Neanderthal skull (left) and Homo sapiens larger than early humans
Pascal Goetheruk/Science Photo Library
One of the defining features of our species is our notably large brain. However, a recent analysis of fossil skulls indicates that evolution hasn’t significantly favored larger brains during the past two million years of human evolution.
“Brain size has indeed increased over time, while face size has actually reduced,” states Katerina Harvati from the University of Tübingen, Germany. Yet, this development does not appear to be the result of natural selection.
Rather, the evolution of the human brain seems to have been influenced by various evolutionary pressures, which maintained brain size. Periodically, these constraints were relaxed, enabling the brain to grow larger.
Dr. Mark Hubbe from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, along with Harvati, examined 87 hominin skulls, 24 of which belonged to modern Homo sapiens. The remainder were from extinct human species, such as Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis), Homo erectus, and Homo habilis. They gathered data on skull shape and size, concentrating on the braincase and facial features.
Over the past two million years, the human braincase has enlarged significantly, providing room for larger brains. Concurrently, human faces became flatter, characterized by reduced jaw prominence and smaller eyebrow ridges.
“There’s a pervasive hypothesis suggesting that increased cognitive ability drives selection,” says Harvati. This concept posits that intelligent individuals were favored, leading our ancestors to gradually develop larger brains over time.
To test this theory, Haverty and Hubbe employed a mathematical model that evaluated six different evolutionary scenarios influencing changes in skull shape and size. One scenario suggested gradual natural selection pressure favoring larger brains, while another scenario presented a more neutral approach. The remaining scenarios included fluctuating constraints around an optimal design and “punctuated equilibrium,” where long periods of stasis were punctuated by brief bursts of rapid evolution.
Findings indicated that changes in braincase size and shape are most effectively explained by neutral evolution, suggesting that random mutations impact brain size and shape without providing a significant advantage over previous designs. Evidence of stagnation further indicates that evolution exerts pressure on braincases to maintain similar dimensions.
While human faces underwent changes, the evolutionary constraint to preserve their shape appeared to be stronger.
This study provides insight into the mechanisms that have steered our evolutionary journey. Amelie Baudet at the French National Center for Scientific Research in Poitiers states, “This is precisely the kind of analysis we need right now.”
Although the study focused on skulls, it primarily addresses overall brain size and shape, which may not encapsulate the entire picture. Bode noted, “It’s not just about brain size; it likely involves brain reorganization.” She studies the imprints left by the brain within the skull, indicating that crucial areas like Broca’s area, associated with language, have evolved considerably over the last two million years.
Some researchers, like Gerhard Weber at the University of Vienna, argue that the sample size is insufficient for definitive conclusions. He remains skeptical about Harvati and Hubbe’s assertions that evolution kept our ancestors’ brains consistently sized. “As social animals, prehistoric societies likely featured varied divisions of labor,” he adds. In such contexts, exceptional intelligence may not have been a significant advantage.
Weber is intrigued by the notion that our brains grew not due to natural selection, but rather when constraints were lifted. “That’s a compelling idea,” he remarks.
Harvati suggests cooking may have played a critical role in this evolution. Since the brain demands substantial energy to function, and cooked food offers higher caloric value than raw, the advent of cooking could have provided the necessary energy boost for larger brains.
Embarking on a career in cybersecurity might feel daunting, particularly for those lacking a traditional IT or math background. This multifaceted field demands patience, practice, and the ability to navigate complex solutions to effectively counter cyber threats. Fortunately, video games have emerged as a fun and engaging method to make the learning process for aspiring cybersecurity professionals much more accessible.
TryHackMe is a gamified cybersecurity training platform that reimagines conventional lessons into digestible modules, blending challenge with ease of understanding.
Can Games Make Cybersecurity Careers More Accessible?
A significant hurdle in pursuing a cybersecurity career is the notion that it is only suited for IT experts or programmers.
Nowadays, more platforms are gamifying cybersecurity, broadening educational opportunities and making it available to everyone. With puzzles, virtual environments, and simulations, this innovative approach allows learners to grasp intricate topics far more engagingly than traditional lectures.
Even if you’ve previously dismissed cybersecurity as a viable career option, a gamified experience might completely change your perspective.
Cloud-based gaming can have significant environmental impacts, as it requires servers to run continuously round the clock – Photo credit: Getty
How Are Cybersecurity Platforms Adopting Elements from Video Games?
TryHackMe offers a gamified approach to cybersecurity training, making it easier for anyone to learn cybersecurity skills in a more fulfilling manner compared to traditional academic routes. By following the “Learning Roadmap,” users can navigate through various paths, focusing on industry-recognized certifications in one of four specializations.
These learning pathways consist of modules promoting hands-on experience from the very start. Users will learn to both attack and defend corporate networks, safeguard cloud applications, and engage in real-world scenarios, including investigating suspicious activities in a Security Operations Center (SOC).
Additionally, there is a “King of the Hill” mode, where ten players compete to be the first to breach a system while simultaneously defending against other skilled hackers.
When you’re ready to solidify your knowledge, complete the 5-Minute Hacking Challenge or join the Jurassic Park-themed Capture the Flag activity. In this exercise, players exploit vulnerabilities, decode challenges, and analyze data to uncover hidden strings known as “flags.”
What Does Gamified Cybersecurity Training Look Like?
While TryHackMe incorporates gaming elements, it serves a serious purpose. For individuals contemplating a career shift to cybersecurity or merely evaluating their interest in this field, the platform provides an engaging way to grasp complicated concepts through interactive and practical exercises.
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AI thinks, therefore AI exists
Album / Alamy
The forefront of artificial intelligence (AI) is witnessing a unique crossover: philosophers are stepping in to address some of AI’s most pressing challenges. Rather than only relying on computer scientists, companies are turning to philosophical insights to enhance the capabilities and reliability of AI models, while also exploring the enigmatic nature of consciousness and the potential for replicating intelligence through software.
Jonathan Birch, a researcher at the London School of Economics and Political Science, highlights that AI firms are now primary employers of philosophy PhD graduates. The allure of innovative work, lucrative salaries, and enticing stock options is drawing many philosophers into the tech landscape.
“Philosophical themes—like rational decision-making, moral principles, and the nature of thinking and reasoning—are now invaluable to AI companies,” Birch explains. “Consequently, there’s a significant brain drain in academia as philosophers transition to the tech sector.”
One key responsibility of this philosophical workforce is ensuring alignment within AI systems, a term rooted in the industry’s effort to mitigate harmful outputs, including unsafe instructions.
Initial strategies to curb dangerous AI outputs relied on rigid black-and-white guidelines, banning discussions on topics like bomb-making. However, these methods often turned out to be ineffective and easily bypassed. Today’s companies are embracing more nuanced approaches grounded in a philosophical understanding of right and wrong.
Yet, the path is complicated. Researchers have observed that instructing a model to break a rule in one instance can lead it to violate multiple other rules. Shane Glackin from the University of Exeter notes that comprehending this issue is precisely why philosophical logical analysis is crucial.
“The underlying reason seems to be that within the vast text corpus used for training, there are semantic connections linking well-defined and poorly defined ideas. Once the model is allowed to transgress one rule, it picks up on that and extrapolates, leading to further violations,” Glackin states. “As ethicists, our goal is to clarify the concepts of right and wrong, providing an analysis that reflects how these terms are commonly understood. This aligns closely with the analytical work that large language models (LLMs) engage in.”
Other essential roles for philosophers in AI companies include mitigating hallucinations (fabricated outputs), enhancing overall model performance, and addressing inherent biases. They also apply theories of human consciousness to AI in the quest to determine if AI could achieve sentience.
“What functions does the mind serve? What roles does the brain play? What can we replicate? These fundamental inquiries are essential for the future of AI,” Glackin emphasizes, acknowledging the urgent need for philosophical exploration in this domain.
The Most Pressing Philosophical Questions
Mahrad Almotahari, a professor at the University of Edinburgh, points out that the relationship between philosophy and computer science has deep historical roots. The Turing Test, proposed by Alan Turing to evaluate machine intelligence, was famously published in a philosophical journal, highlighting this longstanding intersection.
Although quantifying the number of philosophy-related jobs is challenging, Aaron Kagan, chair of the American Philosophical Association’s Nonacademic Careers Committee, indicates that a significant portion of job postings include terms related to AI ethics, safety, and governance. However, substantive roles in these areas may only represent about 5% of the total.
While Almotahari acknowledges the tech industry’s need for philosophical expertise, he expresses skepticism about whether the most profound questions surrounding machine consciousness can be resolved within corporate settings. However, philosophers might be instrumental in helping engineers interpret the complex workings of AI systems.
“There’s a significant amount of calculation happening. Can we distill from this a more abstract representation of the model’s functions and how different components signify various aspects of reality?” Almotahari queries. “Philosophers are well-positioned to bridge the gap between engineering and representational understanding.”
Some critics worry about potential conflicts of interest; the industry’s recruitment of philosophers could lead to biased research catering to corporate agendas.
“It’s evident that many serious philosophical inquiries will be funded by tech companies, which often have explicit or implicit expectations for favorable outcomes, influencing who gets published and what arguments are prioritized,” Birch warns. “I wish we had achieved greater progress on fundamental philosophical issues like consciousness and morality before AI emerged. If we had, we might have navigated this landscape more effectively. Now, with AI’s rise, these inquiries have gained urgency, yet clear answers remain elusive.”
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When the invitation to the launch of the revolutionary electric Ferrari, Luce, landed on my desk a few weeks ago, it felt significant, almost monumental. But did I underestimate the impact of Luce?
As the first images of Luce went viral, reactions exploded online. Comments poured in—some expressed outrage over the design, while others defended it fiercely.
Since the announcement, Ferrari’s stock plummeted by 8 percent, translating to a staggering market cap loss of around 7 billion euros. This highlights the significance of Luce in the automotive world; the reaction to its unveiling is baffling, to say the least.
What Went Wrong?
Luce doesn’t embody the classic Ferrari look. It doesn’t even sound like one, let alone drive like one (as no one has tested it yet). Understandably, this has left many Ferrari enthusiasts disappointed.
However, media reviews have been largely favorable. Why the divide?
Perhaps it’s the element of surprise. In a world where we constantly analyze new releases—from smartphones to electric vehicles—an unexpected design like Luce catches our attention. Scrutinizing its unique features reveals that Luce may redefine our perceptions of Ferrari, electric cars, and automotive design as a whole.
This isn’t just a new chapter for Ferrari; it’s an entirely new narrative.
Luce boasts over 60 patents, surpassing any previous Ferrari model – Photo courtesy of Ferrari
The vehicle is packed with innovations; for instance, the battery pack is integrally molded into the chassis, enhancing rigidity and lowering the center of gravity.
Luce’s center console can slide between the driver and passenger seats via a brushed aluminum bar, allowing co-pilots to take over the infotainment – Photo credit: Dan Bennett
The motor delivers an impressive 1,036 horsepower in launch control and 986 horsepower in performance mode, utilizing a special ‘Halbach’ magnet configuration along with torque vectoring seen in Ferrari’s F1 cars.
While the design may seem understated, it’s also the most aerodynamic Ferrari ever, with the lowest drag coefficient to enhance range. The hood doubles as a front wing, optimizing downforce during braking.
Luce utilizes its rear axle to create realistic sounds in the cabin, much like guitar pickups – Photo credit: Dan Bennett
Sound is another key aspect. Instead of artificial engine noises, Luce features a high-precision accelerometer on the rear axle that captures real vibrations. This innovative technology provides a genuine auditory experience in the cabin.
The interior design, crafted in collaboration with LoveFrom—the collective founded by Jony Ive and Marc Newson—integrates touchscreens and retains physical buttons to create a unique, tactile driving experience.
The dashboard offers a layered interface, merging physical controls with digital displays, enhanced by a lensed dial for clarity.
A central control console slides between the driver and passenger, functioning as a wrist rest while navigating menus, serving as a testament to thoughtful ergonomic design.
Who Will Laugh Last?
The challenge for all automakers is to enhance the electric vehicle experience. Luce represents Ferrari’s compelling answer. I believe it’s meticulously thought out (the true test will come when it hits the road).
This model may well set a benchmark for electric cars, likely influencing future designs—even if some currently mock it.
Ferrari CEO Benedetto Vigna introduces Luce to Pope Leo XIV at the Vatican – Photo courtesy of Ferrari
I reject the notion that this is “the end of Ferrari,” as some commentators suggest. Such passionate responses reveal how deeply these brands resonate with us. Just think of that young enthusiast who had a Ferrari poster on their wall.
In my view, Luce will eventually solidify its significance within Ferrari’s legacy as we shift to an electric future. For now, expect to see a blend of electrified and traditional combustion vehicles. As Marty McFly famously quipped, “I don’t think you guys are ready for that yet, but I’m sure your kids will love it.”
Recent discoveries by paleoanthropologists regarding Homo floresiensis—a remarkable species identified on the Indonesian island of Flores in 2003—have raised intriguing questions about its evolutionary significance. Although these small-statured hominins stood only 109 centimeters (3.5 feet) tall and possessed brains about a third the size of modern humans, they were previously believed to have hunted large animals, including elephants, and utilized fire. However, a new study from the Smithsonian Institution’s National Museum of Natural History challenges this notion.
Reconstruction of Homo floresiensis. Image credit: Elizabeth Danes.
According to lead author Dr. E. Grace Veitch and colleagues, “Homo floresiensis was initially viewed as exhibiting advanced behavioral traits for a small-brained hominid, based on evidence of fire usage and hunting of large prey.”
The study highlighted the co-discovery of Homo floresiensis and dwarf proboscidians, specifically Stegodon florensis insularis, at Liang Bua alongside significant stone artifacts, which were originally interpreted as indicative of “big game” hunting techniques.
“Some small animal remains at the site showed signs of charring, indicating they were likely cooked,” stated Dr. Veitch, reinforcing the idea that despite their limited brain size, Homo floresiensis demonstrated sophisticated fire usage.
The research involved analyzing over 3,100 Stegodon bone fragments and the remains of approximately 7,000 rodents discovered in Liang Bua Cave.
In their quest to differentiate marks made by stone tools from those left by predators, researchers conducted a feeding experiment at Zoo Atlanta, allowing captive Komodo dragons (Varanus komodoensis) to consume goat carcasses.
They then compared the resulting tooth imprints with those found on fossil bones from Liang Bua.
The results indicated that both humans and Komodo dragons fed on Stegodon carcasses, but damage patterns suggested that the giant reptiles accessed the animals first.
While Komodo dragon tooth marks concentrated on meat-rich bones, the cuts attributed to Homo floresiensis were primarily found on less valuable skeletal parts, such as ribs and phalanges.
Additionally, no evidence of projectile weapons or signs of active hunting were present, suggesting that hominins may have relied on scavenging rather than hunting large prey.
“The evidence indicates that Stegodon remains reflect a mix of primary access by Komodo dragons followed by secondary access by Homo floresiensis,” the researchers concluded.
Evidence of fire use was similarly minimal, with only one rib fragment showing burn marks, leading scientists to hypothesize that it might have been burned by modern humans much later.
Findings from rodent remains revealed a comparable narrative; around 20% of rat bones exhibited signs of burning tied to Homo sapiens, but no evidence of fire damage was found on remains attributed to Homo floresiensis.
Overall, these findings suggest that Homo floresiensis may not have been the technologically advanced hominin once envisioned, but rather a species with limited behavioral complexity.
“Originally, Homo floresiensis was characterized as capable of sophisticated behavior and cognition, potentially as a descendant of Homo erectus adapted for island living,” noted the author. “However, the evidence supporting complex behavior—such as the sophisticated use of tools and fire—has significantly diminished.”
“Lacking control of fire, Homo floresiensis likely did not develop the digestive adaptations seen in other hominids that benefit from cooked food,” the study added.
Furthermore, the postcranial anatomy of Homo floresiensis, including proportions of arms, legs, and feet, renders traditional big game hunting challenging.
“Current evidence suggests that Homo floresiensis did not possess the diverse behavioral repertoire of modern humans or Neanderthals, possibly due to their ancestors’ limited development of hunting and fire control,” the study concludes.
This groundbreaking study was published in the Journal of Scientific Progress on July 3, 2026.
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E. Grace Veitch et al. 2026. Taphonomic analysis at Liang Bua reveals human behavioral and technological capabilities of Homo floresiensis. Scientific Progress 12(27); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aeb7219
On a Monday night in April 2026, five tornadoes, including one particularly devastating touched down in the Kansas City area, wreaking havoc on buildings in Ottawa, Kansas.
While tornadoes are common in Kansas, the National Weather Service (NWS) seemed unprepared, issuing a forecast that afternoon that predicted no tornado activity.
The reasons behind such inaccurate predictions are complex.
Early weather balloon launches in the area experienced delays, potentially contributing to erroneous forecasts, which some blame on staffing shortages linked to budget cuts by the Trump administration affecting U.S. weather agencies.
In 2025, over 1,000 employees of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), including many senior meteorologists at NWS, were laid off or accepted buyouts.
Since then, the administration has attempted to rectify this damage, scrambling to rehire hundreds of employees. Despite assurances from a NWS spokesperson that there is “no evidence of deterioration in NOAA’s weather model performance,” there remains concern.
Meteorologists utilize complex simulations for accurate weather predictions, requiring real-time updates – Credit: Getty
However, independent meteorologists have voiced concerns about chronic understaffing at critical times following the budget cuts.
“Many who monitor severe weather closely find Storm Prediction Center forecasts less reliable than usual,” states William Gallus, a University of Iowa meteorologist.
This issue extends beyond minor inconveniences; accurate forecasts are essential to mitigate damage from extreme weather events, including intensifying hurricanes and record heat waves, both of which are becoming increasingly frequent due to climate change.
Moreover, the looming threat of a “Super El Niño” in the Pacific could lead to flooding along the West Coast and warmer global temperatures.
“Kansasans should never doubt the functionality of systems designed to protect them from severe weather,” declared Democratic Rep. Sharice David, representing the state affected by the tornadoes, in a statement.
This April, her office reached out to the Trump administration for information on the unexplained delays in weather balloon launches and their potential role in forecast errors. A month later, there has still been no response.
Clouds Gather
On paper, it may seem like weather agencies are on the mend. Congress largely disregarded requests for budget cuts, and an NWS spokesperson noted that they have hired 280 new employees since resuming hiring.
However, this hiring surge still leaves the agency with hundreds fewer employees than pre-cuts.
Even if the workforce is restored, replacing knowledgeable senior meteorologists will take time, according to Brian Tan, a meteorologist from the University at Albany, New York. “We’ve lost a wealth of organizational experience and expertise,” he says.
Replacing personnel is easy; replacing expertise is substantially more challenging – Credit: Getty
Craig McLean, former NOAA acting chief scientist, concurs: “This level of hiring highlights the detrimental impact of the Trump administration’s actions on the agency,” as reported by BBC Science Focus.
The missing staff collectively represent thousands of years of expertise in weather forecasting and climate modeling. “Losing 27,000 years of experience fundamentally changes the agency,” McLean states.
While experts do not anticipate these disruptions will cripple U.S. weather operations, they do believe the pace of improvements in forecast accuracy may decline. “We’re not heading into the dark ages,” Tan assures, pointing out that current models will likely continue to provide reliable predictions.
However, layoffs may hinder the speed at which forecasts become accurate, as this relies on research at NOAA labs and academic institutions, many of which experienced significant budget cuts last year, particularly at the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Institute in Princeton, New Jersey.
Other researchers are concerned about plans to “dismantle” the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Colorado, a pivotal hub for climate and weather research; a consortium of over 100 universities currently manages the center. They plan to file a lawsuit to block this action by the Trump administration.
Into the Storm
Compounding uncertainties in weather forecasting is the emergence of AI. Several AI weather forecasting models introduced in recent years have shown superior performance compared to traditional models.
Traditional forecasting relies on supercomputers that simulate atmospheric behavior through complex equations. In contrast, AI models, developed from decades of historical data, learn to recognize patterns that predict specific weather conditions.
This shift promises greater efficiency, with some AI systems capable of operating on standard laptops rather than costly supercomputers. This advancement could enhance prediction accuracy and provide more localized information.
Weather forecasters globally, including the Met Office, are leveraging AI to enhance predictions – Credit: Getty
The Trump administration prioritized advancements at NOAA, enabling the integration of AI into predictive models. Nonetheless, officials clarify that this technology is intended to complement, not replace, existing forecasting tools.
NWS representatives note that the agency’s new AI model is “an addition to its suite of weather models, not a substitution,” as highlighted by BBC Science Focus.
Nevertheless, there’s growing apprehension about the potential for AI to dilute human input in forecasting, raising concerns about future report accuracy. Concerns persist regarding this trend.
“Humans play a crucial role, even just in terms of managing raw data,” asserts Jeffrey Schrader, a researcher studying weather forecasting at Columbia University.
His research indicates that forecasts derived from human meteorologists are typically 20% more accurate than those generated by statistical models. This discrepancy arises from meteorologists’ intimate understanding of local weather phenomena.
Forecasters familiar with their regions can, for instance, predict how local topography affects wind patterns and where rainfall may be underestimated by models. This nuanced understanding is something algorithms have yet to fully achieve.
“Experienced meteorologists bring immense value,” Schrader argues, noting that their role extends beyond mere interpretation of data and includes fostering relationships and trust within their communities, pivotal for community safety during severe weather.
Additionally, current AI models face limitations in predicting extreme weather, as they depend on datasets that may not encompass rare events. Research from a team of German and Swiss scientists found AI predictions underperformed relative to physics-based models when forecasting record-breaking conditions.
Notably, their accuracy declined as events intensified, highlighting the risks of relying solely on AI for predictions.
Inaccurate forecasts can have significant consequences, particularly as climate change exacerbates extreme weather events. Studies indicate that underestimating temperatures by even 1 degree can lead to increased mortality during heatwaves, with similar effects from underestimating cold waves.
“Without human oversight, AI predictions can become distorted and unreliable,” asserts Schrader.
Moreover, AI models cannot replace the necessity for basic weather observations, as even the most advanced AI systems require data from weather balloons and reconnaissance missions to function effectively.
“Technology is not a substitute for human involvement,” Tan emphasizes. “We need skilled professionals to interpret and act upon the data.”
Biologists at the University of Minnesota have achieved a groundbreaking feat in bioengineering by creating synthetic cells from non-living chemical components. These innovative synthetic cells, known as spud cells, can complete a full life cycle—absorbing nutrients, growing, replicating genetic material, dividing into daughter cells, and passing beneficial mutations to future generations.
Cell cycle of a synthetic cell with a 90 kbp genome undergoing selective replication. Image credit: Gaut et al., doi: 10.64898/2026.07.01.735724.
“DNA is the programming of all living things,” stated Dr. Katarzyna Adamara, the corresponding author.
The human genome contains about 3 billion base pairs. Interestingly, biologists estimate that the genome of a living cell can be as small as 113,000 base pairs. In contrast, the genome of SpudCell is even smaller, measuring 90,000 base pairs.
Unlike natural cells that have inherited mechanisms developed over billions of years, these synthetic cells are constructed from scratch using well-defined chemical components. They utilize a fatty membrane in the form of liposomes, a minimal protein synthesis system, and a genome distributed across seven to eight plasmids.
The designed genome encodes everything a cell needs to feed itself, replicate its DNA, grow, and divide.
To nourish these synthetic cells, they merge with small “feeder” liposomes that provide lipids, enzymes, and essential small molecules. This fusion is facilitated by a modified bacterial pore protein produced by the synthetic cell, which bears a chemical tag that binds to a corresponding tag on the feeder liposome, resulting in fusion and the transfer of fresh raw materials. Researchers compare this process to a predator intentionally attracting prey.
Through repeated nourishment, these cells utilize enzymes obtained from viral bacteria to replicate their DNA and divide mechanically into “daughter” cells. By tracking chemical markers integrated into each round of feeder liposomes, the researchers monitored a lineage of cells over five generations. Despite lacking a cytoskeleton or systems for sorting DNA—which natural cells depend on—approximately 30% of the surviving daughter cells retained complete copies of their seven-part genome.
The scientists then tested the concept of Darwinian selection within this simplified system. They engineered a version of the feeding protein with a stronger genetic promoter, enhancing the efficiency of fusion with feeder liposomes.
When mixing stronger and weaker cell variants to observe competition over five generations, the faster-growing cells gradually increased their population share, rising from equal distribution to as high as 61% in one experiment. When feeder liposomes became scarce, mimicking limited resource availability, the advantage of fast-growing cells grew even more pronounced, as they eventually outnumbered slower ones by more than two to one.
“This is probably the most thrilling project I’ve ever worked on,” expressed Dr. Adamara. “We have chemically recreated what was previously achievable only through biological processes: the full behavior of living cells.”
“This evidence shows that fundamental life functions, such as growth and reproduction, do not require any mystical or complex systems.”
Moreover, the authors developed division machinery independent of the cell’s skeleton, leveraging proteins that cluster on the surface to pull membranes apart. They demonstrated that this genetically encoded division could also confer a feeding advantage, allowing faster-growing cells to produce more offspring.
“This study is merely the beginning,” Dr. Adamara remarked. “We have demonstrated that it is feasible to manipulate essential cellular functions.”
“An international collaboration is vital to fully harness the potential of this technology and ensure its robustness and practicality.”
These findings were detailed in a study, published as a preprint on July 2nd on BioRxiv.org.
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Nathaniel J. Gaut et al. 2026. A chemically defined synthetic cell capable of growth and reproduction. BioRxiv, doi: 10.64898/2026.07.01.735724
A recent study on animal bones found in caves has suggested that the diminutive ancient humans, often referred to as “Hobbits,” who resided on Flores Island in Indonesia until approximately 50,000 years ago, possessed limited hunting abilities. Researchers argue that they primarily scavenged meat left by Komodo dragons.
The fascinating fossil remains of Homo floresiensis were first introduced to the public in 2004. These small hominins stood just over a meter tall, and their fossils date back between 90,000 to 50,000 years.
Research based on stone tools and charred bones previously led scientists to believe these hominins exhibited advanced behaviors such as controlled fire use and large-game hunting. However, the cognitive capabilities of these small-brained beings have come under scrutiny in recent years.
According to Elizabeth Veatch from the Smithsonian Institution, “The prevailing view in our field suggests that despite their brain size, some advanced cognitive skills were necessary for reaching and surviving on the island amidst declining animal populations.”
Liang Bua Cave—home to the Homo floresiensis remains—also contains many fossils of a dwarf elephant species, Stegodon florensis insularis. Veatch and her team suspect many of these creatures may have fallen prey to the Komodo dragon, a sizable reptile endemic to Flores and other Indonesian lands.
To investigate the bite marks left by Komodo dragons on the bones of large mammals, Veatch and her colleagues conducted an experiment at Zoo Atlanta, feeding a dead goat to one of the reptiles. “Since Stegodon elephants are extinct, we couldn’t directly experiment with them,” noted Veatch.
The aftermath revealed that of the 72 bones examined, 26 bore 192 tooth impressions. The researchers compared these results to over 3,000 remnants of Stegodon found in Liang Bua Cave, alongside nearly 7,000 later Homo sapiens bones. Each of these approximately 10,000 bones was scrutinized for any evidence of fire exposure.
The study found that Komodo dragons prefer the meatiest parts of carcasses, such as hind and front legs. However, the bones associated with Homo floresiensis were found mostly in less desirable areas like the skull and thoracic vertebrae, suggesting a limited capacity for large animal acquisition.
Of the extensive collection of over 3,000 Stegodon bones, only one showed indications of fire exposure—likely due to sediment disturbance and heating from subsequent human activities. In contrast, 20% of recent rat bones uncovered after the extinction of these hobbits bore signs of cooking.
Adam Blum from Griffith University asserts, “Our findings strongly indicate that Homo floresiensis likely scavenged remains, rather than hunted Stegodon.”
Martin Poe from the University of Western Australia points out the controversy surrounding earlier claims of hunting and fire use by Homo floresiensis. “These new discoveries align more closely with our understanding of other small-bodied hominins, such as australopithecines. Their brain size and body weight support a shift in behavior patterns,” he added.
Nonetheless, a prevailing challenge remains: Did Homo floresiensis evolve from larger hominids like Homo erectus or from smaller, more widespread ancestors? Clarification through further research in Flores is essential.
Navigating this narrative reveals two possibilities, yet significant inquiries remain, emphasizing the necessity for continued exploration into the evolutionary adaptations of Homo floresiensis.
The Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory, one of NASA’s advanced space telescopes, faces a critical situation, as its mission to save and extend its operational life has commenced. Currently on a path to return to Earth in a few months, a successful rescue could allow it to continue its astronomical observations for many more years.
Like all satellites, Swift is experiencing orbital decay, having been launched in 2004. Originally at an altitude of around 600 kilometers, it now hovers at just 375 kilometers above the Earth’s surface. Recent solar flares intensified atmospheric drag, causing this unexpected decline in altitude.
NASA sought innovative solutions to keep the Swift operational, ultimately selecting a plan proposed by Catalyst Space Technologies, a small startup in Arizona, aimed at enhancing the observatory’s orbit.
This ambitious rescue mission involves a satellite named Link, equipped with three robotic arms designed to securely grasp Swift and elevate it back to safety. Though Link measures less than two meters tall and is about one-third the size of Swift, its large solar panels are well-equipped to power the necessary thrusters and grappling arm.
Launched on July 3 atop a Northrop Grumman Pegasus XL rocket, Link represents the final mission for this rocket before its retirement. Over the next two months, it will secure Swift and gradually elevate it for several weeks of testing in space before releasing it at its original altitude. If successful, this operation could extend Swift’s operational lifespan by up to 10 years.
Initially designed to study gamma-ray bursts—the most powerful explosions in the universe—Swift has detected approximately 1,800 of these events and made significant discoveries concerning other celestial phenomena, including comets, planets, supernovae, and black holes.
While the orbital boost will allow for continued observations, it will also serve as a pivotal demonstration of how to potentially salvage space telescopes. “Swift was never intended for servicing,” stated Ghonhee Lee, CEO of Katalyst. According to a statement, “By showing that rapid and economical life extension is possible, we are establishing a prototype for servicing spacecraft not designed for in-orbit maintenance.” This approach could present a cost-effective method for prolonging the lifespan of other satellites, including the Hubble Space Telescope, which is projected to cease operations in the 2030s unless proactive measures are taken.
Submarine Relief from Mayotte Survey 2019: Fani Maore Volcano
Credit: Campagne MAYOBS2
Recent discoveries reveal that undersea volcanoes off Madagascar’s coast are releasing chemical signatures from Earth’s primordial magma ocean. This magma ocean formed during the planet’s first 100 million years, offering insights into early Earth’s history.
Geologists posit that the Earth’s mantle—a vast layer of heated rock beneath the crust—has been slowly churning for over four billion years, gradually erasing chemical traces from Earth’s early formation.
“This discovery will significantly change our understanding in earth science,” states Catherine Chauvel from the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) in Paris. “We now have proof that material dating back 4.5 billion years still exists in sufficient quantities to be studied in volcanic systems.”
During the Hadean era, a Mars-sized object collided with Earth, generating intense heat and forming a global magma ocean. As the molten rock solidified over millions of years, the oldest crust began to emerge.
While some scientists believed remnants of this primordial crystallization remained in the mantle, they lacked the analytical methods to confirm it, according to Chauvel.
An unusual swarm of earthquakes in May 2018 off Mayotte Island, located between Madagascar and Mozambique, led to the discovery of a new volcano, Fani Maore, approximately 50 kilometers eastward. Over the subsequent three years, eruptions released significant magma, causing the island to sink around 20 centimeters.
Chauvel and her research team collected volcanic rock samples from both Fani Maore and nearby Mayotte Island to analyze the chemical composition of the new volcano versus older volcanic systems. Collaborating with Claudine Israel, they are employing cutting-edge ultra-high precision techniques at the University of Cambridge to assess variations in neodymium isotopes, which preserve a chemical record of the crystallization process from Earth’s primordial magma ocean.
Initial findings indicate that Fani Maore’s lava has a higher proportion of neodymium-142 and neodymium-144 compared to that from Mayotte, suggesting pockets in the ancient mantle have remained undisturbed by billions of years of geological mixing. These pockets are relatively rich in bridgmanite, a mineral believed to have first crystallized from Earth’s primordial magma ocean.
“Finding something that has eluded others is always thrilling,” remarks Chauvel.
This discovery implies that Earth’s mantle may not have mixed as extensively as previously thought, thus aiding scientists in reconstructing how Earth’s primordial magma ocean solidified, according to Israel.
“We experimentally demonstrate how the mantle crystallizes from a magma ocean, creating chemical diversity from the very beginning,” she notes.
Tim Johnson at Curtin University in Perth, Australia, claims that this finding serves as compelling evidence that Earth’s mantle still houses ancient material. “This is a significant breakthrough,” he asserts.
“Despite the challenges in perfecting such technology, the results are impressive,” adds Bernard Bourdon from CNRS in Lyon.
This research provides unprecedented insights into an era of Earth’s history with limited direct evidence, akin to uncovering a core sample that made its way to the surface, Bourdon concludes.
According to Richard Carlson from Carnegie Science in Washington, D.C., the accuracy of this study is remarkable. “Those familiar with these measurements will recognize this achievement as substantial,” he remarks.
Explore the enchanting beauty of fungi and slime molds captured in stunning photographs by Jay Richter from his latest work, The Secret Life of Fungi, a
comprehensive guide to New Zealand’s fascinating fungal wonders.
Among these is the Cruentomycena bisidocruenta, commonly known as the rubybonnet fungus. The name reflects its Latin roots, meaning “blood” and “slimy,” due to the glistening droplets that coat its stems. As Richter notes, an effective flash technique can help you capture its beauty perfectly: “If you diffuse the flash and reflect it off the bulb, you’ll get great photos every time,” he advises.
Next, we have the Cribularia slime molds, classified as protists, similar to certain algae and amoebas. These captivating forms of life are as intriguing as they are beautiful.
Next up is the Carnival Candy slime mold (Arcillia denudata), known for its vibrant pink clusters that appear during fruiting, with a modest height of just 4-6 mm.
Richter also discovered the relatively rare fungus Misena Lividor Bra, found beneath a log in New Zealand’s stunning Waitakere Ranges.
Additionally, the Misena mushrooms are notable, albeit vulnerable to mold. Richter likens them to a “bridal veil” due to their delicate appearance. He also highlights that the mold in this photograph produces exudate (excess moisture) along their threads, creating a striking visual effect.
Richter aims to encourage curiosity about the secret life of fungi. Ideal habitats include forest moss and decaying wood, although he has found intriguing specimens in urban settings like parking lots. “Fungi thrive in even the most hidden corners,” he reveals.
The 2,000-Year-Old Jindai Cherry Tree Shown in Fumi Koda’s Book Tree
Credit: Horizon Image/Motion/Alamy
Fumi Koda, a notable Japanese writer who passed away in 1990, was the daughter of the famous author Rohan Koda. One of her final works, tree, documents her journey visiting renowned trees throughout Japan. This book was recently translated into English for the first time by Charlotte Gough.
“A tree goes through its life without uttering a word,” Koda reflects. “Even amidst life’s twists and turns, they remain silent. I find that both inspiring and melancholic.”
tree is filled with insightful digressions, making it a profound account of an encounter with trees that only someone nearing the end of life seems to articulate effectively. This work falls under the genre of Japanese literature known as essay, which promotes thought and spontaneity, often without a conventional plot structure. Koda’s writing possesses a lightness that feels casual yet reveals remarkable originality and fresh perspectives.
Koda’s reflections often contrast the frailty of her own experience with the enduring strength of the trees she encounters. During her visits, such as to the legendary Jomon Sugi—a cypress tree on Yakushima Island—she expresses being overwhelmed. This remarkable tree may be anywhere from 2,000 to 7,000 years old, and Koda shares, “To be honest, it was frightening.”
On another journey, she visits the [2000-year-old Jindai cherry tree](https://www.yamanashi-kankou.jp/english/staff-journal/jindaizakurar1eng.html), celebrated as the oldest in Japan. Koda poetically describes feeling suspended between beauty and apprehension as she gazes at its gnarled roots and delicate flowers. She encapsulates the timelessness of Miharu Takizakura, another historic cherry tree in Fukushima, noting, “These trees seem to have witnessed countless generations, coexisting through the ages.”
Many have been drawn to Koda’s tree after its appearance in Wim Wenders’ 2024 film, perfect days (also highly recommended). This work invites readers to reconsider their perceptions of trees.
Please note: We may earn a commission if you purchase through the links provided on this page.
Female orangutans usually raise one baby at a time.
Andrei Gudkov/Alamy
Orangutan mothers often venture into the territories of other mothers with similarly aged offspring, enabling their children to engage in play together. This social interaction is crucial for developing essential skills.
Play is vital for many animal species, as it helps enhance social and motor skills and transmit important behaviors. Despite this, orangutans are primarily solitary creatures, with mothers raising their young independently for about 6-7 years. Socialization among young orangutans occurs sporadically, and the frequency and nature of these interactions remain largely unexplored.
“You might think orangutans don’t require much playtime due to their solitary nature compared to other great apes. However, male orangutans engage in fighting, necessitating practice,” states Zarin Machanda, a researcher at Tufts University, Massachusetts.
Researcher Odd Jacobson and his team at the Max Planck Institute for Animal Behavior in Konstanz, Germany, analyzed 15 years of data on 31 wild Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus wurmbii). This comprehensive dataset encompasses around 30,000 hours of observations detailing individual behaviors, social interactions, and locations.
The findings revealed that mothers with offspring of similar ages disproportionately congregate in the same area. Such proximity increases play opportunities for the young, especially when their mothers share a strong bond.
The study observed that the distance traveled by these apes increased in the days leading up to and following playdates, as mothers navigated to adjacent territories before returning home.
“Our research demonstrates compelling evidence that wild Bornean orangutan mothers modify their range behavior to enhance their offspring’s chances for social play,” Jacobson and his colleagues noted in their publication in New Scientist.
Interestingly, these young orangutans may be playing in areas abundant with fruits, akin to brown bear cubs that play together while their mothers forage in salmon-rich rivers. However, these encounters persist regardless of local fruit availability, suggesting that the mothers prioritize these social interactions over foraging, as indicated by their increased travels.
Machanda emphasizes that discerning intentionality from such behavioral data is challenging. “There’s a distinction between mothers playing with their infants and the way friends interact; mothers may deliberately facilitate their infants’ engagement with peers.”
Adriano Lameira from the University of Warwick affiliated researchers supports that these findings align with existing knowledge on orangutan maternal investment and cognitive capacities.
However, he doubts that orangutan mothers would arrange playdates in advance. Unlike male orangutans that use long-distance calls for coordination, females are not known to employ such methods for social purposes.
Lameira suggests instead that these inter-mother meetups rely on local knowledge, helping orangutans to navigate based on what they can perceive in their environment—identifying fruit-bearing trees and suitable climbing vines. This awareness reflects their cognitive understanding of their companions’ activities.
“One mother likely infers what resources she needs and where she could find them based on the known locations of other mothers,” Lameira elucidates.
In Tuktoyaktuk, Northwest Territories, Canadian hunters use decoy geese to attract birds.
Natalia Saprunova
The impact of global climate change is vividly portrayed in Natalia Saprunova’s stunning icy blue photographs, which feature in her award-winning series that secured the Emerging Scientist Editor’s Award at the Earth Photo 2026 competition.
Her images depict hunters from the Inuit community of Tuktoyaktuk, on Canada’s Arctic coast, skillfully using goose decoys to lure migratory birds. In the backdrop, a pale sky meets the shores of melting ice, accentuated by a scattering of faux birds. These traditional decoy methods, once crafted from reeds by Indigenous communities, are now challenged by rising temperatures affecting bird migration patterns, complicating hunting practices. Saprunova captures these transformations, focusing on the significant thawing of permafrost.
Below, Inuit individuals residing on Victoria Island interact with fish, a crucial food source that has been impacted by climate change. The thawing of permafrost leads to coastal erosion, which releases harmful substances like mercury into local fish habitats, jeopardizing essential food supplies.
In Uluqaktok, Victoria Island, residents manage fish, an essential community resource.
Natalia Saprunova
In the image below, Saprunova captures the evolving Arctic landscape, marked by sunken polygons filled with water and conical ice-covered hills. As permafrost melts, the terrain becomes unstable, complicating movement for animals like caribou. “The melting snow signifies more than just a change in temperature; it reshapes the maps that both wildlife and humans have depended on,” Saprunova shared in her award application.
Permafrost thaw dramatically alters the landscape near Tuktoyaktuk.
Natalia Saprunova
In her poignant imagery of Sachs Harbor, Saprunova showcases the alarming erosion of permafrost cliffs, with cracks dangerously unsettling structures nearby. The stark contrast between the orderly homes and the unstable landscape underscores the pressing reality of climate change faced by Arctic communities. Canada’s expansive Arctic coastline hosts some of the first potential climate refugees as their habitats become increasingly uninhabitable.
Eroding permafrost cliffs at Sachs Harbor, Banks Island.
Natalia Saprunova
Among her most striking images features Perry Island, known for its alarming disappearance. The melting permafrost emits greenhouse gases, further exacerbating global warming and hastening the degradation of the island. The stark black rock cliffs starkly contrast with the minuscule people against the water, highlighting the devastating impacts of climate change.
Perry Island, known as the disappearing island in northwestern Canada.
Natalia Saprunova
These impactful images are currently featured in an exhibition at the Royal Geographical Society in London, running until July 24th.
Australian Tiger Quoll – Featured in Dan Werb’s *Our Wild Familiars*, releasing this month
Shutterstock/Craig Dingle
This month in London witnesses a flurry of intellectual excitement, especially with the release of a new popular science book that delves into profound themes such as life, death, and the human experience. Amidst this exploration, artificial intelligence provokes anxiety among top forensic scientists and ethicists who contemplate its implications for the future. As I gear up to explore engaging topics like volcanology and pharmacology, those fields seem far more stable than the upheaval brought by rapid technological advancement.
<p>Can friendships with chatbots fulfill the emotional connections provided by genuine human relationships? What innate qualities differentiate human friendships from AI simulations? Valerie Tiberius, an ethicist and philosophy professor from the University of Minnesota, initiates this dialogue by characterizing ideal friendships as deep, joyful connections based on mutual concern. Her forthcoming book, *The Mirror of AI: Restoring Humanity in the Age of Machine Thinking*, promises a sophisticated discussion on the risks and opportunities of human-AI relationships.</p>
<p>Addressing a somewhat somber subject, *Timor Mortis*—meaning "fear of death"—is particularly relevant as discussions around quality end-of-life care become increasingly prominent. What constitutes a “good death,” and how do we confront our mortality in an era defined by technological excess? Richard Coker, a public health physician, examines the multifaceted nature of death from biological, psychological, moral, and historical perspectives. His diverse experience ranges from treating tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS patients to serving as a professor at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.</p>
<h2><a href="https://www.awin1.com/cread.php?awinmid=62675&awinaffid=2884617&clickref=ns-preview-julynonfic&ued=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.bookshop.org%2Fp%2Fbooks%2Fvolcanoes-what-everyone-needs-to-know-tamie-j-jovanelly%2F90cc5b74f95ec9ba"><em>Volcano</em></a> by Tammy Giovanelli</h2>
<p>This book is a valuable entry in the *What Everyone Should Know* series from Oxford University Press, discussing crucial topics from gender to robotics. With over 20 years of global research experience, geology professor Tammy Giovanelli answers common questions about volcanoes—where they are, how we can predict eruptions, and their energy potential. With 1,350 active volcanoes worldwide and 50 to 70 eruptions yearly, understanding these geological phenomena is essential. Giovanelli also includes GPS coordinates for volcano locations and detailed photos of volcanic minerals and rocks, alongside an appendix of the world’s 100 most active volcanoes.</p>
<p>This book pairs nicely with Nick Barber’s *How to Take Medicine: A New Approach for Better Results and Fewer Side Effects*, which tackles the staggering 1 billion prescriptions issued annually in the UK and 5 billion in the US. This work aims to equip the public with knowledge about the medications they take, providing historical context alongside contemporary insights. Rod Flower, Emeritus Professor of Biochemical Pharmacology at Queen Mary University of London, underscores the rapid evolution of drug use—from healing herbs to a multi-trillion-dollar global market, elucidating how drugs function and the development processes that validate their effectiveness.</p>
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<img class="Image" alt="Ancient clay counting tablet from Uruk, Iraq - A historical look at data as power explored in Roopika Risam's latest book." width="1350" height="901" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144120/sei303708476-1.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2532808" data-caption="A clay counting tablet from ancient Uruk, Iraq, dating back to the 4th millennium BC. Roopika Risam's new book explores data as power." data-credit="Osama SM Amin FRCP(Glasg)"/>
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<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">A clay counting tablet from Uruk, Iraq, dating from the 4th millennium BC, as featured in Roopika Risam's new book exploring data as power.</p>
<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Osama SM Amin FRCP(Glasg)</p>
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<p>Described as "groundbreaking and provocative," *Data Empire* traces the historical journey of data as power—from ancient Mesopotamia's clay tablets to modern algorithms. Examining how data has been utilized to govern populations and shape personal narratives, the book highlights the significance of multi-faceted perspectives in navigating today’s hyper-connected technological landscape. Recognized experts like Lewis Dartnell call it "breathtaking in scope," while Jaron Lanier emphasizes the urgent need to address our relationship with data in this new historical context.</p>
<p>Amidst an age of overconsumption and relentless efficiency, seeking a more fulfilling existence seems almost unconventional. In his book, *Small Things*, Ian Bogost sheds light on how modern conveniences often diminish our satisfaction and rob us of simple joys in life. By advocating for a deeper engagement with the material world, Bogost inspires readers to recognize the value of tangible experiences over sleek technological designs.</p>
<p>Fascinating creatures that thrive alongside humans—including brown rats, raccoons, and urban foxes—are termed "synanthropes." Esteemed epidemiologist Dan Wirbe explores the unique roles these animals play in our lives, emphasizing their symbolic significance as judges of Earth's future and the impact of environmental degradation on their populations. By learning to coexist with these creatures, we can foster a harmonious relationship with our environment, as new challenges arise from rapid urbanization.</p>
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<img class="Image" alt="New Scientist - Forensic anthropologist Sue Black releases her latest book this month." width="1350" height="900" src="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg" srcset="https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=300 300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=400 400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=500 500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=600 600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=700 700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=800 800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=837 837w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=900 900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1003 1003w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1100 1100w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1200 1200w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1300 1300w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1400 1400w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1500 1500w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1600 1600w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1674 1674w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1700 1700w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1800 1800w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=1900 1900w, https://images.newscientist.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/07/02144342/sei303708200.jpg?width=2006 2006w" sizes="(min-width: 1288px) 837px, (min-width: 1024px) calc(57.5vw + 55px), (min-width: 415px) calc(100vw - 40px), calc(70vw + 74px)" loading="lazy" data-image-context="Article" data-image-id="2532811" data-caption="Forensic anthropologist Sue Black has a new book out this month" data-credit="Peter Jolly/Shutterstock"/>
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<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Title">Forensic Anthropologist Sue Black Releases New Book This Month</p>
<p class="ArticleImageCaption__Credit">Peter Jolly/Shutterstock</p>
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<p>The latest installment from Sue Black, a leading forensic scientist with four decades of experience, uses a landmark case to explore the intersection of science and justice. Through a detailed examination of wrongful convictions, particularly the case of Andrew Malkinson, she questions the readiness of law enforcement and legal systems to integrate AI and automation. Her insights prompt critical reflections on how we prepare for advancements in forensic technology.</p>
<p>As society grapples with the swift rise of AI, ethicist Eleanor Drage is passionate about fostering a safe and ethical technological future. Her forthcoming book calls for a new vocabulary around AI and emphasizes the importance of incorporating concepts like feminism and restorative justice in these discussions. Supported by influential thinkers, Drage’s work is a timely and necessary exploration of how we can navigate the challenges posed by AI.</p>
<p>One profound question arises: What does it mean to be alive? With a focus on the latest insights in biology and physics, researcher Melanie Challenger explores this notion, asserting the significance of our biological existence. *Alive* offers a perspective that revives discussions around agency and purpose in a world increasingly dominated by artificial intelligence and biodiversity challenges.</p>
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Living organisms consist of non-living components, which carries profound implications for our understanding of life. This suggests that there is no mystical essence that grants life, but rather, life can potentially be synthesized from the ground up, a feat we are rapidly approaching.
Artificial life has long been a cornerstone of synthetic biology. In 2010, researchers at the J. Craig Venter Institute in California synthesized a fragmented bacterial genome, integrating it into a host cell devoid of its DNA. These resulting organisms demonstrated the ability to grow and reproduce with a minimal gene count of just 473. However, a significant portion of these genes still remains enigmatic regarding their functions and necessity. Consequently, moving beyond the modification of existing cells to creating microorganisms from scratch has become vital.
Currently, scientists at the University of Missouri are embarking on this ambitious project. Dubbed “Spud Cells”—an homage to both Sputnik and their potato-like appearance—these cells are constructed from merely 36 genes. When provided with the essential building blocks for life, they self-assemble into cell-like structures and synthesize proteins.
“ SpudCell represents a significant advance in the creation of artificial life “
However, it’s important to note that SpudCell can only produce proteins because it relies on supplied ribosomes, which are crucial for protein synthesis. They lack the ability to metabolize nutrients, generate energy, or accurately divide and reproduce. Thus, while non-living, SpudCell marks a substantial leap towards artificial life replication. If natural cells are likened to advanced jetliners, then SpudCells are akin to the delicate wooden and cotton prototypes of the Wright brothers.
Better iterations of synthetic cells are on the horizon, promising revolutionary applications. The ambition is that these synthetic organisms could one day replace materials conventionally sourced from fossil fuels, such as plastics, fuels, and fertilizers—a pressing need given current environmental challenges. Continuous research into the fundamental workings of living organisms is essential, as it will uncover what life requires and how it can emerge from inanimate matter. Solving this ultimate puzzle could render synthetic biology exceptionally beneficial.
The puzzle of how general relativity—the governing laws of gravity and spacetime—and quantum mechanics interact presents one of the most significant challenges in modern physics. Despite numerous potential solutions, none have gained conclusive proof, leaving many theories underexplored. Now, one innovative concept is set to be tested, which could revolutionize our perception of time.
Many proposed theories aiming to unify relativity and quantum mechanics fall under the umbrella of quantum gravity. However, Jonathan Oppenheim from University College London introduces a different perspective called post-quantum gravity. This theory diverges from conventional models by not attempting to quantize spacetime or gravity itself.
To quantize a theory means to break it down into basic components, known as quanta. For instance, light is represented by photons, making two of the fundamental forces quantifiable. Gravity remains the only force not proven to operate within quantum mechanics, and Oppenheim’s research suggests it may not be quantum at all.
Post-quantum gravity posits that spacetime and gravity are fundamental and continuous, devoid of discrete components. From this premise, intricate mathematical models simulate the interactions between this non-quantum spacetime and the quantum forces and particles within it.
One intriguing insight from these calculations is the emergence of randomness in time. Rather than envisioning a clock with precise ticks, post-quantum gravity suggests that time might exhibit minor, unpredictable fluctuations. These changes occur at scales imperceptible to us, leading to a wobbling effect in the flow of time.
These irregularities provide a connection between Oppenheim’s theory and quantum mechanics. When these fluctuations are incorporated into fundamental quantum calculations, they yield behaviors typical in quantum systems—such as the transformation of quantum entities into classical states upon observation, reminiscent of Schrödinger’s famous cat paradox.
Yet, the source of these time wobbles remains elusive. While they emanate from specific equations, Oppenheim and his team have yet to pinpoint a particular cause. “Could there be an unidentified physical effect triggering these erratic flows? It’s possible, but we may not be prepared to tackle that depth scientifically or philosophically yet,” Oppenheim states.
Oppenheim acknowledges that his theory is contentious within the physics community. “I’m unsure if many believe this theory is likely to be correct; I might be alone in my views. However, there’s a consensus that it warrants testing,” he adds.
Upcoming Test
Encouragingly, the first experimental tests for post-quantum gravity are on the horizon. Unlike many contemporaneous theories, which are inherently difficult to assess, post-quantum gravity’s testability lends it credibility and scientific viability. Giuseppe Fabiano at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, part of a team crafting parameters to evaluate gravity theories, mentions, “I remain neutral toward the theory itself, but its ability to generate testable predictions makes it inherently valuable.”
Experiments, as proposed by Oppenheim and collaborators, focus on assessing gravitational properties between objects. Since general relativity ties gravity to the curvature of spacetime, variations in space and time would subsequently alter gravitational strength. “If time’s flow exhibits unpredictability, measuring gravity will reveal this inconsistency,” Oppenheim notes.
While these experiments are underway, reaching the necessary precision to truly test post-quantum gravity might require several decades. However, the prospect of testing this theory is now a tangible reality. Building accurate sensors and calculating requisite parameters poses a substantial challenge. Despite this debate over the theory’s validity, many researchers align with Oppenheim in supporting the need for these experiments.
“Should we find empirical support for post-quantum gravity, it would fundamentally challenge our understanding of interactions observed over the past century,” Fabiano asserts. Gravity has always differed from other fundamental forces, primarily due to its much weaker nature. The notion that its framework is fundamentally distinct would be a significant shift in scientific paradigms.
Exploring the implications of confirming post-quantum gravity could reshape our understanding of physics. While it might resolve longstanding issues, particularly in reconciling general relativity with quantum mechanics, it will likely give rise to new questions. If time indeed wobbles, our interpretation of the universe could be fundamentally altered.
June 2026 Heatwave Estimated to Kill Over 5,000 in France
Laurent Emmanuel/AFP via Getty Images
Recent projections indicate that Europe’s most severe heatwave to date could result in a staggering 17,000 to 25,000 heat-related fatalities. These numbers are based on historical data correlating heat and mortality rates across the region.
“These figures are preliminary,” states Christopher Callahan from Indiana University. “They underscore the urgent need for rapid adaptation investments to mitigate future impacts.”
Callahan’s estimates stem from research published by his team last year. “We analyzed the correlation of temperature and mortality across Europe to infer how heatwaves like this one impact mortality rates,” said Callahan. “Using this relationship, we estimate the death toll from the recent heatwave at approximately 20,390, with 5,210 fatalities reported in France alone.”
This estimate surpasses current reported figures, which are typically slower to emerge due to the time required for data collection and analysis on heat-related deaths. “Our estimate serves as a modeled number and may take months to finalize, as heat is infrequently listed on death certificates,” says Raquel Nunez from the University of Warwick, UK.
For instance, on June 28, the World Health Organization Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus reported over 1,300 excess deaths primarily based on a French Public Health Agency statement, while Japan experienced approximately 1,000 additional deaths between June 24 and 26.
However, the methodology behind these numbers is not flawless. Data collected through computerized death certificate systems often miss heat-related fatalities, impacting mortality rates. “Over 80% of all deaths were registered in hospitals, while many others were recorded in long-term care,” the report cited, indicating that the true impact may be much higher.
Despite the concerning estimates, some experts express skepticism regarding Callahan’s figures. “Twenty thousand fatalities in a single week seems excessive,” argues Dan Mitchell from the University of Bristol. He insists that a detailed examination of the modeling is essential for validation.
Callahan’s approach remains robust; however, using data from 2015 to 2019 does raise questions about current trends in mortality related to heat. Marcin Walkowiak from Poznań Medical University suggests that ongoing improvements, such as increased access to air conditioning, could diminish vulnerability, estimating a lower death toll of around 15,000.
Nevertheless, Callahan stands firm. “There is no substantial evidence to suggest that the mortality-temperature relationship has dramatically changed over the years,” he says. “Thus, it remains uncertain if our current situation is markedly different from a decade ago.”
“Statistically, broad estimates like ours often indicate higher fatalities than direct reports, as many heat-related deaths go unrecorded due to unclear causes,” he adds.
Moreover, not factoring in the nuances of seasonal vulnerability is another oversight highlighted by Walkowiak. “Heatwaves at similar temperatures tend to have a more lethal impact early in summer, as many susceptible individuals may not survive to the end of the season,” he states.
Mitchell extends this perspective, noting that Callahan’s analysis emphasizes immediate deaths while overlooking longer-term effects including increases in domestic violence, suicides, and kidney failure arising from prolonged heat exposure. “The health implications of heat are diverse and can unfold over varying timeframes,” he remarks.
Finally, Nunes emphasizes the pressing need to avert future heat-related casualties. “The evidence is clear: heat is the deadliest climate crisis we currently face, and the majority of these tragedies are preventable,” she asserts. “While we can predict heat events with high accuracy, we still lack integrated systems across health, housing, social care, and transport that can effectively translate these predictions into proactive solutions. The pace of adaptation must increase to match the emerging risks.”
Commercial airliners may fly through sulfuric acid clouds if solar geoengineering plans proceed
Alexander Magurean/Getty Images
Spraying solar-reflecting particles near the poles to combat global warming raises serious concerns about exposing passengers on commercial flights to hazardous levels of sulfuric acid.
As global temperatures could rise by up to 3.7°C by 2100, the concept of cooling the Earth by blocking sunlight is becoming increasingly relevant. The most discussed method involves injecting sulfur into the stratosphere to replicate the cooling effects of historic volcanic eruptions.
However, dispersing these particles into the upper atmosphere near the equator, where they are most effective, necessitates a new generation of aircraft capable of reaching altitudes of 20 kilometers—almost double the maximum altitude of current commercial airlines.
As a feasible alternative, researchers are investigating upgrading Boeing 777s and similar aircraft to release sunlight-reflecting compounds closer to the stratosphere, approximately 7 kilometers below. Yet, this practice could potentially introduce risks for flights operating between Asia and North America, which frequently traverse polar routes.
“If planes can reach those heights to spray sulfur, that’s also where passenger flights operate,” explains Alan Robock from Rutgers University. “I wonder about the implications of [sulfuric acid] exposure for both passengers and crew.”
Previous simulations have suggested injecting 6 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the stratosphere at altitudes of 13 to 15 kilometers near the North Pole from March to June and a similar injection near the South Pole from September to December.
Atmospheric models indicate that a total of 12 million tons of sulfur dioxide could sufficiently cool the Earth by approximately 0.6 to 1.0 °C. Robock and his team used sulfuric acid concentration results from these simulations to estimate how much of this noxious substance would infiltrate aircraft cabins.
Geoengineering flights disperse sulfur in narrow plumes that can take days to weeks to dissipate. In some cases, aircraft may pass through areas with sulfur concentrations as low as 7 micrograms per cubic meter—below levels seen in many urban environments like several major cities. However, there are also instances where sulfuric acid levels exceed 50 micrograms per cubic meter, considered hazardous by the European Union.
When inhaled, sulfur dioxide can irritate the throat and inflame the lungs. At elevated concentrations, it can lead to severe respiratory conditions and can narrow airways, significantly impacting breathing. Furthermore, exposure to high levels of sulfur dioxide carries an increased risk of stroke. Even lower concentrations can exacerbate asthma attacks. These health risks are especially pronounced for pilots and flight attendants who frequently fly these routes.
“If the developments outlined in this paper come to fruition, they are still decades away,” shares Wake Smith from Harvard University. He believes this timeline allows airlines and engineers the opportunity to enhance air filtration systems to better handle the anticipated sulfur dioxide and sulfuric acid concentrations, ensuring passenger safety.
“No prior research has focused on this aspect, making this study valuable,” notes Daniele Visioni from Cornell University. “While the preliminary findings are intriguing, they are not definitive game-changers. The risks likely exist elsewhere.”
For the first time in history, researchers have successfully extracted ancient human DNA directly from cave walls. While their findings do not definitively connect ancient DNA preservation to the creation of cave art, they reveal that traces of human DNA can persist on cave surfaces for thousands of years.
Representative rock art from 11 sites analyzed by Bossams Mesa et al. Image credit: Bossoms Mesa et al. 10.1038/s41467-026-74234-2.
A significant challenge in human prehistory research is linking cultural artifacts to the groups that created them.
Ancient DNA studies have bridged this gap by analyzing DNA from skeletons, sediments, and increasingly, from the artifacts themselves.
However, rock art—crucial to understanding human culture—has typically eluded paleogenetic analysis due to its lack of direct connection to excavated cave floors.
This limitation has hindered discussions about authorship, including debates on whether Neanderthals were responsible for rock art alongside early modern humans.
“Some of the art was applied to cave walls by spraying or rubbing pigments onto the surface,” explained Dr. Hipolito Collado Giraldo, an archaeologist and rock art expert for the Extremadura government in Spain.
“Given the extreme sensitivity of current DNA analysis techniques, we aimed to determine whether this contact could leave DNA traces in the rock art, potentially revealing the genetic profiles of its creators.”
Dr. Corrado Giraldo and a team from Germany, Spain, and Portugal assessed the DNA preservation of pigment samples collected from 24 rock art panels in 11 caves across Spain and Portugal.
The paintings, primarily in red ocher, featured simple marks (from nine locations), dots, hand-drawn stencils (Cave of Maltraviso, Spain), and figurative images (Cave of Altamira, Spain).
The team also analyzed unpainted sections of the cave walls, sediments, animal bones, and bird bone fragments used for spraying pigments.
The most promising results were found in the Escoural Cave in Portugal, where samples taken from colored calcite shells unexpectedly yielded genetic material from one or more humans, with no animal DNA detected.
Similar findings emerged from the uncolored wall samples taken in the same cave.
Considering that sediments and environmental sources typically contain diverse animal DNA, the researchers concluded that the human DNA found in Escoural Cave likely originated from direct contact rather than surrounding soil.
Samples from Escoural and three unpigmented wall samples from Covalón Cave in Asturias revealed mixed human and animal DNA, indicating indirect routes of contact, like people transporting sediment on their hands and feet.
In Cobaron, genetic analysis of two wall samples linked their DNA to Western hunter-gatherers who lived in Europe approximately 5,200 to 16,700 years ago, showing probable female origins. Another wall sample from Escoural Cave indicated a male source.
Despite extensive research, usable ancient human DNA was recovered from only one of the 24 painted panels, and none from the airbrushed pigment of Altamira’s bird bones. This suggests that protected pigmented cave surfaces hold minimal detectable genetic material over extended periods.
Consequently, the study could not substantiate who created the paintings, including whether the DNA near the Escoural pigments belonged to the artist or resulted from unrelated human activity in the cave.
“While we cannot conclusively link the ancient human DNA found to the creation of rock art, this is the first evidence that human DNA has been preserved on cave walls for thousands of years,” noted Alba Bossams Mesa, a postdoctoral researcher at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
“It’s exciting to think we may have discovered a novel approach to studying prehistoric human existence.”
“This study fundamentally alters our understanding of where ancient DNA can be located,” said paleogeneticist Dr. Matthias Mayer of the Max Planck Institute.
“We were surprised to discover that ancient DNA is recoverable not just from pigment samples but also from cave walls with no visible evidence of prior human activity.”
“The preserved human DNA on cave walls exhibits significant diversity,” Bossams-Mesa shared.
“When this DNA survives, it tells a compelling narrative. While these initial findings are promising, our priority is to enhance our methods and identify conditions favorable for higher success rates.”
“This is just the beginning. We now understand that cave walls serve as genetic archives of past human existence,” Dr. Meyer confirmed.
“The next phase involves testing additional locations, art styles, and techniques that minimally invasive sampling allows, especially focusing on hand-painted stencils and figurative art in well-preserved caves.”
“With ongoing research, we may uncover the identities of some cave painting creators. It may even lead us to identify the faces, or at least the genetic profiles, of the artists behind these works.”
The findings were documented in a research paper published in Nature Communications on June 23rd.
_____
A. Bossams Mesa et al. 2026. Investigating ancient human DNA left on cave walls and rock paintings. Nat Commun 17, 5561;doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-74234-2
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Latest Insights
Recently, New Scientist editor Catherine de Lange highlighted an intriguing development. We couldn’t resist sharing this, especially considering Kat’s many requests to avoid publishing potentially problematic content.
Kat forwarded a press release from Under Days without any sarcastic remarks—a positive sign indicating genuine intrigue in what follows.
Under Days offers innovative underwear infused with beneficial bacteria designed to enhance your skin’s microbiome. According to their press release, “The most intimate wear just got smarter.” We briefly considered whether bacteria could possess IQ, but opted to focus on the broader discussion at hand.
The press release suggests that “prebiotics and probiotics can permeate the fabric, benefitting the skin throughout the day.” This may help “support the microbiome,” “fortify the skin barrier,” and “promote a healthier appearance.”
These garments promise significant time-saving benefits: “No creams, no serums, no extra steps. Simply dress and integrate your skin care.” Who wouldn’t want more efficiency in their morning routine?
However, questions arise. What occurs when you wash these probiotic-infused garments? We understand the necessity of regularly washing underwear, but could high temperatures and detergents eliminate the beneficial bacteria?
To investigate, I switched to private browsing and visited the Under Days website. Upon exploring their FAQ page, it became clear that while their underwear isn’t a substitute for your usual skin care regimen, they are meant to complement it. This realization casts some doubt on the touted time-saving claims.
So, what’s the washing protocol? They recommend washing underwear in a garment bag with cold water, not exceeding 40 degrees Celsius, and air drying it out of direct sunlight. Users are advised to use a gentle cycle at 30 degrees Celsius, ensuring the probiotics last “up to 40 washes.”
Under Days has yet to clarify the scientific underpinnings of how this works. The phrase “up to 40 washes” leaves room for interpretation.
Exploring Unique Locations
Following visits to Foraminifera Sculpture Park (April 11) and Moss Garden (May 9), we continue to uncover unique scientific locations.
Carolyn Smith confirmed our suspicions about selective beach pebble locales. “We have two shell museums here along the north Norfolk coast,” she mentions. “While there may be no competitive spirit, she confidently asserts that the best collection belongs to the Seashell Museum in Grandford.”
Carolyn didn’t point to any other specific museums, perhaps due to their limited reputation, but their existence adds depth to our feedback. The Peter Coke Shell Gallery features an array of “almost 200 stunning seashell art sculptures” in Sheringham.
In Australia, Katrin Carlin shared memories of growing up in Maffra, Victoria, home to a museum dedicated to sugar beet cultivation. While skeptics may find this hard to believe, the Sugar Beet Museum does exist, although Katrin noted she only visited once as a child.
Katrin advises that the museum is open only once a month for three hours—specifically from 10 a.m. to 1 p.m. on the first Sunday of each month from February to November.
Be sure to plan your visit!
Navigating Parking Challenges
Many struggle with parking properly. Feedback has recently been inundated with irritation stemming from a situation involving a vehicle occupying two spaces. Clear guidance on parking etiquette is evidently needed.
B. Evans discovered confusing instructions in a car park in Devon, England. The sign read: [that first bit is underlined] “Do not park outside the bay.”
Evans expressed confusion over this new grammatical tense, referring to it as a “negative imperative.” With perplexity, he attempted to comply by not parking forward. Feedback wonders if Evans inadvertently achieved some form of vehicular quantum state.
Have a story for Feedback?
Email your contributions to Feedback at feedback@newscientist.com. Please include your address. You can find this week’s and previous feedback on our website.
SpudCell: The Groundbreaking Synthetic Cell System
Orion Venero, Adamara Institute
‘SpudCell’ marks a significant breakthrough in synthetic biology, described as a pioneering synthetic cell system constructed from abiotic components capable of completing the cell cycle. While it’s an extraordinary achievement, it’s essential to clarify that this creation may not qualify as a living cell. SpudCell contains 36 genes that enable basic DNA replication but relies heavily on external assistance to function, failing after about five divisions. Nonetheless, this represents a monumental advancement in bioengineering, unrivaled by previous efforts.
Leading researcher Kate Adamala and her team at the University of Minnesota are making SpudCell an open-source project, encouraging future developments and collaboration. Here are the key details:
What is a SpudCell?
SpudCell represents a pivotal step towards the creation of microscopic life forms with fully understood functionalities. Prior endeavors in synthetic biology involved gene deletion in bacterial cells with limited genomes. For instance, researchers worked with a bacterium that originally had 901 genes, reducing it to just 493. In contrast, Adamala’s team focused on a minimalist approach, starting with a mere 36 genes. These genes mainly originate from Escherichia coli, along with fragments from phage viruses that infect bacteria and fluorescent proteins derived from jellyfish, which facilitate cell visualization.
Are SpudCells Alive?
SpudCells exhibit some cellular functions such as gene replication and division, albeit imperfectly. They require significant external support to perform these tasks. While researchers have induced evolutionary changes by introducing beneficial mutations, this process wasn’t spontaneous; it necessitated deliberate intervention. Kate Adamala notes, “If it can reproduce indefinitely and Darwinian evolution is possible, I would consider it living.”
Can We Call Them Synthetic Cells?
The classification of SpudCells as synthetic cells hinges on your definition. They are indeed assembled in a laboratory and perform various cellular functions, but they are not fully created from scratch. Instead, they incorporate components from existing cells, primarily those 36 genes. In essence, they represent a streamlined version of Escherichia coli, augmented with other cellular elements.
How Are SpudCells Assembled?
The research team engineered the 36 genes into seven circular DNA fragments. Numerous copies were produced and introduced into a solution containing essential cell components, including DNA, protein building blocks, and fatty molecules that spontaneously create cell-like bubbles. Some bubbles effectively housed all seven genomic sections.
The survival of SpudCells depends on two genes that code for proteins, forming membrane pores that allow the entry of small molecules. Larger molecules are supplied via small bubbles that merge with the SpudCells. Consequently, SpudCells cannot independently produce all necessary life-building components; they require external provisions.
How Do SpudCells Divide?
To achieve cell division, researchers added a large protein that interacts with one membrane protein, prompting collisions for space. This collision induces membrane distortion, leading some SpudCells to bud off and form new bubbles. However, this process doesn’t result in equal partitioning, and the “daughter” cells randomly inherit fragments of DNA, meaning many progeny lack a full genomic complement.
Why Not Consolidate All Genes into One DNA Piece?
While consolidating all genes could ensure complete inheritance by daughter cells, Adamala explains that working with large DNA fragments presents significant challenges. “Once a satisfactory genome is established, it typically needs to follow a single substantial genome piece.”
SpudCell: Distinct Red Membrane Staining
Orion Venero, Adamara Institute
Why Do SpudCells Stop Functioning After Approximately Five Divisions?
The precise reason remains unclear, but SpudCells lack the capability to manufacture their own protein factories, or ribosomes, and require external supplies. “We suspect ribosome malfunction could be the reason cells cease to divide,” Adamala states. “If SpudCells could produce their own ribosomes, continuous division might be achievable, which is a goal for the near future.”
What is the Purpose Behind Creating SpudCell?
Adamala envisions a future where living biology is harnessed to produce essential petrochemicals, paving the way for reduced reliance on fossil fuels, along with significant climate and social benefits. Today, many vital chemicals, from plastics to pesticides, originate from oil and gas, which are not only harmful but also detrimental to normal cells. In contrast, synthetic cells could be engineered for better resilience against such toxicity.
Could SpudCells Be Dangerous?
Rest assured, SpudCells are comparably benign, likened to a dormant version of Frankenstein’s monster that requires constant nourishment. There’s minimal risk of spontaneous self-replication. Even if they were to attain full life capabilities, it is unlikely they would survive outside laboratory or factory settings, making existing bacteria a far more significant threat.
is a significant parasitic infection affecting millions globally. This parasite infiltrates the body through the skin, often going undetected, unlike typical bacterial infections that provoke pain and inflammation. The subtle entry of S. mansoni
raises intriguing questions about the body’s immune response to such invaders.
Recent research from the University of Pennsylvania and Tulane University reveals that a specific type of pain-sensing neuron, TRPV1+
, plays a critical role in detecting and countering S. mansoni
during infection. TRPV1+ neurons are responsible for responding to heat, spicy foods, and certain pathogens. Upon activation, these neurons release pain-inducing molecules that alert the immune system. Although previous studies showed their effectiveness against bacterial and fungal infections, their role in combating parasites remained unclear.
To investigate how S. mansoni
infects a host, researchers conducted experiments with groups of four to eight mice, matched by age and gender. Each experiment was performed two to three times for reliability. The mice were anesthetized, and their ears were exposed to a solution containing 150 live S. mansoni
larvae, with Vaseline used to keep the solution in place. After 20 to 30 minutes, the researchers counted the remaining larvae in the mice’s ears to assess penetration.
The team measured the pain sensitivity of infected mice by placing them in a controlled environment and shining an infrared heat source on their feet. They recorded how quickly each mouse withdrew its paw, indicating pain. This test was repeated three times for each paw, allowing for the calculation of average withdrawal times. The findings suggested that mice infected with S. mansoni
exhibited reduced responses from TRPV1+ neurons.
To delve deeper, the research team isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons from the skin of mice and cultured them in the lab. They introduced capsaicin, a compound from chili peppers, to measure calcium influx, indicating neuronal activity. This method revealed that 68% of neurons in uninfected mice responded to capsaicin, whereas only 26% did in infected mice, affirming the suppression of sensory neuron response by the parasite.
The researchers aimed to determine if enhancing neuronal activity could bolster resistance against parasite invasion. They genetically engineered mice to express a light-sensitive protein, Channelrhodopsin
, within their TRPV1+ neurons. By stimulating these neurons with blue light for 30 minutes each day for five days prior to infection, they assessed the mice’s immune response six days post-infection. Using a laser, they counted immune cells in ear tissues and larvae in lung samples. Results indicated that mice with activated TRPV1+ neurons produced nearly double the immune response, blocked approximately twice as many larvae in their skin, and had about 20% fewer parasites in their lungs.
In a follow-up experiment, the researchers utilized a compound, Esiniferatoxin
, to selectively destroy TRPV1+ neurons in a new group of mice. After three weeks, they tested the mice’s pain sensitivity using thermal analysis. Upon confirming reduced pain sensitivity, they exposed the mice to the parasite. The findings indicated that these mice exhibited a 1-3% weaker skin immune response and had approximately 25-30% more parasites in their lungs than controls, further emphasizing the protective role of TRPV1+ neurons early in infection.
In conclusion, the research indicates that S. mansoni
has evolved mechanisms to suppress pain-sensing neurons like TRPV1+. These findings open avenues for future treatments targeting sensory neurons, potentially leading to topical creams or therapies that activate these neurons, thereby enhancing the body’s defenses against S. mansoni
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Innovative Fiber-Enriched Products: Breads and Smoothies on the Horizon
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Breads, smoothies, and cereals containing ‘supercharged’ fiber might hit the European market in the next year. This specialized fiber enhances the release of appetite-regulating hormones like GLP-1, which aids in preventing weight gain. The fiber has been approved as safe for consumption by the European Food Safety Authority.
“Randomized controlled trials involving middle-aged individuals demonstrated that daily intake helps protect against weight gain,” says Gary Frost from Imperial College London. “While we didn’t observe weight impact in younger subjects, there was a notable improvement in body composition, resulting in increased lean body mass.”
Dietary fiber consists of indigestible molecules, yet certain gut bacteria can process them. This breakdown produces short-chain fatty acids, which stimulate the release of appetite-reducing hormones such as PYY and GLP-1—effects similar to those seen with weight loss medications like Ozempic.
However, to achieve these benefits, a significant fiber intake is necessary. Animal research indicates about 80 grams of fiber is required to trigger adequate short-chain fatty acid production for hormonal release, according to Douglas Morrison from the University of Glasgow, UK. Although most recommendations suggest consuming a minimum of 25 to 30 grams of fiber daily, many people fall short.
Remarkably, even just 10 grams a day of a potent fiber known as inulin propionate (IPE) can yield this desired effect. In a randomized control study involving 60 overweight participants aged 40-65, Frost, Morrison, and their team demonstrated that blood levels of GLP-1 and PYY rose after 10 grams of IPE was consumed, leading to decreased food intake. Over six months, none of the IPE recipients experienced significant weight gain, whereas 17% in the control group did. A minor side effect observed was increased bloating, common with high-fiber diets.
In another randomized control trial involving 270 overweight individuals aged 20-40, there was no marked weight difference after one year between those who consumed IPE and those who did not. However, IPE consumers saw an average gain of over 1 kilogram in lean body mass.
IPE was developed 15 years ago by Frost while researching the effects of short-chain fatty acids on the large intestine. Direct consumption was not feasible due to its unpleasant taste and pre-absorption in the small intestine. “Methods to introduce it orally or rectally are uncomfortable,” notes Morrison.
To counteract this, Morrison synthesized IPE by combining propionate with inulin, a widely used fiber supplement derived from several plants.
Once ingested, IPE passes through the stomach and small intestine, where gut bacteria break it down. The liberated inulin acts as regular fiber, while the released propionate boosts short-chain fatty acid levels sufficient to trigger GLP-1 and PYY release. “[The propionate is pivotal in addressing fiber consumption issues,” Morrison adds.
After 12 years of research, Frost, Morrison, and their team finally secured approval from the European Food Safety Authority. “Few academic teams have transitioned research from the lab to a viable food product,” Frost states.
This approval is valid in the European Union, with expectations for UK regulators to follow shortly. Frost and Morrison are in discussions with companies to launch IPE-infused products like smoothies, cereals, and breads. “I anticipate IPE will debut on the EU market within a year,” Morrison predicts. While most individuals do not detect added IPE, a small minority may perceive it as bitter.
However, Brendan Gabriel, a researcher at the University of Aberdeen, UK, questions the strength of evidence supporting IPE’s benefits. The initial trial demonstrating its effectiveness in weight maintenance for those over 40 involved limited participants, whereas the trial highlighting lean mass increase in younger individuals lacked clarity on whether the growth was muscular or comprised other non-fat tissues. He emphasizes, “Nonetheless, incorporating fiber into a nutritious diet or through IPE supplements may provide various health advantages and promote gut health.”
Professor Frost expressed interest in further research, particularly regarding IPE’s role in maintaining lean body mass when using GLP-1 medications and its potential to minimize weight gain upon medication cessation.
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The Standard Model of particle physics may require a philosophical overhaul, including a reevaluation of the criteria for classifying particles.
Particles, crucial for forming matter and transmitting forces, occupy an essential role in the Standard Model of particle physics. This model is akin to the periodic table, categorizing the fundamental building blocks of our universe. However, George Hobart, a professor at the University of Bristol, UK, argues that this framework may need significant revisions to align more closely with physical reality.
Central to his argument are neutrinos—elusive particles that interact with others at minuscule distances, either weakly through gravity or via the weak nuclear force. Their masses remain uncertain, and the Standard Model’s Higgs mechanism, which explains mass for other particles, fails for neutrinos.
Another peculiarity exists in the Standard Model: it catalogs three types of neutrinos—electron neutrinos, muon neutrinos, and tau neutrinos—with each corresponding to a heavier “partner” particle (the electron, muon, and tau, respectively). While an electron cannot transform into a muon, an electron neutrino can convert into a muon neutrino.
Hobart suggests visualizing the Standard Model as a table where neutrinos occupy one row, with their heavier counterparts in another. “No evidence supports these larger particles exchanging properties horizontally, yet neutrinos can,” he notes.
This raises philosophical questions about particle classification. Despite extensive experimental confirmation of neutrinos and the known properties of Standard Model particles, there are various methodologies for transforming this knowledge into an understanding of particle ontology.
Currently, the Standard Model categorizes particles based on properties like mass and “flavor”—the distinction between the three neutrino types. Neutrinos complicate matters, as they change flavor and their mass acquisition remains mysterious. Hobart proposes restructuring the Standard Model to emphasize “families” of particles instead of treating them as isolated entities. Thus, the three neutrinos could be viewed as quantum states of a more fundamental underlying entity, altering researchers’ perspectives towards their exchange capabilities by focusing on shared traits.
“This reclassification doesn’t change the laws of physics,” Hobart asserts. “Rather, it prompts us to reconsider this extraordinary theory developed over nearly a century and how we interpret it. This shift could illuminate new avenues for exploration.” Hobart will present this theory at the Basics of Physics Conference on June 17th in Irvine, California.
Noel Swanson, from the University of Delaware, points out that particle categorization in the Standard Model relies on idealizations still debated by philosophers. He finds proposals like Hobart’s intriguing, noting that fundamental properties of physical objects may evolve beyond just mass and flavor.
“At a more fundamental level, concepts may resemble fields, with particles representing various excitations,” Swanson explains. “While classifying excitations as in the Standard Model makes sense, misclassifying them as fundamental ‘junctions’ in nature may lead to misconceptions.”
The philosophical nature of particles remains hotly debated alongside ongoing experimental studies of neutrinos. Although physics and philosophy typically operate in separate spheres, this context offers a unique opportunity for mutual enrichment, according to Swanson.
“How we interpret these enigmatic particles could guide subsequent research directions,” Hobart concludes.
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SpudCell: The First Synthetic Cell System for a Full Cell Cycle
Orion Venero, Adamara Institute
‘SpudCell’ represents a significant leap in the field of synthetic biology, showcasing the potential of engineered cells. While it can replicate DNA through a primitive mechanism, it still requires significant external assistance and ceases to function after approximately five divisions. Nevertheless, this achievement stands as one of the most remarkable feats of bioengineering to date.
Inventor Kate Adamala and her team from the University of Missouri have opted for an open-source approach with the SpudCell project, facilitating further innovation and division into limitless iterations. Here’s what you should know:
What is SpudCell?
SpudCell marks a pivotal step towards creating microscopic life forms with fully understood functions. Past attempts have involved gene deletions from bacterial cells, which have inherently small genomes. For instance, in 2016, a bacterium with 901 genes was trimmed down to just 493 genes. In contrast, Adamara’s team began with only 36 essential genes, primarily sourced from Escherichia coli, alongside contributions from phages and jellyfish-derived fluorescent proteins.
Is it a Living Organism?
While SpudCell exhibits some characteristics of living cells, such as gene replication and division, it falls short in functionality and requires considerable external support. Researchers have succeeded in demonstrating rudimentary forms of evolution through the intentional introduction of beneficial mutations, but spontaneous mutations have not been observed. Adamara states, “If it can reproduce endlessly and Darwinian evolution becomes feasible, then I would consider it a living entity.”
Can We Call Them Synthetic Cells?
It depends on the definition. SpudCell qualifies as a synthetic cell because it is constructed in a laboratory and performs certain cellular functions; however, it is not created entirely from scratch but assembled with components from existing cells—specifically 36 genes, along with elements from various other organisms.
How Was SpudCell Assembled?
The research team engineered the 36 genes into seven circular DNA segments. They amplified these segments and combined them in a solution containing essential cell components—DNA, protein building blocks, and lipid molecules that auto-assemble into cell-like structures. Some of these constructs incorporated all seven parts of the genome.
Two essential genes code for proteins that create membrane pores, allowing the entry of small molecules. Larger molecules are introduced via small bubbles that merge with the synthetic cells. This methodology ensures that the cells receive the necessary building blocks, as traditional cells cannot synthesize these components independently.
How Do Cells Divide?
The researchers incorporated a large protein into the solution that attached to a membrane protein, creating spatial collisions that bend the membrane. This mechanism allows some SpudCells to bud off, forming independent bubbles, although the division process is not equitable and often results in daughter cells missing crucial genes.
Why Not Consolidate All Genes into One DNA Strand?
While consolidating all genes into a single DNA piece would enhance the chances of daughter cells receiving a complete gene set, Adamara points out that handling large DNA constructs presents significant challenges. “Once a satisfactory genome is achieved, a singular large genome piece becomes essential,” she notes.
SpudCell with Red Membrane Stained with Lipid Dye
Orion Venero, Adamara Institute
Why Do Cells Cease Function After Approximately Five Divisions?
The researchers are uncertain of the exact cause, but it appears that SpudCells lack the machinery to produce their own ribosomes, resulting in a need for external provision. “We speculate that malfunctioning ribosomes may halt cell division. However, we believe that solutions are achievable soon,” Adamara asserts.
The Purpose Behind SpudCell’s Creation
According to Adamara, “Our goal is to harness living biology to produce petrochemicals, steering us away from oil dependency, which brings numerous climate and social benefits.” A significant portion of chemicals we use—ranging from plastics to pesticides—originates from fossil fuels, many of which are harmful and toxic to natural cells. Synthetic cells, engineered for resilience, could serve as safer alternatives.
Is There a Danger Involved?
No, SpudCell is akin to a restrained Frankenstein’s monster that requires close nurturing. There is minimal risk of it evolving unchecked. Even if it could hypothetically attain full biological capabilities, it is unlikely to thrive outside a controlled laboratory or manufacturing environment. Existing bacteria pose a far greater threat.
A small fossil, unearthed on an Antarctic island over 40 years ago, is identified as the tail vertebra of a titanosaur sauropod dinosaur that roamed Antarctica around 83 million years ago. This significant discovery was detailed in a new study published in Acta Paleontology Polonica. Notably, this is the first dinosaur bone discovered in Antarctica and the second sauropod fossil known from the region.
Reconstruction of the life of an Antarctic titanosaur. Image credit: Andrew McAfee, Carnegie Museum of Natural History.
This rare Antarctic dinosaur vertebra was discovered in the Santa Marta Formation on James Ross Island, located at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula.
Cataloged as BAS D.8621.25, this specimen originates from the Campanian period of the Late Cretaceous, approximately 83 million years ago.
The fossil was originally unearthed on December 9, 1985, by British Antarctic Survey geologist Michael Thomson and German paleontologist Reinhard Förster, but its significance remained unknown until recently.
According to Professor Paul Barrett, a paleontologist at the Natural History Museum in London, “At first glance, this looks like an ordinary fossil, but as the first dinosaur fossil discovered on the continent, it holds an important place in the history of Antarctic exploration.”
He adds, “When this animal was alive, Antarctica would have been covered in lush temperate forests, providing ample food for large herbivores.”
“The potential for more dinosaur discoveries in Antarctica exists. As ice levels recede due to climate change, we may uncover additional evidence of this rich biodiversity,” he stated.
In the recent study, Barrett and colleagues classified BAS D.8621.25 as a member of the titanosauridae family, which includes some of the largest land animals known to have existed.
This specimen is believed to be a juvenile or dwarf species, measuring only 6 to 7 meters long.
Dr. Mark Evans, a paleontologist and manager of geological collections at the British Antarctic Survey, noted, “When I first found this bone in our collection a few years ago, I suspected it might be a dinosaur. Upon closer inspection, I realized it was likely a titanosaur caudal vertebra.”
BAS D.8621.25 specimen collected from the Santa Marta Formation on James Ross Island, Antarctica. Image credit: Barrett et al., doi: 10.4202/app.01315.2025.
The BAS D.8621.25 fossil is not only the first dinosaur bone collected in Antarctica but also predates the famous armored dinosaur Antarctopelta oliveroi, discovered in 1986, long thought to be the continent’s first discovery. This new finding represents the second sauropod fossil identified in Antarctica.
This discovery indicates that Antarctica was home to various lineages of long-necked sauropods during the Cretaceous period, reinforcing its role as a land bridge uniting South America, Australia, and New Zealand before the fragmentation of Gondwana.
Dr. Matthew Lamanna, a paleontologist at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History, remarked, “This bone sat in a collection drawer for decades until new research unveiled its identity. It’s rare evidence that long-necked sauropod dinosaurs once lived in Antarctica.”
Samantha Beeston, a researcher at University College London, added, “This serves as a powerful reminder of why museums collect and preserve artifacts. Emerging methods and expertise enable scientists to unlock discoveries from specimens that have long remained obscure.”
She concluded, “For many, Antarctica appears to be an enigmatic and remote world, yet discoveries like this captivate scientists seeking to understand the evolution of our planet.”
“During the Cretaceous when this animal existed, Antarctica was part of the Gondwana supercontinent. This discovery illustrates how its relatives migrated between South America and Australia via Antarctica,” Beeston explained.
Researchers are utilizing modern technologies such as CT scans to analyze the internal structure of bones, and the CT data employed in this study facilitated the elucidation of previously hidden anatomical details, enhancing our understanding of fossil anatomy.
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Paul M. Barrett et al. 2026. A titanosaur sauropod dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica. Acta Paleontology Polonica 71 (2): 349-362; doi: 10.4202/app.01315.2025
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If you’ve been closely following developments in space science, you may have heard about the groundbreaking discovery of DNA’s building blocks on an asteroid. This is a crucial finding for understanding the origins of life.
The latest findings stem from the carbon-rich near-Earth asteroid Ryugu, which was explored by JAXA’s Hayabusa2 spacecraft, returning samples to Earth in 2020.
A recent study published in Nature Astronomy confirms that all five standard nucleobases—the molecular “letters” that encode genetic information in DNA and RNA—are present in these samples.
This finding, combined with similar discoveries from asteroid Bennu and the Murchison meteorite, suggests a broader pattern rather than isolated incidents.
Genetic Letters Etched in Space
Nucleobases are nitrogen-rich molecules that hold genetic information. The five primary nucleobases—adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, and uracil—pair together along the backbone of DNA and RNA, encoding the instructions necessary for life. Without these nucleobases, life as we know it could not exist.
While the presence of these molecules on an asteroid doesn’t imply life existed there, it does indicate that the chemistry needed to create essential biological ingredients occurs naturally in the universe, a process called abiotic synthesis.
“The important point is that nucleobases formed naturally on primitive asteroids and may be widely distributed across the solar system,” explains Dr. Toshiki Koga, a postdoctoral fellow at the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC) and the lead author of this study.
The discovery of life’s building blocks in meteorites usually raises concerns about contamination from Earth’s biology. For instance, the presence of organic molecules near a meteorite can complicate interpretations of its origin.
The solution lies in studying the asteroids directly. The Hayabusa2 mission collected samples in space and, before returning to Earth, sealed them in a clean room under an inert gas atmosphere.
“The samples were collected in space and sealed to avoid exposure to Earth’s environment,” Koga states, emphasizing that all analytical processes were conducted under strict contamination controls.
Similarly, NASA’s OSIRIS-REx mission returned samples from asteroid Bennu in 2023, which also contained all five nucleobases.
The Hayabusa2 spacecraft visited asteroid Ryugu on June 27, 2018, and collected 5.4g of samples before returning to Earth in December 2020 – Photo credit: JAXA
Analyzing Chemical Ratios
The Ryugu study offers more than just confirmation of previously expected results; it provides insights into the varying chemical compositions of different asteroids.
Different space rocks exhibit varying proportions of two classes of nucleobases: purines (adenine and guanine, which have a two-ring structure) and pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil, which have a simpler single-ring structure).
The Murchison meteorite is rich in purines, Bennu predominantly contains pyrimidines, while Ryugu falls somewhere in between.
Researchers found a strong correlation between the ratio of purines to pyrimidines and the levels of ammonia in each sample. Higher ammonia levels correspond to an increase in pyrimidines, implying a shared yet environmentally sensitive formation pathway.
“By comparing the nucleobase compositions of Ryugu, Bennu, and the meteorite, we have uncovered evidence for a potentially new formation mechanism,” Koga notes, with laboratory experiments underway for further investigation.
Rethinking the Origins of Life
According to Critie Grice, a Professor of Geochemistry at Curtin University who was not involved in the study, the accumulating evidence suggests a shift in our understanding of life’s origins.
“Life did not originate from scratch on Earth; the molecules necessary for life, such as nucleobases, may have formed in space and been delivered to Earth very early on,” she explains.
This reframing of the origin of life narrative suggests that rather than questioning how life produced its essential chemistry on a young Earth, we should consider how Earth organized existing molecular tools into replicating, evolving systems.
In this model, Earth acts more as an assembly line than a chemical laboratory.
The essential ingredients for nucleobase production—carbon, nitrogen, water, and radiation—are abundant throughout the universe.
The chemical processes in molecular clouds and primitive asteroids are common to planetary formation, reinforcing that the chemistry we observe is not unique to our solar system.
“The essential ingredients are widespread in the universe; the processes we’re discussing are foundational to planetary formation,” Grice states.
Large particles collected from asteroid Ryugu during Hayabusa2’s second touchdown, ranging from 3mm to over 10mm – Photo credit: JAXA
If the molecular precursors of life tend to form where planets develop, then the question of life spreading throughout the universe shifts from whether these ingredients exist to whether the conditions for their utilization will ever arise.
However, it’s essential to clarify that nucleobases themselves are not DNA or life forms. Transitioning from nucleobases to self-replicating molecules that can undergo Darwinian evolution requires the presence of sugars, phosphates, water, and potentially a bit of luck.
Moreover, some molecules carried by asteroids can disintegrate upon atmospheric entry, potentially preventing them from reaching concentrations that foster life.
Nonetheless, the patterns emerging from studies of Ryugu, Bennu, and various meteorite analyses are astonishing.
Approximately 4.6 billion years ago, as the solar system took shape, the basic materials for genetics were likely already being synthesized in cosmic rocks floating between planets.
Understanding how these components were assembled and whether similar processes could occur elsewhere in the universe remains one of science’s most critical open questions.
What we can confidently assert is that there has never been a shortage of essential materials for life.
Astronomers have identified an intriguing rocky exoplanet, Gliese 3378b, which is approximately twice the size of Earth. This exoplanet resides within the habitable zone of its parent star, Gliese 3378, located only 25 light-years away from us.
Artist’s concept showing the surface view from Gliese 3378b. Image credit: Nikolai Berman / UC Irvine.
Gliese 3378, also known as GJ 3378, LHS 1805, or TIC 322347050, is a red dwarf star situated 25 light-years away in the northern constellation of Camelopardalis.
The newly discovered exoplanet Gliese 3378b boasts a mass about 2.3 times greater than that of Earth and completes its orbit in just 21.45 days.
This planet exists within the host star’s habitable zone—a “Goldilocks” region where conditions are suitable for liquid water to potentially exist on its surface due to the optimal amount of solar radiation received.
“Approximately 70% of the stars in our galaxy are red dwarfs, making them quite common,” explained Dr. Michael Endl, an astronomer at the University of Texas at Austin. “Gaining insights into the planetary systems surrounding these stars is crucial.”
“This discovery is fascinating,” Dr. Paul Robertson from the University of California, Irvine remarked. “While 25 light-years may seem distant, the Milky Way stretches roughly 100,000 light-years across, making Gliese 3378b one of our closest celestial neighbors.”
In their study of Gliese 3378b, Dr. Endl, Dr. Robertson, and their team utilized the Habitable Zone Planet Detector on the Hobby-Eberly Telescope at McDonald Observatory in Texas, as well as the NEID spectrometer on the WIYN Telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory in Arizona.
“This super-Earth is in the ideal zone, receiving around 90% of the solar radiation that Earth gets from our Sun,” Dr. Robertson noted.
A lingering mystery remains regarding the atmosphere of Gliese 3378b, specifically whether it has one at all.
This planet lies on what researchers refer to as the edge of the cosmic shoreline, a region around a star where the atmosphere may be stripped away by solar radiation.
For comparison, scientists believe Mars may have once possessed a similar atmosphere to that of Earth, which has since been eroded by solar radiation.
“If Earth were reduced to the size of an apple, its atmosphere would be as thin as the apple’s skin,” Robertson elaborated. “This minimal thickness can still maintain enough surface pressure for liquid water to exist.”
“A suitable atmosphere may also provide breathable air and some protection against the harsh radiation of space.”
The discovery of Gliese 3378b thus adds another candidate to the growing list of potentially habitable exoplanets.
“If a planet in the habitable zone has the right atmospheric conditions, it could warrant further research into biosignatures, liquid water, and other indicators of life that depend on both an atmosphere and suitable heating from its star,” stated Gogod James, a student at the University of California, Irvine.
Details of these findings will be published in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Paul Robertson et al. 2026. Revision of the mass and period of the habitable zone super-Earth GJ 3378b: a planet that spans the cosmic coastline. APJ 1005, 32; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae732b
is an early Cambrian marine predator from China’s Chengjiang biota, notable for preserving the earliest evidence of chelicerae. This unique structure is a precursor to the fangs of spiders and pincers of scorpions.
Artist’s impression of Urocodia equalis, a marine predator that roamed Cambrian seas around 518 million years ago. Image credit: Xiaodong Wang.
Spiders, scorpions, and ticks belong to a significant group of invertebrates known as chelicerates, which includes over 100,000 described species.
Characterized by articulated limbs and an external skeleton, these creatures are particularly known for their specialized limbs, called chelicerae, used for capturing prey.
The earliest fossil records of chelicerae emerged not from terrestrial habitats but from marine organisms inhabiting Cambrian seas over 500 million years ago.
In a groundbreaking study, paleontologists examined Urocodia equalis from the renowned Chengjiang Fossil Site in Yunnan Province, China.
This diminutive creature measures just 2 to 3 centimeters and features large, stalked eyes, a segmented skeleton, and articulated limbs extending from its elongated body.
“The Urocodia equalis was part of an ancient ecosystem with over 200 species thriving in the ocean more than 500 million years ago,” stated Professor Mark Williams from the University of Leicester.
“These excellently preserved fossils offer invaluable insights into the early evolution of life on Earth.”
Utilizing X-ray tomography, Professor Williams and his team conducted an in-depth analysis of Urocodia equalis, uncovering much of its soft tissue still intact.
The scans revealed small, scissor-like limbs located behind the eyes, representing an early evolutionary version of the chelicerae that later developed into the fangs of spiders and pincers of scorpions.
“During our X-ray tomography analysis, we discovered soft anatomy that had remained buried for millions of years, including these fascinating scissor-like limbs,” remarked Professor Yu Liu, a paleontologist at Yunnan University and the University of Leicester.
“This fossil is particularly intriguing as it is a distant ancestor of chelicerates like scorpions and spiders.”
Urocodia equalis‘s legs also exhibit features similar to gills, a respiratory adaptation still observed in modern horseshoe crabs.
This discovery extends the fossil record of this unique trait, providing a rare glimpse into the origins of one of evolution’s most successful hunting adaptations that emerged in ancient oceans.
“Urocodia equalis has a seven-segmented head with a sclerotized lower mouth, pincer-like appendages, and bilobed body appendages equipped with overlapping exit valves,” noted the paleontologists.
“These scissor-like appendages illustrate a transitional structure between a multi-segmented appendage and a true chelicera; mega keiran represents the origin of book gills.”
Further details of these findings are published in the latest issue of Nature.
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Y. Liu et al., Urokodia: Shedding light on the origin of chelicerae and their book gills. Nature, published online July 1, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41586-026-10713-2
The wealthiest 10 percent of the global population are significantly accountable for the environmental degradation that is costing our planet trillions of dollars.
According to new research published in Communication Sustainability, this study aims to quantify the economic impact of environmental harm resulting from the affluent lifestyles and business practices of the world’s richest individuals.
The estimated environmental damage is staggering. The authors of the study found that the annual costs incurred by the richest 10 percent amount to approximately $1.7 to $5.7 trillion (£1.3 to £4.3 trillion), which translates to around $2,300 to $7,500 (£1,700 to £5,700) per person (in 2017 USD), outpacing the international funding gap for climate change and biodiversity.
To gauge the potential financial liability, the researchers utilized the Environmental Pricing Handbook to assess the economic costs associated with climate change, biosphere integrity, biogeochemical cycles, and freshwater use for the affluent 10 percent in 2017.
Loss of biodiversity affects local ecosystems that play critical roles in water filtration, crop pollination, and landscape preservation – Credit: Getty
The study identified biodiversity loss and climate change as the primary contributors to this damage. Among the six countries reviewed, U.S. consumers incurred the highest environmental costs.
“A small fraction of the population is responsible for the majority of the damage, while they are also in control of the resources meant to address climate change and biodiversity loss,” explains Professor Lisa Schipper from the University of Oxford, who was not part of the study.
The authors suggest implementing an environmental tax to ensure that the wealthiest 10 percent compensate for their consumption, but Professor Schipper argues that the issue is more complex. “Some activities funded by the top 10 percent may provide employment, nourishment, or services to many in the remaining 90 percent, often in ways that compromise a sustainable and resilient future.”
Schipper points out that charging the largest contributors to environmental damage could alleviate the financial burden on the public sector, which currently bears the costs despite the private sector’s responsibility.
“In practice, however, this is challenging because the top 10 percent also wield significant power. For such an initiative to be viable, there must be a collective acknowledgment of responsibility.”
A large-scale review of clinical trials published in this week’s Pain magazine indicates that melatonin, a widely used sleep supplement, may offer significant relief for individuals suffering from chronic musculoskeletal conditions, including lower back pain, osteoarthritis, and fibromyalgia.
Recent studies reveal melatonin’s modest effects on musculoskeletal pain, but it should not substitute for standard treatments.
Melatonin is a natural hormone produced by the pineal gland and is often used as an over-the-counter remedy for sleep issues. However, clinical guidelines typically do not recommend it as a frontline treatment for insomnia.
A systematic review conducted in 2013 found that melatonin effectively decreased sleep latency and enhanced total sleep duration compared to placebo in insomnia patients.
This supplement appears to have a strong safety profile, with existing reviews showing that high doses or prolonged use do not lead to drug dependence or severe adverse effects.
“Melatonin is already easily accessible, affordable, and recognized as safe,” stated Kanchao Wu, a medical student at the University of Sydney.
“Interestingly, melatonin may also assist in managing chronic pain, potentially reducing reliance on higher-risk medications.”
“We are applying an established medication to address a widespread issue affecting many individuals globally,” noted Professor Paulo Ferreira from the University of Sydney and Edith Cowan University.
In this study, data from 23 randomized controlled trials involving 2,028 participants were analyzed.
Participants included individuals with conditions such as lower back pain, osteoarthritis, fibromyalgia, and those recovering from surgeries like joint replacements and spinal operations.
Researchers found that melatonin decreased pain intensity by nearly 9 points on a 100-point scale in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain, comparable to the efficacy of common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen.
Furthermore, researchers observed that melatonin significantly enhanced sleep quality in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal issues. This improvement may help explain some of the pain relief, given the established connection between sleep deprivation and heightened pain sensitivity.
The supplement was reported to be safe across the reviewed trials, with the most commonly documented side effects being mild, transitory symptoms such as nausea, dizziness, and headaches, comparable to placebo occurrences in some studies.
“Pain often coexists with sleep deprivation,” Wu highlighted.
“Melatonin seems to address both aspects, making it particularly beneficial for chronic pain sufferers.”
Doses of melatonin in trials varied based on conditions and environments.
For chronic musculoskeletal pain, the typical dosage ranged from 3 to 10 mg, with 3 mg being the most frequently used.
For postoperative pain management, dosages ranged from 1 to 10 mg, with 5 to 6 mg being the most common.
Melatonin was generally taken at bedtime or up to an hour prior to sleep.
The researchers found no evidence supporting a clear dose-response relationship, indicating that a single optimal dose cannot be identified based on the current evidence.
They advise that patients consult with healthcare providers before considering melatonin, particularly if taking other medications or managing underlying health conditions.
“Our recommendation is not to have melatonin replace all pain medications,” Wu said.
“Instead, after consulting a doctor, it can serve as an adjunctive treatment, especially for individuals struggling with sleep issues.”
“While the observed pain relief levels are similar to traditional treatments, it doesn’t imply melatonin should displace those options; rather, it may present a safer alternative in a comprehensive pain management strategy.”
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Kanchao Wu et al. Efficacy and Effectiveness of Melatonin in the Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Placebo and Active-Controlled Trials. Pain, published online June 30, 2026. doi: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000004045
Just 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang, the galaxy MXDFz4.4—one of the universe’s smallest galaxies at only 100 times the size of the Milky Way—emitted a powerful burst of ionizing light through the neutral hydrogen that enveloped it. This phenomenon provides astronomers with unprecedented insights into the reionization process of the universe.
This diagram depicts the galaxy MXDFz4.4 as it existed 1.4 billion years after the Big Bang. Image credit: NASA/ESA/Leah Hustak, STScI.
MXDFz4.4 thrived during the Reionization Era, a transformative period in cosmic evolution.
In the early stages post-Big Bang, the gas surrounding stars and galaxies obstructed high-energy ultraviolet light.
Gradually, this gas transitioned to a transparent or ionized state over hundreds of millions of years, rather than a sudden change.
“It was previously believed that observing galaxies like this would be impossible,” stated Dr. Ilias Guvarts, a postdoctoral researcher at the Space Telescope Science Institute.
“Researchers anticipated that the dense ‘fog’ of neutral hydrogen would obscure the ionizing light.”
“Hubble not only detected this light but also uncovered intriguing details about the galaxy’s features.”
Visible-light images from Hubble reveal that intense bursts of young stars have cleared MXDFz4.4 and its vicinity. Image credits: NASA / ESA / CSA / STScI / Ilias Goovaerts, STScI / Marc Rafelski, STScI & JHU / Anton Koekemoer, STScI / Alyssa Pagan, STScI.
“Although astronomers have identified many galaxies from this period in cosmic history, MXDFz4.4 is unique as it is the only one to have emitted ionizing photons,” Dr. Mark Rafelski from the Space Telescope Science Institute noted.
Long exposure observations by Hubble showed that a massive young star within MXDFz4.4 was responsible for the ultraviolet light filtering through the primordial universe.
These stars emerged simultaneously over the past few million years and are closely compacted together.
Interestingly, MXDFz4.4, though about 100 times smaller than the Milky Way, is forming stars at a rate 10 times greater.
“The presence of numerous young, hot, massive stars in a compact area aids in dispersing the opaque gas,” explained Dr. Guberts.
The research team’s paper was published on June 23, 2026, in the Astrophysical Journal.
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Elias Guvaarts et al. 2026. MXDFz4.4: First test of LyC emitters 250 million years after the epoch of reionization and the Lyα form as a tracer of LyC escape at high redshifts. APJ 1005, 34; doi: 10.3847/1538-4357/ae75b0
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Visualization of Atlantic Ocean Flows from Satellite Images
Carsten Schneider/Science Photo Library
The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) may face weakening due to freshwater influx from Greenland’s snowmelt. However, cutting-edge climate models indicate this slowdown is likely to be gradual and reversible if global warming is curbed.
AMOC is a critical ocean current system that conveys warm, salty water from the tropics to the North Atlantic. There, it cools, sinks, and circulates back southward along the ocean floor. The influx of fresh meltwater from Greenland’s ice sheet appears to be mixing with denser seawater, slowing its downward flow.
<p>Recent estimates indicate Greenland is losing approximately <a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06863-2">30 million tons of ice</a>. Some experts express concerns that AMOC could undergo a sudden and irreversible collapse, potentially plunging Europe into near-Arctic conditions. One <a href="https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/adfa3b">study</a> suggests that AMOC might cross a crucial tipping point within decades.</p>
<p>However, modeling by <a href="https://research-portal.uu.nl/en/persons/oliver-mehling/">Oliver Mehring</a> and colleagues at Utrecht University revealed that while AMOC may weaken steadily under ongoing global warming, it is unlikely to reach a point of no return solely due to Greenland’s snowmelt.</p>
<p>“The prevailing notion that melting from the Greenland ice sheet could trigger an irreversible AMOC collapse is a significant oversimplification,” stated Mehring. “The snowmelt from Greenland alone is insufficient to push AMOC past its tipping point.”</p>
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<p>It is believed that atmospheric warming not only accelerates Greenland's melting but also directly undermines the AMOC by preventing brine in the North Atlantic from cooling adequately. This warming allows the ocean to hold more freshwater, which ultimately leads to increased rainfall, diluting saltwater, and reducing ocean mixing. This combination of warming and freshwater influx diminishes the sinking action crucial to AMOC.</p>
<p>While most predictive models of future climate change concentrate on atmospheric warming's impact on AMOC, <a href="https://research-portal.uu.nl/en/persons/oliver-mehling/">Mehring</a> and his team found that atmospheric warming could weaken AMOC by a staggering 60% by 2300. If the volume of Greenlandic snowmelt were to increase, the AMOC's strength could diminish by an additional 20%.</p>
<p>Nonetheless, their research indicates that if atmospheric CO2 levels were to decrease by 1% annually starting in 2250, AMOC could fully recover by around 2400. Although these models are not designed to predict the exact timeline or extent of AMOC changes, they imply that increased freshwater input from Greenland won't lead the AMOC over the tipping point.</p>
<p>A reduction of 80% in AMOC could still lead to crop failures in Western Europe, ice formation in the North Sea, and disruption of tropical monsoon patterns. Fortunately, the study indicates that such declines would be gradual, predictable, and reversible if humanity ceases fossil fuel combustion. As <a href="https://www.bas.ac.uk/profile/lsim/">Louise Sim</a> from the British Antarctic Survey commented, "While scenarios of AMOC crashing are conceivable, they are unlikely to occur. Instead, AMOC shows a strong linear relationship with cumulative CO2 emissions."</p>
<p>Despite these findings, the possibility of a tipping point cannot be completely dismissed. Previous research conducted by <a href="https://www.uu.nl/staff/RMvanWesten">René van Westen</a> and colleagues at Utrecht University, using a different model, suggested that significant melting from Greenland could lead to AMOC's irreversible collapse. However, this model applied meltwater at a constant rate rather than simulating the gradual increases observed in reality.</p>
<p>“Other climate models have predicted crossings of the tipping point under 21st-century climate change, illustrating that results can be model-dependent,” van Westen remarked.</p>
<p>In addition to Greenland’s melting, several other climate changes pose risks to the AMOC. For instance, freshwater from Antarctic snowmelt could disrupt global circulation dynamics, of which AMOC is a vital component. However, the impacts remain uncertain; depending on the timing of Antarctic melt, it could also help sustain the AMOC.</p>
<p>This new study does not eliminate the risk of an AMOC tipping point but contributes valuable insights to the ongoing climate discussion, highlighted <a href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Cn7wuysAAAAJ&hl=en">Jonathan Baker</a> from the UK’s Met Office.</p>
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Chris Barrie as Arnold Rimmer in Red Dwarf – fans can explore this character in a new novel released this month
Nobby Clark/Popper Photo via Getty Images
Exciting news for sci-fi lovers! This month, I’m heading on vacation and thrilled to pack a diverse selection of fascinating new sci-fi reads. I’m particularly eager to dive into Sheila Armstrong’s intriguing stories about mysterious ancient objects found in swamps. Additionally, I’m excited for a new release from one of my favorite authors, Paul Tremblay, despite its disturbing premise. Don’t miss our review of the first new Red Dwarf novel in 30 years! Fun awaits under the sun!
Looking for an ideal summer read? Check out Retirement Allowance, a thrilling narrative set in a near-future world where mental suffering can be outsourced through the biotech company Eudaimonia. While it seems blissful to offload negative emotions, the catch lies with the ‘carrier’—the unfortunate woman who bears the emotional burden. As Viv begins her job at Eudaimonia, she uncovers a darker secret.
I’m particularly excited about Paul Tremblay’s latest work. I fell in love with his writing after reading My Head is Full of Ghosts, reminiscent of Shirley Jackson. This time, he’s delving into AI horror, featuring Julia, a former pro gamer who is tasked with transporting a man in a vegetative state. But this man carries an embedded AI mind, trapped in a surreal, ever-changing hellscape. The title cleverly riffs on Philip K. Dick’s work.
Paul Tremblay presents his latest science fiction horror novel
The publisher describes this film as set at “the end of the world as we know it,” following two women who fall in love—one raised in a deep-sea research pod, and the other a bartender at a luxury resort (potentially a robot). Together, they strive to save the remnants of Earth.
Feeling that something is missing from her seemingly perfect life, Eris travels to the vibrant world of Happy. Nala, her chaperone, must ensure Eris finds joy during her journey, but when activists obstruct their path, they embark on a shared adventure.
One book I keep on my bedside table is about a dog discovering strange antlers in a restored bog, revealing that the peat was once the site of an extinct ancient Irish moose. This story uncovers recurring archaeological discoveries, including a prehistoric settlement and the remains of a woman from 2,000 years ago, showing the swamp’s eerie influence on lives.
Mysterious ancient antler discovered in ‘Red Mouth’
JMrocek/Getty Images
Azad is on the run, pursued by the Vitruvian Authority after unveiling the hidden truths of his home planet. To ignite a rebellion, he must collaborate with space pirates who have their own ulterior motives, compelling them to confront their past.
This first new Red Dwarf novel in 30 years is a prequel penned by co-creator Rob Grant alongside sitcom creator Andrew Marshall. Set aboard the mining ship Red Dwarf orbiting Saturn’s moon Titan, the crew—including Lister and Rimmer—plans their final landing, only to have their plans disrupted by an enigmatic message from the future.
This gripping blend of science fiction and horror revolves around Monica Cucinotta, a doctor fighting a lethal virus that causes spikes in victims’ bodies. Infected, she must leave the hospital and navigate a devastated world to reach her loved ones.
Although it’s spine-chilling, it also echoes The Handmaid’s Tale. Set in a Britain dominated by the Hope Party, where new laws lead to radical societal changes emphasizing rewilding and children’s rights. With fertility closely monitored and contraception banned, Kate is too frightened to protest until her daughter unexpectedly becomes pregnant, forcing her into action.
This cozy sci-fi narrative follows Torian as she acquires an antique, moss-covered spacecraft. When she attempts to escape her overbearing captain, Amelia, she discovers that the moss is actually Moss, the ship’s sentient organic computer.
Though it sounds whimsical, it’s captivating. The story centers on Hal, a game developer who’s spent years crafting “the most anticipated video game,” enabling players to immerse themselves in ultimate virtual reality. When a final off-the-record test involves his family, he finds himself incapable of leaving the game, prompting him to enter it to save them and restore their reality.
Air – Written by Christian Kracht, translated by Daniel Bowles
Kracht, a previous International Booker Prize nominee, offers a narrative likened to Ursula K. Le Guin and Jorge Luis Borges. It follows designer Paul in a Norwegian server farm until a blackout causes him to vanish. Meanwhile, in another time and setting, a man awakens in a forest, aided by a young girl towards an icy settlement. This captivating premise is sure to intrigue readers!
A Gothic sci-fi novella where the interplanetary transport craft Midonia is assigned to ferry Sister Irena to a planet revering a deity named Anguish. However, when a solar flare leaves them stranded, strange voices invade her mind during the night.
This story envelops both romance and science fiction as Lever, a junior supply officer, is called upon for peace negotiations due to his former relationship with an imperial baroness. It turns out his ex-lover, Astrid, is the Demon Emperor, yet their lingering emotions complicate matters.
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On June 21, global ocean temperatures outside the polar regions hit an unprecedented high, surpassing those recorded in 2023 and 2024, as reported by the Copernicus Climate Change Office and the Copernicus Oceanographic Office.
That day, temperatures soared to 20.86 degrees Celsius (69.54 degrees Fahrenheit), exceeding the 20.83 degrees Celsius (69.49 degrees Fahrenheit) documented in previous years, according to the Copernicus Climate Change Agency.
Additionally, the Copernicus Oceanographic Station noted a temperature spike to 21 degrees Celsius (69.8 degrees Fahrenheit), breaking the prior record from 2023 and 2024 by 0.1 degrees Celsius.
Richard Allan, a climate science professor at the University of Reading in the UK, stated during a phone interview, “This is consistent with our long-standing knowledge: the Earth’s warming is largely due to fossil fuel combustion, which releases significant greenhouse gases and impedes the planet’s ability to dissipate heat into space.”
Temperatures soared above 90 degrees in Chicago on Monday. Scott Olson/Getty Images
The oceans absorb over 90% of the Earth’s excess energy, primarily from fossil fuel combustion (oil, coal, gas), Allan notes. Rising ocean temperatures highlight urgent concerns regarding climate change and the intensified impact of El Niño.
This announcement coincides with a severe heat wave threatening parts of the United States as the Fourth of July weekend approaches. As of Wednesday, more than 46 million people were under heat warnings, according to the National Weather Service.
The National Weather Service cautioned that “dangerous heat” is intensifying across the eastern United States, with temperature highs expected to range from the mid-90s to over 100 degrees in certain areas.
Regions including the Ohio Valley, mid-Atlantic, and Northeast will experience record high temperatures through Thursday, with extreme heat expected to affect parts of Canada as well.
Visitors shield themselves from the sun at the Great American State Fair on the National Mall on Tuesday. Mark Schiefelbein/AP
Simultaneously, Europe has faced record-breaking heat, with more than 1,300 excess deaths reported since June 21 due to high temperatures, according to WHO Director-General Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus. source
France’s health ministry reported approximately 1,000 additional deaths than expected over the past week amid its severe heat wave.
Tedros commented, “As a result of climate change and global warming, ‘once-in-a-generation’ heatwave events have become almost an annual occurrence.” He emphasized that Europe is “the warmest continent on earth, heating at double the global average,” and that the infrastructure in European homes, workplaces, and schools “is ill-equipped for these extreme temperatures.”
Are you dreaming of immortality? There’s a straightforward two-step strategy. First, amass billions in Silicon Valley. Second, invest those billions into unconventional longevity treatments and wait for the results.
This theory seems to circulate among some tech billionaires. Take Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, which is known for ChatGPT. He practices unique routines like staring at bright LED lights while texting in the morning, fasting for 15 hours daily, and taking metformin. This diabetes drug is thought to have potential anti-aging benefits but has rarely been tested on healthy individuals. (I asked ChatGPT, “Should I take metformin to live longer?” and it replied, “Simply put, it’s not a good idea.”)
Then there’s Peter Thiel, the billionaire co-founder of PayPal. He disclosed his involvement in “parabiosis-related research,” a controversial effort utilizing young blood to rejuvenate old animals—and possibly humans in the future. When questioned, Thiel jokingly remarked “I’m not a vampire.”
PayPal and Palantir co-founder Peter Thiel is also making plans to have funds frozen in case of legal death – Credit: Getty
Another player is Brian Johnson, who claims a net worth of around $200 million. Though not as wealthy as others, his extensive social media presence highlights everything from sauna “protocols” to unique gadgets for tracking health metrics. He espouses his “Blueprint” Protocol, which combines a strict diet, intense exercise, numerous supplements, and even gene therapy, claiming to have reversed his biological age and dubbed himself “the healthiest person on Earth.”
California’s wealthiest aren’t alone. LeBron James, a basketball billionaire, reportedly spends $1.5 million a year on health. His regimen includes sessions in a pressurized oxygen tank and cryotherapy at -160°C (-250°F).
Russian billionaire Dmitry Itskov promotes the 2045 Initiative, a project focused on uploading human consciousness to a computer.
Then there’s 97-year-old billionaire Li Ka-shing, who swears by nicotinamide riboside, an anti-aging supplement. He has invested $25 million into its production company.
What do these various longevity protocols and their ultra-wealthy advocates share? Evidence suggests that no extravagant treatment will extend life significantly beyond the average lifespan.
Fortunately, the proven methods for longer life—such as quitting smoking, improving diet, exercising more, managing stress, and accessing quality healthcare—are accessible and cost-effective.
The real breakthroughs in life extension are unlikely to stem from billionaires experimenting with their bodies; rather, they will emerge from robust scientific research. Unfortunately, many of the wealthy fail to invest in this crucial area.
Follow the Money
To lay out the facts: rich individuals generally do live longer—research demonstrates that the wealthiest 1% in the U.S. live 10-15 years longer than the poorest 1%. This isn’t due to high-tech treatments but rather the basic lifestyle choices mentioned earlier.
Even unlimited financial resources can’t dramatically extend life using existing medical intelligence.
There are numerous intriguing anti-aging investigations exploring treatments for worms, flies, and mice, but these have not advanced to clinical trials for humans yet.
So, while Sam Altman may or may not benefit from metformin, solid proof is still absent.
Additionally, the benefits of metformin remain unclear, while some treatments adopted by “biohackers” might be actively harmful. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a warning in 2019 regarding the dangers of blood transfusions—including potential infections and severe allergic reactions.
Brian Johnson undergoes frequent heart scans to monitor changes in his arteriosclerosis month by month. – Credit: Alamy
Extreme dietary restrictions can lead to complications later, including weakened bones and decreased immunity.
The notorious “supplement stack” comprising random pills, powders, and experimental nutrients, does not enhance lifespan and can lead to contaminants, liver damage, and harmful side effects.
Moreover, combining numerous treatments may produce unexpected interactions, exacerbating individual symptoms despite each ingredient being harmless on its own.
A classic case in healthcare is the interaction of Viagra and specific heart medications, which can result in dangerously low blood pressure, potentially leading to fatalities.
Human biology is notably complex, and it’s easier to disrupt than to repair, much like it’s simpler to impair a car’s engine performance than to enhance it by changing just one component.
Understanding what genuinely works involves not just funds but also rigorous human clinical testing.
The Cost of Immortality
If you’re anxious that billionaires are secretly procuring immortality while the rest of us focus on gym memberships and balanced diets, consider this: most ultra-wealthy individuals aren’t operating under the assumption that groundbreaking anti-aging treatments are just around the corner.
Despite a few notable billionaires partaking in eccentric health practices, their behaviors often indicate disbelief in imminent longevity breakthroughs. For example, thousands of wealthy individuals don’t have more widely circulated stories of unusual longevity interventions.
High-profile figures like Elon Musk have expressed skepticism about the benefits of extended life, even stating, “I have no investment in longevity.” He mentioned in 2024 that a lengthy life could lead to societal stagnation, reinforcing fears regarding extreme longevity.
Musk has noted that individuals typically do not change their perspectives as they age, implying that “no new ideas will succeed” unless people pass away. – Credit: Getty
Even if the ultra-rich (excluding Elon) were secretly accumulating longevity remedies, it’s unlikely they would bypass serious investment in longevity research if they genuinely believed in its potential.
Hiding sizable investments is nearly impossible, given the spotlight on funding rounds for biotech startups and the necessity of recruiting outstanding scientists from within academia.
So just how many billionaires are investing in longevity science? One noteworthy venture is the Altos Research Institute, a notable startup focusing on rejuvenating cells. With initial funding of $3 billion, estimates suggest that it is partly backed by Jeff Bezos. Altos gained attention when it enlisted Nobel Prize-winning scientist Shinya Yamanaka, known for pioneering work in reprogramming adult cells into a stem cell-like state.
Jeffrey Bezos’s investment in Altos Labs aims to rejuvenate cells and tackle aging’s root causes – Credit: Getty
While $3 billion is substantial, it’s only a fraction of Bezos’s net worth of approximately $270 billion in 2026. If he believed that longevity science would grant immortality, one would expect a higher percentage of his wealth to be redirected toward it.
True Aging Remedy
The irony is that billionaires aiming for longevity would likely achieve better results by funding expansive scientific trials instead of personally dabbling in unproven treatments.
Currently, research on aging lacks adequate funding, receiving merely about 20 times less governmental support than cancer research, even though aging is a primary cause of many cancers.
Despite high-profile investments in firms like Altos Labs, aging research constitutes a minor aspect of overall biotech funding.
This is especially surprising since surveys suggest that many billionaires would willingly give away a substantial part of their fortunes for an additional decade of health. One study estimates that the combined wealth of the world’s billionaires is about $20 trillion.
Research indicates metformin shows great promise for lifespan extension, but further study is essential to validate its efficacy – Credit: Getty
Half of that total amounts to $10 trillion, potentially exceeding the historical investment in health research. Ultimately, if just a fraction of the world’s billionaires invested in longevity science, both they and average citizens could see healthier, longer lives.
Returning to Sam Altman’s metformin habit, it’s a generic drug costing only a few cents per tablet, rather than an exorbitantly priced elixir. The reason it isn’t readily available isn’t financial but rather due to the lack of substantial trials—estimated at around $45-70 million—to determine its legitimacy as an anti-aging treatment.
This lack of trials partly results from the drug’s low cost; no one stands to profit significantly from inexpensive, mass-produced medications.
If governmental bodies or a select group of philanthropic billionaires could allocate funds, even a one-off investment of tens of millions could potentially extend the healthy life spans of billions globally—including the billionaires backing the research.
A single billion dollars could support 10 to 20 trials on drugs like metformin. Other promising candidates include rapamycin, diabetes medications like acarbose and canagliflozin, and “senolytic” drugs that eliminate aging cells. It seems highly probable that at least one of these will enhance health and longevity.
The U.S. intervention testing program, which has identified and tested many of these drugs in rodents, operates on an annual budget that is merely double what Brian Johnson spends each year on health.
So, if you’re a billionaire or even a centibillionaire reading this, consider stepping away from extravagance and opening your checkbook to fund the science capable of helping millions—including yourself—enjoy longer, healthier lives.
NASA’s Perseverance spacecraft has made a groundbreaking discovery: polymeric carbon detected in rocks from Jezero Crater’s Bright Angel Formation. This finding provides the most extensive evidence yet of complex organic molecules present on Mars. While this does not confirm extraterrestrial life, it bolsters the idea that the essential building blocks of life may have been prevalent on Mars billions of years ago.
Artist’s concept of NASA’s Mars rover Perseverance on the surface of Mars. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech.
Utilizing the SHERLOC instrument on the spacecraft’s robotic arm, the Perseverance team has identified hundreds of organic detections across various rocks in the Bright Angel outcrop, a light-toned geological feature in the Neretva Gorge, an ancient river channel that once fed Jezero’s paleo-lake.
The detected substance is polymeric carbon (MMC), a vast network of carbon atoms that can be found in rocks and meteorites on Earth and may originate from either biological or abiotic sources.
Due to its resilience, MMC can endure the harsh conditions on Mars that would typically degrade simpler organic molecules.
“The Martian surface is subjected to harmful radiation and chemical oxidants that affect organic matter, and laboratory simulations suggest that the longevity of organic materials in Mars-like environments, especially near the surface, depends on factors such as organic molecule type and surrounding mineral composition,” explained Dr. Ashley Murphy, a postdoctoral fellow at the Planetary Science Institute.
“The MMC identified in the Bright Angel mudstone is either resistant to degradation or shielded by minerals like clay and iron-rich Martian soils, or perhaps both.”
Some rocks show MMC associated with secondary carbonate and sulfate minerals that form due to fluid alteration after rock deposition.
In other instances, the material is found within the silicate-rich primary matrix of the mudstone itself.
These various relationships imply that organic matter could have been incorporated through multiple methods at different times in the rock’s geological history.
“Although the specific formation process of the MMC discovered in the Bright Angel mudstone remains uncertain, this is among the most intriguing discoveries to date,” Dr. Murphy noted.
These findings also indicate the presence of organic-bearing mudstones located more than 3,500 km from where NASA’s Curiosity rover has detected similar materials at Gale Crater. This suggests that Mars’ potential for habitability and organic material availability may have been widespread billions of years ago.
“This is promising for the habitability of Mars,” Murphy stated.
“It indicates that billions of years ago, organic matter was not just locally present, but may have been more broadly available in the ancient lakes and rivers of Mars.”
The researchers have proposed several potential sources for the organic matter: it may have come from carbon-rich meteorites or interplanetary dust, formed through abiotic geochemical reactions involving water and rocks, or resulted from biological processes.
“Biological, geological, and meteorite origins of the observed organic matter are all plausible,” the researchers mentioned.
“A deeper understanding of the origins, distribution, and historical changes of organic carbon will require high-resolution analyses in ground-based laboratories, which could be achieved by returning these samples to Earth.”
These findings were published in the journal Scientific Progress.
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Ashley E. Murphy et al. 2026. Complex spatially distributed organic matter detected in an ancient river valley in Jezero Crater on Mars. Scientific Progress 12(26); doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adx00
Panthera pardus burgtonnae, a newly discovered leopard subspecies, once inhabited Europe during the Eemian interglacial period. This ancient leopard had a much more robust structure compared to the modern leopard.
Panthera pardus burgtonnae had similar body length to the modern African leopard (Panthera pardus pardus) but exhibited a stockier build. Image credit: Thomas Fuhrmann / CC BY-SA 4.0.
The species Panthera pardus burgtonnae thrived in what is now Germany during the Eemian Interglacial, a warm period lasting from approximately 130,000 to 115,000 years ago that preceded the last ice age.
The description of this subspecies is derived from fossil fragments, including parts of the lower jaw, upper cartilage teeth, and limb bones.
The original specimen was unearthed in 1993 by a private collector from the Burgtonna travertine deposits, a historically rich fossil site.
“The discovery of large mammal fossils from the Burgtonna Travertine in Thuringia, Germany, initiates our Quaternary paleontological research in Europe,” stated German paleontologists Helmut Hemmer of Mainz and Ralph Dietrich Kaalke of the Senckenberg Institute for Quaternary Paleontology.
“In 1696, Wilhelm Ernst Tenzel published one of the earliest scientific interpretations of Pleistocene elephant remains, establishing Pleistocene research as a key scientific focus.”
“Numerous fossils have been recovered from the Burgtonna limestone, with significant studies and comprehensive presentations devoted to these findings until felid species such as Panthera leo subspecies (see Spelea) and Felis sylvestris came into focus.”
“The explosion in travertine quarrying in Burgtonna during the early 1990s led to the discovery of new large fossil outcrops, allowing private collector Andreas Lindner to recover approximately 2,500 vertebrate fossils over the years.”
In 1993, Lindner discovered fossils of the new leopard subspecies in the southernmost area of the Bergtonna South Pits.
Paleontologists identified the Bergtonna specimen as a slender-jawed, well-built female leopard with minimal tooth wear, indicating it was relatively young.
This leopard weighed approximately 35-40 kg, with a head height around 107-112 cm.
The authors propose that this leopard is part of a fossil group previously identified in Mosbach and Taubach, Germany, showcasing unique dental features that differentiate it from the more widely recognized leopards of the Last Ice Age in Europe.
The research team has reclassified these later leopards under the name Panthera pardus antiqua.
The findings reveal that Panthera pardus burgtonnae was first documented in central Europe during the late Middle Pleistocene cooling period, becoming widespread from central Europe to the Apennine Peninsula during the early Late Pleistocene, prior to the last Ice Age (MIS 2).
“The Weichselian glaciers, particularly in central and southern Europe, resulted in a landscape dominated by ice, marking the era of Panthera pardus antiqua,” researchers elaborated.
European leopards from both the Late Middle Pleistocene and Late Pleistocene were considerably large, boasting a high body mass index and robust physiques akin to jaguars, contrasting sharply with today’s representatives from Africa and Asia.
The comprehensive research findings have been published in the journal Paleobiodiversity and Paleoenvironment.
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H. Hemmer & R.-D. Kaalke. Panthera pardus burgtonnae Subspecies November (Mammalia, Carnivora, Felidae) From Eemian of Burgtonna (Thuringia, Germany) – A new perspective on the late Pleistocene European leopard. Paleobio Paleoembu, published online June 13, 2026. doi: 10.1007/s12549-026-00702-8
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