Schadenfreude, the intriguing emotion of deriving pleasure from the misfortune of others, is surprisingly common. While it may seem unkind or even vindictive, if you’ve ever felt guilty for the satisfaction you gain when someone stumbles, remember it’s a natural human response.
This emotion stems from complex processes that have developed in our brains over millions of years.
Humans are fundamentally social beings, often described by scientists as “hypersocial.” We are perpetually attuned to other people’s opinions, our relationships, and, crucially, our social status within various hierarchies.
Understanding social status is key. We possess an innate awareness of social hierarchies and our position within them. On a subconscious level, we desire to be liked, respected, and recognized, influencing our actions and motivations significantly.
However, social status is subjective and relative. One way to elevate your status is to witness someone else’s decline. When an individual suffers a setback that causes them to lose esteem, it can create a satisfying boost to your own status without any effort on your part—hence, schadenfreude.
It’s important to note that this feeling doesn’t arise every time someone fails. Typically, it must be proportional; it’s rarely pleasurable when an innocent person faces misfortune, even if they hold a higher status.
This reaction ties back to another inherent bias in the human psyche: the “just world” hypothesis. We naturally believe that the world is fair, even in the face of contrary evidence. Our brains gravitate towards fairness and justice just as they do towards elevated social standing.
Therefore, when someone perceived as unfairly privileged faces setbacks, it creates a potent mix of satisfaction and equity for us, making the experience of schadenfreude almost irresistible.
Anatomy Textbooks May Need Revision: Discovering the Penis’s Primary Erogenous Zones
SOPA Images Limited/Alamy
The latest neuroanatomical research reveals that the primary erogenous zone of the penis is the zonula delta, an area that has been overlooked in anatomy textbooks and surgical training. This triangular zone, found on the ventral side of the penis, where the head meets the shaft, is particularly vulnerable during circumcision.
“While this may seem obvious to those familiar with male sexual sensations, our study scientifically validates the existence of this region of the ventral penis as the epicenter of sexual sensation,” stated Alfonso Cepeda-Emiliani from the University of Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
Given this scientific insight, the delta frenulum could be considered the “male G-spot.” Eric Chan, president-elect of the International Society of Sexual Medicine, noted, “It’s one of the most pleasurable sites for male sexual stimulation.”
Cepeda-Emiliani and his team conducted an exhaustive mapping of the sensory nerves in 14 cadaveric penises from donors aged between 45 and 96. They meticulously sliced the penises into fine sections and stained them to highlight nerve structures for microscopic examination.
Traditional anatomy textbooks suggest that male genital sensitivity is primarily concentrated in the glans, the bulbous head of the penis. However, findings from Cepeda-Emiliani’s research indicate that the zonula delta boasts a denser concentration of nerve endings, making it significantly more sensitive.
The delta zonula also exhibited the highest density of sensory corpuscles, specialized touch receptors that consist of clusters of nerve endings. Up to 17 corpuscles were found grouped together in the zonular delta, while in the glans, they were more dispersed. Notably, sensory corpuscles within the delta include Krause’s corpuscles, which detect minute vibrations that contribute to sexual arousal and pleasure.
The frenulum delta was first identified by Ken McGrath of Auckland University of Technology in 2001, named for its triangular shape located between the V-shaped wings of the glans on the penis’s underside. Although McGrath dubbed it the male G-spot due to its potential for sexual pleasure, the term did not gain widespread acceptance.
Recent research corroborates the subjective experiences of individuals who report that stimulation of this “G-spot” induces intense pleasure and uniquely specialized sensations, highlighting gaps in sexual medicine and urology training, as noted by Cepeda-Emiliani and colleagues.
Surgeons performing circumcisions must be aware of the nerve-rich delta frenulum. When making an incision to remove the foreskin, the impact on this delicate neural network is profound, necessitating careful consideration to avoid unnecessarily deep or wide incisions that could lead to the complete removal of the frenulum. Retaining some or all of it is crucial for preserving sensitivity.
Dr. Kesley Pedler from Port Macquarie Base Hospital in Australia stated she did not learn about the zonular delta or its significant nerves during her surgical education. “Most respected urological surgical anatomy textbooks fail to mention the zonular delta, even in their latest editions,” she asserted. Dr. Pedler now performs circumcisions only when clinically necessary, emphasizing the importance of preserving nerve structure in this area.
Circumcision rates vary, with only a small proportion of boys in the UK and Australia undergoing the procedure, while approximately half of newborn boys in the US are circumcised. Whether such surgeries affect sexual sensation remains a topic of debate.
A large study in Belgium discovered that uncircumcised men reported experiencing greater sexual pleasure, attributed to stimulation of the zonular delta compared to circumcised men. Conversely, a US survey indicated that there was no discernible difference in orgasm quality, suggesting that circumcised individuals might compensate for any sensitivity loss in the zonular delta region.
The existence of the female G-spot, similarly, has faced skepticism in the medical community, with some practitioners denying its occurrence altogether. This skepticism stems from the lack of distinct nerve structures found in expected vaginal locations. However, studies show that many women identify an erogenous zone several centimeters along the vagina’s front wall, and ultrasound research reveals that the clitoris becomes engorged with blood during sexual arousal, leading to heightened sensitivity in the vaginal walls.
Cepeda-Emiliani and his team are now embarking on similar detailed studies focused on cadaveric vaginas and clitorises to further explore sexual anatomy.
Industrial activities, including mining, smelting, and electronics manufacturing, generate significant environmental waste that contaminates soil. These wastes often contain toxic metals detrimental to both flora and fauna..
Soil remediation can be a complex undertaking. Conventional methods, like landfilling contaminated soil, are costly and can degrade soil quality. To address these issues, researchers and farmers are exploring innovative plant-based solutions for soil cleanup, notably through a process called Phytoremediation, which involves the use of plants that absorb heavy metals. Enhancing these plants with growth-promoting microorganisms bolsters root development and nutrient accessibility, subsequently boosting plant vitality.
In addition to phytoremediation, farmers utilize treatments derived from burning organic matter in low-oxygen conditions, known as biochar. Biochar effectively binds heavy metals in the soil, reducing their toxicity to plants. However, there is limited research on the synergistic effects of combining microorganisms with biochar for soil remediation.
A research team from Portugal conducted experiments to determine if combining biochar with microorganisms could enhance phytoremediation effectiveness. They examined the effects of biochar augmented with two specific microorganisms: the bacteria Pseudomonas liatans EDP28 and the fungi Rhizoglomus irregulare, both recognized for their plant growth-promoting capabilities.
The objective was to assess whether soil treatments could decrease copper contamination and enhance sunflower growth in mined soil, which contained an average of 1,080 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) of copper—over three times the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s recommended limit of 100 to 300 mg/kg.
In a controlled greenhouse setting, the researchers established experiments involving three different microbial treatments: P. Reactance bacteria, R. Irregular fungi, and a blended microbial treatment combining both. They prepared pots with contaminated mine soil, added these microbial treatments, and introduced sunflower seedlings, along with varying doses of biochar (0%, 2.5%, and 5% by weight). This resulted in 12 unique treatments, including three with only biochar, three with just microorganisms, and one control without any additives.
After a period of 12 weeks, the researchers evaluated the growth of sunflower seedlings. They began by measuring chlorophyll, the green pigment crucial for photosynthesis. Using a specialized machine that transmits red and infrared light through the leaves, they found that while biochar did not influence chlorophyll levels, the microbial inoculum significantly increased chlorophyll content, thereby enhancing the plants’ photosynthetic capacity.
Subsequently, they measured the length of the plants’ roots and shoots before drying them to calculate total dry weight. Surprisingly, biochar addition appeared to hinder plant growth; sunflowers with 2.5% and 5% biochar exhibited shoot lengths that were 22% and 26% shorter and had shoot masses that were 46% and 49% less, respectively, compared to those grown without biochar.
However, the microbial inoculants, especially the mixed bacteria and fungi combination, mitigated the adverse effects of biochar and actually promoted plant growth. Compared to plants without microorganisms, those receiving the mixed inoculum showed an increase of 48% and 45% in shoot length and a boost of 122% and 137% in dry biomass at 2.5% and 5% biochar treatments, respectively.
Copper content was assessed by dissolving soil, roots, and shoots in water and acid, followed by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy to quantify copper atoms. Results revealed higher copper concentrations in plant roots than in shoots across all treatments, with biochar-treated plants having root copper levels that increased by an average of 38% compared to controls. This contrasted with earlier studies suggesting biochar might hinder metal uptake.
Interestingly, the effects of microorganisms on copper levels proved inconsistent. The mixed inoculum raised root copper concentrations by 51% in the 2.5% biochar treatment, while it had no significant impact in the 5% scenario.
In conclusion, biochar enhanced the phytoremediation efficiency of sunflowers by boosting copper accumulation in roots, albeit at the expense of plant growth. Conversely, microbes enhanced the chlorophyll content, benefiting both growth and photosynthesis. The research team advocates for larger-scale field studies with microbial inoculants and biochar to explore practical applications further.
When discussing psychopathy, many envision a dangerous individual whose self-serving actions harm others while benefiting themselves. This trait is more prevalent than one might think; approximately 1% of the population experiences psychopathic traits, with research indicating a significant link between psychopathy and leadership roles in corporate settings.
Yet, living with psychopathy can be challenging. Abigail Marsh, a psychology and neuroscience professor at Georgetown University, explores the lives of individuals with psychopathic traits who lead seemingly ordinary lives. Surprisingly, many do not aspire to become psychopaths.
While the precise definition of psychopathy is still under investigation, it typically includes traits such as emotional insensitivity, lack of empathy, and impulsiveness. Screening tools assess behaviors like pathological lying and manipulative tendencies.
A recent study, available here, indicates that psychopaths have an intense focus on their own goals and struggle to understand the perspectives of others. Researchers, including Marsh, have found physical differences in the brains of those with psychopathic traits.
By focusing on individuals with high psychopathy scores from the general population, Marsh’s team recently quantified how psychopathic individuals perceive others’ well-being. In an interview with New Scientist, Marsh discusses her unexpected findings and the complexity of feeling compassion towards individuals with psychopathy.
Interview with Abigail Marsh: Understanding Psychopathy
Sabrina Weiss: How do psychopaths generally perceive life?
Abigail Marsh: Psychopaths often report a lack of strong emotions, including fear, guilt, and love. While some believe this could simplify life, many find their existence more challenging, often “hiding” their identities to navigate social situations. This stigma, usually seen as a moral failing, actually stems from similar roots found in other mental health issues, involving genetics and life experiences.
Investigating the Brain: What Do We Know?
While brain scans cannot “diagnose” psychopathy, they do reveal consistent differences in certain areas such as the amygdala, which is often smaller in individuals with psychopathic traits. Research from my lab indicates that children with smaller amygdalae may show more severe psychopathic behaviors over time, coupled with reduced responsiveness to others’ emotions.
The Wolf of Wall Street: A portrayal of psychopathic traits.
Photo 12/Alamy
Treating Mental Illness: What Are the Options?
One analysis suggests that three years of therapy can aid psychopaths in managing their emotions. Unfortunately, available resources for treating personality disorders remain limited. The societal perception that psychopaths elicit no sympathy makes their need for care often overlooked, despite our moral obligation to provide it.
Can Psychopaths Change Their Behavior?
Some individuals manage significant behavior changes through personal determinations, including fostering relationships they don’t want to jeopardize or simply “faking it” until it feels natural. Others create personal moral codes to guide their behavior, demonstrating that improvement is indeed possible.
How Common is the Desire for Change?
While quantifying this desire is challenging, many individuals express discontent with their behaviors and aspire for change. This is especially evident among those who seek assessments through the organization I co-founded, raising awareness about psychopathy.
Choosing Inclusive Language: Why Does It Matter?
The field is evolving toward a more compassionate, person-centered approach. For instance, we now refer to “individuals with psychopathy” rather than using stigma-laden terms. However, the tendency to label still prevails, particularly concerning personality disorders.
Exploring the Roots of Interest in Psychopathy Research
My fascination began with understanding altruism and evolved through personal experiences that highlighted both the good and bad in human nature, leading to my current research interests.
Recruitment for Research:
My latest study involved over 700 participants with psychopathy scores, primarily recruited through the Aggressive Disorder Prevention Association. A thoughtful approach to advertising has been crucial to our participant recruitment.
Exploring Psychopathy’s Impact on Society
With around 1% of the population exhibiting psychopathic traits, it’s essential to recognize the potential presence of individuals within your social circles. These traits can lead to manipulative or harmful behaviors that significantly affect others.
What to Do If You Suspect Someone of Psychopathy?
Remember, psychopathy is a legitimate mental health issue that can be addressed. Individuals with psychopathy face numerous challenges in their lives and relationships, but dedicated therapeutic support can lead to meaningful changes. Visit the Aggressive Disorder Association website for resources and assistance.
Feedback is New Scientist A popular source for the latest science and technology news. Share your thoughts with us at feedback@newscientist.com.
Exploring Unique Units of Measurement
In our recent exploration of the world’s most unusual units of measurement, Feedback presented an interesting case involving polar bears as units of snowpack. Reader Steve Tees inquired about the meaning of “shed load” in the context of traffic delays.
Since then, we’ve received an influx of emails suggesting alternative phrases to express large quantities.
Two readers, Bryn Glover and John Newton, both linked the term to highway incidents, commenting, “The truck was certainly dropping a load.”
F. Ian Lamb proposed viewing “shed loads” as examples of “endogenous relative scaling (ERS) units,” indicating that individual perceptions of size can vary widely based on personal experiences. For instance, £1,000 could seem insignificant to a millionaire but immense to someone living in poverty. Ian invites readers to share more examples of ERS units.
William Croydon provides another perspective, noting that “shed” is a term utilized in nuclear physics. In particle physics, measuring small particles colliding requires a unit with a tiny cross-sectional area.
According to William, the “barn” unit is 100 square femtometers (10-28 square meters), which is approximately the cross-section of a uranium atom’s nucleus. Essentially, this small measurement corresponds to the ease with which a nuclear reaction may be initiated.
William also mentioned that smaller units, or “huts,” have been discussed, albeit with uncertainty regarding their dimensions. Online research led to two variants: the “outhouse,” which is one millionth of a barn, and the “yoctoban,” defined as 10-24 barn, humorously dubbed as a shed in a barn.
In any case, as William points out, even numerous sheds would be “too small to cause problems on the highway.”
Tony Lewis humorously suggests that while Steve Tees wants to know the size of the “xxxx warehouse” blocking traffic, it must indeed measure the equivalent of “xxxx warehouses.”
Pencils and Shakespeare
Feedback regarding the book Puzzle Advisor by Rob Eastaway highlights how William Shakespeare may have been influenced by the mathematics of his era.
Feeling a kinship with Shakespeare, Feedback notes the recent surge of interest in various adaptations of Hamlet, including Riz Ahmed’s modern take and the gender-swapped Scarlet, all of which delve into themes of moral corruption.
Interestingly, Rob’s book mentions that graphite was in use during Shakespeare’s lifetime for writing instruments, suggesting the Bard may have opted for a pencil over a quill for some of his witty compositions.
This was reported in Stationery News, headlined “2B or not 2B?” The article suggests any pencil Shakespeare used would likely have been of pure graphite, implying it would have been 9B rather than 2B.
The Enigma of Hexagonal Water
Reader Joseph Orechino shared an email promoting the supposed health benefits of “hexagonal water,” claiming it is “10 times healthier than lemon water.”
This type of water allegedly undergoes a treatment that arranges its molecules in a hexagonal formation, though many experts agree that such structures are unstable and short-lived.
Despite the scientific skepticism, the allure of hexagonal water persists, with our archives revealing past attempts to create wine from it and other quirky concepts like “vibrating interactive water.”
The feedback poses an intriguing question: Why hexagons? To maximize water’s potential, a pentagram might be a more magical arrangement, although it might lead to accidental symbolism when a bottle is turned upside down.
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Share your insights with us at feedback@newscientist.com. Don’t forget to include your address. Explore this week’s and previous feedback on our website.
Let me be upfront: I’m not an expert in gardening. In fact, I’ve managed to kill remarkably hardy plants—including a cactus! Although I appreciate the beauty of flowers, this review reflects the perspective of a novice gardener who struggles to cultivate blooms.
Despite my lack of gardening skills, David George Haskell clearly possesses deep knowledge of flowering plants. His latest book, How Flowers Created Our World, is rich with insights drawn from his own garden and his involvement in habitat restoration projects. Haskell’s deep affection for flowers shines through every page.
Haskell is a biologist at Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, and a seasoned author with several books on botany and ecology. His previous work, Wild and Broken Sounds, explored animal communications and the threats they face from human activities such as noise pollution and deforestation.
His core thesis asserts that society’s perception of flowering plants is fundamentally flawed. Haskell argues that in many Western cultures, flowers are often dismissed as fragile ornaments—pretty but devoid of strength or significance.
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Flowering plants emerged during the dinosaur era and swiftly dominated the landscape. “
This misunderstanding contributes to flowers being viewed as “feminine,” leading many men to shy away from floral garnishes on beverages—instead opting for traditional ales, ironically brewed from flowering plants.
However, Haskell emphasizes, “Flowers have the power to change the world.” The emergence and diversification of flowering plants during the late dinosaur period were pivotal in transforming ecosystems and spurring the evolution of various life forms. Rainforests, bees, savannahs, meadows, and even humans are intricately linked to the survival of flowering plants.
To illustrate his points, Haskell dedicates eight of the book’s nine chapters to exploring different facets of flower ecology, each centered around a specific flower species.
He begins with the Magnolia, a flower that has remained largely unchanged for 100 million years, serving as a window into the history of the earliest flowering plants. Angiosperms, as flowering plants are known, appeared during the age of the dinosaurs and quickly established dominance—addressing the long-standing debates regarding their exact timeline.
As flowering plants ascended, they relegated many ancient plant groups to the periphery of ecosystems. Most of what we consider “trees” are flowering plants, as are all grasses. Haskell writes, “Earth is a planet of flowers.”
Transitioning from magnolia to goat’s beard, he showcases how rapidly and innovatively flowering plants evolve. He argues that the repeated duplication of genomic fragments is fundamental, creating a vast genetic reservoir and allowing angiosperms to develop numerous advantageous traits.
Orchids exemplify the intricate relationships flowering plants form with insects, birds, and fungi, while seagrasses illustrate how flowering plants create entire ecosystems, offering habitats for various wildlife and reshaping their environments.
In the latter half of the book, Haskell focuses on the profound connection between humans and flowering plants. Using roses as a case study, he highlights the diverse scents flowers produce and their significance in human relationships, as well as their role in the perfume industry. Linnaeus’s modern classification system was partially based on his studies of tea plants. Essentially, all major grains like wheat and corn are flowering plants. Without these vital species, sustaining the global population would be impossible.
Though Haskell passionately argues for the significance of flowering plants, this fervor can sometimes lead to overgeneralizations. He portrays a pre-angiosperm world as dull and largely devoid of color and scent, not giving credit to the ancestral visual signals that date back to early complex animals during the Cambrian period. The exact colors of primitive marine life and flora remain a mystery.
Likewise, chemical communication, an ancient evolutionary trait, is widespread and not fully understood in the vast oceans.
Despite minor critiques, Haskell rightly emphasizes the critical role of flowering plants in our ecosystems and the necessity of preserving their biodiversity. In the final chapter, he delves into the future of flowers, fluidly discussing emerging concepts such as wildflower gardens and rewilding efforts.
My only reservation regarding this book is its structure. Haskell presents the idea that “flowers are cool” in a rather simplistic manner, stringing together loosely connected essays rather than crafting a cohesive narrative. Readers shouldn’t expect a gripping story; instead, they are invited to savor Haskell’s poetic prose.
I can’t help but think Haskell may have been inspired by Marcel Proust. In In Search of Lost Time, the narrator recalls memories through the taste of a madeleine. Haskell encourages readers to appreciate the tens of millions of years of evolution evident in magnolia petals and stamens.
While Haskell’s narrative style differs from my preferred directness, his works are well-researched, insightful, and vividly articulate. They possess great depth and merit.
Michael Marshall is a science writer based in Devon, UK, and the author of Genesis Quest.
Discover how plants can “hear” caterpillars munching and even exhibit learning and memory. Gagliano emphasizes that these capabilities often remain unnoticed due to their slower pace of operation compared to humans.
Explore the concept of a “wood wide web”—a network of roots and fungi enabling trees to communicate with one another. Simard’s research has been pivotal to our understanding of this intricate natural phenomenon.
Fungi, a unique and often misunderstood group of organisms, are central to our lives. Sheldrake dives into their roles in food production and the profound experiences they can provide.
Evidence of Neanderthal hunting: Elephant bones from Lehringen, Germany
Credit: VOLKER_MINKUS
In the back room of the modern Schöningen Research Museum in Germany, old cardboard boxes house a fascinating discovery: remnants from Rehringen, a village 150 kilometers away.
In 1948, 125,000-year-old Paleoloxodon antique bones were excavated from an ancient lake’s bed in Rehringen. While such bones are not uncommon, this particular set contained a remarkable 2.3-meter-long spear embedded between the ribs.
This yew spear is recognized as the oldest complete spear ever discovered. The Rehringen Spear stands as the only known spear found alongside the skeleton of an extinct species. Since Neanderthals were the only humans in Europe at the time, this spear provides critical evidence that they hunted large game rather than scavenged. This was a groundbreaking discovery.
However, challenges arose. The excavation led by Alexander Rosenbrock, a local school principal and amateur archaeologist, revealed that around half of the bones were removed before he, his daughter, and volunteers arrived at the scene.
By the time Rosenbrock reached the site, some bones had already been stolen, and without a camera, he couldn’t sketch the crucial positions of the bones and spear. A lengthy legal battle ensued over the discovery, ultimately allowing Rosenbrock to keep the findings in Verden, which contributed to their obscurity. Sadly, the teacher passed away in the 1950s without publishing his findings.
Over the next 75 years, skepticism around Rehringen emerged. Were the spear and bones truly found together, or was it mere coincidence? Researchers accessed the findings twice but concluded that the elephant bones lacked evidence of butchery.
Excavation at Rehringen, 1948
Credit: Archives of the Cultural Heritage Office of Lower Saxony
Fast forward to 2025. Ivo Verheijen, the bone expert at Schöningen, began investigating the Rehringen finds.
“We were informed of just a few boxes,” Verheijen noted. “But upon reaching the museum, we discovered truckloads stored in the attic.”
The Schöningen Center, located 300 meters from an active excavation site since the mid-1990s, previously uncovered 10 spears around 300,000 years old from a nearby quarry. The Rehringen spear, alongside the Clacton spear, represents one of the oldest weapons from the Paleolithic era.
In 2017, the Schöningen team made headlines by discovering a complete ancient elephant, granting Verheijen substantial experience with these bones before switching his focus to Rehringen.
As he examined the artifacts, Verheijen removed an old box containing a freshwater shell from Rehringen and metadata from the excavation. He revealed that the label was a 50-million-mark banknote from the post-World War I inflation era, pointing out, “It used to be printed on one side only.”
This project resembled a cold-case investigation for Verheijen and his team. Fortunately, the box contained not just elephant bones but also flint tools and documentation of Rosenbrock’s work, preserved by his daughter Waltraut Deibel-Rosenbrock after his passing.
It didn’t take long for Verheijen to determine that the Lehringen elephant was slaughtered. “I quickly spotted distinct cut marks,” he stated. “It’s surprising that they weren’t previously noted.”
Cut marks found on an elephant rib
Credit: Ivo Verheijen
The elephant’s remains belonged to a young male, over 3.5 meters tall at the shoulder. Verheijen noted that solitary males are often easier targets for hunters.
Examination revealed that not only had the animal been butchered externally, but internal organs had also been removed, indicating that it was freshly dead when Neanderthals approached. It is highly probable that it died with the spear embedded in its side, suggesting a direct correlation between the bones and the weapon found on-site.
Early humans utilized simple flint tools to extract as much as possible from the carcass, leaving behind bones for scavengers. Interestingly, not every bone displayed signs of butchery—bear, beaver, and aurochs remains were also present, indicating that Neanderthals regularly hunted near the lake.
Verheijen suggested that modern elephants often head towards water when injured. Therefore, after being speared, the elephant likely made its way toward the lake, where it may have been pursued until it collapsed. One spear ultimately broke underneath it, which could explain some of the scene’s findings. The research team plans to further analyze the spear.
Even in its initial phases, the project has already painted a vivid picture of Neanderthal hunting behavior.
Verheijen aims to preserve Rehringen’s bones for exhibition, emphasizing, “This site is among the most significant Neanderthal locations in Germany. Despite being previously overlooked, we are dedicated to giving it the recognition it deserves.”
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Reconstructed Neanderthal Man and Woman at Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, Germany
AP Photo/Martin Meissner/Alamy
Neanderthal DNA analysis has significantly advanced our understanding of the challenging eras leading to the extinction of these ancient humans.
As climate cooled, Neanderthal populations diminished, ultimately restricting them to southwestern France. With a subsequent warming trend, these ancient humans began to expand their range. However, due to a drastic reduction in genetic diversity, even widespread populations exhibited similar DNA profiles.
This scenario—a small, isolated population with limited genetic variability—likely contributed to their extinction.
Having inhabited Europe and Asia for hundreds of thousands of years, Neanderthals vanished from the archaeological record around 40,000 years ago. Previous DNA studies indicate significant genetic changes occurred as their populations dwindled, especially among late Neanderthals from approximately 60,000 years ago, who displayed genetic similarities distinct from their earlier counterparts. “There must have been some population turnover towards the end of Neanderthal history,” states Cosimo Posth from the University of Tübingen, Germany.
To examine these changes, Posth and his team sequenced DNA from 10 Neanderthals across six locations in Belgium, France, Germany, and Serbia. They focused on the mitochondrial DNA inherited from mothers and compared it to 49 previously sequenced genomes.
The findings revealed that nearly all Neanderthals who lived between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago belonged to a single lineage that emerged around 65,000 years ago, with no traces of older lineages. “This strongly indicates that a population turnover occurred,” affirms Posth.
Additionally, the research team analyzed a database of Neanderthal remains, noting a significant geographic contraction in population density towards southwestern Europe from 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, especially concentrated in southwestern France. “This was likely triggered by climate change,” explains Posth. “Around 75,000 years ago, a major ice age commenced, prompting the Neanderthals to retreat further into southwestern Europe.”
Entrance to Pešturina Cave in Serbia, site of notable Neanderthal discoveries
Luc Doyon and Dušan Mihailović
The emerging lineage likely originated in southwestern France, expanding after the warming climate of over 60,000 years ago. However, despite this geographic expansion, the overall population size did not significantly increase.
One remarkable exception is an individual named Thorin, discovered in Mandolin Cave, France. At approximately 50,000 years old, Thorin’s DNA indicates strong ties to more ancient lineages, revealing that some genetic lines likely survived the previous population decline. Posth notes that Thorin is “the only one who doesn’t fit into the established narrative.”
The ability to trace Neanderthal migrations enriches our understanding of their history, according to Tarshika Vimala, who researched Thorin at the University of California, Berkeley.
Vimala also highlighted previous findings that confirmed fluctuations in Neanderthal populations, leading to the loss of specific lineages. A 2021 study suggested that population replacement occurred roughly 100,000 years ago, possibly as a response to climate changes.
Neanderthals’ pattern of living in small, isolated bands may have heightened their extinction risk. Vimala estimates their group sizes ranged between 3 and 60 individuals. Prof. Poss remarked that this could have allowed harmful genetic variations to develop, increasing the vulnerability of each population to random events.
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Since British pop legend David Bowie posed the question in 1971, “Does life exist on Mars?”, NASA has successfully landed five rovers on the Red Planet. The Curiosity rover, which touched down in Gale Crater in 2012, uncovered rocks formed in a shallow lake approximately 3.6 billion years ago, indicating a once habitable environment. In 2021, the Perseverance rover began exploring Jezero Crater, where traces of ancient life may be found at the base of a lake dating back 3.7 billion years.
Both Curiosity and Perseverance have discovered evidence of complex carbon-containing molecules within Martian lakebed rocks. Organisms on Earth consist of similar organicmolecules, leading astrobiologists to speculate that these Martian compounds might indicate past life. However, it’s important to note that organic molecules can also arise from non-biological processes, such as interactions between gases and minerals at high temperatures. Thus, more conclusive evidence is needed to confirm the existence of ancient Martian life.
A recent study by researchers at the Center for Astrobiology in Madrid, Spain, explored whether DNA could function as a potential biomarker in Martian rocks. They posited that DNA is universal among Earth’s life forms and deemed it “the most crucial biological molecule for life.” Only life forms create this molecule. Furthermore, many conditions that degrade DNA quickly on Earth—such as the presence of water, heat, and microorganisms—are absent in the cold, dry climate of Mars.
One major obstacle in detecting ancient DNA on Mars is the planet’s surface, which is constantly bombarded by intense shock waves. Cosmic and solar radiation can rapidly degrade DNA and organic molecules. Prior research has indicated that DNA is more likely to survive radiation damage when protected within rock. Hence, the researchers aimed to examine whether Mars-like rocks could shield DNA from radiation levels equivalent to around 100 million years of exposure on the planet’s surface.
Scientists will not gain direct access to Martian lake rocks until future sample return missions, such as NASA/ESA’s Mars Sample Return or the Chinese Astronomy-3 mission, are conducted. The researchers collected samples from various rock ages formed in lakes and shallow marine environments worldwide. They specifically targeted rocks with remnants of an ancient microbial community known as microorganisms and a total organic carbon concentration similar to that of Martian rocks. The samples included 2,800-year-old lake rocks from Mexico, 541-million-year-old shallow-water rocks from Morocco, and 2.93-billion-year-old iron-rich rocks from Ontario, Canada, featuring minerals akin to those in Jezero Crater on Mars.
The team crushed the rocks, dividing them into six samples each, sealed in glass bottles. They exposed three samples to radiation levels equivalent to 136 million years on the Martian surface, while leaving the other three unexposed for comparison. DNA was extracted from each sample and examined using a technique that enables reliable identification of short DNA fragments known as nanopore sequencing. This method also generates quality scores for each DNA fragment to assess the accuracy of specific DNA sequences.
The analysis revealed that unirradiated samples contained higher quantities of DNA fragments, correlating with a greater presence of organic carbon. This suggests that the DNA originated from contemporary microbial communities residing in the rocks, while the organic carbon was derived from long-deceased microbes. Thus, the researchers inferred that modern microbes were consuming ancient organisms; the more food available, the larger the microbial populations grow. These findings support the proposition that rich organic carbon sites like ancient crater lakes are prime targets for future life-detection missions.
In irradiated samples, DNA quality diminished and fragmented due to radiation exposure. For instance, the DNA from irradiated samples of Mexican lake microorganisms exhibited quality scores that were, on average, 53% lower, with DNA reads averaging 85% shorter compared to unirradiated samples. Nevertheless, the research team managed to identify microorganisms that contributed around 2% to 9% of the DNA in the irradiated samples, despite significant degradation.
The researchers concluded that identifiable DNA fragments could persist in Martian rocks for over 100 million years. They proposed that this sensitive sequencing approach should be implemented in future Mars rovers to search for evidence of past life and evaluate the planet’s biological viability. While these results are promising for astrobiologists, challenges remain, such as the presence of toxic salts that could further degrade DNA and concerns regarding pollution from terrestrial life. The research team recommended developing stringent protocols for decontaminating Martian rock samples and addressing external contamination.
The Israeli military is leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) for target identification in the Gaza Strip, the U.S. is strategizing similarly against Iran, and Ukraine is innovating with advanced drones. AI warfare is not a distant reality; it is unfolding today.
Exploring the intricate global policies, potential advantages, challenges, and ethical dilemmas of military AI usage will occupy scholars for decades. However, Katrina Manson’s Project Maven takes a different approach, utilizing insights from over 200 interviews to narrate the U.S. military’s path toward AI warfare—a glimpse into one of the 800 AI initiatives housed within the Pentagon.
Initiated in 2017, Project Maven aims to develop systems that process and analyze extensive drone-collected data. With traditional human analysis lagging behind the data influx from drones, Manson notes that the project faced initial hurdles. Within eight months, it was deployed in Somalia, where the algorithm misidentified common objects—such as detecting school buses in clouds.
The narrative takes us back in time with a project leader reflecting on his experiences as an intelligence officer in Afghanistan, as he struggles to plan missions armed only with outdated technology. How do we define the enemy, ensure safety, and measure success in warfare?
In the chaos of war, human fallibility prevails; efficiency dwindles, fatigue mounts, and errors arise. Proponents of AI, including Project Maven architects, believe AI could mitigate these factors. Their vision extends even further—eliminating human deliberation from targeting decisions, allowing AI to execute missions with speed unmatched by human operators.
“Machines can’t be worse than humans,” remarks an insider. The Maven team refined its tools, attempting to persuade frontline operators to adopt these technologies. While improvements appeared, mistakes persisted.
Since then, the U.S. and NATO allies have integrated Maven into various conflicts. About 32 companies are now collaborating on this initiative, with 25,000 U.S. military personnel logging into the system regularly. It’s also been utilized in border security and drug trafficking operations throughout the Caribbean. This prompts a critical question: can a state wield such tools without infringing on citizens’ rights?
Perhaps most alarming is Manson’s assertion that efforts to automate warfare are advancing, with drones like the “Goalkeeper” and “Whiplash” capable of autonomously identifying and neutralizing threats. How will AI make decisions in high-stakes scenarios, reminiscent of Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov’s pivotal choice to avert nuclear war in 1983?
The insights presented in this work focus less on AI technology itself and more on the interplay of Pentagon bureaucracy and Silicon Valley’s readiness to engage in ethically controversial projects for profit. Access to Manson’s revelations is significant; however, military secrecy means the specific technologies developed and their applications may remain undisclosed for years.
Modern warfare has become dehumanized, where operators monitor deadly situations from thousands of miles away through screens and decide to strike. This detachment risks making the act of war less burdensome, allowing its ramifications to be more easily ignored.
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Goalkeeper flying drones and Whiplash naval drones can autonomously find and neutralize targets. “
It is imperative that the power bestowed by AI in warfare is approached with the seriousness it deserves. Yet, Manson shares a chilling anecdote about an interviewee expressing a desire to join Project Maven to “reduce the non-American population.”
This book draws critical parallels to the future of military AI, suggesting potential risks including heightened global tensions and the likelihood of warfare.
The ethics professor explores the complex issues surrounding the deployment of AI in military operations, touching on trust, control, and accountability in an era where machines might assume soldiers’ roles.
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Understanding Your Protein Needs
Maximilian Stock Limited/Science Photo Library
Protein Samantha King and Gavin Weedon Duke University Press
Protein has become a cultural phenomenon, highlighted when TV personality Khloé Kardashian advertised protein popcorn on the same day I heard comedian Stephen Merchant discuss its importance on his podcast.
Vital for health, protein contributes to muscle building, infection control, and hormone regulation. While it doesn’t surpass carbohydrates and fats in importance, it’s a key player in contemporary wellness trends. It’s timely that the book Protein: The Birth of a Nutritional Superstar has been released.
The authors, sociologists Samantha King from Queen’s University in Ontario and Gavin Weedon from Nottingham Trent University, explore the cultural obsession with protein. However, their analysis often lacks direct answers for readers’ pressing questions.
Instead of diving right into the popular protein discourse, they start with foundational knowledge about amino acids and even the etymology of the protein term. Examining protein’s rise, they note its broad appeal: promoting fitness for Millennials and Gen Xers, providing energy for baby boomers, and preventing muscle loss in seniors.
<p>Both generational groups seem particularly targeted by protein marketing. King and Weeden suggest Millennials are influenced by the "manosphere," where fitness training acts as a remedy for diminished masculinity. Conversely, older adults view protein as a political and economic strategy to mitigate health expenditures related to sarcopenia, or the age-related decline in muscle mass.</p>
<p>While these points hold some merit, they often feel abstract. King and Weeden provide insufficient evidence to substantiate their arguments.</p>
<p>Interestingly, many individuals keen on protein—like those consuming protein bars—are unlikely to be protein deficient. As a health journalist, I've observed that achieving adequate protein intake in high-income nations with a diet of 2000-2500 calories daily is generally straightforward. The <a href="https://www.nutrition.org.uk/nutritional-information/protein/">UK's current dietary guidelines</a> recommend 0.75 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight; easily achievable through a few nutritious snacks and meals. For active individuals, this intake should be increased.</p>
<p>My hope is that readers will engage with <i>Protein</i> to determine whether existing guidelines warrant reconsideration. Questions remain—should protein intake adjust over a lifetime or menstrual cycle? Is excessive protein consumption harmful? What vegan options provide optimal protein?</p>
<p>Research regarding these concerns remains sparse and often contradictory. Excess protein intake leads to breakdown and excretion through urine, suggesting that indulging in protein popcorn might simply result in a trip to the restroom. Additionally, studies indicate that <a href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/scitranslmed.3005218">excessive long-term protein consumption</a> can strain kidneys and elevate heart disease risks.</p>
<p>The book <i>Protein</i> could greatly benefit from further exploration of these topics. Perhaps sociologists aren't best equipped to tackle nutritional inquiries. However, the release at a moment when dietary protein is under scrutiny means many readers will likely close the book still pondering, "How much protein do we really need?"</p>
<h2><em><strong>Two Additional Insightful Books on Nutrition</strong></em></h2>
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<a href="https://harpercollins.co.uk/products/off-the-scales-the-inside-story-of-ozempic-and-the-race-to-cure-obesity-aimee-donnellan"><i><strong>Off the Scale</strong><br/></i></a>by Amy Donnellan
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<p>Reuters columnist Donnellan advocates for a shift in how we perceive obesity, highlighting the potential of GLP-1 drugs like Ozempic in combating associated stigma.</p>
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<img class="Image" alt="Book Cover - Ferment by Tim Spector" width="312" height="468" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/09124925/SEI_287659579.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/09124925/SEI_287659579.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/03/09124925/SEI_287659579.jpg?width=400 400w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2518622" data-caption="" data-credit=""/>
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<i><a href="https://www.penguin.co.uk/books/457755/ferment-by-spector-tim/9781787334656"><strong>Ferment</strong></a><br/></i>by Tim Spector
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<p>Spector, founder of ZOE nutrition, effectively discusses the advantages of incorporating fermented foods into the diet without pushing his products.</p>
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Illustration of Australopithecus sediba carrying a toddler
John Bavaro Fine Art/Science Photo Library
Childbirth posed significant challenges for our ape-like ancestors, similar to the risks women face today. Recent findings on the pelvis of Australopithecus indicate that childbirth exerted substantial forces on the pelvic floor, increasing the risk of perineal lacerations.
“Our research shows that Australopithecines closely resemble modern humans,” shares Pierre Fremondier, a midwife at the University of Aix-Marseille, France. “With multiple births, women likely faced a heightened risk of pelvic floor disorders.”
In modern human biology, vaginal delivery necessitates considerable force to navigate a baby’s large head through a relatively narrow pelvis. The pelvic floor, which connects the left and right sides of the pelvis, is often vulnerable, resulting in injuries during childbirth. Estimates suggest that 1 in 4 women experience pelvic floor disorders, including incontinence and organ prolapse.
Frémondier and his team aimed to understand if our extinct ancestors encountered similar childbirth challenges. Their focus was on Australopithecus, which inhabited Africa between 2 to 4 million years ago. These early humans, although bipedal, maintained adaptations for arboreal life and were likely tool users, potentially leading down the lineage of the Homo genus, to which modern humans belong.
From the limited fossil record, particularly the pelvis, researchers deduced that the birth canal of Australopithecus was oval—broad side-to-side yet narrow front-to-back. In contrast, modern humans exhibit a more circular shape, while nonhuman primates like chimpanzees possess an opposite configuration.
To explore the birthing dynamics of Australopithecus, the team generated simulations using pelvis models from three different species: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus, and Australopithecus sediba. To accurately model pelvic floor muscles, they scanned pregnant women’s MRI images, creating a three-dimensional representation adapted to the Australopithecus pelvis. This model simulated the birthing process and estimated the forces exerted on the pelvic floor.
The analysis revealed that the pelvic floor of Australopithecus experienced forces ranging from 4.9 to 10.7 MPa, comparable to the 5.3 to 10.5 MPa observed in modern human childbirth.
The research team successfully leveraged various features of the Australopithecus pelvis to refine their models, correlating findings with live human birth data, according to Leah Betti from University College London. “This methodology ensures the model is robust.”
However, caution remains regarding the outcomes. Betti notes that the pelvic floor structure of Australopithecus may differ from modern humans, impacting their resistance to tearing. Additionally, simulations with two modern births revealed one scenario where the baby did not engage in typical canal rotation, indicating a vital missing factor in the simulations.
“The evidence we have is limited,” states Betti. With only three pelvis samples from different Australopithecus species, the dataset is considered small. The specifics of early human pelvic structures remain largely unknown.
“We’re just beginning to explore this area of research,” concludes Fremondier.
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Passwords play a crucial role in our digital security. They serve as protective barriers for our data and sensitive information, yet they often become burdensome to manage and remember. Cybersecurity expert Jake Moore from ESET shares three essential tips to enhance your password strategy and fend off potential cyber threats.
1. Embrace a Password Manager for Enhanced Security
Although I am an advocate for password managers, their adoption remains low. As highlighted by recent studies, only about one-third of users leverage this valuable tool. This statistic is surprising, given that password managers can generate complex passwords and store them securely, alleviating the mental load associated with remembering them.
Relying on personal knowledge or familiar words when creating passwords exposes you to risks, especially if these details are known to hackers. Password managers also mitigate the danger of reusing passwords across multiple accounts, which can lead to widespread vulnerabilities if one account is compromised.
Many users may hesitate to utilize password managers due to misconceptions regarding their security. However, the truth is that password managers encrypt your data on your device, ensuring only you have access through a strong master password. Your information is securely stored in an unreadable format that even your provider cannot access.
2. Implement Multi-Factor Authentication
Even the most secure password can be vulnerable to cyberattacks. Cybersecurity experts recommend a password length of 14-16 characters to protect against unauthorized attempts. However, multi-factor authentication (MFA) adds an essential layer of security to verify your identity during logins.
MFA requires an additional verification method, such as a code sent to your phone. While SMS is common, using authenticator apps is a more secure alternative. It’s unfortunate that platforms like Instagram implement MFA only after users reach a specific follower count, rather than making it mandatory during sign-up. This approach prioritizes convenience over security, leaving many accounts vulnerable.
Prioritizing user convenience over robust security measures could leave many worried about compromised accounts. Thus, enable MFA wherever possible.
3. Transition to Passwordless Solutions
The traditional password is evolving as modern alternatives become available. We are transitioning toward a password-free society, which is a welcome shift.
Passkeys are a prime example of this innovation. They enhance security by minimizing human error—allowing users to sign in via secure methods like fingerprints stored on devices. While the technology operates seamlessly in the background, it simplifies the user experience while effectively mitigating security risks associated with traditional passwords.
Some may express skepticism about the simplicity of passkeys, fearing ease equates to vulnerability. However, the underlying technology works tirelessly to maintain security and protection.
While passkeys are not universally accepted yet and can cause issues if devices are lost, they represent a groundbreaking advancement in eliminating one of the weakest points in cybersecurity: the traditional password.
Rapid Decline in Opioid Fentanyl-Related Deaths in the US
Thomas Simonetti/Bloomberg/Getty Images
The United States has witnessed a significant drop in drug overdose deaths, likely attributed to a decrease in the purity and potency of illegally supplied fentanyl. But the pressing question remains: Are we witnessing a pivotal moment in the opioid epidemic, or just a transient dip?
Since 1999, the US has recorded over 1 million drug overdose fatalities. Despite a slight decline in 2018, fatalities escalated almost annually until 2023. Notably, there has been a 3% decrease in deaths, followed by a steep 26% drop in the subsequent year.
To analyze this trend, Joseph Friedman and researchers at the University of California, San Diego, examined overdose statistics from 1999 to 2024. Their findings were based on data sourced from the National Vital Statistics System and the CDC’s WONDER database.
The analysis revealed that fentanyl-related fatalities fell from approximately 73,000 in 2023 to under 48,000 in 2024, marking a 34% reduction. Meanwhile, deaths from non-fentanyl stimulants like cocaine and methamphetamine saw a 4% increase, rising from about 18,000 to 19,000.
This indicates that the decline in fentanyl potency may be driving this favorable trend. “If we aim to enhance access to harm reduction and treatment services, we might observe more success with non-fentanyl drugs,” stated Chelsea Shover, a researcher at UCLA.
Fentanyl-related deaths have diminished across various demographics, including race, gender, and age. “A decline concentrated in particular demographic groups might suggest policy influences,” Shober noted. “However, the broad reduction implies it could be linked to the drug’s characteristics itself.”
Daniel Bush, a Northwestern University professor, arrived at similar conclusions in a recent study. Their analysis of overdose fatalities characterized the most significant drop in deaths involving both fentanyl and other drugs across five categories: cocaine, methamphetamine, prescription opioids, heroin, and methadone. For instance, fatalities associated with both cocaine and fentanyl fell by over 35% during this time, while cocaine-related deaths alone increased by nearly 5%.
Moreover, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration reported that seized fentanyl powder exhibited a significant purity level of approximately 25%, indicating that additives like flour and baking soda accounted for the remaining 75%. This figure has since decreased to around 11% by late 2024.
This decline may stem from a crackdown by China, a major source of fentanyl precursors, which began enforcement in November 2023 after discussions with U.S. authorities. However, skepticism remains. “The timing of these restrictions doesn’t align neatly with the observed reduction in overdose deaths,” cautioned Shober.
This transformation might signal a critical juncture in the opioid crisis. Researchers perceive the epidemic as evolving in four distinct waves: the initial two waves consisted of fatalities from prescription opioids and heroin, tapering around ten years ago. The third wave, marked by fentanyl, peaked only in 2020. The current fourth wave, involving both fentanyl and meth, appears to be declining. “All the unique waves we encountered in the past are now dissipating,” remarked Friedman.
Nonetheless, it’s still too early to ascertain if this is a genuine turning point in the crisis. “The evidence indicating the permanence of these supply changes from 2023 to 2024 remains insufficient,” Shober cautioned. “Early overdose data suggests that the decline may be plateauing.”
Other substances, like xylazine—an animal sedative often mixed with cocaine, methamphetamine, and fentanyl—are also seeing increased presence in the illicit drug market, highlighting the need for continued vigilance. As Friedman noted, “This is not a cause for celebration; we must remain alert to evolving trends.”
Sam Stern of Temple University Hospital emphasized that overdose deaths are merely one aspect of the broader drug crisis. Another animal sedative, medetomidine—which first appeared in the U.S. drug supply in 2022—induces more severe withdrawal symptoms than traditional opioids, leading to a rise in patients requiring intensive care for withdrawal in 2024. “Historically, this wasn’t common practice, but now it happens daily,” he claimed.
While overdose fatalities may be trending downward, they are projected to still claim nearly 80,000 lives in the U.S. in 2024. “The decline doesn’t signify the end of the crisis,” Bush warned. “We are still experiencing substantial loss of life.”
The human brain plays a crucial role in interpreting our surroundings, primarily through our five senses: sight, hearing, touch, smell, and taste. However, these senses often provide incomplete information. For instance, many objects we perceive are only partially visible. Our brains utilize prior knowledge and expectations to bridge these gaps in perception, a process known as sensory reasoning.
We engage in sensory reasoning so frequently that it often goes unnoticed. Consider a coffee table: without sensory reasoning, recognizing it when you place your drink down would be challenging. Despite its commonplace nature, the mechanisms behind sensory reasoning remain unclear. Recently, a team from the University of California, Berkeley, embarked on a quest to uncover the brain processes that underpin sensory reasoning in mice.
Earlier studies have shown that mice, much like humans, experience phenomena such as the Kanizsa illusion. This optical illusion highlights sensory reasoning, displaying a white triangle that appears to be present, even though only three incomplete circles and angles are visible. Researchers have identified similar responses to such illusions in mice. The Berkeley team aimed to further this research by observing mouse brains to draw parallels with human sensory reasoning.
“Kanizsa Triangle” by Fibonacci is licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0. Most observers perceive a white triangle in the center rather than three incomplete circles.
To investigate sensory reasoning, researchers utilized two primary methods to monitor brain activity in mice. First, a device called Neuropixel was surgically implanted into the heads of 14 mice, facilitating the observation of numerous neurons simultaneously. The second method involved two-photon imaging, utilizing a specialized microscope to examine individual neuronal activity in four other mice.
These techniques offer complementary advantages and limitations. While Neuropixels provide a comprehensive overview of brain activity, two-photon imaging focuses on single neurons or small groups. The research team conducted experiments on two distinct groups of mice: one utilizing Neuropixels and the other employing two-photon imaging.
To decode sensory reasoning mechanisms, the researchers pinpointed neurons in mice that responded to the perceived white triangle in the Kanizsa illusion. They monitored brain activity while presenting two types of visuals: illusions and real shapes. They discovered that area V1, located at the back of the brain, exhibited similar activity patterns in response to both the illusion and actual shapes.
The study identified two distinct neuron types in area V1 contributing to sensory reasoning. The first type, known as optical illusion shape encoders, only activated upon viewing illusions—essentially shapes that don’t exist. The second neuron type, called segment responders, displayed consistent activity regardless of illusions, responding to specific shapes within the images.
Employing machine learning algorithms, the research team compared both neuron types. They found that optical illusion shape encoders, believed to facilitate the perception of illusions, have stronger connections to regions responsible for higher-level visual processing beyond V1. This insight implies that similar neurons may assist the brain in leveraging expectations to compensate for missing information, though the exact mechanisms remain unclear.
The researchers postulated that partial visual inputs could activate the optical illusion shape encoder, which, in turn, stimulates other neurons in V1, creating the sensation that an illusory shape genuinely exists. To validate this, they used a laser to stimulate the optical illusion shape encoders in resting mice, prompting activation across V1 and inducing the experience of viewing a tangible shape.
Their findings revealed that three interconnected circuits facilitate the experience of sensory reasoning in mice. Initially, segment responders detect shapes and alert higher processing regions of the brain regarding missing information. These advanced regions subsequently activate the optical illusion shape encoder, which completes the pattern and triggers the overall V1 activation, giving the impression of observing a real shape.
Although the study concentrated on illusions, the researchers posited that their discoveries are relevant to sensory reasoning more broadly. As our scientific grasp of brain functions like sensory reasoning evolves, future research may extend these findings to encompass additional cognitive processes, such as memory and language.
As a former pediatrician in Karachi, Pakistan, I cared for countless premature infants born due to pre-eclampsia. These tiny lives often rested in the palm of my hand, struggling for breath. Unfortunately, not all of them survived.
The complexities of pregnancy complications like pre-eclampsia remain poorly understood. We lack clarity on the root causes and preventive measures for premature births, contributing to the global maternal and infant mortality crisis. Every day, over 700 women and 6,500 newborns lose their lives due to pregnancy or childbirth complications. The highest rates are in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, exacerbated by weak healthcare systems, inequitable access to care, extreme poverty, and inadequate infrastructure.
Astonishing knowledge gaps exist across women’s health issues, including menopause. The norm of women suffering for a decade seems acceptable, yet is scarcely recognized as a significant issue. This oversight stems not from scientific challenges but from a pervasive apathy. Women’s experiences have been largely overlooked, impacting what is researched and what remains unaddressed.
Currently, less than 1 percent of healthcare research focuses on women’s health outcomes outside of cancer. This underinvestment and the lack of female participation in clinical trials leave fundamental questions in women’s health unanswered. For instance, while we know the symptoms of heart disease—the leading cause of death for women globally—differ by individual, the reasons remain a mystery. Moreover, the pathways for drugs into the brain are known, yet how they affect the female reproductive system is largely unexplored, unlike the extensive knowledge we possess about men’s health, such as the effects of Viagra.
A Ray of Hope
Progress is being made, and I’ve observed a shift towards serious discussions on investing in women’s health at global health and medical innovation conferences. Decision-makers and investors are beginning to acknowledge the severity of the issue and the potential benefits of addressing it following decades of neglect.
“
When a problem is treated as unnoticeable rather than unacceptable, finding a solution is never a priority. “
Recognizing the challenges is only the first step; we must actively allocate resources and focus on the multifaceted issues surrounding women’s health.
I am particularly excited about the transformative potential of innovative research and tools. For example, the vaginal microbiome—a balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria—has only recently gained attention. Understanding its role in pregnancy outcomes, like preterm birth, and women’s vulnerability to infections like HIV is crucial.
My team at the Gates Foundation is funding research to uncover how the vaginal microbiome affects pregnancy outcomes and women’s susceptibility to STIs. Although we’re in early stages, promising innovations are emerging that could benefit millions of women.
For instance, interventions promoting healthy bacteria dominance in the vagina might help prevent STIs. Conditions like bacterial vaginosis, while mild, can lead to severe pregnancy complications, including premature birth and an increased risk of postnatal issues such as chronic pain and infertility.
Last year, the Gates Foundation committed to $2.5 billion for women’s health innovation. However, this amount is insufficient. We need to bolster collaboration with public and private sector entities globally. The UK has a unique opportunity to build on its health innovation reputation, enhancing lives both domestically and internationally while advancing its vital economic sectors.
Investing in women’s health equates to investing in their lives and well-being. A healthy woman fosters creativity, is more engaged with her family, and is an active participant in her community. This is a fundamental truth. On this International Women’s Day, let’s turn this truth into action by urging leaders to prioritize and resource women’s health initiatives now.
Anita Zaidi is Chair of Gender Equality at the Gates Foundation
Feedback is New Scientist A popular publication that keeps you updated on the latest science and technology insights. We welcome feedback on topics you think would interest our readers. Please email us at feedback@newscientist.com.
Exploring Unconventional Measurements
Since the Golden Retriever became a quirky unit for measuring ice blocks, our feedback inbox has been flooded with examples of unique and often surprising units of measurement.
Craig Downing, who describes himself as “one of those readers who checks the back of every issue,” shared a fascinating insight about the Rideau Canal in his hometown of Ottawa, Canada. Every winter, the canal transforms into the largest ice skating rink in the world, requiring meticulous snow removal for a smooth surface.
According to a statement from the National Capital Commission, “For every centimeter of snowfall, our crew clears 125,000 kg of snow from the skateway, equivalent to the weight of approximately 450 polar bears.”
Craig expressed his confusion: “I usually visualize snow depth in terms of ‘shovel loads’ or ‘knee-deep driveways.’” Moreover, living in Ottawa, he has yet to encounter a polar bear firsthand, limiting his experience with these majestic creatures.
The average polar bear reportedly weighs around 277.8 kilograms (612 pounds). However, gender nuances play a significant role; adult male bears can weigh between 350 and 600 kg (775 to 1,300 lb), while females typically range from 150 to 290 kg (330 to 650 lb), with some exceptional cases reaching up to 800 kg.
This lack of specification raises questions regarding many unconventional units. Steve Tees submitted a query, stating, “I keep hearing about ‘xxx warehouses’ causing traffic delays. Can someone clarify the size of these warehouses?”
The Sounds We Dread
Various sounds can hinder focus. While nails on a chalkboard are notoriously unpleasant, other common annoyances include loud chewing and vigorous teeth brushing by strangers.
One particularly despised sound is the high-pitched screech produced when adhesive tape is pulled from a surface, which deters many from DIY projects.
But understanding the science behind this noise could help. For example, an experiment published in Physical Review E explores the physics of peeling off cellophane tape. Researchers employed high-speed cameras and microphones to study the tape’s removal speed, discovering that “microscopic cracks travel through the tape at supersonic speeds, producing a shock wave that manifests as a high-pitched screech.”
We eagerly anticipate feedback from follow-up studies aiming to demonstrate quiet tape removal methods.
On Retractions and Their Implications
Our feedback section takes a keen interest in the world of retracted scientific papers. Whether due to questionable graphics generated by AI, manipulated images, or dubious research claims, these cases pique our curiosity.
A prominent example is a 2026 retraction from Pharmacological Research and Prospects. Originally published in 2022, the paper investigated ivermectin—an anti-parasitic drug controversially labeled a potential cure for COVID-19 and suggested for liver cancer treatment. We believe such claims warrant skepticism.
The retraction notice indicated it was “by agreement” between the authors and relevant parties, prolonging the discussion long past its culmination.
It was stated that “the corresponding author was not involved in the submission process, did not sign an open access agreement, and did not review or approve the final manuscript version before submission,” raising serious concerns.
Furthermore, the journal’s investigation uncovered evidence of image duplication from previous publications. This is, without a doubt, troubling.
Yet, the authors maintained, “the conclusions of the article are otherwise unaffected.” This left the first author musing on how conclusions could remain valid despite significant discrepancies.
Our interpretation is clear: once a paper is retracted, it loses credibility, and its conclusions are no longer taken seriously.
Have a story for feedback?
You can email your article to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Don’t forget to include your home address. Discover this week’s and past feedback on our website.
Leanne ten Brinke’s eye-opening book on dark personalities begins with an unexpected case study of a psychopath. The author highlights a well-known judge presiding over the case of a criminal, emphasizing the complexities of morality.
U.S. Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas, once a key figure in mid-20th-century liberalism, might exemplify what ten Brinke describes as the “modern definition of a psychopath.” His actions, although not criminal, cast shadows over his legacy, impacting many lives around him.
The diagnosis of psychopathy was discontinued in 1952, attributed to stigma, leading to the adoption of broader terms such as antisocial personality disorder. By the 1980s, psychopathy re-emerged in criminal contexts, with assessments like the Revised Psychopathy Checklist highlighting the lack of empathy in violent offenders, making them capable of high recidivism rates. Individuals identified as psychopaths, although only 1% of the population, are estimated to be responsible for half of the serious crimes, according to ten Brinke.
Ten Brinke, who directs the Truth and Trust Institute at the University of British Columbia, argues that high dark personality traits are not limited to outright offenders. “If we broaden the psychopathy lens, perhaps 10-20% of the population exhibits high levels of traits associated with psychopathy, yet lack the clinical designation,” she states.
In Toxic People, ten Brinke assesses the societal costs inflicted by “predatory individuals” and proposes strategies to mitigate their impact in our lives. However, she presents a crucial caveat.
Over the last two decades, personality psychology has developed the Dark Tetrad framework, combining psychopathy, Machiavellianism, narcissism, and sadism.
Contrary to pop culture’s portrayal of psychopathy as a binary condition, ten Brinke illustrates that it functions on a spectrum. Each individual has varying scores across different traits, with roughly 10-20% exhibiting pronounced dark personality traits, arguably contributing to societal erosion of ethical standards.
However, there’s a silver lining: around 80% of individuals don’t exhibit high levels of these traits. But ten Brinke cautions against complacency, indicating that these characteristics can be influenced by environmental factors.
Through a detailed case study, she discusses how a “culture of corruption” can transform the majority into complicity. “Kind individuals can become vulnerable to dark personalities,” she warns, identifying factors like fatigue or group dynamics as potential triggers for harmful behavior.
The book offers readers useful strategies to shield themselves from toxic individuals, including the establishment of clear boundaries. Yet, it also emphasizes the importance of self-reflection. How can we maintain our moral integrity and resist enabling those with nefarious intentions? Ten Brinke poses critical questions about why we often elevate such personalities in leadership roles.
While some may argue that dark personalities make compelling leaders, ten Brinke debunks this myth in lighter sections of the book. She highlights how research into investment bankers reveals that the most manipulative managers often achieve poorer financial outcomes over time.
Findings suggest that these cunning managers earned 30% less than their cooperative counterparts over a decade. “If you aim to maximize investment returns, seeking a predatory manager may not be your best strategy,” she concludes.
Misconceptions about psychopathic effectiveness arise in workplace dynamics, as dark personalities tend to propagate self-aggrandizing lies. They find reward in deception, furthering their personal agendas. Ten Brinke articulates how such individuals often falsely claim to be exemplary leaders, creating an atmosphere of mistrust.
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In investment banking, the most malicious and cunning managers earned 30% less than the average. “
Ten Brinke emphasizes our complicity in endorsing dishonest narratives. By refining our own darker traits, particularly strategic Machiavellian thinking, we can better identify deception.
She reminds us that if detecting lies were effortless, deception wouldn’t exist. However, vigilance can pay off. If a few “bad apples” spoil the barrel, the rest of us have the power to prevent decay. Interestingly, ten Brinke hints that certain traits, such as empathy and conscience, can counterbalance darker tendencies, offering a means to reverse corruption.
Challenging the notion that “absolute power corrupts absolutely,” she asserts it applies principally to the worst individuals. Taking ownership of our moral character can lead to rewards.
The pathway to cultivating what she calls “moral Machiavellianism” could significantly enhance our society, moving us beyond the assembly line of psychopathic behaviors.
Recent images from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope and the ESA’s Euclid mission showcase the intricate multi-shell structure of the fascinating planetary nebula NGC 6543, famously known as the Cat’s Eye Nebula.
This mesmerizing image from Euclid encapsulates the panoramic view of the Cat’s Eye Nebula. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Euclid Consortium / J.-C. Cuillandre & E. Bertin, CEA Paris-Saclay / Z. Tsvetanov.
The Cat’s Eye Nebula, located roughly 4,300 light-years away in the constellation Draco, has intrigued astronomers for decades due to its complex, multi-layered architecture.
“Planetary nebulae,” as they are called, derive their name from their round appearance in early telescopic observations; they are actually colossal gas clouds expelled from stars nearing the end of their life cycle,” the Hubble and ESA astronomers explained.
This insight was initially uncovered in 1864 using the Cat’s Eye Nebula itself. Studying its light spectrum allows scientists to identify individual molecules, a characteristic that differentiates planetary nebulae from stars and galaxies.
Near-infrared and visible-light imagery from the Euclid mission illustrates the arcs and filaments of the nebula’s luminous core, enveloped in a mist of vibrant gas debris that is retreating from the star.
“This ring was expelled from the star prior to the formation of the central nebula,” the astronomers noted.
“The entire nebula is prominently set against a backdrop brimming with distant galaxies, exemplifying how local astrophysical wonders and the farthest reaches of the universe coexist in today’s astronomical surveys.”
In this remarkable image, Hubble captures the swirling gas core of the Cat’s Eye Nebula. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Z. Tsvetanov.
Through a wide-field lens, Hubble has captured stunning high-resolution visible-light images of the nebula’s swirling gas core.
The data reveals an intricate tapestry of features that appear almost surreal, including concentric shells, high-velocity gas jets, and dense knots shaped by impact interactions,” the researchers stated.
“These structures are believed to document the transient mass loss from the dying star at the nebula’s center, creating a cosmic ‘fossil record’ of its final evolution.”
“The combination of Hubble’s focused observations and Euclid’s deep-field data not only emphasizes the nebula’s delicate structure but also situates it in the broader cosmic landscape explored by both telescopes.”
“Together, these missions offer a rich, complementary view of NGC 6543, illuminating the subtle interplay between a star’s end-of-life processes and the vast universe that surrounds it.”
Rising Sea Levels: Increased Risk of Storm Surge Flooding in Coastal Cities
Credit: Thomas Wyness / Alamy Stock Photo
Many studies on the impact of future sea level rise have neglected to acknowledge that current sea levels are higher than previously estimated, resulting from a significant “methodological blind spot.” This oversight indicates that flooding and erosion may commence sooner than anticipated.
Katarina Seeger and Philip Minderhoud, researchers at Wageningen University in the Netherlands, evaluated 385 peer-reviewed studies addressing coastal vulnerability. They found that 90% of these studies failed to consider critical factors—such as ocean currents, tides, temperature, salinity, and wind—when assessing sea level variations. This oversight led to an average underestimation of coastal water levels by 24 to 27 centimeters.
Addressing this gap could potentially increase projections of individuals likely to experience flooding, estimating an increase of up to 68%, impacting approximately 132 million people by 2100. Areas significantly affected include Southeast Asia and Oceania, which often feature sea levels averaging a meter higher than previously calculated, with some regions seeing several meters’ difference.
“If representatives from these vulnerable regions attend global discussions to seek assistance, it may be frustrating, as their risks are grossly underestimated. This scientific miscalculation could affect outcomes for future generations,” Minderhoud stated during a briefing.
While predictions suggest that sea levels may rise by as much as 1 meter by the century’s end, many studies begin with baselines that are inaccurately low. Thus, the adverse effects will likely manifest sooner than expected.
Of the studies evaluated, 46 were referenced in the latest report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the premier source on global warming impacts, including rising sea levels.
The Earth’s rotation causes it to bulge at the equator, while denser mantle sections exert a greater gravitational pull on overlying water. To accurately determine the elevation of a specific area, measurements must be compared to the geoid, which depicts mean sea level worldwide.
However, in some regions, actual sea levels can be several meters above the geoid due to wind and ocean currents accumulating water or thermal expansion caused by rising temperatures. Additionally, coastlines may shift due to sediment deposition in rivers or groundwater extraction beneath coastal areas.
Instead of comparing satellite observations to the geoid for insight into coastal water levels and land elevation, many researchers relied on unadjusted geoid sea levels. Even those who attempted calculations often encountered errors caused by differing geoid models for land and ocean elevations. Alarmingly, less than 1% of surveys accurately determined the current sea level at the coastline in question.
“The Coastal Research Community may not have full access to these critical sea level datasets as we are primarily focused on the coastal land aspect,” Seeger remarked during the briefing.
Climate scientists and oceanographers must collaborate more closely with geographers and environmental scientists who assess coastal impacts, emphasized Matt Palmer from the UK’s Met Office.
“It could be said that the crucial final details got lost in translation,” he noted. “Ensuring that the last mile of information is handled adeptly is vital; otherwise, the integrity of the entire effort is compromised.”
The implications of this issue extend to matters of climate justice, said Palmer. The underestimation of sea levels is particularly critical in low-income nations, including various deltas in Africa and Asia. Limited data on gravity fluctuations and lower geoid accuracy contribute to this challenge in regions that are most susceptible to rising sea levels.
The scientific community advocates for enhanced data collection in low-income regions, particularly through the installation of tide gauges for accurate sea level measurements, according to Joan Williams from the UK National Marine Centre.
“Coastal sea levels are influenced by various local factors, necessitating long-term, well-calibrated regional measurements as the gold standard,” she stated.
“Where Are They?” is the question posed by the renowned Italian-American physicist Enrico Fermi during a discussion with a colleague in the early 1950s, hinting at the existence of extraterrestrial life. Fermi conducted calculations suggesting that alien civilizations should exist and have visited Earth in the past. He argued that the absence of extraterrestrial outposts raises important questions about civilization itself.
For decades, astronomers have referenced this pivotal conversation to explore the Fermi Paradox, which questions why we don’t see signs of other civilizations in the galaxy if they exist. Various hypotheses have emerged, including the Great Filter theory, suggesting a barrier that prevents civilizations from achieving the technology to communicate with one another. Alternatively, the Zoo Hypothesis posits that extraterrestrial beings are aware of humanity and opt not to make contact to avoid confusion. It is also possible that aliens are already among us or that unidentified aerial phenomena (UAP) or interstellar objects like ‘Oumuamua could indicate alien presence.
Some solutions to the Fermi Paradox involve assumptions regarding technological growth, evolution, or intelligence itself. Recently, researcher Robin HD Corbett suggested a more routine solution. His argument is based on the Copernican Principle of Mediocrity, which implies that if alien civilizations are akin to humans, it’s not surprising we haven’t encountered them.
Corbett presents two main considerations for a “radical secularity” solution to the Fermi Paradox. Firstly, there are limits to technological advancement; even if alien civilizations are more advanced, they lack faster-than-light travel or other impossible technologies. Secondly, while numerous alien civilizations may exist, they are not ubiquitous.
Regarding technology, Corbett points out that the laws of physics inhibit any civilization from developing a warp drive to quickly traverse the galaxy. Practical limitations, including engineering challenges and ecological concerns, compel civilizations to pursue sustainable technologies rather than pursuing grand projects detectable from afar, like an artificial ring around a star or radio beacons broadcasting for thousands of years.
The existence of civilizations similar to ours carries significant implications. If they exercise similar rational thought, guiding their space exploration decisions with cost-benefit analyses, they might find that the effort required to explore other civilizations may outweigh the benefits, especially without groundbreaking technology.
Corbett further claims that space exploration would likely be conducted by autonomous, perhaps self-replicating, machines known as von Neumann probes equipped with advanced AI, capable of traveling at 1/1000th the speed of light. Concerns about uncontrollable AI escalation may increase costs, leading civilizations to limit their exploratory efforts.
Corbett concludes that if alien civilizations are located far from Earth, they may have abandoned their search for others millions of years ago, leaving us in silence. Scientists, particularly those working on the new wireless array, should be mindful that extraterrestrial beings may closely resemble humans.Star Trek‘s Vulcans suggest limitations on future technologies, further complicating our quest for contact. Corbett also posits that UAPs discovered on Earth are likely not alien in origin, concluding that extraterrestrials may find humans too ordinary to warrant their attention.
When we think about infamous fictional psychopaths, like the chillingly calculating Patrick Bateman from American Psycho, they often embody the image of a scammer. But what about real-life psychopaths?
Research indicates that psychopaths are more inclined to lie to achieve their goals, exhibiting remarkable fearlessness, almost as if they have ice in their veins.
You might assume that their cold demeanor makes it hard to detect their deceit. Surprisingly, studies suggest that psychopaths are not significantly better at lying than others.
For instance, a study from the 1980s revealed that convicted psychopaths were easily identifiable, much like non-psychopaths using lie detectors. However, it’s important to note that while lie detector tests are commonly employed, they are notoriously unreliable.
In a more recent 2016 study, researchers found that criminals tend to lie frequently. Notably, psychopaths often exhibit a heightened tendency to lie during psychological tasks. Yet, they still encounter cognitive costs from lying, such as making more errors and responding more slowly.
Though psychopaths lack the moral and emotional barriers that typically hinder lying for most people, they cannot escape the psychological challenges associated with creating believable lies.
Interestingly, while psychopaths may not have a natural talent for lying, there is emerging evidence that they can learn to become more effective liars.
A 2017 study discovered that students with high psychopathic traits demonstrated significant improvement during tasks that required them to lie convincingly. They could lie faster than others, indicating that the mental strain of lying decreases along with reduced neural activity related to deceit.
In summary, psychopaths may not excel at lying initially, but they have a propensity to lie more frequently and improve at it more swiftly than others.
This article addresses the question posed by Lyle Morse via email: “Are psychopaths really good at lying?”
To submit your own questions, please email questions@sciencefocus.com or reach out via social media: Facebook, Twitter, or Instagram. (Don’t forget to include your name and location.)
For more fascinating scientific insights, visit our Ultimate Fun Facts page.
Radio signals are a fundamental element of the first contact subgenre in science fiction. Carl Sagan’s Contact features a compelling narrative that centers around Liu Cixin’s discovery of encrypted radio signals from the planet Vega. Another notable work, The Three-Body Problem by Vince Gilligan, explores the ramifications of a scientist establishing covert radio contact with extraterrestrial beings. The story of Pluribus focuses on the consequences of scientists following instructions transmitted to Earth through radio signals. What is the likelihood of us receiving alien radio signals, or vice versa?
A team of researchers from Pennsylvania State University and the California Institute of Technology delved into this intriguing question. They identified radio signals as a critical component in the quest for intelligent extraterrestrial life. Astronomers have established that intelligent species, like humans, can create machines that both generate and detect radio signals.
The research team specifically focused on a subset of radio transmissions from Earth that relay signals between ground stations and spacecraft located far from our planet. This system is known as NASA’s Deep Space Network, or DSN. It comprises three sites located in the United States, Spain, and Australia, each featuring 70-meter (230 feet) and 34-meter (112 feet) radio antennas.
The detectability of signals from these antennas depends on several factors, including the strength of the signal, the duration of the observation, the bandwidth of the signal, and the required distinction from background noise. Using a formula based on the typical input power of DSN signals, the researchers calculated the possible distance at which extraterrestrial intelligence could detect signals from Earth. They assumed that the telescope used by an alien civilization would have specifications similar to those of Earth’s signals. Using the observation time of the Green Bank Telescope of 30 minutes, they estimated that signals could be detected within a radius of approximately 7 parsecs, equating to 200 trillion kilometers or 100 trillion miles, which is only about 0.02% of the Milky Way’s diameter.
Following this analysis, the astronomers posed two related questions: First, from which direction in the sky is Earth likely to be detected by radio signals? Second, in what direction are the planetary systems most likely to send radio signals to detect extraterrestrial life?
To answer the first question, the researchers examined the distribution of DSN signals transmitted from Earth to various satellites and telescopes, including the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). By comparing the DSN patterns to those that extraterrestrial intelligence might generate, astronomers could identify where distant observers are most likely to detect signals from Earth. They utilized publicly available DSN schedules to map the sky and assess where and when antennas were transmitting radio signals.
Their findings revealed that a significant portion of Earth’s radio signals emanate from spacecraft like the Advanced Composition Explorer, the Deep Space Climate Observatory, and the Solar Heliosphere Observatory, primarily along the Sun’s apparent path in the sky, known as the ecliptic. Remarkably, up to 79% of Earth’s deep space radio signals are within 5° of the ecliptic, with minor but notable peaks directed towards Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Saturn, and the JWST.
These insights bring several implications for the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. First, astronomers should prioritize scanning for radio signals from distant planetary systems, especially where exoplanets transit between Earth and their host star. This could increase the likelihood of capturing stray signals from alien civilizations directed at their own satellites and probes positioned near the ecliptic.
Second, astronomers should focus efforts during times when exoplanets orbiting their stars pass behind one another. This increases the probability that a distant observer might detect Earth’s signals to 12%. If alien civilizations are broadcasting signals towards stars resembling Jupiter or Mars, there are substantial chances of detection.
Lastly, as most of Earth’s deep space radio signals are concentrated near the ecliptic, astronomers should particularly investigate stars positioned close to this ecliptic plane. These stars are more likely to be recipients of signals from Earth, and they may even be attempting to reply. Following this strategy, the researchers identified 128 star systems within a seven parsec radius of Earth where civilizations possessing intelligence could potentially detect signals from Earth through DSN communications and vice versa. Therefore, for the most promising avenue in the search for extraterrestrial life, attention should be directed along the path of the Sun.
A groundbreaking study from the University of Pennsylvania reveals that prehistoric humans and Neanderthals interbred with a notable sexual bias, with male Neanderthals mating more often with female modern humans. This pattern may explain the scarcity of Neanderthal DNA in the human X chromosome and highlight the impact of social behaviors on our genetic lineage.
Prehistoric mating preferences help explain why modern humans carry small amounts of Neanderthal DNA in their genomes, particularly absent from the X chromosome. Image credit: Gemini AI.
“In addition to the X chromosome, there’s a significant gap in Neanderthal DNA referred to as the ‘Neanderthal desert’,” stated lead author Dr. Alexander Pratt, a researcher at the University of Pennsylvania.
“Historically, we believed these gaps resulted from certain Neanderthal genes being biologically harmful to humans, leading to their removal through natural selection,” he added.
New genomic analyses indicate that long-standing mating preferences, not genetic incompatibilities, influenced which Neanderthal DNA sequences were retained in modern human genomes.
This research illustrates how social interactions have shaped the human genome and challenges the notion that evolution is solely driven by the “survival of the fittest.”
“Our findings indicate a distinct sexual bias, with gene flow predominantly occurring from male Neanderthals to anatomically modern human females, which explains the limited presence of Neanderthal DNA on modern human X chromosomes,” remarked Dr. Platt.
“Approximately 600,000 years ago, anatomically modern humans and Neanderthals diverged, creating two separate evolutionary paths,” added Professor Sarah Tishkoff, the study’s senior author.
“While our ancestors evolved in Africa, Neanderthals adapted to life in Eurasia, yet this separation was not permanent.”
“Over millennia, human groups migrated into and out of Neanderthal territories, resulting in genetic exchanges during their encounters.”
To assess whether Neanderthal X chromosomes contained modern human alleles, researchers analyzed conserved DNA in three Neanderthal samples: Altai, Chagyrskaya, and Vindija.
They compared this data with that of a diverse genome from Africa, which hadn’t historically interacted with Neanderthals.
“Our analysis revealed a significant discrepancy,” noted co-author Dr. Daniel Harris from the University of Pennsylvania.
“While modern humans lack the Neanderthal X chromosome, the Neanderthal X chromosome contained 62% more modern human DNA compared to other chromosomes.”
This mirrored result indicates that if reproductive incompatibility existed, modern human DNA would also be absent in Neanderthal X chromosomes.
However, the presence of modern human DNA in Neanderthal X chromosomes rules out biological incompatibility as a barrier to reproduction.
The lingering explanation lies in the sexual bias in mating practices.
Given that women possess two X chromosomes and men only one, the direction of mating plays a crucial role.
If Neanderthal males mated more frequently with modern human females, fewer Neanderthal X chromosomes would integrate into the human gene pool, while more human X chromosomes would enter the Neanderthal population.
Mathematical models verified that this bias adequately explains the observed inheritance patterns.
While other factors such as gender-biased migration could lead to similar results, these scenarios are often complex and vary over time and geography.
“Our findings suggest that mating preferences offer the simplest explanation for these patterns,” concluded Dr. Platt.
For more details on this research, refer to the journal Science.
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Alexander Pratt et al. 2026. Interbreeding between Neanderthals and modern humans showed significant sexual bias. Science 391 (6788): 922-925; doi: 10.1126/science.aea6774
At some point, many of us yearn to be perceived as cool. This pursuit significantly influences our purchases, fashion choices, hobbies, social circles, and even our vocabulary.
The idea of coolness has historical roots, with parallels in cultures worldwide, including West Africa and China. In Europe, the concept traces back to the 16th century Italian term sprezzatura, embodying a refined and effortless style (think of the Mona Lisa—her enigmatic smile and poise exemplify this ideal). This form of coolness hinges on nonchalance and mastering the art of making challenges appear effortless.
Perhaps one key to being cool is to be effortlessly yourself. We all recognize the discomfort of trying too hard to impress others (just recall former British Prime Minister Theresa May’s infamous dance video).
Being cool often stems from confidence and a sense of adventure.
Cool slang evolves over time, from rad and hip to swell, dope, fresh, and light, but “cool” remains timeless.
This term, signifying “fashionable,” originates from African American culture in the 1930s and 1940s, particularly in the jazz music scene.
Jazz musicians with a relaxed playing style were labeled as cool, a term later embraced by bohemian groups like beatniks and hippies in the 1950s and 1960s. Subsequently, the concept of coolness became commercialized, with businesses exploiting it to market everything from apparel to cars.
So, what might define coolness in 2026? A recent study involving around 6,000 participants from six continents outlined the characteristics of individuals considered cool. Findings revealed six core traits: power, hedonism, adventure, autonomy, openness, and extroversion. However, balance is crucial; excessive hedonism or a desperate pursuit of power can disrupt credibility.
The consistency of these traits across cultures suggests that coolness fulfills a universal social function.
Individuals embodying these traits are more likely to challenge the status quo, innovate, and inspire others to embrace new perspectives.
Moreover, simply being perceived as cool can elevate a person’s social status by showcasing their creativity and promoting cultural evolution.
But what if you don’t identify as cool or prefer not to chase that label? The same study identified personality traits regarded as “good” rather than cool, such as kindness, sincerity, friendliness, and warmth. Pursuing these qualities can also leave a lasting impression.
This article responds to the query (posed by Jonathan Schaefer of Wakefield): “What truly makes someone cool?”
Regular Engagement with Arts: Transformative Physiological Changes
Mascot/Getty Images
Reflecting on my journey into research on the health benefits of art, a pivotal moment stands out. After completing my education, I began working at the NHS, overseeing performing arts programs at Chelsea and Westminster Hospitals in London. One patient’s relative approached me post-performance in a dementia ward and said, “What a wonderful entertainment program you are running.”
This comment, albeit well-intentioned, overlooked the profound impact of our Hospital Arts Program. I personally witnessed transformative effects: a patient, despite memory loss, sang along to White Cliffs of Dover, evoking childhood memories. I observed a child with severe burns who required no morphine during a theater performance, a premature baby who calmed and began eating while his mother sang, and a stroke survivor who walked more steadily upon wearing headphones. While our arts programs offered enjoyable distractions, I recognized their deeper significance in enhancing patients’ health. My curiosity led me to seek a deeper understanding of these effects.
Over the past decade, I have dedicated my research as a psychobiologist and epidemiologist to acknowledge the health benefits associated with art engagement. Findings from numerous global studies reveal that activities like reading, listening to music, dancing, or crafting activate essential biological processes that support our health. Participating in the arts stimulates our brain’s reward system, elevating dopamine levels tied to mood and pleasure. Furthermore, we regulate autonomic nervous system activity, which contributes to lower heart rates and decreased blood pressure over time. Notably, our stress hormones diminish, as do inflammatory responses within our immune system. We can even modify gene expression, reducing stress-related genes while enhancing those that promote neurogenesis.
Regularly engaging in arts over extended periods fosters significant physiological changes. It’s shown to increase gray matter in brain regions vital for memory, auditory processing, and motor skills. Furthermore, we produce unique protein patterns associated with improved cognitive function and a reduced risk of depression and infections. A recent study employing various biological metrics, including brain clocks and epigenetic evaluations, indicates that consistent engagement with the arts correlates with a younger biological age.
These profound changes significantly influence our overall well-being. Individuals who actively participate in the arts tend to report greater happiness, enhanced life satisfaction, purpose, and a reduced risk of developing conditions such as depression, chronic pain, frailty, and even dementia. These beneficial relationships hold even when accounting for factors like wealth, demographics, medical history, or lifestyle choices.
These promising results are drawn from randomized controlled trials, laboratory experiments, and large-scale epidemiological studies examining the art’s population-level impacts. Numerous specific artistic interventions in medical settings for designated patient groups—like singing programs for stroke survivors or dance classes for individuals with Parkinson’s disease—underscore art’s potential benefits. Some trials suggest that art might be even more effective for managing pre-operative anxiety than traditional anti-anxiety medications like benzodiazepines, with fewer side effects proving its efficacy.
Nevertheless, while engaging in the arts is a promising avenue of exploration, it is not a cure-all. Various instances of art-related harm exist due to misuse or inadequate project design. I have actively countered misconceptions, such as the idea of art as a cure for boosting intelligence or combating serious health issues like cancer. Although the field remains ripe with potential and ongoing research, we eagerly anticipate larger-scale trials.
If a medication boasted this array of health benefits, we would enthusiastically promote it, invest resources in its development, and ensure its accessibility. It is exhilarating to watch the recommendations I promote materialize—not as prescriptions or medical interventions, but as enjoyable experiences like attending a concert, participating in dance lessons, or simply reading a book, potentially including my own.
Daisy Fancourt is the author of Art Cure: The Science of How Art Changes Our Health (Cornerstone Press) and featured in the March reading list of the New Scientist Book Club. Join us here to participate in the discussion!
Recent research reveals that older adults may have a genetic edge, showcasing enhanced cognitive abilities as they age.
A study conducted by scientists at the University of Illinois at Chicago School of Medicine found that individuals aged over 80, referred to as “very old people,” produce double the number of new neurons in the hippocampus—an area crucial for learning and memory—compared to the average elderly individual. The findings were published in the journal Nature on Wednesday.
Study co-author and UIC director, Orly Lazarov, stated, “This discovery indicates that very old individuals possess molecular capabilities that enhance their cognitive performance, evidenced by increased neurogenesis. Neurogenesis represents one of the most profound forms of brain plasticity.”
In essence, the brains of very old individuals are more adaptable, fostering improved cognitive functions.
The term “super-elderly” describes those over 80 who exhibit memory capabilities comparable to individuals 20 to 30 years younger, determined by a delayed word recall test, according to Dr. M. Marcel Mesulam, founder of the Meshulam Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Institute. This designation was introduced by a professor from Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine.
In this groundbreaking study, Lazarov and colleagues analyzed 38 brains from five distinct groups: healthy adults under 40, healthy older adults, those in early cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s disease patients, and super-elderly individuals. Notably, six super-aged brains were contributed by Northwestern University’s Super Aging Program, which celebrated its 25th anniversary last year.
The researchers investigated neurons at varying developmental stages within brain tissue samples, discovering that very old individuals possess twice as many “immature” neurons compared to healthy older adults, and 2.5 times more than Alzheimer’s patients.
A super-aged brain in a research lab.Shane Collins, Northwestern University
Historically, it was believed that mammals had a fixed number of neurons from birth, but research in the 1960s and 1970s unveiled adult neurogenesis in rodents and primates.
Subsequent studies have indicated that this phenomenon occurs within the human hippocampus’s dentate gyrus, although evidence remains mixed, and the underlying processes are still unclear.
“We’ve affirmed the existence of neurogenesis and its involvement in learning and memory in animal models,” Lazarov commented. “Determining if the human brain functions similarly is a pivotal question for our research.”
Lazarov’s findings suggest that the adult brain can generate new neurons in response to age and cognitive status.
The study revealed that very old brains exhibit “signs of resilience,” allowing them to cope with aging while maintaining superior cognitive performance.
Moreover, the research identified changes in astrocytes and CA1 neurons that regulate memory and cognition within the aging hippocampus.
Despite the study’s advancements, authors noted limitations, such as small sample sizes and significant variability among human brain samples.
Very Old Individuals Provide Insights Beyond 25 Years
According to the Northwestern Super Aging Program, this research marks the first identification of genetic distinctions between very old and conventional older adults.
Tamar Geffen, co-director of the program and co-author of the study, stated, “These individuals, aged 80 and above, exhibit immature neurons that continuously rewire, making their hippocampus distinct from that of other seniors.”
The program has also uncovered various discoveries related to these exceptionally healthy seniors, ranging from personality traits to neurological anomalies. For instance, Geffen noted that very elderly individuals often describe themselves as extroverts, with other research highlighting Von Economo Neurons linked to social behavior.
“We’ve repeatedly heard about the importance of social interactions for healthy aging, while isolation can have adverse effects in old age,” she noted.
Furthermore, these seniors tend to embrace change and remain receptive to new experiences, often identifying as low-level neurotics, according to Geffen.
While a typical human brain shrinks with age, a phenomenon exacerbated by Alzheimer’s, researchers at Northwestern discovered that the brains of very old individuals exhibit significantly slower shrinkage rates.
In a 2017 study published in the American Medical Association Journal, Northwestern researchers noted that very old individuals demonstrate resilience against neurofibrillary tangles, or tau protein changes associated with Alzheimer’s.
Concerning immunity, very elderly individuals have numerous questions, with their brains containing microglia—immune cells that activate during neurodegenerative diseases. A 2019 study in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience revealed that very old individuals had fewer activated microglia compared to dementia patients, paralleling amounts found in those 30 to 40 years younger.
Staying Sharp Without Being Super Old
The findings suggest that the very elderly may have won the genetic lottery regarding cognitive health.
Sel Yackley, an 86-year-old participant in Northwestern’s Super Aging Program, noted, “We feel fortunate; we’re forming new neurons.”
Residing in Chicago, Yackley humorously remarked on her “super-senior duties,” which include knitting, going to the gym, crafting jewelry, singing, and managing her daily to-do list. Although she has faced limited in-person interactions, she’s prioritized keeping in touch via phone, email, and Zoom.
While she proudly identifies as a super senior citizen, Yackley acknowledges that age-related cognitive impairment can still affect her.
“At times, my memories feel fresh, and other times they slip away,” she stated.
Importantly, there are several wellness strategies individuals can adopt throughout adulthood to preserve cognitive health, noted Dr. Jennifer Paul-Durai, medical director of the Inova Brain Health and Memory Disorders Program in Northern Virginia. “Now is the moment to focus on enhancing cognitive function, long before natural decline or dementia occur,” she advised.
Dr. Paul-Durai emphasized, “The concept of super-aging provides a sense of regained control. With rising dementia and Alzheimer’s rates correlating with increased lifespan, maintaining cognitive sharpness is vital.” She encourages discussions focused on strategies to mitigate cognitive decline rather than solely highlighting the lack of a cure for Alzheimer’s disease.
This latest research underscores the brain’s capacity for adaptability, with Paul-Durai likening it to a ball of clay. “While some inherit better quality clay than others, it remains moldable throughout life to foster and shape neural pathways.”
However, if left unattended, clay solidifies and becomes hard to work with, similar to how our brains respond when we neglect cognitive engagement and physical activity.
“Our brains require active use and continuous cognitive engagement to remain flexible,” Paul-Durai explained.
Prioritizing overall health is also crucial for fostering brain plasticity, as factors like unmanaged chronic illnesses and untreated psychological traumas can hinder neuron development.
“It’s essential to advocate for preventive brain health measures before significant societal fractures emerge,” she advised. “We must emphasize the importance of taking proactive steps over merely highlighting the absence of Alzheimer’s solutions.”
Yackley, a former journalist, attributes her cognitive resilience to her career path, sharing, “My curiosity led me to explore numerous stories and conduct many interviews, which may have contributed to my neuronal health.”
Her advice to those who aren’t super seniors is to remain actively engaged, both mentally and physically.
“Don’t get caught up in counting the years. Stay active, both mentally and physically,” Yackley encouraged.
For those captivated by extraterrestrial news, if you’re an avid reader of New Scientist, you might be aware of recent discoveries hinting at life’s potential on distant planets. Perhaps you’ve heard about a Mars rover uncovering signs of ancient life in uniquely patterned rock or recalled that moment last year when an asteroid appeared to threaten Earth.
While these cosmic revelations are undoubtedly thrilling, they often quickly dissolve into distant echoes, overshadowed by pressing global matters like conflicts and climate crises. The chance of alien microbes emitting gases from a planet trillions of kilometers away may ignite your imagination for a fleeting moment, but what real significance do these cosmic findings hold for our lives on Earth?
Climate historian Dagomar DeGroot argues that our fascination with the cosmos has profoundly shaped human history in his new book, Ripples in the Cosmic Ocean: How the Solar System Shaped Human History – and Might Save the Planet.
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Venus’ runaway greenhouse effect prompts the question: could Earth face a similar fate? “
Although DeGroot may not be a scientist, he represents a new generation of interdisciplinary historians, serving as an environmental historian at Georgetown University.
His book delves into how shifts in the cosmic environment have influenced human events, drawing from archives of renowned and obscure scientists alike to construct a detailed narrative of scientific advancement. DeGroot argues for the need to observe our surroundings with a cosmic lens: “We cannot deny the existence of the ocean, both because its waves reach us without us seeking them, and because only by gazing into the abyss can we truly comprehend our isolated island.”
Our understanding of Earth’s climate, past ice ages, and potential global warming would be drastically diminished without our planetary neighbors illuminating the night sky. Recognizing the challenges posed by existential threats such as nuclear conflict and catastrophic asteroid impacts is crucial. Furthermore, we could find ourselves embroiled in theological disputes over heliocentrism.
DeGroot highlights the impactful influence a single planet can possess. For instance, Venus is depicted as a hostile environment with temperatures soaring above 460 degrees Celsius and active volcanoes releasing sulfur dioxide.
This perception has evolved. Initially, astronomers faced difficulties in observing Venus due to its dense atmosphere, yet by the 19th century, many agreed on the existence of cloud cover.
This misinformation fueled speculation about a habitable world under its clouds, significantly contributing to the rise of cosmic pluralism—the idea that Earth is not the sole cradle of life.
As our observational equipment improved and the harsh reality of Venus was unveiled, urgent questions emerged: Is this a warning for Earth’s future?
Understanding Venus’ extreme temperatures caused by a runaway greenhouse effect raises concern about the possibility for Earth to face a similar crisis. Numerous scientists, including astronomer Carl Sagan and climatologist James Hansen, dedicated their careers to studying Venus, which in turn sparked serious warnings about climate change on Earth.
DeGroot’s book overflows with instances like these, illustrating how Martian dust storms have compelled scientists to consider the ramifications of nuclear conflict. In 1994, the spectacle of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 colliding with Jupiter emphasized the urgency of defending Earth against similar threats.
Ripples in the Cosmic Ocean captivates readers with its exploration of lesser-known tales in the history of scientific ideas, showcasing peculiar and vibrant figures. One such figure is Immanuel Velikovsky, an American-Russian psychoanalyst whose peculiar theories about Venus generated intriguing predictions but also controversy within the scientific community from the 1950s to the 1970s.
Ripples in the Cosmic Ocean
DeGroot compellingly makes the case for looking beyond our world, yet he admits that navigating future space exploration and observations presents challenges. We now live in a time of remarkable space exploration, notably advanced by billionaire-funded companies like Elon Musk’s SpaceX and Jeff Bezos’ Blue Origin.
He argues for an alternative approach that avoids exploiting space solely for affluent interests. Historically, colonial powers exploited knowledge for empire expansion. In a refreshing perspective, DeGroot suggests that we should foster life on Earth and cultivate “a vision of the ocean that creates and sustains communities in the cosmos for the collective benefit of all.”
One of his innovative ideas involves generating solar power from space, such as deploying solar panels on the moon to transmit energy back to Earth. Although the feasibility of such projects remains debatable, DeGroot underscores the necessity of choosing a path forward. Drawing from our solar system’s historical influence, he states, “Humanity’s journey has been partly driven by ripples in the cosmic ocean. Regardless of our actions, new waves will approach. Now, we hold the power to create our own waves. Our future may hinge on how we choose to shape those waves.”
3 Must-Read Books on the Solar System
Pale Blue DotA Vision of Humanity’s Future in Space Carl Sagan Astronomer Carl Sagan explores the significance of our solar system in shaping human understanding and our place in the universe in this evocative meditation.
Space War H.G. Wells This classic features prominently in DeGroot’s book (see main review), recounting the famous radio adaptation that led to widespread panic among listeners who believed Earth was truly under Martian threat.
Mars City Kelly Weinersmith & Zach Weinersmith
This dynamic duo, a cartoonist and biologist, explores the harsh realities of life on Mars through scientific facts and beautiful illustrations, revealing the challenges of living beyond Earth.
The origin of the universe is cloaked in cosmic dust. This vast expanse is teeming with tiny particles, ranging from a handful of molecules to micrometers – a scale of up to a millionth of a meter, or a hundred thousandth of an inch. From the dawn of the universe to the present day, massive clouds of gas and dust have accumulated and collapsed, giving birth to stars and galaxies. By investigating these particles, scientists can unlock secrets about the early universe. However, dust often obscures many interstellar objects from telescopes, limiting our understanding of deep space.
Astronomers are especially intrigued by a class of distant cosmic entities known as dust-enshrouded star-forming galaxies (DSFGs), which are prolific in star production. These ancient galaxies create over 100 stars annually—nearly ten times the rate of the Milky Way—but their visible light is entirely masked by dust. To decipher high-resolution data, astronomers employ a method known as astronomy to unearth the characteristics of these DSFGs. It’s akin to examining a high-definition 4K image, yet from the far reaches of outer space. Until recently, no equipment could successfully resolve DSFGs. This changed with the advent of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST).
An international team of astronomers has recently succeeded in resolving 22 DSFGs using the JWST’s near-infrared camera,NIRCam. This advanced instrument can observe galaxies at wavelengths between 0.6 to 5 micrometers (approximately 1/5 millionth of a meter, or 2/1000ths of an inch). Astronomers leverage these high-resolution observations to navigate the dust enveloping DSFGs.
The research team utilized seven distinct filters in NIRCam to isolate specific wavelengths or colors of light from each galaxy. Each filter reveals different physical properties, including the galaxies’ size, shape, lumpiness, mass, and star formation rates. No single filter can capture all properties simultaneously; astronomers must also adjust their filters in accordance with the distance between the galaxy and Earth. Due to the universe’s expansion, older, more distant galaxies like the DSFG are receding from our own, causing the light waves we capture to stretch—a phenomenon known as redshift.
With the high-resolution data, the team classified DSFGs into three categories based on their visual traits. Type I galaxies create stars across their entirety, Type II galaxies concentrate star formation in their cores, while Type III galaxies generate stars only in their outer regions, known as the galactic disk. Astronomers studying cosmic history focus on areas where stars are not forming due to rapid cooling, identifying Type II and Type III galaxies. The study found 10 Type I galaxies, five Type II galaxies, and seven Type III galaxies among the DSFGs analyzed.
The team further explored the internal characteristics of each galaxy to unravel general trends within each type. To gauge their mass and star formation rates, astronomers employed models based on patterns of light emitted by the DSFGs, discovering that their sizes range from 30 billion to 300 billion times that of the Sun. Notably, the most massive DSFGs are smaller than the Milky Way and generate between 25 and 500 stars annually, located between 10 billion and 18 billion light-years from Earth.
The researchers also analyzed the shapes of these galaxies, noting that the more distant and older a galaxy is, the more fragmented its form appears. This fragmentation suggests that the high-redshift DSFGs are in a phase of forming tightly packed collections of stars, a structure known as a bulge. These galaxies may eventually experience quenching at their centers, morphing into Type III galaxies. Furthermore, scientists uncovered a previously unnoticed feature across many galaxies: they exhibit polarization, indicating potential past mergers with other galaxies.
The research team concluded that the high-resolution data provided by JWST can unveil hidden features within DSFGs, aiding astronomers in piecing together their past and predicting future developments. They advocate for upcoming researchers to utilize JWST data to test hypotheses regarding the evolution and characteristics of these fascinating galaxies.
Discover the fascinating skeleton of the Alvarezauroid dinosaur species Arunachetri seropolisiensis. This groundbreaking find includes two specimens from Patagonia, Argentina, along with two from the Northern Hemisphere, providing insights into how this enigmatic lineage of theropod dinosaurs evolved and dispersed before the separation of continents, challenging established beliefs regarding its origins.
Arunachetri seropolisiensis. Image credit: Gabriel Díaz Yanten, Universidad Nacional de Rio Negro.
Learn more about Arunachetri seropolisiensis, which thrived in Argentina during the Cenomanian period of the Late Cretaceous, approximately 90 million years ago.
This species was initially described from partial remains in 2012 and is categorized under Alvarez Sauroidea.
These unique small dinosaurs are noted for their tiny teeth and short arms, each ending in a prominent thumb claw.
“The Alvarezauroidea represents a mysterious clade of mainly small theropod dinosaurs, primarily found in the Jurassic to Cretaceous periods of Asia and South America,” states paleontologist Peter Makowiecki from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, along with his research team.
“Late Cretaceous Alvarezauroids are believed to have been carnivorous, primarily consuming ants, and possessing specialized forelimbs suitable for digging, microscopic supernumerary teeth, and heightened sensory abilities.”
“They are thought to have undergone evolutionary miniaturization alongside dietary specialization.”
The almost complete skeleton of Arunachetri seropolisiensis was discovered in the La Buitrera fossil site in Rio Negro, northern Patagonia.
Microscopic examination confirmed that this specimen was an adult, estimated to be at least four years old.
Weighing less than 0.9 kg (2 lb), it ranks as one of the smallest-known dinosaurs from South America.
In contrast to its later relatives, Arunachetri seropolisiensis featured longer arms and larger teeth.
Paleontologists conclude this indicates that some alvaresaurids transitioned into smaller forms well before they developed adaptations for an ant-based diet.
Researchers, by analyzing previously discovered alvaresaurid fossils housed in museums across North America and Europe, further demonstrate that these dinosaurs originated earlier than previously presumed, existing during the period when the continents were still part of the supercontinent Pangaea.
Their distribution appears to have resulted from the fragmentation of Earth’s landmass, making ocean crossings unlikely.
“Our biogeographical study suggests a Pangean ancestral distribution for Alvarezsauroroidea, indicating that the clade’s early history was primarily influenced by surrogates,” the scientists remarked.
Read their groundbreaking research in the paper published in Nature.
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PJ Makowiecki et al.. Discovery in Argentina reshapes the evolutionary narrative of a fascinating dinosaur clade. Nature published online on February 25, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10194-3
According to a recent study published in Pro Swan, the Chincha Kingdom, an influential ancient society on the Peruvian coast, thrived significantly due to their innovative use of bird droppings.
Archaeological investigations of maize recovered from burial tombs indicate that the Chincha people utilized seabird droppings, known as “guano,” as fertilizer to improve agricultural yields.
This natural fertilizer enabled the Chincha Kingdom to produce a corn surplus, facilitating economic growth, population expansion, and increased influence, ultimately making it one of the most prosperous Pre-Inca civilizations in South America.
“While seabird guano might seem insignificant, our study reveals that this vital resource played a crucial role in sociopolitical and economic transformations in the Peruvian Andes,” stated Dr. Jacob Bongers from the University of Sydney. “In ancient Andean cultures, fertilizer equated to power.”
Bongers’ team analyzed 35 corn samples from the Chincha Valley burial tombs, where an estimated 100,000 individuals lived at the time, discovering that the corn exhibited unusually high nitrogen levels.
Seabird feces are particularly nitrogen-rich due to their marine diet, providing biochemical evidence that the Chincha people enriched their soil with guano.
The arid land of Peru’s Chincha Valley makes crop cultivation challenging. – Credit: Jo Osborn
“The guano was likely sourced from the nearby Chincha Islands, renowned for their abundant and high-quality guano deposits,” Bongers elaborated.
The research team further examined modern images of seabirds, fish, and sprouting corn depicted on pottery, wall carvings, and paintings.
This artistic evidence reinforces the connection between seabirds and maize, highlighting their significant cultural role in Chincha society.
“The combined chemical and physical evidence we analyzed aligns with prior studies indicating that guano was intentionally harvested and utilized as fertilizer,” Bongers noted.
“Moreover, it underscores a deeper cultural significance, pointing to the acknowledgment of this fertilizer’s remarkable power and the ritualistic celebration of the bond between seabirds and agriculture.”
A selection of crafts from Peru featuring seabirds and ceremonial tools, highlighting the connection between agriculture and marine life. – Credit: Metropolitan Museum of Art/Art Institute of Chicago
Much about the Chincha Kingdom’s history, including its origins, remains elusive, but it is known that it became part of the Inca Empire around 1480 AD, not long before the Spanish conquest of Peru.
Prior to their incorporation into the Inca Empire, the Chincha people engaged in trade with the Incas, who were known for their obsession with corn, which they fermented into a ceremonial beer called “chicha.”
However, the Incas, living high in the Andes, were unable to cultivate substantial corn crops due to their lack of access to valuable guano.
“Chincha’s true strength was not solely in resource access but in its mastery of complex ecosystems,” explained study co-author Dr. Joe Osborne from Texas A&M University.
“They possessed traditional knowledge of the interconnections between marine and terrestrial ecosystems, transforming that understanding into an agricultural surplus that built their civilization.”
“Their art reflects this connection, illustrating that their power stemmed from ecological wisdom, not just precious metals.”
Discover the secrets to a long and vibrant life hidden within the microbiomes of centenarians who celebrate over 100 years of health.
The Truth About Processed Foods
Ultra-processed foods are notorious for their harm to health. Uncover the most dangerous ingredients found in these foods, their impact on your body, and tips on how to identify them.
The Future of Memory Erasure
Exciting advancements suggest that we might soon have the ability to permanently delete unwanted memories. However, the implications could be significant.
Miracle Weight Loss Drugs: Fact or Fiction?
Medications like Ozempic, Wigoovy, and Munjaro could aid in weight loss of up to 20%. The latest generation of weight reduction pills is making waves… but are they too good to be true?
Plus, in this issue:
Revitalize Your New Year’s Resolutions: If you’re having trouble keeping your New Year’s resolutions, you’re not alone. Life’s demands can hinder your best intentions. Discover effective strategies to regain focus.
AI-Only Social Media: Did you know there’s a platform specifically for AI interactions? It’s called Maltbook… and conversations are taking an interesting turn.
Expert Q&A: This month, our experts answer your burning questions: Do some animals hoard treasure? Does exercise really alter heart rates? How many birds collide with buildings annually? Will increased rocket launches harm the ozone layer? Is our perception of time distorted? Can we maintain our sense of taste as we age? Is my dog displaying signs of ADHD? What are the effects of potential exposure to toxins? How large were medieval warhorses? What’s the best way to move on from an ex? And more…
Mark Your Calendar: Issue 430 Launches on February 24, 2026
Professor Hannah Fry introduces her new program, AI Confidential, which delves into the most significant narratives emerging from the forefront of the AI revolution.
This compelling three-part documentary series begins on Monday, February 23, on BBC Two, and follows individuals who utilize AI to replicate their deceased loved ones or to enhance driving experiences with the semblance of friends and family. We had the opportunity to chat with her to gain further insights.
What is your perspective on artificial romance?
While I personally wouldn’t engage, I find it to be a fascinating spectrum. It resembles interactive romantic fiction, which isn’t inherently wrong.
On one end, you might fully believe that the AI you’re interacting with embodies the essence of the person you love, while on the other, it can simply enhance your imagination. Ultimately, it’s not entirely negative.
Are we nearing a future where AI may replace human relationships?
I can’t definitively say it will happen, but there’s a possibility it might.
Society seems increasingly isolated; social interactions have shifted, with more individuals working from home and spending less time outside.
The emergence of personal friendships with AI could exacerbate this trend.
What concerns you most about AI?
AI holds the potential to alienate us from our humanity and hinder genuine connections. Unlike self-driving cars, the subtle dangers of AI distancing us from our relationships can be more insidious.
While AI is being integrated into therapy, there’s a danger that it reinforces our existing beliefs, leading to greater isolation.
After producing this series, I realized how easliy this could manifest. Using an AI as a therapist during conflicts may lead to a skewed perspective that you’re solely in the right.
In contrast, a human therapist encourages you to consider different viewpoints. AI isn’t designed to tackle complex emotional issues; it can make self-radicalization all too easy. When engaging with AI, I often ask, “Please tell me when I’m wrong; I need a challenge.”
In the first episode of AI Confidential, Fry visits the Netherlands to meet Jacob von Lier and his AI girlfriend – Credit: BBC / Curious Films / Harriet Bird
Can chatbot technology fill the void of loneliness?
Absolutely. However, if we dismiss the idea that AI can serve as therapists or empathetic companions, we risk overlooking the needs of the lonely and vulnerable. While in an ideal world, everyone would have meaningful connections, that is not our reality.
In AI Confidential, you meet Justin Harrison, who has developed AI capable of mimicking voices, allowing communication with departed loved ones. What are the implications of this grief technology?
It’s disconcerting that such technology targets people during their most vulnerable moments.
Initially, I was skeptical of Harrison’s perspective on grief, which suggested we should eliminate sadness entirely, reflecting an inability to accept death. This approach seemed irresponsible to me.
However, as I contemplated my own recent loss, I understood how this technology could be an extension of what people often do to cope with longing for loved ones. It could provide comfort at acute stages of grief, especially in cases of unexpected loss.
Although I didn’t anticipate becoming emotional on camera, sharing that moment was crucial, as it illustrated our deeply human story. Ideally, AI should enhance our humanity, not detract from it.
That moment deepened my empathy for those who experience isolation. We all seek connection.
Read more:
What are the risks associated with personal AI agents?
We’re on the brink of launching personal AI agents that could manage tasks online, such as planning vacations.
These agents will interact with corporate representatives, raising concerns about whether they will act in your best interest. As much of our infrastructure relies on the internet, catastrophic failures could occur.
Imagine if someone manipulated an AI to disrupt power supplies in major areas. The repercussions could escalate significantly.
Companies recognize these risks and are striving to mitigate them.
In the second episode of AI Confidential, Fry examines the safety and potential risks of self-driving cars, meeting individuals impacted by this technology, including Rafaela Vasquez – Credit: BBC / Curious Films / Harriet Bird
Will AI ultimately dominate the world?
Not if I have anything to say about it!
AI presents significant challenges, but when managed responsibly, it can serve as a powerful tool for good.
Currently, AI acts as a catalyst, streamlining tasks and enhancing skills. Many individuals benefit from using AI for educational purposes, making learning more efficient and developing new abilities.
AI could also lead to breakthroughs like unlimited clean energy or fresh water for all. We could even transform desert areas into flourishing ecosystems.
Humanity has largely existed in a world marked by scarcity, but with advances in AI, we may unlock realms of abundance, offering solutions to various ailments and societal challenges.
While these transformations won’t happen overnight, the potential remains significant.
How can we ensure AI benefits society?
Companies can take proactive steps, such as recognizing signs of distress or AI dependency during interactions.
We should prioritize concerns around AI, as awareness drives change.
This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
Tune into AI Confidential now on BBC Two or BBC iPlayer starting Monday, February 23rd.
When discussing evolutionary biology, we often assume that the offspring of organisms belong to the same species. However, the European ant Messol Iberix challenges this notion. Recent studies in evolutionary ecology have uncovered that certain ants in the genus Messer are likely descended from two different species, leading to the term hybrids.
A groundbreaking study conducted by researchers at the University of Montpellier in France revealed that European ant queens are capable of producing worker ants through cloning hybrids from other ant species. This remarkable finding positions the European ant as the first known animal to spontaneously generate offspring from a different species, a process termed Heterogeneous parity, challenging preconceived notions in reproductive biology.
By investigating the population genetics of Messer ants and analyzing single DNA nucleotides at specific genomic locations, scientists discovered that all worker ants within the European ant species are hybrids. Genetic sequencing has confirmed that these worker ants inherit maternal genes from European ants and paternal genes from their closely related harvester ants, identified as messerstructor. The ecological implications of this hybridization are significant, especially since these two species typically do not coexist in Europe, raising questions about the origins of these hybrids.
To investigate further, researchers analyzed samples from wild European ant colonies. From 132 males across 26 colonies, they observed that 44% exhibited hairiness—a trait indicative of European ants—while the remaining 56% appeared hairless, typical of harvester ants. Through DNA and protein sequence analyses, they confirmed these physical differences stemmed from a mix of both European and harvester ant species, which diverged over 5 million years ago.
Interestingly, European ant queens engage in polygamy, mating with both European and harvester ant males. This dynamic means that to produce worker ants, European ant queens rely on sperm from harvester males, as sperm from European males produces only queens. Consequently, all worker ants are hybrids, meaning the survival of these colonies is dependent on the presence of male harvesters.
To solidify their hypotheses, researchers sequenced the mitochondrial genome, which is exclusively inherited from mother ants. Analyzing 286 eggs from five laboratory colonies, they discovered that 9% of the eggs laid by queens solely contained harvester ant DNA, supporting the idea that European ant queens can produce offspring without their own genetic material. This unique phenomenon, where males serve as the sole source of genetic inheritance, is termed androclonality or androgen.
Researchers believe that millions of years ago, when both species thrived in close proximity, European ant queens acquired sperm from wild harvester ant colonies to produce workers. As harvester ant populations declined in Europe, these queens adapted by storing sperm and began directly cloning males through their eggs, establishing a unique clonal lineage of male harvester ants that persists today.
The study indicated that a majority of hybrid workers within the colonies observed were fathered by male clones, although a small fraction came from male harvester ants. The genetic diversity among cloned males was notably lower than that found in wild males. Researchers noted distinct physical differences, akin to the contrast between domesticated cats and their wild counterparts, with cloned harvesters exhibiting reduced body hair compared to their wild relatives. This led the researchers to propose that these male clones should be classified as a domesticated variant of the harvester ant species.
While artificial cloning is generally recognized in scientific circles, the natural cloning adaptation observed in European ant queens highlights a fascinating survival strategy. Although their ability to clone males from another species has been established, the cellular and genetic mechanisms underlying this process remain poorly understood. Unraveling the evolutionary origins of this behavior and its implications for other species presents an intriguing challenge for the research team in France.
For more insights on this topic, check out the article: here.
International Women’s Day (IWD), celebrated annually on March 8, serves as a pivotal occasion within the “Awareness Calendar”—a framework for raising awareness about diverse global issues. Nevertheless, a common male response to IWD is, “When is International Men’s Day?” The answer, November 19, aims to highlight men’s challenges, including abuse, homelessness, suicide, and violence.
This dismissal of IWD underscores the persistent stigma surrounding men’s mental health. While societal attitudes towards mental health have evolved positively, men still struggle to express their issues openly. Statistics indicate that women are significantly more likely to discuss their mental health challenges.
A major reason for this disparity is the widespread misunderstanding about men’s mental health. Research shows that approximately 40% of people are unaware that men can experience postpartum depression. This is hardly surprising given prevailing societal norms surrounding parenting, which tend to prioritize the mother’s experience, often neglecting the father’s emotional state despite their increasing presence during delivery.
“ 40% of individuals are unaware that men can also experience postpartum depression “
Viewing mental health through a zero-sum lens is erroneous; extensive efforts are still required to comprehend how depression can manifest differently in men. Frequently, symptoms are characterized by withdrawal and risk-taking rather than overt sadness. While International Men’s Day aims to raise awareness, mere acknowledgment is insufficient. It is crucial for healthcare systems to prioritize mental health equally alongside physical health.
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Archaeologists excavating a training dig near Cambridge have discovered chilling burial pits that may shed light on the violence and punishment during England’s turbulent Viking Age.
The site, excavated by a team from Cambridge University in Wandlebury Country Park, presents a daunting puzzle. Four nearly intact skeletons lie alongside disturbingly fragmented bones, including skulls, legs, and pelvises, seemingly grouped or stacked upon one another.
“Unique is the right word,” said Dr. Oscar Aldred, an archaeologist with the Cambridge Archaeology Unit, in an interview with BBC Science Focus. “I’ve been doing this job for 30 years, and I’ve never encountered anything like this.”
The macabre nature of this find is underscored by the four complete human bones, which appear to have been deposited shortly after death. One individual was decapitated, with a noticeable cut on his jaw.
The ruins were uncovered by undergraduate students during a training excavation last spring and summer. Photo credit: Cambridge Archaeological Unit/David Matzliach
Notably, the decapitated man, estimated to stand 196 cm (6 feet 5 inches) tall, was found face down, with his hands and feet likely bound. His height was extraordinary, especially at a time when the average man measured only 168 cm (5 ft 6 in).
His skull is particularly intriguing, featuring a healed hole that suggests trepanation—an ancient surgical procedure involving drilling into the skull.
“[The hole] indicates he was likely in the healing process,” stated Dr. Trish Beers, Curator of the Duckworth Collection at the University of Cambridge, in a piece for BBC Science Focus.
Trepanation was a common practice in antiquity, found in cultures from Greece and Rome to South America. It was often employed to treat conditions like migraines and seizures.
Dr. Beers speculated that this individual may have suffered from a tumor on the pituitary gland, which can cause excess growth hormone.
In the late 8th century, Cambridge was under the control of Offa, the ruler of the Mercian kingdom, but by the late 9th century, Vikings had established a presence nearby. Photo credit: Cambridge Archaeological Unit/David Matzliach
Adding to the grim nature of the burial site, layers of dismembered individuals were found atop the skeletons, with body fragments separated at joints.
“The combination of an articulated individual in a group of bodies, with five skulls and pelvises almost stacked on each other, is truly eerie,” stated Aldred. “What transpired here was undeniably frightening.”
Radiocarbon dating indicates that these deaths occurred during the tumultuous 8th and 9th centuries, a period when Cambridgeshire served as a volatile frontier between Anglo-Saxon Mercia and Viking-ruled East Anglia.
The identity of the deceased remains a mystery: were they Anglo-Saxon captives or Vikings themselves?
Ongoing analyses, including ancient DNA and isotope testing, aim to reveal more about these individuals and their origins.
“I want to go beyond the fact of their death and humanize these people,” Aldred emphasized. “We should not only explore how they died but also understand who they were.”
Paleontologists have discovered fossilized remains of one of the smallest sauropod dinosaurs from the Late Triassic period in southern Brazil. This remarkable find sheds light on early dinosaur development and physiology.
Massospondylus carinatus, a small sauropod dinosaur from the Early Jurassic of southern Africa. Image credit: Nobu Tamura, http://spinops.blogspot.com / Patty Jansen / Sci.News.
Dr. Luciano Artemio Real from the University of Sudoeste da Bahia and his team collected significant dinosaur material from the Cerro da Aremoa outcrop located in southern Brazil.
The Cerro da Aremoa outcrop serves as a crucial geological and zoological record within the Santa María Supersequence in central Rio Grande do Sul.
This recently recovered material dates to the Carnian period of the Late Triassic, approximately 237 to 227 million years ago.
The fossilized remains include small bones, each measuring less than 5.7 cm (2.2 inches), comprising parts of the humerus, metatarsals, nail phalanges, neural arch, and vertebral center.
A thorough phylogenetic and anatomical analysis positioned the specimen clearly within the basal sauropod clade.
“This specimen is a significant juvenile dinosaur,” noted the paleontologists.
“A combined analysis of its morphology, bone histology, and phylogenetic data indicates that it represents a basal sauropod from the Brazilian Triassic.”
Unlike later giant sauropods, this early version likely maintained a much smaller size during its developmental phases.
Notably, the bone microstructure exhibited signs of at least one complete growth interruption cycle, indicated by a line of growth arrest. This suggests that the dinosaur experienced a developmental pause early in its life, hinting at the potential for flexible growth strategies within early sauropods.
These findings may provide insights into the eventual gigantism characteristic of later sauropod species.
“These observed traits indicate that the individuals, still in development, have experienced their first growth arrest and are in the midst of a second cycle,” researchers commented.
“Our analyses suggest ontogenetic features typical of juvenile sauropods exhibiting a single growth arrest.”
“Our research unveils a new growth strategy in the early evolution of sauropods, illuminating the origins of small dinosaurs during the Triassic period.”
The full findings will appear in the April 2026 edition of the journal Paleo World.
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Leomir Santos Campos et al. 2026. A new small basal sauropod (Dinosauria: Saurischia) discovered from the Santa Maria supersequence in the Upper Triassic of southern Brazil. Paleo World 35 (2): 201064;doi: 10.1016/j.palwor.2025.201064
Cancer disrupts multiple layers of the biological blueprint, including the order of DNA sequences and the chemical markers on DNA known as DNA methylation. In cancer patients, tumor samples obtained from areas like the colon or skin contain a blend of healthy cells, which exhibit normal levels of methylation, alongside cancer cells that show abnormal methylation patterns. This mixture complicates doctors’ efforts to differentiate between the two and identify which methylation signals are genuinely sourced from the tumor.
Moreover, harvesting tumors directly often necessitates painful surgical procedures. Some scientists propose using blood samples as an alternative for initial diagnosis. However, blood samples generally face the same challenge, frequently containing only minute traces of cancer DNA.
Traditionally, scientists have averaged the methylation levels of numerous DNA fragments from patient samples to estimate the proportions of cancerous and normal DNA present. Unfortunately, this conventional approach overlooks valuable insights regarding rare and subtle disruptions to DNA. Researchers in Germany and Belgium contend that this missing information is vital for the early detection and diagnosis of cancer. Consequently, they have introduced a new analytical tool named Methylvert to tackle this issue. This tool examines individual DNA sequences to analyze DNA methylation, ensuring these subtle details are preserved.
The team developed MmethylBERT, utilizing the same technology that powers modern language models, such as ChatGPT, with a transformer architecture. They re-engineered this technology to interpret the language of DNA and its methylation signals rather than human language. Each DNA sequence served as a concise “sentence” for the model to analyze and discern the differences between tumor and normal DNA.
The researchers trained MmethylBERT in two phases. Initially, they exposed it to a template dataset derived from the human reference genome. This dataset was used to help the model recognize patterns in DNA sequences, independent of methylation or disease information. This step is akin to teaching students to read using only the letters that form words, without additional context. The model became adept at distinguishing various three-letter DNA combinations, recognizing that certain bases, particularly C and G in ATCG, manifest in specific patterns. The pre-training step proved crucial; omitting it would prevent the model from accurately classifying cancer cells versus normal cells.
In the second phase, they fine-tuned the pre-trained model using DNA sequences from actual cancerous and healthy samples, teaching the model to identify known tumor-specific methylation patterns. This strategy parallels instructing students on grammar, which adds context and meaning to words. The model learned that certain DNA regions exhibit high methylation levels in tumors and low or negligible methylation in normal cells, or vice versa. They devised a system that generates a probability score, indicating how likely each DNA fragment originates from tumor or normal tissue.
The team evaluated MmethylBERT against existing methods by employing simulated DNA sequence data of varying complexity. Their findings demonstrated that their method accurately detects cancer DNA, even while analyzing DNA fragments at genomic locations with minimal sequence reads—where traditional methods often falter. They successfully identified very small quantities of tumor DNA in the blood of colorectal and pancreatic cancer patients, further validating its applicability in non-invasive cancer detection.
Scientists noted that training models on human genome data is time-consuming, so they assessed whether a model trained on the mouse genome could analyze human cancer samples. Remarkably, the mouse-trained model performed nearly as well as the human-trained model when applied to human cancer data, resulting in only minor differences in the probability distribution. The researchers attributed this efficacy to the consistent organization of DNA across mammals, enabling models to transfer knowledge from one organism to another.
The researchers concluded that MethylBERT can identify cancer DNA in sequence data obtained from any sequencing platform, irrespective of the complexity of the methylation signal or the size of the tumor DNA in the sample. They also cautioned that the current version requires substantial computational resources for training and operation and have already commenced development on a more efficient iteration.
“While space travel serves as a backdrop, it is not central to the Star Trek narrative.” A scene from Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Everett Collection Inc/Alamy
The current socio-political landscape in America is filled with contrasts. As I reflect on my day, thoughts arise concerning the potential call of construction workers to government projects. Meanwhile, dinner plans loom, prompting me to suggest to my partner that he pick up some fresh vegetables, all while he frets about being intercepted by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement on his way home. I am meant to engage in scientific inquiry and broadcast the marvels of the universe, yet my focus often shifts to grim realities like children in detention camps. Despite attempts to slash NASA’s funding, it has managed to withstand the cuts, though the workforce has significantly dwindled over the years.
The very week this article circulates, NASA is poised to launch astronauts on an unprecedented mission around the Moon, part of the Artemis program leading to potential human landings on the Moon and beyond. This program is widely viewed as a crucial milestone towards sending humans to Mars. At a SpaceX event, with U.S. Department of Defense officials present, Elon Musk expressed his vision of sending humans to new planets, closely aligning with the aspirational themes found in the Star Trek universe. Enthusiasm is high, as we anticipate that these missions will propel us towards a utopia in space exploration.
What a captivating idea! However, the reality may be starkly different. In the realm of Star Trek, one might argue that many fans attending conventions deeply misunderstand the series, revealing an apparent disconnect with its core messages. If they truly grasped the themes of the Star Trek universe, they would recognize that the 2020s parallel a disheartening chapter in human history. The fictional 2024 Bell Riot reflects a rebellion against oppressive governance amid staggering wealth inequality, while the Trekkian outlook foresees humanity surviving another world war, where soldiers are coerced into committing atrocities.
Strikingly, the parallels between past fiction and current events resonate. In this narrative, the figures promoting militarized space endeavors are not the heroes, but rather the villains. Misplacing their roles, these proponents fail to understand that the core essence of Star Trek is not about reaching distant planets but about humanity’s journey towards self-improvement through collaboration, grappling with substantial ethical dilemmas, and fostering a society nurtured by principles similar to socialism, where the needs of all are attended to.
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In Star Trek, the individuals advocating for militarized corporate strategies are depicted as the antagonists. “
Could venturing to Mars pave the way for this enlightenment? Perhaps, in another dimension, such endeavors would embody a quest to embrace “the infinite variety in infinite combinations,” a concept that resonates with the Vulcan philosophy. We have successfully dispatched numerous unmanned missions to Mars, unveiling a wealth of astonishing discoveries about the planet’s past and the potential for other life forms.
Nonetheless, Mars presents challenges as a habitat for humans. It is inhospitable, cold, and dry, which poses formidable obstacles should we aim to establish a presence there. Even amidst the hopeful vision of a peaceful human expedition, it’s vital to acknowledge the harsh reality—Mars is fraught with dangers. The thin atmosphere makes breathing impossible, and any attempts to alter it could still prove hazardous. Dust and silica in Martian soil can inflict severe damage to human lungs, mirroring the afflictions experienced by miners.
Many might dismiss this, thinking, “I won’t be inhaling dirt!” However, Mars is notorious for its colossal dust storms that would infiltrate any human habitat. Such conditions would make it increasingly difficult to maintain a livable environment. The sheer volume of resources required to create a sustainable habitat on Mars is staggering, as launching these supplies into space is a monumental task.
In conclusion, the pursuit of colonizing Mars may not be a practical endeavor. Instead, let us cherish our own remarkable planet, Earth. While we may not have treated it with the respect it deserves, there is still time for change. This vision is at the heart of Star Trek: not about fleeing to a technologically advanced future, but about cultivating the capacity to honor the extraordinary vessel we call home.
What I’m Reading I found Farah Daboiwala’s “What is Free Speech? A History of Dangerous Ideas” fascinating.
What I See I admire Gina Yashea and Kelis Brooks’ work titled “Star Trek: Starfleet Academy.”
What I’m Working On Currently, we’re navigating the complexities of daily life amidst governmental turbulence.
Chanda Prescod-Weinstein is an Associate Professor of Physics and Astronomy at the University of New Hampshire, and the author of Turbulent Universe as well as the upcoming book The Ends of Space and Time: Particles, Poetry, and the Boogie of Cosmic Dreams.
How can I ensure my data is protected? As a young Black physician engaged in clinical research, this question arises frequently in discussions with Black communities in Africa and the Caribbean regarding genetic research participation. The roots of mistrust are not hard to find.
Consider the notorious Tuskegee syphilis study where Black men were left untreated to observe disease progression, even after effective treatments were available. Additionally, Henrietta Lacks’ cells were taken without her consent, fueling extensive research worldwide and generating profit without compensating her family for healthcare needs. This historical context has contributed to the perception of Black individuals as mere research subjects.
In research, it’s understood that quality data is crucial for effective medicine. Unfortunately, Black individuals, along with other underrepresented populations, including non-Europeans and older adults, are often underrepresented in clinical studies. Comprehensive disease understanding requires research across all affected groups to develop inclusive tests and treatments.
Looking ahead, the medical system is shifting towards a genetics-centered approach in patient care. This precision medicine paradigm opts for individualized treatment based on genetic information to enhance prevention and therapeutic efficacy.
However, institutional initiatives from institutions like the University of Exeter and Queen Mary University of London reveal significant gaps in our genetic understanding, particularly in relation to non-European populations. Their findings suggest certain genetic traits in Black people could hinder the accuracy of standard diabetes diagnostic tests, potentially delaying treatment. To bridge this gap, it’s essential to foster trust and increase Black participation in research.
Current research frameworks often unintentionally exclude certain demographics. For instance, if recruitment materials are only available in English or if hiring occurs solely during conventional business hours, valuable contributors may be overlooked. Additionally, relying exclusively on hospitals and universities ignores community hubs like churches and barbershops where people congregate. Recognizing social contexts is vital for effective outreach.
Academic institutions now acknowledge that varying communities necessitate tailored approaches that merge cultural proficiency with scientific rigor. This balance empowers communities and enables research to translate into actionable changes through informed policy and accessible healthcare. It’s essential for researchers to resonate with the communities they serve, fostering trust and relevance through shared experiences.
To address these challenges, researchers must prioritize community involvement from inception rather than merely soliciting input at the end of the process. Funding organizations should integrate community engagement into their budgets, ensuring that incorporating patients and communities becomes a staple in research. This participatory approach can enhance representation among underrepresented groups and ultimately benefit public health. Moreover, researchers must demonstrate reciprocity by contributing to community wellbeing through shared resources and programs.
If you’re interested in participating in research, there are many ways to get involved, from clinical trials to surveys. Every contribution counts.
Dr. Drews Adade – Clinical researcher based in London.
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