Yearly Archives: 2026

Exploring ‘Dark Oxygen’: Scientists Research Its Impact in Deep Sea Mining Zones

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Experiment on Oxygen Production by Deep-Sea Nodule

Experiment on Oxygen Production with Deep-Sea Nodule

Nippon Foundation

Scientists are set to deploy instruments to the ocean floor to explore the intriguing process of metal nodules producing oxygen in the Pacific Ocean. This unexpected phenomenon has ignited significant debate regarding the ethics of deep-sea mining.

In a surprising revelation from 2024, researchers identified that a potato-sized formation in the depths of the Pacific and Indian Oceans—including the distinguished Clarion-Clipperton Zone—functions as a vital oxygen source. This discovery challenges the conventional belief that large-scale oxygen production derives solely from sunlight and photosynthesis.

Dubbed “dark oxygen,” this phenomenon sustains life within the abyss, including microorganisms, sea cucumbers, and predatory sea anemones thriving thousands of meters beneath the surface. This finding casts doubt on proposals from deep-sea mining companies aiming to extract cobalt, nickel, and manganese by removing nodules from the ocean floor. A controversial deep-sea mining company was involved in this discovery, prompting a call for further scientific investigation.

Now, the team responsible for discovering dark oxygen is returning to the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, the prime location for potential deep-sea mining, to verify its existence and comprehend the mechanisms behind its production.

“Where does the oxygen come from for these diverse animal communities to thrive?” asked Andrew Sweetman from the Scottish Marine Science Society. “This could be an essential process, and we’re focused on uncovering it.”

The researchers propose that a metallic layer in the nodule generates an electrical current which splits seawater into hydrogen and oxygen. They’ve recorded up to 0.95 volts of electricity on the surface of the nodules—just below the standard 1.23 volts necessary for electrolysis. However, the team suggests that individual nodules or clusters could produce higher voltages.

Plans are underway to deploy a lander, essentially a metal frame housing various instruments, to a depth of 10,000 meters to measure oxygen flow and pH changes, as the electrolysis process releases protons, increasing water acidity.

Research Lander Deployed Into the Ocean

Scottish Marine Science Society

Given the potential role of microorganisms in this process, the lander will also collect sediment cores and nodules for laboratory analysis. Each nodule is home to approximately 100 million microorganisms, which researchers aim to identify through DNA sequencing and fluorescence microscopy.

“The immense diversity of microorganisms is constantly evolving; we are continually discovering new species,” remarked Jeff Marlow from Boston University. “Are they active? Are they influencing their environment in crucial ways?”

Furthermore, since electrolysis is generally not observed under the intense pressures found on the ocean floor, the team intends to utilize a high-pressure reactor to replicate deep-sea conditions and conduct electrolysis experiments there.

“The pressure of 400 atmospheres is comparable to that at which the Titan submarine tragically imploded,” noted Franz Geiger from Northwestern University. “We seek to understand the efficiency of water splitting under such high pressure.”

The ultimate aim is to carry out electrochemical reactions in the presence of microorganisms and bacteria under an electron microscope without harming the microorganisms.

The United Nations’ International Seabed Authority has yet to decide on the legality of deep-sea mining in international waters, with U.S. President Donald Trump advocating for its implementation. The Canadian company, The Metals Company, has applied for authorization from the U.S. government to commence deep-sea mining operations.

A recent paper authored by Metals Company scientists contends that Sweetman and his colleagues have not produced sufficient energy to facilitate seawater electrolysis in 2024, suggesting the observed oxygen was likely transported from the ocean’s surface by the deployed landers.

Sweetman countered this claim, stating that the lander would displace any air bubbles on its descent, and asserted that oxygen measurement would not have occurred if deployed in other regions, such as the Arctic ocean floor, which is 4,000 meters deep. Out of 65 experiments conducted at the Clarion-Clipperton Zone, he noted that 10% exhibited oxygen consumption while the remainder indicated oxygen production.

Sweetman and his colleagues also discovered that the oxidation phase of the electrolysis process can occur at lower voltages than those recorded on the nodule’s surface. A rebuttal presenting this data has been submitted to Natural Earth Science and is currently under review.

“From a commercial perspective, there are definitely interests attempting to suppress research in this field,” stated Sweetman in response to the Metals Company’s opposition to his findings.

“It is imperative to address all comments, regardless of their origin,” added Marlowe. “That is our current predicament in this process.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Global Water Bankruptcy: Understanding the Looming Crisis

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Iran Faces Severe Water Scarcity at Latian Dam

BAHRAM/Middle East Images/AFP via Getty Images

The world is entering an alarming “era of water bankruptcy” fueled by overconsumption and climate change. Approximately 75% of the global population lives in regions confronting severe water scarcity, pollution, and drought.

This is the finding of a United Nations report, which concludes that many regions are extracting excessive amounts from their annual rainwater and snowmelt, leading to the rapid depletion of groundwater reserves that may take thousands of years to replenish. Notably, 70% of major aquifers are now classified as depleted, and many changes are irreversible.

Key contributors to this crisis include the expansion of agriculture and urbanization into arid areas, which are becoming increasingly dry due to climate change. For instance, around 700 sinkholes have formed in Türkiye as a consequence of groundwater extraction. In addition, devastating sandstorms induced by desertification have resulted in numerous casualties in Beijing.

“Our surface water account is now empty,” asserts Kave Madani from the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health. “The inherited savings from our ancestors—groundwater and glaciers—are now exhausted. We are witnessing global signs of water bankruptcy,” he explained.

Approximately 4 billion people face water scarcity for at least one month each year, which is exacerbated by immigration, conflict, and insecurity. Madani noted that while a currency collapse triggered recent protests in Iran, underlying water shortages were also significant contributors.

Iran has experienced its driest autumn in 50 years. This situation is further aggravated by the rapid proliferation of agricultural dams and wells, contributing to the near-complete desiccation of Lake Urmia, once the largest lake in the Middle East. The Iranian government is now considering evacuating Tehran and is exploring cloud-seeding methods to induce rain.

In the United States, the Colorado River, which is crucial for the water supply in much of the western region, has experienced an estimated flow reduction of 20% in the past 20 years. This decline is mainly attributed to decreased rainfall and increased evaporation, alongside excessive water repurposing for beef and dairy production. Cities like Los Angeles rely heavily on this water for drinking, despite the diminishing flow reaching the ocean.

The river’s primary reservoirs are currently at about 30% capacity, and projections indicate they could reach “dead pool” status (10-15% capacity) by 2027, according to research conducted by Bradley Udall from Colorado State University. Negotiations over water allocation among states stalled last year.

Experts emphasize that increasing agricultural water efficiency often leads to greater water consumption. Improvements such as drip and sprinkler irrigation allow for gradual water absorption, yet more water also runs back into rivers from flooded fields. Therefore, it is essential to reduce overall water consumption alongside enhancing efficiency, Udall asserts.

“Agriculture consumes 70% of our water resources, hence effective solutions must originate from the agricultural sector,” he adds. “A reduction in agricultural use is crucial, and this issue is prevalent worldwide.”

Approximately half of the global food production occurs in areas where water storage is diminishing. Addressing agricultural water use will also necessitate economic diversification to support the livelihoods of over 1 billion individuals, predominantly in low-income nations, which often export food to high-income countries.

“Water is integral to the economy, as it significantly impacts public health,” states Madani. “If jobs are lost, it can lead to social unrest similar to what we are witnessing in Iran.”

Even regions with sufficient rainfall are experiencing increased water extraction by data centers or contamination from industries, sewage, and agricultural runoff. Wetlands equivalent to the area of the European Union are being lost primarily due to agricultural conversion, incurring an estimated global cost of $5.1 trillion in ecosystem services, such as flood mitigation, food production, and carbon storage.

In Bangladesh, approximately half of the nation experiences well water contamination due to arsenic, exacerbated by rising sea levels and saltwater intrusion. In Dhaka, tap water and the ominously dubbed “river of death” are polluted by chemicals linked to fast-fashion product manufacturing intended for export to Europe and North America.

“It is widely known that the river is tainted by the garment industry,” notes Sonia Hawke from Oxford University. “However, strict regulations could deter buyers, creating a conflict of interest.”

In many instances, vital water bodies—including rivers, lakes, wetlands, and aquifers—struggle to return to their previous conditions. Additionally, significant glacial melting has diminished water supplies for hundreds of millions.

Madani emphasizes the necessity for humanity to adapt to reduced water availability through improved water management strategies. However, this starts with accurately assessing water resources and consumption, including household meters, well usage, and waterway health.

“Efforts like [cloud-seeding] may be futile if we don’t understand our water system’s metrics. Effective management begins with measurement,” Madani concludes.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Secrets of Jupiter and Saturn: How Polar Cyclones Expose Hidden Interiors

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A groundbreaking study by planetary scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) reveals how the significant differences in polar vortex patterns between Jupiter and Saturn are influenced by the unique properties of their deep interiors. These findings offer valuable insights into the structure of these gas giants.

This composite image, captured by the JIRAM instrument aboard NASA’s Juno satellite, depicts a central low-pressure system at Jupiter’s north pole along with eight surrounding low-pressure systems. The colors in this image represent radiant heat, revealing temperature variations in their cloud layers. Image credit: NASA / JPL-Caltech / SwRI / ASI / INAF / JIRAM.

“Our study shows that the internal properties, including the softness of the vortex base, influence the fluid patterns observed at the surface,” explained Dr. Wang-Ying Kang from MIT.

The research was inspired by stunning images of Jupiter and Saturn obtained from NASA’s Juno and Cassini missions.

Since 2016, Juno has been orbiting Jupiter and revealing astonishing details about its north pole and intricate spiral formations.

The data suggest that each vortex on Jupiter is immense, measuring around 5,000 km (3,000 miles) in diameter.

Meanwhile, Cassini documented Saturn’s iconic polar vortex, which spans a singular hexagonal shape approximately 29,000 km (18,000 miles) wide, before its controlled descent into Saturn’s atmosphere in 2017.

“Despite their similarities in size and primary composition of hydrogen and helium, deciphering the differences in polar vortices between Jupiter and Saturn has been challenging,” noted MIT graduate student Jial Shi.

Researchers aimed to uncover the physical mechanisms behind the formation of either a single vortex or multiple vortices on these distant planets.

To achieve this, they employed a two-dimensional model of surface fluid dynamics.

While polar vortices are inherently three-dimensional, the fast rotation of Jupiter and Saturn leads to uniform motion along their rotational axes, allowing the team to effectively analyze vortex evolution in two dimensions.

“In rapidly rotating systems, fluid motion tends to be uniform along the axis,” Dr. Kang added. “This insight allowed us to convert a 3D challenge into a 2D problem, significantly speeding up simulations and reducing costs.”

With this in mind, researchers created a two-dimensional model of vortex behavior in gas giants, adapting equations that describe the evolution of swirling fluids over time.

“This equation is commonly used in various situations, including modeling cyclones on Earth,” Dr. Kang stated. “We tailored it for the polar regions of Jupiter and Saturn.”

Scientists applied the two-dimensional model to simulate fluid dynamics on gas giants in various scenarios, adjusting parameters such as planetary size, rotational speed, internal heating, and the characteristics of the fluid.

They introduced random “noise” to simulate initial chaotic fluid flow on the planets’ surfaces.

By analyzing how this fluid evolved over time across different scenarios, the researchers found that some conditions led to the formation of a single large polar vortex, akin to Saturn’s structure, while others resulted in multiple smaller vortices, similar to those on Jupiter.

Through careful examination of the parameters affecting each scenario, the study identified a unifying mechanism: the softness of the vortex base constrains the size that vortices can attain.

The softer and lighter the gas at the bottom of the vortex, the smaller the resulting vortex, enabling multiple smaller vortices to exist at Jupiter’s poles. Conversely, a denser and harder base permits the growth of sizable vortices, manifesting as a singular entity like Saturn.

If this mechanism holds for both gas giants, it could suggest that Jupiter has a softer internal composition, while Saturn may contain denser materials.

“The fluid patterns we observe on the surface of Jupiter and Saturn may provide insights into their interior compositions,” Shi remarked.

“This is crucial because Saturn’s interior likely harbors richer metals and more condensable materials, leading to stronger stratification than that found in Jupiter,” Shi added. “This will enhance our understanding of gas giant planets.”

The team’s findings will be published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

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Gial Sea & One In Can. 2026. Polar vortex dynamics of gas giant planets: Insights from 2D energy cascades. PNAS in press.

Source: www.sci.news

Top 3 Expert-Recommended Strategies for Managing Anxiety Effectively

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Explore the latest science news and in-depth articles in New Scientist, featuring expert insights on technology, health, and environmental developments.

As a cognitive psychoanalyst and former NHS mental health leader, Owen O’Kane presents a fresh perspective in his books, How to Become Your Own Therapist and Addiction to Anxiety. Instead of viewing anxiety as an enemy to conquer, he emphasizes the importance of embracing it. O’Kane challenges the prevalent brain-focused solutions circulating on social media, suggesting that we should begin with our bodies. Here are three practical approaches to transform your relationship with anxiety for better mental health.

1. Understand Anxiety – It’s Your Ally!

Traditional anxiety research tends to focus on “switching off” certain brain functions or reducing hormones. O’Kane argues that we should first develop a healthier relationship with anxiety, acknowledging its presence rather than merely trying to suppress it. Recognize that when anxiety arises, it signals fears that need attention; this protective mechanism may be trying to keep you safe.

If you perceive anxiety as a prompt from a supportive friend rather than an adversary, you can leverage its insights. For instance, if you’re anxious about a presentation, it’s your mind’s way of urging you to prepare and perform well!

However, treating anxiety as an enemy only amplifies your fear and may lead to missed opportunities. By acknowledging anxiety’s intention to safeguard you, you pave the way for more constructive coping mechanisms.

Ultimately, building a rapport with your anxiety and understanding its role is critical. Accept that while it may be uncomfortable, it exists for good reason, and rejecting it leads only to temporary relief but not genuine resolution.

2. Shift Your Focus to the Body, Not the Brain.

Many mental health professionals tend to concentrate on altering thought patterns, but O’Kane places emphasis on physical sensations. Anxiety often manifests physically; when your body feels tense, it signals to your brain that something is amiss, which can lead to irrational thoughts.

When you notice your body responding to stress, engage in activities that release that pent-up energy—be it through deep breathing, exercise, or even cold exposure. The goal is not to eliminate anxiety but to send calming signals back to your brain, allowing your rational mind to re-engage.

3. Document Your Thoughts to Tackle Uncertainty.

Research indicates that the average person has thousands of thoughts daily, many of which are negative or anxiety-inducing. When we experience anxiety, we tend to treat these thoughts as facts, perpetuating an anxiety cycle.

After acknowledging anxiety’s protective role and regulating your body, start actively documenting anxious thoughts. List the worries and evaluate their likelihood of happening. This process fosters rational thinking and diminishes the grip of anxiety over time.

Understand that uncertainty is inherent in life. O’Kane suggests embracing uncertainty rather than fearing it. Each time you adapt your response to anxiety, you forge new neural pathways, ultimately increasing your comfort level with anxiety.

Insights shared by Helen Thomson.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Satellites Can Utilize Magnetic Fields to Prevent Collisions

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Innovative Control Method for Satellites in Space

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Utilizing magnetic fields to maneuver satellites could significantly enhance the longevity of space exploration missions and reduce the risk of collisions between spacecraft.

Currently, most space missions and artificial satellites depend on propellant for movement in space, which limits their operational lifetimes due to fuel depletion. An innovative alternative, known as electromagnetic formation flight (EMFF), employs renewable energy sources like solar panels to power onboard electromagnetic coils. These coils generate magnetic fields that can theoretically steer spacecraft through interactions with similar fields from adjacent satellites.

However, researchers have faced challenges with EMFF due to a phenomenon called electromagnetic coupling. The magnetic field from one satellite affects not just nearby satellites but all satellites in proximity, complicating coordinated movement among multiple objects.

A research team at the University of Kentucky has proposed a promising solution through a method called alternating magnetic field forcing (AMFF).

This technique enables two satellites to communicate and control each other’s trajectories without disrupting a third satellite. This is achieved by utilizing distinct interaction frequencies, allowing two satellites to coordinate on one frequency while maintaining communication with others on different frequencies.

The AMFF concept has been successfully tested on Earth instead of in space. The three satellites were positioned on specialized linear rails employing high-pressure air to create a low-friction environment. With the integrated laser ranging module, the satellites achieved precise travel distances and effective interactions as defined by the researchers.

The project team did not respond to interview requests. However, Alvar Saenz Otero, a researcher at the University of Washington, noted that this paper represents a significant advancement in a long-standing research area. “The complexity of a formation flight system increases significantly when transitioning from two to three satellites,” he explains.

Yet, Otero expresses skepticism about the immediate application of this technology for low-Earth orbit satellites, such as massive constellations like Starlink. “Our work on EMFF has primarily focused on deep space operations,” he adds.

Earth’s atmosphere can impact the frequencies utilized for EMFF or AMFF, introducing interference that complicates satellite control, he notes.

While it is currently feasible for three units to fly together and utilize magnetic fields for navigation, scaling this approach to manage thousands of satellites poses a formidable challenge. “This is not applicable at the constellation level,” remarks Ray Sedwick from the University of Maryland.

“Employing superconducting magnetic coils significantly extends the operational range of EMFF, but numerous technical challenges remain,” Sedwick explains, indicating that large-scale magnetic motion might still be on the horizon.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Evidence Suggests Mars Once Had an Ocean Comparable to the Arctic Ocean

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Mars Was Once Much Wetter

NASA/USGS

Mars’ geological features reveal that the planet once hosted rivers and extensive coastlines, indicating it may have had vast oceans in its history. This discovery offers the most substantial evidence yet of Mars’ once vibrant blue landscape.

According to Ezzat Heidari, a geochemist at Jackson State University in Mississippi (who was not part of the study), “The existence of liquid water on Mars encompasses a wide array of topics including rain, rivers, lakes, and oceans.” In his view, this research highlights a significant factor: the ocean.

The research team, featuring planetary geologists like Ignatius Indy and geoscientists such as Fritz Schlunegger from the University of Bern, made groundbreaking discoveries using data from numerous spacecraft. This includes NASA’s Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and the European Space Agency’s Mars Express and ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter. The ExoMars spacecraft, equipped with a specialized Bernese Mars camera, has been instrumental in capturing high-resolution color images, which were crucial for this research.

“These sophisticated images help us identify subtle variations in surface materials that are invisible in black and white images,” Indy explains. Combined with topographical data from other orbiters, these tools transform into a “geological time machine,” providing a clearer glimpse of Mars’ geological evolution.

To explore Mars’ potential ancient water sources, the researchers scrutinized Valles Marineris, an extensive canyon system over 4,000 kilometers long that runs along the planet’s equator. Their focus particularly emphasized the southeast area, Koprates Chasma, with its features dating back around 3.3 billion years.

By merging the new images with geomorphological analyses, the researchers identified structures indicative of river flow into oceans and the formation of alpine lakes at mountain bases—similar to Earth’s geography.

“The Nile Delta serves as a classic illustration,” Schlunegger notes. “If you were to drain the Mediterranean just past the end of the Nile, you’d observe features remarkably akin to those found on Mars,” he states.

Silty Deposits Left by Ancient Water on Mars

Algadestia et al. 2026, CaSSIS

The new data allowed scientists to trace the ancient coastline of Mars’ former ocean, estimating its size to be comparable to Earth’s Arctic Ocean. This could represent the largest ocean that ever existed on Mars.

“Our research indicates that approximately 3 billion years ago, Mars may have sustained significant bodies of surface water within Valles Marineris, the largest canyon in our solar system,” Indy remarked. “What’s even more intriguing is that these water bodies might have been linked to a much larger ocean that once spanned parts of Mars’ northern lowlands.”

While past research suggested the presence of water on Mars, much of the evidence was indirect. A notable study revealed Martian minerals that may have interacted with water long ago. Additional investigations have indicated that an ancient asteroid impact could have triggered a massive tsunami on the planet. Yet, acquiring conclusive data has remained a challenge.

The notion that Mars once harbored a vast ocean remains debated; as Michael Manga, a geoscientist from the University of California, Berkeley (who wasn’t involved in this study), points out, “Even if the ocean did exist, the geological record is far too ancient to be clear.”

This discovery raises fascinating possibilities for the search for extraterrestrial life and serves as a cautionary reminder that Earth’s crucial resources may also one day diminish.

“This paper addresses a question that is paramount to those researching Mars’ evolution,” Heidari said. “Martian oceans would have operated similarly to Earth’s oceans, playing a vital role in the planet’s health.”

World Capital of Astronomy: Chile

Discover Chile’s astronomical treasures, including the world’s most advanced observatory, and enjoy stargazing under the clearest skies on Earth.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Discover Sunscreens with Ground Wood That Achieve SPF 180+ Protection

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Natural Sunscreen

Exploring Innovative Natural Sunscreens

Amparo Garcia/Shutterstock

Recent research highlights that sunscreens enhanced with lignin, a natural polymer found in wood, can achieve an impressive sun protection factor (SPF) exceeding 180. This innovative ingredient also promises longer-lasting effects and lower skin penetration compared to conventional sunscreens, potentially offering a safer alternative.

While sunscreen is crucial for skin cancer prevention, there is growing concern about its safety. A recent survey revealed that 14% of young adults mistakenly believe daily sunscreen use poses more risks than direct sun exposure.

This confusion stems from findings by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which confirmed that some common sunscreen ingredients can enter the bloodstream. However, long-term studies have shown no significant health risks associated with regular sunscreen use, prompting the FDA to call for further investigation.

In response, researchers are actively seeking natural alternatives to traditional sunscreen chemicals that are not only safer for human health but also less harmful to coral reefs and marine ecosystems.

Among the most promising natural ingredients is lignin, known for reinforcing plant cell walls and shielding them from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation.

One major challenge lies in extracting lignin from wood without altering its color. Conventional methods often use harsh chemicals, turning it from a light hue to dark brown, rendering it unsuitable for sunscreen applications.

Researchers from South China University of Science and Technology have successfully developed a milder extraction technique. Led by Jun Lee, the team extracted pale yellow lignin from poplar trees using crushing and sieving methods, followed by ultrasound treatment. Another group, led by Yong Qian, utilized a similar approach to harvest pale pink lignin from birch trees.

The extracted lignin was then transformed into nanoparticles and blended with standard white creams to formulate sunscreen products.

Tests indicated that the pale yellow lignin sunscreen achieved an SPF of 20, while the pale pink version reached an SPF of 19, providing moderate protection against harmful UV rays and blending seamlessly with various skin tones for a smooth application.

While these lignin-based sunscreens do not match the high protection levels of many commercial products (often SPF 50 or higher), the research team experimented by encapsulating popular sunscreen agents, avobenzone and octinoxate, within lignin nanoparticles. This innovative combination produced an astounding SPF of over 180. However, it’s essential to note that sunscreen labels cannot exceed SPF 50 due to regulatory guidelines.

Encapsulating these ingredients in lignin nanoparticles not only enhances their stability under sunlight but also minimizes skin penetration, thus potentially increasing safety.

Qian has reported that ongoing trials of one lignin-based sunscreen formulation indicate it is safe and effective, contributing to the search for healthier sunscreen options.

In addition to lignin, other naturally sourced ingredients like those derived from seaweed, ferns, squid, and even human hair are being investigated for sunscreen applications.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Groundbreaking Moment: First-Ever Photos of a Cow Using Tools Leave Scientists Amazed

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In a picturesque mountain pasture in Austria, a remarkably intelligent cow is reshaping our understanding of animal cognition.

Meet Veronica, a pet Swiss brown cow who has innovatively learned to use both ends of a stick to scratch her back. This impressive tool use is exceedingly rare in the animal kingdom and has never been documented in cattle before.

Dr. Antonio Osuna Mascaro, a professor at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna, led the groundbreaking study published in Current Biology. The research highlights how Veronica creatively utilizes available tools to scratch herself.

Initially, researchers provided her with a broom brush, expecting her to only use the bristles. However, Veronica adapted her tool use based on the specific itch needing relief.

For larger or more intense itches on her back, she utilized the bristled end of the brush. Conversely, for lighter itches, such as on her sensitive lower abdomen, she opted for the smooth handle end.

https://c02.purpledshub.com/uploads/sites/41/2026/01/Veronika-edit-1.mp4
Veronica skillfully adjusts her scratching technique based on the area of discomfort.

“The only well-documented occurrence similar to this was when a chimpanzee cleverly manipulated the ends of a stick to forage for termites,” Osuna Mascaro stated, as reported by BBC Science Focus.

Researchers emphasize that domestic animals have often been overlooked by behavioral scientists, meaning their perceived lack of intelligence may stem more from insufficient observation than from the animals’ actual capabilities.

“Understanding that cows possess the ability to innovate and use tools flexibly sends a powerful message about our biases regarding cow intelligence and capabilities,” Osuna Mascaro added.

Osuna Mascaro (left) shared that Veronica (right) is affectionate and cherished by her human family. – Credit: Antonio J. Osuna Mascaró

Veronica: The Beloved Cow

The study emphasizes that while Veronica is unique, her intelligent behavior is not an isolated case.

As a cherished pet, Veronica enjoys access to open spaces, daily human engagement, and the freedom to explore her environment. At 13 years old, she is significantly older than the average domestic cow.

Her human companion, Witger Vigele, first observed Veronica using tools over a decade ago. Intrigued by her intelligence, researchers analyzed footage of her behavior and decided to meet this extraordinary cow.

Researchers urge everyone to appreciate intelligent cows like Veronica – Credit: AJ Osuna-Mascaró

The findings suggest that our perceptions of domestic animals’ intelligence may not relate to their actual abilities, but rather to the opportunities they are given to demonstrate their intelligence and whether we take the time to observe them.

“I would love to hear from anyone who has witnessed cows displaying similar behaviors firsthand,” Osuna Mascaro expressed.

“The key element is using an object dynamically to achieve goals that would be otherwise difficult or impossible,” he concluded.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Physicists Start Construction of Groundbreaking Graviton Detector

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Igor Pikovsky, a physicist at Stevens Institute of Technology, along with his team, is pioneering an innovative experiment aimed at capturing individual gravitons—particles previously believed to be nearly undetectable. This groundbreaking work signals a new era in quantum gravity research.

Expected detection of single graviton signatures from gravitational waves in future experiments. Image credit: I. Pikovski.

Modern physics faces a significant challenge. The two foundational pillars—quantum theory and Einstein’s general theory of relativity—appear contradictory at a glance.

While quantum theory depicts nature through discrete quantum particles and interactions, general relativity interprets gravity as the smooth curvature of space and time.

A true unification demands that gravity be quantum in nature, mediated by particles called gravitons.

For a long time, detecting even a single graviton was deemed nearly impossible.

Consequently, the problem of quantum gravity has mostly remained a theoretical concept, with no experimental framework for a unified theory in view.

In 2024, Dr. Pikovsky and his collaborators from Stevens Institute of Technology, Stockholm University, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, and Nordita demonstrated that *detecting gravitons* is indeed feasible.

“For ages, the idea of detecting gravitons seemed hopeless, which is why it wasn’t considered an experimental question,” Pikovsky stated.

“Our findings indicate that this conclusion is outdated, especially with today’s advanced quantum technologies.”

The breakthrough stems from a fresh perspective that combines two pivotal experimental innovations.

The first is the detection of gravitational waves—ripples in spacetime generated by collisions between black holes and neutron stars.

The second innovation is the advancement in quantum engineering. Over the last decade, physicists have mastered the cooling, control, and measurement of larger systems in true quantum states, leading to extraordinary quantum phenomena beyond the atomic scale.

In a landmark experiment in 2022, a team led by Yale University professor Jack Harris showcased the control and measurement of individual vibrational quanta of superfluid helium exceeding 1 nanogram in weight.

Dr. Pikovsky and his co-authors realized that by merging these two advancements, it becomes possible to absorb and detect a single graviton. A passing gravitational wave could, theoretically, transfer exactly one quantum of energy (or one graviton) into a sufficiently large quantum system.

The resulting energy shift may be minimal but manageable. The primary hurdle lies in the fact that gravitons seldom interact with matter.

Nevertheless, in quantum systems scaled to the kilogram level, it is feasible to absorb a single graviton in the presence of strong gravitational waves generated by black hole or neutron star mergers.

Thanks to this recent revelation, Dr. Pikovsky and Professor Harris are collaborating to construct the world’s first experiment specifically designed to detect individual gravitons.

With backing from the WM Keck Foundation, they are engineering centimeter-scale superfluid helium resonators, moving closer to the conditions needed to absorb single gravitons from astrophysical gravitational waves.

“We already possess essential tools; we can detect single quanta in macroscopic quantum systems; it’s merely a matter of scaling up,” Professor Harris elaborated.

The objective of this experiment is to immerse a gram-scale cylindrical resonator within a superfluid helium container, cool the setup to the quantum ground state, and utilize laser-based measurements to detect individual phonons (the vibrational quanta transformed from gravitons).

This detector builds upon an existing laboratory system while advancing into uncharted territory—scaling masses to the gram level while maintaining exceptional quantum sensitivity.

Successfully demonstrating this platform sets the stage for the next iteration, which will be optimized for the sensitivity required to achieve direct detection of gravitons, thus opening new experimental avenues in quantum gravity.

“Quantum physics began with controlled experiments involving light and matter,” Pikovsky noted.

“Our current aim is to bring gravity into this experimental domain and investigate gravitons much like physicists studied photons over a century ago.”

Source: www.sci.news

3I/ATLAS Comet Awakens: Signs of Activity Intensify Post-Perihelion

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NASA’s SPHEREx mission reveals that interstellar object 3I/ATLAS dramatically transformed into an active comet following its close approach to the Sun.

SPHEREx imaging of 3I/ATLAS taken from December 8th to 15th, 2025. Image credit: NASA / arXiv: 2601.06759.

SPHEREx monitored 3I/ATLAS from December 8 to 15, 2025, shortly after its perihelion, the closest approach to the Sun.

“In December 2025, SPHEREx reobserved 3I/ATLAS post-perihelion and found it to be far more active than previously observed. August 2025 SPHEREx pre-perihelion observations show significant evidence that it has completely sublimated its ice, transforming into a comet,” explained astronomer Carrie Risse from Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory.

New SPHEREx data indicates a gas- and dust-rich coma, revealing emissions of cyanide (CN), water (H2O), organic compounds (CH), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO).

“The emergence of cyanide and organic matter indicates their presence in the aqueous phase,” said Avi Loeb, a Harvard University professor not involved in this study.

Researchers noted a sharp increase in water activity, accompanied by a significant surge in carbon monoxide emissions.

“The H2O gas signature, previously nearly undetectable in August, is now 20 times stronger, indicating complete sublimation of water,” added the researchers.

“CO emission rates have increased by 20 times, as the CO/CO2 ratio has risen 15-fold as well.”

SPHEREx images further demonstrate that the object’s gaseous envelope has expanded significantly.

“The gas comas observed by SPHEREx are distinctly resolved, extending from 1 foot to 3 feet in radius; all but the CN and CH organic comas appear round relative to the Sun and orbital velocity,” scientists noted.

“In contrast, the dust and organic matter images in the SPHEREx continuum exhibit a pear-shaped morphology, with the ‘pear stalk’ directed toward the Sun.”

“These varying shapes suggest that CN and CH are sourced from dust, while H2O, CO2, and CO gases are distributed symmetrically around the atomic nucleus.”

“No visible jets or anti-solar tail structures were detected.”

SPHEREx’s observations indicate fundamental changes in the physical state of 3I/ATLAS.

“December 2025’s observations align with a comet that is fully active and sublimating water ice,” the authors concluded.

The composition now resembles that of typical Solar System comets, with ice content comparable to most comets.

Researchers attribute these changes to the object’s trajectory through the inner solar system.

“By December, 3I/ATLAS had spent 3.5 months within the solar system’s ice line, causing all comet components and volatile CO2 ice to become active,” they stated.

“Consequently, the bulk material of the cometary matrix evaporated, releasing its contents.”

“Further observations are anticipated before 3I/ATLAS passes through SPHEREx’s investigation pattern again in April 2026,” they concluded.

For more information, refer to their paper, submitted for publication in AAS Research Notes.

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CM Lisse et al. 2026. SPHEREx reobservations of interstellar object 3I/ATLAS in December 2025: increased post-perihelion activity, detection of coma dust, and new gaseous emissions. RNAAS submitted for publication. arXiv: 2601.06759

Source: www.sci.news

Groundbreaking Discovery: Researchers Document Cows Using Tools for the First Time

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In a groundbreaking study published in the latest issue of Current Biology, researchers from Vienna Veterinary University present the first experimental evidence that cows (Bos taurus) can utilize a single object as a versatile tool, adapting its use according to the task at hand. The study focused on a pet Swiss brown cow named Veronica, who learned to manipulate a deck brush to effectively scratch hard-to-reach areas of her body. Through a series of controlled trials, Veronica exhibited targeted adjustments based on the sensitivity of the body parts she aimed to scratch.

Veronica’s tool technique. Image credit: Antonio Osuna-Mascaró and Alice Auersperg, doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059.

Veronica, a long-lived Swiss brown cow, is not raised for meat or milk. She is a beloved pet of Vitger Vigele, an organic farmer and baker who cherishes her as part of the family.

Over a decade ago, Vigele observed Veronica occasionally picking up sticks to scratch herself, sparking interest in her behavior.

According to Dr. Alice Auersperg, a cognitive biologist at Vienna University, “These findings suggest that our preconceptions about domestic animal intelligence may stem more from observational gaps than from actual cognitive limitations.”

In structured trials, Dr. Auersperg and colleague Dr. Antonio Osuna Mascaro placed deck brushes at random angles. They recorded which ends Veronica selected and the body parts she targeted.

After multiple assessments, the researchers discovered that Veronica’s choices were consistent and matched the needs of the targeted areas.

“We have demonstrated that cows can engage in genuinely flexible tool use,” stated Dr. Osuna Mascaro.

“Veronica doesn’t just use objects haphazardly.”

“She effectively employs different segments of the same tool for distinct purposes, altering her techniques based on the tool’s role and the specific body part involved.”

The study revealed that Veronica typically favors the bristles of a deck brush for scratching large, hard areas like her back. For more sensitive regions, she switches to the smooth stick end.

Moreover, her handling of the tools varies; her upper body scratching movements are broad and vigorous, while her lower body motions are slower, more deliberate, and precisely controlled.

Tool use is defined as manipulating external objects to achieve a goal through mechanical means. The study found that Veronica’s behavior fulfills this definition while demonstrating flexible and versatile tool use, utilizing different features of the same object for various functional outcomes.

Such agility in tool use is exceedingly rare, with evidence only convincingly documented in chimpanzees to date.

“Using tools on her own body represents a self-directed form of tool use, which is typically considered less complex than applying tools to external objects,” remarked Dr. Osuna Mascaro.

“Veronica faces inherent physical limitations as she depends on her mouth to manipulate tools.”

“What’s remarkable is her ability to overcome these limitations, demonstrating foresight by adjusting her grip strength and movements accordingly.”

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Antonio J. Osuna-Mascalo & Alice MI Auersperg. 2026. Flexible use of multipurpose tools by cows. Current Biology 36 (2): R44-R45; doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2025.11.059

Source: www.sci.news

Revolutionary New Sensor Transforms Optical Imaging Technology

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Revolutionizing Imaging Technology: UConn Scientists Create Lens-Free Sensor with Submicron 3D Resolution

Illustration of MASI’s working principle. Image credit: Wang et al., doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-65661-8.

“This technological breakthrough addresses a longstanding issue in imaging,” states Professor Guoan Zheng, the lead author from the University of Connecticut.

“Synthetic aperture imaging leverages the combination of multiple isolated sensors to mimic a larger imaging aperture.”

This technique works effectively in radio astronomy due to the longer wavelengths of radio waves, which facilitate precise sensor synchronization.

However, at visible wavelengths, achieving this synchronization is physically challenging due to the significantly smaller scales involved.

The Multiscale Aperture Synthesis Imager (MASI) turns this challenge on its head.

Instead of requiring multiple sensors to operate in perfect synchronization, MASI utilizes each sensor to independently measure light, employing computational algorithms to synchronize these measurements.

“It’s akin to multiple photographers capturing the same scene as raw light measurements, which software then stitches together into a single ultra-high-resolution image,” explains Professor Zheng.

This innovative computational phase-locking method removes the dependency on strict interferometric setups that previously limited the use of optical synthetic aperture systems.

MASI diverges from conventional optical imaging through two key innovations.

Firstly, instead of using a lens to focus light onto a sensor, MASI employs an array of coded sensors positioned on a diffractive surface, capturing raw diffraction patterns—the way light waves disperse after encountering an object.

These measurements contain valuable amplitude and phase information, which are decoded using advanced computational algorithms.

After reconstructing the complex wavefront from each sensor, the system digitally adjusts the wavefront and numerically propagates it back to the object’s surface.

A novel computational phase synchronization technique iteratively fine-tunes the relative phase offsets to enhance overall coherence and energy during the joint reconstruction process.

This key innovation enables MASI to surpass diffraction limits and constraints posed by traditional optical systems by optimizing the combined wavefront in the software, negating the need for physical sensor alignment.

As a result, MASI achieves a larger virtual synthetic aperture than any individual sensor, delivering submicron resolution and a wide field of view, all without the use of lenses.

Unlike traditional lenses for microscopes, cameras, and telescopes, which require designers to make trade-offs, MASI enables higher resolution without the limitations of lens proximity.

MASI captures diffraction patterns from several centimeters away, reconstructing images with unparalleled submicron resolution. This innovation is akin to inspecting the intricate ridges of a human hair from a distance, rather than needing to hold it inches away.

“The potential applications of MASI are vast, ranging from forensics and medical diagnostics to industrial testing and remote sensing,” highlights Professor Zheng.

“Moreover, the scalability is extraordinary. Unlike traditional optical systems, which become increasingly complex, our framework scales linearly, opening doors to large arrays for applications we have yet to conceptualize.”

For more details, refer to the team’s published paper in Nature Communications.

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R. One et al. 2025. Multiscale aperture synthetic imager. Nat Commun 16, 10582; doi: 10.1038/s41467-025-65661-8

Source: www.sci.news

Physicists Question Long-Standing Beliefs on Dark Matter’s True Nature

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New insights challenge the long-held belief that dark matter was “cold” in the immediate aftermath of the Big Bang. A groundbreaking study from the University of Minnesota Twin Cities and the University of Paris-Saclay reveals that dark matter particles might have been extraordinarily hot and traveling at near-light speeds in the primordial universe, before cooling down during the formative epochs of galaxies and large-scale structures.

Hypothetical dark matter particles. Image credit: University of Adelaide.

For decades, physicists have categorized dark matter based on the velocity of its constituent particles. Cold dark matter is slow enough to clump under gravitational forces, contributing to the formation of galaxies and galaxy clusters.

This categorization is a cornerstone of the standard cosmological model, explaining the universe’s intricate web-like structure.

However, the recent findings indicate that dark matter may have emerged from the hot plasma of the early universe in an ultrarelativistic state—essentially moving at ultra-high speeds—before cooling adequately during the formation of cosmic structures.

This refined perspective broadens the potential behaviors of dark matter particles and expands the pool of candidate particles physicists can investigate through experiments and astronomical observations.

The study concentrates on a critical phase in the early universe known as reheating, which followed an explosive inflationary expansion.

During the reheating phase, the energy fueling the universe’s expansion transformed into a dense hot mixture of particles and radiation.

This discovery suggests that under certain conditions, dark matter produced during this period could exist at speeds approaching that of light while still aligning with the vast universe we observe today.

If validated, these findings could significantly impact ongoing dark matter detection initiatives, including particle colliders, underground detectors, and astrophysical studies.

Moreover, they pose new theoretical challenges regarding the fundamental nature of dark matter and its role in the universe’s evolution.

“Dark matter remains one of the biggest mysteries in physics,” explains Stephen Henrik, a graduate student at the University of Minnesota.

“Historically, one consistent assumption has been that dark matter must be cold at its inception in the primordial universe.”

“Our findings reveal a different narrative. In fact, dark matter may start off as red-hot, but has ample time to cool before galaxies commence formation.”

“The simplest dark matter candidate, low-mass neutrinos, was deemed incompatible decades ago because they could annihilate galaxy-sized structures instead of facilitating them,” states Keith Olive, a professor at the University of Minnesota.

“Neutrinos serve as a prime example of hot dark matter, whose structural formation relies on cold dark matter.”

“If a similar candidate arose during the hot Big Bang, it’s remarkable that it could cool sufficiently to behave as cold dark matter.”

“This new discovery allows us to explore a period in the universe’s history that is very close to the Big Bang,” adds Professor Yann Mambrini, a physicist at the University of Paris-Saclay.

The team’s research has been published in the journal Physical Review Letters.

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Stephen E. Henrik et al. 2025. Ultra-relativistic freezeout: Bridge from WIMP to FIMP. Physics Review Letters 135, 221002; doi: 10.1103/zk9k-nbpj

Source: www.sci.news

Enhancing Astronaut Durability: The Challenges of Tardigrade Adaptation

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Tardigrade Resilience

Tardigrades Exhibit Extreme Resilience

How can space explorers be shielded from cosmic radiation without using massive lead enclosures? Some researchers propose leveraging the unique properties of a protein found in tardigrades that can protect DNA, but the solution is more complex.

Corey Nislow and his team at the University of British Columbia have identified a protein named Dsup (short for Damage Suppressor) that not only protects against radiation but also against various mutagenic substances. However, this protection comes with trade-offs, such as diminished cell viability.

“All the benefits we observe come at a cost,” Nislow states.

Tardigrades, often called water bears, are known for their incredible survival abilities, thriving under extreme conditions such as high radiation, harsh temperatures, desiccation, and even the vacuum of space. In 2016, Dsup was discovered as a critical component of this resilience. When human cells were genetically modified to express Dsup, they displayed enhanced radiation resistance without any adverse effects.

This led to the hypothesis that Dsup could serve as a protective agent against harmful radiation and mutagens. One potential method involves administering the mRNA that encodes Dsup, encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), similar to the technology utilized in mRNA coronavirus vaccines.

“A couple of years ago, I was fully convinced that delivering Dsup mRNA through LNPs to space crews would be highly effective; it wouldn’t alter their genomes but would serve as an efficient countermeasure against DNA damage,” Nislow mentions.

However, ongoing research involving genetically engineered yeast cells producing Dsup has revealed that high concentrations can be toxic, while lower levels can inhibit growth.

Dsup seems to safeguard DNA by physically enveloping it, which, in turn, complicates access for proteins necessary for RNA synthesis and DNA replication before cellular division. It also poses challenges for DNA repair proteins attempting to mend the DNA, particularly in cells with limited repair capabilities, where significant repairs may not occur.

Nislow speculates that Dsup could be beneficial for protecting astronauts, animals, and plants, but emphasizes the importance of controlling its expression levels to optimize its protective effects.

“I completely concur,” says James Byrne, from the University of Iowa, who is studying whether Dsup can shield healthy cells during cancer radiation therapy.

Byrne notes the potential risks associated with continuous Dsup production in all human cells but suggests that temporary expression during periods of need could be advantageous.

“It is undeniable that exceeding a certain threshold can render Dsup toxic,” he acknowledges. Simon Glass from the University of Montpellier also observes that low levels of Dsup can extend the lifespan of nematodes by providing oxidative stress protection, indicating that our understanding of Dsup’s mechanisms remains incomplete.

Jessica Tyler from Weill Cornell Medicine has also engineered yeast to produce Dsup, noting that lower levels than those examined by Nislow appeared beneficial without compromising growth.

“Thus, I disagree with the assertion that Dsup’s protective benefits come at a significant cost,” Tyler affirms, while agreeing on the necessity for regulated Dsup expression.

Although current technologies do not allow for the introduction of the ideal cells to produce Dsup at desired levels, Nislow expresses optimism about future advancements. “There is significant investment and interest in developing effective delivery systems,” he remarks. “This is a challenge that many in the pharmaceutical industry are eager to tackle.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Key Moments: The Most Crucial Seconds in the History of the Universe

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An Artist’s Rendition of the Universe’s Early Moments

Credit: Alfred Pasieka/Science Photo Library/Alamy Stock Photo

The initial second of the universe’s existence was arguably the most significant moment in history. According to Big Bang cosmology, which is widely accepted by most cosmologists, the universe commenced from an infinitely small and dense state, expanding into a vast cosmos over several light-years.

This monumental journey began with a phase known as inflation. The exact cause of this exponential expansion remains a mystery; however, every 10 years, it is estimated that the distance between any two points in space doubled. This process saw the universe swell by a billion times, far exceeding the total number of grains of sand found on Earth’s beaches – and even surpassing the number of stars in the known universe.

During this inflationary period, foundational structures, which would evolve into the universe’s largest formations, were established. As the universe expanded, minuscule irregularities grew, driven by the randomness of quantum mechanics. These fluctuations contributed to differences in the density of the immensely hot plasma that filled the universe.

The duration of the Inflationary Era and the final size of the universe at its conclusion are topics of ongoing debate. While cosmologists might liken its size to that of various fruits, the consensus is that it lasted just a fleeting moment. Despite its rapid growth, the universe would have been comparable to a grain of sand up to a few meters in diameter, existing as a hot, opaque plasma interspersed with the first particles and antiparticles amidst raw energy.

As this hot sphere expanded, it gradually cooled, allowing particles to bond and form the first hadrons, including protons and neutrons, which comprise most of today’s matter. This process, known as baryogenesis, saw an unexpected surplus of matter compared to antimatter, resulting in the majority of antimatter annihilating with matter during the early universe’s development.

As particles continued to evolve, the universe underwent significant transitions referred to as “phase transitions,” simultaneously altering the state of all matter. This was a unique moment of synchronicity that has never been replicated. Initially, the four fundamental forces of nature – gravity, strong force, weak force, and electromagnetic force – were unified during the Big Bang, but separate distinguished behaviors emerged within the first billionth of a second.

These phase transitions facilitated further changes. The universe transitioned from opaque to transparent, allowing radiation to flow freely, lighting up the cosmos. Newly formed matter particles began gaining mass through interactions with the Higgs field, which had recently become separated from other fields. At this juncture, only a trillionth of a second post-Big Bang, particles, including the fundamental ones, began to acquire mass, significantly altering the cosmic landscape.

As the universe, still less than a light-year in diameter, started clumping together due to the quantum fluctuations, it laid the groundwork for the eventual formation of galaxies and star clusters. While it took an extensive period for these structures to materialize, this aggregation was a crucial event in cosmic evolution.

Approximately one second after the Big Bang, the rapid evolution of the cosmos began to moderate. Although the universe remained considerably smaller than the distance between our Sun and the nearest star, Alpha Centauri, the fundamental particles and forces that shaped its future were already taking familiar forms.

Nuclei formed a few minutes after the Big Bang, but it would be hundreds of thousands of years before they could hold electrons and create neutral atoms. Stars and galaxies took tens of millions of years more to emerge. Yet, the essential foundations for our universe were established within that brief second. Numerous seconds have elapsed since then, with cosmologists tirelessly investigating and piecing together the myriad events bridging that primeval moment to the present.

Ultimately, that single second of cosmic history was transformative. It propelled the universe from a point in the vast nothingness into the primordial soup from which everything else arose.

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Barnacle Groups Could Transform Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment

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Inflammatory bowel disease

Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Bleeding Wounds

Springer Medin/Science Photo Library

Researchers exploring solutions for Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) have drawn surprising inspiration from barnacles.

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, typically arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the intestines, leading to inflammation. Common symptoms encompass diarrhea, significant abdominal pain, weight loss, and gastrointestinal bleeding.

While anti-inflammatory medications like steroids can alleviate symptoms, persistent bleeding may necessitate the use of small metallic clips inserted into the intestine to address the inflammation-induced wounds. However, this procedure carries potential infection risks and may exacerbate the injury.

In pursuit of gentler alternatives, researchers have previously engineered bacteria to generate proteins beneficial for wound healing. Unfortunately, these microorganisms are generally eliminated from the intestines within days and require manual activation with pharmaceuticals, according to Bolin Anne from the Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology in China.

Recently, Ahn and colleagues have genetically modified a benign strain of Escherichia coli that produces protein fragments promoting wound healing upon detecting blood. They also engineered these bacteria to create a type of “cement protein” used by barnacles to adhere to submerged surfaces, envisioned as a “living glue” to fabricate an anti-inflammatory seal over open wounds.

To validate this novel approach, researchers induced intestinal inflammation and scarring in mice. Each subject received either a non-genetically engineered strain, the engineered Escherichia coli, or saline via an anal tube.

After ten days, mice treated with the engineered bacteria exhibited significant weight restoration, and their intestines mirrored the health of uninjured mice. No adverse side effects were recorded in any group.

Similar outcomes were noted when bacteria were administered in tablet form, suggesting potential for oral delivery in human treatment. “This presents a promising, innovative strategy,” states Shaji Sebastian at Hull University in the UK. He indicates that wound healing and inflammation in the mouse intestine is analogous to processes in humans, underscoring the necessity for human trials.

Plans are underway to test this approach in larger animals, including pigs, to assess how long the genetically modified bacteria remain viable in the gut, Ang mentioned. However, due to the necessity for extensive testing to confirm efficacy and safety compared to existing treatments, it may take up to ten years before these solutions could become available in clinics, according to Sebastian.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Cows Using Tools is Revolutionizing Our Perception of Livestock

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Veronica the cow demonstrating tool use

Veronica the cow: A groundbreaking example of non-primate mammal tool use

Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro

Recently, while riding in a taxi, the driver shared a transformative experience involving a pig. My childhood with dogs shaped my expectations of animals, but my encounter with pigs was eye-opening.

The driver explained how he constructed a bell-and-string system that allowed the animals to signal when they wanted to go outside. Interestingly, both dogs and pigs learned this cue, but the pigs took it further by ringing the bell to inform their humans about the dogs waiting outside. The driver spoke of these moments with affection and pride. Remarkably, I later learned that this had changed his dietary choices—he no longer eats pork.

This narrative reflects a broader trend in research on animal cognition. Historically, scientists focused primarily on non-human primates, often deemed the “feathered apes,” like parrots and crows. Recently, however, studies have expanded to include a variety of species, such as honey bees, octopuses, and crocodiles.

In line with this expanded focus, new research conducted by Antonio Osuna Mascaro and Alice Auersperg at the University of Veterinary Medicine in Vienna investigates the cognitive abilities of cows, an often-overlooked species. Veronica, a pet cow (Bos taurus), displays remarkable innovation by using a broom to scratch her body. She employs the bristles for her back and flips it over for her more sensitive areas.

This observation marks the first documented instance of flexible tool use among non-primate mammals. What does Veronica’s tool use reveal about her cognition, and might it change how we view and treat cows?

Tool use, in broad terms, is defined as the manipulation of an object to achieve a specific goal. This definition excludes behaviors like nest-building or hiding, where actions serve static ends. Instead, true tool use involves active manipulation, such as using a stone to crack nuts or a stick to extract termites.

For many years, tool use was considered a trait unique to humans. This notion changed when Jane Goodall observed a chimpanzee named David Greybeard creating and utilizing tools to fish for termites. Subsequent discoveries revealed tool use in unexpected corners of the animal kingdom. For instance, antlion larvae throw sand at prey, while certain digger wasp species employ pebbles in their burrows. Such specialized behaviors evolved over millions of years, contrasting with the flexible tool use demonstrated by animals like Veronica.

Veronica cleverly uses different broom sides for various scratches

Antonio J. Osuna Mascaro

Remarkably, Veronica learned to use tools independently, progressing from twigs to the intelligent use of a broom without any direct teaching.

This behavior suggests that Veronica possesses cognitive traits described by psychologists, notably those identified by Josep Cole. Three key elements define a creative tool user. Firstly, the ability to gather and learn about the physical properties of objects. Secondly, combining this knowledge to navigate challenges—understanding that a hard object can provide relief for an itch. Lastly, the willingness to manipulate objects creatively, as mere physical capability is insufficient. For example, while both squirrel monkeys and capuchin monkeys possess similar hands, only capuchins tent to exhibit object manipulation.

This insight into cow cognition may revolutionize how we treat farm animals. Research indicates a correlation between perceived intelligence and how we consider animals’ worthiness of ethical treatment. In one study, participants rated animals with lower intelligence as more edible, while higher-assigned intelligence led to lower perceptions of their edibility. Participants introduced to the Bennett’s tree kangaroo perceived those identified as food as lacking in sentience.

Our treatment of animals correlates significantly with our perception of their intellect. Veronica’s story is likely the first of many that will challenge our views of “simple” domestic animals. For this knowledge to reshape our practices, we must confront our cognitive dissonance. Denial of animal consciousness allows us to overlook the ethical implications of our treatment. It requires courage to acknowledge their sentience instead of ignoring it.

Marta Halina, Professor of Philosophy of Science at Cambridge University

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Source: www.newscientist.com

The Mysterious Disappearance of a Star: Insights into a Failed Supernova Explosion

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Illustration of a failed supernova creating a black hole

Illustration of a Failed Supernova Explosion Forming a Black Hole

NASA, ESA, and P. Jeffries (STScI)

A massive star in the Andromeda galaxy has seemingly vanished instead of exploding, resulting in the formation of a black hole in a peculiar manner.

Typically, black holes originate from stars that explode as supernovas. However, they can also emerge from stars that collapse due to their own gravity, directly creating black holes without the explosive phase.

In 2024, Kisharai De from Columbia University, along with his team, investigated the case of M31-2014-DS1, an exceptionally bright star located in the Andromeda galaxy, approximately 20 times the mass of our Sun. The star exhibited an initial brightening in 2014, followed by a significant dimming from 2017 to 2020. This behavior aligned with predictions for a supernova that would fail to result in a black hole, yet no direct evidence of the black hole was observed, such as X-ray emissions.

Currently, De and his colleagues are utilizing the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Chandra X-ray Observatory to study M31-2014-DS1. They have detected a faint red object at the star’s previous location, which is only about 8% brighter than the original star and enveloped in rapidly expanding dust. This finding aligns with the expected characteristics of a supernova that fails to produce a black hole. However, De and his team have refrained from commenting further, as their research has not yet undergone peer review.

Another group studying the same JWST data, including Emma Beasor from Liverpool John Moores University, UK, suggested that the case for M31-2014-DS1 failing to explode may also indicate a stellar merger, which could result in small explosions followed by dimming and dust formation.

“Predictions for the appearance of a failed supernova significantly overlap with what we might expect from a collision of two stars creating vast amounts of dust,” Beasor explained.

However, both scenarios are rare, she noted, as it is uncommon to observe such drastic color changes in a star.

“No matter the explanation, it’s fascinating that the visible star has essentially vanished,” stated Gerald Gilmore from Cambridge University. “For years, the search for extinct massive stars has produced ambiguous outcomes, but now, advancements in multi-wavelength time-domain astronomy are paving the way for clarity.”

The definitive method for confirming black hole formation is through the identification of X-ray emissions, Gilmore noted, which are currently absent at the M31-2014-DS1 location. Nevertheless, if advanced telescopes like JWST can analyze the remnants of dimmed stars, we could soon uncover what occurred. “We are on the verge of discovering at least one of the ultimate fates of a massive star, which is intriguingly akin to the Cheshire Cat’s disappearance,” he remarked.

References: arXiv, DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2601.05774 and DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2601.05317

World Capital of Astronomy: Chile

Explore Chile’s astronomical wonders. Visit the globe’s most advanced observatory and gaze at the night sky under the clearest conditions on Earth.

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Discover How This New Book Provides Effective Tools for Managing Anxiety – Is It the Solution You’ve Been Looking For?

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Pilot John Peters (front) and navigator John Nichol were captured as prisoners of war.

Trinity Mirror / Mirror Pix / Alamy

Uncertainty Toolkit
Sam Conniff and Catherine Templer-Lewis, The Bluebird (UK, now US, April)

Few individuals have experienced the extreme stress that fighter pilot John Peters underwent during the Gulf War. In January 1991, after completing a critical mission, Peters’ aircraft was hit by an enemy missile in the desert vicinity of Basra, Iraq. Despite the chaos, Peters and navigator John Nichol managed a brief escape before being apprehended by Iraqi forces.

While imprisoned, Peters endured harsh interrogation and was constantly haunted by the thought of dying in isolation. Nonetheless, he persevered. After his retirement from the Air Force, he pursued a degree in business administration and now excels as a motivational speaker.

Can we draw lessons from his resilience to manage our own stress? This is the foundation of the Uncertainty Toolkit, crafted by Sam Conniff and cognitive scientist Catherine Templer-Lewis. Peters is joined by a diverse group of “uncertainty experts,” including former gang leaders, refugees, and those overcoming addiction. Their collective wisdom, combined with empirical research, is paving the way for innovative strategies to handle the anxiety arising from unpredictable situations.

Conniff and Templer-Lewis introduce an engaging acronym—FFS—to illustrate the primary impacts of uncertainty: fear, fog, and stagnation. This framework illustrates how we grapple with the fear of the unknown, confusion caused by unpredictability, and immobility when faced with necessary action. The toolkit offers systematic exercises designed to conquer each hurdle.

This concept holds broad appeal; the authors previously tested it in collaboration with researchers at University College London, engaging over 20,000 participants through an interactive online documentary. Although the specifics of the research methodology and outcomes remain unclear, it seems to have positively transformed many participants’ perceptions of uncertainty from largely negative to predominantly constructive.

Despite its promise, reading this book can sometimes be tedious. It often reiterates concepts using nearly identical language, occasionally on the same page. The insights from uncertainty experts feel somewhat diluted, as demonstrated by Peters’ story, which ultimately loses impact when he is portrayed wishing to be remembered simply as a “good man” despite facing execution.

“
It is vital to assess any emotions that might affect your judgment, including hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, or fatigue.
“

Nonetheless, the book is filled with effective strategies for regulating your emotions. Alongside familiar techniques like mindfulness and yogic breathing, readers will discover reflective exercises aimed at identifying avoidance behaviors, balancing fear of failure with the potential for regret, and reframing anxiety as excitement. The authors encourage readers to cultivate gratitude, clarify their values, and reconnect with their communities, all of which contribute to breaking free from the FFS state that often characterizes our response to uncertainty.

The book’s most insightful takeaway pertains to intuition. Our emotional instincts serve as a compass for decision-making, especially when facing information overload. However, this intuition can easily be overshadowed by our mental and physiological states. Thus, the authors advise checking in with ourselves for the most common emotions that can cloud our judgment: hunger, anger, anxiety, loneliness, and fatigue. This acronym can be remembered as HALT.

Additionally, Conniff and Templer-Lewis challenge stereotypes, urging us to broaden our understanding by engaging with those whose views diverge from our own. This advice is valuable for anyone seeking a clearer perspective on the world.

By the conclusion, I found the authors’ approach compelling, even though they compromised their scientific authority by referencing the prophecies of mystic Baba Vanga in “Balkan Nostradamus.” They claim she forecasted that 2030 would be marked by climate change and global conflict, which I found to be exactly the type of fear, fog, and stagnation they caution against. Nonetheless, if you can overlook these missteps, this book offers an empowering and enriching read.

David Robson is a writer. His latest book is Law of Connection

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Exploring Science-Backed Strategies to Enhance Life Fulfillment

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Exploring New Directions in Life

Alexandre Maurin Laprise / Alamy

As the new year begins, many individuals reassess their lives and goals. However, as one reader expressed, this journey often leads to confusion instead of clarity. “My New Year’s resolution is to feel fulfilled, but where do I begin?” he asked. “How can I find a new direction in life?”

Experiencing some frustration is entirely normal. Contrary to popular belief, there isn’t a universal shortcut to happiness. However, engaging in reflective exercises can help clarify your priorities and enhance your chances of identifying a rewarding path forward. Michaela C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler from Erasmus University Rotterdam refer to this process as “life craft.” In their review of psychological research on uncovering meaning and purpose, they outline several actionable steps:

First, reflect on your values and passions. What activities bring you joy, and what legacy do you wish to leave? Next, assess your current skills and habits—what do you excel at now, and what would you like to cultivate in the future? Thirdly, evaluate your social connections: who uplifts you, and who drains your energy? Following that, contemplate your career aspirations, your ideal future, and your overarching goals. Lastly, consider your commitments—how can you take responsibility for your actions?

This comprehensive list encompasses both personal and professional realms, emphasizing social connection, a fundamental element of mental well-being. Acknowledging your existing capabilities boosts confidence in your ability to effect change, while identifying growth areas clarifies your future aspirations.

Schippers and Ziegler advocate for utilizing “implementation intentions” when setting goals. This strategy involves crafting a series of “if-then” plans to navigate potential challenges. For example, if you’ve determined that creativity is a core value and aspire to write a novel, you might commit to: “If I arrive home by 7 PM, then I will write for an hour before dinner.”

In the final phase of commitment, seek ways to increase accountability by sharing your goals with others. Research indicates that when students posted selfies along with written statements of their goals on social media, they were more likely to follow through.

Understand that discovering your path is a gradual process. You may revisit these exercises multiple times. Like any craft, enhancing your life requires continuous learning and dedication. Let’s embark on this journey in 2026.

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Michaéla C. Schippers and Niklas Ziegler’s insightful paper can be accessed for free at: doi.org/ghpv8q

Catch more articles published weekly at:
newscientist.com/maker

David Robson is an acclaimed science writer and the author of The Law of Connection: 13 Social Strategies That Will Change Your Life.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How AI is Set to Revolutionize Mental Illness Diagnosis

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Vibrant chatbot icon representing AI in mental health

The most significant advancements in depression treatment have not occurred since the 1980s. Prozac, the first SSRI (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor), marked a pivotal moment when it was introduced. This medication quickly spread globally, leading to hundreds of millions of individuals relying on SSRIs. Despite three-quarters of users reporting positive effects, not everyone experiences success with these treatments. As rates of depression continue to rise and with no substantial breakthroughs in therapies since SSRIs, an increasing number of people hope AI could revolutionize psychiatric care.

However, concerns remain. The effectiveness of chatbots hinges on the quality of data used for training. These AI tools are also susceptible to inherent biases and errors, often referred to as “hallucinations.” A recent study revealed that many well-known AI models fell short in providing reliable advice for 60% of women’s health inquiries.

Yet, AI could offer much-needed objectivity in the challenging realm of mental health diagnosis. Currently, depression diagnoses rely on ambiguous symptoms. By harnessing AI’s ability to analyze minor physical indicators, such as facial expressions and vocal patterns, psychiatry is on the path to establishing clearer biomarkers urgently needed in the field.

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AI can finally impart the objectivity needed to tackle the challenging nature of diagnosis.
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The consequences of inadequate treatment are profound. In the absence of novel biomarkers, recent studies have highlighted the crucial influences of relationships and exposure to nature in the prevention of depression. Notably, a recent review provided compelling evidence that physical exercise can be as effective as antidepressants and cognitive behavioral therapy in treating depression, although the reasons and ideal candidates for this approach remain unclear.

If AI can effectively determine which treatments suit individuals best, it may transform the lives of millions. Developers can learn to mitigate the numerous pitfalls associated with AI from the outset, ensuring that no patient encounters a “hallucinating” psychiatrist in the process.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Ancient Volcanoes: Understanding Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Earth’s History

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Arc volcanoes like Sakurajima releasing carbon dioxide

Arc-shaped volcanoes like Japan’s Sakurajima release carbon dioxide from the Earth’s interior

Asahi Shimbun via Getty Images

New research suggests that the impact of volcanoes on Earth’s climate may not be as ancient as previously believed.

The Earth’s climate has experienced shifts between “icehouse” and “greenhouse” conditions, largely dictated by greenhouse gas levels like carbon dioxide.

Volcanic arcs, including significant eruptions from mountain ranges such as Japan’s, release CO2 from deep within the Earth. Recent findings indicate that dinosaurs became a substantial source of carbon emissions only towards the end of their reign, approximately 100 million years ago, according to Ben Mather and his team from the University of Melbourne.

This correlates with the emergence of phytoplankton featuring calcium carbonate scales in the oceans approximately 150 million years ago. When these organisms perish, they deposit large amounts of calcium carbonate on the ocean floor.

As tectonic plates shift, these significant reservoirs of carbon are pushed into the mantle and recycled into the Earth’s molten core via a process known as subduction.

“Most of the carbon derived from plankton on the subducting oceanic plate mixes into the melt interior, but a portion is released through volcanic arcs,” explains Mather.

Before the emergence of scaly plankton, volcanic arc emissions contained relatively lower levels of CO2, according to Mather.

Through modeling, Mather and colleagues examined tectonics’ long-term impact on the carbon cycle over the past 500 million years. They discovered that much of the carbon stored within Earth throughout its history was released through crustal fractures in a process termed rifting, not primarily through volcanic arcs.

Rifting, a geological process where continents separate, can occur on land (as in the East African Rift) or along mid-ocean ridges.

“As tectonic plates separate, they effectively ‘roof off’ parts of the molten Earth,” Mather states. “This process generates new crust at mid-ocean ridges, releasing carbon.” The amount of carbon entering the atmosphere from continental fractures and mid-ocean ridges relies on the cracks’ length and the rate at which they separate, a process that has remained relatively stable. However, emissions from volcanic arcs have surged in the last 100 million years due to new carbon reservoirs formed by plankton.

Currently, Earth is in a temporary warm phase called an interglacial period, nested within a larger ice age that began 34 million years ago. One reason for the persistent cold phases is that phytoplankton sequester substantial amounts of carbon from the ocean, depositing it on the sea floor. Although volcanic emissions are rising, they still pale in comparison to the carbon stored by phytoplankton and that sequestered through tectonic movements.

According to Alan Collins and his team from the University of Adelaide, modeling studies like this are crucial for comprehending how volcanic and tectonic activities have influenced climate patterns over geological timescales.

“The composition of marine sediments has shifted as new organisms evolved, utilizing diverse elements, including the rise of calcium carbonate-based zooplankton,” Collins emphasizes.

Reference journal: Nature Communications Earth and Environment, DOI TK

Explore the Land of Fire and Ice: Iceland

Embark on an unforgettable journey through Iceland’s breathtaking landscapes. Experience volcanic and geological marvels by day, and chase the mesmerizing Northern Lights by night (October).

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA Moves Moon Rocket to Launch Pad for Upcoming Astronaut Mission

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NASA is set to roll out a massive 322-foot-tall rocket towards its launch pad this Saturday, a crucial milestone in the preparation for its highly anticipated Artemis II mission, which aims to send four astronauts around the moon.

The Space Launch System (SLS) rocket will transport the Orion capsule containing the astronauts, beginning its slow four-mile trek from NASA’s Vehicle Assembly Building to the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida at 7 a.m. ET. Viewers can catch the event, known as the “rollout,” live on NASA’s YouTube channel.

This event marks the beginning of essential tests and rehearsals that will pave the way for the first manned flight to the moon in over 50 years. Artemis II is tentatively scheduled for launch between February 6 and 11, with additional windows available in March and April.

The rollout is a critical phase for mission managers as they assess the rocket’s health and safety prior to setting a formal launch date.

“These are the kind of days we are living in,” stated John Honeycutt, chairman of the Artemis II mission management team, during a recent press conference.

Artemis II will feature a crew of four, including NASA astronauts Reed Wiseman, Victor Glover, and Christina Koch, along with Canadian astronaut Jeremy Hansen. They are scheduled to spend 10 days in space, initially orbiting Earth before heading into lunar orbit.

The deployment process is expected to take up to 12 hours. The Crawler Transporter, a giant mobile platform, will carry the 11 million-pound Artemis II rocket to NASA’s historic launch pad 39B, previously used in the Apollo and Space Shuttle programs.

NASA has indicated that the stacked rocket will move forward at a cautious pace, approximately 1 mile per hour.

Upon reaching the launch pad, preparations will begin for the essential launch day walkthrough, known as a wet dress rehearsal. This procedure includes refueling the rocket and conducting all standard protocols leading up to the T-29 second mark on the countdown, as detailed by Artemis launch director Charlie Blackwell Thompson.

“Launch day will closely mirror a wet dress rehearsal,” she explained. “The two main differences are sending our team to the pads and proceeding past the 29-second mark.”

This wet dress rehearsal serves as an opportunity for mission managers to evaluate the rocket’s systems in a real-world context while allowing engineers to identify any potential fuel leaks or technical issues.

If any problems arise, the rocket will be returned to the Vehicle Assembly Building for necessary repairs. However, if everything proceeds smoothly, NASA may soon announce a target launch date.

The Artemis II mission will serve as the most rigorous test yet for the Space Launch System rocket and Orion spacecraft, marking the first time the system will carry a crew.

During their time in the Orion capsule, astronauts will test the spacecraft’s docking capabilities and life support systems while in orbit around both Earth and the Moon.

Success in this mission will establish a foundation for Artemis III, slated for 2027, aiming to land astronauts near the moon’s south pole.

Returning to the moon has emerged as a priority for the U.S. government, particularly amid a new space race with China, which aims to land its own astronauts on the Moon by 2030.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Historic High Seas Treaty Now in Effect: First-Ever Protection for Ocean Waters

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Antarctic Trawler

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A groundbreaking treaty aimed at protecting the high seas has officially entered into force, marking a significant moment in marine conservation.

The vast expanses of the high seas, beyond a country’s 370-kilometre exclusive economic zone, are often referred to as the “Wild West” of the oceans. This region is notorious for its minimal regulations on fishing, making it a vital area that remains largely unexplored. According to recent studies, this deep-sea environment is inhabited by diverse marine organisms, with up to 95% of the habitat being vital to marine life.

In September 2025, over 60 countries ratified the UN Convention on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity in the open ocean, which encompasses half of our planet’s surface. This historic agreement has initiated a 120-day countdown to its official implementation.

“This is one of the most important environmental agreements ever,” states Matt Frost from the Plymouth Marine Laboratory in the UK. “There was no established mechanism for creating protected marine areas on the high seas prior to this treaty.”

World-renowned marine biologist Sylvia Earle calls this treaty a ‘turning point’ in safeguarding ‘Earth’s blue heart’, which plays a crucial role in regulating climate and sustaining life.

A year remains before nations can establish protected areas under the treaty, as regulations and monitoring systems need to be finalized at the inaugural meeting of the parties in late 2026.

“This moment demonstrates that global cooperation is feasible,” says Earle. “Now we must act decisively.”

In the Atlantic, conservationists aim to safeguard unique ecosystems such as the “lost cities” formed by the seaweed mats of the Sargasso Sea, a crucial breeding ground for American and European eels, alongside the remarkable hydrothermal vent communities. Meanwhile, the Pacific Ocean conservation efforts target the Salas y Gomez and Nazca ridges, underwater mountains that serve as habitats for diverse marine species including whales, sharks, and turtles.

The treaty also envisions a shared repository for genetic resources discovered in the high seas, which could facilitate breakthroughs in medicinal research.

As maritime technology advances, fleets of factory ships are exploiting the high seas, leading to the overfishing of species and habitat destruction. This escalation threatens crucial biodiversity zones. Bottom trawling, in particular, causes severe damage to the ocean floor. Emerging techniques are being developed to fish in the “twilight zone” of mid-depth waters, between 200 and 1,000 meters, further complicating conservation efforts.

Local management organizations have noted that for two decades, there has been a call for a treaty to mitigate the overfishing of 56% of targeted fish stocks in international waters, as highlighted in recent studies.

Support for protective measures stems from the fact that 90% of marine protected areas in national waters are actively being preserved, positively influencing nearby fish populations by providing safe environments for spawning and growth.

Additionally, the 30 by 30 commitment aims to safeguard 30% of the Earth’s surface by 2030, making it essential to address the high seas for its successful realization.

Oceans currently absorb approximately 90% of the excess heat resulting from climate change. By shielding these critical areas from fishing and associated pollution, marine ecosystems can better adapt to rising temperatures.

“If you’re battling multiple afflictions, alleviating two can empower you to confront the remaining issues,” Frost asserts.

Moreover, marine ecosystems are responsible for absorbing a quarter of the CO2 emissions that contribute to climate change. Coastal environments like seagrass meadows and kelp forests are crucial carbon sinks, and activities such as the nocturnal feeding patterns of mesopelagic fish and plankton play a role in the carbon cycle.

“These species transport carbon from surface waters to deeper ocean layers, significantly influencing the carbon dynamics,” explains Callum Roberts from the Convex Seascape Survey, a global research initiative focusing on the ocean’s impact on climate change.

The treaty’s initial challenge involves identifying appropriate areas for protection, especially as species migrate in response to shifting ocean temperatures. Only 27% of the ocean floor has been thoroughly mapped.

Enforcement will also be a formidable challenge. Current marine protected areas in national waters include a significant number of “paper parks” that offer little actual protection for species.

Advancements in satellite imagery and AI technology have made it feasible to monitor vessels and detect unlawful activities. Nonetheless, enforcement will rely on member states to act against flagrant violations, including barring offending ships from their ports.

While 145 countries have signed the treaty, it is only enforceable for those that ratify it. Currently, 83 nations have adopted the treaty, with the UK, US, Canada, and Australia yet to follow suit.

“The more nations that ratify this treaty, the stronger it becomes,” says Sarah Bedorf from Oceana. “We all share the responsibility of protecting the high seas, which ultimately benefits everyone.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Astounding Discovery: Astronomers Find Iron ‘Rod’ at the Center of a Mysterious Ring Nebula

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Astronomers utilizing the WHT Extended Area Velocity Explorer (WEAVE), a cutting-edge instrument aboard the William Herschel Telescope on La Palma Island, have uncovered an intriguing elongated structure of ionized iron within the renowned Ring Nebula.

A composite image of the Ring Nebula featuring four WEAVE/LIFU emission line images. Image credit: Wesson et al., doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2139.

The Ring Nebula, also known as Messier 57, M57, or NGC 6720, is a classic planetary nebula located approximately 2,000 light-years away in the constellation Lyra.

This nebula was first discovered by the French astronomer Charles Messier in January 1779 while he was on a mission to find comets.

Messier’s report about the discovery of Comet Bode reached fellow astronomer Antoine d’Alquier de Perpois shortly afterward, who subsequently rediscovered the Ring Nebula during his comet observations.

The newly identified rod-shaped cloud of iron atoms resides within the inner layer of this elliptical nebula.

Measuring about 500 times the length of Pluto’s orbit around the sun, this cloud’s atomic mass of iron is comparable to that of Mars.

This iron cloud was detected using the Large Integral Field Unit (LIFU) mode of the innovative WEAVE instrument on the 4.2-meter William Herschel Telescope, part of the Isaac Newton Group.

According to Dr. Roger Wesson, an astronomer from University College London and Cardiff University: “While the Ring Nebula has been extensively studied with various telescopes, WEAVE enables us to observe it in unprecedented detail, providing much richer information than previously available.”

“By continuously collecting spectra across the nebula, we can image it at any wavelength and analyze its chemical composition at any given location.”

“As we process the data and examine the images, we discover a never-before-seen ‘rod’ of ionized iron atoms at the heart of this iconic ring.”

The exact nature of the iron “rods” within the Ring Nebula remains uncertain.

Two potential scenarios emerge: the bar may offer new insights into the nebula’s formation and ejection by its parent star, or (more intriguingly) it could represent an arc of plasma from a rocky planet evaporating during the star’s initial expansion.

Professor Janet Drew, also from University College London, noted: “We need to investigate further, particularly to determine if the newly detected iron coexists with other elements. This could guide us toward the appropriate models to explore.”

“Currently, this crucial information is lacking.”

For more in-depth details, check out the findings published today in the Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.

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R. Wesson et al. 2026. WEAVE Imaging Spectroscopy of NGC 6720: Iron Rods in the Ring. MNRAS 546 (1): staf2139; doi: 10.1093/mnras/staf2139

Source: www.sci.news

Mastering Quantum Computing: A Beginner’s Guide to Understanding the Basics

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IBM's Quantum System Two showcased in Ehningen, Germany on October 1, 2024, featuring advanced quantum chips at IBM's inaugural quantum data center.

IBM’s Quantum System Two Unveiled at a Data Center in Germany

Quantum computing has been making headlines lately. You might have noticed quantum chips and their intriguing cooling systems dominating your news feed. From politicians to business leaders, the term “quantum” is everywhere. If you find yourself perplexed, consider setting a New Year’s resolution to grasp the fundamentals of quantum computing this year.

This goal may seem daunting, but the timing is perfect. The quantum computing sector has achieved significant breakthroughs lately, making it a hotbed of innovation and investment, with the market expected to exceed $1 billion, likely doubling in the coming years. Yet, high interest often leads to disproportionate hype.

There remain numerous questions about when quantum computers might outpace classical ones. While mathematicians and theorists ponder these queries, the practical route may be to improve quantum computers through experimentation. However, consensus on the best methodologies for building these systems is still elusive.

Compounding the complexity, quantum mechanics itself is notoriously challenging to comprehend. Physicists debate interpretations of bizarre phenomena like superposition and entanglement, which are pivotal for quantum computing’s potential.

Feeling overwhelmed? You’re not alone. But don’t be discouraged; these challenges can be overcome with curiosity.

As a former high school teacher, I often encountered curious students who would linger after class, eager to discuss intricate aspects of quantum computing. Many were novice learners in math or physics, yet they posed thought-provoking questions. One summer, a group who took an online quantum programming course approached me, surpassing my own coding knowledge in quantum applications. The following year, we delved into advanced topics typically reserved for college-level classes.

Recently, I discovered a young talent in quantum inquiry. A 9-year-old YouTuber, Kai, co-hosts a podcast named Quantum Kid, where he interviews leading quantum computing experts for over 88,000 subscribers to enjoy.

Kai’s co-host, Katya Moskvich, is not only his mother but also a physicist with extensive experience in science writing. She works at Quantum Machines, a firm developing classical devices that enhance the functionality of quantum computers. Kai brings an infectious enthusiasm to the podcast, engaging with pivotal figures who have influenced modern quantum theory.

In a recent episode, renowned quantum algorithm creator Peter Scholl discussed the intersection of quantum computing, sustainability, and climate action. Nobel laureate Stephen Chu and distinguished computer scientist Scott Aaronson also joined, exploring concepts like time travel and its theoretical connections to quantum mechanics. Additionally, physicist John Preskill collaborated with roboticist Ken Goldberg to examine the interplay of quantum computing and robotics.

Kai and Co-Host (Mother) Katya Moskvich

While The Quantum Kid may not delve deep into rigorous math, it offers a fun entry point and insight from leading experts in quantum technology. Most episodes introduce fundamental concepts like superposition and Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, which you can explore further in reputable publications such as New Scientist.

The true strength of The Quantum Kid lies in Kai’s ability to ask the very questions that an inquisitive mind might have regarding quantum computers—those which seek to unpack the complex yet fascinating nature of this technology. If you’ve been curious about quantum computing but have felt overwhelmed, Kai encourages you to remain inquisitive and seek clarity. (We’re here to guide you on your quantum journey.)

Could quantum computers revolutionize space exploration or even facilitate time travel? Might they help develop advanced robotics or combat climate issues? The answers are not straightforward, laden with nuances. Kai’s engaging dialogues make complex theories accessible, ensuring clarity resonates with both young listeners and adults. Hearing Peter Scholl reiterate that current quantum systems lack the clout to change the world doesn’t dampen Kai’s enthusiasm but rather fuels it.

In the pilot episode, physicist Lennart Renner expresses optimism, stating, “We’re evolving alongside new machines that can potentially revolutionize tasks, hence we must deliberate on their applications,” setting a forward-thinking tone that reverberates throughout the series.

Adopting a blend of Kai’s wonder and imagination, coupled with the seasoned expertise of guests, will enhance any quantum learning project you embark on this year. Quantum computing, while intricate and multifaceted, remains incredibly compelling. If your child is captivated, why not explore it together?

Topics:

  • Quantum Computing/
  • Quantum Physics

Source: www.newscientist.com

How Amateur Mathematicians Use AI to Tackle Age-Old Math Problems

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New Scientist: Explore groundbreaking science news and in-depth articles by expert journalists covering the latest advancements in science, technology, health, and the environment.

AI Tools Revolutionize Solutions for Old Math Problems

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Amateur mathematicians are leveraging artificial intelligence chatbots to tackle historic mathematical challenges, much to the astonishment of experts. Although the questions may not represent the pinnacle of mathematical complexity, their successful resolution suggests a significant breakthrough in AI’s capabilities in mathematics, potentially altering future methodologies, according to researchers.

The challenges addressed by AI are linked to Paul Erdős, a renowned Hungarian mathematician celebrated for posing intriguing yet complex questions throughout his prolific 60-year career. “The inquiries were often straightforward but exceedingly complex,” says Thomas Bloom from the University of Manchester, UK.

At the time of Erdős’ death in 1996, over 1,000 unsolved problems existed, spanning various mathematical disciplines, from combinatorics to number theory. Today, these challenges represent critical milestones for advancements in mathematics, Bloom explains. He maintains a website dedicated to cataloging these problems and tracking mathematicians’ progress in solving them.

Given the clarity of Erdős’ problems, mathematicians began experimenting with feeding them into AI tools like ChatGPT. Last October, Bloom noted an increase in users employing AI models to uncover pertinent references in mathematical literature to aid their solutions.

Shortly thereafter, AI tools began uncovering partial improvements in results—some were previously documented while others seemed to be novel.

“I was taken aback,” Bloom recalls. “Previously, when I tested ChatGPT, it provided mere conjectures, leading me to abandon it. However, since October, I discovered genuine papers, as ChatGPT effectively analyzed existing literature, uncovering substantial insights.”

Inspired by these advancements, Kevin Barrett, an undergraduate mathematics student at Cambridge, along with amateur mathematician Liam Price, set out to identify simpler and less-explored Erdős problems amenable to AI solutions. After discovering the number 728—a conjecture in number theory—they successfully solved it using ChatGPT-5.2 Pro.

“Upon seeing the statement, I thought, ‘Perhaps ChatGPT can solve this. Let’s give it a shot,’” Barrett remarks. “Indeed, numerous experts concur that the argument is elegant and quite sophisticated.”

After ChatGPT generated the proof, Barrett and Price employed another AI tool named Aristotle, developed by Harmonic, to validate their findings. Aristotle translates traditional proofs into the Lean mathematical programming language, which is swiftly verified for accuracy by a computer. Bloom highlights this process as vital, as it conserves researchers’ limited time when confirming their results’ validity.

As of mid-January, AI tools have completely solved six Erdős problems, but professional mathematicians later identified that five of these had existing solutions in the literature. Only problem number 205 was entirely resolved by Barrett and Price without prior solutions. Additionally, AI facilitated minor improvements and partial resolutions to seven other problems that were absent in existing literature.

This predicament has sparked debate regarding whether these AI tools unveil true innovations or simply resurrect old, overlooked solutions. Bloom notes that AI models frequently need to reconceptualize problems, discovering papers that make no mention of Erdős whatsoever. “Many papers I encountered would likely have remained undiscovered without this kind of AI documentation,” he remarks.

Another point of discussion is the potential limits of this approach. While the addressed problems aren’t the most formidable in mathematics, they could typically be resolved by first-year doctoral students; nonetheless, Bloom considers the achievement significant, noting the substantial effort required for such tasks.

Barrett further emphasizes that the problems currently being solved are relatively easier compared to more challenging Erdős problems, which contemporary AI models struggle to tackle. “Ultimately, AI will need more advanced models to address complex problems,” he forecasts. Some of these challenging issues even come with cash prizes for solutions, although Barrett believes that resolutions are unlikely in the near future, stating, “I don’t think we have a model for that yet.”

Utilizing AI to tackle Erdős’ problems offers promising potential for progress, according to Kevin Buzzard. Since most of the addressed challenges are straightforward or have received scant attention, it’s difficult to gauge whether these results signify substantial breakthroughs or if they warrant professional concern. “This is progress, but mathematicians aren’t quite ready to embrace it fully,” Buzzard observes. “It’s merely a budding advancement.”

Even with the models’ current limitations, their capability to work with moderately complex mathematics could fundamentally transform how researchers craft and analyze proofs. This advancement allows mathematicians with specialized knowledge to access insights from diverse mathematical fields.

“Few individuals possess expertise across all mathematical domains, limiting their toolkit,” Bloom explains. “Being able to obtain answers rapidly, without the hassle of consulting others or investing months in potentially irrelevant knowledge, creates numerous new connections. This is a groundbreaking shift that is likely to widen the scope of ongoing research.”

It may enable mathematicians to adopt entirely novel methodologies. Terence Tao at the University of California, Los Angeles, has been instrumental in validating AI-assisted methods for solving Erdős problems.

Given their limited schedules, mathematicians often prioritize a select few difficult problems, leaving many easier yet essential questions overlooked. If AI tools can be employed instantaneously across a multitude of problems, Tao believes it could facilitate a more empirical approach to mathematics, enabling extensive testing of various solutions.

“Currently, we neglect 99% of solvable problems due to our finite resources for expert analysis,” Tao asserts. “Therefore, we often bypass hundreds of significant issues, seeking just one or two that capture our interest. We also lack the capacity for comparative studies like, ‘Which of these two methods is superior?'”

“Such large-scale mathematics has yet to be undertaken,” he concludes. “However, AI demonstrates the feasibility of this approach.”

Topics:

  • Artificial Intelligence/
  • ChatGPT

Source: www.newscientist.com

Could Meat Be the Key to Living to 100? Exploring Its Surprising Role in Longevity

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Centenarian Hu Zaizhong celebrates his 100th birthday in northern China, April 24, 2021. Surrounded by family, he shared six wishes that symbolize a life well-lived.

Celebrating 100 years with love and memories

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Longevity advocates, such as Brian Johnson, often push boundaries in their pursuit of immortality. For those of us looking to celebrate a century with less complexity, dietary changes are typically the first step. While plant-based diets are frequently recommended, recent studies in China indicate many centenarians include meat in their diets, potentially offering crucial benefits, especially for those with low body weight.

Meat is a source of essential amino acids that influence a signaling molecule named mTOR, linked to the aging process. Although numerous studies recommend reducing meat intake for longevity and disease prevention, it’s important to note that vegetarian diets have been associated with increased fractures and instances of malnutrition.

These challenges can be particularly pronounced for older adults with weaker bones, resulting in slower recovery post-surgery. According to Wang Kaiyue from Fudan University in Shanghai, understanding the link between diet and longevity is essential. Wang and colleagues analyzed data from a centralized health database focusing on individuals aged 65 and above.

Within their study, 5,203 participants aged 80 and older in 1998, who were free from cardiovascular conditions, diabetes, or cancer, were surveyed. Approximately 80% identified as meat eaters, while others followed a mainly plant-based diet but occasionally consumed animal products.

Interestingly, meat consumers demonstrated a higher probability of living to age 100 compared to those following vegetarian, pescatarian, or vegan diets. This finding held statistical significance when body weight factored into the analysis.

The likelihood of reaching 100 grew, especially among underweight meat eaters, with 30% reporting daily meat consumption, compared to 24% of underweight vegetarians in 1998. This trend was less pronounced among heavier individuals.

While heavy consumption of meat has been linked with obesity, research supports the role of animal proteins in building stronger muscles and enhancing bone health. According to Wang, such benefits are particularly significant for those lacking body mass.

Nonetheless, a diet rich in vegetables is crucial, with findings indicating participants who consumed vegetables daily tended to have extended lifespans.

“Older adults often face unique nutritional challenges,” says Wang. “Our research implies that dietary guidelines for older individuals should prioritize nutritional balance over strict avoidance of animal products, particularly for those with low body weight.”

This particular outcome may not hold true globally, as dietary habits differ significantly, but “the biological principles connecting nutrition and aging likely have universal relevance,” Wang adds.

According to James Webster from the University of Oxford, while this discovery is noteworthy, it should not drastically alter dietary practices. His team’s previous study highlighted a potential link between vegetarianism and the risk of femoral neck fractures, suggesting potential health issues with a strict vegetarian diet. However, Webster stresses that several studies illuminate the benefits of vegetarianism, especially concerning overall health.

Both vegetarian and meat-inclusive diets can be either healthy or detrimental, depending on nutritional content quality, Webster notes. “Identifying the nutrients essential for a balanced and healthful lifestyle is key,” he says, recommending a rich intake of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables while limiting salt, sugar, and saturated fats.

“Ultimately, more research is needed to determine the optimal diets for longevity, but a comprehensive view of dietary patterns is imperative,” concludes Webster.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Definition Could Reroute 75% of U.S. Adults to Obesity Status

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New research reveals a revised definition of obesity, indicating that over 75% of U.S. adults could now be classified as obese. This stark increase is based on a recent study’s findings.

Currently, approximately 43% of Americans meet the traditional body mass index (BMI) standard of 30 or above. However, when researchers expanded the definition to include waist-to-height and waist-to-hip ratios, the estimated obesity prevalence soared to 75.2%.

A detailed analysis conducted by a research team from Yale School of Medicine and Harvard University emphasizes that relying solely on BMI may significantly underestimate the actual number of individuals with excess body fat.

According to the study director, Dr. Nora Al Roub, a professor at the Yale School of Public Health, “BMI is a straightforward calculation based on weight and height. While it is simple to compute, it does not provide insight into fat distribution or the composition of a person’s weight pertaining to fat versus muscle.” – BBC Science Focus.







The updated criteria classify all adults with a BMI of 30 or higher as obese, as well as 38.5% of individuals with a BMI under 25, which is typically deemed healthy.

Dr. Al Roub states, “This increase underscores how many individuals possess unhealthy levels of body fat, even while having a normal or slightly elevated BMI.”

The study notes that while these newly identified obese individuals may not require immediate medical interventions, they are at an elevated risk for conditions such as diabetes and heart disease, highlighting the importance of early preventive strategies.

Innovative diagnostic strategies aim to identify more obesity cases before they lead to complications – Credit: Getty

The new guidelines, first suggested in January 2025 by the Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology Committee led by Professor Francesco Rubino of King’s College London, have received endorsement from over 70 healthcare organizations.

Professor Rubino pointed out that the recent analysis may slightly misinterpret these guidelines. The additional metrics were intended to help identify individuals who may have obesity even if their BMI is just under the obesity threshold.

He further notes that the thresholds can differ based on gender and ethnicity, but generally, a BMI of 25 is considered well below the obesity classification.

Dr. Al Roub emphasized that the goal of the study was not to redefine obesity but to understand how population-level obesity estimates change when these criteria are uniformly applied to real-world datasets.

What are the Updated Guidelines for Obesity?

The new guidelines propose utilizing BMI as an initial screening tool to identify individuals at risk, followed by several additional measurements. While specific thresholds can vary by age, gender, and ethnicity, commonly accepted cutoffs include:

  • Waist circumference of 102cm or more for men, and 88cm or more for women
  • Waist-to-hip ratio of 0.9 or greater for men, and 0.85 or greater for women
  • Waist-to-height ratio exceeding 0.5

To be categorized as obese, individuals must meet one of the following criteria:

  • BMI of 40 or more
  • BMI between 30-39 (or ethnicity-specific threshold) along with at least one additional measurement
  • BMI less than but close to 30 (or ethnicity-specific threshold) plus at least two additional measurements

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Rethinking Quantum Computing: Are They Necessary for Key Applications?

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Can Quantum Computers Revolutionize Agriculture?

As quantum computing technology evolves, it becomes crucial to pinpoint challenges that can be tackled more efficiently than with classical computers. Interestingly, many significant tasks that quantum advocates are pursuing may not necessitate quantum computing at all.

The focal point of this discussion is a molecule called FeMoco, essential for life on Earth due to its role in nitrogen fixation. This process enables microorganisms to convert atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia, making it biologically available for other organisms. The mechanisms of FeMoco are intricate and not completely understood, but unraveling this could greatly diminish energy usage in fertilizer production and enhance crop yields.

Understanding FeMoco involves determining its lowest energy state, or “ground state” energy, which necessitates examining several electron behaviors. Electrons, being quantum particles, exhibit wave-like properties and occupy distinct regions known as orbits. This complexity has historically made it challenging for classical computers to calculate the various properties of FeMoco accurately.

While approximation methods have shown some success, their energy estimates have been constrained in accuracy. Conversely, rigorous mathematical analyses have demonstrated that quantum computers, utilizing a fundamentally different encoding of complexity, can resolve problems without relying on approximations, exemplifying what is known as ‘quantum advantage.’

Now, researchers such as Garnet Kin Rick Chan from the California Institute of Technology have unveiled a conventional calculation method capable of achieving comparable accuracy to quantum calculations. A pivotal metric in this discussion is “chemical precision,” which signifies the minimum accuracy required to yield reliable predictions in chemical processes. Based on their findings, Chan and colleagues assert that standard supercomputers can compute FeMoco’s ground state energy with the necessary precision.


FeMoco embodies various quantum states, each with distinct energy levels, forming a structure similar to a ladder with the ground state at the base. To streamline the process for classical algorithms to reach this lowest level, researchers concentrated on the states located on adjacent rungs and inferred their implications for what may exist one or two steps below. Insights into the symmetries of the electrons’ quantum states offered valuable context.

This simplification allowed researchers to use classical algorithms to establish an upper limit on FeMoco’s ground state energy and subsequently extrapolate it to a value with an uncertainty consistent with chemical accuracy. Essentially, the computed lowest energy state must be precise enough for future research applications.

Furthermore, researchers estimate that supercomputing methods could outperform quantum techniques, allowing classical calculations that would typically take eight hours to be completed in under a minute. This assumption relies on ideal supercomputer performance.

However, does this discovery mean you’ll instantly understand FeMoco and enhance agricultural practices? Not entirely. Numerous questions remain unanswered, such as which molecular components interact most effectively with nitrogen and what intermediate molecules are produced in the nitrogen fixation process.

“While this study does not extensively detail the FeMoco system’s capabilities, it further elevates the benchmark for quantum methodologies as a model to illustrate quantum benefits,” explains David Reichman from Columbia University in New York.

Dominic Berry, a professor at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, highlights that although their team’s research demonstrates that classical computers can approach the FeMoco dilemma, it only does so through approximations, while quantum methods promise complete problem resolution.

“This raises questions about the rationale for utilizing quantum computers for such challenges; however, for more intricate systems, we anticipate that the computational time for classical approaches will escalate much faster than quantum algorithms,” he states.

Another hurdle is that quantum computing technology is still evolving. Existing quantum devices are currently too limited and error-prone for tackling problems like determining FeMoco’s ground state energy. Yet, a new generation of fault-tolerant quantum computers, capable of self-correction, is on the horizon. From a practical standpoint, Berry suggests that quantum computing may still represent the optimal approach to deciphering FeMoco and related molecules. “Quantum computing will eventually facilitate more general solutions to these systems and enable routine computations once fault-tolerant quantum devices become widely available.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Historic Discovery: Oldest Supernova in History Illuminates Earliest Star

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James Webb Space Telescope image of SN Eos supernova

Image of SN Eos supernova taken by the James Webb Space Telescope

Astronomers have identified a colossal star’s explosion shortly after the universe emerged from the Cosmic Dark Ages, offering insights into the birth and demise of the first stars.

When a star exhausts its fuel, it explodes in a spectacular event known as a supernova. While nearby supernovae are exceedingly bright, the light from ancient explosions takes billions of years to reach Earth, fading into invisibility by the time it arrives.

This is why astronomers typically detect distant supernovae only during exceptional circumstances, such as Type Ic supernovae, which are the remnants of stars stripped of their outer gas and producing intense gamma-ray bursts. However, the more common Type II supernova, the predominant explosion observed in our galaxy, occurs when a massive star depletes its fuel but remains too faint for casual observation.

Notably, David Coulter, a professor at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland, and his team utilized the James Webb Space Telescope to discover a Type II supernova named SN Eos, dating back to when the universe was only 1 billion years old.

Fortunately, the supernova’s explosion took place behind a vast galaxy cluster, whose potent gravity amplified the light, rendering SN Eos dozens of times brighter than it would typically appear, facilitating detailed studies.


Researchers meticulously analyzed the light spectrum from SN Eos, confirming it as the oldest supernova detected via spectroscopy. Their findings denote it as a Type II supernova, attesting to its origins from a massive star.

Additionally, evidence suggests that the progenitor star contained remarkably low quantities of elements beyond hydrogen and helium—less than 10% of the elemental abundance present in the Sun. This aligns with theories about the early universe, where multiple stellar generations hadn’t existed long enough to create heavier elements.

“This allows us to quickly identify the type of stellar population in that region. [This star] exploded,” stated Or Graul from the University of Portsmouth, UK. “Massive stars tend to explode shortly after their formation. In cosmological terms, a million years is a brief interval, making them indicators of ongoing star formation within their respective galaxies.”

Light from such vast distances is typically emitted by small galaxies, allowing astronomers to infer the average characteristics of the stars within these galaxies. However, studying individual stars at these distances tends to be unfeasible. As noted by Matt Nicholl of Queen’s University, Belfast, UK, “This discovery provides us with exquisite data on an individual star. [Distance] has kept us from observing an isolated supernova here, but the data confirms this star’s uniqueness compared to others in the local universe.”

This observation occurred just a few hundred million years following the Era of Reionization, a pivotal period in the universe’s history. During this time, light from the inaugural stars began ionizing neutral hydrogen gas, transitioning it into translucent ionized hydrogen. This relates to SN Eos, as it serves as a supernova from a time we would expect to see.

“This discovery closely coincides with the reionization era when the universe emerged from darkness, permitting photons to travel freely once more and allowing us to observe,” said Graul.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Canceling Plans Could Be More Socially Acceptable Than You Realize

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People Are Surprisingly Forgiving When Plans Are Canceled

While many individuals feel guilty about canceling social engagements, research indicates that the recipients of these cancellations may be more understanding than expected.

“This suggests that individuals shouldn’t stress too much about cancellations,” says Esra Aslan, a researcher at the Norwegian School of Economics in Oslo.

Previous studies have examined how people respond when social plans are canceled, but few have explored the accuracy of those assumed reactions. This became evident to Aslan when he decided to cancel a planned gathering.

“I was set to meet a friend after work but chose to cancel. My colleague immediately responded that canceling was wise due to my work commitment,” Aslan recalls.

“Afterward, I shared my thoughts with Raj, another coworker, who was enthusiastic and suggested we should investigate this further,” she adds.


In a study involving around 400 adults in the United States, with an average age of 42, participants were asked to assess a scenario in which two close friends had dinner plans, but one had to cancel last minute due to urgent work obligations, leaving the other to dine alone.

Participants evaluated the cancellation from either perspective—making the cancellation or receiving it—rating the acceptability from 1 (not at all acceptable) to 7 (mostly acceptable).

Those imagining making the cancellation believed their friend would likely be displeased, estimating an average acceptance score of only 4.96. In contrast, participants who envisioned being on the receiving end granted an average acceptance score of 6.22.

This disparity in perception persisted across various scenarios involving different relationships and social contexts.

“I found minimal difference in the acceptance of cancellations for dinner plans among neighbors, close friends, or work colleagues,” states Rajarshi Majumder from GEM Alpine Business School in France. Even in more public settings, like concerts or when vague excuses such as ‘catching up on work’ were given for cancellations, this perception gap remained consistent.

Researchers hope these insights alleviate anxiety around canceling plans, suggesting that reducing this stress could lead to increased sociability. “Excessive worry about cancellations may deter people from planning social activities in the first place,” Aslan suggests.

However, Majumdar cautions that cultural differences may influence these findings, particularly in regions like parts of Asia, where cancellations could be viewed more harshly.

Aslan emphasizes the importance of being considerate when canceling. “Making small gestures, like rescheduling, can greatly strengthen relationships,” she advises.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Love Machine Review: Exploring the Impact of Chatbots on Human Relationships

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A woman with hearts in her eyes, representing the rise of AI relationships.

Imagine forming a deep bond with a chatbot that suddenly starts suggesting products.

Maria Kornieva/Getty Images

Love Machines
by James Muldoon, Faber & Faber

Artificial intelligence is becoming an inescapable reality, seamlessly integrating into our lives. Forget searching for chatbots; new icons will soon appear in your favorite applications, easily accessible with a single click, from WhatsApp to Google Drive, and even in basic programs like Microsoft Notepad.

The tech industry is making substantial investments in AI, pushing users to leverage these advancements. While many embrace AI for writing, management, and planning, some take it a step further, cultivating intimate relationships with their AI companions.

In James Muldoon’s Love Machine: How Artificial Intelligence Will Change Our Relationships, we delve into the intricate connections humans form with chatbots, whether they’re designed for romantic encounters or simply companionship. These AI systems also serve as friends or therapists, showcasing a broad range of interactions we’ve often discussed. New Scientist dedicates 38 pages to this topic.

In one interview, a 46-year-old woman in a passionless marriage shares her experience of using AI to explore her intricate sexual fantasies set in an 18th-century French villa. This opens up broader conversations about utilizing AI in more practical life scenarios, such as during a doctor’s visit.

Another participant, Madison, recounts uploading her late best friend’s text messages to a “deathbot” service, which generates a way for her to maintain communication.

Muldoon’s anecdotes often carry an element of voyeuristic intrigue. They reveal the diverse ways individuals navigate their lives, some paths being healthier than others. What works for one person might prove detrimental for another.

However, a critical question remains. Are we naïve to think that AI services won’t evolve like social media, cluttered with advertisements for profit? Envision a long-term relationship with a chatbot that frequently pushes products your way. What happens if the company collapses? Can you secure backups of your artificial companions, or migrate them elsewhere? Do you hold rights to the generated data and networks? Moreover, there are psychological risks associated with forming attachments to these indifferent “yes-men,” which may further alienate individuals lacking real social connections.

Nonetheless, there are positive applications for this technology. In Ukraine, for instance, AI is being harnessed to help individuals suffering from PTSD, far exceeding the current availability of human therapists. The potential to revolutionize customer service, basic legal operations, and administrative tasks is immense. Yet, Muldoon’s narrative suggests that AI often functions as an unhealthy emotional crutch. One man, heartbroken over his girlfriend’s betrayal, envisions creating an AI partner and starting a family with her.

This book appears less about examining the social impacts of innovative technology and more like a warning signal regarding pervasive loneliness and the critical lack of mental health resources. A flourishing economy, robust healthcare system, and more supportive society could reduce our reliance on emotional bonds with software.

Humans are naturally inclined to anthropomorphize inanimate objects, even naming cars and guitars. Our brain’s tendency to perceive faces in random patterns—pareidolia—has been a survival mechanism since prehistoric times. So, is it surprising that we could be deceived by machines that mimic conversation?

If this provokes skepticism, guilty as charged. While there’s potential for machines to gain sentience and form genuine relationships in the future, such advancements are not yet realized. Today’s AI struggles with basic arithmetic and lacks genuine concern for users, despite producing seemingly thoughtful responses.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Stunning Photos That Reveal the Fascinating World of Quantum Physics

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Marco Schioppo and Adam Park monitor ultra-stable lasers at the National Physical Laboratory in Teddington, UK.

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

In a striking portrayal, two physicists observe Britain’s revolutionary quantum technology involving ultra-stable lasers at the National Physical Laboratory in London. Captured by photographer David Severn for the **Quantum Untangled** exhibition at King’s College London, this fascinating image was shortlisted for the **Portrait of Britain Award**.

Severn states, “This portrait offers a rare peek into a domain typically hidden from view, like opening a door to a normally restricted lab.” While the photographs are contemporary, he notes that the scientists’ engagements with technology evoke imagery reminiscent of earlier eras, such as a 1940s submarine pilot or operators of a cotton spinning machine from the turn of the 20th century.

Having no background in quantum mechanics before this venture, Severn was briefed on current quantum physics projects in the UK. He observed that the bewildering aspects of quantum science closely align with artistic perspectives. “Although many scientific concepts eluded my detailed understanding, ideas like superposition and quantum entanglement resonated with me intuitively, akin to artistic realization,” he shared.

3D Printed Helmet Prototype

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Severn’s captivating photographs highlight a range of innovations in quantum physics, showcasing a **3D-printed helmet** (above) designed to house a quantum sensor that images the brain using magnetic fields. He also features a complex **laser table** (below) monitored by Hartmut Grothe from Cardiff University, ensuring that the vacuum pumps sustaining the system remain operational.

Hartmut Grote at the Laser Table

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Severn’s photography embraces a mystical quality, showcasing the **3D-printed imaging helmet** used by researchers from the University of Nottingham’s Sir Peter Mansfield Imaging Center (as shown above), along with the intricate network of pumps and mirrors essential for maintaining cleanliness in Grothe’s experiments (as depicted below). Severn asserts that this ethereal essence is intentional.

Joe Gibson Wearing a 3D Printed Imaging Helmet at the University of Nottingham

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Complex Vacuum System from King’s College London’s Photonics and Nanotechnology Group

David Severn, part of Quantum Untangled (2025), Science Gallery, King’s College London

Severn references a favorite quote from photographer Diane Arbus: “Photographs are secrets about secrets. The more they tell you, the less you understand.” He finds a parallel in quantum physics, where just when one thinks they’ve grasped how light behaves, the quantum realm subverts those expectations and exposes the elusive truths underpinning our understanding of reality.

The **Quantum Untangled** exhibition is on display at the Science Gallery at King’s College London until February 28, 2025. This event is a reimagining of the traveling exhibition **Cosmic Titans: Art, Science and the Quantum Universe** organized by Lakeside Arts and ARTlab at the University of Nottingham.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Boost Your Chess Winning Odds: Discover 3 Essential Cheats for Success!

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Chess Game Analysis

Detecting Cheating in Chess: The Challenge

Simple Image/Getty

Just three cunning acts of cheating can drastically shift the odds in chess, turning an evenly matched game into an almost guaranteed victory, a new analysis reveals. This highlights the need for effective systems to detect and prevent cheating in chess.

Daniel Kellen from the University of Haifa, Israel, simulated 100,000 games using the advanced Stockfish chess engine. Famous for its unmatched performance, Stockfish can outplay any human world champion. In these matches, two computer engines competed at an average skill level (1500 Elo rating), while powerful interventions occurred from a more skilled computer with an Elo score of 3190—higher than any human’s.

Typically, playing as White confers a slight advantage with a 51% probability of winning, primarily due to the first move advantage. However, Kellen’s findings showed that leveraging a computer system like Stockfish for guidance on just one move amplifies that probability to an average of 66%. If a player resorts to three instances of cheating, the chance of victory escalates dramatically to 84%.

“We anticipated that the first act of cheating would raise the winning probability to 55%, with a second nudging it to 60%. However, cheating three times escalated the odds to an astonishing 84%,” Kellen notes. This is a crucial insight for players seeking victory.

A single, well-timed move suggested by a superior chess engine (approximately 30 moves into the game) can improve winning chances by 15 percentage points. In contrast, random interventions throughout the game yield a mere 7.5 percentage point boost.

The analysis employed a system that intervened only if the suggested move significantly enhanced winning chances compared to the player’s original choice. The thresholds for cheating became more stringent as gameplay progressed. “Initial acts of cheating are somewhat lenient; however, scaling up your cheating necessitates a marginally greater advantage,” Kellen points out.

Such tactics create a “camouflage measure,” according to Kellen, which enables cheaters to evade detection by the automated systems employed by online chess platforms. These systems may mistake a remarkably effective move as an exceptional human insight rather than a product of computer assistance.

“Proving selective cheating through manual analysis poses significant challenges, as a single strategic hint from an engine can determine the outcome of a game,” emphasizes Kellen. Kim Shu from the University of Mainz in Germany finds this research compelling.

Kellen clarifies that his work does not aim to facilitate cheating but rather to assist chess platforms in recognizing the threats posed by subtle cheating methods. “Understanding your adversary is crucial,” he concludes.

As online chess gains popularity, the community must intensify its efforts to uncover cheating instances, notes Shu. “An effective anti-cheating strategy demands a multifaceted approach,” he advises, suggesting the analysis of behavioral patterns, move timings, and comprehensive histories of online chess accounts.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

2-Million-Year-Old Skeleton Offers Unprecedented Insights into Homo habilis

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A recently unearthed partial skeleton from the Koobifora Formation in northern Kenya provides paleoanthropologists with the most comprehensive insight into Homo habilis—one of the earliest human ancestors. This specimen highlights the significant physical differences between Homo habilis and later humans like Homo erectus.

Facial reconstruction of Homo habilis. Image credit: Cicero Moraes.

This newly discovered partial skeleton, cataloged as KNM-ER 64061, represents the most complete remains of Homo habilis to date.

Dating back approximately 2 million years, this fossil was found in the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Formation near Illeret, Kenya.

The specimen was discovered alongside KNM-ER 64060, which consists of a nearly complete set of teeth and jaw fragments attributed to Homo habilis.

Geological, taphonomic, and geochemical analyses suggest that the teeth and postcranial bones likely belonged to the same individual.

Researchers refer to these finds as a “possible fourth individual” of Homo habilis, marking a rare combination of diagnostic tooth remains and associated postcranial bones preserved in the early Pleistocene fossil record.

“Currently, there are only three other fragmentary and incomplete skeletons known of this significant species,” stated Professor Fred Grein from Stony Brook University.

The KNM-ER 64061 skeleton includes the humerus, both the radius and ulna, parts of the shoulder girdle, and pelvic and sacral fragments, among other elements.

Although no leg bones were recovered, the pelvic characteristics suggest that the mechanics of the lower limbs are more akin to later members of Homo than to earlier australopiths.

Interestingly, the upper limbs indicate a more primitive adaptation. The forearm is relatively long compared to the upper arm, a pattern identified as high brachial index, suggesting that Homo habilis is closer to early humans than to Homo erectus.

The arm bones exhibit unusually thick cortical bones, a trait reminiscent of australopiths and other early Homo fossils.

Based on the length of the humerus, scientists estimate that this individual stood around 1.6 meters tall.

The estimated weight ranges from 30.7 to 32.7 kg, significantly lighter than other known Homo habilis specimens and smaller in comparison to estimates for Homo erectus.

“The upper limbs of Homo habilis are notably more pronounced, indicating that KNM-ER 64061 possessed longer and stronger arms,” remarked Dr. Ashley Hammond from the American Museum of Natural History, the Miquel Crusafont Catalan Institute of Paleontology, and the Avanta Catalunya de Recerca Institute.

“However, the dimensions and proportions of the lower limbs remain elusive.”

“Further discoveries of lower limb fossils from Homo habilis may reshape our understanding of this important species.”

These findings reinforce the view that Homo habilis displayed a mosaic of ancestral and derived traits.

While skeletal features suggest a locomotion style resembling modern humans, the overall body proportions and smaller size imply that this early species had not yet developed the larger, heavier body types seen in later humans.

Between approximately 2.2 million and 1.8 million years ago, multiple hominid species existed in eastern Africa, including Paranthropus boisei, Homo habilis, Homo rudolfensis, and possibly early Homo erectus.

This new skeleton underscores that Homo habilis occupied a distinct evolutionary niche among these species, both physically and genetically.

“To our knowledge, the Homo habilis partial skeleton exhibits a postcranial anatomy that diverges from other members of our genus, such as Homo rudolfensis, whose characteristics remain largely unidentified,” the authors stated.

Their research paper was published online on January 13, 2026, in Anatomical Records.

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Frederick E. Gline et al. discovered a new partial skeleton of Homo habilis from the Upper Burgi Formation of the Koobi Fora Formation in Illeret, Kenya. Anatomical Records published online on January 13, 2026. doi: 10.1002/ar.70100

Source: www.sci.news

New Research Shows Tyrannosaurus Rex Took Nearly 40 Years to Fully Grow

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A detailed analysis of 17 fossil specimens of tyrannosaurus rex indicates that this iconic dinosaur grew much more slowly than previously believed, reaching an adult weight of approximately 8 tons by around age 40. This challenges earlier assumptions about its life history.

tyrannosaurus rex holotype specimen at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, USA. Image credit: Scott Robert Anselmo / CC BY-SA 3.0.

tyrannosaurus rex is renowned as one of the most iconic non-avian dinosaurs, continually captivating paleontologists and the public alike.

Previous growth studies proposed that this ancient predator could exceed 8 tons within just 20 years and live for nearly 30 years.

Utilizing advanced statistical algorithms, the new research examined bone slices under specialized lighting, uncovering hidden growth rings that previous studies had overlooked.

This analysis not only extended the growing season for tyrannosaurus rex but also suggested that by age 15, some specimens might not be complete individuals of tyrannosaurus rex, but instead could belong to other species or unique variants.

“This is the largest dataset ever collected regarding tyrannosaurus rex,” stated Holly Woodward, a professor at Oklahoma State University.

“Through studying the tree rings preserved in fossilized bones, we reconstructed the growth history of these magnificent creatures year by year.”

Unlike the annual rings found in tree stumps, the cross-sections of tyrannosaurus rex bones only record the final 10 to 20 years of an individual’s life.

“Our innovative statistical approach allowed us to estimate growth trajectories by synthesizing growth records from various samples. We examined every growth stage in greater detail than any prior studies,” explained Dr. Nathan Myhrvold, a mathematician and paleontologist at Intellectual Ventures.

“The resulting compound growth curves provide a more accurate representation of how tyrannosaurus rex matured and evolved in size.”

Rather than competing for dominance into adulthood, tyrannosaurus rex demonstrated a gradual and steadier growth pattern than previously assumed.

“The prolonged growth phase over 40 years likely enabled young tyrannosaurs to occupy various ecological roles within their environment,” said Dr. Jack Horner of Chapman University.

“This may explain how they maintained their status as apex carnivores at the end of the Cretaceous period.”

The team’s findings were published in the online journal Peer J.

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HN Woodward et al. 2026. Long-term growth and the extension of subadult development of the tyrannosaurus rex species complex revealed through expanded histological sampling and statistical modeling. Peer J 14: e20469; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20469

Source: www.sci.news

Congress Approves Funding Bill for U.S. Science Agencies, Defeating Trump’s Proposed Cuts

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The Senate has decisively rejected the Trump administration’s proposal to significantly slash funding for federal scientific agencies. On Thursday, the Senate voted 82-15 to allocate billions more to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), NASA, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) than what was requested by the president.

This bipartisan minibus budget will fund various agencies focused on science and the environment until September 30. The bill had passed the House last week with an overwhelming vote of 397-28.

Following the Trump administration’s budget suggestions would have resulted in catastrophic cuts: a 57% reduction for the NSF, a 47% cut for NASA’s scientific research division, and a 27% decrease for NOAA, which manages the National Weather Service, as stated by Sen. Patty Murray from Washington. As highlighted in Congressional testimony last summer.

The bill is set to be presented to President Donald Trump for his signature.

Despite an overall reduction in spending, the strong bipartisan support underscores a consensus to either maintain the status quo or implement only modest cuts.

Additionally, the legislation includes significant funding boosts for several scientific programs that the Trump administration eyed for elimination, notably NOAA’s satellite program. It also allocates resources to strengthen the workforce of the National Weather Service, which has seen cuts through layoffs and other measures.

This bipartisan effort was spearheaded by Sen. Susan Collins, R-Maine, and Sen. Murray.

In her remarks on the Senate floor, Collins expressed her strong support for the NSF, which provides nearly a quarter of federal funding for essential scientific research, according to their official site.

“I am delighted that we could restore the funding originally proposed for cuts and also address indirect research funding, a priority for me,” Collins stated.

Indirect research costs cover vital expenses such as equipment, operations, maintenance, accounting, and personnel. Earlier this year, the Trump administration sought to redefine the baseline for these costs, but the current budget prevents such changes.

In an overview of the bill, Murray emphasized a boost of $1.67 billion for NOAA and an additional $5.63 billion for NASA compared to Trump’s requests.

“We have stood firm against Trump’s proposed cuts to scientific research, reducing the NSF’s budget by 57%, halving NASA’s science budget, and devastating NOAA and crucial climate research resources,” she remarked in a Senate floor address on Monday. She stated during her speech.

Murray also stressed, “This legislation reinforces Congress’ authority over significant spending decisions.”

When asked about the president’s potential signature, the White House directed NBC News to a previous statement from the Office of Management and Budget. This statement indicated administration support, highlighting that the bill would contribute to overall spending cuts and assist the nation’s journey toward “energy dominance.”

“If the bill is presented to the president in its current form, senior advisers will likely recommend he sign it into law,” read the statement.

Congress will soon review additional minibus bills covering labor, healthcare, national security, and other critical issues. Lawmakers must finalize spending by January 30, the deadline established following a 43-day government shutdown.

In her remarks on Thursday, Collins reiterated her focus on getting the bill signed into law by the deadline to prevent an “unnecessary and extremely damaging government shutdown.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

How Body Fat Benefits Health in Unexpectedly Complex Ways

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Understanding Body Fat: The Good, The Bad, and The Complex

Dr. Ray Clark & Mervyn Goff/Science Photo Library

Body fat is often misunderstood as merely a passive energy reserve. However, emerging research indicates it plays a crucial role in our overall health, providing insights into its intricate functions.

Fat comes in various forms, including white fat, which stores energy and releases hormones influencing metabolism; brown fat, known for generating heat; and beige fat, which activates thermogenesis under specific conditions. The location of these fats matters significantly. While subcutaneous fat is usually harmless, visceral fat, located deep in the abdomen, is closely linked to inflammation, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases.

Recent studies further clarify this dynamic, suggesting that adipose tissue is actively involved in regulating blood pressure and managing immune responses in crucial areas of the body.

A study led by Jutta Jarkanen at Karolinska University Hospital in Stockholm examined the cellular structure of visceral fat in various abdominal locations. Their findings highlighted that epiploic fat, which envelops the large intestine, is abundant in immune cells and specialized fat cells producing inflammatory proteins tied to immune activation. They discovered that microbial products from the intestines trigger these fat cells to activate nearby immune responses.

“Our research indicates that fat deposits are specialized based on their anatomical position, particularly the fat adjacent to the intestine, which is tailored for immune interactions,” Jarkanen noted.

Although the study included obese participants, everyone has some visceral fat around their intestines, suggesting that epiploic fat fulfills a fundamental role irrespective of body weight.

“The gut continually encounters nutrients, microbial elements, and environmental substances,” Jarkanen explained. “Having adjacent adipose tissue to sense, respond, and manage immune reactions adds an extra layer of defense.”

However, obesity can lead to chronic overactivity in this system. Overeating, excessive consumption of particular foods, and specific bacterial compositions in the gut microbiome can lead to persistent immune signaling in intestinal fats, contributing to low-grade inflammation linked with metabolic disorders like type 2 diabetes and obesity.

A follow-up study unveiled yet another surprising function of fat: its role in regulating blood pressure. Marcia Koenen and colleagues at Rockefeller University aimed to understand the connection between obesity, characterized by excessive white fat, and high blood pressure, while noting that brown and beige fats seem to offer protection.

The team investigated perivascular adipose tissue, a beige fat-rich layer encasing blood vessels. In genetically modified mice that lack beige fat, their blood vessels exhibited stiffness and overreacted to daily hormonal signals that constrict arteries, resulting in elevated blood pressure.

The researchers identified that the enzyme QSOX1, secreted by dysfunctional fat cells, caused this adverse effect. Blocking this enzyme prevented vascular damage and normalized blood pressure in the mice, independent of their body weight. “This emphasizes the importance of inter-organ communication in understanding complex diseases such as hypertension,” emphasized Koenen.

“This study sheds light on the often-underestimated roles of brown and beige fat,” noted Christy Townsend from Ohio State University. Though human perivascular adipose tissue is proportionately less substantial than in mice, it remains physiologically relevant. “This research highlights the need for a nuanced understanding of fat’s effect on health beyond overall fat mass and BMI.”

Instead of merely focusing on fat reduction, these findings point towards future therapies aimed at preserving or restoring the advantageous functions of fat by targeting specific fat deposits, enhancing immune-fat communication, and maintaining healthy beige fat activity. However, comprehensive research is necessary before these findings can be applied clinically.

Together, these studies position adipose tissue as an active, functionally diverse system implicated in numerous aspects of human physiology. “When I began working in this field in the late 1990s, the belief was that fat was just a sack of cells storing extra nutrients,” stated Paul Cohen, also from Rockefeller University, who participated in the second study. “These investigations reveal a shift in our understanding of fat as not just a single cell type, but a complex tissue composed of various cell types engaged in diverse processes, extending far beyond simple nutrient storage and mobilization.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Enhancing Lithium-Ion Battery Longevity Through Chemical Modifications

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Lithium-ion battery technology

Lithium-ion Batteries: A Path to Extended Lifespan

Shutterstock/Bokeh Art Photography

Recent studies suggest that the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries can be extended using standard, cost-effective chemicals.

Lithium-ion batteries feature a porous separator sandwiched between a negative electrode and a positive electrode, immersed in an electrolyte that facilitates the movement of lithium ions during charging and discharging.

At the negative electrode, the electrolyte decomposes to create a thin protective coating that enhances battery stability and longevity.

Wang Chunsheng explains that forming a similar protective layer on the cathode has traditionally been challenging due to differing electrical conditions, which create a reactive environment that causes conventional electrolytes to break down before a stable coating can form, according to researchers from the University of Maryland.

Wang and his team utilized a straightforward reaction from organic chemistry to tackle this issue. This reaction enhances the electrolyte’s electron acceptance, inducing a controlled decomposition process that forms a stable protective coating on the cathode.

“By meticulously controlling the molecular decomposition of the electrolyte, we can precisely dictate the protective layer that forms on the cathode,” states Zhang Xiyue, a postdoctoral researcher in Wang’s group.

This flexibility in chemical reactions allows the resulting cathode-electrolyte layer to be tailored for enhanced protection, which could either provide strong shielding or design for faster electrochemical reactions, optimizing batteries for maximum power or extended life.

“If we can guarantee the formation of the cathode-electrolyte layer, it represents a significant advancement toward achieving longer battery cycles,” asserts Michel Armand from the CIC energiGUNE research center in Spain. Given that Wang and his colleagues modified the battery design using established chemical techniques, this new battery should be both safe and easy to manufacture, according to Armand.

While it remains uncertain exactly how much this innovative approach can extend the lifespan of lithium-ion batteries, further clarity is anticipated as the technology develops.

“This is a relatively simple modification to existing battery technology,” Wang notes. “After thorough safety and long-cycle testing, this approach could indeed reach consumers.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com