276m) in funding by year-end.

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Aside from data centers, the company’s chips have potential uses in high-performance computing, 5G and 6G mobile systems, aviation technologies, autonomous vehicles, advanced digital radar, non-satellite space communications, and beyond.

Paragraph, a spin-out from Cambridge University located in the nearby village of Somersham, has thrived in the past decade with backing from the UK Treasury. The firm creates graphene-based electronic devices, including sensors designed for electric vehicles and biosensors for early disease detection and various applications in medicine and agriculture. Recently, they secured $55 million (£41 million) from a group of investors, including a sovereign wealth fund from the United Arab Emirates, which acquired a 12.8% share in Paragraph.

Graphene Innovations Manchester, a fledgling company started by Vivek Konchery in 2021, finalized a deal with Saudi Arabia in December for the first commercial production of graphene-enhanced carbon fiber. This material will be utilized in constructing roofs, facades, and light poles. Production has begun in Tabuk with local partners, with an expected output of 3,000 tons by 2026.

2D photonics cleanroom at the Pisa development facility. Photo: 2D Photonics

Conversely, other companies are facing harsher realities. One of the pioneering firms in this domain, Applied Graphene Materials, was launched in 2010 by Professor Carl Coleman, a spin-out from Durham University. It introduced various products, such as anti-corrosion primers and bike detail protection sprays, which became available in Halfords stores. However, the struggling company declared bankruptcy in 2023, resulting in its main operations being acquired by Canada’s Universal Matter.

Ron Mertens, the owner of Graphene-Info, remarked, “As is often true in the broader materials industry, the path to market can be lengthy. Many graphene producers and developers have yet to generate substantial revenue or profit.”

Versarian, located in Gloucestershire, expanded from a garage startup with support from the government agency Innovate UK. They developed graphene powder and other products for usage in sensors, low-carbon concrete, paints, electronic inks, textiles, and more, including running gear and prototype stealth technologies for the US military.

The AIM-listed firm sought to establish operations in Spain and South Korea, but encountered financial troubles, leading several subsidiaries to enter administration or voluntary liquidation in July. Versarian is now looking to sell off assets, such as its patent portfolio, and currently has enough funds to last only until the end of October.

Depending on the nature of the upcoming transactions, this may trigger a liquidation process for the company or a financial shelter. Their investment agreement with a Chinese partner collapsed after the British government intervened to block any technological collaboration, marking a somber potential finale for what was once a promising graphene venture.

Source: www.theguardian.com

Battlefield 6 Review – A Grand Symphony of Thunderous, Immersive Warfare | Game

Posted on October 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

BJust moments into the first round of the expansive multiplayer mode Conquest, you can’t help but feel the thrill of battle return. Fighter jets zoom overhead, tanks thunder by, and buildings crumble under the impact of rocket-propelled grenades. While Call of Duty has traditionally emphasized close-quarters combat in online matches, Battlefield 6 immerses you in a colossal military engagement that’s both bewildering and ear-piercing. Even in the quieter moments, you’re jolted back to reality by the distant sounds of rifle fire, urgent shouts for orders, and calls for medics.

EA’s legendary FPS series has faced significant challenges in recent years, and its futuristic installment Battlefield 2042 is widely regarded as a letdown. In response, the development team—comprising various studios including the original creator DICE—has returned to the stellar Battlefield 4 for inspiration. This time, the focus is on contemporary military warfare, delivering an authentic experience across expansive maps with numerous players involved. Similar to previous titles, Battlefield 6 offers four distinct classes: Assault, Support, Engineer, and Recon. Each class comes equipped with unique weapons and gadgets, which you can upgrade and customize as you gain experience and level up your soldiers. It’s a hybrid system that blends elements from earlier Battlefield games with features from modern Call of Duty titles, notably the Gunsmith system, which has revolutionized weapon customization in online shooters.

Brooklyn at war…Battlefield 6. Photo: Electronic Arts

The standout online modes are the large-scale ones like Conquest and Breakthrough, which concentrate on capturing objectives and seizing territory from rivals. There are also smaller modes such as King of the Hill and Domination, but for seasoned Battlefield players, these options feel like a different approach altogether. Since the groundbreaking Battlefield 1942 in 2002, the series has promoted strategic gameplay, encouraging teamwork among allies to infiltrate enemy bases, synchronizing assaults with helicopter cover, and gradually breaking through defenses. In a good game session, you may find yourself stealthily navigating the map or inching toward a heavily fortified structure. The rapid-fire nature of Call of Duty, characterized by quick skirmishes and instant respawns, seems worlds apart.

Yet, engaging in combat here feels invigorating. Whether you’re navigating the bustling streets of Brooklyn or the shores of Cairo, debris cascades, bullets ricochet, and tanks detonate in fiery explosions. The graphics and audio design are remarkably well-executed, channeling the gritty, camera-shaking documentary style of Generation Kill or Warfare rather than the polished action-movie mayhem typical of CoD. If you’re fortunate enough to join a solid team (I strongly recommend playing with one or two friends), you’ll forge genuine camaraderie.

https://www.youtube-nocookie.com/embed/LqWVp3p-FPk?wmode=opaque&feature=oembed" title="Battlefield 6: Official Launch Hype Trailer" height="480" width="854" allowfullscreen="

However, the game does stumble with its lackluster campaign mode. The storyline is a standard techno-thriller set in a near-future world where a private military firm seeks global domination, and only a rugged team of American special forces stands in their way. This narrative feels clichéd and uninspired. By portraying the antagonist as a fictional military corporation, the developer sidesteps political controversy and avoids addressing the game’s potential market dynamics or its investors at Electronic Arts. Additionally, staying engaged with the cast of tough guys, who consistently deliver lines like “There’s no bureaucracy here” or quip, “I don’t know what’s more impressive, the scenery or the firepower” while staking out an enemy base in sunny Gibraltar can be a challenge. When Murphy, the protagonist, states, “There’s no one I want to join in this fight,” I seriously wished that defection had been an option.

Don’t let that discourage you. Overall, Battlefield 6 marks a triumphant return to form, delivering a thrilling, almost operatic shooter experience that masterfully blends explosive combat with tactical finesse. It remains to be seen how it will fare amidst the contemporary landscape of hero shooters and battle royale games, but it is undoubtedly worth your time.

Source: www.theguardian.com

British MPs Demand Investigation into TikTok’s Plan to Eliminate 439 Content Moderators

Posted on October 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

Labor unions and online safety advocates are urging Members of Parliament to examine TikTok’s decision to eliminate hundreds of content moderation jobs based in the UK.

The social media platform intends to reduce its workforce by 439 positions within its trust and safety team in London, raising alarms about the potential risks to online safety associated with these layoffs.

Conferences from trade unions, communication unions, and prominent figures in online safety have authored an open letter to Chi Onwurah MP, who chairs Labour’s science, innovation, and technology committee, seeking an inquiry into these plans.

The letter references estimates from the UK’s data protection authority indicating that as many as 1.4 million TikTok users could be under the age of 13, cautioning that these reductions might leave children vulnerable to harmful content. TikTok boasts over 30 million users in the UK.

“These safety-focused staff members are vital in safeguarding our users and communities against deepfakes, harm, and abuse,” the letter asserts.

Additionally, TikTok has suggested it might substitute moderators with AI-driven systems or workers from nations like Kenya and the Philippines.

How TikTok harms boys and girls differently – video

Blue Planet Red Review: Missteps on Mars Make for a Surprisingly Disturbing Documentary

Posted on October 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

This image seems to show a Martian wrench, but it’s just a stone

Brian Cory Dobbs Productions

Handout materials for the movie 'Blue Planet Red.' The Spirit rover captured two peculiar rocks resembling a wrench and a container. See more at https://blueplanetred.net/images — This image seems to show a Martian wrench, but it’s just a stone

Brian Cory Dobbs Productions

Blue Planet Red
Directed by Brian Corrie Dobbs, available on Amazon Prime Video

Blue Planet Red is a documentary focused on Mars. The world depicted by director Brian Corrie Dobbs diverges from our understanding but certainly possesses its allure. It showcases an advanced civilization of pyramid builders that either failed to avert their world’s demise or destroyed it through a catastrophic nuclear conflict.

Dobbs presents his assertions regarding advanced Martian life directly to the audience, complete with expressive gestures and confident poses. I found him quite engaging. Yet, after viewing his work, I wasn’t surprised to discover that a section of his portfolio includes questionable content (referring to dubious videos concerning cell phones, electromagnetic fields, and cancer).

Whether by design or not, Blue Planet Red serves as a historical record. It is a testament to a generation of researchers and enthusiasts raised under the imposing shadow of a two-kilometer geological mound in the Martian region of Sidonia. Back in 1976, NASA’s Viking spacecraft took a blurry photo of what seemed to be a giant human face, known as the “Face of Mars,” at the intersection of Mars’ southern highlands and northern plains.

There’s no need to delve into debunking topics that have already been convincingly dismantled many times before. If you enhance the resolution of the image, the so-called face vanishes. Features resembling tools or bones are simply rocks. Additionally, the presence of xenon-129 in Mars’ atmosphere suggests an ancient nuclear war only if we disregard the well-understood decay process of the now-extinct isotope iodine-129 into xenon-129 within Mars’ cooling lithosphere.

“
The ambiguous data from the Viking orbiters fostered the growth of fanciful ideas
“

Yet, capturing this narrative holds a certain poignancy. Transforming Ideas gives voice to this generation of researchers. Individuals featured in the film include Richard Bryce Hoover, who led NASA’s astrobiology research at the Marshall Space Flight Center in Alabama until 2011, where he helped prove the existence of extremophiles on Earth. He is convinced he discovered microfossils in Martian meteorites. However, despite his enthusiasm, director Hoover fails to clarify in the film why these fossils rest atop the rock samples rather than embedded within them.

Contributor John Brandenburg is regarded as a respectable plasma scientist, provided he avoids discussing nuclear war on Mars. Mark Carlot, on the other hand, has dedicated 40 years to chronicling remnants of civilization on Mars while others merely see rocks. Upon returning to Earth, he proves to be an adept archaeologist.

After Apollo made its final moon landing in 1972, the initial thrill of the space race began to diminish. The images transmitted back by the Viking spacecraft signaled the next significant discovery. This hazy mixture of revolutionary yet unclear data served as a fertile ground for the emergence of fanciful ideas, particularly in the United States, where the Vietnam War and Watergate bred skepticism and paranoia.

Dobbs’ dynamic recounting of the Martian narrative frames it as a tale of an event occurring 3.7 billion years ago when the wet, warm planet transitioned into a barren dust bowl. For me, it resonates more with what happened to the passionate groups glued to their screens and magazines in the 1970s. Let us momentarily set aside our disdain and engage with this generation. Strong hope should never again hinder a kind heart like this.

Simon also recommends…

Mapping Mars
Oliver Morton

This exploration of Mars’ landscape elucidates how optical technology shaped human focus on its neighbors..

Mars Project (1953)
Wernher von Braun

American and German (and Nazi) rocket scientists drew inspiration from Antarctic exploration to draft this foundational technical specification for a manned mission to Mars.

Simon Ings is a novelist and science writer. X Follow him at @simonings

topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Master the Art of Collaboration

Posted on October 13, 2025 by Igor Mitreski

“Many scenarios can be represented using so-called game theory…”

Shutterstock/Anne Kosolapova

In a world where survival favors the strongest, the question arises: how do cooperative behaviors develop?

From the realm of evolutionary biology to the complexities of international diplomacy, numerous scenarios can be analyzed through the lens of game theory. These games consider not only the various actions and strategies available to each participant but also the corresponding payoffs—positive or negative outcomes that each player receives based on various results. Some games are classified as “zero-sum,” meaning one player’s gain directly translates to another player’s loss, while others are not.

A notable example of a non-zero-sum game is the Prisoner’s Dilemma, which presents a compelling situation. The basic scenario involves two “criminals” held in separate cells, unable to communicate with each other.

While there isn’t sufficient evidence to charge them with the most serious offenses, there’s enough to convict both on lesser charges. The authorities simultaneously present each prisoner with a deal: if one testifies against the other while the other stays silent, the betrayer walks free while the silent one serves three years. However, if both betray each other, they each face two years in prison. If they both choose to remain silent, they will each serve just one year for the lesser offense.

The “reward” each player receives can be viewed in terms of years served: if both stay silent, the outcome results in a payoff of -1 for each. If player A betrays player B, A’s payoff is 0 while B’s is -3. In the case of mutual betrayal, both players incur a payoff of -2. Therefore, how can players optimize their outcomes?

In certain scenarios, each participant’s strategy emerges as the optimal response to the other’s actions, leading to a concept known as Nash equilibrium. Both players act in a way that maximizes their individual benefits, resulting in a favorable outcome.

The challenge lies in how actions interact without prior knowledge of the other player’s intentions. Consider if you decide to remain silent; if your counterpart shares that thought, betrayal will yield a greater return for you. Conversely, if they plan to betray you, it’s in your best interest to do the same. Thus, the most logical option appears to be betrayal. This reasoning applies universally, leading both players to defect, resulting in a total payoff of -4.

Should both players trust one another and remain silent, their total payoff would be -2. This implication—that the so-called survival of the fittest can yield suboptimal results compared to cooperative strategies—hints at the potential for collaboration.

A famous experiment from the 1980s involved 62 computer programs engaging in 200 rounds of Prisoner’s Dilemma. Crucially, these programs could adapt their strategies based on their opponent’s previous actions. Interestingly, self-serving strategies proved less successful compared to those grounded in altruism. A successful algorithm would cooperate initially but choose to defect only when the opponent had done so in prior rounds. Furthermore, these programs exhibited a forgiving nature, often returning to cooperation after prior acts of betrayal.

Thus, while “pure” game theory may lead to unfavorable outcomes, incorporating a touch of kindness can pave the way for improved results. Be generous, but remain vigilant against exploitation. Such findings lend credence to game theory.

These articles will be published weekly at:
newscientist.com/maker

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

1. Snow Problem

2. Insulation Calculation

3. Advent Attempt

4. PIN Puzzle

5. Word Play

6. Mysterious Gift

7. Test the Metal

Answers

Snow Problem

Insulation Calculation

Advent Attempt

PIN Puzzle

Word Play

Mysterious Gift

Test the Metal

“My jaw has completely locked.”

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Nike Alphafly 3 Eliud Kipchoge Edition

Bermuda, The Kettle

Ninja CREAMi Ice Cream Maker

Super73 R Series

NEO Home Robot

Gozney Tread

Spyra Three

Dyson Supersonic R

This article is part of a series on simple changes you can implement to enhance your health in the coming year. Read the full series here

The Science of Symbiosis

Space Lichens: The Future of Exploration

The Future of Architecture with Lichens

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe: Cheshire, England

Need for Thorough Research on Marijuana’s Benefits and Risks

A Major Shift in Cannabis Policy After 55 Years

Peter Kyle’s Landmark Request for ChatGPT Logs Stuns Observers

Topic: Politics / 2025 News Review

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe in Cheshire, England

Explore the Mysteries of the Universe in Cheshire, England

Enhancing the Brain’s Waste Removal System

Additional Strategies to Enhance Brain Detox

Promising Evidence Supporting Yoga and Breathing Techniques

Unexplored Potential

What are the chances that an asteroid will hit Earth?

New research on asteroid impact probability

Keeping asteroid risks in perspective

Can asteroid collisions be prevented?

Why asteroid tracking is important

Conclusion

Something like this:

related

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This article is part of a series on simple changes you can implement to enhance your health in the coming year.
Read the full series here