New Study Reveals U.S. Coastlines Facing Accelerated Marine Disaster Risk

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A significant ocean current system that plays a crucial role in regulating the climate across the Northern Hemisphere is projected to weaken more dramatically by the end of this century than previously anticipated, according to a new study published in Scientific Progress.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is an extensive ocean current system transporting warm water north from the tropics, releasing heat into the atmosphere before descending and returning south.

“This system essentially forms a loop that transports heat from the equator to the North Atlantic,” stated Dr. Valentin Portman, the lead author of the study from France’s Bordeaux Southwest Research Center, during an interview with BBC Science Focus.

“Warm, salty water flows north, releasing heat, thickening, sinking, and then traveling south through deep ocean currents.”

Research indicates a projected 51% slowdown by 2100, a figure approximately 60% higher than average projections derived from conventional climate models, with significantly lower uncertainty.

The weakening of AMOC could lead to severe consequences. Sea levels along the northeastern U.S. coast are already rising faster than the global average, partially due to a weakening AMOC.

Globally, the tropical rain belt is expected to weaken and shift southward, jeopardizing the monsoons on which millions in West Africa and South Asia depend for agriculture.

In Europe, these changes could result in harsher, colder winters as the conveyor belt of warm water to the continent decelerates.

Worryingly, each additional weakening increases the system’s proximity to a tipping point where complete collapse becomes more probable, posing potentially catastrophic risks.

The AMOC extends across the Atlantic Ocean, forming a part of a vast network of ocean currents – Photo credit: Getty

Understanding a Complex System

Predicting the future of AMOC as the Earth warms is notoriously challenging due to the system’s vast complexity and influence from both local and global factors.

Previous forecasts about AMOC’s future varied significantly based on the employed climate prediction models. While most agree the system is weakening, the degree of potential collapse ranges from minimal to complete failure.

The new study identified two systematic errors prevalent in much of the prevailing modeling: underestimating salinity in the South Atlantic and overestimating coldness in the North Atlantic.

These biases cause models to underestimate how dense, saline water sinks and maintains current flow across the system.

By correcting these variables using a statistical approach called ridge-normalized linear regression, seldom applied in climate research, the expected weakening escalated to 51%, significantly lowering uncertainty surrounding the results.

“Typically, only one variable is used in studies, such as a singular observation of AMOC’s strength in the past,” Portman explained.

“This study aimed to incorporate more information by leveraging multiple variables simultaneously, which is vital due to AMOC’s complexity and dependence on various processes.”

The current strength of AMOC is already notably weak. Recent observations suggest a decline of 10% to 20% since the mid-2000s, equating to hundreds of millions of gallons of water no longer flowing north each second.

A 2025 study disclosed that the recent weakening of currents has contributed to nearly 50% of flooding along the northeastern U.S. coast since 2005.

However, attributing this decline to human-induced climate change rather than natural fluctuations remains a challenge. Experts state that it may take until 2033 (with 29 years of data) to confidently distinguish between the two.

Not a Complete Collapse—But It’s Worrisome

Results from this recent study are concerning, but researchers emphasize clarity regarding what they do and do not illustrate. In the 6th assessment report, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) expressed confidence that AMOC would diminish throughout this century, albeit with “moderate confidence” that it would not collapse by 2100.

Yet, such assurances may offer little comfort given the extensive changes that collapse could entail, whether prior to or following this century’s conclusion.

For instance, a 2025 study in Geophysical Research Letters predicted that under such circumstances, temperatures in London could plummet to -20°C (-4°F) and -48°C (-54°F) in Oslo, despite global warming driven by greenhouse gases.

As human-driven climate change causes polar ice melting, ocean salinity decreases, disrupting AMOC processes.

Moreover, a weakening AMOC risks crossing an unknown tipping point threshold. A study suggests that the AMOC may hold two stable “on” or “off” states, with reversals potentially taking thousands of years to rectify.

The exact location of this threshold remains uncertain. Extending existing models beyond the typical 2100 cutoff, a 2025 study in Environmental Research Letters indicated AMOC shutdowns could occur in 67% of high-emission scenarios and 30% under moderate conditions.

“We don’t definitively know where the threshold lies or if this situation truly applies,” Portman noted. “We can speculate that this decline, even more significant than predicted, may be approaching a tipping point.”

Critical Action Window

Portman’s team tested four distinct emissions scenarios. Three (ranging from moderate to very high) consistently yielded results of approximately 50% weakening, suggesting that many impacts of human-induced climate change could become irreversible beyond a certain threshold.

“We are introducing considerable heat into the ocean, which will persist for centuries,” Portman stated.

However, the most optimistic scenario, marked by robust and sustained emissions reductions, resulted in only about a 20% decline.

“There are two perspectives here. One is that it may be a bit too late, given significant CO2 emissions leading to long-term effects,” Portman explained.

“Conversely, if we dramatically lower CO2 emissions prior to hitting the tipping point, we can avert a serious decline.”

While Portman expresses confidence in his research’s projections for this important ocean system, he acknowledges that other significant processes may still need to be considered.

“This necessitates prudence regarding the findings,” he emphasized. “Substantial uncertainty remains in climate models concerning AMOC’s future. Addressing this issue is vital.”

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How Flawed Carbon Credits Can Still Protect Our Forests

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Logging Site in the Amazon Rainforest

Credit: Tarcisio Schneider/Getty Images

Logging site in the Amazon rainforest — Logging Site in the Amazon Rainforest

Credit: Tarcisio Schneider/Getty Images

In 1986, the CEO of an energy company felt guilty about his firm’s coal-fired power plant project in Connecticut after learning about climate change. Ultimately, his company invested in tree planting initiatives in Guatemala, aimed at incentivizing farmers to preserve intact forests while offsetting carbon emissions from coal plants.

This initiative holds the potential to create a marketplace for “voluntary” carbon credits, enabling companies to offset their emissions via investments that combat deforestation. Proponents argue land users should be financially rewarded for preserving forests, while critics claim land users often never intended to clear the forest.

But who is right? A growing body of research reveals that both sides have merit. According to a recent study, many early projects successfully reduced deforestation, yet they sold an average of nearly 11 times more carbon credits than the actual forest saved.

Historically, forests have acted as significant carbon sinks, particularly tropical forests, which absorb approximately half of humanity’s fossil fuel emissions. However, rapid deforestation continues due to agricultural expansion, especially for cattle ranching and palm oil in low-income regions.

“Forests are under severe threat, and we need financial mechanisms that can compensate for their protection,” says Dr. Tom Swinfield, leading research at the University of Cambridge. “Carbon financing is among the most viable options for forest conservation.”

Despite alarming deforestation rates, with over 40,000 square kilometers of forest lost in 2025 alone, the funding gap remains vast—requiring an additional $216 billion annually to meet the global goal of halting deforestation by 2030.

Prior to the COP30 climate summit in November, Brazil introduced the Tropical Forest Forever Facility, a fund designed to incentivize countries for each hectare of forest preserved. However, only $6.6 billion of the $125 billion target has been raised.

Carbon credits have not fulfilled their promise in addressing governmental funding shortages. A 2023 investigation by The Guardian, Die Zeit, and Sourcematerial revealed that 90% of rainforest credits issued by major credit bureaus are essentially worthless. Consequently, the market value of these discretionary loans plummeted by 60% in one year, with most values remaining suppressed.

In response, Swinfield and his team evaluated 44 projects compliant with UN guidelines under the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) framework. They found that 36 projects achieved at least a slight improvement in deforestation metrics compared to what would have occurred without intervention, while only one project saw a significant rise in deforestation.

However, only about 1/11 of all credits issued were genuinely justified. This average was skewed by eight projects that did not effectively reduce deforestation but issued numerous credits. Excluding these top nine credit sellers, approximately 25% of the credits were legitimate.

Swinfield attributes the over-issuance of credits to two main factors stemming from unintended errors. Credit developers relied on “reference areas” that had experienced greater deforestation to estimate potential future clearing rates. This approach often led to selecting reference areas closer to roads or those with rolling terrain, producing inflated future deforestation predictions.

The study highlights a project in the Peruvian Amazon that sought to provide alternative livelihood options for 18 local communities. The French firm responsible for the project utilized the nearby rainforest as a reference area, which was more vulnerable to deforestation, thus exaggerating the benefits of their project area.

“While many of these projects may have sound intentions, the methodologies used to calculate credit issuance were often flawed,” remarks Swinfield.

If project developers and credit agencies adopt the more precise methodologies highlighted in this research, excess credit issuance could be mitigated. Nonetheless, reduced credit supply leads to increased costs, requiring companies to pay more for carbon credits to maintain net-zero emissions claims, according to Dr. Julia Jones from Bangor University.

“The era where companies can offset carbon emissions cheaply is over. Achieving equitable and effective forest conservation cannot come at a low cost,” she asserts.

Currently, deforestation avoidance credits correspond to one ton of CO2 emissions prevented and are available for just a few dollars, while high-quality credits can range into the tens of dollars. In contrast, credits for technologies actively removing carbon, such as tree planting and direct air capture, start at several hundred dollars.

“We need a marketplace for high-quality carbon credits that genuinely contribute to preventing deforestation,” Jones emphasizes.

Research indicates that while deforestation avoidance credits can mitigate some emissions, they conflict with the Paris Agreement’s net-zero emissions target. As per Danny Cullenward from the University of Pennsylvania, “these credits are often acquired to offset emissions instead of actual reductions.”

For effective forest and climate preservation, companies should prioritize high-quality credits or simply contribute to forest protection, instead of merely “retiring” credits in their emissions budgets. Accurate assessment of deforestation risks is crucial for informed interventions.

“We must safeguard tropical forests and, through improved measurement strategies, pay for and quantify the benefits without relying solely on carbon credits,” he concludes. “This can be accomplished both with and without credit systems.”

Topics:

Carbon Emissions/
Amazon Rainforest

Source: www.newscientist.com

PCOS Rebranded as PMOS: A Major Update in Women’s Health

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Misidentified ‘Cysts’ in PCOS are Not True Cysts

Steve Gschmeisner/Science Photo Library

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) has undergone a significant rebranding. At the recent European Endocrine Society congress in Prague, renowned endocrinologist Helena Teed announced that it will now be referred to as polyendocrine metabolic ovary syndrome (PMOS).

This new terminology is more than just semantics; it corrects prevalent misconceptions about the condition. It highlights the crucial metabolic and hormonal features of PMOS that extend beyond the ovaries.

Reflecting on my diagnosis of PCOS over 20 years ago, I recall suffering from severe acne and irregular periods—common symptoms that prompted a distressing ultrasound. I was shocked to see what were labeled “cysts” on my ovaries. The fear of infertility and potential emergency surgeries left me feeling confused and devastated.

My journey led me to explore recent PCOS/PMOS research through New Scientist, unveiling the extensive misinformation surrounding the condition. After publishing an article on my findings in 2018, I discovered my story resonated with many others seeking clarity.

The major revelation is that the “cysts” associated with PCOS are misidentified; they are not cysts but rather underdeveloped eggs that remain trapped due to an excess of immature follicles in the ovaries. This shift in understanding allows for a more accurate perspective on ovarian health.

This overabundance can disrupt normal ovulation and menstrual cycles, potentially delaying pregnancy due to infrequent egg release. However, studies show that women with this condition are still likely to achieve their desired family size: 80% conceive without medication or IVF. Despite my challenges, including five miscarriages, I eventually had the three children I had always wanted.

Moreover, researchers now recognize that PMOS impacts the entire body, characterized by elevated male hormone levels like testosterone. This can lead to symptoms such as acne, excessive body hair, and thinning scalp hair. Insulin resistance is also prevalent, increasing the risk of weight gain, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular issues. Mental health challenges, including anxiety and depression, are also common.

On a positive note, recent findings suggest that individuals with PMOS may have enhanced egg reserves, potentially delaying the onset of perimenopause and menopause, which could enhance reproductive options even in later years.

According to Tehi Piltonen, president of the International Society for Androgen Excess and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and professor at Oulu University Hospital in Finland, the prevalence of this condition—affecting one in eight women—might have been advantageous for our ancestors, allowing them to store energy during times of food scarcity, thus prolonging pregnancy and reproductive viability.

While today’s environment of plentiful high-calorie foods presents challenges for those with PMOS, effective symptom management is available. Historically, attention was only given to ovarian health, particularly fertility concerns, but this new classification aims to broaden the approach.

Teed, who has campaigned for over a decade to reclassify PCOS, collaborated with 56 patient and professional organizations to establish a name that accurately reflects the science. If this change alleviates confusion and anxiety linked to former diagnoses, then the effort will have been well worth it.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Humans Are Not Naturally Built for Strict Monogamy: Unveiling the Truth

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Fragile Nature of Monogamy: A Deep Dive into Human Relationships

Monogamy is often regarded as a sacred institution, the default setting for romantic relationships. Yet, behind the facade, monogamy can feel fleeting, negotiable, and at times, nearly impossible to maintain. If sexual exclusivity is a natural trait for humans, why does it often require significant effort and societal reinforcement to uphold?

A Cultural Perspective on Non-Monogamy

Human culture is rich in examples of non-monogamous relationships, including polyamory, infidelity, and casual dating. Research conducted since the 1960s indicates that 87% of pre-industrial societies embraced some form of polygamy, suggesting that today’s fascination with monogamy might stem from rapid cultural shifts.

Interestingly, while polygamous relationships were widely accepted, only a fraction of individuals engaged in such partnerships, keeping monogamy as the prevalent norm. Moreover, fewer than 10% of mammal species form long-term pair bonds, although this rate is about 25% among primates. Notably, our closest relatives, chimpanzees and bonobos, are often promiscuous, engaging with multiple partners to strengthen social ties.

Why Monogamy?

A compelling theory proposes that monogamy evolved as a defense mechanism against male infanticide. A landmark study published in 2013 examined 230 primate species and revealed that males of promiscuous species often killed the offspring of rivals, prompting a shift toward monogamous relationships for protection.

In contrast, female chimpanzees often mate with various males to obfuscate paternity and mitigate the risk of infanticide. Bonobos, on the other hand, utilize casual sex as a way to nurture social bonds and ease conflicts.

Additionally, male provision of resources to females is believed to increase their attractiveness as mates, further supporting the evolutionary narrative favoring monogamous pairings.

Understanding Human Pair Bonding

Despite their complex origins, it’s evident that humans have a biological inclination to form tight-knit partnerships. However, it’s essential to distinguish between pair bonding and the modern interpretation of monogamy, which usually implies emotional and sexual exclusivity.

Biologists categorize monogamy into three types: social, sexual, and reproductive. Socially monogamous pairs share resources, raise offspring together, and may also engage in sexual exclusivity. In the animal kingdom, reproduction and sexual monogamy are often intertwined, especially since contraception does not exist.

In humans, strong romantic bonds are a hallmark of our species. According to Professor Agustín Fuentes of Princeton University, these connections foster extensive networks of care, such as compassion and cooperation. Research on prairie voles highlights the powerful neurochemistry involved in forming these bonds, showcasing how brain chemicals like oxytocin foster strong pair bonds.

The Statistics Behind Monogamy

Dr. Mark Dyble from the University of Cambridge emphasizes the challenges in quantifying human mating systems, particularly due to discrepancies in self-reported sexual behavior. Recent studies utilizing genetic data reveal that approximately 66% of human siblings are full siblings, indicating a faculty toward monogamy, albeit with considerable variability.

Despite approximately 25% of marriages in the UK ending in divorce within ten years and significant rates of infidelity reported among men and women in the U.S., these findings align humans more closely with socially monogamous mammals, ranking seventh behind species like the Eurasian beaver.

Cultural Constructs and Changing Norms

Human sexual and marital practices vary widely across cultures, influenced by factors like resource allocation and socio-economic conditions. As Fuentes indicates, contemporary definitions of monogamy can shift from “one person for life” to “one person at a time,” a phenomenon known as serial monogamy.

As individuals age, many gravitate toward forms of semi-monogamy, often signaling a return to monogamous norms. For some, monogamy feels natural; for others, it can be stifling. Yet for many, it remains a conscious choice with continually evolving terms influenced by societal norms.

Conclusion: The Dual Nature of Human Relationships

So, how monogamous are humans? The answer is nuanced: it varies. We possess an innate capacity for deep attachment, bolstered by ancient brain chemistry that facilitates pair bonding. Additionally, intricate cultural frameworks shape our relationships, oscillating between enforcing and relaxing monogamous norms. Ultimately, while humans may strive to practice monogamy, our success in doing so remains complex and multifaceted.

For more insights on human relationships and the evolution of monogamy, explore our additional resources here.

This revised content is optimized for SEO, incorporating relevant keywords while retaining the original HTML structure.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Emerging Plate Boundary Discovered in Southern Africa

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Aerial View of the Kafue Rift’s Southern Boundary Fault Zone

Photo by Michael Daly

The African continent may be undergoing significant geological changes, as new evidence suggests that gas emissions from a series of hot springs in Zambia originate from deep within the Earth’s crust. This indicates the potential emergence of new tectonic plate boundaries.

Rift valleys, such as the prominent East African Rift stretching from the Red Sea to Mozambique, have showcased the gradual separation of continents over tens of millions of years. While it typically requires long periods for such tectonic activities to manifest, researchers are excited about the early signs of this process in Zambia’s Kafue Rift, according to Ruta Carolite from Oxford University.

The Kafue Rift forms part of an extensive 2,500-kilometer rift system stretching from Tanzania to Namibia and potentially reaching the Atlantic Ocean. Geologists hypothesize that this region is showcasing early indications of a new plate boundary due to its unique topography, gravity anomalies, elevated underground temperatures, and minimal seismic activity. Until recently, however, there was a lack of geochemical confirmation.

In their recent study, Karolytė and colleagues analyzed gas samples from five hot springs and three geothermal wells in central Zambia. Their findings showed that the isotopic ratios of helium and carbon in the gas closely resemble those found deep within the Earth’s crust. This suggests the presence of fluids originating from the mantle, as deep as 190 kilometers below the surface, indicating the awakening of tectonic rifting in the area.

“Our data confirm that this geological system is currently ‘active’ and in motion,” Carolite stated. “While the existence of an active rift valley doesn’t guarantee the formation of an ocean over the next 100 million years, the possibility remains.”

During the initial phases of continental rifting, gases trapped in rocks for millions of years are released. Notably, helium—a critical resource for high-tech and medical industries—has been detected in concentrations as high as 2.3% in the Kafue Rift’s fluids. This high concentration is drawing interest from industrial sectors.

“Identifying the ideal tectonic conditions to concentrate and release helium in a capture-friendly format is a challenging task,” Carolite explained.

Patrice Rey, a professor at the University of Sydney, concurs that while the region lacks active volcanoes or significant seismic events, there are numerous indicators of ongoing tectonic activity.

Recent geochemical insights from hot springs suggest that the Kafue Rift is transitioning towards becoming a continental rift, with primordial helium-3-rich mantle fluids ascending through its fractures. “It is plausible to foresee the Kafue Rift evolving into a plate boundary in the foreseeable future,” he remarks.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Scientists Develop Advanced ‘Mind-Reading’ Hearing System to Enhance Clarity in Noisy Environments

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking research by American scientists has unveiled a revolutionary device that interprets brain signals to automatically amplify the desired voice. This innovative technology could serve as a vital solution for the 430 million individuals globally affected by disabling hearing loss.

Participants wearing intracranial electrodes engaged in two overlapping conversations, while their neural activity was processed in real time. The system selectively amplified the participant’s chosen speech by leveraging low frequency (LF) and high gamma (HF) features. Image credit: Choudhari et al., doi: 10.1038/s41593-026-02281-5.

Deciphering speech amidst background noise is one of the primary challenges in auditory neuroscience and technology.

In noisy settings, individuals utilize selective attention to concentrate on the target speaker while filtering out competing voices and ambient noise.

Traditional hearing aids often fall short because they lack the ability to understand the listener’s preferences, thus amplifying all sounds indiscriminately. This results in limited effectiveness in real-world environments, leading to decreased user adoption and social isolation.

“Our innovative system functions as a neural extension of the user, harnessing the brain’s inherent skill to filter sounds in complex environments and dynamically isolate the desired speech,” stated Columbia University researcher Dr. Nima Mesgarani.

“This advancement enables us to envision a future beyond conventional hearing aids, moving towards technology that can restore the brain’s sophisticated ability to selectively hear.

In their study, Dr. Mesgarani and his team collaborated with surgeons and epilepsy patients undergoing brain surgery to accurately identify seizure triggers.

Patients who volunteered for the study had pre-implanted electrodes, enabling the team to monitor brain activity while attendees focused on overlapping conversations occurring simultaneously.

The system could detect the conversation the patient concentrated on and automatically adjusted the volume in real time, amplifying the chosen dialogue while reducing others.

One volunteer described the experience of controlling a brain-activated system as astonishing, even questioning if researchers were secretly adjusting the volume.

Others expressed excitement about the potential benefits for their hearing-impaired friends and family members, with one participant remarking, “It’s like science fiction.”

“A key unanswered question was whether brain-controlled hearing technology could evolve from theoretical models to practical prototypes that enhance hearing in real time,” Dr. Vishal Chaudhary of Columbia University noted.

“We demonstrate for the first time that a system leveraging brain signals for selective speech enhancement can provide significant real-time advantages.”

“This innovation transitions brain-controlled hearing from concept to practical application.”

Researchers have developed a fast machine learning algorithm capable of identifying which conversations patients are engaged in by analyzing their brain waves.

Once implemented, the system can swiftly determine which dialogues each listener focuses on to enhance clarity.

This capability was evident both when researchers directed participants to specific conversations and when participants freely selected, mirroring real-world interactions.

“To function effectively in real time, the system must be exceptionally fast, accurate, and stable, ensuring a comfortable experience for the listener,” Dr. Mesgarani emphasized.

Find the team’s research published in the latest edition of Nature Neuroscience.

_____

V. Choudhary et al. Real-time brain-controlled selective hearing enhances speech recognition in multi-speaker environments. Nature Neuroscience published online on May 11, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41593-026-02281-5

Source: www.sci.news

Discover a New Species of Giant Long-Necked Dinosaur in Argentina

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Fossils discovered at a secluded ranch in Argentina reveal a new genus and species of large sauropod dinosaur, identified by an international team of paleontologists from Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich.

Reconstruction of Vicaracosaurus dionydei. Image credit: Felipe Cutro-Lev.

The newly identified sauropod species roamed the southern region of the Gondwana supercontinent during the Late Jurassic period, approximately 157 million years ago.

Named Vicaracosaurus dionydei, this dinosaur measured around 20 meters (65 feet) in length.

“Sauropods are a key lineage of dinosaurs, representing one of the most significant groups of herbivorous vertebrates from the Mesozoic era,” said lead author Alexandra Reuter, a doctoral student at Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, alongside her research team.

“These giant herbivores first emerged in the late Triassic period and thrived until the end of the Cretaceous period.”

“Sauropods displayed considerable taxonomic diversity and included the largest terrestrial animals in history.”

“Neosauropoda eventually branched into two primary clades, Diplodocoideae and Macronariidae, early in their evolutionary journey. This major classification has been widely accepted since the 1990s, though there is ongoing debate regarding the classification of many Jurassic taxa into these subclades or Neosauropoda as a whole.”

Fossil remains identified as Vicaracosaurus dionydei, including vertebrae, ribs, and parts of a hip joint, were first reported to paleontologists in March 2001 by local farmer Dionid Mesa.

This fossil site belongs to the Canadon Carcareo Formation, located in central to northern Chubut province, Argentina.

Historically, researchers have relied heavily on fossils from North America, Europe, and other Northern Hemisphere regions to piece together the evolution of neosauropods.

Both the Canadon Carcareo Formation and the Tendaguru Formation in Tanzania stand out as rare Gondwanan deposits preserving skeletons of multiple sauropods.

“For years, the only significant archaeological site in the southern continent was in Tanzania,” stated lead author Professor Oliver Rauchat, a paleontologist at the Bavarian Institute of Paleontology and Geology, as well as Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich.

“The fossils from the Chubut province, including Vicaracosaurus dionydei, provide critical comparative material that enhances our understanding of these creatures’ evolutionary history, particularly in the Southern Hemisphere.”

Fossil evidence indicates that Vicaracosaurus dionydei is part of a giant herbivore group known as Macronaria, which later gave rise to iconic giants like Brachiosaurus.

Yet, this new dinosaur’s anatomy also shows remarkable similarities to diplodocids, another sauropod lineage that includes famous species like Diplodocus.

To ascertain its position within the dinosaur family tree, researchers employed two distinct phylogenetic datasets for analysis.

Most analyses positioned Vicaracosaurus dionydei as sharing traits with Macronaria and Brachiosauridae, including Brachiosaurus and the African giant Giraffatitan.

“Our phylogenetic analysis indicates that Vicaracosaurus dionydei is closely related to brachiosaurids, making it the earliest known brachiosaur to inhabit South America during the Jurassic period,” Reuter concluded.

The research team’s paper was published in the online journal Peer J.

_____

A. Reuter et al. 2026. Vicaracosaurus dionydei, a new giant herbivorous dinosaur (sauropod) from the Late Jurassic Canadon-Carcareo Formation in Argentina and insights into the early evolution of giant sauropods. Peer J 14: e20945; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20945

Source: www.sci.news

Can Floating Data Centers Meet the Growing Energy Demands of AI?

Posted on May 12, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Panthalassa Floating Data Center Prototype

Panthalassa

Panthalassa Floating Data Center Prototype

Panthalassa

Data centers powering the AI revolution are consuming more electricity than many small countries. According to an
International Energy Agency report,
energy demand could soar to 945 terawatt hours per year by 2030, surpassing Japan’s entire electricity consumption.
As AI technology continues to evolve, the hunger for power has led companies to consider not just earthly solutions but also outer-space options to harness constant solar energy.
Intriguingly, startup Panthalassa is working on an autonomous floating data center that harnesses computational power in the open sea.

Recently, the Oregon-based company announced $140 million in funding, stating that its innovative platform could bypass overloaded power grids while offering carbon-free computing at sea. However, it remains to be seen if relocating computing power offshore can truly ease the challenges faced by current data centers; it might simply replace one expensive issue with another.

“Wave energy is a well-established technology, but the ocean presents a brutal environment,” warns Jonathan Koomey, a data center energy utilization expert at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
“Saltwater and wave action can lead to mechanical malfunctions.”

Shaped like a golf ball atop a tee, Panthalassa’s floating data center stands 85 meters high (almost the height of Big Ben) and is constructed from sheet steel.
These structures are towed into position and can autonomously generate power to run AI workloads without relying on grid electricity, zero emissions, or traditional engines.

The “tee” section of the platform features a long tube with an open base that captures seawater as waves cause it to rise and fall. This movement forces water through the tube into the hollow “ball” section, which floats primarily due to trapped air.
The dynamic movement of water activates turbines that generate electricity, powering the vehicle’s GPUs, computing hardware, and satellite communication systems.

Conventional data centers consume significant quantities of water for cooling AI hardware.
In contrast, Panthalassa’s servers are housed in enclosed modules below the water surface, allowing the container walls to act as heat exchangers that dissipate heat into the cooler seawater.
While ocean mixing helps eradicate waste heat, the implications for local marine ecosystems remain uncertain.

Panthalassa aims to achieve what few data center operators have dared: to maintain crucial computing infrastructure beyond the oversight of human engineers.
“Our data consistently identifies power and network issues as the leading causes of data center outages,” states Jacqueline Davis of the Uptime Institute, a global authority on data center performance.
“These complications can be particularly challenging to manage in remote locales with limited or no staffing.”
Panthalassa did not respond to inquiries from the New Scientist before this article was published.

Automation within data centers mostly focuses on monitoring and analysis, with physical human intervention often necessary during unusual events, such as manual compressor restarts.

This presents a significant challenge for Panthalassa. Latency is another hurdle.
Data processed on the floating platform is sent to users on land via Starlink satellites, which have limited bandwidth and higher latency compared to fiber optic cables.
Consequently, while the node may work effectively for long-duration AI workloads—such as training advanced mathematical models—applications that require swift responses, like chatbots and search assistants, could face challenges.

“Constraints in power are most severely impacting extensive AI training data centers,” noted Davis. She suggests that Panthalassa’s model is more plausible when power demands for advanced AI become significant enough to align with AI training needs.
Until then, floating data centers may struggle to remain competitive with land-based options.

Although Panthalassa’s approach is innovative, the concept of offshore data centers isn’t entirely new.
Aikido Technologies is developing floating data centers integrated with offshore wind platforms, while Mitsui O.S.K. Lines is exploring ship-based computing systems designed to exploit ocean energy sources.
Past initiatives, like Microsoft’s underwater Natick project, have examined whether housing servers in or near water enhances cooling and efficiency.

Nevertheless, offshore computing remains predominantly experimental. Besides engineering challenges, firms must demonstrate that ocean-based systems can economically compete with traditional data centers linked to power grids and fiber networks.
“Data centers can achieve economies of scale by building at larger sizes, which is why they are typically so extensive today,” remarks Koomey.
“Scaling up to accommodate the fixed costs of computing is considerably more challenging and riskier on water.”

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discovering Humanity’s First Tools: The Evolution of Simple Containers

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Oil Lamp Discovered in Lascaux Cave, France

Sémhur CC BY-SA 4.0

Oil lamp discovered in Lascaux cave, France — Oil Lamp Discovered in Lascaux Cave, France

Sémhur CC BY-SA 4.0

Subscribe to Our Human Story, a newsletter exploring the revolutionary findings in archaeology, delivered to your inbox monthly.

In the iconic opening of 2001: A Space Odyssey, the first tool is presented as a club, used not only for hunting prey but also in the dramatic leap through time. This perspective suggests that the earliest tools served primarily as weapons.

This interpretation also extends to early stone tools. Round stones were employed for striking, while sharper stones were utilized for cutting and penetrating. We envision these primitive implements used for breaking, hunting, and lethal purposes.

Yet, early humans likely employed various tools crafted from other materials, particularly plant-based materials like wood, which, unfortunately, are less likely to be preserved. The Stone Age may well have also been the Vegetative Age (refer to Sophie Verdugo’s insightful 2024 article).

This opens up intriguing possibilities, particularly regarding the concept of containers. Imagine if the first tool was an object capable of carrying or storing valuable items.

As paleoanthropologist Mark Kissel from Appalachian State University notes, “Containers resolve a multitude of challenges,” emphasizing their critical role in early human existence. His team has developed an extensive database of prehistoric containers, encompassing hundreds of examples spanning over 100,000 years, though this likely represents only a small fraction of what once existed. “Containers were essential for humanity’s success,” Kissel asserts.

Exploring Prehistoric Containers

Compiling a comprehensive database of ancient containers is a daunting task. Kissel and his colleagues dedicated over a year to scouring scientific literature for examples, using a broad range of terminology to identify various types of containers, faced with the realization that they had to cease their efforts and recently published their findings in a study in the Journal of Human Archaeology on April 8th.

Determining what qualifies as a container posed another challenge. They opted for a wide definition: “Any object that functions as a container (holding contents and acting as a barrier) and can be transported by humans.”

This broader definition includes items not conventionally viewed as containers, such as spoons, which can also transport materials. Notably, examples of early lamps comprise small rock slabs with hollows to hold and burn animal fat. A renowned specimen from the Lascaux Caves in France is carved from red sandstone and features a handle.

Other containers might include hollow bones; for instance, tubes crafted from swan wing bones may have been utilized for needle transport. Similarly, robust ostrich eggs were likely employed in Africa for carrying water on lengthy journeys. Rock art raises further possibilities, depicting vessels and net-like objects found in Gennersdorf, Germany.

Fragment of Engraved Ostrich Eggshell Container from South Africa

Texier et al. 2013

The research team ultimately cataloged 793 mobile containers, exploring examples from the Pleistocene epoch, which spans 2.58 million years to 11,700 years ago; however, all findings seem to date back no further than 500,000 years.

Conventionally, archaeologists believed containers emerged in the last 10,000 years, closely tied to the agricultural revolution and the advent of pottery, attributed to the rise of agrarian societies that needed to store surplus food. Hunter-gatherer societies were thought to lack such surplus and mobility would render pots easily breakable.

However, Kissel argues this notion has largely been overturned, suggesting a more gradual and fragmented transition from prehistory to the Neolithic era. Evidence indicates that some indigenous Australian groups crafted pottery over 2,000 years ago; simultaneously, early gatherers in the Amazon, dating back 10,000 years, left pottery shards behind, with signs of ceramic production in China as early as 18,000 years ago.

This evolution implies a gradual development of containers over time. Kissel maintains, “It’s beneficial to observe containers along a spectrum.”

While container origins reach deep into our past, it’s worth noting that non-human primates like great apes do not utilize them; instead, they might use leaves as sponges to draw water. Kissel suggests this fundamental difference speaks volumes about human evolution.

The oldest container identified in their database is a bark tray or dish, unearthed at Kalambo Falls in Zambia, estimated to be between 400,000 to 500,000 years old. Kalambo Falls has showcased remarkably preserved wooden artifacts, including a structure potentially dating back 476,000 years. However, dating for the bark tray remains inconclusive.

This reveals a significant challenge Kissel’s team faced: numerous artifacts were excavated long ago, resulting in vital information obscured in outdated texts, often inaccessible online. The Kalambo Falls tray was excavated in the 1950s by archaeologist John Desmond Clarke, with minimal records available today.

Despite observable trends within the dataset, Kissel emphasizes they primarily reflect the archaeological record’s limitations rather than definitive prehistoric facts. Astonishingly, 87.8 percent of the identified containers were discovered in Europe, a statistic Kissel attributes to the extensive archaeological endeavors in that region rather than implying that Europe was the cradle for container innovation. Interestingly, the dataset’s oldest containers hail from Africa.

Furthermore, only two vessels in their records exceed 100,000 years old; nevertheless, Kissel posits that hominins likely employed containers far earlier than documented. Such artifacts may be undiscovered or have undergone degradation.

As Kissel puts it, a clearer understanding of how integral containers have been to human existence is emerging. In Europe, where archaeological research is robust, many examples persist despite conservation issues, indicating their necessity for human survival.

The Role of Containers in Human Evolution

One of Humanity’s Oldest Tools Remains in Use

Ron Giling/Alamy

Kissel theorizes that one of the initial applications of containers might have been for carrying infants in slings. Many anthropologists—especially women—have championed this concept for decades.

Great apes like chimpanzees typically carry their infants clinging to their bodies. However, as humans evolved with less body hair and an increased reliance on bipedal locomotion, baby carriers would have become essential for carrying helpless newborns. Millions of years ago, Australopithecus likely utilized slings, implying that even Lucy, a representative of Australopithecus afarensis, may have carried an infant snugly.

While these concepts are not groundbreaking, their prominence is gradually increasing, largely due to their early association with feminist interpretations of prehistory, which faced skepticism.

In 1976, anthropologists Nancy Tanner and Adrian Zillman posited that the earliest tools may have been baskets, utilized primarily by women for carrying food. Their work challenged the misconception of prehistoric male dominance, introducing a more nuanced portrait that included women’s contributions.

Feminist journalist Elizabeth Fisher echoed similar themes in her 1979 book, Creation of Woman: Evolution of Sexuality and Formation of Society, where she argued that the earliest cultural inventions likely included containers for gathered products.

Mystery writer Ursula Le Guin influenced the narrative surrounding containers with her Carrier-Bag Theory of Fiction, emphasizing that without a vessel, food remains unattainable, and even the simplest container allows for preservation during adverse conditions.

Le Guin advocated for a reassessment of historical narratives, advocating narratives of community, nurturing, and environmental stewardship alongside tales of conflict. She asserted the necessity of fostering alternate narratives to enrich our understanding of humanity’s journey.

As this exploration unfolds, it’s important to track the data. There’s increasing evidence that humanity’s distinctiveness lies not only in intelligence, creativity, or aggression but in our capabilities for empathy and social connection. When isolated from one another, human beings face a notably higher risk of extinction due to the lack of cooperative networks.

Our survival as a species hinges on collaboration and sharing, as exemplified by the way one might offer a piece of their food stores to a friend in need using a homemade container.

Topics:

Archaeology/
Ancient Humans

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Research Suggests Dinosaurs Fed Their Young a Unique Diet

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Insights into Wear Patterns on Fossilized Teeth of Hadrosaurid Dinosaurs: Maiasaura peeblesorum – Recent studies suggest that juvenile Maiasaura may have consumed softer, nutrient-rich food compared to adults, indicating a significant level of parental care in these prehistoric creatures.

Artist’s reconstruction of adult and juvenile Maiasaura. Image credit: Brian Regal.

Maiasaura peeblesorum was a species of duck-billed dinosaur that lived approximately 75 to 80 million years ago during the late Cretaceous period.

These sizable herbivores were first discovered in Montana and are believed to have been highly social creatures, contrary to some dinosaurs that lived in more solitary habits, potentially showcasing varying reproductive strategies.

The extensive fossil discoveries of Maiasaura peeblesorum, especially its nest, have made it crucial for understanding the reproductive behaviors and ecology of numerous other duck-billed dinosaurs.

A recent study conducted by Dr. John Hunter from The Ohio State University and Dr. Christine Janis from the Universities of Bristol and Brown indicates that adults of Maiasaura peeblesorum exhibit more crushing wear on their teeth, while juveniles show more shearing wear. This suggests that juvenile dinosaurs were likely fed softer, more protein-rich foods than their parents.

“This behavior mirrors modern birds that feed their chicks while they are confined to the nest post-hatching,” stated Dr. Hunter.

“The instinct to nourish their young is an ancient trait.”

“Our findings suggest such nurturing behaviors existed long before the emergence of birds, likely extending back to the origins of dinosaurs.”

Juvenile Maiasaura peeblesorum were likely feeding on low-fiber, nutrient-rich foods like fruits, while adults consumed tougher, less nutritious, high-fiber plant materials.

Similar patterns of tooth wear can be seen in today’s herbivores, such as horses, antelopes, and cows, with young animals consuming low-fiber diets resembling tooth wear patterns found in young dinosaurs.

By analyzing the dental wear patterns in these dinosaurs, researchers propose that shifts in diet significantly contributed to early growth and development.

The study indicates that the adolescent diet of Maiasaura peeblesorum may have expedited growth during their first year.

Scientists are also exploring alternative interpretations of the findings. It’s possible that dinosaur parents shared partially regurgitated food with their young, a behavior still observed in modern avian species.

Alternatively, young Maiasaura may have ventured out and foraged independently, similar to behaviors seen in contemporary herbivorous lizards.

“While this scenario is unlikely since the young were probably helpless and dependent on parental feeding in the initial weeks post-hatching, understanding their remains could enhance scientists’ knowledge of dinosaurs’ advanced biological and social systems,” Dr. Hunter expressed.

“As we delve further back in time, the fossil record becomes sparsely populated, compelling paleontologists to draw insights from diverse sources throughout life’s history.”

“There remains much to uncover about even closely related dinosaurs.”

“Future studies should focus on the dental microwear of other younger dinosaur fossils and explore further hypotheses regarding dinosaur embryos and hatchlings.”

The team’s findings have been published in the journal Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology.

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John P. Hunter & Christine M. Janis 2026. Tooth wear in juvenile and adult hadrosaurs: Implications for hadrosaur parental care. Maiasaura. Paleogeography, Paleoclimatology, Paleoecology 690: 113707; doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2026.113707

Source: www.sci.news

Understanding Gentoo Penguins: More Than Just One Species

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent genetic research reveals that the iconic Gentoo Penguin is actually comprised of four distinct species, including one that was previously unknown to science. Alarmingly, three of these species are increasingly threatened by climate change.

Geographical distribution of the four distinct species of Gentoo Penguins in the Southern Ocean. Image credit: Noll et al., doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-10081-7.

Among seabirds, the Gentoo Penguin Complex (Pygocelis papua) showcases a significant example of adaptive divergence, with unique morphological, ecological, and genetic characteristics among lineages in the Southern Ocean.

Recent studies indicate the presence of four to six distinct evolutionary lineages, each inhabiting environments with minimal ecological overlap. This suggests that local conditions may significantly influence their adaptive divergence.

“The taxonomy of the gentoo penguin has long been contentious,” stated Professor Lauri Bowie of the University of California, Berkeley. “For over a century, the debate over the number of species and subspecies has persisted.”

“This paper aims to resolve that issue using a cutting-edge integrative approach.”

Professor Bowie and colleagues have presented compelling genetic proof that what was once believed to be a single, widely dispersed species of gentoo penguin is actually four separate species.

“North of the polar front, where temperatures are warmer, there exists an eastern lineage: Pygocelis teniata, found on Crozet Island, Marion Island, and Macquarie Island. The northern lineage, Pygocelis papua, is limited to the Falkland/Malvinas Islands and Martillo Islands in South America,” the researchers explained.

“Just above the polar front is a newly identified southeastern lineage, Pygothelis kerguelensis, which evolved on Kerguelen Island and possibly nearby Heard Island.”

“Below the polar front, the most populous group is Pygocelis Elswati, found along the Antarctic Peninsula, the coast of Antarctica, and South Georgia Island.”

Pygothelis kerguelensis was previously overlooked due to its similarities to other gentoo species, with only subtle differences in size and vocalizations. Its distinctive white underside and black back provide effective camouflage against predators while hunting in marine environments.

However, genetic analysis has deemed it a cryptic species, substantially unique from its counterparts.

“In Antarctica, various species, not just gentoo penguins, are at risk due to climate change,” stated Professor Juliana Viana from Andres Bello National University. “Gentoo penguins face the most significant threats in the subantarctic region—a collection of widely distributed islands governed by several nations, including Chile, South Africa, France, the Netherlands, Australia, and New Zealand.”

“It is crucial for conservation agencies in all involved countries to recognize and protect these three unique gentoo penguin species.”

The team’s study was published in the journal Communication Biology.

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D. Knoll et al.. Integrative evidence reveals adaptive divergence and speciation in gentoo penguins. Commun. Biol. published online on April 23, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s42003-026-10081-7

Source: www.sci.news

Exploring the Stunning Core of Messier 77: A Deep Dive into the Galaxy’s Heart

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover stunning new images captured by NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope featuring the barred spiral galaxy Messier 77, showcasing its mesmerizing swirl of dust, vibrant newborn stars, and an extraordinarily active nucleus.

This breathtaking image of Messier 77, taken by Webb’s Mid-Infrared Observatory (MIRI), illustrates its unique spiral arms, dust within its disk, and an exceptionally bright core. The orange lines radiating from the galaxy’s center are diffraction spikes, an optical phenomenon from Webb’s design. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / A. LeRoy.

Situated about 62 million light-years from Earth in the constellation Cetus, Messier 77 ranks among the brightest and most extensively studied galaxies visible from Earth.

This galaxy, commonly referred to as the Squid Galaxy, NGC 1068, LEDA 10266, and Cetus A, boasts an apparent magnitude of 9.6.

First discovered in 1780 by French astronomer Pierre Méchain, Messier 77 was initially recorded as a nebula before its true galactic nature was revealed.

As technology advanced, astronomers like Charles Messier recognized the galaxy’s immense scale and complexity.

Measuring approximately 100,000 light-years in diameter, Messier 77 is one of the largest entries in the Messier catalog, with a gravitational influence strong enough to distort its neighboring galaxies. Additionally, it is one of the nearest galaxies exhibiting an active galactic nucleus (AGN).

Messier 77 is classified as a Type II Seyfert galaxy and is particularly luminous in infrared wavelengths.

According to Webb astronomers, “At the heart of Messier 77 lies a compact region filled with hot gas that shines brighter than the entire galaxy, surpassing even the capacity of Webb’s camera.”

“Powered by a supermassive black hole weighing 8 million solar masses, this AGN pulls gas into rapid orbits, causing collisions that generate immense radiation.”

This striking image of Messier 77, captured by Webb’s Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), brilliantly showcases its features. Image credit: NASA / ESA / CSA / Webb / A. LeRoy.

“Messier 77 is not only recognized for its visible AGN but also as a vigorous star-forming galaxy,” they added.

“Near-infrared observations reveal a widening bar in the central region, untraceable in visible-light images of the galaxy.”

“This bar is encircled by a bright ring known as the starburst ring, formed by the inner sections of Messier 77’s two spiral arms.”

“Starburst zones in galaxies typically exhibit remarkably high star formation rates.”

“This ring, exceeding 6,000 light-years in diameter, displays intense starburst activity characterized by dense orange bubbles surrounding the ring.”

“Given Messier 77’s relatively close proximity to Earth, this starburst ring serves as an exemplary case study in galactic phenomena.”

“As an active spiral galaxy, Messier 77’s disk is abundant in gas and dust, both of which are vital for future star formation.”

“Webb’s MIRI highlights the galaxy’s view filled with the glow of interstellar dust particles, depicted here in blue.”

“These particles form massive vortexes of swirling filaments resembling smoke, with cavities interspersed.”

“Glowing orange bubbles, crafted by newly formed star clusters, can also be seen along the galaxy’s arms.”

“Beyond Webb’s focused field of view, Messier 77’s arms integrate into a faint hydrogen gas ring, thousands of light-years wide, where additional star formation is underway.”

“Delicate filaments of hydrogen gas stretch across this ring into intergalactic space, forming the outermost layer surrounding the galaxy.”

“These tentacle-like filaments contribute to the moniker Squid Galaxy for Messier 77.”

Source: www.sci.news

David Attenborough: Unique Contributions and Controversies in Nature Documentary

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

David Attenborough Filming The Trials of Life in Wales (1998)

Image Credit: Nick Upton/Nature Picture Library/Alamy

David Attenborough filming The Trials of Life — David Attenborough Filming The Trials of Life in Wales (1998)

Image Credit: Nick Upton/Nature Picture Library/Alamy

David Attenborough is a celebrated figure in British broadcasting, often regarded as one of the nation’s most trusted celebrities. His unique style sets him apart as a beloved broadcaster.

As he approaches his 100th birthday on May 8, it’s worth reflecting on his remarkable career, which began in natural history broadcasting in 1954 with Zoo Quest. This pioneering program followed London Zoo staff as they ventured to tropical regions to capture rare animals for the UK. Although a product of its era, it showcased Attenborough’s talents at a time when only a third of British households owned a television. It laid the groundwork for future nature documentaries, particularly the acclaimed series, Life on Earth, which debuted in 1979.

People frequently ponder who might take his place. However, the unique niche that enabled Attenborough’s evolution—embodied by the BBC’s dominant cultural influence and limited viewing options—is no longer present. Today, social media has spurred a proliferation of science communicators, each adapting uniquely to a rapidly changing landscape.

“
The truth is, the niche market that allowed Attenborough to evolve no longer exists.
“

This fragmentation presents pros and cons. Platforms like TikTok, YouTube, and podcasts allow for flexibility beyond traditional television schedules, fostering a diverse array of voices. Even those who might not appreciate Attenborough’s style can explore various presenters offering fresh perspectives.

However, this multiplicity has downsides. Television editors traditionally shaped what viewers experienced, whereas algorithms now dictate content, often prioritizing quick gratification over substantive engagement. While many science creators, like Attenborough, focus on factual content, misinformation can also spread unchecked. We increasingly lose elements of shared cultural experience as audiences drift toward individualized content.

Fortunately, Attenborough’s programs remain accessible and continue to resonate. To celebrate his centennial, we encourage you to explore our curated list of his most impactful works.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unveiling Britain’s Past: Study Shows Minimal Roman Influence in Ancient DNA Analysis

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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This Victorian-era chromolithograph illustrates Boudica’s revolt against the Romans around 60 AD.

Credit: Popper Photo (Getty Images)

Boudica's Rebellion Against the Romans — This Victorian-era chromolithograph illustrates Boudica’s revolt against the Romans around 60 AD.

Credit: Popper Photo (Getty Images)

Recent studies highlight the limited genetic influence of Roman occupation on modern British populations, revealing surprising insights into Britain’s genetic history.

“The Roman conquest’s genetic impact seems to be far less significant than previously thought,” says Rachel Pope, a PhD candidate at the University of Liverpool, who wasn’t involved in the research.

<p><a href="https://www.crick.ac.uk/research/find-a-researcher/marina-soares-da-silva">Marina Soares da Silva</a> and her team at the Francis Crick Institute analyzed the genomes of 1,039 ancient Britons, dating from the Bronze Age (2550 BC - 1150 AD) following the Norman Conquest. Roman rule in Britain lasted from 43 AD to 410 AD.</p>

<p>The findings indicated that nearly 100% of individuals living during the Roman period shared ancestry solely with Iron Age Britons, with only 20% exhibiting genetic contributions from outside Britain.</p>

<p>"Given the extensive lifestyle changes during Roman times, the mere 20% genetic influence is astonishing," notes <a href="https://www.lancashire.ac.uk/academics/duncan-sayer">Duncan Thayer</a> from the University of Lancashire, who wasn't part of the study. "I anticipated a more diverse genetic mix."</p>

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<p>"This implies that the Roman conquest was less about altering genetics and more about transforming lifestyles," Thayer explains. "Their focus was on converting Britain into a series of exploitable economies, driven by a select few."</p>

<p>This aligns with previous research indicating <a href="https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article/41/9/msae168/7741671?login=false">minimal Roman genetic influence in rural regions</a>.</p>

<p>One notable area where the Romans influenced British society was in burial customs. Pre-Roman evidence suggests that women had significant autonomy, with practices such as matrilocality where women remained in their ancestral homes as men migrated.</p>

<p>In Iron Age Britain, burial practices typically followed maternal lineage, with individuals buried alongside maternal relatives rather than spouses. Silva and her research team discovered more sites in southwestern England evidencing these matrilineal burials extending into the late Iron Age.</p>

<p>"This discovery was unexpected, particularly the implications in the western regions," says Pope.</p>

<p>However, Roman burial sites displayed no discernible family patterns, suggesting a departure from Iron Age customs and lifestyles.</p>

<p>Pope notes that the enduring legacy of Boudica, the Aisni queen who led a revolt against the Roman Empire around 60 AD, reflects this loss. "Her story symbolizes a woman protesting against the inability to inherit property."</p>

<p>After the Romans departed, significant genetic changes occurred. Between 400 and 600 AD, various Germanic tribes like the Angles, Saxons, and Jutes migrated to and established dominance over modern England. The Anglo-Saxon populace remained influential until the Norman Conquest in 1066.</p>

<p>Silva’s analysis revealed a prominent influx of ancestry tied to Germanic-speaking tribes by the 6th century, impacting over 70% of the Anglo-Saxon demographic in southern Britain.</p>

<p>This observation parallels findings by <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05247-2">Thayer's research team</a>, where about 76% of genomes from the same era indicated similar genetic markers.</p>

<p>The results indicated a clustering of ancestral profiles, establishing a population labeled as early medieval Britain I. From the 8th to 10th century, this genetic lineage saw a decline, with increased presence from central and southern European ancestries.</p>

<p>The genetic influence of the Viking population was shown to be limited, despite the establishment of the Danelaw region, which was under Viking control from the 9th to 11th centuries. During this period, only 4% of Britons could trace their ancestry back to Iron Age Scandinavia.</p>

<p>This trend can be accounted for through two stages of Viking incursions, Thayer affirms. In earlier raids, genetics were predominantly Scandinavian, as Vikings captured individuals from Ireland and England. Conversely, later invasions resulted in a diverse genetic mix due to existing populations in Britain.</p>

<p>Silva's team analyzed 69 genomes from the post-Norman Conquest period, discovering similar evidence of genetic stagnation post-invasion, although most genomes were from a singular site in Leicester, limiting generalizability across the country.</p>

<p>Pope concludes that these findings illustrate the dynamic genetic influx into the UK from diverse populations across Europe. "What does it mean to be English?"</p>

<p>Thayer suggests, "Perhaps we are imposing modern concepts of ethnicity that held different significances in the past."</p>

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            <h3 class="SpecialArticleUnit__Heading">Discovering Hadrian's Wall: An Insight into Roman Innovations</h3>
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                <p>Experience history firsthand on an immersive walking tour along Hadrian's Wall, one of Britain's most iconic ancient monuments and a UNESCO World Heritage Site.</p>
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Source: www.newscientist.com

Eco-Friendly Upcycling: Transforming Polystyrene with Sunlight and Sulfur – Sciworthy

Posted on May 11, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Annually, over 20 million tons of polystyrene plastic is manufactured, yet only a fraction undergoes recycling globally. Traditional recycling processes demand substantial energy and often employ harsh, toxic chemicals to break down the robust molecular chains of polystyrene. An innovative solution lies in harnessing sulfur, a cost-effective byproduct from crude oil refining. Sulfur’s unique chemical properties enable it to cleave the strong bonds within long plastic molecules. Despite its plentiful availability, sulfur is underutilized, and converting it into a more practical form typically requires excessive heat, limiting its usability over time.

Researchers at the Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics proposed that sulfur could aid in breaking down polystyrene waste to generate more valuable chemicals. They harnessed sunlight through a process known as light heat conversion to facilitate this reaction. The team successfully used this thermal energy to transform polystyrene and sulfur into useful compounds such as 2,4-diphenylthiophene, also referred to as Chemical D, and 1,3,5-triphenylbenzene, or Chemical T, which are essential in the production of semiconductors and chemical sensors.

To verify their hypothesis, the research team combined ground polystyrene and sulfur in a 1:0.5 molar ratio within a sealed glass tube. They attached a balloon to the tube and secured it on a steel stand. Sunlight was focused onto the tube’s base using a curved mirror. Upon heating, the yellow-white solid melted and transitioned to a red-black liquid after just 2 minutes. Following heating, the mirror was removed, allowing the system to cool before collecting gaseous products from the balloon and dissolving the remaining solids for further analysis and purification.

The researchers fine-tuned the reaction conditions to identify factors affecting the results. They examined the reaction without sulfur, varying the sulfur ratio from 0.2 to 0.8 and substituted elemental sulfur with alternative sulfur-containing compounds. Additionally, they explored incorporating known photothermal agents, particularly metal oxide additives, into their mixture.

To draw comparisons between sunlight and artificial light, the team replicated the experiment indoors using 100-watt LED bulbs while monitoring temperature changes with a thermal camera. A control experiment with only polystyrene was conducted to observe sulfur’s impact on yield under LED light. The team varied exposure times in increments of 1 minute, ranging from 1 to 6 minutes, to determine optimal conditions for yield under LED light. These assessments were crucial in understanding the necessary conditions for the reaction and how various elements influenced outcomes.

The results indicated that, without sulfur or alternative sulfur compounds, the reaction failed to produce Chemicals D or T under sunlight. Conversely, when sulfur was included, the reaction yielded a maximum of 34% D and 16% T at a sulfur ratio of 0.5. The introduction of metal oxides diminished chemical yields to 22% and 12%, respectively, suggesting these additives hindered the desired reaction. Notably, switching from sunlight to LED reduced the reaction yield to 26% for D and 13% for T.

The investigation also revealed the impact of reaction time on product formation, with yields gradually increasing and peaking at 4 minutes before stabilizing. The sulfur-containing mixture heated from room temperature to 320°C (608°F), while the control exhibited minimal temperature change. These findings confirmed sulfur’s dual role as both a reactant and a photothermal converter, facilitating the transformation of polystyrene into valuable chemicals.

Taking their research further, the scientists tested their method using real-world polystyrene waste, including food packaging and plastic foam. They successfully synthesized Chemicals D and T from these materials, demonstrating the practicality of their approach beyond laboratory conditions.

The researchers concluded that their study presents a simple, rapid, and solvent-free methodology for converting two abundant waste products into valuable chemicals utilizing sunlight. By merging polystyrene waste with excess sulfur, they establish a sustainable polymer upcycling pathway that leverages clean energy, applicable to common plastics.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Cambridge University Professor Warns: Hidden Risks of Weight Loss Drugs Ignored by Doctors

Posted on May 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Weight loss doesn’t need to be an exhausting struggle anymore. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) medications, such as Ozempic, Wegovy, and Mounjaro, have transformed obesity treatment, offering remarkable results with just a simple injection.

Research indicates that adults taking the maximum doses can experience weight loss of over 20% of their body weight within 16 months, providing additional health benefits for the liver, heart, and brain.

This trend is gaining traction in the U.S., where nearly 12% of adults, or about 41 million people, have tried GLP-1 treatments. This phenomenon is also noted across the Atlantic, with an estimated 1.6 million adults in the UK using weight loss drugs last year.

While the rise of GLP-1 usage seems like a win for weight management, a hidden challenge may be emerging.

Recent studies reveal that many individuals begin to experience essential nutrient deficiencies shortly after starting these medications.

For instance, research from the Cleveland Clinic indicates that out of 460,000 adults prescribed GLP-1 drugs, nearly 20% developed a nutrient deficiency within a year, many without even realizing it.

Micronutrients like vitamins and minerals, and macronutrients including carbohydrates, fats, proteins, and fiber, are essential for the body’s health – Credit: Getty

Moreover, a separate study involving 480,000 GLP-1 users showed that 13.6% developed severe vitamin D deficiency within the first year, and approximately 60% didn’t get adequate iron or calcium from their diets.

The issue runs deeper. Another study suggests that GLP-1 drugs might deplete a range of vital nutrients, including magnesium, potassium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E.

“While these nutrients are required in small amounts, their importance cannot be overstated,” states Professor Giles Yeo, a specialist in neuroendocrinology and obesity at the University of Cambridge.

Additionally, adults on GLP-1 may also struggle to consume adequate protein and fiber.

Despite this prevalence, nutritional deficiencies often go unnoticed by healthcare providers, as many GLP-1 users are not monitored for their nutritional status. This oversight has been labeled a “major oversight” by professionals, as mentioned in a 2025 article in the International Journal of Obesity.

Dr. Stephen Heimsfield, director of the Metabolism and Body Composition Institute at Louisiana State University and lead author of the Cleveland Clinic study, emphasizes, “Obesity is a chronic disease that should be managed appropriately; this includes conducting nutritional blood tests if these medications are prescribed.”

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Smaller Portions, Bigger Problems

So why are these deficiencies occurring? It largely relates to how these drugs alter food consumption.

GLP-1 medications mimic the natural satiety hormone, leading users to feel satisfied with smaller amounts of food, which is pivotal for weight loss.

However, this also reduces the chances of obtaining all necessary nutrients daily.

“Many people on these drugs may not have had a nutritious diet to start with, often lacking fresh produce and relying heavily on ultra-processed foods that lack essential nutrients,” explains Yeo.

“If you simply take medication without adopting better dietary habits, you’ll likely consume less food, which is not ideal,” he continues. “Neglecting to improve your diet can lead to nutritional deficiencies.”

Nutrient deficiencies among GLP-1 users mirror those commonly found in the general population, such as vitamin D, calcium, and iron – Credit: Getty

Consequently, the deficiencies prevalent among GLP-1 users closely mirror those routinely observed in the general population. Common deficiencies include vitamin B12 and iodine among vegetarians and vegans, iron in menstruating women, and vitamin D in areas with limited sunlight exposure.

“These deficiencies are already fairly common,” Yeo adds, “and are likely to worsen with the use of GLP-1s.”

Moreover, these drugs not only limit dietary intake and heighten deficiency risk but may also lead to other side effects.

“GLP-1 treatment decreases food consumption but can also trigger gastrointestinal symptoms like vomiting and diarrhea,” notes Dr. Heimsfield.

“With diarrhea, there’s a risk of losing nutrients that haven’t yet been absorbed.” In effect, some nutrients may be expelled from the body before absorption can occur.

This problem is significant, with nearly one-third of GLP-1 users experiencing diarrhea; almost a quarter report nausea and vomiting.

Tip the Scales

Experts warn that the scale of this issue is concerning. With millions currently using GLP-1 drugs, a significant proportion of the population may be facing nutritional deficiencies without their knowledge.

“This is important,” asserts Heimsfield. “We should not assume GLP-1s are completely safe. Only time will reveal the long-term implications of these deficiencies.”

In severe cases, nutritional deficiencies can escalate into medical emergencies. Some individuals have been diagnosed with a severe neurological condition characterized by slurred speech and disorientation due to vitamin B deficiency linked to GLP-1 medications.

Without strict nutritional monitoring, taking daily supplements may help mitigate deficiencies – Credit: Getty

While such cases are rare, common vitamin D deficiency can have severe long-term health consequences for the broader population.

Dr. Heimsfield notes that low vitamin D levels may lead to bone loss (osteoporosis), increasing frailty risks in older adults. Additionally, insufficient protein intake can escalate the risk of losing muscle mass—a condition known as sarcopenia—with weight loss.

“Individuals who are obese at 70 and using these drugs could be inadvertently heading toward sarcopenia and frailty,” warns Heimsfield, increasing their chances of falls and fractures later in life.

A Tale of Two Diets

This growing issue is a “real concern,” Yeo states. “It’s crucial to recognize that many users of GLP-1s are well-off, often with less concern about their initial dietary habits.”

Indeed, most GLP-1 users in the UK acquire the drug privately, with monthly expenses often exceeding hundreds of dollars in the U.S. Consequently, these individuals are likely more affluent and capable of affording nutritious food.

Nevertheless, the emergence of new pill formulations of GLP-1 may eventually reduce costs and increase accessibility for a broader audience.

“At some point, a significant number of less fortunate individuals, many of whom are not in control of their food choices, may gain access to these drugs, which could pose serious challenges,” remarks Yeo.

While supplements can help mitigate specific micronutrient deficiencies, Yeo stresses that they are not a substitute for proper medical guidance for those on GLP-1.

“We’re not trying to alarm anyone, as these drugs are indeed powerful tools,” he concludes. “However, we must be vigilant regarding micronutrients, which are already common deficiencies that can worsen when diets are restricted.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Rapid Increase in Sea Level Rise: Understanding the Accelerating Rates

Posted on May 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Vietnam’s Ho Chi Minh City Faces Increased Flooding Risk Due to Rising Sea Levels

Getty Images

The rate of sea level rise has dramatically accelerated since 2012, as measured by satellites, and this trend has persisted.

While these sudden increases may result from natural fluctuations, they could also signify a response to exacerbated global warming, as noted by Lancelot Leclerc from the University of Toulouse, France.

Over the past 15 years, global average sea levels have risen by more than 0.2 meters due to multiple contributing factors. The melting of mountain glaciers and the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, alongside the thermal expansion of warming oceans, play significant roles.

Satellite monitoring of sea levels commenced in the 1990s, revealing a previously stable rise estimated at approximately 3.6 mm per year. However, significant data collected by Leclerc’s team highlights a shift post-2012, with the average increase accelerating from 2.9 mm/year to 4.1 mm/year.

Jonathan Bamber from the University of Bristol, who was not involved in the study, comments, “That’s not a robust signal. We’re not observing centimeters per year.”

Despite this, Bamber acknowledges that analyzing satellite data alongside century-old tide gauge records indicates a clear acceleration in sea level rise.

The researchers believe this increase stems frommultiple factors rather than a single cause. In addition to ice sheets melting at an accelerated rate, there’s a notable decrease in freshwater stored on land, which contributes more water to the oceans.

Moreover, the rate of global warming has intensified since around 2010, primarily due to reduced aerosol pollution in countries like China. Aerosols have a cooling effect, historically mitigating the impact of rising CO2 levels.

Leclerc presented findings at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) conference in Vienna, suggesting that decreasing air pollution contributes to accelerating sea level rise, highlighted in research published on May 5th.

Team member Annie Cazenave from the University of Toulouse remarked, “The trend change observed around 2012 seems related, in part, to an increase in anthropogenic radiation forcing linked to reduced aerosol emissions.”

Another study at the EGU meeting indicated that ocean water deeper than 2 kilometers has begun warming and expanding within the last decade, contributing further to the rise.

Prior to 2016, all recognized causes of sea level increase accounted for the observed global average rise. However, Yang Chunxue from Italy’s National Research Council indicates that these factors alone no longer explain the total increase observed since.

Yang proposed that we’ve overlooked significant contributors, likely including deep ocean warming—an area lacking systematic temperature measurements below 2 kilometers depth. Presently, around 4,000 robotic probes measure oceanic temperatures, but none extend this deep.

Using ocean models, Yang and their collaborators suggest that warming within shallower depths may help clarify the gap in sea level measurements. Their study indicates substantial deep ocean warming is occurring, particularly in the North Atlantic off the US east coast.

“Research suggests deep ocean warming began around 2016,” states Kazunabe, another study contributor. “Further investigation is necessary to confirm its correlation with the early 2010s trend change.”

The research team has estimated that deep ocean warming contributes an estimated 0.4 mm per year to sea level rise, accounting for roughly 10 percent of overall increases.

Topics:

climate change/
sea level rise

Source: www.newscientist.com

Revolutionary ‘Metajet’ Uses Light to Navigate Sails for Interstellar Travel

Posted on May 10, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of a Light Sail

Richard Bisley/Science Photo Library

Artist's impression of a light sail — Artist’s Impression of a Light Sail

Richard Bisley/Science Photo Library

Recent advancements in interstellar travel technology have brought us closer to utilizing light sails—massive sheets that harness reflected light to journey vast distances in space. Researchers have now developed a method to effectively pilot these innovative sails.

Kaushik Kudalkar from Texas A&M University comments, “We understood that any light or laser could transmit momentum, but our breakthrough allows for directional control.” His team has designed a compact device called the “metajet,” leveraging both refraction and reflection to enable motion in multiple directions simultaneously.

The metajet is crafted from a metasurface, a thin, textured material engineered to manipulate light. In this project, researchers inverted traditional applications by using light to influence the metasurface. A series of small pillars embedded in the material modulate the light intensity and momentum, controlling the device’s movement. The overall diameter of the metajet is approximately 0.01mm.

In experimental trials, the researchers submerged a silicon metajet in water and illuminated it with a laser, observing its movements through a microscope. Remarkably, the metajet managed to levitate and propel itself horizontally, achieving speeds of around 0.07 millimeters per second.

Metajet in Motion: Captured Every 10 Seconds

Kaushik Kudtarkar et al. 2026

Kudalkar emphasizes, “Now that we understand the forces acting on this device, we can redesign the metasurface for increased control.” They envision metasurfaces capable of changing shape dynamically, paving the way for advanced light sails in space exploration.

These technologies have implications beyond space; they can also be adapted for biomedical applications, such as directing drugs to specific sites. Kudalkar states, “While lasers can push drugs, they risk damaging sensitive molecules due to heat. With MetaJet, drugs can be delivered without exposure to harmful heat from the laser.”

The research team is exploring compatibility with various light wavelengths, particularly broad-spectrum sunlight, to enhance the effectiveness of light sails in space travel. “This pushes the boundaries of science fiction,” says Kudalkar.

Topics:

Materials Science/
Space Exploration

Source: www.newscientist.com

Harvard Doctor Reveals One Simple Change to Dramatically Improve Your Digestion

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

We’ve all faced the struggles of bathroom visits. Instead of sitting uncomfortably and waiting for relief, why not explore some effective ways to enhance your experience?

Improving your time on the toilet can be achieved by incorporating fiber into your diet, staying well-hydrated, and maintaining regular exercise. These habits may take time to develop, but there’s a simple change you can make today.

According to Dr. Trisha Pasricha, a gastroenterologist and professor at Harvard Medical School, “The easiest way is to elevate your knees above hip level.” You can do this using a stool, a stack of books, or even high heels, depending on your stature.

“This adjustment makes bowel movements significantly easier, even for those who don’t realize they have issues,” Dr. Pasricha adds.

Research supports Dr. Pasricha’s claims. A 2019 study by Ohio State University examined the impact of defecation positions on 52 adults. Participants documented their bowel movements for two weeks: one group used a standard toilet posture while the other utilized a “defecation posture correction device,” or footstool.

The study revealed that after over 1,100 bathroom visits, those using the footstool experienced reduced time on the toilet, decreased strain, and enhanced feelings of emptiness afterward. You can read the findings here.

Why does this work? Dr. Pasricha explains that elevating your knees relaxes the rectum. “The rectum functions as a reservoir for stool,” she elaborates. “It contains the puborectalis muscle that wraps around it, acting like a sling.”

While this muscle’s function is beneficial to prevent premature release, sitting at a 90-degree angle can obstruct this process.

Conversely, squatting straightens your rectum, allowing for smoother bowel movements. A review of 42 studies concluded that squatting significantly reduces the likelihood of constipation and hemorrhoids.

Using your phone in the bathroom can be fun, but it may distract you from the task at hand – Credit: Getty

While squatting is a common practice globally, many in the US and Europe prefer sitting toilets.

Dr. Pasricha notes, “We’ve accepted sitting as the norm. I understand the preference for stability on a toilet, but we compromise our physiological function in doing so.”

For those comfortable with traditional toilets, using a footstool can provide the benefits of squatting without the hassle.

Raising your knees above your hips can open the rectum and facilitate easier bowel movements.

Even a small footstool can increase the anorectal angle by 10 to 15 degrees – Credit: Getty

It’s worth noting that while a footstool is helpful, recent research from Australia and Israel showed no significant changes for individuals suffering from constipation despite using it.

Nevertheless, Dr. Pasricha suggests this approach could alleviate an “artificial, self-created problem that is counter to our physiology.”

For optimal results, a Japanese study indicates that leaning forward can further enhance your bowel freedom.

So, if you find yourself struggling, remember: it’s not you, it’s your angle.

Read more:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

How a Massive Bering Strait Dam Could Prevent AMOC Collapse

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The Bering Strait separates Alaska and Russia

Ocean Color/OB.DAAC/OBPG/NASA

The Bering Strait separates Alaska and Russia

Ocean Color/OB.DAAC/OBPG/NASA

An ambitious engineering project looms on the horizon: constructing a dam between Alaska and eastern Russia. This innovative proposal aims to combat the dire consequences of a weakening ocean current, and is under serious consideration at a prominent conference this week.

The seeds of this groundbreaking idea were sown by Jere Soon and his collaborator Henk Dijkstra, a researcher focused on the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) at Utrecht University, Netherlands. This current system, including the Gulf Stream, is crucial for keeping northern Europe warmer than its geographical latitude would suggest.

Current data indicates that the AMOC is weakening. The potential effects of its collapse are uncertain, but many models hint at a possible significant drop in temperatures across Northern Europe.

The concept was inspired by the Pliocene era, when sea levels were considerably lower and a land bridge existed where the Bering Strait now lies. During this time, simulations revealed a stronger AMOC due to the presence of this land bridge. “I thought: can we replicate this?” says Soon.

To explore the implications of such dam construction, Soon and Dijkstra simulated various AMOC scenarios, adjusting the construction date and freshwater levels.

Freshwater plays a crucial role in this dynamic, currently flowing from the Pacific Ocean into the North Atlantic through the Bering Strait, which in turn disrupts the AMOC. Constructing a dam could either halt or considerably slow this freshwater flow.

In a recent study, Soons and Dijkstra obtained mixed results: in certain scenarios, dams seemed to enhance the AMOC, while in others, they produced the opposite effect. It’s important to note that these findings were derived from relatively basic, low-resolution models.

On May 5, Dr. Soons presented significant research results at the European Geosciences Union General Assembly in Vienna, Austria. Simulations were re-evaluated using a supercomputer that employed advanced climate models. The results indicate that closing the strait could reinforce the AMOC, particularly if dams are constructed by 2050. “I was surprised at how robust the recovery was,” Soon remarked.

The Bering Strait, at its deepest point, measures only 59 meters and features two small islands in the middle, suggesting the viability of constructing a barrier. Ed McCann, former president of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers and current head of expedition engineering, suggests that rather than concrete, using flotation machinery to build barriers with rock and dredged sand would be most efficient. “This type of construction is straightforward, albeit large-scale and costly,” he commented via email.

Jonathan Rosser, a researcher at the London School of Economics, finds the study intriguing. However, he emphasizes that due to the AMOC’s complexities, we cannot fully predict the outcomes of such interventions. “These drastic measures come with significant uncertainty.”

Suhn concurs, cautioning that while dam construction may benefit Northern Europe, it could lead to adverse effects elsewhere, such as altered rainfall patterns. “Are we ready to take this seriously? I don’t think we’re there yet,” he concluded.

This isn’t the first consideration of constructing gigantic ocean dams to address climate change. In 2020, Sjoerd Groeskamp from the Royal Netherlands Marine Institute proposed the “Northern European Enclosure Dam,” designed to create barriers around the sea between the UK and mainland Europe, protecting low-lying areas from rising seas.

Such dams would undoubtedly impact not only the climate but also marine mammal migration, tidal patterns, and transport access to isolated regions. Mr. Soons noted that he has explored ideas like constructing partial barriers or lowering them to a depth of approximately 10 meters. These concepts are “interesting,” he said, though he has yet to thoroughly analyze their feasibility.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unexpected Ways Hi-Fi Technology is Built for the Future

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The evolution of hi-fi systems began in the 1950s, featuring separate components like turntables and amplifiers that enabled precise control over sound reproduction. The 1970s marked the golden age of analog, establishing standards for audio excellence that enthusiasts continue to seek.

In the past 50 years, music technology and listening habits have undergone significant transformations. Hi-Fi engineers face the challenge of meeting rising expectations amid technological advancements. The advent of streaming has notably disrupted the landscape, raising the question: Does streaming sacrifice quality, or can it offer the richness of analog alongside the convenience of digital music?

Explore how Hi-Fi engineering is adapting to this new musical era.

What does the future hold for hi-fi?

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For hi-fi to thrive in the future of music, it must evolve. Modern users demand convenience, high-quality sound, and smart features. “Listening to music has become effortless for younger generations, but crafting a listening experience that highlights the music we think we should hear has never been more challenging,” says Naim Audio, a leader in high-end audio. “That’s our mission.”

Hi-Fi manufacturers are stepping up to meet these modern demands. Let’s delve into the features you can expect.

Wireless Technology

Gone are the days of tangled wires behind your hi-fi system. Modern wireless setups offer aesthetic appeal and convenience. While earlier wireless options suffered from latency issues, today’s innovations strive for minimal delays and seamless playback.

Naim Audio excels in timing and low-noise design, partnering with French audio specialist Focal to create the Focal Diva Utopia active loudspeaker. This collaboration combines cutting-edge Naim electronics with Focal’s acoustic prowess, delivering convenience without sacrificing quality.

Exceptional Sound Quality

Recent advancements in digital signal processing (DSP) and audio compression have led to clearer, more immersive sound. While some analog purists criticize digital sound as overly “clinical,” the latest Hi-Fi tech enables listeners to experience the clarity of digital with the warmth of analog. Naim Audio engineers carefully fine-tune DSP filters to maintain the emotional depth and texture of music, preserving the critical PRaT (pace, rhythm, and timing) that makes music resonate.

Smart Features

Naim Audio’s premium systems seamlessly integrate into your home with built-in software, allowing music to flow effortlessly from room to room. Compatible with the Focal and Naim apps or voice assistants like Google Assistant and Siri, these systems adapt to modern lifestyles. Moreover, Naim and Focal systems support over-the-air firmware updates, enabling users to enjoy new features without needing to replace hardware.

Looking ahead, there’s immense potential for AI-driven systems that can automatically calibrate sound to suit room acoustics or individual listening preferences.

In Service of Sound

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2025/10/Compress-2.mp4

Founded in 1973, Naim Audio operates under the motto: “Hear it the way the artist intended.” This philosophy drives all innovations in Hi-Fi design, technology, and engineering. Both Naim and Focal product lines are crafted from premium materials and deliver outstanding audio performance.

The newly launched Diva Utopia speaker, a collaboration between Focal and Naim, exemplifies excellence and innovation. Click below to discover more about the Diva Utopia and other pioneering products from Focal.

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Paleontologists Uncover Archeopteryx Ecology: Insights into the Mysterious Survival of the First Bird

Posted on May 9, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A detailed review by paleontologists at the Field Museum of Natural History consolidates the latest fossil evidence of Archeopteryx, including the examination of five newly described specimens. The research highlights what the authors believe to be the most well-preserved specimen to date, offering an unparalleled insight into the ecology, behavior, and daily life of this iconic feathered dinosaur. Contrary to earlier assumptions, researchers assert that Archeopteryx was neither a solely terrestrial hunter nor a fully modern flier, but rather an ecological generalist capable of scrambling, perching, gliding, and flapping throughout coastal forests and tidal flats approximately 150 million years ago.

Reconstruction of Archeopteryx showcasing diverse locomotion modes in its habitat: (A) Flapping to a high perch; (B) Perched; (C) Gliding from heights; (D) Scansorial movements. Image credit: Field Museum / NICE PaleoVisLab Studio / Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology.

Around 150 million years ago, during the Jurassic period, a small creature navigated the scrublands of what is now southern Germany. This remarkable animal had teeth reminiscent of reptiles, the claws of a predator, and feathered wings indicative of a newfound ability to leave the ground.

Paleontologists have spent over a century debating the capabilities of Archeopteryx. According to paleontologists Jingmai O’Connor and Alexander Clark from the Field Museum, “Archeopteryx from the 150-million-year-old Solnhofen-Prattenkalk deposit is known as the oldest bird to exhibit feathered wings for voluntary locomotion, marking it as the oldest known dinosaur.”

The researchers highlight that while the slightly younger Baminornis (dated between 149 and 148 million years ago) has a more advanced pectoral girdle, Archeopteryx remains vitally important for understanding the evolutionary transition from terrestrial life.

In their comprehensive paper, the researchers synthesized existing knowledge and assembled fossils of Archeopteryx, including the five newly analyzed specimens, to reconstruct its life.

“The description of five new Archeopteryx specimens represents a significant advancement in our understanding of this taxon,” they state, noting that four of these specimens are either complete or nearly complete (including exceptional finds from Chicago and Thermopolis).

The Chicago specimen, in particular, has been meticulously prepared for scientific analysis, preserving novel soft tissues that provide crucial insights.

The new analysis posits that limited powered flight was plausible for Archeopteryx. Its primary plumage displays asymmetry similar to that found in today’s birds, a trait absent in their flightless relatives.

Unlike modern pigeons that take off vertically, Archeopteryx might have launched from high perches, navigating headwinds, or ascending slopes while flapping its wings.

“As the oldest known bird, critical questions persist about the feasibility of flight in Archeopteryx,” the researchers note. “The evidence suggests some capacity for powered flight alongside gliding when energetically beneficial, akin to many modern birds.”

An overview of Archeopteryx‘s possible food web illustrating an omnivorous diet throughout various life stages, including its significance as prey for other organisms. Image credit: Field Museum / NICE PaleoVisLab Studio / Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology / Samantha Clark.

One of the notable discoveries relates to Archeopteryx‘s first digit, or big toe. While the hallux of non-flying theropod dinosaurs typically faces forward and is designed for little grasping, in Archeopteryx, it is inverted, facing backward, suggesting an adaptation for gripping branches or rocks.

Although fossilized stomach contents remain undiscovered, the skull and mouth structure reveal intriguing clues about feeding adaptations that resemble those of modern birds. These adaptations include evidence of a primitive beak-like organ and a mobile tongue capable of manipulating food, suggesting that Archeopteryx targeted small, energy-dense foods such as insects and seeds to support its higher energy needs associated with flight.

The warm, seasonally dry climate of the Solnhofen Islands would have favored opportunistic omnivores by offering a varied year-round food supply.

“Evidence points to a primarily warm and dry climate with heterogeneous flora,” the researchers noted. “Fossil records indicate occasional wet seasons creating temporary water bodies, influencing food availability for Archeopteryx throughout the year.”

Regarding the bird’s coloration, chemical analysis of an isolated holotype feather hinted at white and black pigmentation. Such patterns may have provided camouflage against the open, weedy landscape, confusing potential predators.

Further analysis suggests that Archeopteryx was likely diurnal and active during bright daylight. “Given its diverse locomotion behaviors, Archeopteryx likely frequented the ground, medium- to large-sized plants, and the air, interacting with various substrates,” the researchers concluded.

Throughout its life, Archeopteryx would have utilized an array of food sources from the plant and animal kingdoms, supporting a wide range of organisms, from saprophytic parasites to apex predators.

The researchers emphasize that the differences examined in ecological terms reveal how flight adaptations may have influenced both the skeletal and soft tissue anatomy of Archeopteryx.

The team’s findings were published in a paper in the Journal of Ecology on April 21, 2026.

_____

JK O’Connor and AD Clarke. 2026. Archeopteryx. Journal of Ecology 2, 12; doi: 10.1007/s44396-026-00026-z

Source: www.sci.news

How Doubling Their Genomes Helped Plants Survive Mass Extinctions

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Understanding Genome Duplication in Flowering Plants

Credit: David Chapman/Alamy

Genome duplication in flowering plants — Understanding Genome Duplication in Flowering Plants

Credit: David Chapman/Alamy

Recent research indicates that extra copies of genetic material may have enabled flowering plants to endure mass extinctions, including the event that led to the demise of the dinosaurs.

A pivotal discovery reveals that angiosperms—flowering plants like daisies, grasses, and fruit trees—survived major ecological upheavals throughout Earth’s history due to accidental genome duplications. While multiple genomes can typically pose an evolutionary challenge, these tumultuous periods may have provided opportunities for angiosperms to flourish, allowing them to dominate today’s plant life.

Generally, sexually reproducing species possess two sets of chromosomes—one inherited from each parent. However, many plants, especially angiosperms, exhibit a phenomenon known as polyploidy, characterized by having multiple chromosome sets due to failures in meiotic division. Some plants, such as potatoes and specific wheat varieties, can have up to four or even more sets of chromosomes.

About one-third of current angiosperms are classified as polyploid. Researchers, including Hengchi Chen from the University of Göttingen, Germany, suggest that historical instances of genome duplication are relatively infrequent, though. “Most polyploid organisms went extinct during prolonged evolutionary transitions,” Chen remarks.

Chen and his research team sought to understand why certain ancient genome duplications in angiosperms took hold while others did not. They studied the genomes of 470 angiosperm species, constructing an evolutionary tree that illustrated 132 distinct instances of genome duplication over 150 million years.

These duplications clustered around nine significant prehistoric epochs, from 108 million to 14 million years ago, often coinciding with substantial environmental shifts or geological events, including climate changes, shifts in oxygen levels, and mass extinctions like the Cretaceous asteroid impact that eliminated non-avian dinosaurs. During these unstable periods, polyploid plants experienced significant advantages.

Although polyploidy can be a hindrance—impeding growth and complicating reproduction with non-polyploid species—these times of environmental stress may have facilitated the rise of polyploid plants. Factors such as extreme weather conditions could trigger reproductive failures, fostering an increase in ploidy levels, Chen explains. Additionally, polyploid plants exhibit heightened resilience to stressors like drought and salinity, allowing their extra genes to adapt to rapidly changing environments. As competitors faltered, new opportunities arose within these evolving ecosystems.

“Originally small and often overshadowed in their populations, polyploid individuals gained access to more resources and demonstrated adaptive advantages in response to stress,” Chen details, highlighting their improved survival rates.

The adaptive flexibility and redundancy of the genomes in angiosperms, he concludes, may be key drivers behind their evolutionary success.

Meanwhile, researchers like Pamela Soltis at the Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville, emphasize the need for large-scale genomic analyses across a wider array of angiosperm species to refine these findings. “This study is ambitious for its scale, yet the 470 species examined reflect just a fraction of the nearly 400,000 known angiosperm species,” Soltis states, noting the rapid pace at which new genomic data is becoming available.

Source: www.newscientist.com

US Government Unveils Extensive Collection of UFO Documents: What You Need to Know

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Archive images from the Apollo 17 mission to the moon. The yellow box contains a zoomed-in area of the original photo, showing three lights above the lunar terrain.

US Department of Defense

Apollo 17 Mission Archival Image — Archive images from the Apollo 17 mission to the moon. The yellow box contains a zoomed-in area of the original photo, showing three lights above the lunar terrain.

US Department of Defense

The US Department of Defense (DoD) has unveiled a significant trove of files concerning UFOs. These files include images and previously classified government documents and communications.

“These secret files have long fueled speculation about extraterrestrial life, but now is the time for the American people to see for themselves,” stated Secretary of Defense Pete Hegseth. You can view the files on the government website.

The released images, primarily captured by U.S. military personnel, depict small dots and indistinct shapes in the sky. More intriguing are the hundreds of pages of documentation related to UFOs, also referred to as unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs), from various government branches, including the FBI and Air Force.

Many of these documents consist of exchanges between the government and concerned citizens. They feature pamphlets from organizations such as the American Federation of Flying Saucer Clubs and requests from children directed to FBI Directors, especially J. Edgar Hoover, for help with school projects.

Letters from UFO enthusiasts, spanning decades from the 1940s to today, express a shared belief that UFO sightings are increasing and that government transparency is lacking, often leading to fears of persecution for expressing these views.

Infrared still image taken of an unidentified object over the western United States in December 2025

US Department of Defense

Response letters and internal government communications reveal that while thousands of UFO sighting reports are investigated, there is typically no evidence suggesting extraterrestrial origins. This aligns with the findings from NASA’s 2023 Task Force on UAPs, which indicated that most reports can be attributed to conventional aircraft or atmospheric phenomena, leaving a few cases unresolved due to poor image quality.

Among the most controversial files are documents related to NASA missions like Gemini 7, Apollo 12, and Apollo 17, where astronauts reported seeing bright lights in space that remain unexplained. Most of these sightings have been attributed to micrometeorite impacts or camera malfunctions; however, a few instances still lack clear explanations.

In response to these unresolved cases, the Pentagon is initiating a fresh investigation, following directives from the Trump administration to enhance transparency regarding UAP incidents. The website indicates this is only the beginning of a series of document releases expected regularly.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Accelerating Sea Level Rise: Understanding the Increasing Rates and Impacts

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Ho Chi Minh City Faces Increased Flood Risk from Rising Sea Levels

Getty Images

Flooding risk in Ho Chi Minh City due to sea level rise — Ho Chi Minh City Faces Increased Flood Risk from Rising Sea Levels

Getty Images

Recent satellite measurements reveal a sudden surge in the rate of sea level rise, accelerating sharply since 2012 and remaining high ever since.

These abrupt shifts may stem from natural variability, or they could indicate the impacts of accelerating global warming, according to Lancelot Leclerc from the University of Toulouse, France.

Over the last 15 years, global warming has contributed to an average sea level rise of over 0.2 meters. This phenomenon is driven by various factors, including the melting of mountain glaciers along with the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets, which are also expanding as ocean temperatures increase.

Satellite monitoring of sea levels began in the 1990s, initially indicating a consistent rise of approximately 3.6 mm annually. Yet, further analysis showed a significant shift around 2012, with the average increase accelerating from 2.9 mm/year to 4.1 mm/year.

“Though it’s not a drastic change,” notes Jonathan Bamber from the University of Bristol, UK, “we’re not talking about centimeters per year.” He emphasizes that this highlights the importance of tracking these changes over time.

Despite the modest increase, the combination of satellite data trends with tide gauge records spanning a century confirms that sea levels are rising at an accelerating rate.

The analysis indicates that this rise is attributable to multiple factors rather than a single cause. The melting of ice sheets is accelerating, freshwater retention on land is decreasing, and more water is flowing into the oceans.

The acceleration of global warming since around 2010 is largely attributed to reduced aerosol pollution from countries such as China. Aerosols have a cooling effect, and their declines have allowed the warming effects of rising carbon dioxide to become more pronounced.

This increase in sea level rise may also correlate with the reduction of aerosol emissions, as Leclerc indicated during a presentation at the European Geosciences Union (EGU) meeting in Vienna on May 5th.

“The change in trends observed around 2012 appears to be partially linked to increased anthropogenic radiative forcing due to decreased aerosol emissions,” explains team member Annie Cazenave from the University of Toulouse.

Furthermore, another study presented at the EGU gathering indicates that ocean water deeper than 2 kilometers has begun to warm and expand over the last decade, potentially contributing to this acceleration in sea levels.

Prior to 2016, all known contributors to sea level rise aligned with observed global averages. However, Yang Chunxue stated at a conference that after this period, these factors no longer accounted for the complete rise.

This discrepancy suggests an unaccounted factor, likely the deep ocean, owing to the absence of systematic measurements of temperatures below 2 kilometers. While nearly 4,000 robotic probes measure ocean temperatures at various depths, none extend that deep.

Yang and his team employed ocean models to demonstrate that warming below 2 kilometers could resolve this budget discrepancy, identifying that a significant amount of deep warming occurs in the North Atlantic off the U.S. East Coast.

“The Sea Level Budget study indicates that deep ocean warming commenced around 2016,” asserts Kazunabe, who was involved in the research. “Further studies are necessary to confirm the connection with the trend changes of the early 2010s.”

The research team’s findings suggest that deep-sea warming currently accounts for an annual rise of 0.4 mm, representing about 10% of the total sea level increase.

Topics:

Climate Change/
Sea Level Rise

Source: www.newscientist.com

Drone Crash Sparks Fire in Chernobyl Exclusion Zone: Latest Updates

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Forest Fire Erupts in Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Exclusion Zone

Associated Press/Alamy Stock Photo

<p>A significant forest fire is raging within the Chernobyl exclusion zone, triggered by drone activity in the area. Despite the severity of the blaze, officials report minimal risk of radioactive contamination beyond the immediate vicinity.</p>

<p>The Chernobyl Radiation Eco-Biosphere Reserve (CREBR) has reported on <a href="https://t.me/s/zapovidnyk">Telegram</a> that approximately 12 square kilometers of forest and a former cooling pond southeast of Chernobyl are ablaze following a drone crash. Emergency response teams, consisting of around 331 personnel and various equipment, are currently addressing the crisis.</p>

<p>Denis Vishnevsky from CREBR stated, “It’s a significant fire. The fire lines gather air with concentrated radionuclides. We assess radionuclide levels in our bodies following each shift.”</p>

<p>Vishnevsky also confirmed that radiation levels remain normal within a 5 to 10-kilometer radius of the fire, indicating little to no contamination risk outside the exclusion zone.</p>

<p>According to satellite imagery estimates from <em>New Scientist</em>, the affected area may have expanded to 24.4 square kilometers.</p>

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<p>[Olena Burdo](https://www.linkedin.com/in/olena-burdo-46a65a44/?originalSubdomain=ua) from the Nuclear Research Institute in Kyiv was near the fire's origin but was unable to access the site due to military restrictions. She reported only visible smoke but corroborated the low risk of contamination outside the area.</p>

<p>Ukraine's State Emergency Service (SES) highlighted the challenges in combating the fire, stating that <a href="https://t.me/dsns_telegram/63362">dry conditions, strong winds, and landmines</a> complicate firefighting efforts. “The fire is rapidly spreading,” they conveyed, with hopes that anticipated rain would assist the firefighters.</p>

<p>Some regions remain inaccessible due to mine presence, causing teams to temporarily withdraw while focusing operations on safer areas.</p>

<p>The Chernobyl exclusion zone frequently sees drone activity from Russian forces targeting Kyiv and other locations. Last year, a Russian drone incident caused damage to the New Safe Confinement Shelter that protects the site of the catastrophic 1986 disaster, risking exposure to radioactive materials.</p>

<p>Videos from that incident captured flames and smoke ejecting from the shelter's structural damage. Fortunately, the damage occurred far from the reactor and sarcophagus, minimizing the risk of a collapse that could release hazardous radiation.</p>

<section class="ArticleTopics" data-component-name="article-topics">
    <p class="ArticleTopics__Heading">Topics:</p>
    <ul class="ArticleTopics__List">
        <li class="ArticleTopics__ListItem">Nuclear Power Plant Accident<span>/</span></li>
        <li class="ArticleTopics__ListItem">Invasion of Ukraine</li>
    </ul>
</section>

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Slow Breathing Calms Your Mind Without Mindfulness Techniques

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Harness the Power of Slow Breathing: A Natural Path to Calmness

Rahul Sapra/Alamy

It’s a well-known fact that taking slow, deep breaths can help you achieve a state of calm. However, understanding the mechanics behind it is more complex. Many believe that deep breathing calms us down due to a placebo effect, suggesting it works mainly because we expect it to rather than due to actual physiological changes in our bodies.

Recent research shared at the Embodied Mind Summit in Los Angeles on May 3rd sheds light on the phenomenon. UCLA neuroscientist Jack Feldman discovered that mice trained to slow their breathing displayed significantly less fear-related behavior in anxiety tests. As Feldman states, “This is not a placebo effect, because the mice are unaware of the calming benefits.”

This groundbreaking study extends the research initiated by Feldman in 1991, which identified the preBötzinger complex (preBötC) in the brainstem as a critical pacemaker of respiratory rate in mammals. The preBötC operates automatically, regulating breathing based on the body’s needs. In humans, this area connects with cortical regions involved in decision-making, enabling us to consciously alter our breathing patterns for activities like talking, laughing, and singing.

Unlike humans, mice lack this conscious control over their breathing. To manipulate their breathing rates, Feldman and his team employed optogenetics. This technique involves inserting light-sensitive proteins into specific neurons that can be activated via light pulses. By targeting inhibitory neurons in the preBötC, researchers slowed the mice’s breathing rates by as much as 70% with light stimulation.

How Slow Breathing Alleviates Anxiety

After four weeks of daily optogenetic stimulation, the mice not only demonstrated slower breathing during sessions but retained this slower pace even between sessions, indicating that they were trained to breathe more slowly.

Three days following the last training session, the mice underwent tests for anxiety-like behaviors. The findings revealed that the trained mice displayed a significantly lower tendency to freeze in stressful situations compared to control mice, spending more time exploring open areas while the controls remained in dark corners for safety. Feldman points out that slow breathing does not require intentionality to yield peaceful effects, indicating a fundamental aspect of how the brain operates.

According to neuroscientist Andrea Zaccaro from the University of Chieti Pescara “G. D’Annunzio” in Italy, it is crucial to distinguish the baseline relationship between breathing and emotions. However, he notes that focusing on your breathing is not futile. “While slow breathing may have inherent physiological benefits, paying attention to your breathing can enhance and contextualize those advantages,” he explains.

In conclusion, you don’t need to embrace meditation myths to experience the benefits of slow breathing. However, it may help you achieve a state of inner calm more swiftly.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Department of Defense Unveils New UFO Files: What You Need to Know

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

On Friday, the Pentagon initiated the release of “never-before-seen” files concerning unidentified anomalous phenomena (previously known as unidentified flying objects or UFOs) that have been held by the government for decades.

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These newly released files have captivated many curious Americans, sparking questions about whether we are alone in the universe.

This significant release follows President Donald Trump’s announcement at a conservative gathering, where he hinted that some “very interesting documents” would be unveiled shortly.

The initial collection of anticipated documents regarding what the government refers to as unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAPs) is now available on a dedicated government portal. You can access it here: https://www.war.gov/UFO/. More files will be added “incrementally,” according to the Department of Defense Public Affairs Office in a press release.

According to the press release, “U.S. citizens now have immediate access to the federal government’s declassified UAP files,” featuring the newest videos, images, and original documents from various government sources—all in one place without needing permissions.

Included in the new files are intriguing events from the Apollo 12 and Apollo 17 moon missions. Notably, during Apollo 12 in 1969, astronaut Alan Bean noted a “flash of light” that he described as “flying off into space.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Stunning Photos of Scientific Giants from the Former Soviet Union

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A 45-meter-tall tower housing the AZT-20 telescope at Assy Turgen Observatory, Kazakhstan

Soviet Institute of Science, Eric Lusito, FUEL Publishing, 2026

These vibrant images showcase the remnants of Soviet scientific megaprojects, built to replace religious edifices with centers of knowledge and technology.

Photographer Eric Lusito explored numerous Soviet sites for his new book, Soviet Scientific Institutes. Starting in Ukraine, he dedicated four years to traveling across the former Soviet Union, engaging with scientists and discovering locations that have been inaccessible since the Soviet era.

His initial stops were in Ukraine during late 2021, just before the onset of the Russian invasion. Memories of childhood comics like Blake and Mortimer and The Adventures of Tintin resonated with him. “These scientific locations were captivating, igniting my desire to explore further,” says Lusito. “I was enchanted by their mystical beauty and rich history.”

While many sites lay in disrepair, others remain impressively intact. For instance, the control room of Armenia’s Orgov radio-optical telescope, designed in the 1970s by Soviet scientist Paris Herony, echoes its historical significance. Lusito learned from Herony’s niece that the scientist faced substantial opposition from Moscow’s scientific hierarchy to realize his vision.

Optical control panel of the Orgov radio-optical telescope in Armenia

Eric Lusito

At the peak of operations, these institutes were bustling with scientists utilizing colorful attendance boards to record their time. For example, the vibrant history of the Institute of Radiation Physics and Electronics at the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine stands as a testament to Soviet scientific ambition.

Attendance sheets from the Soviet era at the Institute of Radiophysics and Electronics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine

Eric Lusito

Some researchers focused on critical practical applications, such as those at the High Voltage Hall of the former Institute of Electrotechnical Technology in Kharkiv. This hall was pivotal in generating lightning-like energy to fortify the first integrated power grid in Ukraine, featuring a mural of a hand gripping a lightning bolt.

High-voltage hall of the Electrotechnical Institute in Kharkiv, Ukraine

Eric Lusito

On the other hand, some researchers delved into fundamental science, as exemplified by the MAKET-ANI experiment at the Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Base in Armenia, which analyzes high-energy particles that settle on the snowy summit of Mount Aragats.

Experiment “MAKET-ANI” at Aragats Cosmic Ray Research Base in Armenia

Eric Lusito

Many of the scientific facilities in Ukraine that Lusito explored halted their research activities due to the ongoing war, including the Ionospheric Research Institute in Kharkiv, which features several parabolic detectors, including a significant 100-meter antenna.

100-meter parabolic antenna at the Ionospheric Research Institute in Kharkiv, Ukraine

Eric Lusito

Despite observing many abandoned sites, Lusito found that some facilities are undergoing revitalization. At Kazakhstan’s Assy Turgen Observatory, the 45-meter-high pavilion for the AZT-20 telescope (main image) was initiated in the 1980s but halted post-Soviet collapse. It was revived in the 2010s and completed in 2017, now standing as the largest telescope in Kazakhstan and a significant asset in the post-Soviet region.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Scientist Endorses David Attenborough’s ‘Making Life on Earth’ Documentary

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

David Attenborough on set in 1979 Life on Earth: The making of the series is explored in a new BBC documentary.

BBC

The nature documentary style pioneered by David Attenborough is now iconic, but it wasn’t always this way. When Life on Earth premiered in 1979, audiences encountered a groundbreaking format unlike anything they had seen before.

Initially, Mr. Attenborough’s path as a television executive could have led him to a desk job and eventually to the role of director-general of the BBC. However, he opted for a career in natural history storytelling. He dedicated himself to sharing his passion for wildlife through the ambitious series Life on Earth.

Attenborough meticulously crafted a script for 13 episodes that narrates the entire journey of life evolution before filming began. The production took place across 100 locations worldwide, spanned several years, and required a substantial budget of £1 million for its time. Notably, primatologist Diane Master faced challenges coordinating a shoot with gorillas in Rwanda, enduring weeks of correspondence to finalize details. Preparing for that shoot took an entire year and a half. The whole venture was a significant risk, albeit one he believed would yield substantial rewards, especially as color television began to gain traction—an ideal medium to showcase the vibrancy of the natural world.

Insights into this incredible journey are revealed in a captivating new documentary celebrating Attenborough’s 100th birthday on May 8th. This behind-the-scenes film features unseen footage, excerpts from Attenborough’s diary, and interviews with the team involved in this groundbreaking project. It illuminates their challenges and triumphs while capturing stunning footage, including Attenborough’s narrow escape from a coup d’état while seeking to film a coelacanth in the wild and the young photographer tasked with documenting the unique breeding process of “Darwin’s Frog.”

David Attenborough with mountain gorillas on set of *Life on Earth*

John Sparks

Ultimately, the risks were worthwhile. Broadcast bi-weekly on BBC2, watching Life on Earth became a cultural phenomenon, leaving pubs empty as viewers rushed to their screens. By the series’ conclusion, it amassed 15 million viewers.

Creating Life on Earth: Attenborough’s Greatest Adventure presents a humorous, nostalgic, and heartfelt tribute to the man who brought the wonders of the natural world into millions of homes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discoveries of Neanderthal Knee Marks Beside Enigmatic Stalagmite Ring

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Bruniquel Cave: A Neanderthal Creation

Etienne Fabre/SSAC

Approximately 175,000 years ago, Neanderthals explored the depths of the Bruniquel Cave in France. They meticulously crushed stalagmites to create enigmatic circular structures, only for a bear to later obliterate most of the evidence of their presence, leaving some clay knee impressions that could potentially belong to a kneeling Neanderthal.

“It’s merely a hypothesis,” states Sophie Verheyden from the Belgian Royal Institute of Natural Sciences. “We require more knee impressions for comparison to validate this theory.”

The stalagmite rings, located in Bruniquel Cave near Toulouse, were discovered in the 1990s and detailed in a 2016 publication by Verheyden and her research team. While human footprints have been thoroughly investigated, ancient knee tracks remain largely unexplored. To initiate this study, Verheyden’s team plans to create knee impressions using individuals kneeling in various clay samples.

Verheyden confidently asserts the ancient nature of the cave remains, preserved beneath a thin calcium carbonate layer, the same substance that formed the stalagmites. Additionally, examination by a bear specialist confirmed the absence of bear footprints in this area.

Potentially, Neanderthal DNA could emerge as compelling evidence tied to those knee impressions. Mareike Stahlschmidt from the University of Vienna demonstrated that DNA can diffuse into calcite, a type of calcium carbonate, and remains preserved. “Bruniquel Cave is a prime candidate for this search,” Stahlschmidt acknowledges.

A forensic analysis of the knee impressions indicates the possibility of DNA from skin cells, hair, and blood, which typically deteriorates swiftly. If the impressions in the cave hardened quickly, some may have been retained.

Given that modern humans (Homo sapiens) were absent from Europe 175,000 years ago, Verheyden concludes, “Neanderthals must be responsible for the construction of the stalagmite circles.”

Exploring Neanderthal Knee Impressions in Bruniquel Cave

Sophie Verheyden

In a significant discovery this year, the research team indicated that the cave entrance collapsed at least 140,000 years ago, remaining sealed until its rediscovery by cave explorers in 1990. Researchers are confident that all artifacts discovered within are of Neanderthal origin.

Some of the fractured stalagmites were measured to be over 20 centimeters thick, indicating they couldn’t have been broken merely by passing bears. The research team successfully identified several broken stalagmite bases and established they broke during the same time frame as the stalagmite rings, utilizing radioactive isotopic analysis for dating.

“The dating strengthens our understanding, as it coincides with the construction of these intriguing structures,” Verheyden explained while presenting her findings on May 4th at the European Geosciences Union conference in Vienna.

It appears that Neanderthals invested considerable effort into breaking stalagmites to form these circles, with the largest measuring about 7 meters in diameter. This prompts speculation regarding their function, whether as shelter or for cultural or ritualistic purposes, given their location 300 meters deep in total darkness.

“When traversing 300 meters underground, it’s crucial to check your light source,” Verheyden noted. While evidence of fire suggests illumination within the circle, it’s unlikely Neanderthals inhabited this area regularly.

The circle’s placement inspires speculation regarding its potential cultural or religious significance. “It’s tempting to leap to such explanations, but as scientists, we aim for an objective inquiry,” Verheyden stated.

Her team is actively developing a method to “fingerprint” stalagmites based on their mineral composition to determine their source within the cave, offering insight into whether the materials were locally sourced or transported from distant locations.

Verheyden compares this to certain Maya practices, wherein people collect stalagmites from deep within caves to use in fertility rituals. Thus, identifying the origin of a broken stalagmite could yield crucial insights into the intentions behind its construction.

The research team is continually seeking ways to penetrate the calcium carbonate layer covering portions of the cave floor. In the era before bears inhabited the cave, numerous Neanderthal footprints may have existed, now obscured by the calcium carbonate buildup.

“We remain hopeful,” Verheyden expressed. “Every expedition into the cave uncovers new discoveries, even after a decade of exploration.”

Explore: Archaeology, Human Origins, and Paleontology

New Scientist frequently features remarkable archaeological sites that have transformed our understanding of species and the dawn of civilization. Why not explore these findings yourself?

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring the Works of an Imaginary Mathematician: Discovering New Insights in Mathematics

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A clandestine society of mathematicians has been operating under pseudonyms for nearly a century

Shutterstock/Stephen Ray Chapman

One of the most influential figures in modern mathematics, Nicolas Bourbaki, has reportedly been researching for almost a century, producing numerous books and publications that guide the entire field. Interestingly, Bourbaki is a pseudonymous figure who does not exist as an actual individual.

Bourbaki represents a secretive collective of mathematicians, initially formed in France in 1934. Their primary objective was to modernize mathematics textbooks, transforming them to meet contemporary reader needs. However, this endeavor culminated in the creation of an innovative approach to mathematical writing, impacting the field for decades.

The group initially anticipated that their study would comprise about 1,000 pages and be completed in six months. By 1935, Bourbaki had expanded its vision to include six interconnected volumes, aiming to “provide a comprehensive foundation for modern mathematics,” as expressed in an explanatory preface. While they were correct about the length, they were notably mistaken regarding the timeline.

Though these volumes (which eventually comprised several physical books) were intended to be read sequentially, Bourbaki’s first published text in 1939 turned out to be the concluding chapter of the first book on set theory. The group later published different sections intermittently before returning to finish set theory in 1954, finally completing the entire project in 1970. Collectively labeled as elements of mathematics, this singular title underscores the cohesion of the mathematicians’ work. The completion of this monumental collection extended into the 1980s, reaching nearly 4,000 pages. Even after that, Bourbaki continued to release new works as the original scope broadened.

This unorthodox publishing approach stemmed from Bourbaki’s distinctive methodology. The original group comprised six young mathematics professors, including Andre Weil, a prominent figure in number theory and algebraic geometry. Most members were former students of the École Normale Supérieure in Paris, and the group’s name emerged from a prank revolving around the notoriously obscure Bourbaki theorem.

This playful spirit fostered a strong sense of camaraderie. Meetings were lively, often involving shouting matches and humorous banter. One member crafted the proposed text and presented it line by line for critique and discussion, leading to a revised draft before reaching consensus. Given that chapters took an average of ten years to produce, the protracted timeline is understandable. This mathematical endeavor spanned generations, as Bourbaki members were required to retire at 50, making way for new recruits.

Eternal Challenges in Mathematics

Founding members of the Bourbaki Group gathered in France in 1935

Charmet/Bridgeman Image Archive

So, what was Bourbaki’s actual contribution? Despite its unorthodox methods, the group’s work was notably serious and thoroughly detailed. The cornerstone of their research, set theory, aimed to tackle the perennial challenge in mathematics: the idea that mathematical objects are fundamentally independent of human language and symbols.

To illustrate this, consider the word “addition” or the symbol “+”. These terms have an arbitrary connection to the underlying mathematical concepts. As long as there’s an agreement on the meaning of “addition,” any string of symbols could be utilized to indicate it. Conversely, addition has a definitive relationship with subtraction; one operation is the inverse of the other, independent of their nomenclature.

In practical terms, labeling mathematical concepts does not present a significant challenge, as mathematicians adhere to standardized mappings between ideas and symbols. However, in principle, contradictions and inconsistencies may emerge.

Bourbaki was not the inaugural attempt at formalization (as mentioned in my previous writings), but his approach was perhaps the most meticulous. For instance, he took care to define the number 1 in a footnote on page 158 of set theory. Bourbaki clarified that “the symbol ‘1’ should not be confused with the common language interpretation ‘one'”; instead, it should be understood through a rigorous definition:

τZ ((∃u)(∃U)(u = (U, {∅}, Z) and U ⊂ {∅} × Z and (∀x)((x ∈ {∅}) ⇒ (∃y)((x, y) ∈ U)) and (∀x)(∀y)(∀y’)(((x, y) ∈ U and (x, y’) ∈ U) ⇒ (y = y’)) and (∀y)((y ∈ Z) ⇒ (∃x)((x, y) ∈ U))))

Don’t worry if this seems daunting; a simplified explanation is that ∅ represents a set devoid of elements, referred to as the “empty set.” Consequently, 1 is defined as {∅}, indicating a set containing only one item (which, in this case, is the empty set). More details on this concept can be found in a previous column.

Astonishingly, embedded within this sea of symbols is a broader and more complex formal definition. Each symbol is elaborately defined based on earlier texts using only designated symbols. Bourbaki never elaborated these entirely; the footnote mentions that completing this definition would require tens of thousands of symbols — an estimation soon revealed to be vastly understated. Later mathematicians calculated that articulating the full formula for the number 1 would necessitate over 4.5 billion symbols, or more precisely, 2,409,875,496,393,137,472,149,767,527,877,436,912,979,508,338,752,092,897 symbols, depending on your definition of precision.

Clearly, mathematicians would need to occasionally abandon such stringent formalism if they wished to accomplish their objectives. Bourbaki acknowledges this necessity, while maintaining that utilizing shorthand terms like “1” is an “abuse of language.” By establishing foundational rules, Bourbaki granted mathematicians the flexibility to deviate as needed.

Emerging Mathematical Challenges

So, what achievements stemmed from all this labor? One significant outcome was Bourbaki’s aspiration to unite mathematics as a cohesive discipline. In theory, if terms and concepts from various mathematical domains could be expressed using a common set of symbols, it would yield a rigorous framework for transitions between fields. Although few actually practice this, it positions mathematics on a more solid philosophical foundation.

In the decades that followed, Bourbaki’s influence has proven unexpectedly significant, particularly as mathematicians increasingly explore computer-assisted formalization to verify proofs generated by artificial intelligence. The collective also introduced numerous concepts and symbols, many of which remain integral to contemporary mathematics (for instance, ∅ representing the empty set). On a broader scale, the Bourbakian writing style continues to shape modern mathematical textbooks.

However, Bourbaki was not without critique. Following the publication of elements of mathematics, some mathematicians expressed discontent with the group’s claims of excessive rigor. Oddly enough, Bourbaki inadvertently incited a misguided initiative to reform mathematics education in schools. Emerging in France during the late 1950s, this movement, dubbed New Mathematics, sought to replace traditional educational methods with rigorous set-theoretic approaches based on Bourbaki’s teachings. The intention was to grasp the general principle of multiplication rather than memorizing specific multipliers, such as 3 × 4 = 12.

The “New Math” movement faced extensive criticism and was largely deemed a failure. Parents and teachers alike struggled to understand the curriculum. Bestselling critiques like Why Can’t Johnny Add? emerged, and by the late 1970s, the initiative had largely dissipated. Additionally, this decade brought challenges for Bourbaki, including legal disputes with publishers over copyright and royalties.

Despite these hurdles, Bourbaki remains relevant today. New chapters will be released this year alone. However, the identity of the author remains a well-guarded secret. This anonymity allows mathematicians to regard Bourbaki as a quirky, eccentric relative: appreciated for essential contributions, yet sparing themselves from the discomfort of personal association.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover How Simple Dietary Changes Can Lower Blood Pressure Risk by 30%

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research indicates that beans are not only tasty but also beneficial for heart health, according to a comprehensive study conducted in England and Norway.

Researchers discovered that a higher consumption of legumes—including beans, peas, lentils—and soy foods like tofu, edamame, and miso is linked to a decreased risk of high blood pressure.

High blood pressure, often referred to as hypertension, impacts approximately 1.4 billion adults worldwide. If not treated, it can lead to severe health issues, such as heart attacks, heart failure, and strokes, particularly in individuals aged 30 to 79.

Notably, the research suggests that consuming just 170 grams (6 oz) of beans or about 70 grams (2.5 oz) of soy daily could significantly mitigate the risk of developing hypertension.

“These findings are crucial, as elevated blood pressure is a significant risk factor for various cardiovascular diseases,” stated the lead author, Dr. Dagfin Ohne, a researcher at Imperial College London and an associate professor at the University of Oslo. BBC Science Focus.

“Focusing on plant-based proteins like legumes and soy offers a cost-effective and sustainable approach to lowering hypertension risk and the related diseases,” he added.

The research team analyzed data from 300,000 adults across 12 distinct studies to investigate the correlation between high blood pressure and legume or soy intake.

Among the included studies, five were from the United States, while others came from China, Iran, South Korea, Japan, France, and the United Kingdom, featuring participant sizes ranging from 1,000 to 90,000 individuals.

In this study, participants were categorized based on their legume and soybean consumption, and their risk of high blood pressure was assessed.

The findings revealed that higher intakes of soy and legumes correlated with a reduced risk of hypertension, with optimal consumption levels being 170g of legumes and 60-80g of soy daily. Individuals adhering to these intake levels were about 30% less likely to develop hypertension compared to those with no beans or soy in their diet.

Additionally, those in the high-intake group showed a 16% lower risk of hypertension for legumes and a 19% reduction for soybeans, compared to low-intake participants.

Legumes include beans, chickpeas, peas, and lentils, while soy products encompass tofu, soy milk, edamame, tempeh, and miso – Credit: Getty

“We hope to encourage individuals to include more legumes and soy in their diets,” Ohne expressed.

While the study is based on observational data, the correlation so compellingly suggests a causal relationship. Previous research indicates that legumes and soybeans contain heart-healthy nutrients such as potassium, magnesium, fiber, and isoflavones (antioxidants), which may collectively protect blood vessels.

Read More:

Source: www.sciencefocus.com

New Study Unveils Comprehensive Map of Odor Receptors in Mouse Noses

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Groundbreaking research into the odor-sensing neurons of mice reveals intricate stripes within the nasal structure, challenging longstanding beliefs about the wiring of the sense of smell.

Cross-sectional view of a rat’s nose. Image credit: Datta Lab, Harvard Medical School.

“The sense of smell is vital for our daily experiences,” says Sandeep (Robert) Dutta, a Harvard Medical School professor.

“It informs us about our environment, alerts us to danger, enhances taste, and triggers emotions and memories.”

“However, from a scientific standpoint, the mechanics of smell remain shrouded in mystery.”

In a pioneering study utilizing mice, Dutta and his team found that the neurons responsible for odor receptors exhibit remarkable spatial organization, forming horizontal stripes that extend from the top to the bottom of the nose based on receptor type.

Their findings indicate that the receptor map in the nose is mirrored by an odor map in the brain’s olfactory bulb, shedding light on how scent information is transmitted from the nose to the brain.

“While the discovery of the odor map is groundbreaking, it also lays essential groundwork for developing treatments for olfactory loss, which currently lack effective solutions,” Professor Dutta explains.

“Understanding the fundamental workings of smell is crucial for any modifications to this sense.”

Maps detailing the organization of receptors in the eyes, ears, and skin have been established for a long time, showing how these correspond to maps in the brain.

“The sense of smell, however, has remained a largely unexplored territory,” he notes.

In their comprehensive study, researchers employed advanced techniques like single-cell sequencing and spatial transcriptomics to analyze approximately 5.5 million neurons across over 300 individual mice.

The first technique helped identify the odor receptors expressed by neurons in the nose, while the second enabled localization of these receptors.

“This is likely the most extensively sequenced neural tissue to date, but we required this extensive data to understand the system,” Professor Dutta elaborates.

The team discovered that neurons are structured into dense, overlapping horizontal stripes from the top to the base of the nose, aligned by the type of olfactory receptors expressed.

This well-organized receptor map was consistently observed across different mice, mirroring the olfactory maps in the brain akin to those noted in visual, auditory, and tactile systems.

The researchers further examined how the nose’s odor map is formed, identifying retinoic acid—a molecule crucial for regulating gene activity—as a key player.

The findings revealed that a gradient of retinoic acid in the nose directs each neuron to express the appropriate type of odor receptor based on its spatial positioning.

Altering retinoic acid levels effectively shifts the receptor map vertically.

“We’ve demonstrated that during development, it’s feasible to organize over a thousand distinct odorant receptors into a remarkably precise map that is consistent across various species,” Professor Dutta points out.

A comprehensive paper detailing these findings has been published in Cell.

_____

David H. Brann et al. Spatial codes control olfactory receptor selection and coordinate sensory maps in the nose and brain. Cell, published online April 28, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2026.03.051

Source: www.sci.news

How Garlic Compounds Could Help Slow Muscle Aging

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Researchers in Japan have discovered that S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine, a potent molecule present in aged garlic extract, enhances strength and diminishes frailty in elderly mice by activating a novel signaling pathway.

Suzuki et al. report that S1PC, a bioactive compound derived from aged garlic extract, enhances muscle function in older mice and may present a low-cost strategy to combat frailty in seniors. Image credit: Suzuki et al., doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.04.006.

Historically, garlic (Allium sativum) has been utilized globally to address various health issues.

In ancient civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, China, and India, garlic was regarded as a universal remedy to enhance vitality, boost stamina, and ward off infections.

A substantial body of scientific evidence supports the notion that both garlic and aged garlic extract (AGE) offer significant health advantages.

Among the many bioactive compounds found in garlic are allicin and S-allyl-L-cysteine (SAC), with S-1-propenyl-L-cysteine (S1PC) standing out in AGE.

S1PC, a sulfur-containing amino acid abundantly present in AGEs, has garnered attention for its diverse pharmacological benefits, including promoting mitochondrial energy metabolism, improving atherosclerosis, and protecting vascular endothelial cells.

“As a physical therapist, I often witnessed older adults losing functionality and vitality simply due to the absence of specific diseases that required treatment. This gap in proactive care spurred my research,” stated Kiyoshi Yoshioka, Ph.D., research fellow at the Institute for Productive Aging and the National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology.

“We hope our findings assist older adults in enhancing their fitness and strength by simply integrating nutritional supplements into their diets.”

In their research, Dr. Yoshioka and his team revealed that S1PC activates the liver kinase B1 (LKB1) enzyme, vital for regulating cellular metabolism.

Notably, S1PC encourages the formation of a protein complex that involves LKB1, which then activates the SIRT1 pathway, facilitating the release of extracellular NAMPT (eNAMPT) from adipose tissue.

The enzyme eNAMPT is crucial for synthesizing NAD+, an essential molecule that plays a role in cell protection, DNA repair, and energy production.

Rather than acting directly on muscle, eNAMPT from extracellular vesicles (eNAMPT-EVs) travels through the bloodstream to influence the hypothalamus, a key regulatory center in the brain.

This interaction enhances sympathetic signaling, thereby improving muscle function.

The findings illuminate a new communication channel connecting adipose tissue, the brain, and skeletal muscle, offering fresh insights into managing age-related functional decline.

The functional benefits of S1PC were rigorously evaluated in aged mice.

Long-term administration of S1PC yielded significant reductions in frailty scores, increased skeletal muscle strength, and restored core body temperature.

Notably, human studies indicate that S1PC boosts circulating eNAMPT levels, particularly in individuals with adequate adipose tissue.

The discovery that S1PC’s distinct effects on eNAMPT-EV secretion are conserved across cells, mice, and humans presents compelling prospects for S1PC as a potential anti-aging intervention in humans.

“Our findings reveal a unique, previously unrecognized role of S1PC in activating LKB1 and fostering interorgan communication to enhance muscle function,” remarked Dr. Shinichiro Imai, director of the Institute for Productive Aging Research.

“We anticipate that S1PC may possess broader anti-aging effects warranting further exploration.”

These findings were published in the latest issue of Cell Metabolism.

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Junichiro Suzuki et al.. Garlic-derived metabolites activate LKB1, promote adipose eNAMPT secretion, and improve age-related muscle function through hypothalamic signaling. Cell Metabolism, published online on May 7, 2026. doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2026.04.006

Source: www.sci.news

Understanding the Hantavirus: Origins, Spread, and Prevention

Posted on May 8, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The cruise ship MV Hondius is anchored off the coast of Cape Verde.

AFP/Getty Images

MV Hondius anchored off Cape Verde — The cruise ship MV Hondius is anchored off the coast of Cape Verde.

AFP/Getty Images

Three individuals showing symptoms of hantavirus were evacuated from the cruise ship MV Hondius after an outbreak that
tragically claimed the lives of three passengers. The evacuees are set to receive medical care in the Netherlands.

The ship embarked from Ushuaia, Argentina, on April 1st, journeying across the South Atlantic with stops in Antarctica,
South Georgia, Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena, and Ascension Island.

Two fatalities occurred onboard, and a third individual died in South Africa two days post-disembarkation in St. Helena.
Additionally, a British passenger remains in intensive care in Johannesburg, South Africa.

A Swiss man who disembarked at the end of April also tested positive for hantavirus after exhibiting symptoms. The Britain’s
Health and Safety Executive noted that two asymptomatic British passengers from the ship are currently self-isolating at home.

Understanding Hantavirus

Hantaviruses belong to a category of viruses carried by rodents that can lead to severe illness in humans. Infection typically
occurs through contact with infected rodents or their excreta.

Different hantaviruses are linked to varying clinical syndromes across different global regions. In the Americas,
hantaviruses can trigger a critical respiratory condition known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS),
carrying a mortality rate of up to 50% among diagnosed cases. In Europe and Asia, they cause hemorrhagic fever with
renal syndrome (HFRS), largely impacting the kidneys and blood vessels.

Globally, estimates suggest around 10,000 to over 100,000 hantavirus infections annually, predominantly in Asia and Europe.

According to South Africa’s National Institute of Infectious Diseases, two individuals who disembarked from the ship tested
positive for Andes virus, a type of hantavirus associated with HCPS. It’s believed this virus can be transmitted between
humans through prolonged close contact.

Symptoms of Hantavirus

Initial symptoms often include fever, muscle pain, headache, and gastrointestinal issues, with some patients advancing
to develop respiratory complications. Diagnosis typically relies on specialized blood tests.

Transmission Routes of Hantavirus

The primary mode of infection is through contact with infected rodents, especially inhaling the virus from contaminated
rodent urine, feces, or saliva.

Due to this, investigations into suspected cases often concentrate on identifying potential exposure to rodent-contaminated
environments such as grocery stores, ship cabins, or storage areas. Hantaviruses are not generally considered easily
transmissible between humans, as explained by Roger Hewson
from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Infection may also arise from a rodent bite. Activities such as cleaning poorly ventilated spaces, farming, forestry
work, or sleeping in rodent-infected areas elevate the risk of exposure.

As noted by the WHO, human-to-human transmission has only been recorded in cases of Andes virus in the Americas and is
deemed rare. When transmission occurs, it typically involves prolonged close contact, particularly among family members
or intimate partners, especially in the early disease stages when the virus is more transmissible.

Current Spread of Infection: A Cause for Concern?

According to Adam Taylor,
a researcher at Lancaster University in the UK, there is no need for public alarm. “Transmission of hantaviruses usually
requires contact with animal products, rather than human-to-human spread,” he stated. “Precautions are being implemented
onboard to minimize risk, but these are just safety measures.”

Hewson emphasized that one should not hastily conclude the cruise ship setting is the source of infection. “The connection
of confirmed cases to a single ship does not inherently suggest that exposure occurred aboard. It could also have taken
place prior to embarkation, during shore excursions, or from other common environmental sources,” he remarked. “This is
why public health surveillance, laboratory confirmations, and ideally, viral sequencing are crucial.”

Article Updated on May 6, 2026

Correction made regarding the details about a Swiss man who tested positive for hantavirus.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

How PCOS Can Delay Perimenopause and Enable Later-Age Pregnancy

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

MRI Scan of Polycystic Ovaries (Green)

Gusto Image/Science Photo Library

MRI scan of polycystic ovaries — MRI Scan of Polycystic Ovaries (Green)

Gusto Image/Science Photo Library

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS) is well-known for disrupting hormonal balance and fertility, but surprisingly, its effects often shift as women age past 40. Research suggests that as these women age, their ovaries may naturally reshape. This change can lead to more regular menstruation, a delay in perimenopause, and even better fertility prospects.

According to Tehi Piltonen, a researcher at Oulu University Hospital in Finland, “Many women with PCOS had initially believed they would need assisted reproductive technology (ART) to conceive. They were shocked to discover they could conceive naturally in their 40s. We refer to these unexpected pregnancies as ‘evening stars.’”

As part of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort Study, Piltonen and her team examined how PCOS impacts the menopausal transition by analyzing data from 1,849 women born in Finland in 1966, all of whom have regularly participated in health check-ups.

At the age of 31, 380 women met the criteria for PCOS, defined by exhibiting at least two of three characteristics: irregular periods or amenorrhea, elevated testosterone levels, and increased anti-Müllerian hormone levels, a marker produced by ovarian follicles.

Remarkably, only 3% of women with PCOS reached late menopause or menopause by age 46, in contrast to 18% of women without the condition. This delayed transition aligns with findings from a smaller study conducted in Sweden, where women with PCOS tend to experience menopause four years later on average.

Piltonen theorizes that this delayed menopausal transition is linked to women with PCOS having a greater initial reserve of eggs, thus prolonging their fertile years.

During their younger years, having an excess of eggs may pose challenges. “It causes the ovaries to become ‘crowded,’” Piltonen explains. Often, multiple eggs attempt to mature simultaneously but stall midway due to this crowding, leading to the misnomer “polycystic ovary syndrome.” This misdiagnosis arises because these poorly developed eggs manifest as dark spots on an ultrasound, resembling cysts. Consequently, ovulation becomes infrequent or non-existent, resulting in irregular menstruation and diminished chances of conception.

Additionally, the hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS can lead to weight gain, metabolic issues, acne, and excessive body hair.

However, as the natural decline of egg count occurs with age, the ovaries of women with PCOS may become less congested. This change can facilitate proper egg maturation and release. “This is why women with PCOS often enjoy more regular menstrual cycles as they age,” Piltonen states. It may also elucidate why women who previously struggled with fertility find it easier to conceive later in life.

Piltonen posits that the delayed onset of menopause due to PCOS might carry health benefits. The estrogen drop during menopause has been tied to weaker bones, thinner skin, and heightened risks of heart disease and other complications. Research indicates that women who experience menopause after age 55 tend to live two years longer on average compared to those who undergo menopause before 40.

Piltonen also mentions that PCOS may have conferred evolutionary advantages in our ancestors. When food resources were scarce and childbirth posed risks, the ability to retain extra energy by carrying weight and effectively extending the time between births could have been beneficial. “Given how common PCOS is, I believe it must have provided some form of advantage,” she concludes.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

WHO Declares Hantavirus Outbreaks Won’t Lead to Pandemics Like COVID-19

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A medical worker is transported by ambulance following a suspected hantavirus infection case in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Peter Dejong/Associated Press/Alamy

Hantavirus Infection Alert — A medical worker is transported by ambulance following a suspected hantavirus infection case in Amsterdam, Netherlands.

Peter Dejong/Associated Press/Alamy

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded that a hantavirus outbreak aboard the MV Hondius cruise ship is unlikely.

During a press conference, WHO scientists aimed to alleviate global concerns about potential pandemics, reassuring the public there is no immediate threat akin to a coronavirus resurgence. The committee emphasized that it would continue addressing all inquiries from journalists and highlighted the significance of staying calm given the situation onboard.

“This is not a novel coronavirus, nor is it influenza,” explained WHO’s Maria van Kerkhove. “This is neither the initiation of an epidemic nor a pandemic.”

Currently, five cases of hantavirus infection have been confirmed, with three additional suspected cases. Unfortunately, three individuals have succumbed to the virus.

Two patients hospitalized in the Netherlands and one in intensive care in South Africa are reportedly recovering, according to the WHO.

Hantaviruses, transmitted through rodents, can lead to severe health complications in humans. Infection usually occurs via contact with contaminated rodent materials such as urine, feces, or saliva.

Tests conducted on two passengers on the ship indicated the presence of the Andes virus, the only known hantavirus capable of being transmitted between humans.

This specific hantavirus can lead to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), a severe illness with a mortality rate of up to 50%.

WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus acknowledged the possibility of additional cases emerging in the coming weeks, given the virus’s six-week incubation period.

Nevertheless, he stated that the public health risk is low, as the virus necessitates close contact for transmission. Effective contact tracing and global cooperation can curtail the spread.

All countries involved in addressing the crisis are fully cooperating, Ghebreyesus noted.

Abdirahman Mahmoud from the WHO reassured attendees, stating, “There is no need for widespread panic.” He emphasized that only those showing symptoms should be isolated, while “active surveillance” is sufficient for potentially exposed individuals.

Mahmoud compared the current situation to the Andes virus outbreak in Argentina that affected 34 individuals and resulted in 11 fatalities between November 2018 and February 2019, which began at a birthday gathering. Although significant, the outbreak did not proliferate extensively in the community.

“The main concern remains the potential for limited human-to-human transmission,” noted Luis Marcos from the Stony Brook School of Medicine in New York in an interview with New Scientist. “However, such transmission appears inefficient and can typically be controlled through standard public health measures.”

“In summary, the risk of widespread infection remains minimal, and the current level of concern may be excessive,” he assessed.

Marcos projected that around 10 to 15 passengers on the cruise could contract the virus, asserting that the current quarantine measures onboard are adequate and “there is no risk of a pandemic.”

Luis Escobar from Virginia Tech emphasized the necessity of taking the hantavirus threat seriously. “We acknowledge that hantaviruses possess the potential for a pandemic, especially those causing respiratory syndromes,” he asserted.

Escobar and his research team published findings in 2025 indicating a broader range of hosts for the virus than previously recognized. They analyzed over 14,000 blood samples for 49 hantavirus species, identifying new rodent species as hosts and noting specific hotspots in Colorado, Virginia, and Texas for the virus.

Despite the current outbreak, Escobar believes public health measures will mitigate the chances of a larger pandemic event.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Must-Read This Week: ‘Beyond Belief’ by Helen Pearson – A Captivating Journey

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Vaccination efforts may stumble, but not for lack of evidence

Ezra Akayan/Getty Images

Beyond Belief
by Helen Pearson
Princeton University Press

While reading a nonfiction book, I often think, “This could be an essay.” It’s frustrating when a compelling argument is stretched to 100,000 words with filler anecdotes, unnecessary repetition, and irrelevant topics. We’ve all encountered such works.

However, Beyond Belief: How Evidence Shows What Actually Works is a refreshing exception. I found myself wishing it were longer. This insightful book delves into the seemingly dry subject of evidence-based policy, focusing on how experiments and trials apply across various fields such as international development, policing, and management. Despite the usual dense discussions of systematic reviews, Pearson crafted a highly readable and engaging narrative that I devoured in one weekend.

Author Helen Pearson serves as a journalist and senior editor for the magazine Nature. Having collaborated on some of my work and shared a pint in London’s pubs, I know her well.

Pearson introduces the concept of the “evidence revolution,” advocating for decision-making grounded in research rather than blind adherence to self-appointed experts or conventional wisdom. She begins with the medical field, where randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are employed to test new treatments scientifically.

“
Pearson shares tales of misery, including unsuccessful ‘bat bridges’ over British roads.
“

In 1747, naval surgeon James Lind carried out pivotal early clinical trials aboard the warship Salisbury to combat the issue of sailors contracting scurvy. This debilitating condition results in swollen limbs, rotting gums, and eventual death. Lind’s experiment involved recruiting 12 men, grouping them, and providing different nutritional supplements. Those receiving citrus fruits like oranges and lemons recovered quickly. Although vitamin C wasn’t identified until the 20th century, its efficacy was evident, leading to its inclusion in sailors’ diets and a marked decrease in scurvy cases.

This episode of medical history showcases how far we’ve come. However, I was surprised to learn that the phrase “evidence-based medicine” is merely 35 years old. For much of the previous century, many medical decisions relied on the judgments of senior doctors, even though comparative trials had been conducted.

Pearson recounts the journey of Ian Chalmers, a 1970s doctor baffled by the inconsistent advice given by two different doctors for the same condition. Working alongside colleagues like Archie Cochrane, he endeavored to refine medical practice by generating systematic reviews and meta-analyses. By examining the published evidence across many scientific journals, they sought to determine what was reliable and what was not, culminating in the establishment of Cochrane Collaboration, which conducts systematic reviews on a myriad of topics.

While few rational individuals oppose the use of controlled trials and systematic reviews, Pearson shares horror stories of lavishly funded yet ineffective projects, such as ‘bat bridges’ that bats never utilized.

As the evidence revolution expands beyond medicine into social policy—concerning welfare payments, international development, policing, education, and conservation—it faces more complexity. Social policies involve human behavior, affected by free will and biases, making them harder to assess accurately. Pearson notes that interventions may work in one community but not in others due to significant differences.

I support the use of systematic reviews for such policies, but I wonder if Pearson and her interviewees are overestimating the benefits.

Numerous evidence-based policies have faltered, not due to the scientific validity of their approach but because core political challenges were overlooked. For instance, efforts like wolf reintroduction and child vaccination often fail not for lack of scientific backing but due to public distrust in authorities.

While Pearson highlights examples of evidence-based conservation practitioners collaborating with indigenous populations who possess invaluable insights, she tends to view sociopolitical barriers as minor obstacles rather than central issues. My experience with education reveals that failures stem not from a lack of evidence but from systemic challenges like overworked teachers and lack of engagement with current research.

The book Beyond Belief presents an intriguing exploration of attempts to personalize scientific methodologies within the intricate realm of human life, capturing both triumphs and setbacks. It would benefit from more depth on practical and sociopolitical barriers to evidence-driven decision-making—perhaps that could be the focus of her next work.

Michael Marshall is a science writer based in Devon, UK.

3 More Great Books on Evidence Tracking

Bad Science
by Ben Goldacre

In this enlightening narrative, doctor, author, and broadcaster Ben Goldacre uncovers how the media often propagates misinformation as truth while even simple checks can reveal the actual facts.

The Whole Golem: What You Need to Know About Technology
by Harry Collins and Trevor Pinch

This book examines the challenges faced by the scientific method in wrestling with the complexities and uncertainties inherent in real-world phenomena.

The Failure of Our Government
by Anthony King and Ivor Crewe

This engrossing and often humorous account of governmental blunders highlights why British politics can be so mismanaged. The lack of evidence is just one of many systemic issues.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Groundbreaking Discovery: Giant Squid DNA Uncovered in Deep Canyon Off Australia’s Coast

Posted on May 7, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Utilizing environmental DNA (eDNA) from depths exceeding 4 km off the coast of Western Australia’s Ningaloo, researchers have identified an astounding 226 species spanning 11 major animal groups. This includes remarkable finds like the giant squid, which hasn’t been previously documented in the region, as well as species believed to be new to science.

When a giant squid, measuring 10 to 12 feet long, approaches Medusa’s e-jelly lure, it realizes the e-jelly is not bait and retreats. Image credit: Edie Widder and Nathan Robinson.

“Our findings underscore the vast unknowns within Australia’s deep sea ecosystems,” stated Dr. Georgia Nester, the lead researcher from Curtin University, now enrolled at the University of Western Australia.

Dr. Nester and her team from the Schmidt Ocean Institute’s R/V Falco conducted a survey of the Cape Ranges and Croats submarine canyon, roughly 1,200 km north of Perth, collecting over 1,000 samples from depths as deep as 4,510 m.

Employing eDNA techniques, they documented the species inhabiting these deep-sea environments without direct observation or capture.

Among their significant discoveries was evidence of the giant squid (Architeuthis dux), detected across six separate samples from both the Cape Mountains and Cloetes Valley, alongside pygmy sperm whales (Kogia breviceps) and beaked whales (Ziphius cavirostris).

“Only two previous records of giant squid exist in Western Australia, with no sightings for over 25 years,” noted Dr. Lisa Kirkendale from the Western Australian Museum.

“This marks the first detection of a giant squid using the eDNA protocol along the coast of Western Australia and represents the northernmost record of Architeuthis dux in the eastern Indian Ocean.”

Overall, researchers recorded a total of 226 species from 11 major animal groups, which included rare deep-sea fish, cnidarians, echinoderms, squid, marine mammals, and many more.

They also identified numerous species in Western Australian waters, such as the sleeper shark, previously unrecorded, as well as the faceless cask eel (Typhronus) and thin snaggletooth (Ladinastes demus).

“While the discovery of giant squid captivates public imagination, it’s part of a broader ecological puzzle,” explained Dr. Nester.

“We found numerous species that don’t align with existing records, indicating a significant scope of deep-sea biodiversity that remains to be uncovered.”

Curtin University researcher Dr. Zoe Richards noted, “eDNA has the potential to revolutionize how scientists explore and conserve deep-sea environments.”

“These ecosystems are vast, remote, and costly to study, yet they confront increasing threats from climate change, fishing, and resource extraction.”

“eDNA offers a scalable, non-invasive method to gain essential insights into the organisms residing there, crucial for informed conservation efforts.”

“You can’t protect what you don’t know exists. The sheer volume of discoveries, including megafauna, emphasizes that we have much to learn about marine life in the Indian Ocean.”

The team’s findings are published in the journal Environmental DNA.

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Georgia M. Nester et al. 2026. Environmental DNA reveals diverse and expanding biodiversity in underwater canyons in the eastern Indian Ocean. Environmental DNA 8 (2): e70261; doi: 10.1002/edn3.70261

Source: www.sci.news