A long-neglected fossil in the Western Australian Museum’s collection has been identified as a new species of koala, named Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris. This ancient animal vanished from Western Australia as drought and cooling transformed its habitat at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.
Reconstruction of Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris. Image credit: Nellie Pease.
Comparatively, the modern koala (Phascolarctus cinereus) is Australia’s largest arboreal folivorous creature and serves as one of the continent’s most iconic marsupials.
Koalas inhabit various forest types along Australia’s east coast and have also migrated to parts of South Australia, including Adelaide and Kangaroo Island.
These remarkable animals are currently listed as vulnerable. Historically, their populations have faced declines due to habitat destruction, disease, vehicle strikes, predation by dogs, and hunting for fur, according to the IUCN.
“Although the koala is now locally extinct in Western Australia (WA), its remains have been known since 1910,” stated Dr. Kenny Trabouillon from the Western Australian Museum and Curtin University.
“Bones attributed to this species have previously been reported from several cave deposits in southwestern WA, including Koala Cave at Yanchep and Madura Cave on the Low Plains.”
Due to similarities in their teeth, Phascolarctus cinereus and the new species were historically considered the same.
In their study, paleontologists analyzed 98 bones from fossil specimens in the Western Australian Museum’s collection.
They compared the skulls, teeth, and posterior skulls to modern koala skeletons housed in museum collections along Australia’s east coast, revealing distinct and quantifiable differences that characterized Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris.
“This species exhibits several notable distinctions from contemporary koalas,” Dr. Trabouillon noted.
“The presence of large facial muscles in deep grooves of the cheekbones suggests that this koala may have possessed unusually large and flexible lips, potentially useful for manipulating eucalyptus leaves or enhancing its sense of smell to detect food from afar.”
Additionally, it appears that its skeletal structure was less agile than that of modern koalas, indicating it may have spent less time traversing trees.
Fossils of Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris have now been found across more than a dozen locations in southern Western Australia, including Yanchep, Margaret River, and the Low Plains near Madura.
This extensive distribution suggests that these koalas once occupied a significantly larger range than previously understood.
Radiometric dating indicates that Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris became extinct around 28,000 years ago.
“This timing coincided with significant climate change during the Late Pleistocene, when eucalyptus forests were reduced to about 5% of their current coverage,” explained Dr. Trabouillon.
“With substantial loss of food and shelter, the koalas in this region faced severe habitat degradation, likely leading to the extinction of this unique species.”
A detailed paper describing Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris has been published in today’s edition of Royal Society Open Science.
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Kenny Trabouillon et al. 2026. A new fossil of a Pleistocene koala (Marsupial: Phascolarctidae) from Western Australia. R Soc Open Science 13 (5): 251572; doi: 10.1098/rsos.251572
Recent forecasts indicate that one of the most powerful El Niño events in history could arise in the upcoming months, sparking concerns about global temperature fluctuations, hurricane activity, droughts, and other extreme meteorological phenomena this year.
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For several months, forecasters have anticipated a potential “Super El Niño” that might continue until late 2026. Recent forecasts from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts suggest that the likelihood is rising.
El Niño is marked by elevated sea surface temperatures in specific Pacific Ocean regions. This significant climatic phenomenon typically results in rising global temperatures and alters weather patterns worldwide.
El Niño events generally amplify the warming trends associated with human-induced climate change, heightening the chances of above-average global temperatures.
According to the latest forecasts from the European Centre, evidence suggests sea surface temperatures in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean could exceed average levels by as much as 3 degrees Celsius (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit) this fall. If confirmed, this El Niño event could be classified as one of the most robust on record, potentially a “Super El Niño.”
A Super El Niño is defined by Pacific Ocean water temperatures that are at least 2 degrees Celsius (3.6 degrees Fahrenheit) above average.
NOAA’s report, released on Monday, noted that since mid-April, “near-average” sea surface temperatures have been recorded across most of the equatorial Pacific region.
Researchers closely track El Niño patterns due to their extensive implications for global temperatures and extreme weather occurrences.
Should a super El Niño develop in the coming months and persist into the next year; climate experts warn that global temperatures could soar to unprecedented levels by 2027.
El Niño events often suppress Atlantic hurricane activity by reinforcing upper-level winds, which can dismantle storms that are forming. The western United States typically experiences increased heat and humidity during El Niño, contributing to a higher probability of parched conditions in the southern regions.
Globally, El Niño also causes above-average rainfall in parts of Central Asia, South Asia, and the Middle East.
In 2015, the Super El Niño led to severe drought in Ethiopia and instigated water rationing in Puerto Rico, as reported by NOAA. This event also resulted in intensified tropical cyclone activity in the central Pacific basin, with 16 tropical cyclones reported, including three Category 4 storms in late August.
Despite having the technology for metal tools, communities in Bronze Age Britain effectively utilized animal bone tools in conjunction with metal for copper extraction over nine centuries, from 3700 to 2800 years ago.
A detailed study of 150 bones from a Bronze Age copper mining site at Great Orme, North Wales, reveals that these bones were deliberately chosen and crafted for specific mining tasks, particularly for extracting copper from soft rocks.
“This discovery challenges the conventional belief that Bronze Age mining relied predominantly on metal and stone tools. A more diverse and adaptable toolkit is emerging,” says Olga Zagorodnia from the British Museum.
Since the early 1990s, over 30,000 bone fragments have been unearthed at the site. Preliminary studies show that more than half of these fragments originate from cattle, with the rest primarily from sheep, goats, and pigs. Some bones are suspected to have served functional roles as tools, as noted in a 2011 study that identified wear patterns indicative of tool use.
By employing high-resolution microscopy, Zagorodnia and White analyzed the wear marks on the 150 bones. They replicated mining activities using bone tool replicas to compare wear patterns with those on ancient specimens.
“Notably, we observed rapid post-consumer wear development, which corroborated our microscopic findings,” remarks White. “Our experiments with bone splitting produced circular fracture patterns that mirrored those found in the archaeological samples, creating a tangible link to the ancient miners.”
The findings imply that these bones were purposefully modified into various tools, including wedges fashioned from limb bones for splitting soft rocks potentially rich in copper. Evidence of tapering and polishing suggests that some tools were designed to be affixed to a handle, akin to a metal pick, a significant new discovery.
Scoops Crafted from Scapula and Pelvic Bones
O. Zagorodnia
Conversely, rib bones likely served to carve through soft sandy limestone, possibly acting as scrapers or agitators to enhance copper separation during ore processing. Moreover, researchers identified tools fashioned from scapula or pelvis bones that may have been utilized for shoveling or scraping fine ore.
“The evidence from Great Orme signifies a continuation of long-established technological practices, predating metalworking.” Researchers posit that bones, as readily available resources in pastoral societies, offered a labor-efficient alternative to crafting metal tools.
The findings align with those from other prehistoric mining sites across Europe, where bone tools have been discovered. “Bronze Age communities in Britain and Europe didn’t merely switch to metal; they employed an integrated approach, utilizing both materials creatively,” notes White. “This reflects a profound understanding of material properties and hints at organized mining techniques involving specialized tools and potentially skilled labor.”
“Both authors introduce a remarkable level of scientific rigor to this unique field of artifact research.” states freelance archaeologist Simon Timberlake from Cambridge, UK. “To fully grasp the advancements that transitioned Stone Age technology into the Metal Age, we must thoroughly investigate the tools they employed.”
Discover the Origins of Humanity and Prehistoric Times in South-West England
Engage in an enriching experience of the early human eras, including the Neolithic, Bronze Age, and Iron Age, with this gentle walking tour.
Research indicates that love in later life is significantly underexplored.
Alejandro Muñoz/Alamy
Recent findings from the Science Council on Romance reveal a lack of understanding regarding how dating dynamics change for older adults. However, there’s growing evidence that romantic relationships among individuals over 50 are becoming increasingly common, prompting researchers to investigate how love evolves later in life.
“There is a significant gap in data,” says Mairi McLeod, who leads the Evolved Dating program aimed at helping women over 50 find loving partners. “Nevertheless, maintaining a fulfilling relationship after 50 is crucial; we still desire intimacy and companionship,” she states.
The Rising Trend of Dating for Older Adults
During a recent conference held in Edinburgh, UK, McLeod noted several factors contributing to the increase in dating among those over 50. This demographic has expanded significantly; in the UK alone, the number of individuals aged 50 and older grew by 3.1 million over the last decade, a trend anticipated to continue for the next 20 years.
Moreover, McLeod highlighted that divorce rates among older adults are rising in Western nations like the UK and the US, leading to a higher number of single individuals over 50. It’s also becoming more socially accepted for individuals to seek new partners following the loss of a spouse or the end of a relationship.
The Research Focus Shifts
Despite the increasing prevalence of older adults dating, most research has centered on college students and younger adults. This focus neglects the dating experiences of individuals over 50, as certain experts, such as Craig Roberts, have pointed out.
One explanation for the lack of research on late-life dating is the societal perception that love is primarily linked to reproduction, with many assuming romantic love fades after the age of 50. Divinity Charla, a psychologist at York St John University, emphasizes that societal and economic forces often prioritize funding for studies on younger demographics, neglecting the romantic lives of older generations.
Charla notes that older individuals continue to experience romance and desire, often underrepresented in societal narratives about aging. “When I mention romantic love, my 92-year-old patients often share stories of sexuality, romance, and seeking companionship,” he explains.
Challenges and Advantages of Dating Later in Life
According to McLeod’s findings, heterosexual women over 50 in the UK face unique challenges in finding partners. “Starting around 50, the male population diminishes, as men generally have shorter lifespans and often seek younger partners,” she highlights.
This demographic trend results in older women competing for a smaller pool of available men. “There’s a consistent shortage of men at speed dating events, leading to cancellations when turnout is insufficient,” McLeod adds.
Despite these challenges, McLeod’s Evolved Dating program has successfully supported over 200 women through weekly group calls over six months, gaining insight into the nuances of dating later in life for well-educated, affluent women in the UK. “Older women often enjoy advantages such as financial independence and the absence of a biological clock,” she notes.
McLeod concludes, “Older women are more empowered to make choices and may opt not to pursue a relationship if decent options aren’t available.”
Looking ahead, McLeod and Roberts aim to conduct a study focusing on the challenges of dating later in life, offering practical tips for older singles seeking love.
A transformative study conducted by paleontologists at Aarhus University challenges the long-held belief that tyrannosaurs were exclusively apex predators. By analyzing 16 meticulously mapped bite marks on the bones of a 75-million-year-old Tyrannosaurus rex, researchers found that smaller Tyrannosaurs scavenged on their larger tyrannosaurid relatives.
Visualization of a small Tyrannosaurus rex eating the carcass of a larger Tyrannosaurus. Image credit: Yu Xin, Shen Li, Liang Junwei, Aarhus University.
“Tyrannosaurus was the apex terrestrial predator in the Northern Hemisphere during the Late Cretaceous period,” stated lead author Josephine Nielsen, a master’s student at Aarhus University, alongside her research team.
“Species found in the Campanian region of the northern interior of western North America include Daspletosaurus and Gorgosaurus.”
“Tyrannosaurs were substantial predatory carnivores with massive skulls capable of enduring extreme bite forces and stresses.”
“Bites can crush and process bones, even from prey significantly larger than themselves, as evidenced by coprolites containing bone fragments.”
“However, such fossils do not provide direct evidence of biting strength, and debates continue concerning the feeding strategies of Tyrannosaurus and their ecological interactions.”
Nielsen and her colleagues utilized advanced 3D scanning technology to identify 16 bite marks on a fossilized metatarsal (foot bone) of a giant tyrannosaur.
“By examining the depth, angle, and position of the bite marks in a virtual 3D setting, we demonstrated that these marks were not incidental,” Nielsen remarked.
“These distinct tooth impressions of a smaller tyrannosaurus indicate scavenging on much larger relatives.”
This groundbreaking study sheds light on the recycling of resources in the age of dinosaurs, revealing their behaviors as scavengers.
The robust leg bones may have been consumed late in the decomposition phase, after most of the flesh had been stripped away.
“The bone lacks signs of healing after a bite from a smaller dinosaur,” Nielsen noted.
“The marks were found on a foot that had minimal flesh, indicating the dinosaur was possibly ‘sweeping’ and scavenging the last remnants of a carcass.”
The authors conducted their research using digital models and 3D printed replicas instead of original bones.
The metatarsals measured 10 cm in length and belonged to a tyrannosaurid estimated to be between 10 to 12 meters long and weighing several tons during its lifetime.
The bones were uncovered by amateur fossil hunters in the Judith River Formation in Montana. This region is an eroded landscape that acts as a geological archive of a 75-million-year-old ecosystem, teeming with dinosaur fossils.
“What makes this study exceptional is not only the insight into ancient dinosaur food chains, but also the innovative technology employed to extract these details.”
“By developing a digital version, we can now zoom in on intricate details.”
For more in-depth findings, visit this study published in the journal Evolving Earth.
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Josephine Nielsen et al. 2026. Investigating size-asymmetric feeding in tyrannosaurids using metatarsal tooth impressions from the Judith River Formation, Montana, USA. Evolving Earth 4:100107; doi: 10.1016/j.eve.2026.100107
Deforestation Driven by Cattle Ranching in the Amazon Rainforest
Credit: Paralaxis/Alamy
The ongoing destruction of the Amazon rainforest, primarily for cattle ranching, poses a significant threat to this vital ecosystem, increasing its vulnerability to irreversible collapse within decades if deforestation persists.
An alarming study from 2022 revealed that global warming surpassing 3.5 degrees Celsius—or even 2 degrees Celsius—could trigger widespread dieback across the Amazon. Current projections indicate the Earth may warm by approximately 2.6°C to 2.7°C above pre-industrial levels by 2100. Notably, this study did not factor in deforestation, which has already resulted in at least a 15% loss of the Amazon.
Researchers at the Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, including Nico Wandering, are analyzing scenarios for the Amazon’s future, considering the combined impacts of global warming and severe deforestation by 2050. Their findings suggest that if total forest loss reaches 22%, widespread dieback may occur even with just 1.5 degrees Celsius of warming. Since the world has already warmed by approximately 1.3°C to 1.4°C, we could reach 1.5°C by the end of this decade.
While deforestation rates slowed last year, a resurgence could see the Amazon cross its critical tipping point as soon as 2031. The potential timing and scale of deforestation hinges on human carbon dioxide emissions; rates between 22% to 28% could transform 62% to 77% of the Amazon biome into grassland, savannah, or shrubland.
“We discovered that factoring in deforestation reduces the threshold for global warming by about 2 degrees,” says Wandering. “This is primarily because deforestation disrupts the crucial recycling of atmospheric moisture.”
The Amazon’s dense network of trees plays an essential role in maintaining regional moisture levels, with up to 50% of precipitation being recycled within the forests. However, deforestation hampers this process, which can result in a cascading loss of forest areas.
Despite the serious implications of these findings, they are grounded in high deforestation rates threatening currently protected areas. As pointed out by David Armstrong McKay, who contributed to the Tipping Point study at the University of Sussex, Brazil is projected to lose over 28,000 square kilometers of primary forest by 2024. However, projections suggest that by 2025, that figure will nearly halve. President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva has committed to ending deforestation in the Amazon by 2030; if successful, this could prevent crossing the tipping point even under continued global warming.
While completely halting all deforestation may seem optimistic, Armstrong-McKay notes that even continued deforestation is unlikely to match the worst-case scenarios outlined in current research.
Nonetheless, Brazil is still expected to lose around 0.5% of its primary forest by 2025. In recent years, wildfires have contributed to two-thirds of deforestation, often starting when farmers burn vegetation and then flee into adjacent forest areas.
Once rare, wildfires have become more commonplace as conditions in rainforests grow hotter and drier, a trend likely to worsen with expected El Niño conditions later this year. As a result, the study may be underestimating the Amazon’s vulnerability, according to Dominique Spracklen from the University of Leeds.
“We are observing increasingly large fires,” he states. “Transitioning into this new regime raises significant concerns.”
The Amazon has already transitioned from being a carbon sink to a carbon source; widespread dieback may release enough carbon to increase global temperatures by up to 0.2 degrees Celsius, alongside potentially devastating impacts on terrestrial biodiversity.
“It’s imperative that we divert away from this threshold rather than inch closer to it,” urges Spracklen.
Doug Whitney (left, with his son Brian in November 2022) is genetically predisposed to developing Alzheimer’s disease, yet he has avoided it so far.
Shelby Lum/Associated Press/Alamy
Doug Whitney, an American man with a genetic predisposition for early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, has successfully avoided the illness, possibly due to accidental heat exposure while working as a mechanic in a ship’s engine room. This incident aligns with emerging research indicating that heat therapy may mitigate Alzheimer’s symptoms.
“My family has been devastated by this disease,” Whitney stated in a press statement. “My mother had 13 siblings, and 10 of them died before they were 60. It was an epidemic.”
Despite having the same mutation, Whitney reached his late 70s without significant memory loss or Alzheimer’s symptoms, making him the only known carrier to escape the condition well beyond the expected onset age.
Jeffrey Kane, a doctor at the French National Center for Scientific Research, became intrigued by Whitney’s case during a conference. He discussed it with Randall Bateman, who has researched Whitney for many years.
At the conference, Kane shared research on hyperthermia’s positive effects on mouse brains. A Finnish study revealed that frequent sauna users are 65% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s disease. Kane and colleague Emmanuel Planel from Université Laval aimed to examine the mechanisms behind this observation.
The results were compelling, especially since Bateman noted Whitney’s extensive work in excessively hot engine rooms of naval vessels for over two decades, beginning at age 18. This led to encouragement from Kane and Planel to further investigate.
In the ship’s engine room, temperatures could soar to 50°C (122°F), and Whitney frequently spent hours inside, sometimes needing to cool down with hoses to prevent overheating.
This prolonged heat exposure likely led to Whitney exhibiting elevated levels of heat shock proteins in his cerebrospinal fluid, which are produced to repair and refold damaged proteins in response to heat.
The increased heat shock proteins might have shielded Whitney from Alzheimer’s development by regulating an essential brain protein called tau, according to Canet. In Alzheimer’s patients, tau proteins misfold and aggregate, correlating with cognitive decline. Imaging studies show that Whitney’s brain contains minimal abnormal tau, explaining his symptom absence. Conversely, his brain is filled with misfolded amyloid proteins, typical in Alzheimer’s, yet symptoms remain unpredictable.
Whitney prepares for a PET scan in March 2025 as part of the annual Alzheimer’s Research Testing Program at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
M. Scott Brauer 2025/ Redux/eyevine
Supporting their findings, Kane and Planel discovered that placing mice in a mini sauna helped maintain the tau protein’s structure and boosted its clearance from the brain. Likewise, tau clearance was found to be enhanced in healthy older adults during wakefulness compared to sleep, likely due to natural increases in body temperature when awake.
Rebecca Nisbet, a researcher at the Florey Brain Research Center in Australia, suggests that Whitney’s work-related heat exposure may contribute to his Alzheimer’s resistance, although genetics likely also play a role. “He may possess protective genes that others in his family do not,” she notes, referencing genes known to influence Alzheimer’s susceptibility.
Nonetheless, Nisbet has started using saunas herself, inspired by evidence indicating their brain health benefits. “I believe this harmless practice can significantly lower dementia risk,” she asserts.
Interestingly, regions with the lowest rates of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease in individuals over 60 typically experience high temperatures, such as Ballabhgarh, India, and the Bolivian Amazon. “While high temperatures alone aren’t a definitive explanation, they may play a part,” adds Canet.
On the contrary, exposure to cold may elevate Alzheimer’s risk. For instance, tau is known to dysregulate during bear hibernation, according to Nisbet. “The tau in a bear’s brain appears dysfunctional during hibernation but normalizes quickly upon warming,” she explains.
Human studies have also indicated that general anesthesia, which lowers body temperature, can lead to cognitive issues similar to those seen in Alzheimer’s, likely due to its impact on tau. “Caution is necessary in mouse studies since prolonged anesthetic exposure can lead to tau dysregulation,” Nisbett cautions.
The world is evolving at an unprecedented pace, with rapid technological advancements transforming various fields. This relentless human pursuit of innovation has increasingly influenced sports, prompting the question: “How far is too far?”
Running serves as a definitive measure of both our physical and mental capabilities, characterized by intense competition—athlete versus athlete, and athlete against the clock. It has also become a competitive ground for top-tier brands.
The term “technological doping” highlights the competitive edge provided by cutting-edge sports gear, reshaping our understanding of athleticism. In just seven years, records for the fastest marathons and half marathons have shifted, with Paula Radcliffe’s 2003 marathon being a notable exception.
What has led to these remarkable achievements? Much of it can be attributed to “super shoes.” Extensive laboratory testing and field studies have demonstrated that these advanced footwear enhance athletic performance. Four key components make them revolutionary:
Midsole Foam: Acts as a shock absorber, reducing ground impact.
Stack Height: Determines cushioning level between foot and ground.
Breathable Upper: Ensures comfort and temperature regulation.
These features combine to create a lightweight, cushioned, and flexible shoe that enhances energy efficiency. Super shoes can return 87% more energy compared to traditional running shoes, significantly boosting runners’ speed and efficiency. Nike popularized this trend with the release of the Vaporfly in 2016, which was backed by a study asserting a 4% improvement in oxygen efficiency over conventional marathon shoes, based on the top three male finishers at the 2016 Olympics.
However, the introduction of shoes like the Vaporfly has sparked controversy, as many records have fallen to athletes wearing them. In response, the World Athletics Federation has implemented regulations that limit certain shoe features, such as a maximum stack height of 40 millimeters and the use of only one carbon plate.
Critics argue that contemporary athletes might not meet past standards due to the advantages offered by modern technology. A potential proposal is to establish separate records for technology-assisted performances, raising the question: Who are the true competitors—athletes or brands crafting these technologies?
Interestingly, there may also be psychological impacts linked to super shoes. Athletes might develop a reliance on these shoes for performance, overshadowing their own physical training.
Athletes strive for record-breaking performances, while fans eagerly anticipate these milestones in high-stakes events, such as the 100 and 200 meters featuring renowned athletes like Noah Lyles and Sha’Carri Richardson. But does this obsession for speed come at a cost?
At its core, running is the ultimate testament to physical fitness, whether it’s the strength needed for sprints or the endurance required for marathons. It’s a constant battle of mind over body, beginning long before the starting gun sounds. Having competed across various distances and trained alongside super shoe athletes, I recognize the need for the sport to evolve—yet maintaining its integrity is equally crucial. If losing credibility is the price, we face a significant collective decision.
Written for the Young Science Writer Award, an initiative by the Association of British Science Writers (ABSW).
Reconnaissance flight captures aftermath of tsunami in Tracy Arm Fjord.
Cyrus Reed/U.S. Geological Survey
A significant landslide in August 2025 triggered the second-largest tsunami recorded, elevating water levels by over 480 meters in an Alaskan fjord.
The tsunami surged through the fjord at a remarkable speed of at least 70 meters per second, generating a seiche, or reflected wave, that persisted for 36 hours.
Historically, the only larger event was the 1958 Lituya Bay tsunami in Alaska, which surpassed a 530-meter surge.
The Juneau area in Alaska features breathtaking landscapes, where glaciers descend into seas flanked by steep fjords, attracting thousands of cruise ships annually.
However, the tsunami struck at 5:26 a.m. deep within the Tracy Arm Fjord in southeastern Alaska, keeping tourist boats clear of the disaster zone. Dan Sugar from the University of Calgary commented on the event.
“This was an incredibly large and fearsome wave,” Sugar remarked. “If any ship had been in the upper fjord, its survival would have been uncertain.”
Using satellite imagery, seismic data, eyewitness accounts, and computational models, researchers reconstructed the tsunami event. They concluded that retreating glaciers destabilized the surrounding terrain, leading to the massive landslides responsible for the waves.
Throughout the 20th century and recent years, the South Sawyer Glacier has retreated more than 10 kilometers and significantly thinned out.
Despite this retreat, researchers did not anticipate a catastrophic collapse, as 64 million cubic meters of rock plummeted into the fjord. In retrospect, they noted small tremors leading up to the landslide.
At 5:45 a.m., a group of kayakers camped 50 kilometers away awoke to find their site flooded and equipment swept away.
Researchers learned about the disaster within hours due to the landslide triggering a magnitude 5.4 earthquake. However, it took until mid-October for a team to access the area for investigation.
Sugar warns that this event could signal a future with increased tsunami risks due to climate change, stating, “We hope this serves as a wake-up call for policymakers in regions like North America, Greenland, New Zealand, and Chile, where steep terrains border oceans and lakes. These tsunamis are likely an underestimated threat.”
“Generally, tsunamis aren’t directly linked to climate factors, making this a clear example of how climate change can indirectly cause natural disasters previously unassociated with it,” said Martin Koehler from the University of Queensland.
“We were lucky there were no ships in the vicinity during the incident, especially given the regular cruise traffic and the suddenness of the event.”
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How to Weave Sweetgrass by Robin Wall Kimmerer is an essential scientific read 13 years post-publication
For Indigenous communities, Western science is seldom impartial. Its roots are deeply entwined with colonialism and the transformation of knowledge into power, wealth, and policy. Fifteen years after the establishment of the United Nations, nations began respecting Indigenous knowledge and culture, leading to widespread discussions on reconciliation. However, tangible progress often remains elusive. While we hear calls to “listen to Indigenous voices,” there is little clarity on how to harmonize Indigenous knowledge with Western science, or even if such collaboration is beneficial.
I visited Robin Wall Kimmerer’s home. Weaving Sweetgrass, first released in 2013, left me questioning whether she was artfully bridging the gap between Indigenous knowledge and science. Kimmerer, a botanist and member of the Potawatomi Nation, offers not just a manifesto but a living example of what Native science—particularly in plant studies—truly entails. Through a series of beautifully crafted essays, she uncovers how scientific inquiry is shaped, including the questions posed, the design of experiments, and the interpretation of results.
One of the most impactful chapters delves into experiments involving sweetgrass, the aromatic plant central to her book and holding deep significance for many Indigenous cultures. Kimmerer and her team explored whether various human harvesting techniques harmed sweetgrass plots. They compared uprooted plots, those meticulously plucked at the base, and untouched control plots. The unexpected outcome revealed that sweetgrass thrived when humans harvested it, regardless of the method, while the untouched plots fared the worst.
Kimmerer faced significant skepticism from a predominantly white male scientific committee. Their concern lay in challenging the foundational belief that humans are inherently detrimental to nature and that conservation necessitates withdrawal. They operated under the assumption that the best approach was to be hands-off, leading to the absence of viable solutions.
Yet, Kimmerer’s narrative contrasts this perspective, highlighting that Indigenous land management recognizes the importance of sustained interactions for ecological health. Modern science increasingly corroborates this, with fire ecologists now acknowledging that Indigenous burning practices can mitigate the risk of devastating wildfires. Conservationists are also looking to Indigenous research for guidance on resource extraction.
In her book, Kimmerer illustrates the immense power of Indigenous knowledge. It not only uncovers hidden assumptions embedded in Western science and environmental policy but also advocates for a different, more caring relationship with the natural world.
This commitment imbues Weaving Sweetgrass with a quiet urgency. In a time defined by ecological crisis, the book serves not just as critique but as a beacon of healing. Kimmerer urges readers to rethink daily actions—like eating and harvesting—as potentially reciprocal rather than extractive. She invites us to envision a mutually beneficial relationship with the Earth, fostering responsibility and gratitude over guilt and alienation.
Kimmerer’s prose radiates tenderness stemming from her lifelong connection with plants, resisting the notion of nature as merely maternal and humanity as either the villain or the savior. Instead, she embraces our complex roles: estranged children, inadvertent intruders, devoted caretakers, and inquisitive witnesses. Most importantly, she asserts that addressing environmental collapse requires us to abandon the myth that we have ever been completely separated from nature.
Near the conclusion, Kimmerer encourages readers to revisit a flower and see it anew. Through the lens of Western science, the flower embodies evolutionary triumph; its pigments attract pollinators, shaped by eons of natural selection. Indigenous knowledge does not negate this view; rather, it enriches it, allowing us to understand flowers as gifts, relatives, and invitations to a deeper relationship.
That is Weaving Sweetgrass. It doesn’t demand that science relinquish its methodologies or standards but invites us to remember what we have forgotten: knowledge is not solely about control; it’s also about care. It serves as a guide to perceiving nature and finding our place within it.
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Does exercise “deplete” your heart rate? No, research indicates that the human heart rate is not fixed. In fact, engaging in regular exercise reduces lifelong stress on your heart.
While your heart rate increases during physical activity, consistent exercise strengthens your cardiac muscles, makes your heart more efficient at rest, and often results in a lower average resting heart rate. As you’ve likely observed, many fit individuals have a resting pulse rate of just 40 to 50 beats per minute.
Interestingly, the average human heart beats 2.5 to 3 billion times over a lifetime, and this number isn’t predetermined.
Incorporating exercise into your routine is one of the best choices you can make for durable heart health. Just a few hours of consistent, targeted activity each week can significantly enhance your heart’s efficiency, allowing you to truly appreciate every single beat.
This article addresses the question posed by Terry Seward from Bradford: “Does exercise ‘deplete’ your heart rate?”
If you have any inquiries, feel free to reach out to us at:questions@sciencefocus.com or send us a messageFacebook,Twitter, orInstagram(please include your name and location).
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An Artist’s Impression of Western Australia’s Koalas
WA Museum
Australia’s unique wildlife once included a second species of koala, endemic to Western Australia, which became extinct approximately 30,000 years ago.
The sole surviving species, Phascolarctus cinereus, thrives primarily in the eucalypt forests of eastern Australia. Unfortunately, they face threats including habitat destruction, disease outbreaks, vehicular collisions, and predation by invasive species.
Over the last century, fossils of koalas dating from 137,000 to 31,000 years ago have been unearthed in Western Australian caves. However, researchers lacked sufficient material to determine distinct species classifications until recently.
In the past 25 years, more fossils have been discovered, including a well-preserved skull donated by the family of the late speleologist, Lindsay Hatcher, who explored numerous caves in southwest Western Australia.
“The donation included a koala skull in excellent condition,” reveals Kenny Travouillon from the Western Australian Museum. “Upon examining the skull, we noted some differences from modern koalas, prompting further research into our fossil collection.”
To the untrained observer, the new species, named Phascolarctus sulcomaxiliaris, may appear similar to P. cinereus, but they exhibit notable differences.
“Essentially, the Western Australian koalas were similar yet distinct,” Travouillon explains. “Their heads were shorter and had less developed masticatory muscles compared to their eastern counterparts, indicating a different chewing mechanism, characterized by larger teeth and shorter jaws suited for efficiently processing leaves.”
The pronounced grooves on the cheeks of P. sulcomaxiliaris suggest the presence of robust muscles for maneuvering large lips to grasp leaves or to enhance their sense of smell from a distance. Additionally, its skeleton appears less agile, implying it was not as adept at navigating through trees.
About 30,000 years ago, as the climate dried and forests in Western Australia diminished, P. sulcomaxiliaris became extinct alongside many other species that shared this habitat, including the Tasmanian devil, sugar glider, echidna, short-faced kangaroo, and the giant marsupial Zygomaturus.”
“The first human inhabitants of Western Australia would have coexisted with these fascinating creatures, witnessing their extinction,” notes Tim Flannery of the Australian Museum in Sydney. “This research provides compelling evidence that the Western Australian koala represents a unique species. We hope to extract DNA from these fossils in the future.”
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Research indicates that women write faster and with greater legibility than men. This difference is evident as early as elementary school, becomes more pronounced by junior high, and then stabilizes.
Both genders enhance their handwriting skills with age, yet statistically, women outperform men on average.
This trend appears consistent across various countries and cultures. But does this imply that biological factors are at play? Current evidence suggests it likely does not.
A 2020 study published in Human Brain Mapping utilized fMRI scans to demonstrate that men and women activate different brain regions while performing handwriting tasks, even when handwriting quality is equivalent.
Neural pathways develop through life experiences, which may cause individuals to engage varying brain areas when executing the same skill. This depends on their initial learning experiences, instructional methods, and the extent of their practice.
In broad terms, girls and boys often have differing expectations regarding the importance of neatness and receive varying degrees of encouragement in developing fine motor skills.
Cultural influences shape **gender disparities in handwriting**, highlighting how girls and women are taught to place value on neatness, unlike boys and men. – Credit: Getty
Notably, many left-handed individuals are often perceived to have poor handwriting. However, this perception is likely influenced more by practice and educational methods than by biology, as left-handed people can achieve excellent handwriting.
Men typically exhibit worse handwriting on average, largely due to the societal value placed on this skill being lower for men. However, it’s essential to recognize that the differences within each gender often surpass the differences between them.
This article addresses the question posed by Aydin Andrews via email: “Why do men tend to have worse handwriting than women?”
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For centuries, cold substances have been utilized to address various skin issues.
Medical professionals often apply liquid nitrogen to effectively freeze warts. Notably, devices for treating acne with liquid oxygen have existed since the 1920s, although their efficacy remains subject to debate.
Regarding ice rollers, there currently are no clinical trials confirming their benefits.
For those looking to minimize swelling, theoretically, some temporary improvements may occur due to the constriction of small blood vessels near the skin.
Evidence suggests that soaking your face in cold water could stimulate the “rest and digest” (parasympathetic) pathway of the nervous system, although this practice is not widely recommended. Bururu.
This article addresses the question: “Should I start using an ice roller?” (submitted by Rebecca Webb, Newry).
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A groundbreaking study reveals that approximately 3.4 billion years ago, during the Archean Era, ancient microbes were not only reliant on molybdenum—a rare metal at the time—but also explored the use of tungsten. This discovery has the potential to transform how astrobiologists search for extraterrestrial life.
Early Earth. Image credit: Peter Sawyer/Smithsonian Institution.
Geochemical evidence indicates that the concentration of molybdenum in early Earth’s anoxic oceans was extremely limited; however, modern organisms are largely dependent on this essential element.
Previous theories proposed that life initially utilized tungsten before transitioning to molybdenum as it became more abundant.
Professor Betül Kaçar from the University of Wisconsin-Madison and her research team aimed to test this hypothesis.
“The transition metal molybdenum presents a puzzling evolutionary narrative in relation to biological systems,” the researchers stated.
“Molybdenum plays a significant role in vital biogeochemical processes involving carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, which previous studies suggest have deep-rooted evolutionary histories.”
In their research, the authors analyzed genome databases to pinpoint species with genes responsible for molybdenum transport, storage, and enzymatic functions.
They applied a technique known as phylogenetic matching to trace the evolutionary lineage of molybdenum- and tungsten-utilizing proteins within the current tree of life.
Moreover, they investigated the mechanisms of molybdenum movement and utilization within living cells, focusing on intracellular transport from uptake to catalysis.
Simultaneously, they explored the historical context of biological tungsten use for similar functions.
The researchers compiled existing data regarding molybdenum’s prevalence over time and found that, despite its scarcity, ancient microorganisms on Earth found ways to utilize it, dating back to between 3.3 and 3.7 billion years ago.
“Counterintuitively, geochemical records suggest that the abundance of molybdenum on early Earth was significantly lower billions of years ago, particularly prior to the emergence of oxygenic photosynthesis,” noted Dr. Aya Cross, a student at the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
“Yet, life persisted in evolving biochemical pathways that depended on molybdenum, despite its limited availability.”
“These processes have been passed down to modern organisms.”
“Understanding the elemental dependencies of early life could aid astrobiologists in identifying other planets capable of supporting life,” Professor Kaçar remarked.
“This study illustrates that a lack of an element in the environment doesn’t negate the potential for life to adapt and exploit it in innovative ways.”
“Life exhibits remarkable adaptability, and insights like these remind us that the quest for extraterrestrial life may necessitate considering possibilities previously unimagined.”
A research paper detailing these findings was published in the latest edition of Nature Communications.
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AS Cross et al. 2026. The biological utilization of molybdenum and tungsten dates back 3.4 billion years. Nat Commun 17, 3943; doi: 10.1038/s41467-026-72133-0
A recent study conducted by Texas A&M University researchers sheds light on why coffee drinkers tend to live longer and experience fewer chronic diseases. The findings indicate that brewed coffee is rich in compounds that interact with little-understood proteins in the body, potentially affecting inflammation, aging, and cancer processes.
Hailemariam et al. revealed that brewed coffee and its principal polyphenolic and polyhydroxy components act as NR4A1 ligands, suggesting NR4A1’s vital role in the health benefits associated with coffee. Image credit: Sci.News.
“Coffee is the most widely consumed beverage globally,” stated Texas A&M University professor Steven Safe and his team.
“Coffee drinkers comprise a vast demographic that enjoys an aqueous extract from roasted and ground coffee berries.”
“The health benefits of coffee mirror those seen in vegetarian groups and various ‘blue zone’ populations known for lower mortality rates and age-related diseases.”
“Despite variations in coffee bean types and brewing techniques, consensus indicates that coffee drinkers enjoy longer lifespans.”
“They also face a decreased risk of age-related conditions, including metabolic disorders, certain cancers, Parkinson’s disease, dementia, and cardiovascular issues.”
In their investigation, researchers concentrated on NR4A1, a receptor that responds to dietary compounds and is essential for maintaining health in aging individuals.
This receptor activates during inflammation and cellular damage, and it has been shown to protect tissues.
“When tissue is damaged, NR4A1 activates to help mitigate that damage,” Professor Safe explained.
“Removing this receptor results in even greater tissue damage.”
Through biochemical experiments, the team discovered that freshly brewed coffee and several of its key components bind to NR4A1.
Identified compounds included common coffee polyphenols like caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and ferulic acid, along with diterpenes such as kahweol and cafestrol.
“Our findings suggest that at least some of coffee’s health benefits stem from their ability to bind to and activate this receptor,” Professor Safe noted.
Experiments on cancer cell lines indicated that coffee extract and its constituents slowed cell proliferation.
When NR4A1 levels were reduced, the effects waned, implying that this receptor mediates the biological activities of coffee.
Many of these compounds served as inverse agonists, reducing NR4A1 activity in a way that may counteract tumor-promoting signals.
“Coffee consists of a highly complex array of compounds, creating a powerful blend,” Professor Safe remarked.
Notably, not all components yield the same effects. While caffeine is often seen as the primary component of coffee, it has been shown to exert more diverse and relatively weaker effects on receptors compared to polyphenols.
The research supports the notion that coffee’s benefits are likely due not just to caffeine, but to a complex mixture of bioactive compounds.
Brewed coffee contains over 1,000 chemicals, many of which have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
“Caffeine binds to the receptor but doesn’t significantly aid in our model,” Safe emphasized.
“Polyhydroxy and polyphenolic compounds demonstrate much more activity.”
“This could explain why both regular and decaffeinated coffee link to similar health benefits in extensive population studies.”
For more details, refer to the study results published in the journal nutrients.
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Amanuel Hailemariam et al. 2026. Brewed coffee and its components act through orphan nuclear receptor 4A1 (NR4A1). nutrients 18 (6): 877; doi: 10.3390/nu18060877
In the vastness of today’s universe, galaxies predominantly exhibit ordered rotation. However, among the largest star systems, those that do not form new stars are often influenced by chaotic stellar motion. Astronomers refer to these galaxies as slow-rotators. While fast-rotating systems are frequently observed, slow-rotators are believed to be rare, especially in the early universe. Recent findings from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope have illuminated a slowly rotating giant galaxy known as XMM-VID1-2075, located at redshift z = 3.449, which means we are observing a galaxy that is approximately 12 billion years old.
The Webb/NIRSpec/IFU image depicting the slowly rotating galaxy XMM-VID1-2075. Credit: Forest et al., doi: 10.1038/s41550-026-02855-0.
Current astronomical theories indicate that the first galaxies formed through the acquisition of angular momentum from inflowing gas, coupled with gravitational forces causing them to rotate.
Over billions of years, many galaxies—particularly those within clusters—undergo numerous mergers. These interactions lead to their combined rotations either enhancing or partially countering each other.
This phenomenon explains why some galaxies nearest to Earth display minimal overall rotation, yet contain considerable random stellar movement.
The discovery of XMM-VID1-2075 as a slow rotator is surprising, especially considering it reached this state when the universe was less than 2 billion years old.
“This invariant characteristic can typically only be observed in the most massive, mature galaxies closer to us in space and time,” stated Ben Forrest, an astronomer from the University of California, Davis.
“It was particularly striking that we found this galaxy exhibiting no indications of rotation, which raises intriguing questions.”
Ben Forrest and his team, part of the MAGAZ3NE (z>3 NEar-Infrared Giant Ancient Galaxies) survey, had previously conducted observations of XMM-VID1-2075 at the WM Keck Observatory in Hawaii.
“Earlier MAGAZ3NE observations confirmed that this galaxy ranks among the most massive in the early universe, possessing several times the number of stars as the Milky Way and not forming any new stars, making it an exceptional candidate for further study,” Dr. Forrest added.
Astronomers utilized the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope to evaluate the relative motion of matter within XMM-VID1-2075, along with two other similarly aged galaxies.
“Conducting this type of analysis is standard for nearby galaxies due to their proximity and size, allowing for ground-based studies. Nevertheless, it’s challenging with high-redshift galaxies since they appear much smaller from our vantage point,” Dr. Forrest explained.
“The Webb Telescope is pioneering new research frontiers in this field.”
“Among the three galaxies we examined, one displayed clear rotation, one exhibited a somewhat chaotic pattern, while one showed no rotation but random stellar movement.”
“This pattern aligns with the characteristics of some of the most massive galaxies in our local universe, yet the early discovery of this slow rotator is quite unexpected.”
What led to the formation of this slow-rotating galaxy in under 2 billion years?
One hypothesis is that XMM-VID1-2075’s slow rotation may not stem from multiple mergers, but rather a singular collision between two galaxies rotating in nearly opposite directions, a notion supported by the team’s observations.
“In this galaxy, we observe a significant excess of light on one side,” Dr. Forrest noted.
“This suggests that an additional entity may be interacting with the system, potentially altering its dynamics.”
This groundbreaking research is detailed in the following paper published in Nature Astronomy.
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B. Forrest et al.. Discovery of a massive, slowly rotating galaxy from the early universe. Nat Astron, published online May 4, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-026-02855-0
Credit: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan / Ko Arimatsu
Recent research reveals that a small, icy celestial body located in the Kuiper Belt, comparable to Pluto, possesses an atmosphere.
This object, designated as (612533) 2002 XV93, marks its discovery nearly 25 years ago and has a diameter under 500 kilometers.
It is classified within the Plutino group, sharing a similar stable orbit with Pluto, completing three solar revolutions for every two of Neptune.
On January 10, 2024, (612533) 2002 XV93 caused an occultation, passing in front of a distant star. A team led by Wataru Arimatsu at Kyoto University monitored this event across three locations in Japan.
If there were no atmosphere, the star’s light would have blinked away almost instantaneously as it obscured 2002 XV93.
However, the researchers noticed that the star’s light gradually faded and returned within approximately 1.5 seconds at the shadow’s edge.
“This gradual change suggests that starlight is being refracted by a thin atmosphere enveloping 2002 XV93,” explains Arimatsu.
The team estimates a surface pressure of 100 to 200 nanobars—dramatically thinner than Earth’s atmosphere, approximately 5 to 10 million times less, and about 50 to 100 times thinner than Pluto’s atmosphere.
“I couldn’t breathe, feel the wind, or see anything reminiscent of Earth’s sky,” said Arimatsu. “Nonetheless, this thin atmosphere significantly bends starlight, indicating the presence of volatile gases around small icy bodies.”
While the exact composition of the atmosphere remains undetermined, Arimatsu speculates that methane, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide could be potential constituents, as these gases are highly volatile even under the frigid temperatures of the outer solar system.
Another question arises regarding the gas emissions from the interior of 2002 XV93, potentially suggesting volcanic activity or a result of cosmic collisions.
“This discovery reshapes our understanding of small celestial bodies in the outer solar system,” Arimatsu asserts. “Traditionally, detectable atmospheres were believed to be exclusive to planets, dwarf planets, and a select few large moons. 2002 XV93 stands as one of the smallest known celestial objects with a clearly detectable atmosphere.”
Astonished, Ben Montet from the University of New South Wales in Sydney remarked, “If one stood on this icy surface, they wouldn’t see a sky like ours. This challenges the belief that even the faintest atmosphere cannot exist on small celestial bodies.”
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NHS England’s recent move to withdraw open source code developed with taxpayer funds has led to significant backlash due to concerns over computer hacking by AI models.
Recent reports revealed that Mythos, an AI from Anthropic, can identify vulnerabilities in software, potentially enabling hackers to exploit systems using that software. Consequently, NHS England has mandated that all existing and future software must be restricted from public access by May 11 to mitigate these risks.
This shift contradicts NHS service standards, which advocate for software produced by staff to remain open source. This accessibility allows for the enhancement and utilization of tools without redundant efforts, a practice experts argue does not inherently bolster security.
In response, an open letter has amassed hundreds of signatures urging NHS England to reconsider its stance. At present, 682 signatories include writers and digital rights advocates. Notably, Cory Doctorow and former UK Health Secretary Matt Hancock have been approached for comments. Mr. Hancock labeled the initiative a “significant error” in a LinkedIn post, asserting that the decision undermines public investment.
“Opening source code has been one of the NHS’s most forward-thinking strategies. This work was funded by taxpayers; hence they should reap the rewards,” Mr. Hancock noted. “The empirical evidence also supports that open source code is subjected to more rigorous testing, is inherently more secure, and can be enhanced by talented individuals globally.”
Vlad Stefan Halbs, from the University of Edinburgh, co-signed the open letter. He has utilized Mythos to assess vulnerabilities within the NHS’s open source code, uncovering “multiple significant vulnerabilities” which were responsibly reported to the NHS before the project’s decommissioning.
“While we cannot confirm if our reported vulnerabilities triggered this course of action, they likely contributed,” Halbs remarked. “Routine security assessments and public disclosures, aided by large language models, can uncover similar vulnerabilities. Mythos merely streamlines the process. The fundamental issue, however, remains a severe underinvestment in cybersecurity, a problem that predates Mythos.”
Halbs speculates that backups of the NHS code will persist, potentially repurposed for training various AI models. Yet, he questions whether restricting access from GitHub will deter professionals dedicated to enhancing the quality and security of public services from contributing. “By closing access, we are alienating our supporters, not our adversaries,” Halbs concluded.
A report by the UK government-backed AI Security Institute (AISI) on Mythos indicated its limitations, revealing it could primarily target “small, poorly defended corporate systems,” and showing no evidence that genuinely secure networks were threatened.
Terrence Eden, a British civil servant with a history of advocating for public data access, criticized the decision as illogical.
“Trust in the NHS hinges on its openness, transparency, and honesty. Given our healthcare system’s reliance on digital technologies, open source is essential. It is our right to understand the operation of these tools. I urge the NHS to heed this petition and uphold its obligations to the community,” Eden stated.
The UK Department of Health and Human Services did not respond to inquiries. Meanwhile, a spokesperson for NHS England reiterated its stance: “To fortify our cybersecurity amid rapid AI model advancements, we are temporarily restricting access to certain NHS England source codes. Nonetheless, we will continue to publicly share source code whenever deemed essential.”
The cruise ship MV Hondius is anchored off the coast of Cape Verde.
AFP/Getty Images
An outbreak of hantavirus has been reported on the Dutch-flagged cruise ship MV Hondius, anchored off the coast of Cape Verde in the Atlantic Ocean. This virus can result in severe illness in humans, with a mortality rate of up to 50%.
So far, seven individuals have been infected, with three fatalities confirmed.
Understanding Hantavirus
Hantaviruses are a category of viruses carried by rodents known to cause severe illnesses in humans. Infection typically occurs through exposure to infected rodents or their urine, feces, or saliva.
Different hantaviruses cause various clinical syndromes across the globe. In the Americas, they can lead to a severe illness known as hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome (HCPS), which has a fatality rate of about 50%. In Europe and Asia, they primarily cause hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS), affecting kidneys and blood vessels.
It is estimated that there are 10,000 to over 100,000 hantavirus infections annually worldwide, with the highest rates in Asia and Europe.
The specific strain of hantavirus affecting those on board the ship remains unidentified. “There are multiple species, at least 24, that can be harmful to humans,” says Adam Taylor, a researcher at Lancaster University, UK. “Until we determine which strains are involved, we cannot fully understand the situation.”
Where Was the Ship Located?
The World Health Organization (WHO) has been notified of this outbreak. On May 2, a statement announced an outbreak of severe acute respiratory illness onboard the MV Hondius, including two fatalities and one critically ill passenger.
The cruise departed from Ushuaia, Argentina, on April 1, 2026, and traveled across the South Atlantic, with stops including Antarctica, South Georgia, Nightingale Island, Tristan da Cunha, St. Helena, and Ascension Island. WHO identified the Argentine port as a focal point for investigations into the outbreak due to the presence of the Andes virus, known for limited person-to-person transmission in South America.
A total of 147 individuals from 23 nationalities were onboard, consisting of 88 passengers and 59 crew members. The extent of contact with local wildlife during the voyage remains unclear, as per WHO’s statement.
What Are the Symptoms of Hantavirus?
Initial symptoms may include fever, muscle aches, headaches, and gastrointestinal issues. Some patients may develop respiratory complications. Diagnosis typically involves specialized blood tests.
How Does Hantavirus Spread?
The primary route of infection is contact with infected rodents, particularly through inhalation of virus particles from contaminated rodent droppings, urine, or saliva.
“For this reason, investigations often focus on potential exposure to rodent-contaminated areas,” stated Roger Hewson from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. “Hantaviruses are not generally believed to be easily transmissible between humans.”
While rarer, infection may also occur through rodent bites. High-risk activities include cleaning poorly ventilated spaces, farming, and sleeping in rodent-infested environments. According to WHO, human-to-human transmission has only been recorded for the Andes virus in the Americas, occurring with close and prolonged contact, mainly among family and intimate partners, particularly during the early stages of the disease.
Current Outlook on the Infection Spread
According to Taylor, there is no need for panic. “Transmission of hantaviruses usually requires contact with animal products, not person-to-person contact,” he emphasized. “While precautions are in place on board, they are just that—precautions.”
Hewson added that it’s crucial not to make assumptions based on the cruise ship context. “Infection confirmation among passengers does not clarify whether the exposure occurred on the ship, prior to embarkation, during shore excursions, or through common environmental contact,” he remarked. “Therefore, public health surveillance, lab confirmations, and possible virus sequencing are vital.”
As a passionate honey enthusiast, I relish the taste of honey in everything from buttery sourdough bread to refreshing smoothies and savory Asian stir-fries. I often justify my sweet indulgence by recalling its numerous health benefits. But how true are these claims?
Honey is widely recognized as a healthier alternative to refined white sugar. Its less processed nature results in a more stable blood sugar level. Honey, derived from plant nectar and enriched by bees, primarily consists of monosaccharides like glucose and fructose, along with trace sugars like trehalose, kojibiose, nigerose, melibiose, gentiobiose, and palatinose. However, the health benefits of honey largely depend on the sources of nectar collected by the bees.
One useful measure for comparing honey to other sugars is the glycemic index (GI), which indicates how quickly a food raises blood sugar levels. Refined white sugar has a GI score of approximately 65. In contrast, honey’s GI can vary significantly; for example, honey made from Sidr tree nectar in the Middle East boasts a GI of just 32, while Greek thyme honey reaches a GI of 85. Interested in comparing various honey types? Check out the University of Sydney’s extensive GI database for more information.
The variation in GI values can be attributed to the differing ratios of glucose and fructose in honey. Glucose raises blood sugar levels rapidly, whereas fructose does not. Unlike refined sugar, which contains a consistent ratio of glucose and fructose, honey’s composition can vary, impacting its glycemic response.
Additionally, honey contains components like phenolic acids and flavonoids that may slow glucose absorption in the intestines, thus contributing to lower GI values. These compounds are also believed to possess antioxidant properties that provide mild protection against ailments like cancer and heart disease—conditions often associated with oxidative stress. However, it’s essential to remember that fruits and vegetables are far superior sources of antioxidants as they are lower in sugar and calories.
Opting for raw honey, often available at local markets, is considered a healthier choice compared to mass-produced varieties, as it retains a higher concentration of beneficial phenolic acids and flavonoids. Raw honey is freshly harvested directly from the hive and minimally processed. Unlike raw milk, raw honey is generally safe to consume, although there are risks of contamination from Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium producing a potent neurotoxin. This toxin is particularly hazardous for infants under one year. Parents should avoid giving honey to infants, and it’s advisable to steer clear of Botox for little ones as well.
A straightforward way to gauge the phenolic acids and flavonoids in honey is by examining its color. Darker honey typically indicates higher levels of these beneficial compounds. Personally, I enjoy purchasing rich, dark brown raw honey from a local beekeeper, which I find far superior in taste compared to supermarket varieties. His bees gather nectar from local eucalyptus trees, which likely contributes to its lower GI value based on tests conducted on other eucalyptus honeys.
Is Honey Effective for Hay Fever or Just a Myth?
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While many believe that consuming locally produced honey may relieve hay fever, this idea is rooted more in folklore than in scientific fact. The premise is that honey contains trace amounts of local pollen that might help the immune system acclimatize to these allergens. However, hay fever is primarily triggered by pollen from trees that bees do not visit; these trees release airborne pollen that can irritate your nasal passages. In fact, hay fever is caused by such wind-dispersed pollen.
Nonetheless, honey does demonstrate potential benefits in soothing symptoms like a sore throat and cough, likely due to its pleasant consistency and natural antibacterial properties. A review of existing studies found that honey could alleviate cough symptoms in children and was comparable in effectiveness to over-the-counter cough syrups. Anyone who has tried a warm lemon-ginger tea with honey can attest to its comforting effects when feeling unwell.
Honey’s efficacy extends beyond soothing sore throats; it also plays a significant role in wound care. Medical-grade Manuka honey, which is recognized in countries like the UK, US, and Australia, is often used in ointments and dressings. This honey is made from the nectar of Manuka tea tree flowers and is sterilized to eliminate harmful microorganisms. It possesses high levels of an antibacterial compound called methylglyoxal, which is effective in preventing or treating wound infections. Studies highlight its healing properties.
However, it’s crucial to heed warnings about honey derived from rhododendron flowers, especially from certain species native to Nepal and Turkey. This type of honey can cause “mad honey disease,” leading to symptoms such as confusion, dizziness, and vomiting. Historically, it has even been weaponized; for instance, Mithridates VI Eupator used it strategically against Roman troops in 65 BC, luring them into confusion. Do you dare to wonder what happened next?
While honey may not alleviate my hay fever, I still enjoy it—after all, there’s no sweeter delight than the joy it brings me.
Can Quantum Gravity Theory Explain the Moments After the Big Bang?
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Cosmic inflation remains a hotly debated topic in modern cosmology. It posits that during a minuscule fraction of the universe’s first second, the universe expanded exponentially—by a factor of about 1030. This rapid expansion resolved several cosmic mysteries; however, some aspects of inflation theory continue to raise eyebrows among researchers in the field.
On the positive side, inflation provides answers to pivotal questions about the universe’s vast structures, addressing concepts like galaxy formation—the so-called “tectonic problem.” Long before inflation, the universe was nearly uniform, only exhibiting slight quantum fluctuations. Inflation magnified these anomalies, allowing gravity to shape matter into galaxies and other astrophysical structures, making the complex cosmos we observe today.
Interestingly, inflation also resolves the “horizon problem,” explaining why regions of the universe separated by vast distances exhibit uniformity. In essence, inflation posits that all areas were once close enough to interact before being propelled outward. These two problems—structural anomalies and uniformity—are intrinsic to inflation, underscoring its significance in explaining the universe’s current state.
Critics, however, highlight that the theory leaves many questions unanswered. Initially, the universe requires very specific conditions to initiate inflation, a dilemma often referred to as the “fine-tuning problem.” The inability to explain these conditions might suggest an arbitrary alignment of parameters, which troubles many theorists.
Furthermore, devising a coherent mechanism for initiating and concluding inflation remains a significant challenge. Models abound, but tensions arise when juxtaposed against other cosmological mysteries.
The intersection of general relativity and quantum mechanics provides fertile ground for research into quantum gravity, aiming to integrate these competing theories in a explanatory framework. Infinitely growing complexities arise when considering how inflation fits within this larger theoretical landscape.
Addressing Inflation in Quantum Gravity
One proposed solution is the “loop quantum gravity” model, suggesting that the universe undergoes cyclic expansions and contractions—a “big bounce” scenario. Alternatively, “infinite inflation” theorizes a region where inflation continues indefinitely, albeit complicating hypotheses with an infinite multiverse where different regions form distinct universes, evading observational access.
As straightforward explanations falter, complex ideas like “hybrid inflation” emerge, which incorporate multiple fields of energy dynamics during inflation—a significant departure from simpler models. String theory adds nuance with “brane inflation,” where our universe lies on a membrane between dimensions, providing intriguing insights into unresolved inflation questions.
Another concept, “quantum secondary gravity,” examines modifications to gravity models at extreme energy densities, positing that quantum corrections might induce inflationary phenomena automatically as the universe expands. This model reconciles aspects of gravity with quantum mechanics, aligning with both established theories.
Exploring Quantum Second-Order Gravity as a Solution to Inflation
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The challenge with quantum secondary gravity is the impromptu prediction of “ghost particles,” which remain elusive in experimental findings. However, recent literature has reinterpreted these anomalies, suggesting that during the universe’s inflationary growth, gravity intensified to cause what scientists refer to as “ghost containment.”
This theory, despite remaining speculative, holds promise. Quantum second-order gravity could lead to detectable ripples in spacetime created in the early universe—albeit subtle gravitational waves that future detectors might capture.
The controversy surrounding inflation is likely to persist for years. Precise measurements required to validate this phenomenon are exceptionally demanding, particularly concerning detection of gravitational waves and observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Existing misinterpretations of the CMB—including previously classified findings of gravitational waves—underscore the need for cautious interpretation. The early moments of the universe possess the potential to redefine our understanding of physics, merging two foundational theories into a cohesive understanding of the cosmos.
X-ray of a woman’s arm before biopsy: Arrow highlights the tumor
Gannon MC, Gabor RM, Gupta A, et al. (April 15, 2026)
A remarkable case involves a woman whose cancerous tumor on her arm is now in remission, attributed to a biopsy that triggered a powerful immune response. This unique scenario exemplifies how a biopsy can potentially change the fate of some cancer patients.
She is one of only nine known cases where a biopsy uncovered this specific type of cancer affecting connective tissue, which spontaneously resolved within weeks.
“It’s quite extraordinary,” says Toby Lawrence from the Marseille Lumigny Immunology Center, not directly involved in this case. “This suggests there was an immune activation in response to the biopsy injury, rapidly halting tumor growth.”
The 59-year-old woman noticed a rapidly enlarging lump, which reached two centimeters, before seeking medical attention. “The symptoms were escalating quickly and causing discomfort. She was understandably concerned,” states Rohit Sharma from Marshfield Clinic Health System in Wisconsin.
Sharma and his team marked the tumor’s location with tattoo ink and performed a thin-needle biopsy. They identified the growth as a myxofibrosarcoma, which contained highly malignant cells, posing a risk of metastasis. “Cancer often leads to fatal metastasis,” Sharma warns.
Two weeks later, the woman returned for tumor removal surgery, but astonishingly, the tumor had completely vanished. “She reported symptom relief within just three to four days post-biopsy,” says Sharma.
To confirm the disappearance of the tumor, the surgical team removed surrounding tissue, which showed no cancer cells. “The timing indicates that an immune response was activated,” Sharma explains. The phenomenon of cancer disappearing post-biopsy is extremely rare, typically observed in cancers that the immune system can easily identify, such as skin cancers.
A biopsy can destroy some cancer cells and release inflammatory signals that activate immune cells, like natural killer cells, which can eliminate damaged tumor tissue within days. This could trigger an even stronger immune response as T cells identify and attack remaining cancerous cells.
However, such an extraordinary immune reaction does not occur for most individuals. Factors like genetics and environmental triggers likely play a role in this rare phenomenon, according to Lawrence.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Tumor
Gannon MC, Gabor RM, Gupta A, et al. (April 15, 2026)
By analyzing the genomes and medical histories of these exceptional cases, researchers aim to uncover strategies that could enhance overall cancer treatment efficacy. Understanding the unique immune responses in mice with cancer resulting from minor tissue damage may hold the key to unraveling these mechanisms, suggests Caetano Reis e Souza at the Francis Crick Institute in London. “If we can learn how biopsies expose cancer cells to the immune system, it might pave the way for novel therapeutic drugs,” he posits.
Sharma’s research team is planning to explore this phenomenon further in the upcoming years by establishing a database of similar unique cancer cases.
Doug Whitney (left, pictured with his son Brian in November 2022) is genetically predisposed to developing Alzheimer’s disease, but has so far avoided the condition.
Shelby Lum/Associated Press/Alamy
An American man, Doug Whitney, whose genetics indicated a high likelihood of developing early-onset Alzheimer’s disease, has surprisingly managed to evade its effects. This remarkable outcome may be linked to unintentional heat exposure he experienced while working in a ship’s engine room, aligning with emerging evidence that suggests heat therapy could play a role in preventing symptoms of Alzheimer’s.
Whitney’s family carries the Presenilin 2 genetic variant, a mutation traced back to a small village in Volga, Germany, during the 18th century. Individuals with this mutation are typically predisposed to Alzheimer’s in their late 40s or early 50s.
“My family has been devastated by this disease,” Whitney remarked in a press statement. “My mother had 13 siblings, and 10 of them died before the age of 60. It was an epidemic.”
Despite sharing the same mutation, Whitney has reached his late 70s without experiencing significant memory loss or other Alzheimer’s symptoms, making him the only known mutation carrier to avoid the condition long after it was expected to manifest.
Dr. Jeffrey Kane from the French National Center for Scientific Research, became intrigued by Whitney’s case after discussing it with Dr. Randall Bateman, who has been studying Whitney for years.
At a conference, Kane presented research on the supportive effects of hyperthermia on mouse brains. A Finnish study found that frequent sauna users are 65% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s. Kane and colleague Emmanuel Planel from Université Laval in Quebec initiated a study to explore the underlying mechanisms.
The findings were compelling since Bateman knew of Whitney’s two-decade-long work in the extremely hot engine rooms of steam-powered naval vessels starting at age 18. Bateman discussed these circumstances with Kane and Planel, leading them to investigate further.
Engine room temperatures could soar up to 50°C (122°F), where Whitney would remain for extended periods, often needing to be hosed down to prevent overheating.
This prolonged heat exposure may have led to elevated levels of heat shock proteins in Whitney’s cerebrospinal fluid. These proteins are produced in response to heat and facilitate the repair and refolding of other proteins damaged by increased temperatures.
These heightened levels of heat shock proteins may have helped regulate tau, a crucial brain protein involved in Alzheimer’s disease. In affected individuals, tau misfolds and aggregates, which correlates with cognitive decline. Brain imaging studies reveal that Whitney’s brain holds negligible amounts of abnormal tau, likely explaining his absence of symptoms. Although his brain contains misfolded amyloid proteins associated with Alzheimer’s, symptoms remain unpredictable as evidenced in studies.
Whitney prepares for a PET scan in March 2025 as part of an Alzheimer’s Research Program at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri.
M. Scott Brauer 2025/ Redux/eyevine
Support for their hypothesis emerged when Kane and Planel discovered that exposing mice to heat helped maintain the tau protein structure and facilitated increased clearance from the brain. Moreover, tau clearance was found to be more efficient in awake older adults compared to when they sleep, likely due to the natural elevation of body temperature during wakefulness.
Dr. Rebecca Nisbet from Australia’s Florey Brain Research Center notes that Whitney’s occupational heat exposure may elucidate his resistance to Alzheimer’s, yet genetic factors likely contribute as well. Whitney may carry a specific protective gene absent in affected family members, highlighting the complexity surrounding Alzheimer’s disease.
Nisbet has personally begun using saunas, inspired by this new evidence of their cognitive benefits. “I believe this is a harmless activity that can mitigate dementia risk,” she asserts.
Interestingly, regions with the lowest rates of cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s in individuals over 60 tend to be located in very hot climates, such as Ballabgarh, India and the Bolivian Amazon. “While high temperatures alone can’t explain everything, they may be a significant contributing factor,” reflects Canet.
On the contrary, cold exposure could heighten Alzheimer’s risk. For instance, tau exhibits dysregulation in bears during hibernation, according to Nisbet. “The tau in a hibernating bear appears abnormal, yet normalizes promptly upon waking and warming up,” she explains.
Research has shown that general anesthesia, which lowers body temperature, can contribute to short-term cognitive issues reminiscent of Alzheimer’s disease, potentially due to its effects on tau. “Caution is advised in mouse studies, as prolonged anesthesia can lead to tau dysregulation,” warns Nisbet.
Exploring the vast potential of quantum computing, one of the most exciting areas of research is simulating proteins to facilitate new drug discovery. Currently, quantum devices are hampered by errors, making them less suitable for this purpose. However, a groundbreaking collaboration involving supercomputers and two quantum systems has set a new record by accurately simulating a molecule containing 12,635 atoms.
Determining the quantum state and energy levels of drug molecules is essential for understanding how they behave, a task often only achievable through approximate methods on traditional computers. A team of researchers from Cleveland Clinic, IBM, and Japan’s Institute of Science and Technology focused on developing quantum computers that inherently utilize quantum physics principles. They innovated a hybrid model combining quantum and classical supercomputing for unprecedented simulations of large molecular structures.
“This was my dream, and here we are,” says Kenneth Mertz from Cleveland Clinic. In this study, the researchers utilized two IBM Heron quantum computers located at RIKEN and Cleveland Clinic, alongside the world’s most powerful supercomputers, Fugaku and Miyabi-G. Their approach focused on simulating a protein-ligand complex, a well-studied example pivotal for biomedical research, while also examining the molecules in a water layer that reflects laboratory conditions.
Currently, the limited size and inherent error rates of quantum computers restrict their utility. Thus, the research team divided the molecular simulation tasks among four machines. The quantum computer was tasked with calculating specific properties, and the results were transferred back and forth with the supercomputer over 100 hours. Despite the lengthy process, the team believes it was faster than traditional methodologies. Jerry Chow at IBM noted that the simulation accurately estimated the lowest energy state of the molecule, matching the precision of conventional methods, though it hasn’t yet proven markedly superior.
According to Liu Junyu from the University of Pittsburgh, this research signifies a crucial milestone towards achieving practical applications of quantum computing with real-world hardware. He expressed admiration for the scale of the experiment. Even prior to achieving error-free quantum computing, there is a necessity to explore hybrid methods further to enhance the usefulness of quantum systems.
Chow added that while their findings indicate that quantum hardware might excel in certain calculations, this simulation record is a preliminary achievement. “There is a growing push to explore the limits of what can be achieved,” Chow acknowledged. “It’s just the beginning of an exciting journey.”
A newly discovered genus and species of Masopodan sauropodomorph, named Kounryu Hōmei, has been identified from a partial skeleton found in southwestern China, dating back to the early Jurassic period. This remarkable dinosaur represents a crucial link between early herbivores and the massive four-legged sauropods that would later dominate the Mesozoic Era.
Artist’s impression of Kounryu Hōmei. Image credit: Connor Ashbridge / CC BY 4.0.
Kounryu Hōmei inhabited what is now China approximately 190 million years ago during the early Jurassic period.
Fossil evidence suggests that this dinosaur measured about 9 to 10 meters (30 to 33 feet) in length, making it one of the largest known early-branching sauropods unearthed in China.
This species belongs to the Masopodan group, which existed from the Late Triassic to the Late Cretaceous.
“The Early Jurassic was a key era in dinosaur evolution, marking the diversification and emergence of sauropod dominance in terrestrial ecosystems,” stated Dr. Ya-Ming Wang from the China Museum of Geology and colleagues.
“Within this group, non-sauropod Masopoda sauropods played a significant role in the evolutionary trajectory leading to the distinctive large body shapes associated with sauropods.”
“Therefore, understanding the anatomy, diversity, and paleobiogeography of these early-diverging sauropods is essential for unraveling the origins of one of the most successful dinosaur clades, the sauropods.”
The partial skeleton of Kounryu Hōmei was discovered in the Fengjiahe Formation located in Luming Town, Yunnan Province, China.
The specimen consists of the neck, back, tail vertebrae, and part of the hip joint.
Analysis of these fossils revealed an unusual combination of traits, indicating an alternative evolutionary path. Notably, it had a strong, elongated tail rather than the long neck typically associated with large dinosaurs.
Despite its relatively short neck for its body size, the tail may have played a balancing role, enabling this dinosaur to stand on its hind legs and feed.
Through phylogenetic analysis, researchers found that Kounryu Hōmei occupies a pivotal evolutionary position between early sauropods and more advanced forms closer to true sauropods.
“The discovery of this new specimen greatly enriches the known Early Jurassic dinosaur fauna of southwestern China,” the authors remarked.
“This provides essential new anatomical features that enhance our understanding of morphological differences and evolutionary patterns among early-diverging sauropods.”
Hu Shaobin et al. 2026. A neosauropod dinosaur discovered from the Lower Jurassic Fengjiahe Formation in Dali, Yunnan Province, China. R Soc Open Science 13 (3): 252219; doi: 10.1098/rsos.252219
A team of Japanese astronomers has discovered a thin atmosphere surrounding the trans-Neptunian object (612533) 2002 XV93, which has an approximate diameter of 500 km. This celestial body is too small and cold to retain a substantial atmosphere.
Artist’s conception of trans-Neptunian object 2002 XV93. Image by: National Astronomical Observatory of Japan
“The cold regions of the outer solar system host thousands of small bodies known as trans-Neptunian objects (TNOs) because they orbit outside Neptune.” according to Dr. Ko Arimatsu from Ishigakijima Observatory.
“While Pluto, the most well-known TNO, has been observed with a thin atmosphere, studies of other TNOs generally yield negative results.”
“Most TNOs are extremely cold and possess weak surface gravity, making it unlikely for them to maintain an atmosphere.”
Astronomers utilized stellar occultation to study trans-Neptunian object 2002 XV93, measuring its light fluctuations as background stars passed behind it.
“With a diameter of around 500 km, 2002 XV93 is significantly smaller than Pluto, which has a diameter of 2,377 km,” they noted.
“On January 10, 2024, 2002 XV93’s orbit caused it to briefly obscure a background star.”
“As the star gradually dimmed while being obscured by 2002 XV93, it indicated the possibility of light attenuation due to the thin atmosphere, or a sudden disappearance as it moved behind the solid surface of the TNO.”
The researchers concluded that the observed behavior best supports the existence of a thin atmosphere around 2002 XV93.
They estimate that this atmosphere could vanish in approximately 1,000 years unless it is replenished in some manner.
This suggests that the atmosphere must have formed or been replenished relatively recently.
“Observations with the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope reveal no indications of frozen gas that could sublimate to create an atmosphere on 2002 XV93,” the authors stated.
“One hypothesis is that deep internal processes brought frozen or liquid gas to the surface of the TNO.”
“Alternatively, a comet may have collided with 2002 XV93, releasing gas and forming a temporary atmosphere.”
“Further investigations are essential to clarify these possibilities.”
“This finding sheds light on the potential for even smaller TNOs to temporarily harbor atmospheres, challenging conventional volatile retention models,” the researchers concluded.
“Our results imply that some distant icy bodies could be sustained by ongoing cryovolcanism or exhibit atmospheres formed by recent impacts from small icy objects.”
The team’s research paper was published in the journal Nature Astronomy.
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Kazuya Arimatsu et al.. Discovery of the atmosphere surrounding a trans-Neptunian object beyond Pluto. Nat Astron, published online on May 4, 2026. doi: 10.1038/s41550-026-02846-1
Among the fascinating and peculiar animals residing in the deep sea, perhaps the most captivating are those elusive creatures that occasionally grace deep-water cameras, only to vanish into the abyss before scientists can investigate further.
Many of these enigmatic animals have yet to be classified by researchers, including a peculiar squid that features elbows, large undulating fins, and long, spaghetti-like tentacles.
Squid specialists have analyzed available footage and largely theorize that these specimens belong to the bluefin squid family, specifically the Magnapinidae. This family was initially identified in 1998 from a handful of rare squid larvae.
No adult bluefin squid have ever been captured with a net; they have only been documented through photography.
While adult squid resemble their larvae counterpart, definitive relationships remain uncertain until a specimen is brought to the surface.
Nevertheless, deep-sea scientists continue to speculate about the lives of these mysterious squids. The characteristic “elbow stance” (illustrated below) is commonly employed by bluefin squid to capture prey.
When hunting, they extend their arms and tentacles away from their bodies, spreading them out like spider legs and bending them at 90 degrees. Meanwhile, the remaining tentacles trail through the water, likely creating a wide net to passively ensnare prey.
In 2024, a bluefin squid was observed traversing the ocean floor on its tentacles in the southwestern Pacific Ocean, possibly in search of food. At one point, the squid’s sticky tentacles seemed to get caught on something out of the camera’s frame. It amusingly tugged at the obstruction for several seconds until it freed itself and swam off.
This squid was documented at approximately 3,300 meters (10,830 feet) deep. Another specimen was recorded nearly double that depth, at 6,212 meters (20,380 feet) in the Philippine Trench, marking it as the deepest squid ever noted.
Caught only on camera, no adult bluefin squid has ever been captured with a net. – Image credit: Christa Rabenold
Its relative, the dumbo octopus, which swims using fins resembling giant elephant ears, dives even deeper, having been spotted near 7,000 meters (23,000 feet).
Bluefin squid have been photographed in various locations worldwide, including Brazil, West Africa, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Indian Ocean. This wide distribution suggests that this family may consist of multiple species.
In 2015 and 2017, research in the Great Australian Bight involved towing a camera through deep waters ranging from 900 to 3,000 meters (approximately 2,950 to 9,840 feet). During this study, the bluefin squid was captured on camera five times, marking the first sighting in Australian waters.
These squids exhibit impressive features when they showcase their tentacles, often much longer than their bodies; however, they are relatively small. The squid photographed in Australia measured between 6 to 15 centimeters (about 2 to 6 inches) long, with tentacles extending up to 1.5 meters (almost 5 feet).
Yet, the possibility remains that larger bluefin squids are still lurking, hidden in the vast ocean depths just out of view.
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In the past 15 years, the discovery of circumbinary planets—exoplanets orbiting binary stars—has been firmly established. Thanks to observations from NASA’s Kepler Space Telescope and the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), a total of 14 such planets have been identified using the transit method. Recently, innovative techniques applied to TESS data have unveiled 27 new orbiting star candidates, indicating that these unique planetary systems may be more prevalent than previously thought.
Artist’s impression of an orbiting exoplanet and its two parent stars. Image credit: Sci.News.
The newly identified planet candidates range from sizes comparable to Neptune to those with masses up to 10 times that of Jupiter.
The closest candidate is located approximately 650 light-years away from Earth, while the farthest is about 18,000 light-years distant.
“Candidates are distributed across both the southern and northern skies,” said study co-author Ben Montet, an astronomer at the University of New South Wales. “This means that if you have a telescope, at least one of these systems will be observable regardless of the time of year.”
“We discovered 27 planet candidates out of 1,590 binary systems, which signifies nearly 2% of these binary systems have the potential for hosting planets.”
“This could translate into thousands, or even tens of thousands, of planets waiting to be uncovered through data from the new 10-year sky survey conducted by the Vera C. Rubin Observatory, known as the Space-Time Heritage Survey.”
“This represents a thrilling first step, revealing the significant work that lies ahead in the coming years.”
The team’s novel planet-detection technique, referred to as posterior body precession, has been used in the past to characterize binary stars but was previously unutilized for large-scale exoplanet searches.
This method involves monitoring the long-term changes in the orbits of visible binary stars due to stellar eclipses. Variations in the timing of these eclipses—unexplainable by general relativity or stellar interactions—suggest a third object, possibly a planet, may be influencing the star’s orbit.
“A significant portion of our current understanding of planets is based on biased detection methods,” states lead author Dr. Margo Thornton, a candidate at the University of New South Wales. “We’ve primarily identified those that are the simplest to detect.”
“This innovative method has the potential to reveal a multitude of hidden planets, particularly those that are not perfectly aligned to our line of sight.”
“It may help illuminate the true distribution of planets in our universe,” added Dr. Montet. “We are enthusiastic about the number of planets we could uncover using this approach.”
“Our preliminary research suggested that we would find 27 candidates at this stage, but we are thrilled to have achieved that.”
“We’re now embarking on an exciting project to validate which of these planets are indeed real.”
The team’s findings will be published in Royal Astronomical Society Monthly Notices.
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Margo Thornton et al. 2026. 27 circumbinary planet candidates detected through posterior body precession of eclipsing binaries observed by TESS. MNRAS 548 (3): stag515; doi: 10.1093/mnras/stag515
A groundbreaking study examining various South American butterfly lineages and diurnal moths reveals that convergent evolution—where unrelated species develop similar traits—follows a consistent genetic pattern. This discovery has significant implications for understanding how species may adapt to climate change.
Ben Chehida and others. A flight study of Itomini, Isomini, and Heliconius butterflies, along with the Ketonga moth. Image credit: Ben Chehida et al., doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003742.
“Convergent or parallel evolution serves as a natural experiment where unrelated species independently evolve similar traits in response to equivalent selective pressures,” states Kanchon Dasmahapatra, a professor at the University of York.
“This indicates how reproducible—and thus predictable—evolution can be.”
“Highly divergent lineages often display significant trait convergence, such as repeated colonization of habitats like land, water, and air, or the evolution of resistance against threats like pesticides, drought, and heat stress.”
According to the researchers, “Convergence in traits across different species can stem from genetic changes occurring in different genes or in the same gene (gene reuse).”
“Gene reuse is expected to be more prevalent among closely related lineages or when developmental pathways towards optimal fitness are limited.”
“Convergence may happen when the same allele is reused (allele sharing), either through independent mutations in one gene or through ancestral variation and introgression between species.”
In this study, the authors investigated various species of distantly related South American rainforest butterflies and moths that share similar wing color patterns for predator deterrence, a phenomenon known as mimicry.
The study aims to identify the genes responsible for these similar mimic color patterns among seven distantly related species.
Remarkably, researchers found that distinct butterfly and moth species reuse the same two genes—ivory and optics—which evolve into similar color patterns, despite being very distant relatives.
Genetic alterations in several butterfly species did not occur in the genes themselves but rather in similar “switches” that control gene expression.
Interestingly, one moth species utilizes an inversion mechanism where substantial DNA sequences flip directions, mirroring a genetic strategy used by a butterfly.
“Convergent evolution, where numerous unrelated species independently develop the same trait, is a widespread phenomenon across the tree of life,” says Professor Dasmahapatra.
“However, there is limited opportunity to explore the genetic foundation of this phenomenon.”
“By studying seven butterfly lineages along with diurnal moths, we demonstrate that evolution is surprisingly predictable and that both butterflies and moths have repeatedly employed the same genetic tricks to develop similar color patterns since the time of dinosaurs.”
The findings from this study reveal that evolution may not always be random and could be more predictable than previously believed.
Professor Joanna Meyer from the Wellcome Sanger Institute remarked: “All these distantly related butterflies and moths are toxic and unpalatable to birds that attempt to consume them.”
“Their similarities are advantageous; if birds recognize a specific color pattern as indicating ‘don’t eat us, we are poisonous’, it benefits other species to exhibit the same warning colors.”
“Our research illustrates that these warning colors are remarkably optimal. With a highly conserved genetic basis over 120 million years, evolving these similar color patterns could be quite straightforward.”
The results are published in the journal PLoS Biology.
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Y. Ben Chehida et al. 2026. Convergent mimic coloration in lepidopterans over 120 million years of evolution is underpinned by genetic parallelism. PLoS Biol 24 (4): e3003742; doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3003742
Image processing by ESA/Euclid/Euclid Consortium/NASA; M. Schirmer (MPIA, Heidelberg)
Centuries of scientific experimentation are paving the way for a breakthrough in the hunt for new particles, particularly those believed to constitute dark matter.
In 1773, British scientist Henry Cavendish initiated an experiment aimed at unraveling the mysteries of electromagnetism, involving the measurement of electrical potential on two nested metal shells to examine interactions of charged particles.
Now, Peter Graham, a professor at Stanford University, suggests reviving Cavendish’s historic experiment could illuminate the enigmatic particles forming dark matter.
Dark matter, which constitutes a significant portion of our universe, remains poorly understood. Numerous theories have emerged regarding its composition, and experiments range from particle colliders to advanced underground detectors.
Graham and his research team are focusing on a dark matter candidate known as milli-charged particles (mCPs). True to its name, mCP has an exceptionally small charge, rendering it suitable for Cavendish’s original experimental setup.
The team proposes recreating the nested shell design, applying a voltage to the outer shell and measuring the voltage difference to detect the presence of mCPs during the experiment.
Exploring Electromagnetism: Henry Cavendish’s 18th Century Experiments
Cavendish Institute
To enhance the experimental design, the team plans to incorporate an accumulator device to effectively extract all charged particles from the surrounding environment, maximizing the potential for mCP detection, according to Harikrishnan Ramani of the University of Delaware.
This innovative design is cost-effective compared to other mCP explorations, estimated at under $1 million—1,000 times less than operating a particle accelerator for a year. Preliminary calculations indicate it could be more sensitive than future collider experiments.
Researchers like Kevin Kelly from Texas A&M University believe this experimental approach could potentially outperform existing methods by a factor of 100 to 10,000, capable of detecting mCPs with even lower charges than previously thought.
According to Christopher Hill at Ohio State University, this technique may surpass some current experiments. He posits that it could accelerate the timeline for significant discoveries regarding the composition and functioning of our universe.
The research team is currently in the final stages of planning the experiment and securing funding. If successful, they aim to execute the project within two to three years, potentially offering a new avenue for studying mCPs.
Recent research utilizing data from NASA’s Juno spacecraft has resulted in the most precise measurements of Jupiter’s size in 50 years, revealing that the largest planet in our solar system is thinner and flatter than previously thought.
Hubble’s observations of Jupiter highlight an ever-changing landscape resulting from its turbulent atmosphere. Image credits: NASA / ESA / Hubble / Amy Simon, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center / Michael H. Wong, University of California, Berkeley / Joseph DePasquale, STScI.
“The previous understanding of Jupiter’s shape was based on just six measurements made by NASA’s Voyager and Pioneer missions nearly 50 years ago, utilizing radio waves sent to Earth,” explained Dr. Eli Galanti from the Weizmann Institute of Science.
“While those missions laid the groundwork, we now have the unique chance to analyze 26 new measurements obtained from NASA’s Juno spacecraft.”
“By determining Jupiter’s distance and observing its rotation, we can accurately derive its size and shape,” stated Professor Yohai Kaspi of the Weizmann Institute of Science.
“However, to achieve highly precise measurements, we require more advanced techniques.”
“Juno’s passage behind Jupiter opens up new scientific opportunities,” commented Dr. Scott Bolton, Juno’s principal investigator and a researcher at the Southwest Research Institute.
“As the spacecraft navigates behind the planet, its radio communication signals become obstructed and bent by Jupiter’s atmosphere, enabling precise size measurements.”
“By tracking the curvature of these radio signals as they pass through Jupiter’s atmosphere, we were able to generate a detailed map of the planet’s temperature and density, providing the clearest insight yet into Jupiter’s dimensions,” explained Dr. Maria Smirnova, a student at the Weizmann Institute of Science.
The study revealed that Jupiter has a polar radius of 66,842 km, an equatorial radius of 71,488 km, and an average radius of 69,886 km—12, 4, and 8 km lower than prior estimates respectively.
“It’s time to update textbooks. While Jupiter’s size remains unchanged, our measurement techniques have significantly evolved,” noted Professor Kaspi.
“Those few kilometers matter. A slight shift in radius greatly improves how well our internal model aligns with both gravity data and atmospheric metrics,” commented Dr. Galanti.
“Our advanced models of Jupiter’s internal density structure illustrate how sophisticated geometries can help reconcile models with measurements,” said Dr. Marjan Ziv, also a student at the Weizmann Institute of Science.
Previous estimates overlooked Jupiter’s powerful winds. By considering these winds in their calculations, scientists resolved a long-standing contradiction.
“It’s challenging to decipher details beneath Jupiter’s clouds, but radio data provides insights into the depths of Jupiter’s zonal winds and intense hurricanes,” stated Professor Kaspi.
The findings are documented in a study published in Nature Astronomy.
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E. Galanti et al. 2026. Jupiter’s Size and Shape. Nat Astron 10, 493-501; doi: 10.1038/s41550-026-02777-x
Clinical Trial Compares Chewing Gum Types for Periodontal Health
PeopleImages/Shutterstock
Patients suffering from periodontal disease can experience immediate relief by chewing gum infused with nitrates, substances known to inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria.
Periodontal disease, commonly referred to as mild gingivitis, develops when plaque—a thin film of bacteria—accumulates on the teeth, leading to gum inflammation and bleeding.
Maintaining oral hygiene by brushing twice daily, flossing or using interdental brushes, and rinsing with antibacterial mouthwash are essential for preventing or treating this condition. However, these habits can be challenging to maintain regularly, notes Sean Green at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center in West Carson, California.
If untreated, this milder form of gum disease can escalate to periodontitis, resulting in painful oral abscesses and loss of teeth.
Prior studies indicate that consuming nitrate-rich foods like leafy greens and beets can enhance the growth of beneficial bacteria, mitigating gum inflammation. However, access to or enjoyment of such foods varies widely, adds Green.
To explore a different method of leveraging nitrate benefits, Green and his team enlisted 30 adults diagnosed with mild periodontal disease. Participants were randomly assigned to chew a nitrate-rich gum developed by the researchers or a nitrate-free gum of the same flavor for at least 15 minutes three times daily over three weeks. They were instructed to continue their regular oral care routines and dietary habits during the study period.
Before and after the trial, the researchers evaluated gum health by measuring bleeding around each tooth using a small metal rod. Participants chewing the nitrate-rich gum showed a decrease in bleeding from an average of 26% at the study’s onset to 15% by the end. In contrast, chewing nitrate-free gum did not produce any significant results.
“This marks a clinically significant improvement in gum health,” states Praveen Sharma, a researcher from the University of Birmingham, UK, who did not participate in the study.
Analysis of saliva samples indicates that the nitrate gum enhances levels of beneficial oral bacteria that convert nitrate into nitric oxide while reducing the presence of harmful plaque-forming bacteria, including Porphyromonas gingivalis.
The findings imply that this approach, supplemented by conventional treatments, could serve as an effective method for alleviating periodontal symptoms. “This serves as a solid proof of concept,” adds Francesco Daiuto at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, UK. However, further research is necessary to determine the longevity of these effects and their efficacy in treating advanced periodontal disease.
David Attenborough and mountain gorilla on location in Rwanda Life on Earth
John Sparks
In celebrating David Attenborough’s 100th birthday on May 8th, we cannot overlook the powerful imagery associated with him.
Life on Earth, the pioneering 1979 series showcasing the iconic gorilla scene, opened the door to Attenborough’s
immersive narration and breathtaking visuals that have captivated audiences for decades. His documentaries span from ocean depths to the complexities of plant life, chronicling humanity’s fight against climate change.
Join us as we delve into the documentaries that have profoundly influenced our team and merit special recognition today.
David Attenborough on location by the Grand Canyon in Life on Earth
John Sparks/naturepl.com
Life on Earth holds special significance for many. Its iconic gorilla encounter and its pioneering approach set the foundation for future nature documentaries. Attenborough’s exploration of the Grand Canyon showcases a remarkable intersection of science and storytelling.
Reflecting on this series often evokes nostalgia, especially for those who first experienced it in their formative years, evoking the haunting opening music by Edward Williams.
Reporter Michael Le Page
Filming team led by David Attenborough on Ellesmere Island in The Private Life of Plants
Neil Nightingale/naturepl.com
Plants inhabit a realm unseen. Morning glories greet the sun, while brambles silently dominate the forest floor. Attenborough’s unparalleled storytelling takes us through the secret life of plants.
Although technology like time-lapse and high-speed photography existed, The Private Life of Plants pioneered their large-scale use. This innovation brought to light the hidden intelligence and mechanics of plant life.
Revisiting the series today evokes nostalgia from its playful graphics and unique visuals that enhance the captivating narratives. Don’t miss the behind-the-scenes episode of Life
showcasing the filmmakers’ dedication to their art. Watch it here.
Thomas Lewton, Features Editor
Pacific Ocean from the International Space Station
NASA
Blue Planet unravels the mysteries beneath the ocean waves, revealing rarely-seen wildlife. Attenborough’s storytelling continues to inspire a passion for marine conservation.
Twenty-five years later, the haunting memory of orcas hunting on a gray whale continues to resonate with viewers, emphasizing Attenborough’s impactful narrative style that draws us into the world of nature.
Despite lacking the extreme detail offered by newer imagery, Blue Planet redefined documentary filmmaking and ignited a lifelong passion for the ocean within many, including myself here at New Scientist.
Eleanor Parsons, Magazine Editor
David Attenborough at the launch of the third series of Planet Earth in 2023
Ian West/PA Image/Alamy
The haunting images of nighttime lions chasing a juvenile elephant have left a profound impression since the original series aired in 2006. Planet Earth set a benchmark for high-definition wildlife filmmaking.
Noteworthy moments include a starving polar bear stalking a walrus, an eagle preying on a crane, and dolphins beaching themselves to catch fish. This is true mastery of storytelling and visuals in television.
Each subsequent series has evolved, with the latest reflecting the contemporary issues of wildlife adapting to urban environments, showcasing animals alongside human activity.
While each series aims to inspire wonder rather than despair, it’s undeniable that our planet faces monumental changes.
Reporter Michael Le Page
Frozen Planet”
data-credit=”BBC”/>
Polar bear in Frozen Planet
BBC
Frozen Planet offers a poignant glimpse into the unique species inhabiting Earth’s polar regions. Presented by Attenborough, the series combines stunning visuals and heartfelt narratives, equipping viewers with critical knowledge about climate change impacts.
Not only does the series point out the hazards of global warming, but it also cultivates genuine concern for these geographical wonders.
Bethan Ackerley, Associate Editor
A Life on Our Planet”
data-credit=”Netflix / David Attenborough: A Life On Our Planet”/>
Turtle swimming over a coral reef in A Life on Our Planet
Netflix / David Attenborough: A Life On Our Planet
David Attenborough’s extraordinary life serves as a lens through which we assess the changes our planet has undergone. The documentary A Life on Our Planet released amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, reflects on the Earth’s ecological degradation, showcasing the vibrant life observed during Attenborough’s career.
This film also thoughtfully discusses challenges faced by future generations, emphasizing climate change and biodiversity loss. Despite its somber themes, it also presents actionable solutions for the pressing environmental issues we face today.
Bethan Ackerley, Associate Editor
Prehistoric Planet”
data-credit=”Apple TV”/>
Rapetosaurus, a long-necked sauropod from Madagascar featured in Prehistoric Planet
Apple TV
Prehistoric Planet is a remarkable achievement in bringing extinct species back to life, recognized for its accuracy, and was developed with the endorsement of paleontologists.
The series showcases iconic dinosaurs and lesser-known species, allowing a fresh perspective on their lives, including fascinating behaviors like swimming and mating.
The latest series revisits the Ice Age, capturing a plethora of prehistoric creatures, though it’s worth noting that Tom Hiddleston now takes over narration from Attenborough, altering the series’ signature charm.
Reporter Michael Le Page
Wild London, on the London Underground”
data-credit=”BBC/Passion Planet Ltd/Simon De Glanville”/>
Pigeon, a star of Wild London on the London Underground
BBC/Passion Planet Limited/Simon de Granville
This recent addition to the David Attenborough collection has quickly become a household favorite after its debut on New Year’s Day. Wild London showcases remarkable wildlife findings in the urban landscape.
While introducing the expected foxes and pigeons, extraordinary moments reveal lionesses fighting in urban areas and pigeons commuting on the Tube, challenging our perceptions of city wildlife.
Shifts in urban wildlife dynamics, including peregrine falcons and other species flourishing in the city, add dimension to the narrative of London’s ever-changing ecology.
Local landscapes, from community gardens to parks, invite urban dwellers to appreciate the hidden natural beauty surrounding them, aligning with Attenborough’s own belief in the city’s charm.
In the realm of Star Wars, alien heroes confront villains wielding planet-destroying superweapons “a long time ago in a galaxy far, far away.” But what do scientists truly understand about alien planets in galaxies far beyond our own? These fascinating worlds are known as extragalactic exoplanets. Assuming the Milky Way galaxy is akin to other galaxies, it is predicted to harbor similar worlds. Yet, many galaxies remain distant, rendering modern exoplanet observation techniques inadequate for their detection.
Recently, astronomers studied a stream of over 700,000 stars potentially absorbed by the Milky Way from the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy. Given their remoteness, the team investigated if any of these stars hosted large exoplanets orbiting close to Earth, specifically hot Jupiters, which are generally easier to identify.
The researchers established three criteria for narrowing down their star selection. First, each star must be sufficiently bright as observed by a transiting exoplanet probe like TESS to ensure high accuracy in their data processing software. Second, each star should possess at least a 50% likelihood of originating from the Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy, based on motion and position measurements from the Gaia mission. Finally, the radius of each star needed to be less than twice that of the Sun to simplify the search for planets around smaller stars. These criteria helped refine the list to approximately 20,000 candidate stars.
Subsequently, the team utilized a software package to analyze public TESS catalog data, specifically the Eleanor TESS-Gaia light curve, also known as TGLC. Using these tools, they plotted the brightness of each star over time on a graph termed the light curve. The astronomers searched for periodic brightness dips, indicating an exoplanet passing in front of the star. This process eliminated several thousand stars affected by optical interference, refining their sample size to just over 15,000 stars.
To detect hot Jupiters, the team looked for brightness dips occurring at intervals of 14 hours to 10 days, the typical orbital periods for these planets. They employed geometric calculations to derive the radius of each exoplanet based on the proportion of starlight obscured. Candidates with dips corresponding to objects with radii more than twice that of Jupiter were excluded, as these dips likely resulted from orbiting companion stars rather than true exoplanets.
Among the examined stars, the most promising candidate for a hot Jupiter was identified as TIC 92223525. The researchers estimated that it could host an exoplanet with a radius 1.76 times that of Jupiter and an orbital period of 7.2 days. However, closer inspection of the star’s light curve indicated contamination from a neighboring star, TIC 92223526. The periodic brightness variations from this companion star mimicked those of an exoplanet, leading to a false positive in the initial screening. Consequently, the research team had to dismiss this candidate, leaving no confirmed exoplanets from their study.
The researchers drew significant conclusions from their inability to identify hot Jupiters within the Sagittarius Dwarf star sample. They estimated that if more than 1% of these stars hosted hot Jupiters, detecting at least one in a sample of over 15,000 stars would have been very probable. This limits the occurrence rate of hot Jupiters to around 1%. If accurate, future exoplanet-hunting endeavors may necessitate exploring over 11,000 stars to discover one, with reasonable scientific uncertainty suggesting at least 80,000 stars may need to be examined.
While this survey of the Sagittarius Dwarf yielded no conclusive results, the research team encourages subsequent researchers to continue their exploration of the Sagittarius Dwarf and other star streams from different galaxies. Scientists have identified over 20 such streams within the Milky Way. Investigations into these stellar streams may lead to the discovery of the first extragalactic planets or offer insights into whether other galaxies produce fewer hot Jupiters than our own. Let’s hope none of them stumble upon an extragalactic Death Star!
Since the groundbreaking debut of Ancillary Justice in 2013, Anne Leckie has emerged as a formidable talent in the realm of science fiction. Following swiftly were her acclaimed sequels, Auxiliary Sword and Imperial Mercy, completing the Imperial Radch trilogy which garnered numerous prestigious science fiction awards.
Leckie’s exploration of the genre continued with her shift toward independent novels set in the Radch universe. Although I have yet to dive into Raven Tower, I thoroughly enjoyed her intriguing standalone, Translation Status, which dissects both death and life through Leckie’s clever, yet chilling, Pleasure Aliens. Now, her latest addition to the Imperial Radch saga, Radiant Star, has just hit the shelves this month.
Radiant Star unfolds on the extraordinary planet Aaa, where its inhabitants have been compelled to dig into the underground city of Oioia after losing their sun.
This subterranean city is highly introverted, centering around a unique religious site known as the Temporal Location of the Shining Star, filled with enigmatic “saints” who may just be lifeless remains. Beyond this sacred site, the city teems with political nuances—marked by a peculiar dependence on onions (which becomes crucial as the story progresses).
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The drama that unfolds as the Latch Empire collapses and famine strikes across the planet feels entirely believable. “
One fateful day, Radchai, the ruler of the Latch universe, decides to annex this sunless world. The sentient spaceship, the Justice of Alva, suddenly materializes from the “Gate Universe,” alerting Aaa’s residents to impending changes. Onboard is Governor Charak Suvo, who arrives to govern Aaa while utilizing enslaved human bodies as his enforcers. However, the story takes a turn when an incident isolates the planet from the galaxy, complicating Charak’s governance.
Is Radiant Star a worthwhile read? Absolutely. Leckie’s world-building, intricate details, and ability to quickly develop relatable characters shine throughout the narrative. Her writing exudes confidence, wit, and an authentic dialogue style that resonates. The unfolding events on Aaa are compelling as the Latch Empire crumbles, leading to famine gripping the planet.
However, this book may cater more to established fans rather than newcomers to the Radch universe. Oioia feels quite claustrophobic, with much of the plot unfolding through political meetings rather than adventurous exploits. The city’s layered political and religious factions, while impressively developed, might not be the most engaging companions when contrasted with characters like Ambassador Pleasure.
Personally, I would have preferred a deeper exploration of the ship’s Justice character or perhaps more focus on one of the quirky local inhabitants instead of the many less congenial natives. Still, as a devoted follower of Leckie, I eagerly absorb every word she presents. Her prowess positions her among the elite authors in science fiction, and Radiant Star stands as a quieter yet significant piece in her repertoire.
While this novel may not be the brightest star in the Imperial Radch galaxy, it certainly makes a notable addition to Leckie’s distinguished collection in this universe.
The latest installment in our beloved Murderbot series is launching this month. I find myself reading Murderbot’s inner thoughts in Alexander Skarsgård’s voice ( Adaptation on Apple TV), making it even more captivating.
Emily H. Wilson, author of the Sumerian series—Inanna, Gilgamesh, Ninshubar—currently published by Titan, is also working on her first science fiction novel. Formerly an editor at New Scientist, you can follow her on Instagram @emilyhwilson1.
What did the New Scientist Book Club think of Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson?
I set an engaging challenge for the New Scientist Book Club this April: reading through Kim Stanley Robinson’s epic novel Red Mars, a detailed 600-page journey into the complexities of colonizing Mars. In just 30 days, our members shared their thoughts on this literary masterpiece during our vibrant discussions on Discord.
There’s a personal element to this as well; Red Mars is one of my all-time favorites. After reading a compelling article by critic George Bass about the story’s beginning in 2026, I was motivated to revisit this captivating world with our passionate community of 25,000 readers. Robinson masterfully captures the vast, alien beauty of Mars, and I loved experiencing the narrative from multiple perspectives, particularly the character Anne — a passionate advocate for preserving Mars’s natural state — and Sacks, who is determined to terraform the planet swiftly. I found the perspective of Nadia, a pragmatic engineer, especially engaging, though I admit the love triangle between John, Frank, and Maya felt somewhat repetitive.
Some members returned to Red Mars for a second read, while others picked it up for the first time, and some were inspired to finally dive into a book they had long overlooked. DavidC reflected on his initial draw to the book, stating, “I found the phrase ‘but it all happened in the mineral unconscious’ really appealing right on the first page. Now I’m ready for the next 600 pages!”
However, Zagosia expressed dissatisfaction with the dramatic opening that resulted in an important character’s demise, stating, “I don’t like the concept of spoiling the ending in the first chapter. You don’t want to know where this is going?” I, along with other members, reassured her to continue reading.
My conversation with Robinson during a video interview shed light on his intriguing narrative choice: “This is a flash-forward. It creates a sense of tension as we learn that John is dead, but we don’t yet understand why. This adds depth to every seemingly mundane detail of the town’s development.” The suspense enriches the story.
Robinson recently reread Red Mars and found it resonated well, apart from some “laughable gaps” in his knowledge of 2026 and beyond. He discussed the current misguided dreams of colonizing Mars, critically stating, “These people don’t think through the implications.” He dismissed Elon Musk’s notion that colonizing Mars would “save Earth” as unrealistic.
Reactions from our readers varied; many praised Robinson’s beautifully crafted writing about Mars while some found it hard to connect with the characters. Zagosia noted, “The portrayal of nature and scale was remarkable, yet I struggled to empathize with the characters and often felt situations lacked logic.”
Annie Greenwood enjoyed the book but craved something more relationship-driven afterward, saying, “I wanted an injection of character complexity after ‘Red Mars.’ I felt the narrative leaned heavily on ideas more than deep interpersonal dynamics.” The high-quality writing is undeniable, yet it lacked the emotional engagement she sought.
Discussions arose about the fragile state of affairs on Mars and whether a better selection of astronauts could have prevented chaos. Barbara Howe noted, “I anticipated a tale of scientific triumph over adversity, but what I encountered was a melodrama rife with human politics and flaws.” Despite personal frustrations with the plot dynamics, she appreciated the vivid descriptions of the Martian environment and found a few characters, like Nadia and Arkady, compelling.
Overall, our book club members enjoyed the rich experience of reading, discussing, and analyzing this classic sci-fi novel. Personally, I was thrilled to rediscover Red Mars as one of my enduring favorites.
Join the New Scientist Book Club today and participate in the conversation! Visit us on Discord.
A Coin-Sized Device for Measuring Flatulence in Smart Underwear
Brantley Hall, University of Maryland
Research reveals that most people are unaware of their flatulence frequency. However, innovative smart underwear can accurately monitor this, assisting in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal issues like lactose intolerance.
Brantley Hall and his team from the University of Maryland have developed a compact hydrogen detection device that clips onto your underwear. “It’s approximately the size of a nickel and is attached near the perineum,” says Hall.
The research involved 37 participants who wore the device to track flatulence post-lactose ingestion. Many individuals remain unaware of their flatulence, especially those who are lactose intolerant, as their bodies lack the enzyme lactase to properly digest lactose, leading to fermentation by gut bacteria and subsequent gas production.
The team asked participants to follow a strict low-fiber diet for two days to establish a baseline before consuming 20 grams of either lactose or sucrose. There was a double-blind design, ensuring neither participants nor researchers knew what was ingested.
Results from the study indicated that 24 out of the 37 participants who consumed lactose exhibited a significant increase in flatulence—more than 1.5 times their baseline levels. Notably, in 22 of these individuals, higher gas production correlated with greater lactose intake.
Despite these findings, an additional study showed participants could only accurately identify their gasiest days about 50 percent of the time, akin to flipping a coin. “People aren’t reliable narrators of their flatulence patterns,” Hall added.
Hall plans to present the findings at Digestive Disease Week 2026 in Chicago, highlighting the device’s potential to help diagnose conditions such as irritable bowel syndrome and evaluate treatment efficacy for excess gas production.
This non-invasive approach using smart underwear for measuring flatulence is promising, especially as technology acceptance grows. Tom Van Gils from the University of Gothenburg, Sweden, noted the link between subjective feelings of bloating and objective measures, saying, “This could improve our understanding of physical changes involved in gastrointestinal disorders.”
A recent investigation by Hall et al. revealed that healthy adults experience between 4 to 59 farts daily, with an average of 32 farts per day.
“Our study may skew towards those who fart more frequently, so this number could reduce over time,” Hall commented. “We aim to establish baseline flatulence patterns in healthy individuals and assess common triggers.”
In a captivating crime scene, two individuals and three DNA profiles emerge.
A woman with a gunshot wound to her head was discovered in China, but investigators were baffled. Forensic analysis uncovered a perplexing detail: a second DNA profile, this time male, present in her bloodstream.
Initially, researchers explored common explanations such as DNA transfer from lab contamination or recent contact. Yet, 17 repeated tests confirmed the presence of the male DNA across various organs and blood samples.
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A second DNA profile was intertwined throughout her body, suggesting that within her lay the remnants of a long-lost twin.
Chimera’s DNA retains genetic echoes of its ‘vanished’ twin – Image courtesy of Getty Images
The intricate details of this case were detailed in a 2026 study published in Forensic Medicine International: Genetics. Unbeknownst to her, the woman was a genetic chimera.
Typically, living organisms harbor a single set of DNA that guides their development and function. However, chimeras possess dual DNA sets, potentially shaping their bodies in unique ways.
While rare, chimerism could be more common than documented cases suggest. Estimates indicate that you may know a chimera—or might even be one yourself!
Understanding Chimerism
It’s not unusual for cells to differ from one’s main DNA. Most of us have traces of “microchimerism” from exchanging genetic material with our mothers during pregnancy.
Moreover, organ transplants or blood transfusions also introduce donor DNA into recipients.
Congenital chimerism occurs differently at conception, resulting in a significant second DNA set that can impact bodily formation.
A typical pregnancy starts when a single sperm fertilizes an egg, blocking entry to others. This fusion results in a single genetic spindle that replicates and develops.
However, if two sperm enter simultaneously, a rare condition can lead to a triploid fetus carrying genetic material from the egg and both sperm. Normally, this results in miscarriage.
In rare cases of chimerism, an atypical spindle survives, leading to a viable pregnancy—a phenomenon termed heterogonic chimerism.
“Such occurrences are extremely rare due to the body’s regulatory systems,” she explains.
Identifying Chimerism
What’s remarkable is that this Chinese woman likely carried DNA from two sperm that were genetically different—one with an X chromosome and another with a Y chromosome.
These two DNA profiles appeared in varying degrees throughout her body. In some chimeras, the distribution is even, while in others, one DNA set predominates, leading to diverse genetic traits in different body parts.
Physical signs of chimerism, though uncommon, can surface, including patchy skin pigmentation. Taylor Mule, a chimerism advocate, showcases this with distinctive skin patterns dividing two colors on her abdomen.
Taylor Mule’s skin pigmentation reflects her unique chimerism – Image credit: Getty Images
In an XX/XY chimera scenario, a fusion of female and male cell lines can result in ambiguous genitalia, although the murder victim displayed no obvious signs of chimerism.
Chimerism often remains hidden within our DNA until revealed through comprehensive genetic testing. It typically comes to light during mother-child examinations or in forensic contexts.
Prevalence of Chimerism
The more common variant of chimerism is known as the “tetragametic phenomenon,” occurring when two eggs are released simultaneously and fertilized by different sperm. In chimerism, this leads to the fusion of two embryos into one.
If twins exist in a family, the chances of chimerism increase significantly, according to genetic counselors and “DNA detectives.” Kayla Mandel Sheets from Vibrant Gene emphasizes the importance of family histories involving multiple births and assisted reproductive technology.
However, chimerism doesn’t always leave physical traces, making its prevalence difficult to ascertain. Estimates suggest that up to 10 percent of the population may be chimeras, although this is considered a significant overestimation by some experts due to the low incidence of chimeras among individuals in UK genetic databases.
“It’s exceedingly rare,” she states. “I analyze blood samples daily, and I’ve never encountered a chimera.”
Ultimately, the actual incidence of chimerism will require large-scale, costly studies to unravel.
Looking ahead, the rise of in vitro fertilization (IVF) could lead to an increased occurrence of biological chimerism, as more embryos are created and occasionally fuse. Increased IVF rates could further contribute to this phenomenon.
“With the surge in IVF and fertility treatments, fraternal twin pregnancies are climbing, leading us to suggest that congenital chimerism may also rise,” says Sheets.
Chimerism and Daily Life
So, how might being a chimera impact your life? One significant challenge is proving parentage for oneself or one’s children.
A notable case in 2002 involved Lydia Fairchild, who was informed that her cheek swab revealed no match with her child’s DNA while applying for state benefits. This led to a fraud accusation.
To resolve this, officials ordered a blood sample at the birth of her third child. Yet, testing still showed no genetic match, raising the threat of her children being taken by the state.
Fortunately, a lawyer who had read a recent study requested a new sample from Fairchild’s cervix.
In Fairchild’s situation, her reproductive tissue sourced DNA from a different lineage than her blood and saliva. Testing her cervical cells ultimately revealed a match with her children.
Families with twins may frequently experience chimerism – Image courtesy of Getty Images
“Each pregnancy was a roll of the dice concerning which egg would be viable,” Sheets notes, emphasizing that it was the missing twin’s egg that often prevailed.
This implies that chimeric children may carry genetic traits from individuals who never existed at all. In Fairchild’s case, she turned out to be a kind of biological aunt to her kids, potentially having “impregnated” them in the absence of her vanished twins.
Chimerism and Crime
Imagine a scenario: DNA evidence collected from a crime scene fails to match any suspect, including the individual identified by the victim, enabling the true perpetrator to escape.
This situation resembles a plotline from a crime drama, but it’s increasingly relevant in real legal cases involving chimerism. Concerns exist that chimerism may complicate criminal investigations.
“It’s a factor to consider in these cases,” Cindercombe-Court explains. However, forensic analysts have trained protocols to account for DNA mixtures resulting from contamination, transplants, or chimerism.
A surge of chimerism reports in the 1990s raised questions about DNA’s reliability in court for establishing relationships.
Kayla Mandel Sheets’ research on chimeras published in the Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics – Image credit: Kayla Mandel Sheets
The genetic test known as Short Tandem Repeat (STR) analysis has been the standard in forensic science since the 1980s. However, it has limitations that might yield incorrect results, leading to misidentification of relationships.
Many chimeras could remain undetected due to the complexities of their mixed DNA. As technology evolves, there’s potential for identifying familial connections more accurately.
Experts predict that advancements will lead to the recognition of chimerism more frequently in legal contexts, helping to prevent individuals from losing parental rights or facing other consequences tied to mistaken identity.
Therefore, should DNA evidence be dismissed in court? Not necessarily. However, perhaps it’s time to reconsider its perceived infallibility.
Curiosity often leads us to explore places deemed off-limits, yet these areas have compelling reasons for their restricted access.
From hazardous materials to priceless artifacts, uncover the science behind some of the world’s most restricted zones.
Elephant’s Foot
The Elephant’s Foot is a two-ton mass of molten material under reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. Image courtesy of Getty Images.
Known as one of the most radioactive substances in history, the Elephant’s Foot is a two-ton mass of molten material found beneath reactor 4 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Ukraine.
Composed of a rare mixture known as corium, it combines molten reactor core and nuclear fuel.
When discovered in 1986, its extreme radioactivity posed a lethal threat, with exposure times less than three minutes dangerous.
Although radioactive decay reduces its risk over time, it remains hazardous. Large-scale steel and concrete barriers have been erected to contain radiation, and access to the site is strictly controlled.
Svalbard Global Seed Vault
This secure underground facility protects some of the world’s most vital biological samples.
Located beneath permafrost on a mountainside in Spitsbergen, the Global Seed Vault safeguards over one million seeds.
The Svalbard Global Seed Vault in the Arctic contains 1.4 million seeds from over 6,000 species. Very few seeds are removed. Image courtesy of Getty Images.
Its mission is to preserve the genetic material of crops and wild species, providing a backup in case other seed banks globally suffer damage from disasters, wars, or diseases.
Lascaux Cave
Located in southern France, access to the Lascaux Cave is restricted to a select few authorized individuals, due to its archaeological significance.
The Lascaux Caves feature over 600 rock paintings dating back around 17,000 years to the Upper Paleolithic period. Image courtesy of Getty Images.
The rise in carbon dioxide levels and heat from visitors created an ideal environment for fungi and lichens, further threatening the artwork.
In 1963, the caves were closed to protect the delicate rock art, and air conditioning was installed for preservation.
Zone Rouge
Covering over 1,200 km2 in northeastern France (Zone Rouge), this region has been closed since World War I.
These former battlefields are filled with unexploded ordnance, and the soil is contaminated with heavy metals like mercury and arsenic from discarded weaponry.
The ‘Zone Rouge’ still bears the scars of World War I, filled with unexploded ordnance. Image courtesy of Alamy.
In the most affected regions, the soil contains up to 300 shells per hectare, and cleanup crews estimate it will take at least 300 years for complete remediation.
Surtsey Island
Access to this uninhabited island in the Atlantic Ocean is exclusive to a select number of scientists.
Surtsey Island was formed in 1963 following the eruption of an underwater volcano. Image courtesy of Getty Images.
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