How Cystitis and Tooth Decay Can Contribute to Dementia in Later Years

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Scanning Electron Micrograph: *Escherichia coli* (Yellow) Infecting Human Bladder Cells (Blue), Resulting in Thick Mucus Secretion (Orange).

Professor PM Motta et al./Science Photo Library

Scanning electron micrograph of E. coli (yellow) infecting cells in the human bladder (blue), leading to mucus secretion (orange) — Scanning Electron Micrograph: *Escherichia coli* (Yellow) Infecting Human Bladder Cells (Blue), Resulting in Thick Mucus Secretion (Orange).

Professor PM Motta et al./Science Photo Library

New research indicates that severe infections, such as cystitis, pneumonia, and dental issues, could elevate dementia risk. A comprehensive study in Finland involving hundreds of thousands of participants revealed that hospitalizations for these infections were linked to a higher probability of developing dementia, including early-onset dementia, within six years.

Current findings suggest that dementia, particularly Alzheimer’s disease, may be preventable or delayed through brain-training activities, lifestyle changes, and even sauna use. Further evidence now supports that minimizing infections may significantly lower dementia risk. “This indicates that the risk of dementia may be partially modifiable,” says Quantin Wu from Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, who was not part of the study.

In 2021, researchers including Piry Sipila from the University of Helsinki observed that hospitalized individuals with severe infections exhibited higher rates of dementia. However, it remains unclear if this correlation arises from underlying conditions like diabetes, which can heighten vulnerability to both dementia and infections. Dementia and infections susceptibility are critical topics of discussion.

To explore this further, researchers analyzed health records from 62,555 individuals aged 65 and older, all of whom were free from dementia in 2016 but diagnosed between 2017 and 2020. This cohort was compared with 312,772 dementia-free individuals matched by age, gender, education, and marital status, highlighting a two-decade span of diagnoses and hospitalization records.

The team identified 29 symptoms linked to an approximately 20% increased risk of developing dementia within the following five to six years. Notably, while most symptoms were non-infectious and concerned other health issues, cystitis and nonspecific bacterial infections specifically contributed to heightened dementia risk. Subsequent evaluations indicated that infections primarily drove this increase compared to 27 other health conditions.

While inflammation is a crucial immune response to infections, it also plays a role in certain dementia types, including Alzheimer’s disease. Infection-induced inflammation can damage the brain’s circulatory system, leading to microbleeds and the infiltration of toxins through the blood-brain barrier, according to Shipira. Moreover, there is increasing evidence that vaccines targeting infections like shingles and influenza may lower dementia risk.

In another segment of the research, a focus was placed on early-onset dementia, identified in individuals under 65. Although conditions such as Parkinson’s disease and head trauma pose significant risks, multiple infections—including gastroenteritis, colitis, pneumonia, and dental infections—were found to have associations with early-onset dementia.

The variation in which specific infections affect either early-onset or standard-onset dementia remains unclear. The researchers noted differing causes and genetic susceptibilities associated with these dementia types in their findings.

Despite the robust correlations observed, it’s uncertain if these infections are direct causative agents of dementia or if mere correlations arise from confounding variables. “To clarify, intervention trials are essential to assess whether improved infection prevention can effectively lower or delay dementia onset,” Cipila asserts.

“Gil Livingston,” a professor at University College London, expressed openness to the possibility that such studies may affirm causal links. “This high-quality research aligns with other evidence, and when considering the timeline and biological plausibility, it seems likely,” she states.

This insight could significantly enhance strategies for preventing, managing, and monitoring serious infectious diseases, according to Wu. For instance, preventing cystitis involves maintaining adequate hydration and administering appropriate incontinence care. “Timely treatment is vital as UTIs in older adults often manifest unusually, such as through confusion or delirium, which can lead to missed or delayed diagnoses,” she emphasizes. “This study is both concerning and motivating.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Theory: Earth’s Formation from Two Distinct Solar Rings

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

New Models Suggest Flawed Understanding of Early Solar System

Image Credit: Panther Media Global / Alamy

Early solar system model — New Models Suggest Flawed Understanding of Early Solar System

Image Credit: Panther Media Global / Alamy

The formation of the inner solar system may not align with previous scientific beliefs. Traditionally, researchers posited that rocky planets emerged from a singular disc of dust and debris originating from the early solar system. However, groundbreaking new simulations indicate the possible existence of two distinct disks.

Models relying on a single disk or ring of material surrounding the young Sun tend to fall short in replicating several observable features of our solar system. For instance, Earth’s unique rock composition suggests a blend of two different types, which raises questions about their originating from a singular ring. Moreover, single-ring models often render Mercury and Mars disproportionately large while placing Venus and Earth too closely together, leading to composition similarities between Earth and Mars that seem out of place.

Bill Bottke, along with his team at Colorado’s Southwest Research Institute, conducted a series of sophisticated simulations exploring how planets could evolve from a shared reservoir of material. Yet they faced persistent challenges.

“For six months, we tried different simulations without success,” Bottke explained during a recent presentation at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference held in Texas on March 16th. “In a moment of desperation, we considered testing a second reservoir and discovered that this approach yielded a viable model for creating terrestrial planets, while addressing many of the outstanding concerns.”

The optimal model proposed involved two separate disks: one situated about half the current distance from the Sun to Earth and the other approximately 1.7 times that distance. The simulation resulted in planets of proper size and distance.

This theory also aligns with the compositions of the Earth, Moon, and Mars. “We believe Earth predominantly formed from material sourced from the inner solar system, with only a minor contribution from outside,” noted Jan Hermann, who delivered a related presentation the same day at the Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research in Germany. In contrast, Mars appears to have formed mainly from the outer disk, explaining the contrasting compositions of the two planets.

Nonetheless, some researchers express concern that this model relies on very specific initial conditions that may not be entirely understood. “Small alterations in the shape of the disk can significantly affect the outcome of where terrestrial planets are positioned,” Bottke cautioned.

Current efforts are focused on refining the model and exploring additional factors that may influence solar system formation. “We’re investing considerable computational resources to examine every logical possibility,” Bottke indicated. If successful, this new perspective could illuminate various solar system enigmas, from anomalous asteroids to mysterious lunar rocks.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Astronomers Uncover Second Generation Stars in Pictor II Galaxy: New Discoveries in Stellar Evolution

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover PicII-503: A Protostar in the Ancient Pictor II Dwarf Galaxy

This striking image of PicII-503 highlights a second-generation star with the lowest iron content ever recorded outside our Milky Way galaxy. Image credits: CTIO / NOIRLab / DOE / NSF / AURA / University of Alaska Anchorage TA Chancellor and NSF NOIRLab / M. Zamani and D. de Martin, NSF NOIRLab / Anirudh Chiti / Alex Drlica-Wagner.

“This marks the first definitive detection of element formation in protogalaxies,” stated Dr. Aniru Chitty, a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Chicago, now at Stanford University.

“This discovery fills a crucial gap in understanding the origin of elements during the universe’s formative years.”

In the primordial epochs following the Big Bang, the cosmos was relatively simple, comprised almost entirely of hydrogen, helium, and lithium, giving rise to giant stars primarily formed by these elements.

More complex elements, like calcium and gold, were scarce since they had to be synthesized within stars themselves.

At the cores of these massive stars, nuclear fusion processes created increasingly heavier elements.

When these stars eventually exploded, they contributed to the formation of new stars, perpetuating this cycle until a diverse array of elements emerged, forming the universe we know today.

“To track elemental formation, we must search for stars with minimal heavy elements, as these accumulate over time,” explained University of Chicago astronomer Alexander Gee.

Using the Magellan Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory and ESO’s Very Large Telescope, astronomers identified a significant candidate star within the ultrafaint dwarf galaxy Pictor II.

This star, identified as PicIII-503, exhibits a remarkable structure, with an iron content approximately 1/100,000 times lower than that of our Sun.

This extraordinary finding not only generates excitement but also offers insights into the enigmatic origins of these early stars.

Consequently, since PicIII-503 remains within its original protogalaxy, astronomers have uncovered vital information regarding its formation theory, particularly related to the star’s explosive death.

“Upon the demise of a massive star, it possesses an ‘onion-skin’ structure: lighter elements like carbon reside in outer layers while heavier elements are found inside,” Gee noted.

“A weak explosion may only eject the outer layers, allowing the heavier inner materials to coalesce with neighboring gas and dust, which can form future generations of stars.”

“However, a vigorous explosion could propel these materials far beyond the small galaxies that existed during that era,” he added.

This exciting discovery provides context for the abundance of carbon-rich stars observed in our Milky Way, illuminating their origin, Dr. Chitty emphasized.

For more on the discovery of PicIII-503, refer to the research paper published in Nature Astronomy.

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A. Chitty et al. Enrichment by the first stars of relic dwarf galaxies. Nat Astron published online on March 16, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-026-02802-z

Source: www.sci.news

Physicist Develops Floating Time Crystal: A Breakthrough in Quantum Physics

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A groundbreaking team of scientists at New York University has successfully developed a unique version of an exotic phase of matter where particles are acoustically suspended and interact through sound wave exchanges.

Morel et al. observed a revolutionary type of time crystal with particles suspended on a cushion of sound while interacting through sound waves. Image credit: David Song / New York University.

Time crystals—collections of particles that “keep time”—are poised to transform fields like quantum computing and data storage.

The particles present in this innovative time crystal defy Newton’s third law of motion, which posits that every action has an equal and opposite reaction, emphasizing a balance in forces.

Unlike traditional particles, these new particles interact independently, are not strictly bound by equilibrium forces, and exhibit non-reciprocal movement.

Remarkably, these time crystals are visible to the naked eye and are housed in a compact, one-foot-tall device that can easily be held in hand.

“The speaker emits sound waves, allowing us to place small particles at the pressure nodes, effectively suspending them against gravity,” stated Leela Elliott, an undergraduate at New York University.

The time crystal is constructed using Styrofoam beads that are suspended by these sound waves, initially employed as an acoustic levitation device to maintain the beads in the air.

“We discovered that a simple system of two particles suspended within an acoustic standing wave can spontaneously oscillate and generate time crystal effects due to their unbalanced interactions,” explained Mia Morell, a graduate student at NYU.

“When these airborne particles interact, they do so by exchanging scattered sound waves.”

“Specifically, larger particles scatter more sound than smaller ones,” she added.

“Consequently, the influence of large particles on small particles is greater than the reverse.”

“This results in an asymmetry in interactions between small and large particles.”

“Imagine two ferries of different sizes approaching a pier,” she said.

“Each ferry creates waves that displace the other, but the impact varies based on size.”

This discovery broadens the scope of potential applications for these crystals, promising advancements in technology and industry.

“Time crystals exhibit a high degree of autonomy, making independent decisions and persisting on their path,” stated Professor David Greer of New York University.

“They are intriguing not only for their potential applications but also due to their visually exotic and complex structure.”

“In contrast, our system stands out because it’s surprisingly straightforward.”

The team’s key findings were published in the Physical Review Letters.

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Mia C. Morell et al. 2026. Non-reciprocal wave-mediated interactions power the classical time crystal. Physics Review Letters, 136, 057201; doi: 10.1103/zjzk-t81n

Source: www.sci.news

First-Ever Land Transportation of Antimatter: A Historic Breakthrough

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

CERN Antimatter Transport Truck

Cologne

Antimatter has made its debut as about 100 antiprotons were successfully transported in a truck for 20 minutes around CERN, the famed particle physics laboratory located near Geneva, Switzerland. This groundbreaking demonstration marks the initial phase of a future antimatter delivery service, paving the way for scientists to transport antiprotons on demand to various research facilities across Europe for in-depth study.

“I’m thrilled that we’ve reached this milestone in transporting antimatter,” said Christian Smolla from CERN. “This achievement has required extensive efforts, marked by both challenges and triumphs.”

All matter possesses antimatter, which is theoretically identical but carries opposite charges. For instance, a positron is the antimatter counterpart of an electron. When antimatter particles meet their matter equivalents, they annihilate each other, resulting in the creation of new particles or bursts of energy. This unique property complicates both the storage and experimental study of antimatter.

Only in recent decades have researchers at CERN’s Antimatter Moderation Hall, colloquially known as the Antimatter Factory, been able to produce enough antimatter, such as antiprotons, to conduct meaningful experiments and further comprehend their unique characteristics. Ongoing experiments aim to answer why our universe predominantly consists of matter rather than antimatter.

Loading Delicate Anti-Cargo onto Truck

Cologne

To decelerate antiprotons, which are produced at near-light speeds, scientists employ potent magnetic fields. However, this makes it challenging to investigate the magnetic properties of the antiprotons themselves. In 2018, Smola and his team initiated the Symmetry Test in Portable Antiproton Experiment (STEP) project. This portable container utilizes a tank of liquid helium in conjunction with a strong magnetic field, enabling antiprotons to be transported to quieter settings for further study.

So far, the STEP project has successfully completed a test run on a four-kilometer ring road at the CERN campus, successfully transporting 92 antiprotons from the Antimatter Factory without compromising the cargo.

“This ensures precise measurements for years to come, as no disturbances in the hall will affect the assessments,” states Jeffrey Hungst from the ALPHA experiment, which studies antihydrogen atoms nearby at Denmark’s Aarhus University.

Looking ahead, Smola and his team aspire to extend the STEP project beyond CERN, ultimately delivering antimatter to magnetically quiet facilities across Europe. However, achieving this goal may take several years as a significant portion of CERN undergoes upgrades to the Large Hadron Collider, expected to conclude by the end of 2028.

CERN: The Hub of Particle Physics in Europe

Discover the groundbreaking research at CERN, Europe’s leading center for particle physics. Situated near the scenic lakeside city of Geneva, CERN is renowned for its pioneering work on the Large Hadron Collider and its studies on dark matter and frozen matter.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How AI Transformed the World’s Largest Physicists Conference

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The American Physical Society Global Physics Summit: The World’s Largest Physicists Conference.

Credit: American Physical Society

I’m seated in the auditorium at the American Physical Society Global Physics Summit, the largest annual gathering of physicists worldwide, with 14,000 researchers attending this year in Denver, Colorado. We gather to hear prominent scientists present their groundbreaking research, yet many are now turning to artificial intelligence (AI) for clarification on complex topics.

As the presentations progressed, I frequently noticed an AI chatbot displayed on my laptop screen. These AI chatbots are utilized to simplify complex concepts. Questions like, “What are the benefits of transmon qubits?” and “Can you explain spintronics?” are addressed with rapid, bulleted emoji responses.

AI chatbots have shown promise in educational settings, but whether they can contribute significantly to real-world physics research remains a hot topic at conferences, sparking discussions in talks, intersessions, and networking events.

In a recent presentation, Harvard University researcher Matthew Schwartz highlighted that Anthropic’s Claude chatbot can tackle advanced physics problems with proficiency comparable to early-stage PhD students. Schwartz, who co-authored a study in January focused on quantum field theory, shared that collaborating with Claude sped up research that would typically take two years with human students.

He argues that AI could fundamentally change theoretical physics, stating he will no longer work with students who resist using AI tools. Schwartz believes that AI advancements could solve longstanding challenges in physics, such as harmonizing quantum mechanics with Einstein’s theory of general relativity, within the next five years. He metaphorically expressed that working with Claude made him feel akin to Einstein, proposing the idea of “10,000 Einsteins.”

However, Schwartz’s perspective represents an extreme viewpoint. CUNY professor Savannah Thais maintained that it’s premature to gauge how much technology will transform physics, emphasizing the AI’s capacity to generate plausible-sounding science without guaranteeing accuracy. Critical assumptions in particle physics can often obscure the validity of results.

During a session, Rachel Burley from the American Physical Society noted the initial enthusiasm over AI tools assisting physicists with writing and publishing scientific papers had quickly led to an overwhelming increase in journal submissions, straining the peer review process.

A recurring question from both formal presentations and informal dialogues was: As AI evolves, what roles will remain for human researchers? Matthew Ginsburg, a former physicist with extensive experience in AI at Google DeepMind, suggested that while AI may offer consensus expert opinions, innovation arises from researchers willing to challenge conventional understanding and pose unexpected questions.

Schwartz speculated that human physicists will primarily focus on setting research priorities based on interest and significance. He expressed concern that the transition could lead to complications before improvements manifest, stating, “It’s remarkable, yet slightly concerning.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Are Humans Genetically Degenerating and Becoming Less Intelligent?

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Are Harmful Genetic Mutations Accumulating and Impacting Our Intelligence?

H. Armstrong Roberts/Classic Stock/Getty Images

Every human is born with approximately 100 genetic mutations, unique from their parents. As you have children, half of these mutations are passed down, coupled with new mutations from the next generation. This raises an important question: Are harmful mutations accumulating in humans, leading to a decline in both physical and mental fitness?

Some experts, like geneticist Michael Lynch, suggest that we could see a significant decline in human physical fitness over the next few centuries in industrialized societies. In a 2010 study, various countries, including the UK and Australia, reported declines in IQ, suggesting we might be witnessing a direct consequence of these accumulating mutations.

Historically, the concept of human degeneration spurred highly unethical eugenics policies in the 20th century. While early proponents fabricated stories to justify their views, modern genomic sequencing allows us to directly analyze mutations and understand their implications.

Research indicates that humans possess a relatively high mutation rate compared to many other species. The male reproductive system, responsible for producing sperm continuously from stem cells, plays a vital role in this process. As men can father children for extended periods, mutations may accumulate over generations more than in short-lived species.

While most of our 100 additional mutations have little impact due to the prevalence of ‘junk’ DNA, some can lead to harmful effects. These mutations can occur within protein-coding genes or regulatory sequences, potentially altering gene function.

While severe mutations can be life-threatening, others with minor negative effects can persist through generations. So, what prevents a continuous buildup of harmful mutations in populations?

Traditional genetic theories posit that offspring with significantly damaging mutations are less likely to survive and reproduce, stabilizing the ‘genetic load’ of harmful mutations within populations. However, with evolving health care and conditions in high-income countries, natural selection may be weakening.

Lynch proposes that relaxed natural selection is contributing to the accumulation of harmful mutations, predicting a reduction in human fitness by at least 1% per generation, and perhaps even up to 5%.

Nevertheless, some studies upon which Lynch’s predictions are based involved non-mammalian species. Peter Keatley and his team at the University of Edinburgh explored mutation accumulation in mammals, breeding 55 strains of mice over 21 generations under relaxed selection conditions. Their findings, published in 2024, suggest that the fitness loss in humans per generation may equate to less than 0.4%.

It’s worth noting that natural selection remains effective, as a considerable percentage of pregnancies end in miscarriage. According to Joanna Maskell from the University of Arizona, “There’s always a choice.”

Is Losing Physical Strength Necessarily a Negative Thing?

Moreover, fitness, in an evolutionary context, isn’t always advantageous. Genetic mutations providing resistance to infectious diseases or malnutrition may have adverse effects when those threats are minimal or negligible. For instance, a mutation providing malaria resistance can manifest in sickle cell disease when malaria is absent.

In the larger scheme of evolution, organisms like bacteria can quickly eliminate harmful mutations due to their smaller genomes and large population sizes. However, Maskell notes that this rapid elimination isn’t feasible for humans.

“Our genomes are cluttered with various parasitic elements,” she states. “The influx of harmful mutations surpasses our capacity for removal, yet we possess mechanisms to compensate for them.”

Instead of individually cleansing genetic disadvantages, organisms have evolved a ‘sewage system’ to manage multiple issues simultaneously. This evolutionary process suggests that even rare beneficial mutations with substantial effects can counterbalance numerous slightly detrimental mutations.

A Sewage Treatment System for Clearing Dangerous Mutations

pxl.store/Alamy

This perspective is profound; harmful mutations can paradoxically drive complexity by creating issues that require the evolution of advanced solutions. For example, when a mutation introduces junk DNA into a gene, cellular systems have evolved to excise this extraneous material from the RNA copy.

Interestingly, simulations conducted by her team indicate that as mutation rates rise, beneficial mutations accumulate more rapidly than harmful ones.

“We’re effectively enhancing our waste management system at a faster rate than we create disruptions,” Maskell comments. “Surprisingly, the mathematical outcomes were counterintuitive.”

If these findings hold true, then the high mutation rates in humans may not present the alarming issue many biologists fear. The correlation between declining IQ and mutation may be coincidental. The scientific inquiry continues, yet there’s little cause for alarm regarding human degeneration.

Meanwhile, there are pressing global issues that warrant our attention, such as climate change, which Maseru suggests should be our primary concern instead. I wholeheartedly concur.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Why Weight Loss Becomes More Challenging with Age and Effective Solutions to Overcome It

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

It’s curious: as the years go by, the scale doesn’t seem to reflect the passage of time. You may have heard that metabolism slows with age, but what does that really mean for the average person?

No matter how you look at it, you’re likely just as active, if not more so, than in your youth, and your appetite remains unchanged.

So why is weight gain still so common?

Research published in the journal Cell Metabolism suggests that changes in the shape of melanocortin 4 (MC4) receptors in the brain might hold the answer.

Not familiar with MC4 receptors? You’re not alone. However, understanding these receptors could be crucial in tackling age-related obesity.

MC4 receptors have been a focal point in obesity research for some time. Here’s what we know:

MC4 receptors are primarily located in the hypothalamus, the brain’s control center. These receptors are found on neurons that integrate hormonal signals to manage appetite and energy balance.

According to Kazuhiro Nakamura, the senior author of the study and a physiologist at Nagoya University, “MC4 receptors receive satiety signals and help regulate metabolism while suppressing appetite.”

This “satiety signal” notifies the body when it’s full, controlled by hormones like melanocortin and leptin acting on MC4 and other receptors that dictate when to stop eating and when to ramp up energy expenditure.

As you likely know, the balance of food intake and energy expenditure is central to weight management, with MC4 receptors playing a pivotal role.

Previous studies indicate that individuals with genetic mutations affecting the MC4 receptor are more prone to weight gain from childhood onward. Despite only 1 in 500 individuals having this genetic defect, the prevalence of severely obese children can be as high as 5 in 100, making MC4 receptor deficiency the most common monogenic cause of obesity.

While it’s clear that MC4 receptors are crucial to our weight, they don’t fully explain the gradual weight gain associated with aging. Fortunately, Nakamura and his team have some insights to share.

Discover More:

What Happens to MC4 Receptors as We Age?

Research indicates that as rats age, neuronal “antennas” called “primary cilia,” which contain MC4 receptors, shorten, leading to a decrease in MC4 receptor numbers.

Professor Nakamura explains, “Shortening antennae with age results in decreased metabolism and increased appetite, contributing to obesity in middle age.”

Although this study focused on rats, past research links changes in MC4 receptors to weight gain in both animals and potentially humans. “We suspect a similar mechanism could be present in humans,” says Nakamura.

The researchers employed genetic engineering to shorten the antennae of young rats, resulting in increased food intake and reduced fat burning, leading to weight gain. They also discovered that rats lacking the MC4 receptor were resistant to the appetite-suppressing hormone leptin, much like obese humans.

Aging and poor diet contribute to the shortening of primary cilia containing MC4R, linked to obesity in rats – Image courtesy of Kazuhiro Nakamura

However, some researchers urge caution against drawing premature conclusions. “It’s too early to definitively state this because the studies have only been conducted in rats, and we’re missing key pieces of the puzzle,” says Sadaf Farooqi, Professor of Metabolism and Medicine at the University of Cambridge.

She emphasizes that age-related weight gain is complex, involving factors like hormones, muscle mass loss, and decreased metabolic rate. “This suggests that critical genes and molecules regulating body weight might change with age,” she notes.

All Is Not Lost: Here’s What You Can Do

On the bright side, the findings highlight a potential solution. While the antenna shortening process may be concerning, it can be slowed down through simple lifestyle changes.

Maintaining a healthy diet and practicing calorie moderation are crucial. These measures not only aid in weight management but may also preserve your MC4 receptor-rich antennae as you age. Studies have shown that rats on high-fat diets experience quicker shortening of their MC4-containing cilia compared to those on healthier, calorie-restricted diets.

As Nakamura states, “Our findings underscore the importance of avoiding overeating. While calorie restriction can be challenging, it aids in reducing fat storage due to excessive energy intake.”

Moreover, he advises that adopting moderate eating habits is essential for preserving the cilia that keep the brain’s anti-obesity mechanisms functioning optimally as we age.

Lastly, consistent exercise is vital—not just for burning calories. “In middle-aged and older adults, exercise plays a crucial role in muscle maintenance,” says Farooqi. Maintaining muscle mass is important because muscle burns calories efficiently. Incorporating resistance training and ensuring adequate protein intake (recommended at about 20 grams per meal) can significantly help.

If you’re seeking a more advanced option, don’t be discouraged. Nakamura explains that the research team succeeded in engineering a protein that prevents the shortening of antennae, which allowed rats to shed excess weight.

In the meantime, Professor Farooqi highlights that treatments aimed at enhancing the MC4 pathway may benefit individuals facing midlife weight gain, particularly menopausal women. “While we still need more evidence, this is a promising avenue worth exploring,” she remarks.

About Our Experts

Kazuhiro Nakamura: Professor at Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, his research interests include central nervous circuits, thermoregulation, and metabolism. His work has been published in leading journals such as Frontiers of Life Science and Neuroscience Journal.

Sadaf Farooqi: Professor of Metabolism and Medicine at the University of Cambridge and Honorary Consultant in Diabetes and Endocrinology at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge. Farooqi is a leading figure in obesity research, having identified key genetic disorders related to severe childhood obesity and understanding appetite control mechanisms.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Hubble Space Telescope Returns to the Famous Crab Nebula: A New Look at an Iconic Astronomical Marvel

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

By analyzing new observations from Hubble alongside images captured in 1999, astronomers have successfully tracked the continuing expansion of one of the sky’s most studied supernova remnants, the Crab Nebula. This expansion is fueled by a rapidly spinning pulsar at its core.

This captivating image of the Crab Nebula was taken by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope in 2024. Image credit: NASA/ESA/STScI/William Blair, JHU/Joseph DePasquale, STScI.

In 1054, astounded Chinese astronomers witnessed a remarkably bright nova, the second brightest object in the night sky after the moon, visible even during the daytime for a remarkable 23 days. Observations of this supernova were also documented by Japanese, Arabian, and Native American astronomers.

Today, the luminous Crab Nebula, also known as Messier 1, M1, NGC 1952, or Taurus A, occupies the position of that brilliant star, situated approximately 6,500 light-years away in the constellation Taurus.

This nebula’s brightness makes it visible even through amateur telescopes, making it a popular object for stargazers.

Initially identified in 1731 by the English physicist and astronomer John Beavis, the Crab Nebula was later rediscovered in 1758 by French astronomer Charles Messier.

The name “Crab Nebula” derives from its resemblance in an 1844 painting by Irish astronomer Lord Rose.

At its center lies the remnant core of the original star, known as the Crab Pulsar (PSR B0531+21).

“We often perceive the sky as a static body,” remarked Dr. William Blair, an astronomer at Johns Hopkins University. “However, the enduring journey of the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope has shown us that the Crab Nebula continues to evolve and expand from the explosion that occurred nearly 1,000 years ago.”

In the latest images, Hubble revealed the nebula’s intricate filament structure, demonstrating substantial outward movement over a 25-year period at an astonishing rate of 5.6 million kilometers per hour (3.4 million miles per hour).

“Hubble possesses the unique longevity and resolution necessary to capture these intricate changes,” the astronomers noted.

To facilitate comparisons with new images, Hubble’s 1999 image of the Crab Nebula has undergone reprocessing.

“The color variations observed in both Hubble images signal changes in the gas’s local temperature, density, and chemical composition.”

“Even after extensive work with Hubble, I’m continually amazed by the detailed structure and improved resolution revealed by Hubble’s Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) compared to 25 years ago,” Dr. Blair commented.

“WFC3 was installed in 2009, marking the last time Hubble’s instrument was upgraded by astronauts.”

“The filaments at the edges of the nebula seem to be moving more rapidly than those at the center and appear to be expanding outward instead of stretching over time.”

This phenomenon is attributed to the pulsar’s nature as a pulsar wind nebula, driven by synchrotron radiation generated from interactions between the pulsar’s magnetic field and the surrounding nebula material.

In contrast, other notable supernova remnants typically expand in a manner influenced by shock waves from the initial explosion, which erode the outer shell of gas ejected by the dying star.

The new high-resolution observations from Hubble also offer deeper insights into the Crab Nebula’s three-dimensional structure, challenging to assess from two-dimensional images.

In an intriguing observation, shadows of some filaments are reflected in the haze of synchrotron radiation within the nebula.

Interestingly, some bright filaments in the latest Hubble images do not display shadows, suggesting they are located behind the nebula.

“The true significance of Hubble’s observations of the Crab Nebula is yet to unfold,” the researchers asserted.

“Data from Hubble can be integrated with recent findings from other telescopes observing the Crab Nebula across varying wavelengths of light.”

“NASA/ESA/CSA’s James Webb Space Telescope is set to release infrared light observations of the Crab Nebula in 2024.”

Comparing Hubble’s images with modern multiwavelength observations will provide scientists with a comprehensive understanding of the ongoing aftermath of supernovae, continuing to intrigue astronomers long after new stars first appeared in the sky.

Find more findings published in January 2026. Astrophysical Journal.

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William P. Blair et al. 2026. Revisiting the Crab Nebula using HST/WFC3. APJ 997, 81; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae2adc

Source: www.sci.news

CT Scan Uncovers Secrets of Triassic Cynodonts: A Deep Dive into Decades-Old Mysteries

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Initially recognized from a single skull unearthed in South Africa in 1952, Cystechinodon parvus has experienced considerable debate regarding its place in the evolutionary tree. Previously classified variously as a close relative of advanced cynodonts, a juvenile of another species, or even as a creature outside of this group, recent research employing computed tomography (CT) scans has reconstructed the fossil digitally. This compelling study reveals that this Triassic species is, in fact, a distinctive and more primitive cynodont than previously assumed.

Reconstruction of Cystechinodon parvus. Image credit: Morgan Hopp.

“Cynodontia Dr. Erin Rand and her colleagues from the University of the Witwatersrand highlight that it is one of six primary subclades of therapsids that emerged during the Late Permian, significantly contributing to the diverse tetrapod fauna of the Triassic period.

This group encompasses mammals, including both non-mammalian cynodonts and true mammals, playing a pivotal role in understanding the origins of mammals.”

“The major Triassic diversification of cynodonts is represented by eucynodonts, which are divided into two monophyletic subclades: Cynognathia and Probainognathia.”

The recent study revisited human skull analysis of Cystechinodon parvus, a type of cynodont inhabiting the middle Triassic period, approximately 247 to 237 million years ago.

This specimen measures just 5.72 cm in length and was discovered in 1952 at Louisperdokop, situated west of Maletswai in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa.

Through advanced CT imaging, researchers examined the fossil, uncovering detailed features of the skull, jaw, and internal anatomy.

The analysis places Cystechinodon parvus among basal, non-eucynodont cynodonts, diverging from more advanced eucynodont groups.

This fossil displays a unique combination of anatomical traits: a significantly enlarged vestibule in the inner ear, a small and narrow parietal foramen, a relatively simple maxillary canal, and the absence of a carotid foramen.

These characteristics support the classification of Cystechinodon parvus as a separate genus and species, indicating that it likely led an underground lifestyle.

Specifically, the enhanced vestibule of the inner ear suggests heightened sensitivity to low-frequency sounds, a feature commonly associated with modern burrowing animals.

Consequently, researchers concluded that Cystechinodon parvus was likely an obligate burrowing species.

“After a century of debate regarding the classification of Cystechinodon parvus, our findings provide significant support for its recognition as a true clade of non-mammalian cynodonts,” the researchers stated.

“The evidence from our study firmly establishes Cystechinodon parvus as a valid taxon of basal non-eucynodont Cynodontia (specifically, the non-eucynodont epicynodonts).”

“Although the specimen represents a developmental range from subadult to adult, its classification is substantiated by a midline-opening secondary palate.”

“Ultimately, its unique inner ear and endocast anatomy further confirm that Cystechinodon parvus was a distinct fossil animal.”

“Cystechinodon parvus has been reconstructed as the basal lineage of southern African cynodonts that survived the end-Permian mass extinction and continued as a relict fauna into the early Middle Triassic,” the researchers concluded.

For more detailed insights, refer to their published paper in the Anatomical Records this month.

_____

Erin S. Rand and colleagues, Re-description of Triassic cynodonts Cystechinodon parvus and reassessment of its phylogeny. Anatomical Records, published online on March 19, 2026. doi: 10.1002/ar.70179

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Source: www.sci.news

How Ocean Warming is Triggering a Regime Shift in Antarctic Sea Ice

Posted on March 24, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Hits Record Lows

Credit: Sebnem Coskun/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images

Antarctic sea ice extent decline — Antarctic Sea Ice Extent Hits Record Lows

Credit: Sebnem Coskun/Anadolu Agency via Getty Images

Recent scientific discussions have centered on the unexpected decline of Antarctic sea ice, which was previously considered resistant to climate change. Research indicates that robust winds have stirred warmer deep ocean water, disrupting the protective layer above the ice, leading to its accelerated melt.

While Arctic sea ice has seen a dramatic decrease of approximately 40% over four decades, Antarctic sea ice had shown slight expansion until recent trends reversed this. Since 2015, the extent of sea ice has shifted from record highs to remarkable lows, akin to the area of Greenland.

According to a study conducted by Antarctic researchers, rising temperatures are primary contributors to this melting. Further investigations reveal that ocean warming has played a pivotal role in this significant ‘regime shift’.

As stated by Simon Georgie from the National Marine Center in Southampton, UK, “A thorough analysis reveals a convincing sequence of events where oceans have significantly impacted ice melting, particularly starting in 2016.”

The circumpolar deep water, a warm, salty ocean body, flows southward from tropical regions, encircling Antarctica at depths under 200 meters. Two decades of temperature and salinity data suggest that this warm water is gradually surfacing, contributing to sea ice melt.

Antarctica is flanked by intense winds and storms in the “Roaring 40s,” “Roaring 50s,” and “Screaming 60s.” Climate change is shifting these storm paths southward, increasing precipitation in sea ice regions. Earl Wilson and colleagues from Stanford University highlight that additional precipitation formed a fresh water layer on the surface, temporarily insulating the sea ice from the warmer waters below.

However, these southward-moving storms bring strong winds that push surface water and ice forward. The Earth’s rotation causes this water to disperse at a right angle to the wind direction, facilitating a vortex comparable to the Weddell Sea circulation. As surface water shifts away, deep water replaces it, promoting further ice melt.

From 2014 to 2016, the upwelling of deep water began to outweigh the insulated layer of fresh water created by precipitation. This was evidenced in a simple computer model that mimicked real-world ice expansion and contraction based on observed temperature and salinity changes.

“Indications suggest a continued decline in sea ice,” Wilson remarks. “Although precipitation may reduce deep-sea heat temporarily, that heat remains a factor. A sudden change in conditions could unleash it back into the environment.”

A follow-up study indicates this reversal was instigated by a sequence of storms. Theo Spira and his team at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany found that the intrusion of warmer deep waters, coupled with winter water effects, is exacerbated by increasingly warmer global temperatures.

This warming causes deep water expansion, reducing winter water thickness, and has resulted in flooding of deeper waters over time. Since 2015 and 2016, strong winds have exacerbated these conditions, without allowing the lamellar structure to stabilize.

Importantly, while wind patterns may be a natural phenomenon, global warming has set the stage for these changes, as noted by Spira, emphasizing that the ocean’s reactions to these winds might mitigate the rapid ice decline.

Although melting sea ice will not directly contribute to rising sea levels, it poses risks to species such as krill and penguins that rely on this ice for habitat. Additionally, if sea ice retreats near significant ice shelves, it may disrupt global ocean currents, including the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation critical for maintaining Europe’s climate.

“The reduction of sea ice formation in these areas could lead to diminishing bottom water and decrease the meridional overturning circulation,” explains Wilson, while acknowledging that freshwater from glacier melt has a more pronounced impact on these dynamics.

Topics:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Unraveling Neanderthal Decline: Insights from Genetic Clues

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Reconstructed Neanderthal Man and Woman at Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, Germany

AP Photo/Martin Meissner/Alamy

Reconstructed Neanderthal man and woman — Reconstructed Neanderthal Man and Woman at Neanderthal Museum in Mettmann, Germany

AP Photo/Martin Meissner/Alamy

Neanderthal DNA analysis has significantly advanced our understanding of the challenging eras leading to the extinction of these ancient humans.

As climate cooled, Neanderthal populations diminished, ultimately restricting them to southwestern France. With a subsequent warming trend, these ancient humans began to expand their range. However, due to a drastic reduction in genetic diversity, even widespread populations exhibited similar DNA profiles.

This scenario—a small, isolated population with limited genetic variability—likely contributed to their extinction.

Having inhabited Europe and Asia for hundreds of thousands of years, Neanderthals vanished from the archaeological record around 40,000 years ago. Previous DNA studies indicate significant genetic changes occurred as their populations dwindled, especially among late Neanderthals from approximately 60,000 years ago, who displayed genetic similarities distinct from their earlier counterparts. “There must have been some population turnover towards the end of Neanderthal history,” states Cosimo Posth from the University of Tübingen, Germany.

To examine these changes, Posth and his team sequenced DNA from 10 Neanderthals across six locations in Belgium, France, Germany, and Serbia. They focused on the mitochondrial DNA inherited from mothers and compared it to 49 previously sequenced genomes.

The findings revealed that nearly all Neanderthals who lived between 60,000 and 40,000 years ago belonged to a single lineage that emerged around 65,000 years ago, with no traces of older lineages. “This strongly indicates that a population turnover occurred,” affirms Posth.

Additionally, the research team analyzed a database of Neanderthal remains, noting a significant geographic contraction in population density towards southwestern Europe from 80,000 to 70,000 years ago, especially concentrated in southwestern France. “This was likely triggered by climate change,” explains Posth. “Around 75,000 years ago, a major ice age commenced, prompting the Neanderthals to retreat further into southwestern Europe.”

Entrance to Pešturina Cave in Serbia, site of notable Neanderthal discoveries

Luc Doyon and Dušan Mihailović

The emerging lineage likely originated in southwestern France, expanding after the warming climate of over 60,000 years ago. However, despite this geographic expansion, the overall population size did not significantly increase.

One remarkable exception is an individual named Thorin, discovered in Mandolin Cave, France. At approximately 50,000 years old, Thorin’s DNA indicates strong ties to more ancient lineages, revealing that some genetic lines likely survived the previous population decline. Posth notes that Thorin is “the only one who doesn’t fit into the established narrative.”

The ability to trace Neanderthal migrations enriches our understanding of their history, according to Tarshika Vimala, who researched Thorin at the University of California, Berkeley.

Vimala also highlighted previous findings that confirmed fluctuations in Neanderthal populations, leading to the loss of specific lineages. A 2021 study suggested that population replacement occurred roughly 100,000 years ago, possibly as a response to climate changes.

Neanderthals’ pattern of living in small, isolated bands may have heightened their extinction risk. Vimala estimates their group sizes ranged between 3 and 60 individuals. Prof. Poss remarked that this could have allowed harmful genetic variations to develop, increasing the vulnerability of each population to random events.

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Topics:

Neanderthal Man/
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Source: www.newscientist.com

CERN Physicists Uncover Heavier Proton Relative in Groundbreaking Discovery

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

CERN’s Large Hadron Collider (LHC) physicists, through the LHCb experiment, have unveiled a groundbreaking deuteron-like particle known as Ξcc⁺. This remarkable particle, composed of two charm quarks and one down quark, offers scientists a novel means to explore the formidable forces binding the fundamental constituents of matter.

Artist’s impression of the double charm baryon Ξcc⁺ containing two charm quarks and one down quark. Image credit: CERN.

Quarks, the fundamental building blocks of matter, exist in six distinct flavors: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom.

Typically, quarks combine in pairs or groups of three to form mesons and baryons. While protons are stable, most hadrons (mesons and baryons) are fleeting, vanishing almost immediately upon creation, making detection a challenge.

To facilitate their production, high-energy particles are collided within machines like the LHC.

These unstable hadrons decay rapidly, yet the resultant more stable particles can be detected, enabling scientists to infer the properties of the original particles.

With this discovery, the total count of hadrons identified in LHC experiments has risen to 80.

“This marks the first new particle identified following the LHCb detector upgrades completed in 2023, and it is the second baryon discovered that features two heavy quarks, echoing the initial observation made nearly a decade ago,” stated LHCb spokesperson Dr. Vincenzo Vagnoni.

“The implications of this result will aid theorists in testing quantum chromodynamics models, enhancing our understanding of strong forces that unify quarks to form conventional baryons and mesons, as well as more exotic structures like tetraquarks and pentaquarks.”

In 2017, the LHCb team reported a similar particle containing two charm quarks and an up quark, which differs from the newly discovered particle solely by having a down quark.

Despite their similarities, the predicted lifetimes for the new particles are up to six times shorter than their counterparts due to intricate quantum effects, complicating their observation.

By scrutinizing data from proton-proton collisions captured by the LHCb detector during the LHC’s third operation phase, physicists confirmed a new baryon with a statistical significance of 7 sigma, surpassing the 5 sigma threshold needed for a discovery claim.

“This significant milestone exemplifies how LHCb’s unique capabilities contribute to its success,” remarked CERN Director-General Mark Thomson.

“This highlights the direct link between experimental upgrades at CERN and the new discoveries, paving the way for the pioneering science anticipated from the High-Luminosity LHC.”

“These accomplishments were made possible due to the extraordinary performance of CERN’s accelerator complex and the unwavering commitment of the scientists involved in the LHCb experiment.”

Source: www.sci.news

VLT Captures Stunning Close-Up of Nearby Triangular Galaxy

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Stunning Close-Ups of Triangular Galaxies Captured by ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT) Illuminate the Gas and Dust That Fuel Star Birth and Galaxy Evolution.

This VLT/MUSE image showcases the Triangulum Galaxy, a spiral galaxy approximately 3 million light-years away in the constellation Triangulum. Image credit: ESO / Feltre et al.

The Triangulum Galaxy, also referred to as Messier 33 or NGC 598, is a spiral galaxy located roughly 3 million light-years from Earth.

Visible as a faint haze in the Triangulum constellation under optimal dark sky conditions, this galaxy has long captivated astronomers.

It stands as one of the most significant members of the Local Group, a gravitationally bound assembly of over 50 galaxies, including the Milky Way and Andromeda. Though third largest in the group, it is the smallest spiral galaxy in this collection.

Spanning about 60,000 light-years, the Triangulum Galaxy is substantially smaller than Andromeda, which measures around 200,000 light-years, and the Milky Way, estimated at 100,000 light-years in diameter.

Dr. Anna Feltre and her colleagues from the INAF Astrophysical Observatory in Arcetri emphasized, “Stars do not exist in isolation; they thrive in rich, complex environments where they actively form.”

“Investigating these cosmic interactions enhances our understanding of star formation and the influence of their radiation on surrounding matter, which is crucial for unraveling how galaxies evolve,” they added.

In their research, astronomers utilized data collected by the VLT’s Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE).

“MUSE’s unique capability allows it to disperse light into a spectrum of colors, enabling us to analyze the chemical makeup of the interstellar medium across the entire field,” the team elaborated.

The vivid colors in the images signify various elements: blue, green, and red represent oxygen, hydrogen, and sulfur, respectively.

“Thanks to MUSE, we have mapped the distribution and motion of numerous elements, crucial for understanding the connections between stars and their environments.”

“These cosmic interactions create a visually stunning and dynamic landscape, revealing that star birthplaces are more intricate and beautiful than we ever envisioned,” concluded Dr. Feltre.

For in-depth insights, refer to the team’s paper published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics.

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A. Feltre et al. 2026. M3D: Mosaicking M33 using the MUSE datacube. I. Elucidating the Diversity of the H II Region of M33 Using MUSE. A&A 706, A367; doi: 10.1051/0004-6361/202557122

Source: www.sci.news

Fossil Evidence Reveals Tyrannosaurus Attack on Duck-Billed Dinosaur

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover the Semi-completed Skull of an Adult Edmontosaurus – A captivating snapshot from the Late Cretaceous period, preserved at the Montana State Museum of the Rockies, showcases a dramatic encounter where a Tyrannosaurus rex attacks a duck-billed dinosaur.

A striking scene of a Tyrannosaurus rex attacking an adult Edmontosaurus. Image credit: Jen Hall.

This damaged Edmontosaurus skull was unearthed in 2005 within the Hell Creek Formation of eastern Montana.

Now housed in the Museum of the Rockies’ paleontology collection, this fossil offers a remarkable detail: the interior of the skull is filled with Tyrannosaurus teeth.

According to Taia Winberg-Henzler, a doctoral student from the University of Alberta, “While bite marks on fossils are somewhat common, discovering embedded teeth is exceptionally rare.”

“Analyzing these teeth, especially those lodged in a skull, allows us to identify the bitten and the biter,” she explains.

“This phenomenon enables us to envision the harrowing encounter involving this Edmontosaurus. It’s akin to being a detective at a prehistoric crime scene.”

Comparative analysis of the embedded teeth with all carnivorous species from the Hell Creek Formation revealed a match with the Tyrannosaurus. A CT scan of the skull provided deeper insights into this event.

“Fossils like this one are particularly fascinating because they capture the behavior of a Tyrannosaurus rex attacking this herbivore,” states John Scannella, the curator of paleontology at the Museum of the Rockies.

“With no signs of healing around the embedded Tyrannosaurus teeth, it suggests that the Edmontosaurus may have been deceased at the time of the attack or succumbed to its injuries.”

Based on the way the teeth are embedded in the nose of the Edmontosaurus, “This indicates what often transpires when predators kill their prey,” Winberg-Henzler notes.

“The force required to embed these teeth into the bone also signifies the use of lethal strength.”

“To me, this paints a chilling picture of the final moments for this Edmontosaurus,” she adds.

“The typical feeding habits of the Tyrannosaurus—considered one of the largest carnivores to ever roam the Earth—have sparked extensive research and debate over the years,” Dr. Scannella remarks.

“Insights gained from the teeth embedded within the Edmontosaurus skull allow for a deeper understanding of Tyrannosaurus behavior.”

For detailed findings, refer to the published study in the online journal PeerJ.

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TCA Winberg-Henzler and JB Scannella. 2026. Behavioral Effects of Tyrannosaurus Teeth and Associated Tooth Marks Embedded in an Articulated Skull of Edmontosaurus from the Hell Creek Formation in Montana. PeerJ 14: e20796; doi: 10.7717/peerj.20796

Source: www.sci.news

How Machine Mathematicians Prove It’s Time to Embrace AI in Mathematics

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A robot using a multicolored abacus illuminated by rays of light, photographed indoors.

Have you ever received an email and suspected it was crafted by AI rather than a human touch? Mathematicians have been wrestling with similar concerns for decades, and they have crucial insights to share.

This journey began in 1976 when Kenneth Appel and Wolfgang Haken published their proof of the four-color theorem. This theorem demonstrates that you can color a map with just four colors such that no two adjacent areas are the same shade. Although the theorem seems straightforward, mathematicians anticipated elegant proofs that would uncover deeper mathematical principles. Instead, they encountered 60,000 lines of complex computer code. Appel and Haken programmed a machine to systematically analyze nearly 2,000 different maps representing various configurations.

Initially, there was a feeling that something essential was lacking. However, as the years passed, mathematicians began to accept this approach and effectively resolved many philosophical objections. Consequently, when the latest wave of AI technology emerged, mathematics was ready to embrace it.

As reported, AI is rapidly evolving, pleasantly surprising many mathematicians. While Appel and Haken meticulously wrote the code, we now have large language models capable of verifying whether this code—and thus the proof—holds true, mitigating the risk of hallucinations commonly associated with AI technologies.

“ AI is advancing rapidly and surprising many mathematicians “

Yet outside the realm of mathematics, things are more complicated. The tech industry is rife with stories of AI failures, each carrying varying degrees of consequences. Recently, US research firm Gartner forecasted that half of the companies that replaced human roles with AI will reinstate those positions by year’s end.

While life is not as predictable as mathematics, the lessons learned by mathematicians suggest that AI has potential if we can find practical confidence and philosophical approval in its outcomes. It may take time for other fields to reach this understanding.

Source: www.newscientist.com

Creating ‘Zombie’ Cells: Transplanting Genomes into Dead Bacteria for Innovative Research

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Microscopic View of Bacterial Colonies: Blue Colonies Represent Synthetic Genomes, While White Colonies Show Survivors of Mitomycin C Treatment.

Credit: Nasaira Assad-Garcia

Researchers have successfully developed living synthetic cells by transplanting complete genomes into deceased bacteria, effectively bringing these microorganisms back to life. This groundbreaking advancement has the potential to revolutionize synthetic biology, allowing for the engineering of living organisms to produce sustainable fuels, pharmaceuticals, and novel materials.

Synthetic biology involves modifying biological systems to introduce new functionalities or create entirely new systems. For instance, scientists can rewrite yeast DNA so that these organisms can synthesize desired chemicals. In 2010, groundbreaking work saw researchers synthesizing bacterial genomes and deploying them into living cells, birthing what they termed as the first synthetic cells.

However, challenges arose; determining whether the cells were genuinely driven by the synthetic genome rather than the original was complex. This issue stemmed from bacteria’s ability to absorb external genetic material via horizontal gene transfer.

To overcome this, John Glass and colleagues at the J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI) in La Jolla, California, first exterminated the host cell—or at least its genome.

The team employed a chemical called mitomycin C, commonly used in chemotherapy to damage DNA, and tested it on simple bacterial cells of mycoplasma capricolum.

The researchers noted, “The cells remain healthy but are unable to reproduce and their genomes are non-functional, leaving them destined for death or already deceased,” according to Zumra Seidel, also from JCVI.

Next, they introduced a synthetic variant of another bacterial genome from Mycoplasma mycoides into the dead cells through whole-genome transplantation.

Surprisingly, some bacteria began to grow and replicate normally, with genetic tests confirming the presence of synthetic genomes. The team proudly claimed to have engineered the first living synthetic bacterial cells derived from non-living components, dubbing them “zombie cells” due to their revival post-mortem.

“Introducing a genome to a cell devoid of one restores its functionality,” explained Glass.

Kate Adamara from the University of Minnesota commended this research as a pivotal technological breakthrough. “They are embedding genomic information into a non-living recipient with no assistance from the host’s repair systems. Essentially, they have revived that cell,” she noted. “An impressive feat!”

Furthermore, it raises questions about the definitions of life and non-life; traditionally defined by metabolism and replication, these traits are barely present in the recipient cells. “What truly constitutes life?” queried Adamara.

Team member Elizabeth Strychalski from the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland, expressed hope that this discovery would encourage viewing biology as fluid processes. “By adopting an engineering perspective, we can analyze living systems and identify which processes are essential for our desired outcomes,” she stated.

This technique has thus far only been tested on mycoplasma, yet the researchers believe it serves as a proof of principle and could significantly expedite the creation of synthetic organisms that function as mini-chemical factories to produce drugs or clean up environmental pollutants.

“While we have long had the capability to assemble remarkable lengths of synthetic DNA, we lacked means to make them operational,” Strychalski remarked. “It’s akin to having a script for a Shakespearean play without the ability to perform it.”

Akos Nierges from Harvard Medical School emphasized that this research tackles a vital hurdle in synthetic biology. “This technology may lead to more predictable and reliable methods for genome transfer across various species,” he said.

Transitioning to more complex organisms like yeast and Escherichia coli could pose challenges due to their cell walls. Still, Glass remains optimistic that this technology can succeed with those genomes too.

“If effective in one organism, it’s likely to succeed in others,” he stated, with ongoing investigations into methods to remove and replace cell walls. “Provided appropriate growth conditions, Escherichia coli can regenerate new cell walls,” he added.

Concerns about biological safety in synthetic biology persist. Although the mycoplasma species examined in this study can be pathogens for goats and cattle, Nierges assured there are no anticipated increases in virulence from these modifications.

Strychalski mentioned that existing best practices in laboratories can significantly reduce the risk of pathogen leakage.

Topics:

Biotechnology /
Microbiology

Source: www.newscientist.com

Stunning Telescope Capture: Mysterious Comet’s Collapse Revealed After Serendipitous Breakthrough

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Stunning Capture of Comet K1 by Hubble

Image Credit: NASA, ESA, Dennis Bodewits (Australia)

Comet K1 captured by the Hubble Space Telescope — Stunning Capture of Comet K1 by Hubble

Image Credit: NASA, ESA, Dennis Bodewits (Australia)

Recently, we were fortunate to observe Comet K1 just after it fragmented into four pieces. This event could offer crucial insights into the formation and evolution of our solar system.

John Noonan and researchers from Auburn University in Alabama had initially aimed to study a different comet using the Hubble Space Telescope. However, due to the spacecraft’s limitations in high-speed orbiting, they redirected their focus to a new target—comet C/2025 K1 (ATLAS). Upon directing Hubble towards K1, they were surprised to find it had already split into four distinct fragments.

“While we have observed comets break apart before, this was the first time we didn’t anticipate it occurring during our observations,” Noonan shared. “The ability to capture these images was incredibly fortunate.”

These unprecedented images of a freshly shattered comet provide invaluable data. Typically, it is challenging to predict when a comet will begin to splinter, let alone align a space telescope to capture the moment. However, the high-resolution images acquired allowed researchers to estimate that K1 began to fracture approximately a week prior to the images being taken.

Observations of Comet K1 Over Three Days

Image Credit: NASA, ESA, Dennis Bodewits (Australia)

Comets consist of primordial ice from the early solar system, yet their surfaces erode over time due to solar radiation and other cosmic effects. To uncover this primordial ice and gain insights into planetary formation, we must delve beneath the surface—a task that shattered comets facilitate.

As a comet disintegrates, it releases ice that transitions into gas, diffusing into space. “These extremely cold ice remnants are suddenly exposed to warmth for the first time in billions of years and should rapidly subliminate,” Noonan explained. Surprisingly, in the case of K1, it took about two days post-fragmentation for brightness to emerge, typically indicating sunlight interacting with sublimated gases and dust.

The reason for this unexpected delay remains unclear. Noonan and his team are currently analyzing the remaining data from K1, which is anticipated to clarify the delay in brightening and reveal the comet’s internal composition. “We are poised to embark on groundbreaking research regarding this comet and early solar system dynamics,” he stated.

Topic:

Source: www.newscientist.com

Is DNA Discovery Possible on Mars? Insights from Cyworthy

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Since British pop legend David Bowie posed the question in 1971, “Does life exist on Mars?”, NASA has successfully landed five rovers on the Red Planet. The Curiosity rover, which touched down in Gale Crater in 2012, uncovered rocks formed in a shallow lake approximately 3.6 billion years ago, indicating a once habitable environment. In 2021, the Perseverance rover began exploring Jezero Crater, where traces of ancient life may be found at the base of a lake dating back 3.7 billion years.

Both Curiosity and Perseverance have discovered evidence of complex carbon-containing molecules within Martian lakebed rocks. Organisms on Earth consist of similar organic molecules, leading astrobiologists to speculate that these Martian compounds might indicate past life. However, it’s important to note that organic molecules can also arise from non-biological processes, such as interactions between gases and minerals at high temperatures. Thus, more conclusive evidence is needed to confirm the existence of ancient Martian life.

A recent study by researchers at the Center for Astrobiology in Madrid, Spain, explored whether DNA could function as a potential biomarker in Martian rocks. They posited that DNA is universal among Earth’s life forms and deemed it “the most crucial biological molecule for life.” Only life forms create this molecule. Furthermore, many conditions that degrade DNA quickly on Earth—such as the presence of water, heat, and microorganisms—are absent in the cold, dry climate of Mars.

One major obstacle in detecting ancient DNA on Mars is the planet’s surface, which is constantly bombarded by intense shock waves. Cosmic and solar radiation can rapidly degrade DNA and organic molecules. Prior research has indicated that DNA is more likely to survive radiation damage when protected within rock. Hence, the researchers aimed to examine whether Mars-like rocks could shield DNA from radiation levels equivalent to around 100 million years of exposure on the planet’s surface.

Scientists will not gain direct access to Martian lake rocks until future sample return missions, such as NASA/ESA’s Mars Sample Return or the Chinese Astronomy-3 mission, are conducted. The researchers collected samples from various rock ages formed in lakes and shallow marine environments worldwide. They specifically targeted rocks with remnants of an ancient microbial community known as microorganisms and a total organic carbon concentration similar to that of Martian rocks. The samples included 2,800-year-old lake rocks from Mexico, 541-million-year-old shallow-water rocks from Morocco, and 2.93-billion-year-old iron-rich rocks from Ontario, Canada, featuring minerals akin to those in Jezero Crater on Mars.

The team crushed the rocks, dividing them into six samples each, sealed in glass bottles. They exposed three samples to radiation levels equivalent to 136 million years on the Martian surface, while leaving the other three unexposed for comparison. DNA was extracted from each sample and examined using a technique that enables reliable identification of short DNA fragments known as nanopore sequencing. This method also generates quality scores for each DNA fragment to assess the accuracy of specific DNA sequences.

The analysis revealed that unirradiated samples contained higher quantities of DNA fragments, correlating with a greater presence of organic carbon. This suggests that the DNA originated from contemporary microbial communities residing in the rocks, while the organic carbon was derived from long-deceased microbes. Thus, the researchers inferred that modern microbes were consuming ancient organisms; the more food available, the larger the microbial populations grow. These findings support the proposition that rich organic carbon sites like ancient crater lakes are prime targets for future life-detection missions.

In irradiated samples, DNA quality diminished and fragmented due to radiation exposure. For instance, the DNA from irradiated samples of Mexican lake microorganisms exhibited quality scores that were, on average, 53% lower, with DNA reads averaging 85% shorter compared to unirradiated samples. Nevertheless, the research team managed to identify microorganisms that contributed around 2% to 9% of the DNA in the irradiated samples, despite significant degradation.

The researchers concluded that identifiable DNA fragments could persist in Martian rocks for over 100 million years. They proposed that this sensitive sequencing approach should be implemented in future Mars rovers to search for evidence of past life and evaluate the planet’s biological viability. While these results are promising for astrobiologists, challenges remain, such as the presence of toxic salts that could further degrade DNA and concerns regarding pollution from terrestrial life. The research team recommended developing stringent protocols for decontaminating Martian rock samples and addressing external contamination.

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Source: sciworthy.com

Thousands of Websites Expose Security Credentials: Accidental Leak Alert

Posted on March 23, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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API Key Leaks: A Major Threat to Business Security

Vertigo3d/Getty Images

Leaked API Keys — API Key Leaks: A Major Threat to Business Security

Vertigo3d/Getty Images

Critical security credentials, including API keys, are mistakenly exposed on thousands of websites, putting organizations—ranging from small startups to large banks and healthcare providers—at significant risk.

These leaks could grant unauthorized users access to sensitive data, like RSA private keys, enabling attackers to impersonate servers, decrypt private communications, and potentially seize complete control over a company’s digital infrastructure. “This is a pressing issue impacting entities of all sizes,” states Nurula Demir from Stanford University, California.

Demir and colleagues conducted an analysis of 10 million web pages to identify the extent of exposed API credentials. API keys facilitate seamless communication between different software systems and serve as access tokens for cloud platforms, payment processing, and messaging services.

Through their web scans, the researchers validated 1,748 exposed credentials from 14 leading service providers, including Amazon Web Services, Stripe, GitHub, and OpenAI, found across approximately 10,000 compromised websites.

The accountability for these vulnerabilities lies not with the service providers, but with the developers and operators who misconfigured their websites. While the specific companies affected were not named, they reportedly include “global systemically important financial institutions,” firmware developers, and major hosting platforms.

“We have alerted all entities concerning identified exposures,” said DeMille. Approximately half of the organizations remedied their exposed API keys within two weeks; however, some did not respond.

On average, leaked credentials remain accessible for 12 months, with some lasting as long as five years. The majority (around 84%) of compromised credentials were located within the JavaScript environment, likely due to developers improperly using bundler tools for code packaging.

The remaining 16% originated from third-party resources, where misconfigured external plugins or scripts inadvertently exposed sensitive credentials online.

“None of these developers intended for their systems to be insecure,” explains Katie Paxton-Fear from Manchester Metropolitan University, UK. Issues arose due to programming intricacies, leading to accidental exposure. “They followed best practices, but vulnerabilities emerged during the development process,” she adds.

Leaking API keys is a “significant concern in modern software development,” notes Nick Nikiforakis from Stony Brook University, New York. “API keys replace user credentials, granting authorization without direct authentication. However, their misconfiguration can lead to serious security threats.”

DeMille emphasizes shared responsibility in addressing these vulnerabilities. “Developers must exercise caution in using API credentials,” he advises, alongside ensuring proper configuration of their development environments. He further suggests website-building tool creators should design systems to automatically hide private keys by default, rather than relying on developers to manage these protections manually, and that hosting companies should proactively monitor for exposed keys and disable them immediately.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

NASA Reveals Meteor Streaks Over Texas Causing Sonic Booms: What You Need to Know

Posted on March 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A spectacular fireball was observed over southeast Texas on Saturday afternoon, confirmed by NASA as a meteor likely breaking apart over the Houston area.

Residents in the greater Houston area reported sightings, including video from a doorbell camera and dashcam footage taken during a Little League baseball game, showing flaming balls of light traversing a clear blue sky. The meteor event was first noticed at 4:40 p.m. local time in Stagecoach, northwest Houston, according to NASA.

NASA reported that “it moved southeast at 35,000 miles per hour and broke apart 47 miles above Bummel, just west of Cypress Station.” The agency noted in a post on X.

Initial estimates suggest that the meteorite was approximately 3 feet in diameter and weighed around 1 ton. As it entered Earth’s atmosphere, the pressure waves generated a sonic boom audible in parts of the area.

Houston resident Shelley James reported that debris from the meteorite may have crashed through her home on Saturday afternoon. She was in the bathroom when loud thuds resonated from her daughter’s room.

“I went in to check and found a hole; the floor was caved in,” she described.

Next to her daughter’s bed, James discovered what she called a “big black rock.”

“I thought, ‘What is this?'” she recalled. “I called my grandson and asked, ‘Is that a meteorite?’ It was pitch black, which was the first thought that came to mind.”

While the meteorite was roughly the size of a baseball, James noted it felt heavier than one. Fortunately, despite the dramatic event, her family members were unharmed when the rock struck their home.

“It just looked like a rock. Rocks falling from the sky don’t mean anything,” James remarked.

The American Meteor Society monitors bolide events globally, recording over 140 meteor reports that Saturday, across regions in South Central and Southeast Texas, including Houston, Katy, College Station, San Antonio, and Austin.

NASA indicated that Doppler weather radar suggests a meteorite might have impacted an area of Houston between Willowbrook and Northgate Crossing.

This meteor sighting occurred just four days after another fireball was reported in northeastern Ohio and Pennsylvania. Bill Cook, head of NASA’s Meteor Environment Office, shared with NBC News that the earlier fireball likely resulted from a small asteroid weighing 7 tons and measuring about 6 feet in diameter. As the meteorite disintegrated, it released energy equivalent to 250 tons of TNT.

Preliminary data showed this previous meteor was traveling at 45,000 miles per hour before breaking apart over Valley City, Ohio. Cook illustrated that the fireball likely created several meteorites around Medina County.

While large meteors that create bright fireballs are infrequent, they do occur. Countless smaller space rocks, dust, and remnants from rockets collide with Earth daily, according to NASA. However, the majority burn up harmlessly in the atmosphere.

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Source: www.nbcnews.com

Evidence of Fragmented and Mobile Lithosphere on Earth 3.5 Billion Years Ago

Posted on March 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Geoscientists have made a groundbreaking discovery by analyzing magnetic signals in 3.5 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. This research reveals the oldest direct evidence of global shifts in the Earth’s outer shell, pushing the origins of plate motion back into the planet’s early history.

Hadean Earth. Image credit: Alec Brenner.

“A wide range of ages has been proposed for tectonic activity,” said Dr. Alec Brenner, a researcher from Yale University.

“Our findings confirm that tectonic plates were actively moving on Earth’s surface 3.5 billion years ago.”

This significant study focused on the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, known for its ancient and well-preserved rock formations dating back to the Archean era, a time when Earth sustained early microbial life and endured significant asteroid impacts.

The Pilbara region hosts some of the earliest signs of life, including stromatolites and microbial rocks formed by single-celled organisms like cyanobacteria.

The research team analyzed over 900 rock samples from more than 100 sites within the Arctic Dome region.

Using an electric drill with a hollow bit and diamond teeth, they extracted cylindrical core samples while cooling them with a hand-pumped horticultural sprayer.

An instrument equipped with a compass and goniometer was inserted into the drilled holes to accurately record the orientation of the samples.

The scientists then sliced the cores into thin sections and placed them into a magnetometer capable of detecting magnetic signals 100,000 times weaker than a typical compass needle.

These samples were measured multiple times while subjected to temperatures up to 590 degrees Celsius until the magnetite mineral lost its magnetization.

“We took a significant risk; demagnetizing thousands of cores took years. But it paid off—our results exceeded our expectations!” exclaimed Dr. Brenner.

In ferromagnetic minerals, the orientation of electrons acts like a compass needle pointing towards the magnetic poles, providing clues about the rock’s geographical position relative to these poles when they formed.

By analyzing a succession of rocks spanning 30 million years, the authors observed a shift of tectonic plates in the East Pilbara Formation, moving from 53 degrees to 77 degrees latitude and rotating clockwise by over 90 degrees at rates of tens of centimeters per year.

Because the magnetic poles can reverse, it remains uncertain whether this movement took place in the northern or southern hemisphere.

Movement slowed significantly within the following 10 million years, followed by a period of relative stability.

To compare these findings with Archean sites elsewhere, the researchers analyzed the Barberton Greenstone Belt in modern-day South Africa.

Previous paleomagnetic studies have indicated that the Barberton site is near the equator and remained nearly stationary during this period, suggesting differing drift patterns between these regions.

In contemporary times, the North American and Eurasian plates are moving apart at a rate of about 2.5 cm per year.

Many questions about the timing and nature of Earth’s current plate tectonics remain unanswered, with geophysicists referring to this as the “active lid,” as opposed to earlier theories of a stagnant, sluggish, or ephemeral lid.

This research dismisses the concept of a stagnant lid but doesn’t conclusively determine which model of plate movement is most probable.

“We’re examining tectonic plate movements, which require defined boundaries between plates, contrary to the notion of a continuous, crackless lithosphere,” Brenner explained.

“Instead, the lithosphere was segmented into various parts capable of moving relative to one another.”

Additionally, Brenner and his collaborators identified the oldest known geomagnetic reversals, where a planet’s magnetic field alternates its polarity. After such a reversal, a compass needle points south instead of north.

This phenomenon is associated with dynamo action in the Earth’s core, where molten iron’s convection creates electrical currents and magnetic fields. The last known reversal occurred about 780,000 years ago.

“New evidence suggests that geomagnetic reversals were less frequent 3.5 billion years ago compared to today,” noted Roger Hu, a professor at Harvard University.

“While not definitive, it implies that the mechanisms behind these reversals may have operated differently back then.”

The findings were published in the journal Science on March 19.

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Alec R. Brenner et al. 2026. Relative plate motion and paleomagnetic detection of a core dynamo with a rare reversal at 3.5 Ga. Science 391 (6791): 1278-1282; doi: 10.1126/science.adw9250

Source: www.sci.news

Record Heatwave in the West Continues as Heat Dome Shifts to the Plains

Posted on March 22, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

A severe heatwave has engulfed much of the western United States this weekend, plunging cities and residents into sweltering conditions typically reserved for mid-summer.

An unrelenting heat wave has gripped California and the desert Southwest, with temperatures expected to soar 20 to 40 degrees Fahrenheit above the seasonal average. This heat will spread eastward into the central United States in the coming days, as reported by the National Weather Service.

Since Tuesday, over 150 daily temperature records and nearly 50 monthly high records have been shattered. The weather bureau indicates that temperatures could climb even higher this weekend.

California has seen significant rises in temperatures as it heads into the weekend, with Death Valley hitting a record monthly high of 105 degrees on Thursday. Projections show that triple-digit highs will persist into next week, according to the National Weather Service.

Southern Nevada has also been experiencing summer-like conditions. Las Vegas recorded 96 degrees on Saturday and is forecasted to reach 93 degrees on Sunday. In response, more than 40 cooling stations have opened across the city to assist residents in coping with the extreme heat.

“Southern Nevada is accustomed to extreme heat, but we’re facing an unprecedented heat wave months before summer,” stated Clark County Commissioner Marilyn Kirkpatrick. The statement emphasizes that residents are not yet acclimated to such high temperatures, raising the risk of heat-related illnesses.

The Las Vegas branch of the National Weather Service is advising individuals to take necessary precautions to prevent heatstroke.

“When outdoors, remember to use sunscreen, consume light snacks, and steer clear of caffeine and alcohol,” the Bureau of Meteorology advised in a tweet.

Fort Collins, Colorado, reached a remarkable 91 degrees on Saturday, marking its highest March temperature since record-keeping began in 1893. This peak was two degrees higher than the historical April high in Fort Collins, as highlighted by the National Weather Service.

“Before 2026, the city hadn’t recorded a March high exceeding 81 degrees Fahrenheit,” stated the NWS Boulder office on X.

Denver also hit a new March record, reaching 86 degrees on Saturday. This extreme heat, combined with low humidity and strong winds, heightens the risk of wildfires across Colorado.

This week’s historic heat wave is attributed to a heat dome, a persistent ridge of high pressure that traps hot air over large areas in the western U.S., akin to a lid on a pot.

While it’s challenging to directly link specific extreme weather events to climate change, evidence shows that global warming is increasing the frequency, intensity, and duration of heat waves.

A recent report by the World Weather Attribution group indicates that this March’s heatwave “would have been virtually impossible without anthropogenic climate change.”

Numerous popular hiking trails in Phoenix were closed due to temperatures reaching 105 degrees on Friday and Saturday, setting a record for March. These closures were initiated earlier than usual to protect public safety.

The Phoenix Trail Thermal Safety Program, established in 2021, restricts access to local trails when a National Weather Service heat warning is active. This weekend, safeguards will be enforced at Camelback Mountain Preserve, Phoenix Mountain Preserve, and South Mountain Park and Preserve from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.

A heat warning remains in effect for the region until Sunday. The Maricopa County Public Health Department advises residents to stay indoors in air-conditioned spaces throughout the extreme heat event.

“Stay hydrated, limit outdoor activities during peak heat, and check on vulnerable friends and family,” public health officials recommended in a Facebook post.

Outdoor events in the Phoenix area have been adjusted due to the heat. For instance, at least 10 Major League Baseball spring training games have rescheduled their start times to after 6 p.m. local time in order to avoid the extreme afternoon temperatures typical of the Cactus League announced in a statement.

The Glendale fire department reported that approximately 30 individuals were transported to nearby hospitals for heat-related issues during the Luke Days Air Show.

“Aside from these transports, our personnel attended to many others on-site suffering from heat-related symptoms,” a spokesperson from the Glendale Fire Department communicated to NBC News via email.

On Sunday, temperatures across the Southwest will hover between the 90s and 100 degrees, with the 80s expected in parts of Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and New Mexico. The Great Plains will experience highs ranging from the 70s to the 90s, according to the National Weather Service.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Buy Your Own DIY Quantum Computer Today!

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Two Engineers Working on Kilimanjaro’s Quantum Computers

Credit: Qilimanjaro

Two quantum engineers working on a quantum system at Kilimanjaro's Multimodal Quantum Data Center. — Two Engineers Working on Kilimanjaro’s Quantum Computers

Credit: Qilimanjaro

Quantum computers, once viewed as futuristic devices, are now becoming more accessible. With DIY kits, individuals with sufficient resources and engineering expertise can assemble their own quantum systems.

The Barcelona-based quantum computing firm, Kilimanjaro, is revolutionizing access to this technology through their EduQit initiative. Inspired by the concept of “flat-pack furniture,” Kilimanjaro supplies all necessary components, allowing users to assemble their own quantum computing kits.

Each EduQit kit features a chip crafted from tiny superconducting circuits, which is essential for quantum computation. It includes a specialized refrigerator to install the chip, alongside electronics that utilize radio and microwave signals to govern the chip and interpret its calculations—all bundled with racks, power cables, and supplementary devices to construct the entire quantum computer.

While assembling the kit may seem challenging, comprehensive instructions are provided. As Marta Estarellas from Kilimanjaro states, their team offers training and support throughout the construction process. Training may take up to three months, with the complete system ready for operation in approximately ten months.

The EduQit quantum computer boasts five qubits and occupies less than one-tenth the space of cutting-edge models, yet is available for the relatively modest price of about 1 million euros. In contrast, most existing quantum computers are produced by major tech corporations or well-funded startups and research facilities. To illustrate, Google aims to reduce component expenses by a factor of ten, as current systems can cost less than $1 billion.
See more about quantum computing costs in a recent study.

Kilimanjaro Quantum Chip

Credit: Qilimanjaro

While compact commercial machines are available, they usually don’t include complete kits. For instance, Rigetti, a California company, offers small superconducting quantum computers for research starting at around $900,000, which only encompass the main chip and a few components—akin to obtaining just a motherboard without peripherals.

Kilimanjaro aspires to furnish comprehensive kits to numerous research institutions, where access to quantum computing technology remains limited due to funding constraints. Their goal is to equip the next generation of researchers with hands-on experience in building and operating quantum systems.

Currently, students engage with quantum computers via cloud platforms or simulated models. However, EduQit aims to provide practical skills in quantum computing, potentially becoming the educational equivalent of the Raspberry Pi—small, easily customizable computers that evolved from learning tools into essential resources for hobbyists and scientists alike.

Quantum computing holds promise for performing complex calculations unattainable even by today’s top supercomputers. From breaking secure internet codes to simulating molecular behavior for drug discovery, the potential is vast. Yet, the fragility and susceptibility to errors of quantum chips pose significant challenges in realizing this technology’s full potential.

A quantum computer like EduQit would have competed with the most advanced lab systems a decade ago. Its availability as a DIY kit showcases the rapid advancements in quantum computing technology in recent years.

As Katia Moskovich notes, companies like Quantum Machines highlight the multitude of unanswered questions regarding the future of quantum computing, emphasizing that broader experimentation will enhance understanding and innovation in this field.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Must-Read This Week: Katrina Manson’s Chilling Insights on Project Maven

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

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Project Maven: An Overview of AI in Warfare

Credit: Devon Bistarkey, Defense Innovation Unit

Department of Defense drone operators test unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) during the Defense Innovation Unit's Prize Challenge focused on Blue UAS Platforms and cybersecurity requirements from November 2-6, 2024, at Marine Corps Air-Ground Combat Center, Twentynine Palms, California. — Project Maven: An Overview of AI in Warfare

Credit: Devon Bistarkey, Defense Innovation Unit

Project Maven
Katrina Manson, WW Norton

The Israeli military is leveraging artificial intelligence (AI) for target identification in the Gaza Strip, the U.S. is strategizing similarly against Iran, and Ukraine is innovating with advanced drones. AI warfare is not a distant reality; it is unfolding today.

Exploring the intricate global policies, potential advantages, challenges, and ethical dilemmas of military AI usage will occupy scholars for decades. However, Katrina Manson’s Project Maven takes a different approach, utilizing insights from over 200 interviews to narrate the U.S. military’s path toward AI warfare—a glimpse into one of the 800 AI initiatives housed within the Pentagon.

Initiated in 2017, Project Maven aims to develop systems that process and analyze extensive drone-collected data. With traditional human analysis lagging behind the data influx from drones, Manson notes that the project faced initial hurdles. Within eight months, it was deployed in Somalia, where the algorithm misidentified common objects—such as detecting school buses in clouds.

The narrative takes us back in time with a project leader reflecting on his experiences as an intelligence officer in Afghanistan, as he struggles to plan missions armed only with outdated technology. How do we define the enemy, ensure safety, and measure success in warfare?

In the chaos of war, human fallibility prevails; efficiency dwindles, fatigue mounts, and errors arise. Proponents of AI, including Project Maven architects, believe AI could mitigate these factors. Their vision extends even further—eliminating human deliberation from targeting decisions, allowing AI to execute missions with speed unmatched by human operators.

“Machines can’t be worse than humans,” remarks an insider. The Maven team refined its tools, attempting to persuade frontline operators to adopt these technologies. While improvements appeared, mistakes persisted.

Since then, the U.S. and NATO allies have integrated Maven into various conflicts. About 32 companies are now collaborating on this initiative, with 25,000 U.S. military personnel logging into the system regularly. It’s also been utilized in border security and drug trafficking operations throughout the Caribbean. This prompts a critical question: can a state wield such tools without infringing on citizens’ rights?

Perhaps most alarming is Manson’s assertion that efforts to automate warfare are advancing, with drones like the “Goalkeeper” and “Whiplash” capable of autonomously identifying and neutralizing threats. How will AI make decisions in high-stakes scenarios, reminiscent of Soviet Lieutenant Colonel Stanislav Petrov’s pivotal choice to avert nuclear war in 1983?

The insights presented in this work focus less on AI technology itself and more on the interplay of Pentagon bureaucracy and Silicon Valley’s readiness to engage in ethically controversial projects for profit. Access to Manson’s revelations is significant; however, military secrecy means the specific technologies developed and their applications may remain undisclosed for years.

Modern warfare has become dehumanized, where operators monitor deadly situations from thousands of miles away through screens and decide to strike. This detachment risks making the act of war less burdensome, allowing its ramifications to be more easily ignored.

“
Goalkeeper flying drones and Whiplash naval drones can autonomously find and neutralize targets.
“

It is imperative that the power bestowed by AI in warfare is approached with the seriousness it deserves. Yet, Manson shares a chilling anecdote about an interviewee expressing a desire to join Project Maven to “reduce the non-American population.”

Discover the World’s First Antimatter Delivery Service: A Revolutionary Breakthrough

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Portable Trap System “BASE-STEP”

Marina Cavazza, Chetna Krishna/CERN

CERN’s antimatter factory, located in a high-magnetic field environment and a vacuum more extreme than interstellar space, houses some of the most delicate matter found on Earth. Nestled in a compact box roughly the size of a filing cabinet and a few hundred kilograms lighter than a Ford Focus, lie antiprotons that have been quietly resting for weeks. Rather than being aggressively tested like most particles produced in this facility, these antiprotons have a singular purpose: awaiting their moment of transport.

Shortly, more than a hundred of these precious antimatter particles will be transported in trucks along a four-kilometer ring road around the CERN campus. This marks the inaugural demonstration of a future antimatter delivery service designed to transport antimatter to laboratories across Europe.

During my visit to CERN’s campus near Geneva, Switzerland, project leader Christian Smolla guided me through the facility, showcasing the final preparations for the “Symmetry Test in Transportable Antiproton Experiments (STEP).” “This represents a groundbreaking achievement in antimatter science,” he remarked. “While the theoretical framework for transporting antiprotons existed since the facility’s inception, this is the first practical implementation.”

Since the 1920s, scientists have acknowledged the existence of antimatter, particles with counterparts that possess opposite charges. However, antiprotons, being the simplest form of antimatter, often annihilate upon contact with their more plentiful proton counterparts, complicating their production and storage. It wasn’t until the 1980s that CERN successfully conducted the first experiments to confine antiprotons, generated by proton bombardment of metal targets.

Today, CERN’s Antimatter Factory is the only location globally capable of producing millions of antiprotons on demand and retaining them for research purposes. Several experiments, including the Baryon Antibaryon Symmetry Experiment (BASE), take place here, with STEP also participating.

Christian Smolla Making Final Adjustments

David Stock

These experiments meticulously test antimatter’s fundamental properties, examining deviations from normal matter. Insights gleaned could provide answers to why our universe predominantly consists of matter, seemingly devoid of antimatter.

To achieve the necessary precision in measurements, it is essential to mitigate noise from radiation that might disrupt data collection. When antiprotons enter the detection zone, they approach nearly the speed of light, necessitating a robust magnetic field for deceleration, although complete blockage remains unattainable.

In 2018, Smolla’s team recognized the need for a quieter environment for antimatter, resulting in a strategic escape plan. “Observing variations in the magnetic field made it clear we had to continue precision measurements elsewhere,” Smolla stated.

Containing antimatter is a formidable challenge, requiring superconducting magnets cool enough to sustain near absolute zero temperatures while consuming massive electrical power. The STEP design leveraged just a 30-liter liquid helium tank for magnet cooling, allowing its electronics to function on a standard diesel generator. Future test runs aim to transition to battery power.

Additionally, magnets needed to withstand start-stop movements during operation, and a custom vacuum system was essential to ensure the antiprotons remain uncontaminated by normal matter during their loading and unloading processes.

In 2024, Smolla’s team is set to showcase the STEP experiment. A truck will transport the device across the CERN campus to observe protons, a significant milestone in antimatter transport.

In the days leading up to my visit, approximately 100 antiprotons were slowed and positioned within a sophisticated network of vacuum and electromagnetic fields.

Since then, they’ve patiently awaited the next steps within a complex arrangement of electrical wires and liquid helium lines. With a small oscilloscope screen, Smolla’s team monitors the antimatter’s vital signs. The natural frequencies at which antiprotons vibrate manifest as double humps, affectionately adorned with googly eyes.

Detection Signals Indicating Antiproton Presence

David Stock

On an early Tuesday morning, a crane carefully hoists the entire 850-kilogram trap onto a specialized truck. The truck’s operator is trained to manage CERN’s sensitive equipment, ensuring smooth acceleration and braking.

The truck will then navigate a four-kilometer loop around the CERN campus before returning to the antimatter factory. Should the experiment prove successful, Smolla’s ultimate goal is to extend this antimatter transport service beyond CERN’s confines, delivering antimatter capsules to various European laboratories. A facility currently under construction at Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf, Germany, aims to study antimatter in a near-field-free environment.

However, this ambitious goal entails several years of work. CERN is scheduled to suspend extensive operations in July to upgrade its Large Hadron Collider for higher power outputs, a task slated for completion in late 2028.

Once operational, the antimatter delivery service could mean trucks transporting antimatter alongside ordinary vehicles on highways throughout Switzerland and Germany. Though it sounds alarming—given antimatter’s tendency to annihilate upon contact with regular matter—Smolla assures that the risk remains minimal.

“Transporting antimatter is safe, as the quantities we handle are extremely small,” Smolla explains. “You could easily lose 1,000 antiprotons without any noticeable impact.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Unlocking the Secrets: How Your Dog Communicates with You

Posted on March 21, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Our beloved dogs have been part of our lives for thousands of years. While they may not speak our language, they communicate extensively through tail wags, ear flicks, and expressive eyebrows. Understanding these signals can deepen the bond between you and your canine companion.

Many pet owners believe they know their dogs inside and out. However, research indicates that dogs are often better at reading our body language than we are at interpreting theirs.

To decode the intricacies of canine communication, we consulted animal behavior specialist Dr. Zazie Todd. From their tails to paws, she elucidates the hidden meanings behind your dog’s movements.

How to Read a Dog’s Facial Expressions

Just as we scrutinize each other’s faces for understanding, can we access our dogs’ thoughts similarly? According to Todd, “Some dogs are more expressive, while others, due to their facial structure, display fewer emotions. It’s beneficial to anthropomorphize with caution to gain insight into what your dog may be feeling.”

A relaxed jaw and slightly open mouth is akin to a dog’s version of a “smile”, indicating calmness, while exposing teeth can signal discomfort or the need for personal space.

Dogs may not laugh like humans, but a relaxed, open expression suggests they feel calm and safe. Photo credit: Getty

Contrarily, a dog displaying its teeth may indicate discomfort, signaling you to back off. Todd adds that the so-called “guilty look” dogs give after a mischievous act may not mean what you think.

A 2009 study published in Behavioral Processes showed that dogs often respond based on their perception of whether they could be in trouble, rather than a true understanding of guilt.

This information highlights an essential difference in dog psychology. However, eye contact remains significant; a dog that trusts you will maintain eye contact, while a scared dog may avoid it.

Furthermore, dogs use their ears to express emotions. Ears up and forward indicate interest, while ears pinned back often suggest anxiety. While floppy-eared dogs might not express this as clearly, a forward tilt can still indicate curiosity.

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How to Tell if Your Dog is Stressed

Todd points out that while happy dogs are easy to read—think wide tail wags—recognizing stress signals can be trickier. “We often misinterpret behaviors because we assume they mean something else.”

For example, a yawn doesn’t always signify sleepiness; research shows it can indicate fear. A 2017 study found that yawn may indicate anxiety when approached by strangers.

Licking lips can signal discomfort or distaste for a situation rather than hunger, emphasizing the importance of context. Other signs of stress include moving away, sniffing the ground, shaking, and leg lifting.

How to Read a Dog’s Posture

Understanding dog posture can be straightforward. A hunched, low body may indicate fear, while a stiff body with raised hackles shows aggression. Alternatively, a “play bow”, where a dog stretches with its front legs down while raising its rear, signals a desire to play.

The play bow is a friendly signal between dogs and can also include humans—an invitation to have fun! – Image credit: Getty

Understanding Dog Tail Wagging

Despite losing tails millions of years ago, dogs use theirs for numerous purposes, including balance, communication, and social signaling. Their tails play an essential role in conveying emotions.

A loose, wild wag usually indicates happiness, while a tight, vertical tail may suggest discomfort or stress. Paying attention to the direction of the wag can also provide insights; studies found that happy dogs tend to wag to the right.

How to Understand Barks and Growls

While some dogs use soundboards, most rely on barks, growls, and whines to communicate. Todd notes that different vocalizations can be parsed into categories based on context and emotional state.

A 2017 study highlighted that dogs may use growls to communicate their size and intent accurately. In contrast, growls during play may exaggerate aggressiveness, allowing dogs to express themselves without causing harm.

Participants in the study were surprisingly accurate in interpreting growls, especially women and seasoned dog owners. Dogs, conversely, are adept at distinguishing between various vocalizations, understanding the nuances that humans may miss.

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Alarming Factors Behind the Rise of Colorectal Cancer in Individuals Under 50

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Tragic news from Dawson’s Creek star James Van Der Beek, who recently succumbed to bowel cancer at just 48 years old, has brought attention to the alarming surge of early-onset cancer cases.

New research highlighted in Lancet Oncology indicates that the incidence of this disease among individuals under 50 has escalated in 27 out of 50 countries over the last decade—an increase that cannot be simply attributed to genetic factors.

“That’s very concerning,” states Dr. Trevor Rowley, a researcher at the Wellcome Sanger Institute. “While we have hypotheses we are examining, the need for additional data remains critical.”

It is yet unclear if a single factor is responsible for this rise or if a combination of elements is at play, but these are currently the leading theories.

Obesity and Early-Onset Cancer

Adolescent obesity is among the recognized risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer, along with conditions like type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome that can further heighten this risk. Onset of disease is increasingly attributed to these health issues.

“Obesity is a well-known risk factor for colorectal cancer across all age demographics,” asserts Dr. Peter Campbell, professor of epidemiology at Albert Einstein College of Medicine.

“Excess body fat leads to chronic inflammation and metabolic changes, which include elevated insulin levels and growth factor signaling—conditions that can foster the development of precancerous polyps and cancers in the colorectum.”

Excess body fat can trigger inflammation and hormonal changes, heightening your risk of colon cancer – Photo credit: Getty

However, Campbell notes that while the number of individuals under 50 who are overweight or obese is rising, this alone does not fully account for the increase in bowel cancer cases. One analysis revealed that obesity was a contributing factor in only about 13% of early-onset colorectal cancer cases.

Thus, other significant risk factors likely play a role, some of which manifest surprisingly early in life.

The Role of Intestinal Bacteria

Cancer does not develop overnight. The progression from initial DNA damage to tumor formation can take years or even decades. To unravel the origins of colorectal cancer, especially in young adults, Rowley and his team are investigating the microbiomes of infants.

The leading theory posits that a toxic enzyme known as colibactin may be a key contributor to early-onset colorectal cancer.

This enzyme is known to cause unique patterns of DNA damage in colon cells that are notoriously difficult to repair. A study published in Nature found that colibactin-related DNA mutations were 3.3 times more frequent among colorectal cancer patients under 40 compared to those over 70.

Certain gut bacteria produce toxins that can damage DNA in the colon, increasing cancer risk decades later – Photo credit: Getty

Numerous gut bacteria species are known to produce colibactin, including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Citrobacter coseri.

It’s believed that some individuals acquire these pathogens in early life, setting the stage for future DNA damage and increased cancer susceptibility decades later.

“My lab has amassed a significant database of baby microbiomes from around the globe. For instance, about 25% of infants born in the UK have colibactin in their gut microbiome,” Rowley shares.

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The prevailing hypothesis is that more infants are acquiring pathogenic enteric bacteria in their colons compared to earlier generations. But why?

Some researchers point to the rising use of antibiotics in early childhood. These medications can unintentionally decimate significant portions of the beneficial gut microbiome, facilitating invasion by harmful bacteria.

Others speculate that increased C-section births, reliance on formula feeding, or other factors may be contributing to this trend. “These are all avenues we’re researching,” Rowley notes.

Ultra-Processed Foods

Complicating the situation is the fact that many people may carry colibactin DNA mutations without ever developing cancer.

This phenomenon could be attributed to their immune systems effectively identifying and eliminating malignant cells before tumor formation occurs. “While a mutation is necessary for cancer development, the immune system also plays a crucial role,” Rowley explains.

Consequently, another theory suggests that diets high in ultra-processed foods (UPF) may influence the development of colorectal cancer. A study published in Nutrition in 2021 indicated that regular intake of UPF may lead to immune system dysfunction.

Researchers suggest that a diet high in ultra-processed foods may promote abnormal growth in the intestines, leading to cancer – Photo courtesy of Getty

UPF may also encourage the growth of pro-inflammatory intestinal bacteria such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, which is believed to increase risk by enabling tumors to evade immune system surveillance.

Last year, a study conducted by researchers at Harvard Medical School, published in JAMA Oncology, found that women consuming up to 10 servings of UPF per day had a 45% higher risk of developing intestinal polyps compared to those who ingested just three servings daily. “Such polyps can precede colorectal cancer,” Campbell warns.

Environmental Toxins

While the three theories mentioned above have substantial backing, researchers continue to explore fresh hypotheses, including the potential impact of environmental toxins like microplastics and nanoplastics.

A study published last October recreated a gut microbiome model using stool samples from healthy participants, who were subsequently exposed to five common microplastics.

The findings suggested that particular plastic particles could alter microbiome composition.

Frank Frizell, a Professor of Colorectal Surgery at the University of Otago, speculates that plastic accumulation in the intestines may be linked to the rise of colorectal cancer among the youth.

“It’s plausible that they could penetrate the protective mucus layer of the intestinal lining, akin to poking a pinhole in a water balloon,” Frizell explains. “The plastics likely aren’t toxic in themselves, but they may act as vectors for harmful bacteria and chemicals or disrupt the mucus barrier.”

Potential Solutions

Ultimately, while many unknowns remain, further understanding of the causes behind early-onset colorectal cancer could pave the way for new solutions.

One avenue worth exploring is phage therapy, which involves introducing viruses into the intestine that target colibactin-producing bacteria, effectively halting toxin production. Another possibility is the development of probiotics designed to enhance the growth of beneficial gut bacteria, thereby counteracting harmful pathogens.

Phage therapy employs targeted bacteriophages to eliminate specific bacteria, with some firms aiming to utilize this approach to combat colibactin, a toxic enzyme known for causing DNA damage. – Photo courtesy of Science Photo Library

“Certain companies are exploring the use of phages to eliminate bacterial strains that produce colibactin,” Rowley notes.

“We’re leveraging a database of early childhood microbiomes to identify beneficial species and strains that could invade and prosper in babies with less diverse microbiomes during their initial months of life.”

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Source: www.sciencefocus.com

Breakthrough in Mammal Brain Preservation: A Major Step Towards Resuscitation After Death

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Will we someday preserve our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions?

Thumbnail/Science Photo Library

Brain Preservation Technique — Will we someday preserve our thoughts, emotions, and perceptions?

Thumbnail/Science Photo Library

Recent breakthroughs in brain preservation methods have enabled an entire mammalian brain to be successfully stored. This innovative technique will soon be accessible to terminally ill patients, aimed at gathering essential neural data to one day reconstruct the essence of the individual.

According to Boris Lobel of Nectome, a San Francisco-based company pioneering memory preservation, patients will need to donate their brains and bodies for scientific research. “Our vision is to preserve their bodies and brains indefinitely, with the hope that one day we can decode the information stored in their brains,” he stated.

Timing is critical for preserving the delicate structure of the brain; just minutes without blood flow can lead to irreversible damage as enzymes destroy neurons and cells begin self-digestion.

Typically, cryonics aims to preserve bodies at subzero temperatures post-mortem, allowing for the possibility of revival if future treatments are developed. However, rapid action is essential, as brain deterioration begins almost immediately following natural death.

To mitigate these challenges, Lobel and his team have created a physician-assisted protocol that allows terminally ill individuals to choose the timing of their passing. This ensures immediate intervention, enhancing the likelihood of maintaining the brain’s condition close to its living state.

Lobel’s team performed tests using pigs, which possess brain and cardiovascular systems similar to humans. The procedure involved inserting a cannula into the heart shortly after cardiac arrest, flushing out blood, and introducing a preservation solution. This concoction contains aldehyde chemicals that create molecular connections, effectively locking cellular activity.

A cryoprotectant is later introduced to replace water within the tissue, preventing ice crystal formation that could harm cells upon cooling. The treated brains are then cooled to approximately -32°C, allowing cryoprotectants to achieve a glass-like state for indefinite preservation.

To evaluate the technique’s success, researchers analyzed samples from the brain’s outer layer under a microscope. Initial trials commencing 18 minutes post-mortem indicated significant cellular damage, but when the delay was shortened to under 14 minutes, the tissue displayed excellent preservation of neurons and synapses.

Theoretically, Lobel suggested this protocol could aid in “reconstructing the three-dimensional map of neural connections,” referred to as the connectome, potentially illuminating how the brain generates thoughts, emotions, and cognitive functions. So far, scientists have achieved the mapping of only a fraction of the mouse brain, which took seven years to complete, as documented in this study.

Despite advancements in cryonics and computational technology, true “resuscitation” remains unfeasible. “Our method is akin to embalming, preserving the brain’s structural integrity without restoring biological viability,” explains João Pedro de Magalhães from the University of Birmingham. He further asserts that even a perfect mental replica would exist as a distinct entity.

Nonetheless, Lobel’s team is hopeful about the future, positing that human consciousness could eventually be recreated digitally or biologically. “We are open to various resurrection strategies, as we believe we can preserve all necessary information for this,” Wróbel asserts.

Nectome plans to invite terminally ill patients to Oregon, allowing them to spend time with family before undergoing the new preservation protocols. “They receive medications prescribed by an independent physician before we initiate the surgery,” Lobel notes.

This groundbreaking research brings forth profound philosophical inquiries regarding our understanding of death. “Declaring death based solely on the absence of blood circulation oversimplifies the complexities involved,” remarks Brian Wok, from 21st Century Medicine. “The ability to preserve the brain’s intricate structure and molecular makeup after circulation ceases raises essential questions about the nature of life and death.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Asteroid Discovered: Incredible Speed Rotation of Massive Celestial Body

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Depiction of Asteroid 2025 MN45

Credits: NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory/NOIRLab/SLAC/AURA/P. Mahlenfeld

Artist’s depiction of asteroid 2025 MN45 — Artist’s Depiction of Asteroid 2025 MN45

Credits: NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory/NOIRLab/SLAC/AURA/P. Mahlenfeld

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory in Chile has made a groundbreaking discovery: the fastest-spinning large asteroid ever observed. This remarkable asteroid rotates approximately every 1.9 minutes, despite being over half a kilometer in diameter, a speed that defies previous expectations.

Lead researcher Dmitri Vavilov and his team from the University of Washington in Seattle identified this asteroid and several other unexpectedly fast rotators during their observations in late April and early May of 2025. The findings were presented at the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference in Texas on March 17th, showcased in this study.

During their observation period, researchers cataloged 76 asteroids with reliably calculated rotation periods, 19 of which were categorized as hyperfast rotators, spinning more than once every 2.2 hours. This figure represents the maximum rotation speed for a “rubble heap” asteroid formed of small rocks loosely bound by gravity.

Typically, asteroids are thought to be composed of debris, so the newfound rapid spin of these celestial bodies was not anticipated. The fastest ultra-high-speed rotating asteroids are known to rotate roughly once every 13 minutes. Initially, the researchers were not looking for asteroids that spun faster than five minutes. Vavilov commented, “I thought it was incredible that they could spin any faster.”

Upon further investigation, the team discovered three asteroids that qualified as ultrafast rotors, with rotation periods of approximately 3.8 minutes, 1.92 minutes, and 1.88 minutes. The record holder, identified as 2025 MN45, measures about 710 meters in diameter and spins faster than any previously documented asteroid larger than 500 meters in diameter.

Given its astonishing speed, this asteroid is unlikely to be a loose conglomerate of debris. Its structure must be significantly more robust than that of typical space rocks. “If this asteroid has a rotational speed of less than 2.2 hours, yet spins faster than 2 minutes,” Vavilov explained, “then even clay wouldn’t suffice to hold it together; it’s likely a single solid mass or primarily composed of metal.”

The Vera C. Rubin Observatory is anticipated to unveil more about rapidly rotating asteroids throughout its planned 10-year survey of the southern sky, enriching our understanding of these intriguing cosmic objects.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Your Partner May Be Disturbing Your Sleep Without You Knowing

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Discover how duvet hogging affects your sleep quality and relationships.

Shutterstock/Vasylchenko Nikita

If you share a bed with your partner, it’s common to experience more nighttime awakenings than if you sleep solo. While many of these disturbances are fleeting and forgotten by morning, there are effective strategies to address them.

Research indicates that couples often believe they sleep better together, yet studies show that shared sleeping leads to more disrupted sleep patterns. According to Sean Drummond from Monash University, Melbourne, this discrepancy is significant.

To delve deeper into co-sleeping’s effects on sleep quality, Lionel Rayward from the Queensland University of Technology conducted a systematic review. Every study reviewed indicated interference from a partner, with 30-46% of couples’ movements correlated. This means every time one partner adjusts — whether pulling back covers or rolling over — the other feels it too.

In one noteworthy study, researchers found an average of 51 leg movements per night for solo sleepers compared to 62 when coupled, translating to 2 additional awakenings per night, as detected by brain activity monitoring.

Drummond’s team also equipped couples with movement-detecting smartwatches, revealing an average of 6 awakenings per night due to partner movements. Interestingly, most individuals only recall one of these disturbances the next day, suggesting minor impact on overall sleep quality. “If both partners are healthy sleepers, these awakenings often go unnoticed,” Drummond explains.

However, if one partner suffers from snoring or insomnia, it can exacerbate sleep issues. As Drummond points out, “Individuals with insomnia frequently toss and turn, making it difficult to maintain a peaceful night’s sleep and consequently disrupting their partner’s rest.”

This sleep disturbance can lead to what some refer to as “sleep divorces,” where partners opt for separate sleeping arrangements to minimize disturbances. “While sleeping apart isn’t inherently harmful, some may view it as a relationship failure. In my view, addressing the underlying sleep issues is the better approach,” remarks Drummond.

For instance, Drummond’s research demonstrates that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) can be highly effective, especially if both partners struggle with insomnia. Couples can attend sessions together, leading to improved sleep for both.

To resolve disputes over blankets or varying temperature preferences, Rayward suggests trying the “Scandinavian method,” which involves sharing the bed but using separate blankets.

Solutions for snoring include the use of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machines to keep airways open, as well as mandibular advancement devices that adjust the jaw position, making breathing easier and reducing snoring. According to Amal Osman from Flinders University, many individuals only snore when sleeping on their backs, which can sometimes be mitigated by using a backpack to encourage side sleeping.

In the UK and US, about 80-90% of married couples share a bed, while in Japan, many mothers sleep with their children and fathers often sleep separately to not disturb their families in another room.

Co-sleeping is potentially the most prevalent form of sleep throughout human history, offering warmth and security. For example, archaeologists discovered a 77,000-year-old plant mattress in South Africa, large enough to accommodate an entire family.

Even in pre-industrial times, communal sleeping was standard practice. The Hadza people of Tanzania, for instance, sleep closely together in family units. Research indicates that Hadza adults awaken regularly; they engage in nighttime vigilance, with 40% often remaining alert or dozing at various times through the night. Despite these nightly awakenings, they report no sleep issues.

This suggests you shouldn’t be overly concerned about occasional disturbances from your partner. As Drummond notes, “Everyone wakes up several times a night. It’s unrealistic to expect continuous sleep.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

AI-Driven Route Planning Reduces Climate-Warming Contrails on Over 100 Flights

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Contrails Major Contributors to Air Travel’s Global Warming Impact

Tuck/imageBROKER/Shutterstock

Impact of Contrails on Global Warming — Contrails Major Contributors to Air Travel’s Global Warming Impact

Tuck/imageBROKER/Shutterstock

A comprehensive study examining thousands of flights between the United States and Europe revealed that contrails—those vapor trails left by aircraft—are less likely to form when planes follow artificial intelligence (AI)-recommended flight paths aimed at minimizing their global warming impact.

Contrails, created from soot particles emitted by aircraft engines, are believed to contribute significantly to warming, potentially surpassing the effects of carbon dioxide alone. Recent research indicates that certain icy areas in the upper atmosphere are more prone to contrail formation, and AI technology can predict these zones using detailed weather forecasts.

Despite the promising results from small-scale trials where aircraft avoid these high-contrail areas, such practices have not yet been widely implemented in commercial aviation.

In the study, Dinesh Sanekom and colleagues from Google utilized an AI-controlled contrail prediction tool to advise on flight routes in a randomized controlled trial involving over 2,400 flights with American Airlines.

This trial included overnight flights from the U.S. to Europe and spanned approximately 17 weeks, from January to May 2025. These flights specifically targeted nighttime, as contrails have an intensified warming effect during these hours due to reduced sunlight that reflects back into space during the day.

Flight routes between certain city pairs were randomly divided into two groups. The first group had the option to select an AI-optimized route that would result in fewer contrails, while the second group received no alternative route suggestions.

Although dispatchers were offered the opportunity to choose contrail-minimizing routes within the first group, only 112 of the 1,232 flights opted for these alternatives, primarily due to operational considerations such as cost and safety, Sanecom noted.

Analysis using satellite imagery of the flight paths indicated that flights adhering to AI-suggested contrail-optimized routes experienced a remarkable 62% reduction in visible contrails. When considering all flights that could have chosen these optimized routes, the overall decrease in contrail formation reached 11.6% compared to the control group.

“This supports our hypothesis that there is a scalable approach to implementing contrail avoidance across numerous flights if we can integrate it effectively and safely into flight planning,” Sanecom asserts.

Researchers calculate the global warming impact of air travel was diminished by 13.7% for the entire group utilizing the suggested routes, while flights using the optimized routes saw a substantial 69.3% decrease. Notably, no significant variations in fuel consumption were recorded between the groups.

“This approach is currently the most effective with the tools available,” states Edward Griespeerdt from Imperial College London. “The observed 62% reduction in contrails is unlikely to have occurred by chance.”

However, due to the intricacies of flight planning, it’s uncertain how much the 11.6% reduction could be realized in actual commercial operations, he added. “Scaling this to achieve a 60% reduction in contrails on every flight isn’t straightforward, but even a 10% reduction could yield a meaningful impact.”

Article updated on March 20, 2026

This article has been revised to reflect more accurate information regarding flight path modifications.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Private Company Plans Asteroid Apophis Landing as it Approaches Earth

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Artist’s Impression of Asteroid Approaching Earth

Eric Simonsen/Getty Images

An artist’s impression of an asteroid flying close to Earth — Artist’s Impression of Asteroid Approaching Earth

Eric Simonsen/Getty Images

In 2029, when the asteroid Apophis makes its close pass by Earth, it will be joined by two landers from a private U.S. company.

Measuring around 400 meters in diameter and discovered in 2004, Apophis initially had a concerning 2.7% chance of colliding with Earth in April 2029, which could devastate an area the size of a city. However, updated studies now indicate there’s no risk of impact for at least the next century.

On April 13, 2029, Apophis will fly at a mere 32,000 kilometers from Earth—closer than geostationary satellites. This historic event will allow it to be visible to the naked eye, marking a once-in-a-millennium opportunity for asteroid observation. Multiple spacecraft from the USA, Europe, Japan, and China are slated to observe the asteroid before, during, and after its flyby.

Among these missions, US-based ExLabs has announced its flagship spacecraft, Apophis ExL, has successfully passed a critical review stage. The planned launch in 2028 will carry up to ten different landers and equipment from various clients, including a lander from an undisclosed source and two from Japan’s Chiba Institute of Technology.

“Our goal is to capture images from the asteroid’s surface,” states Miguel Pascual, chief scientific officer and co-founder of ExLabs. “This could lead to groundbreaking scientific discoveries.”

No private company has successfully landed on an asteroid to date, but US asteroid mining firm Astroforge intends to initiate a mission for such a landing this year.

ExLabs plans to deploy Chiba Institute of Technology’s shoebox-sized lander from an altitude of 400 meters above Apophis. It will descend at approximately 10 centimeters per second and land quietly on the surface after an hour, capturing images with onboard cameras.

The landing is strategically scheduled for up to a week post-close-approach to mitigate the risk of altering Apophis’s orbit. Pascual notes that the gravitational influences during the flyby could amplify impacts significantly.

Additionally, the European and Japanese Ramses mission (Rapid Apophis Mission for Space Safety) will also deploy a lander. Led by project scientist Patrick Michel of the University of the Cote d’Azur, this mission aims to land a few days prior to the flyby to measure landslide activity induced by Earth’s gravity, potentially documenting ExLabs’ lander as it descends.

“The chance to physically interact with the surface and assess its texture is remarkable,” says Michel.

However, Michel emphasizes the need for seamless communication among all missions to prevent any operational conflicts. “It’s crucial that we adapt accordingly,” he adds. “The world will be observing us. We must ensure success.”

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Source: www.newscientist.com

New Scientist Endorses Cirque du Soleil’s OVO: A Must-See Insect-Themed Spectacle

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Cirque du Soleil Ovo Show

Joseph Okpako/Getty Images

Exciting performance at Cirque du Soleil's Ovo in London — Cirque du Soleil Ovo Show

Joseph Okpako/Getty Images

Insects certainly deserve more acclaim, which is why I was thrilled to experience a circus performance focused on these fascinating creatures at London’s Royal Albert Hall before heading to a venue in Europe.

OVO, a production by Cirque du Soleil, translates to “egg” in Portuguese. The show features a whimsical narrative about an eccentric fly that, with the help of an insect clown, navigates a bustling ecosystem to win the affection of a ladybug. While the storyline might be simple, the breathtaking acrobatics are nothing short of spectacular.

One memorable scene showcases an acrobatic spider balancing a stick in its mouth, while another features an ant juggling fruit with its legs. The thrilling finale of the first act includes acrobats throwing each other high into the air with impressive precision. A standout moment also includes a cricket performing trampoline jumps over a wall.

This performance promises to captivate audiences of all ages and foster a greater appreciation for the remarkable insects with whom we share our planet.

Carissa Wong
London Reporter

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Inspiring Space Images: Captivating Visuals That Have Sparked Curiosity Through the Ages

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

James Webb Space Telescope Star Shade Prototype

Craig Cutler

Thames & Hudson

Space, the vast emptiness that captivates our imagination, has inspired an enduring fascination. In his compelling book, Space Journal: Art, Science, and Space Exploration, presenter Dallas Campbell curates iconic imagery that highlights the wonders of space exploration alongside intriguing details.

Among the most captivating visuals featured in Space Journal are recreations from a time when humanity’s understanding of the universe was limited, filled instead with imaginative guesses. A striking example includes a Belgian cover from H.G. Wells’ Space War from 1906, depicted below with a plundering tripod.

From H.G. Wells, La guerre des mondes (Brussels: L. Vandamme & Co., 1906)

However, astronomers began to expand their knowledge base shortly after. Around 1897, a pioneering telescope financed by industrialist Percival Lowell marked a significant breakthrough in observational astronomy, depicted below.

Percival Lowell Observing Through the Clark Telescope, Circa 1897

Courtesy of Lowell Observatory Archives, Flagstaff, Arizona.

Recently, the remarkable James Webb Space Telescope made headlines for its innovative design, which features intricate origami-style folding necessary for its launch—a prototype is displayed in the opening image.

Born just after NASA’s Apollo missions reshaped our understanding of the moon and space, Campbell embodying the impact of those journeys and the indelible marks astronauts left on the lunar surface.

“On Earth, footprints may fossilize in rock or wash away quickly. However, on the Moon, they remain for eternity,” Campbell reflects. “The Sea of Tranquility harbors no current to erase them — these are the remnants of humanity’s first migration from Earth to another celestial body.”

Astronomy and Culture Along the Silk Road: Uzbekistan

Embark on an enthralling journey through Uzbekistan’s astronomical heritage, where rich scientific contributions and breathtaking landscapes intersect. Discover how astronomy influenced cultural exchanges along the Silk Road, linking Eurasia and beyond.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

Rebecca Solnit: Most People Demand Climate Change Action

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Rebecca Solnit: “We have so much power and so many victories.”

Albert Llop/NurPhoto/Shutterstock

Rebecca Solnit in Barcelona, Spain on June 6, 2025. Required Credit: Photo by Albert Llop/NurPhoto/Shutterstock (15351897e) — Rebecca Solnit: “We have so much power and so many victories.”

Albert Llop/NurPhoto/Shutterstock

Rebecca Solnit, a renowned activist and author of over 25 books, is celebrated for her insightful essays, including her latest work, The Beginning Comes After the End.
This book emphasizes how societal transformations in rights and consciousness have unfolded over the past 50 years, driven by a newfound appreciation for the interdependence of humanity and nature. Rebecca recently shared her insights on New Scientist’s podcast The World, the Universe, and Us, discussing her writing journey and future directions.

Rowan Hooper: Let’s start with a quote from your work by scholar Thomas Berry. In 1978, he mentioned that the Earth faces challenges due to a lack of compelling narratives. This resonates with ecologist David Abram’s assertion that we cannot restore our planet without reimagining its story. Why is a new narrative essential?

Rebecca Solnit: Many new narratives might be unfamiliar to those shaped by industrial capitalism. For numerous Indigenous cultures, these stories have long been told. Berry’s statement came at a time when colonial culture seemed all-encompassing, yet we now recognize the crucial role many old narratives are playing as they resurface.

Watching Native American communities reclaim their land, language, and pride has been incredibly inspiring. They are redefining human-nature interactions and assume key roles in the climate movement, changing our global perspective.

This period of colonialism and industrialism might be viewed as an unfortunate detour—now confronted with consequences, such as climate chaos. We must integrate old stories with new scientific understandings of interconnectedness.

One major theme in your book is our intrinsic connection to nature and the growing scientific recognition of this fact.

I wrote this book to highlight how many live in an eternal present, forgetting the dramatic changes our world has undergone. In my youth, the separation of nature and culture was the norm. Today, captivating research showcases our inseparability from nature.

Lynn Margulis’s groundbreaking work in microbiology illustrates how cooperation and symbiosis shape life, challenging traditional competition-based narratives.

Every element in an ecosystem contributes to the whole, and removing one can be detrimental—this contrasts sharply with the mechanical view of managing nature that often leads to disastrous practices.

Indeed, addressing the relentless capitalism that strains our planet will require concerted effort.

Yet, it’s crucial to acknowledge that research consistently shows a strong global desire for climate action and environmental protection, with only a minority benefiting directly from fossil fuels resisting necessary transitions.

We are making strides with innovative agricultural practices and renewable energy initiatives, but these changes aren’t happening fast enough. Climate action requires urgency as historical human rights movements illustrate.

“
Many people seem to live in an eternal present where they don’t remember how the world has changed
“

Your previous work, Hope in the Darkness, during the George W. Bush era, highlighted activist efforts for change. Given recent shifts under President Trump’s administration, is your new book a sequel?

Hope in the Darkness aimed to reshape expectations of change, illustrating that activism often involves slow, indirect progress. We must appreciate culture and grassroots movements as essential forces in transforming our world.

This book underscores how much has changed; we inhabit a distinctly different world than before. I strive to provide a deeper, long-term outlook to inspire ongoing efforts. Recognizing our collective power is crucial, as power and responsibility are inexorably linked.

Every generation reflects on past conditions, yet recent transformations have been rapid. Residing in San Francisco, a city once synonymous with counterculture, now embodies technological dominance. What has this shift cost us?

Living in the birthplace of the Sierra Club, I’m pained to see the environmental ethos overshadowed by capitalist ambitions. Technologies could have been developed with public welfare in mind rather than profit, especially in AI and social media.

California’s commitment to solar energy is robust, according to Solnit.

MediaNews Group/Orange County Register via Getty Images

Your insights mirror climatologist Tim Lenton’s recent work, Positive Turning Point, which discusses how small actions culminate in significant change. You highlight often-ignored victories.

Throughout my life, some suggested that feminism had failed, demanding to undo millennia of patriarchy in mere decades. Yet we’re making impressive progress, and the fight continues. The observable backlash reflects fear of change, not its absence.

I grew up in times when environmental negligence was rampant. Today, California leads in renewable energy, often producing over 100 percent of its daily electricity from solar sources. The scale of this revolution is breathtaking, contrasting the mayfly’s short-term perspective.

By reclaiming our history, we can appreciate the significant strides in rights and equality. The narrative is ongoing—we are at a pivotal chapter where uncertainty can foster hope. Even amidst challenges, we must acknowledge our achievements and the power that lies within.

This interview has been edited for clarity and length.

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Source: www.newscientist.com

How Negative Attitudes Toward Aging Can Accelerate the Aging Process

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Neglecting self-care can accelerate aging.

Margarm/Alamy

Understanding the Impacts of Ageism on Aging — Neglecting self-care can accelerate aging.

Margarm/Alamy

At 56 years old, I’m becoming increasingly aware of the physical implications of aging and the societal challenge of ageism. No one has openly critiqued me yet, but I sense a growing perception among younger generations that I’m outdated. Unfortunately, research indicates that ageism is on the rise; a recent study involving 1,915 adults aged 50-80 revealed that nearly all participants experience daily age discrimination. Over two-thirds reported witnessing age-related stereotypes, including jokes targeting older individuals. About half of them have experienced interpersonal ageism, with societal assumptions labeling them as tech-illiterate, forgetful, or helpless.

Perhaps most alarming is the finding that over 80% of older adults also face a form of internalized ageism. This suggests that as we age, our expectations concerning mental and physical health become increasingly negative due to societal biases.

These manifestations of ageism are prevalent, particularly in Western societies—only 6.5% of surveyed individuals reported no negative experiences. Internalized ageism is particularly concerning as it has been linked to an accelerated aging process. Research by Becca Levy from the Yale School of Public Health suggests that individuals harboring negative sentiments about aging tend to face poorer health outcomes.

For instance, a recent Harvard study found that older adults with positive perceptions of aging experience slower cognitive, physical, and emotional decline, maintain better nutritional habits, and engage in more physical activity compared to their less-optimistic peers. Interestingly, attitudes at the study’s outset seemed to forecast subsequent life trajectories, indicating that negativity surrounding aging can indeed accelerate its onset.

Additionally, Levy’s research indicates that older adults who develop mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are significantly more likely to recover if they maintain a positive outlook on aging. Within the population of MCI patients, approximately half show signs of recovery, suggesting that fostering positive attitudes could improve outcomes.

The cumulative effects of these negative attitudes toward aging, both personally and collectively, are striking. Dr. Levy’s research indicates that age discrimination contributes directly to 3.2 million annual cases of eight major geriatric diseases among Americans over 60, costing an astounding $11.1 billion in healthcare resources.

The conclusion is evident: internalized ageism represents a widespread yet underrecognized public health challenge that significantly impacts individuals and healthcare systems.

Understanding the Roots of Age Discrimination

Internalized ageism doesn’t solely arise from personal beliefs; it is reinforced by systemic discrimination, which operates through mutual feedback loops. When older individuals experience ageism, it reinforces internal beliefs, shaping personal interactions, media narratives, advertising strategies, and even healthcare encounters.

This unrelenting barrage of negative stereotypes is termed institutional ageism. Much like institutional racism, it permeates various cultures, often going unnoticed. The World Health Organization, in a recent report on age discrimination, stated: “Often, people are unaware that such institutional ageism exists because the rules, norms, and practices of the system are long-standing, ritualized, and considered normal.”

Institutional age discrimination can permeate workplace relationships.

AJ_Watt/Getty Images

It’s essential to reiterate that ageism is a counterproductive bias. We all age daily, and many of us will encounter the challenges of old age. Those who engage in age-related prejudices will ultimately find themselves victim to the very beliefs they uphold.

The good news is that solutions may be within reach. Research from 2014 by Levy and colleagues demonstrated that our perspectives on aging can improve through exposure to positive, subliminal messages about aging. However, implementing this approach on a large scale presents significant challenges.

The struggle against systemic ageism, much like the battle against systemic racism, requires long-term commitment and perseverance, with inevitable setbacks. While I may not live to see institutional ageism eradicated, I aim to embrace aging with a sense of humor and positivity.

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This revision optimizes for SEO by improving keywords and structuring, while maintaining the original HTML tags. Adjustments were made to enhance clarity on ageism, its effects, and solutions.

Source: www.newscientist.com

New Study Reveals Democracy’s Origins Extend Beyond Ancient Greece

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

Recent research analyzed 31 ancient societies from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, revealing that democratic institutions were more prevalent than previously thought and not solely dependent on factors like population size or geography.

Acropolis of Athens by Leo von Klenze.

The term “democracy” originated in ancient Greece, where it was defined as the power of the people (demo = people, kratos = power).

This definition transcends specific institutional frameworks, framing democracy as an overarching goal.

Traditionally, scholars rooted in Western social science have viewed the core elements of democratic governance—such as power centralization and national inclusiveness—as products of the classical Mediterranean world, which lay dormant for over a millennium until the Renaissance reinvigorated these ideals in Europe and its colonies.

Yet, this prevalent perspective that democratic governance emerged exclusively in the West has rarely undergone systematic scrutiny.

“Many believe that democracy first flourished in Greece and Rome,” says Dr. Gary Fineman, MacArthur Curator of Mesoamerican and Central American Anthropology at the Field Museum’s Negaunee Center for Integrative Research.

“However, our research indicates that numerous societies around the globe devised methods to limit the authority of rulers and empower ordinary citizens.”

In contrast to democracies, dictatorships centralize power in a single individual or a small group, examples of which include absolute monarchies and authoritarian regimes.

In a democracy, decision-making is a collective process among the populace. While elections often correlate with democratic practices, this association is not always accurate; many dictators are elected through popular votes.

“Elections alone do not serve as the best indicators of democratic value, thus our study emphasized historical instances of political organization,” Dr. Fineman noted.

“We identified two critical governance aspects: the concentration of power within individuals or institutions, and the degree of inclusiveness, reflecting how accessible power is to significant segments of the population.”

The current study evaluated 40 cases from 31 distinct political entities across Europe, North America, and Asia over numerous millennia.

Due to varying record-keeping methods, not all societies maintained written archives, necessitating innovative approaches to infer their governance structures.

“The spatial arrangement of societies is particularly revealing,” Dr. Fineman remarked.

“Urban areas featuring open spaces and public structures that facilitate community gatherings tend to exhibit more democratic tendencies.”

Conversely, architectural remnants suggesting concentrated power—such as pyramids with limited upper space or urban designs funneling into a ruler’s residence—signal more authoritarian regimes.

The researchers developed an “authoritarianism index” to classify each society along a continuum from highly authoritarian to highly democratic.

“Many archaeologists maintain that Athens and the Roman Republic represent the only democracies of the ancient era, while governance in Asia and the Americas was predominantly autocratic,” stated Dr. Fineman.

“Our analysis reveals that various regions possessed democratic structures comparable to those of Athens and Rome.”

“These results indicate that both democratic and authoritarian governance existed widely in the ancient world,” commented David Stasavage, a professor at New York University.

“Societies innovated ways to democratize power and enhance inclusivity, suggesting that democratic principles have profound and unexpected historical roots,” added Dr. Linda Nicholas of the Field Museum.

The study also challenges the notion that population size and political complexity inherently lead to authoritarian rule, highlighting how funding mechanisms shaped authority.

“Societies reliant on income controlled by leaders—such as mines, trade routes, or warfare gains—tended to be more authoritarian,” Dr. Fineman explained.

“On the contrary, societies that primarily derived funds from community labor or domestic taxes were more likely to decentralize power and uphold shared governance.”

Furthermore, the research found that societies with more inclusive political frameworks generally exhibited lower economic inequality.

“These insights contradict the belief that dictatorship and high inequality are inevitable outcomes of socio-economic complexity and growth,” Dr. Fineman stated.

“Historical evidence shows that people globally have developed inclusive political systems, even under challenging conditions.”

For more information, check out the research paper, recently published in Scientific Progress.

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Gary M. Feynman et al. 2026. Distribution of power and inclusiveness over deep time. Scientific Progress 12(12); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aec1426

Source: www.sci.news

Heatwave Causes Record-Breaking Collapses in the Western U.S.

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

This week, an early-season heatwave has shattered multiple temperature records in California and Arizona, hitting unprecedented highs on Wednesday and Thursday.

Summer-like weather conditions are anticipated to persist and extend towards the eastern regions.

Currently, nearly 38 million individuals in Southern California and the desert Southwest are under heat warnings, with temperatures regularly reaching the low 90s and even exceeding 100 degrees. This extreme heat is attributed to a massive heat dome that remains stagnant over the Western U.S.

In Palm Springs, California, Thursday’s temperature soared to an astonishing 107 degrees Fahrenheit, marking a new record for March. The previous record of 105 was set just a day earlier.

Additionally, the Coachella Valley city of Indio experienced record-breaking temperatures, reaching 108 degrees on Thursday—the highest ever recorded for March.

California witnessed numerous daily records, including a Thursday high of 101 degrees in Riverside. The day prior, a high of 95 degrees was established. Anaheim saw 88 degrees, while Sacramento recorded 85 degrees, according to the National Weather Service (NWS).

Over in Yuma County, Arizona, temperatures reached a remarkable 110 degrees on Thursday, setting a new record for the hottest March temperature ever recorded in the U.S., as confirmed by the National Weather Service.

Phoenix also recorded a high of 102 degrees on Wednesday, marking the earliest occurrence of triple-digit temperatures. On Thursday, temperatures escalated to 104 degrees.

“This is not just the first 100-degree day of 2026 but also the earliest recorded in Phoenix—previously occurring on March 26, 1988,” the NWS field office noted in a post on Wednesday.

Looking ahead, Phoenix is expected to see temperatures reach 106 degrees on Friday and Saturday, with a heatwave warning in effect until Sunday.

Las Vegas is also experiencing a surge in temperatures, setting a new March record of 95 degrees on Thursday. Local offices of the NWS predict temperatures could soar to 100 degrees on Friday, as reported by officials.

Regions in Oregon, Idaho, and Wyoming are also witnessing unusually warm conditions. The NWS office in Boise recorded a high of 80 degrees on Wednesday afternoon, marking the earliest date in history to reach that temperature since records began in 1875.

According to the NWS, this also marks only the second time Boise has reached 80 degrees in March since March 19, 1997, as stated in a post on X.

The extreme heat is forecasted to intensify over the weekend, moving eastward into the Rocky Mountains and the South-Central Plains.

“High temperatures are predicted to remain in the mid to upper 90s across Texas, while areas as far north as Nebraska and South Dakota could experience temperatures in the low to mid 90s,” the NWS stated on Thursday.

Skiers on the snowy slopes of Breckenridge Ski Resort in Colorado donned lighter attire as temperatures soared to 50 degrees on Wednesday.
Michael Ciaglo/Getty Images

In Colorado, new temperature records are on the horizon, with Friday’s forecasted highs at 84 degrees in Denver, 86 degrees in Fort Collins, and 83 degrees in Boulder. The NWS has warned of increasing temperatures over the weekend.

This week’s heatwave is driven by a persistent ridge of high pressure that effectively traps hot air over the western United States.

While assessing the exact impacts of climate change on specific weather patterns is complex, it’s evident that global warming will lead to more frequent, intense, and prolonged heatwaves.

Source: www.nbcnews.com

Hawaii Prepares for Increased Rainfall as Storm Approaches Wildfire-Affected Areas

Posted on March 20, 2026 by Igor Mitreski

The rain-soaked Hawaiian Islands are preparing for another potential flood this Thursday, just days after record-breaking storms wreaked havoc, buckling roads and damaging buildings.

According to the University of Hawaii’s climate data team, certain areas of Maui received over 5 feet of rain from March 10 to 16, with 33 inches falling in a mere 24 hours at Haleakala Crater near the island’s summit.

While this impending storm is expected to be weaker than its predecessors, the National Weather Service (NWS) warns that flooding could return quickly. A majority of Hawaii remains under a flood watch.

“Due to the high soil saturation from the recent Kona storm, even moderate rainfall poses a risk of rapid runoff and flooding,” stated NWS forecasters on Thursday.

Kona storms are pivotal weather patterns in Hawaii, responsible for delivering heavy rain to the island’s typically dry leeward regions. The rainfall anticipated this week is attributed to a new Kona storm.

These storms significantly interact with Hawaii’s wildfire concerns. The areas receiving the Kona storm’s heavy rains have historically also been wildfire-prone. Rainfall in these fire-affected regions increases runoff and erosion, exacerbating flooding and rising landslide risks.

Lahaina, where over 100 lives were lost in the 2023 Maui fires, is significantly impacted by the recent flooding. Joseph Puruta, a Lahaina resident who lost his home in the fire, lamented the debris washing down the burn scar.

“Debris is flowing down the hill into homes, the ocean, and the streets. It’s a dire situation,” Puruta stated.

The extreme rainfall in Hawaii coincides with widespread weather chaos across the U.S. On Wednesday and Thursday, California and Arizona recorded unprecedented high temperatures, with some areas hitting the 90s and even triple digits. Previously, heavy snow impacted Nebraska, which is also battling severe wildfires.

Hawaii is no stranger to rain, primarily caused by a phenomenon known as “orographic lift,” where trade winds encounter the island’s mountainous terrains. This interaction forces air upwards, leading to cooling and cloud formation. Typically, the winds blow from the northeast, keeping most precipitation confined to the upwind regions.

“In upwind areas, the annual average is about 400 inches,” remarked Thomas Giambelka, a professor emeritus at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Conversely, the southern and western parts of the island generally stay relatively dry.

However, during Kona Arashi, this norm reverses. Storms arise due to shifts in the jet stream, a high-altitude air flow moving from west to east. In a Kona storm, low pressure drifts away from the jet stream and gathers northwest of the island, pulling moist tropical air toward Hawaii. This results in winds blowing from the south, delivering heavy rainfall to normally dry regions.

Last weekend’s Kona storm set daily rainfall records at four official sites, as reported by the Honolulu National Weather Service.

Maui County spokesperson Lakshmi Abraham indicated that the impact is “unlike anything we’ve encountered in our lifetimes.”

A boat runs aground off the coast of Kihei, Hawaii, during heavy rain on March 13th.
Maui County (via AP)

The Kona storm impacts Maui areas where wildfires are increasingly common. This trend is linked to the spread of non-native, highly flammable grasses, especially on previously cultivated lands.

According to Clay Trauernicht, a wildland fire expert at the University of Hawai’i at Mānoa, the dangers posed by these invasive grasses have been a longstanding concern. The 2023 Lahaina fire brought this issue to the forefront.

However, many people still fail to recognize the close relationship between fires and floods, Trauernicht noted.

Flooding can facilitate the growth of non-native grasses, which subsequently die during droughts.

“This cycle adds more fuel to the situation,” remarked Camilo Mora, a climate scientist and professor at the University of Hawaii at Manoa.

Concurrently, rain can rapidly run off the recently scorched slopes, intensifying flooding risks, Trauernicht explained. Additionally, areas filled with unburned non-native grasses have shallower water tables that are less absorbent than native forests.

“The root structure tends to be matted with shallow roots,” Trauernicht observed. “This contributes to more water flowing over the surface.”

Locations like Lahaina are “extremely vulnerable due to their fire history,” Trauernicht emphasized.

Historically, many areas were susceptible to flooding, even before the wildfire issue escalated. Portions of South Maui are situated in federally designated floodplains, including parts of Kihei. Reports indicate apartment collapses and road deterioration during the recent storm, according to Hawaii News Now.

Maui County Public Works Director Jordan Molina commented on the ongoing upgrades to the region’s drainage systems to enhance resilience against flooding, although recent storms have stressed existing infrastructure.

“Creating an infrastructure capable of entirely mitigating flooding during extreme storms, like this Kona storm, would necessitate a vast and costly system that is financially impractical,” Molina stated via email.

The Department of Public Works prepared equipment on Wednesday and Thursday in anticipation of the next storm, clearing debris from roads and inspecting drainage channels for blockages.

“It’s worrisome, but we are prepared for flooding,” Giambellucci remarked. “Handling this repeatedly could be detrimental.”

Source: www.nbcnews.com

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